3D printing

Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing

by Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman  · 20 Nov 2012  · 307pp  · 92,165 words

aesthetic Computers that act like nature Printing wavy walls and custom gargoyles Chapter 11: Green, clean manufacturing A tale of two plastic toys Greener manufacturing 3D printing a more beautiful landfill Chapter 12: Ownership, safety, and new legal frontiers Printing weapons, drugs, and shoddy products Rip, mix, and burn physical things

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Grey. Hot. A bicycle for our imagination The language of shapes Changing the shape of design tools Chapter 14: The next episode of 3D printing The three episodes of 3D printing Cofabrication of multiple materials Moving from printing passive parts to active systems The final episode—from analog to digital Machines making machines References

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specialized fuel injector parts for military and commercial airplane manufacturers. To get into this particular network, his business had to demonstrate its manufacturing prowess by 3D printing sample airplane machine parts in a specified time frame. The manufacturing network stress-tested his sample parts and they performed well. After some negotiation on

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in Boeing’s new premium airplane, the 787 Dreamliner, you’ve placed your life into the hands of at least thirty-two different 3D printed parts. The secret to 3D printing could be summed up as follows: 3D printers are more accurate and versatile than any other mode of production—be it a human

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who would get a commission for printing my mechanic’s custom tires locally. Decoration aside, custom tires could harness the power of 3D printing to improve product quality. Each 3D printed tire could be designed using computer algorithms to afford the best traction tailored to the local climate. Owners of specific car models (or

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be replaced by agile and independent small manufacturers able to respond quickly to fluctuating inventories and market demands. Less directly, perhaps the biggest contribution of 3D printing technologies to the economy will be to reduce the risk and friction associated with trying out new business models. Like ants with factories One future

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platform, individual writers struggled to make their voices heard. Now, the collective communicative capacity of bloggers exceeds that of journalists working for large media companies. 3D printing technologies will make Makers, consumers, and small companies into ants with factories. Each individual manufacturing node will be autonomous, yet connected. Manufacturers will form and

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a few times. These analogies are seductive because it’s difficult to concisely describe the sweeping social effects that will be wrought by 3D printing technologies. Consider the parallels. 3D printing technologies, like mainframe computers, got their start in industry. The first personal computing kits were primitive, low-cost and involved home assembly. The

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the people who have embraced home-scale 3D printers. There’s another complicating factor that increases the allure of personal computing and industrial revolution metaphors: 3D printing is more than a single technology. It’s a broad platform technology that will drag along other technologies in its wake. Similarly transformative technologies like

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of manufacturing is slimming overhead costs, keeping within the boundaries of environmental and workplace regulations, and efficiently moving physical goods from one place to another. 3D printing lowers the risk and cost of introducing novel products to the marketplace. Less investment upfront enables small manufacturers to make a few products at a

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method, in particular, are in widespread use: stereolithography (SL) and laser sintering (LS). Stereolithography (SL) Stereolithography (SL) was one of the earliest commercial methods of 3D printing. Imagine a small vat of liquid polymer sitting inside a printer the size of an apartment-sized refrigerator. The printer sweeps a laser beam over

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is that users are discouraged from experimenting with cheaper materials because they risk voiding their manufacturer’s warranty. The upside of proprietary materials is that 3D printing manufacturers are eager to invest in developing high-performance and profitable raw materials that will move the technology forward. Someday print materials will contain living

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to be fabricated. Fast forward three decades, and STL files remain, yet their original benefit has become a limiting factor on the design possibilities for 3D printing. If 3D printing is going to fulfill its potential, the STL format, as valuable as it has been for decades, needs to be honorably retired. Design software

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,” he joked. If capturing the design details of physical things becomes a quick and painless process, then everybody can become a designer. Once 3D printing becomes as ubiquitous as 3D printing, everyone can become a manufacturer. “My 11-year-old son will design a complex object that once took me 3 years to learn

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thousands of humans worldwide. Phil Reeves, the managing director of Econolyst, a consulting company dedicated to the 3D printing industry, estimates that today there are “ten million 3D printed hearing aids in circulation worldwide.”4 Invisalign braces—3D printed, custom-made, clear disposable plastic braces that hide over a patient’s teeth to pull them into

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models also help surgeons communicate surgical procedures to the patient’s families. Veterinarians practice an upcoming hip surgery for a dog using 3D printed surgical models of the dog’s bones. 3D printed surgical models and inanimate prosthetic body parts are just the beginning. Bioprinting will take personalized medicine to new heights. In the

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may take years to encourage practicing surgeons, doctors and health insurance companies to accept bioprinting as a standard medical practice. Rapid advances in medical and 3D printing technologies will transform medicine. Today’s modern medicine would have looked miraculous if presented to someone living 100 years ago. Perhaps in 100 years bioprinting

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design concepts pictured were real food printers or just skillfully rendered design concepts. Eventually, the confusion was sorted out and (much to the disappointment of 3D printing enthusiasts and technology-inclined foodies) food fans learned that the Cornucopia prototypes were not yet commercially available products. The intent of the Cornucopia design concept

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Jason Bowman, University of Washington Brandon found his way to food printing while working on a research project in tissue engineering. His research involved applying 3D printing technologies to help victims of severe burns quickly re-grow destroyed bodily tissue. Brandon’s initial research goal had been to print biodegradable tissue scaffolding

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traffic or lingering late at work. Processed food Printing custom food, even healthy and nutritionally optimized food, raises philosophical questions and stirs people’s emotions. 3D printed food is processed food. Like bioprinting, tissue engineering, and particle accelerators, food printing could be viewed as a direct assault on the natural world. Processed

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made of a complicated blend of chemicals and other materials whose design and composition exceed the technologies we have currently available. The killer app for 3D printing 3D printing food will change the way we eat and how we manage our health. When digital cuisine is as widely accepted as personal computing is today

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art and sculpture became too strong to resist. In 2008, Josh returned to art full-time to explore his passion for digital sculpture and 3D printing. Josh initially embraced 3D printing to fabricate the elaborate geometries he creates on the computer. “I used to create geometries on the computer that were too complex to

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of her current collaborative research projects is called eSkin, which uses cellular data to inspire designs for responsive building materials. She and her team utilize 3D printing to explore and capture biological behavior in component-based generative models. We asked Jenny to help us understand the role of generative, biologically inspired design

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of systems, or ecologies. In a sense, these systems are alive. They grow and co-evolve.” Printing wavy walls and custom gargoyles 3D printed structures already exist. Today, researchers are 3D printing cement homes using conventional design software and custom-made 3D printers. Like their small-size cousins, construction-scale 3D printers can form

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to global proportions, there would be nothing green about it. Greener manufacturing The promise of cleaner manufacturing lies in fully exploiting the capabilities unique to 3D printed manufacturing. 3D printing technologies have the potential to disrupt mass manufacturing in the following ways. First, 3D printers can fabricate products whose shape is optimized for its

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recyclable since it tends to lose its material properties if it’s reheated or reused. These findings indicate that despite the precision of the 3D printing process, not all 3D printing is a wasteless manufacturing process. The Atkins study discovered that the manufacturing process for printing printed plastic objects that had lots of large

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hot and require coolants. Frequently, to pry plastic out of an injection mold, factories use toxic chemicals called “release agents.” In contrast to printing plastic, 3D printing metal enjoyed several advantages over traditional metal manufacturing techniques. The Atkins Study found that nearly 100 percent of leftover metal powder from a print job

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, since 3D printers grew up on the factory floor, they have retained an appetite for the same raw materials used in mass manufacturing. 3D printing a more beautiful landfill Exotic 3D printing materials get a lot of media attention, for example chocolate or gels containing living cells. Other printing materials such as metal, ceramic

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people and businesses quickly discovered that existing laws and regulations were woefully inadequate. Core legal definitions of ownership, location and format had to be redefined. 3D printing, like any industry that experiences rapid technological leaps forward, will also experience new legal challenges and novel forms of consumer safety and criminal activity. Law

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mean new unregulated substances, or new recreational drugs. In the abstract of his breakthrough paper on this project, Lee Cronin describes its potential: “Three-dimensional (3D) printing has the potential to transform science and technology by creating bespoke, low-cost appliances that previously required dedicated facilities to make.”3 In other words

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consumer markets, the infamous Napster case marked an inflection point, the formal declaration of war between music consumers and the entertainment industries. The world of 3D printing has not yet faced its own large-scale “Napster moment.” People speculate that big aggressive companies known for fiercely guarding their intellectual property—the toy

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existing intellectual property laws when the culprits are career pirates or counterfeiters who maliciously and intentionally disrespect other people’s intellectual property rights. However, as 3D printing technology reaches the mainstream, simple “bad guys” will be the exception. Trademarks Once when I was in the Caribbean at an open air market,

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cells. The ability to create arbitrary shapes is already having profound implications beyond engineering design. Mass manufacturing is becoming mass customization. In the future, as 3D printing technologies improve, everyone will gain the ability to design and make complex products. Barriers of resources and skill that are associated with traditional manufacturing will

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is moving from printing passive single-material parts to printing active, multimaterial integrated systems. Printed battery A good example of an integrated system is a 3D printed battery. If you open a battery chemistry textbook, you’ll find dozens of recipes to make batteries—standard alkaline batteries, rechargeable lithium-ion batteries,

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materials.” To distinguish these printers from their analog ancestors, we called these members of the new generation of machines “rapid assemblers.” The next revolution after 3D printing will be the transition from analog to digital materials. Hybrid analog-digital printing Imagine a future where human-made artifacts are composed of billions of

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New Application Fields for Advanced Ceramics.” Ceramic Industry (2011): 15–16. 4 Grant Marchelli, Renuka Prabhakar, Duane Storti, and Mark Ganter, “The Guide to Glass 3D Printing: Developments, Methods, Diagnostics and Results.” Rapid Prototyping Journal, 17, no. 3 (2011): 187–194. Chapter 6 1 John Walker, “The Autodesk File: Bits of

Come and Take It: The Gun Printer's Guide to Thinking Free

by Cody Wilson  · 10 Oct 2016  · 246pp  · 70,404 words

the heartworms of history.” * * * The eminent science-fiction writer Arthur C. Clarke’s Third Law states: “Any sufficiently advanced technology is indistinguishable from magic.” Although 3D printing may seem like magic, it came from very practical beginnings. A man named Chuck Hull first demonstrated “solid imaging” in the lab in 1984. He

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lucky to have been attending the University of Texas at Austin when we began the work that would lead to the 3D printed pistol. The university was at the forefront of developing 3D printing techniques in the 1980s, and in the years since I began the project, I’ve been regularly surprised by its

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, what stood out to me most was his American optimism. He believed the technology was and would be a great boon to American enterprise. So, 3D printing has been around for a while. But the consumer at large mostly started hearing about it only in the last several years. Why? A New

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the first successful line of retail 3D printers in 2011. If the success of our printed pistol was not your introduction to the idea of 3D printing, it was most likely Makerbot in 2012 and 2013 that caught your attention: the company’s rise and disgraceful fall have been almost totally responsible

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for shaping the public’s perceptions and expectations of 3D printing. And here we are . . . I knew almost none of this when I began the work of Defense Distributed. People have asked me why we printed

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’t in manufacturing, then. It was in publishing. In one moment it solidified for me: we could produce a gun with the most widely available 3D printing technology and then freely distribute the plans over the Internet. We’d share the designs as open-source software. Go for the brass ring of

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with Ben. I had so quickly persuaded myself that besides American gun politics, ours would be a story of the history of the use of 3D printing. Running with an abstract and still undefined technology, we’d get to claim the highest ground of political realism. I fed Ben new lines on

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metal entrails athwart the stained concrete, a young man crossed to receive me. Moving toward him, I began, “My name’s Cody. We emailed about 3D printing.” “Oh. Yeah! Hey, man, welcome to J&B. I’m Brent.” We shook hands. Despite his boyish face, Brent’s battered work clothes and height

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me. I haven’t tried to hide any part of my project.” “Well, can you explain what you were doing?” “Have you guys heard of 3D printing?” No sign of recognition broke over my host’s face. “I am trying to determine if it’s possible to use one of these printers

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’t fail to quickly find opinions. I traced every backlink and screed. Every pseudo-profundity about fires in crowded theaters and corporo-social responsibility. The 3D printing world intersected with a group of self-identified “Makers,” modern successors of the backpage DIY culture, who loaded online comment sections and forums with the

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the words: “And say someone should kill you with your invention?” When it was posted, the piece itself drove the points home well enough. The 3D printing machines will be capable of reproducing themselves. No place in the federal budget for an ATF agent in every home. Kids printing guns while their

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and laughed. Ah, but look at him now. “The bottom line is I like to help people and share my knowledge from my history with 3D printing.” He spoke directly off camera. “I was involved in the early days of 3D Systems when Carl Deckard would roll into the lab in his

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seeing this moment because of the expiration of old patents. 3D Systems had been the first to market with the invention of stereolithography, or literally 3D printing. Like the abuse of laser patents in the early days, 3D practiced the ‘art’ of submarining patents by extending their claims back to the original

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finally expire.” Erin was taking notes. “SLA and SLS?” she asked. “Stereolithography and selective laser sintering. Two of the basic forms of rapid protyping. Remember, 3D printing has been around for a long time to produce prototypes—nonfunctional solid parts. Now we’re in the era of making functional objects. So, those

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blanked the lenses in his glasses and his mouth was agape. “What do you do?” My eyes traveled back to the moldering Teuton. “You know 3D printing?” “Mmm.” He blew smoke. “I’m the guy printing the gun.” He nodded, tapped his cigarette on a glass tray, and said something in German

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search engine, fine, but for the public. We worked together through the night. He on the crowdfunding site, and I on the video. What does 3D printing mean? And can it be subversive? The little clip had become personal to me, more my ode to the technology than a sales pitch. More

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I returned to New York and spent a few days at Hod Lipson’s invitation in Hell’s Kitchen before attending a conference called Inside 3D Printing. I met Andy Greenberg of Forbes at a little deli the evening before my talk and told him it was time for him to come

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and the founder and director of Defense Distributed, a nonprofit organization that developed and published the world’s first open-source gun designs suitable for 3D printing. The design for his famous Liberator pistol has been featured in Domus architecture and design magazine, exhibited at the Museum of Modern Art and the

Makers at Work: Folks Reinventing the World One Object or Idea at a Time

by Steven Osborn  · 17 Sep 2013  · 310pp  · 34,482 words

world are rapidly becoming more intelligent, more seamless, more connected. It’s hard to think of the maker movement without mentioning digital manufacturing technologies like 3D printing, CNC milling, and laser cutting. Although these technologies are not extremely recent—the first 3D printer was developed in 1984, the first laser cutter in

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1965—the availability of 3D printing and other digital manufacturing methods are becoming more affordable, easier to use, and more accessible to designers, engineers, and hobbyists. The advances in these

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a global community and share our experiences and designs with the rest of the world. 3D printing is being used in almost every job field imaginable, from culinary masterpieces 3D-printed in chocolate to 3D-printed prosthetics and custom-fitted transplants for medical patients, these tools are changing the way the world itself is prototyped

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find something that you think you’ll be passionate about, that resonates with you. I mean, the maker culture is so big now. There’s 3D printing. There’s electronics. There’s all the subparts of electronics. There’s the craft side of it, the clothes making, and then of course combining

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my understanding. Seidle: Awesome, I'll see if I can't get on that list! Osborn: A lot of people seem to be getting into 3D printing. I have a 3D printer and a CNC laser, for instance, and I’ve even seen pick-and-place machines in people’s garages. Have

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me.” Those sorts of things are, I think, the creative spin that I’m really interested in. Osborn: So there’s the short-run manufacturing, 3D printing, the Internet of Things, these common themes throughout the maker community. Do you see any other interest groups or topics, maybe wearable computing or something

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third industrial revolution.3 I really believe that that’s happening right now, where there is this idea that people are excited about things like 3D printing. People are excited about personal manufacturing. People are excited about Kickstarter. I used to feel like I worked on stuff that I was interested

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in. You sort of had to be an engineer to understand. Now, my mom is sending me articles about 3D printing. It’s not just that it’s happening to industry. The world is taking notice. What I wrote in the blog post is that the

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question, but to break it down: patent law hasn’t caught up with where technology is. You’ve got issues of marketplaces trying to regulate 3D printing and different marketplaces having different ideas and different rules, because no one has any idea of exactly what the standard should be. I don’t

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the mechanical end, and I was determined to get it working. So I ended up building a machine myself. That was exciting. Osborn: So besides 3D printing, what are some things you are passionate about? Linder: My other passion was in the field of projected augmented reality. In that space, there were

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printer. It’s trying to offer a new design, both in the product design sense and in the usability and the technology, making high-resolution 3D printing affordable and accessible for designers, engineers, and makers right on their desks. While that has been a promise, it’s yet to be fulfilled despite

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some successful venture companies and lots of projects in that space that we now call the maker community. From Formlabs’ perspective, the promise of routine 3D printing that can help you realize projects in 3D form has yet to be fulfilled. What we’ve discovered is that on the price-point side

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of other niches, more vertical areas, such as medical usage, and so on and so forth. To achieve that, we had to think about 3D printing from the point of view of 3D printing users. In a way, the Form 1 is the first 3D printer that has been designed by users of

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is a stereolithography machine. Stereolithography is a thirty-year-old technology or so, and it’s been around. It’s is the gold standard of 3D printing in terms of quality. It’s basically a laser that draws layers a pool of liquid plastic, a photopolymer resin. Wherever the light hits the

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s not coincidence. It’s design. Design is how it works. And the way it works is that it lowers the complexity that comes with 3D printing, because 3D printing is not as simple as printing, which you don’t even think about right now when you hit Print on your computer. Osborn: It

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are mature products. So we’re trying to address that from a different perspective. We’re also trying to address the postprocessing part of the 3D printing process. So we provide this finishing kit and work through the process. We try to celebrate it. Many people were making molds before the day

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of all these together is what makes Formlabs and the product, the Form 1 unique. Osborn: Can you tell me a little bit about the 3D printing landscape and some of the interesting things you’ve seen people doing with 3D printers? What are people using these for now? What are some

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unusual examples of how people are using 3D printers? Linder: So people have been using 3D printing from the point they were available to do product design and rapid prototyping. That’s the key use case. You also see companies like Invisalign

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that have a whole process of creating a dental solution based on 3D printing. You see companies like Nervous Systems6 that have jewelry lines. You see service bureaus like Shapeways making 3D printing available and different types of processes to basically print whatever. Then there’s the long tail

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. A lot of people have little uses for 3D printing, but there’s this big bright future where people talk about 3D printing as a replacement for manufacturing. There are companies doing that as well, and those processes are still very expensive

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, but they’re making commercial parts for airplanes with 3D printers. More and more car manufacturers are considering adding 3D printing to action-manufacturing processes. While I personally think that’s indeed going to happen in the future, I think we’re still quite far from

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you have just machines, that are part of a manufacturing process. But at the other front, the home front or the personal front, I think 3D printing is going to potentially change how we consume things and how we design things for our own—customize them. The IP of an object is

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people who don’t design web sites than people who do. So it’s really hard to say what would be the killer app of 3D printing—and I don’t pretend to know. People ask us this a lot. Honestly, we think the more interesting thing is taking the existing

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You don’t need to explain to your boss why you’re buying a new Mac. It’s obvious—you just need it. But if 3D printing is $20,000 or $50,000 to get what you need, that’s going to be a bunch of work just to get it through

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you think about it—many of the great hardware products that you are familiar with came about. Osborn: For somebody who is really interested in 3D printing and wants to get started maybe doing 3D design or CAD design, what do you recommend? How does somebody get started? What are some materials

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to read or some program that you should check out? Do you have any pointers for somebody who’s interested in 3D design or 3D printing? Linder: There are tons of different resources online for people who do 3D design and there’s open-source software available. SketchUp is a

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side, you can spend so much time just doing tutorials and whatnot online. But on the printer side, there’s lots and lots of 3D printing projects out there, and some of them are for the do-it-yourself type. People who just want to learn about the process of

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3D printing. And if they just want to do that, then you can get a kit, an FDM7-type kit, for $300, and you build your

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planning to launch it with a community web site and a bunch of tutorials. We plan to improve it and try to make 3D printing and the process of 3D printing accessible by providing resources to do that. That’s my personal hope for the Form 1. As for taking it to the next

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Awesome. I’m excited to see you guys get this out the door. I’ve thought about the different 3D printing methods and I’m making some assumptions about the future of the 3D printing technology. I’d like to hear your opinion on some of my assumptions. It seems like the filament-extrusion

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all have pros and cons. I agree on your analysis of the FDM. So just so you know, in full disclosure, I’m not a 3D printing process expert. It’s not my key contribution. I’m a product guy who cares about user experience. I’m a software system person who

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to me. What exactly that process would be, it’s a little bit too early for us to say. But there are many options. Osborn: 3D printing is a really exciting space in general, it’s exciting to see so much great innovation and competition in this space. I’m excited about

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an article today about that. Osborn: I was wondering what your thoughts are. Do so see things going in that direction? Do you think with 3D printing and technologies like it will become practical means for manufacture? Heck: This is going to be the same book as you interviewed the MakerBot guys

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, right? Osborn: Yeah, but you guys don’t have to have the same opinion. Heck: I’m sure we don’t. I love 3D printing. I go to Maker Faires and a lot of the conventions. I guess for me that’s my vacations. I saw 3D printers years ago

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specifically the pinball machines, which is both my hobby and job. And I was like, “Oh my God, this is a killer app for me.” 3D printing—physical things I can stick in a game and bash the hell out of—it’s amazing. Yeah, it’s slow, but you just do

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in one shot using injection molding, versus using two hundred watts of power over three hours to print them using a 3D printer. Right now, 3D printing can’t really replace it. And, yeah, sometime in the future, maybe we can say, “I’d like some Earl Grey tea. Hot,” like

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it just sort of prints them all out. That can be fun. Osborn: So let’s see. There’s the Internet of Things. There’s 3D printing. You do a lot of work with wearable technologies. Is there any other vertical or category that you think is interesting or you’ve seen

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allow them to shine. Osborn: I think the most controversial 3D project was Defense Distributed. It is this really shoddy 3D printed weapon, but has got a lot of attention because 3D printing is an exciting topic right now. Pettis: I would say there are many things that are way more interesting. Have

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work, specifically for kids. It opens the door for all sorts of other ways of thinking about how 3D printing can change any industry. Osborn: There are definitely some interesting medical use cases for 3D printing. I saw where they printed a woman’s entire lower jawbone. One thing you guys did recently

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still at the beginning. We’ve got a lot of work to do to make people feel comfortable with 3D printing. Osborn: It seems like MakerBot has become the go-to printer for 3D printing. I read that Ford bought a MakerBot for all of their design engineers to have on their desks.

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interested in talking to our president?” And we started talking about it and basically, they’re just really cool people. They’re just as big 3D-printing geeks as we are. Before the acquisition we had to work around a lot of patents in this space. That’s one thing I think

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get the best solution. You get a solution. I’m super excited to have access to the Stratasys IP. Plus, these folks have been doing 3D printing for twenty-five years and there’s a lot we get to learn from them in terms of expertise in being able to just put

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the pedal to the metal on what we’re doing. They have the same mission: We want to grow the worldwide adoption of 3D printing, so that more 3D printers can be out there. More people can be empowered to make the things that they need in life. Osborn:

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to be creative without having to go deep into the CAD world. Osborn: Do you have any words of wisdom for people getting started in 3D printing? Pettis: I would kind of circle back to where I started and just say that it’s just an amazing time to be a creative

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video game console atomic bomb, destructive technology Brittany Spears effect bullshit buying and modding buying, equipment design and manufacture pinball machines design circuit board systems 3D printing and technology expensive to make controller Geocities web site graphics artist MakerBot/3D scanner making independent films N64 Oculus Rift guy Palmer Lucky physical capability

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system wireless sensor networks Linder, Natan Brooks, Rodney (chairman and CTO of iRobot) CNC machine 3D and CAD design design-for-manufacturing 3D printer projects 3D printing landscape 3D QR code entrepreneurship filament-deposition method flexible-display technology Fluid Interfaces Group Form 1 Google glasses Jerusalem Venture Partners Kickstarter experience microfluidics MIT

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trade tricks transparent marketplace Pettis, Bre amazing model Arduino-based hardware Atmel microcontroller CEO and co founder (Makerbot.com) command-line tool 3D digitizing scanner 3D printing early experience Hackerbot labs MakerBot Digitizer MakerBot Replicator MakerBot Thing-O-Matic medical cases NYC Resistor professional-quality machine RepRap prototypes Robohand project Stratasys acquisition

The Human Age: The World Shaped by Us

by Diane Ackerman  · 9 Sep 2014  · 380pp  · 104,841 words

Sexting You When Robots Weep, Who Will Comfort Them? Robots on a Date Printing a Rocking Horse on Mars V.OUR BODIES, OUR NATURE The (3D-Printed) Ear He Lends Me Cyborgs and Chimeras DNA’S Secret Doormen Meet My Maker, the Mad Molecule Conclusion: Wild Heart, Anthropocene Mind (Revisited) Acknowledgments Notes

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items, whether clothing or electronics, require a predicament of cheap labor to add the final touches. In contrast, there’s “additive manufacturing,” also known as 3D printing, a new way of making objects in which a special printer, given the digital blueprint for a physical item, can produce it in three dimensions

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. Solidly, in precise detail, many times, and with minimal overhead. The stuff of Star Trek “replicators” or wish-granting genies. 3D printing doesn’t cut or remove anything. Following an electronic blueprint as if it were a musical score, a nozzle glides back and forth over a

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fluid, powder, or paste. Hobbyists share their favorite digital blueprints via the Internet, and some designs are licensed by private companies. Like many other technologies, 3D printing does have a potential dark side. People have already printed out handguns, brass knuckles, and skeleton keys that can open most police handcuffs. Future laws

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aircraft rivets—or whatever else need or whim dictates. The Obama administration announced that it had seen the future and was investing $1 billion in 3D printing “to help revitalize American manufacturing.” According to scientists and financial analysts alike, within a decade household 3D printers will be as common as TVs, microwaves

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object if you can grow it in your living room drop by drop or molten coil upon coil? How will we value it? Today, because 3D printing is still a novelty for many people, we value its products highly, in wonderment. But when cheap home 3D printers become commonplace (today’s cost

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anywhere from $400 to $10,000), and factory 3D printing replaces the assembly lines and warehouses, and even body parts and organs can be made to order, we’ll live in an even more improbable

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stock or produce anything. Industry, as we know it, may end. Financial advisers, business magazines, and online investment sites such as the Motley Fool believe 3D printing companies will clean up big-time, because their overhead will be so much lower, and they’ll sell only the clever designs or raw materials

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. Not right away. Most people will probably still find it more convenient to buy ready-made things. But soon enough, in the next fifteen years, 3D printing will revolutionize life from manufacturing to art, and practical visionaries like Lipson feel certain it will usher in the next great cultural and psychological revolution

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picture painted on water. “Just like the Industrial Revolution, the assembly line, the advent of the internet and the Social Media phenomenon,” Forbes magazine forecasts, “3D Printing will be a game changer.” How close are we to that day? It’s already dawned. 3D printers are whipping up such diverse marvels as

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was smashed three thousand years ago. In China’s Forbidden City, researchers use a 3D printer to inexpensively restore damaged buildings and artworks. NASA used 3D printing to build a prototype of a two-man Space Exploration Vehicle (an oversized SUV astronauts can live in while they explore Mars). A USC professor

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and colonies for urban planning, or for use after hurricanes, tornadoes, and other natural disasters when fully functional emergency houses will be 3D-printed from the ground up. Boeing is 3D-printing seven hundred parts for its fleet of 747s; it’s already installed twenty thousand such parts on military aircraft. The military’s

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-year-olds today aren’t burdened with traditional methods and rules,” says Scott Summit, who heads Bespoke Innovations, a San Francisco–based firm that uses 3D printing to create elegant, tailor-made prosthetic devices. “There are guys who have been doing 3D modeling since they were eleven and are caffeinated and ready

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to ragged physiques and fix facial defects. To that end, he mingles tools from several disciplines, including biomechanics, biomaterials, cell biology, medicine, biochemistry, robotics, and 3D printing. If your only tool is a ruler, you’ll tend to draw boxes. New tools create new mental playgrounds. On this playground, spare ears abound

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domestic kitchen environment (see Dolores Hayden’s books). 239complexity is free: Explained especially well in Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman, Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing (Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, 2013). Cyborgs and Chimeras 258“SyNAPSE” is a backronym (a word chosen and acronym made up to fit it) standing for Systems

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, 2012. Lindsay, Ronald. Future Bioethics: Overcoming Taboos, Myths, and Dogmas. Amherst, NY: Prometheus Books, 2008. Lipson, Hod, and Melba Kurman. Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing. Indianapolis, IN: Wiley, 2013. Lomberg, Bjørn. The Skeptical Environmentalist: Measuring the Real State of the World. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2001. Louv, Richard. Last Child

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acetylation, 281 acidification, 65, 66, 154 Adam (robot), 221 Adams, Ansel, 25 Adams, Lytle S. “Doc,” 145 adaptive radiation, 29 addiction, 176 additive manufacturing, see 3D printing Adélie penguins, 134–35 Aesop, 115 Afghanistan War, 258 African bees, 132 agriculture, 10, 11, 34, 71 big, 154 global warming and, 56 local, 88

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Thames Barrier, 50–51 theory of mind, 216–17, 218–19 Thimble Islands, 58 Thimble Island Salts, 62 “Thousand Dreams of Stellavista, The” (Ballard), 231 3D printing, 232–39, 244 Three Gorges Dam, 101 Thumb, Tom, 58 Thus Spake Zarathustra, 269–70 thyme, 90 Tiananmen Square, 271 tiger mosquitos, 132 time-rock

The Fourth Industrial Revolution

by Klaus Schwab  · 11 Jan 2016  · 179pp  · 43,441 words

-Collar Jobs 15. Robotics and Services 16. Bitcoin and the Blockchain 17. The Sharing Economy 18. Governments and the Blockchain 19. 3D Printing and Manufacturing 20. 3D Printing and Human Health 21. 3D Printing and Consumer Products 22. Designer Beings 23. Neurotechnologies Notes Introduction Of the many diverse and fascinating challenges we face today, the most

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about the staggering confluence of emerging technology breakthroughs, covering wide-ranging fields such as artificial intelligence (AI), robotics, the internet of things (IoT), autonomous vehicles, 3D printing, nanotechnology, biotechnology, materials science, energy storage and quantum computing, to name a few. Many of these innovations are in their infancy, but they are already

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.1 Physical There are four main physical manifestations of the technological megatrends, which are the easiest to see because of their tangible nature: – autonomous vehicles – 3D printing – advanced robotics – new materials Autonomous vehicles The driverless car dominates the news but there are now many other autonomous vehicles including trucks, drones, aircrafts and

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. In agriculture, the use of drones – combined with data analytics – will enable more precise and efficient use of fertilizer and water, for example. 3D printing Also called additive manufacturing, 3D printing consists of creating a physical object by printing layer upon layer from a digital 3D drawing or model. This is the opposite of

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is how things have been made until now, with layers being removed from a piece of material until the desired shape is obtained. By contrast, 3D printing starts with loose material and then builds an object into a three-dimensional shape using a digital template. The technology is being used in a

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is primarily limited to applications in the automotive, aerospace and medical industries. Unlike mass-produced manufactured goods, 3D-printed products can be easily customized. As current size, cost and speed constraints are progressively overcome, 3D printing will become more pervasive to include integrated electronic components such as circuit boards and even human cells and

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disrupt existing value chains. Examples abound. New storage and grid technologies in energy will accelerate the shift towards more decentralized sources. The widespread adoption of 3D printing will make distributed manufacturing and spare-part maintenance easier and cheaper. Real-time information and intelligence will provide unique insights on customers and asset performance

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but can perform useful tasks, like unlocking a car, entering mobile phone codes with a finger-point or tracking body processes. Source: https://wtvox.com/3d-printing-in-wearable-tech/top-10-implantable-wearables-soon-body/ – According to a WT VOX article: “Smart Dust, arrays of full computers with antennas, each much

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you up, and information could be stored inside you, deeply encrypted, until you unlock it from your very personal nano network.” Source: https://wtvox.com/3d-printing-in-wearable-tech/top-10-implantable-wearables-soon-body/ – A smart pill, developed by Proteus Biomedical and Novartis, has a biodegradable digital device attached to

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.pymnts.com/news/2014/estonian-national-id-cards-embrace-electronic-payment-capabilities/ Shift 19: 3D Printing and Manufacturing The tipping point: The first 3D-printed car in production By 2025: 84% of respondents expected this tipping point to have occurred 3D printing, or additive manufacturing, is the process of creating a physical object by printing it

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layer upon layer from a digital 3D drawing or model. Imagine creating a loaf of bread, slice by slice. 3D printing has the potential to create very complex products without complex equipment.94 Eventually, many different kinds of materials will be used in the 3D printer

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obstacles of speed, cost and size, and become more pervasive. Gartner has developed a “Hype Cycle” chart (Figure VI) showing the various stages of different 3D printing capabilities and their market impact, and plotting most business uses of the technology as entering the “slope of enlightenment”.95 Figure VI: Hype Cycle for

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3D Printing Source: Gartner (July 2014) Positive impacts – Accelerated product development – Reduction in the design-to-manufacturing cycle – Easily manufactured intricate parts (not possible or difficult to

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do earlier) – Rising demand for product designers – Educational institutions using 3D printing to accelerate learning and understanding – Democratized power of creation/manufacturing (both limited only by the design) – Traditional mass manufacturing responding to the challenge by finding

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– Piracy – Brand and product quality Unknown, or cuts both ways – Potential that any innovation can be instantly copied The shift in action An example of 3D printing for manufacturing has been recently covered by FORTUNE: “General Electric’s Leap jet engine is not only one of the company’s bestsellers, it’s

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take flight”, Andrew Zaleski, FORTUNE, 12 May 2015, http://fortune.com/2015/05/12/ge-3d-printed-jet-engine-parts/ Shift 20: 3D Printing and Human Health The tipping point: The first transplant of a 3D-printed liver By 2025: 76% of respondents expected this tipping point to have occurred One day, 3D printers may create

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used to print a bike, and experimenting can be done with the kinds of materials that will work, such as titanium powder for making bones. 3D printing has great potential to service custom design needs; and, there is nothing more custom than a human body. Positive impacts – Addressing the shortage of donated

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of an organ)98 – Prosthetic printing: limb/body part replacements – Hospitals printing for each patient requiring surgery (e.g. splints, casts, implants, screws) – Personalized medicine: 3D printing growing fastest where each customer needs a slightly different version of a body part (e.g. a crown for a tooth) – Printing components of medical

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everything can be replaced, why live in a healthy way? – Impact on agriculture from printing food The shift in action The first use of a 3D-printed spine implant was reported by Popular Science: “[In 2014], doctors at Peking University Third Hospital successfully implanted the first ever 3-D-printed section of

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Printed Spine Implant, Loren Grush, Popular Science, 26 August 2014, http://www.popsci.com/article/science/boy-given-3-d-printed-spine-implant Shift 21: 3D Printing and Consumer Products The tipping point: 5% of consumer products printed in 3D By 2025: 81% of respondents expected this tipping point to have occurred

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Because 3D printing can be done by anyone with a 3D printer, it creates opportunities for typical consumer products to be printed locally and on demand, instead of

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eventually be an office or even a home appliance. This further reduces the cost of accessing consumer goods and increases the availability of 3D printed objects. Current usage areas for 3D printing (Figure VII) indicate several sectors related to developing and producing consumer products (proof of concept, prototype and production). Figure VII: Use of

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Various Areas (% of respondents*) * Percentages are of respondents from the Sculpteo survey. Source: Sculpteo, The State of 3D Printing (survey of 1,000 people), as published in Hedstrom, J., “The State of 3D Printing…”, Quora100 Positive impacts – More personalized products and personal fabrication – Creating niche products, and making money selling them – Fastest growth of

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3D printing where each customer has slightly different needs from a product – e.g. a particular shaped foot requires a specially sized shoe – Reduced logistics costs, with

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, 18 September 2012. http://www.technologyreview.com/news/429248/this-robotcould-transform-manufacturing/ 94 See http://www.stratasys.com/. 95 Dan Worth, “Business use of 3D printing is years ahead of consumer uptake”, V3.co.uk, 19 August 2014. http://www.v3.co.uk/v3-uk/news/2361036/business-use-of

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-3d-printing-is-years-ahead-of-consumer-uptake 96 “The 3D Printing Startup Ecosystem”, SlideShare.net, 31 July 2014. http://de.slideshare.net/SpontaneousOrder/3d-printing-startup-ecosystem 97 Alban Leandri, “A Look at Metal 3D Printing and the Medical Implants Industry”, 3DPrint.com, 20 March 2015

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of the future”, The Economist, 19 May 2011. http://www.economist.com/node/18710080 100 Jessica Hedstrom, “The State of 3D Printing”, 23 May 2015. http://jesshedstrom.quora.com/The-State-of-3D-Printing 101 Maurizio Bellemo, “The Third Industrial Revolution: From Bits Back to Atoms”, CrazyMBA.Club, 25 January 2015. http://www.crazymba

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.club/the-third-industrial-revolution/ 102T.E. Halterman, “3D Printing Market Tops $3.3 Billion, Expands by 34% in 2014”, 3DPrint.com, 2

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April 2015. http://3dprint.com/55422/3d-printing-market-tops-3-3-billion-expands-by-34-in-2014/ 103 Note: this tipping point was

Soonish: Ten Emerging Technologies That'll Improve And/or Ruin Everything

by Kelly Weinersmith and Zach Weinersmith  · 16 Oct 2017  · 398pp  · 105,032 words

—temperature, moisture, electroactive, some other trigger to allow them to transform.” Professor Tibbits refers to this flavor of programmable matter as “4D printing” because you 3D print an object that changes through time depending on its materials and surroundings. For example, there’s the reconfigurable straw. The way it works is that

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programmable matter world, a lone actor might download a program to make explosives or automatic weapons. That said, 3D printing has already made this sort of thing a concern. Attempts to ban, for instance, 3D printed guns have failed. This is mostly because it’s more or less impossible to stop someone from doing

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holidays, and doesn’t question your taste. Giant 3D Printers You probably have at least one dorky cousin (or a brother, named Marty) who incessantly 3D prints tiny objects that are surprisingly intricate. Why not print a whole house? Well, it’s hard. Maybe not “printing a human organ” hard (as you

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see in the chapter on bioprinting), but still hard. In fact, just creating the skeleton of a house is challenging. The most familiar version of 3D printing is a device that heats plastic until it is soft then pushes it through a nozzle, at which point it naturally cools and hardens. Then

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any concrete. You have to use concrete (or a concretelike substance) that is amenable to the process of 3D printing. This means it has to come out soft, but still be stiff enough that another layer can be put on top of it soon after

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the guy shows up from the city to inspect?” Modern inspection methods are designed for houses made in the standard step-by-step fashion. But 3D printing isn’t step-by-step—it’s layer by layer. To try to bridge this gap, Dr. Khoshnevis is working to create systems that would

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idea: What if you just rapidly make a mold into which you could pour traditional concrete? That way you get the speed and customizability of 3D printing, but the strength and cheapness of old-fashioned materials. Here’s how it works: The 3D printer extrudes a light insulating foam that dries quickly

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Dr. Keating and Dr. Oxman had some bigger goals for the second iteration. Dr. Keating made a truck that was self-driving and capable of 3D printing while moving, so it could keep moving the nozzle to make large structures. It is smart enough to adjust to fluctuations from wind, which is

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come back home. Autonomously. Their approach blends the versatility of robotic arms with the power of large-scale 3D printing. And it’s on a truck. As a general method for doing things, 3D printing brings a lot of fringe benefits to construction; 3D printers could make complex structures that would be difficult or

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means. This could mean cheaper, better-constructed houses, with more beautiful design elements (Gargoyles! Gargoyles for everyone!). For example, at least with some versions of 3D printing, you can vary the porosity of concrete, thus using less material and having structures that are heavy or light depending on need. You can also

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are hard to make by traditional means. The ability to finely vary materials this way is something 3D printing does that is either difficult or impossible to do any other way. In the long term, if 3D printed housing works out, it may mean types of construction that haven’t yet been imagined. Swarm

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Minibuilders avoid getting tied up into each other. We find these robots especially interesting because they combine the idea of the swarm construction bots with 3D printing. Also, one type of Minibuilder can use a vacuum to suck itself onto the side of a structure, climb up, and build more, which is

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just awesome. But let’s face it—having a swarm of independent 3D printing robots building you an inexpensive work of art to live in is going to get boring after a while. How about flying quadcopter bots? Dr

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the very simple pragmatic problems in a refugee crisis is how to house all these people and provide them with sanitation. Even with current, imperfect 3D printing methods, if the Contour Crafting technology could make houses with rudimentary plumbing rapidly and cheaply, they would save many lives while improving the day-to

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to blast tons of building supplies into space, we can build your cabin out of local materials. Nota Bene on 3D Printed Food As we researched this chapter, we got really into the geeky 3D printing movement. We’ve mostly stuck to the clearly useful stuff, but listen—when life presents you with a

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3D printed cornbread octopus, by God you’ve got to tell the world. In their book Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing, Dr. Hod Lipson and Melba Kurman suggest a perfected 3D food printer. Imagine a machine

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while you put things together. And you need to not make any mistakes in the process! Some researchers think the answer is 3D printing. There are a lot of ways to 3D print, some of which we described in earlier chapters, but here’s the basic idea: By some means, you put down layer

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’s cheaper and quicker to inject plastic into a chopstick-shaped mold than to build chopsticks up with layers. But there are some advantages to 3D printing. For a traditional mold, anytime you want a different shape of chopstick, you have to get an expensive new mold created. A 3D printer can

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’re building up layer by layer, a funky pattern* takes about the same amount of time as a more conventional design. You can also use 3D printing to interlace different materials. If you’ve seen a simple desktop 3D printer, typically they only print in one color of plastic at a time

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, and other inputs, which would be more or less impossible to do either by hand or using traditional manufacturing methods. The other cool thing about 3D printing is you can make unusual structures. For instance, suppose you want to create a ball with a honeycomb structure inside. This is impossible with an

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injection mold, but is relatively easy with 3D printing. All these qualities make 3D printing a potentially great way to build extremely complex structures, like body parts. In principle, a 3D printer should be able to rapidly shoot

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back into the patient. Such an organ would not have the rejection problems that normally come from organ transplants. You may have the impression that 3D printing is mostly for weirdos with too much money who spend their time obsessively printing Star Wars miniatures. But this is only about 97% of them

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required to get your bio-ink ready for printing in most systems. To understand why, imagine you’re trying to make 3D printed cookies.* Even if you have a rig for 3D printing cookie glop, you can’t just grab some store-bought cookie dough and stick it in your 3D printer frosting gun

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, and bio-inks may start to bleed. Perhaps literally. As if all of this wasn’t enough, a serious problem in the field is software. 3D printing started in the 1980s. The most common 3D file type is the STL file, which was originally only designed to deal with surfaces of 3D

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, say, a laser) to form it into a solid object. When done in a very precise way, it can be used as a method of 3D printing. You “draw” a shape in the powder with a moving laser, then you add another powder layer and draw again. Like with the frosting-gun

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. This is important when creating the complex structures Dr. Miller is pursuing. Plus, with the extrusion-based 3D printing methods, support for one layer comes from the layers below it. This makes it difficult to 3D print objects with hangy bits. Like, try to imagine printing a grandfather clock from the bottom up. The

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. Guger, C., Müller-Putz, G., and Allison, B. Brain-Computer Interface Research: A State-of-the-Art Summary 4. New York: Springer, 2016. Hall, Loura. “3D Printing: Food in Space.” NASA. July 28, 2013. nasa.gov/directorates/spacetech/home/feature_3d_food.html. Hall, Stephen S. “Daniel Nocera: Maverick Inventor of the

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Gene Editing in Human Tripronuclear Zygotes.” Protein and Cell 6, no. 5 (2015):363–72. Lipson, Hod, and Kurman, Melba. Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing. Indianapolis, Ind.: Wiley, 2013. Lockheed Martin. “Compact Fusion.” 2016. lockheedmartin.com/us/products/compact-fusion.html. Lowther, William. Arms and the Man: Dr. Gerald Bull

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the Science of Wishful Thinking. New York: Viking, 2008. Seiler, Friedrich, and Igra, Ozer. Hypervelocity Launchers. New York: Springer, 2016. Selectbio. “Caddie Wang’s Biography.” 3D-Printing in Life Sciences. Selectbio Sciences. 2015. selectbiosciences.com/conferences/biographies.aspx?speaker=1340332&conf=PRINT2015. Self-Assembly Lab. selfassemblylab.net/index.php. Sepramaniam, S., Tan

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, 27, 65 European Union, 22n Everett, Daniel, 140n evolution, 196 extinction, 221–25 eyes, 186 Faber, Daniel, 53, 68, 69 Fabricated: The New World of 3D Printing (Lipson and Kurman), 159 Fabric of Reality, The (Deutsch), 330 Facebook, 6n, 111, 180, 254 face-tracking software, 180 Falcon 9 rocket, 8n, 19 Faraday

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Baby Project, 120n robotic construction, 134–63 benefits of, 156–59 concerns about, 153–56 and space travel, 158–59 swarm robots in, 149–53 3D printing for, 144–49 robots, 102, 129–32 autonomous, 113–16 as construction workers, 139–44 coordinating movement of many, 119–22 evolving of, 120–22

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, 120, 149, 150–51 terrorism, 36, 38, 217 Tethers Unlimited, 63 tetracycline, 200 theft, 130 3D printers, 144–49, 151–52, 259 prosthetics and, 322 3D printing, 125, 152 of food, 159–63 of organs, see bioprinting software for, 267 3554 Amun, 53 Throw Trucks with Your Mind (game), 312 thyroid, 60

Augmented: Life in the Smart Lane

by Brett King  · 5 May 2016  · 385pp  · 111,113 words

a wide range of markets, at a much faster rate than was possible in the past. Take the iPhone as an example. Soon, technology like 3D printing will result in instant delivery of new products into your home, even faster than an Amazon Prime drone. Figure 1.1: Years till mass adoption

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a vat • windows that have transparent, embedded solar photovoltaics (PV) so that they can generate electricity 3D printing allows you to download almost any design for any product and print it in real time. The main 3D printing method is also known as “additive manufacturing” due to the build process that adds or extrudes

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printers have the potential for some incredible applications in the way we manufacture products, even at home, in the future. However, one specific application of 3D printing that holds huge promise in the field of medicine is bioprinting. Bioprinting in its simplest form is using a 3D printer to “print” an organ

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exciting applications is being applied to regenerative medicine to address the need for tissues and organs suitable for transplantation. 3D printing has already been used widely in facial reconstruction surgery. Figure 5.11: 3D-printed “bone” is commonly used in facial reconstruction surgery. (Credit: Osteofab) Compared with non-biological printing, 3D bioprinting involves additional

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, vascular grafts, tracheal splints, heart tissue and cartilaginous structures. Other applications include developing high-throughput 3D-bioprinted tissue models for research, drug discovery and toxicology. 3D printing has already been used in numerous medical procedures. For example, in 2012, physicians at the University of Michigan successfully utilised

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3D printing to construct a synthetic trachea for three-month-old Kaiba Gionfriddo, who suffered from recurrent airway collapses.22 Other successes include printing bone to replace

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culture. A 3D printer was then used to give them the desired shape and size. Furthermore, in March 2015, the Russian bioprinting company Skolkovo successfully 3D printed a thyroid gland for a mouse and transplanted it. The company has said it is on track to print a human kidney by 2018. With

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hands of hackers and “makers”. Soon, individuals were designing and building robotic parts for themselves, friends and families. The open source nature of the 3D-printing community meant that people shared their designs, and advances in these designs began to accelerate at an amazing pace. Complex hands and arms that were

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, but more importantly these limbs will be largely indistinguishable from those we are born with. Others are taking the approach of personalising their prosthetics via 3D-printing technology. Companies like UNYQ, a Singularity University sponsored start-up, has been experimenting with designs of prosthetics as fashion statements. Latvian-born singer and model

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charging stations, etc. Amazon will be the first (but not last) to deploy drones and robots for delivery of products, but self-driving transport and 3D printing will further disrupt the value chain, making intellectual property ownership (design) and access to these new distribution networks essential. Stores will become inefficient distribution models

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health care will be a dynamic, technology-based industry, and we’ll start to live longer, healthier lives. The world of sensors, shared data, genomics, 3D printing, bioengineering, biorobotics and mimicry, underpinned by artificial intelligence, will radically change the way we manage our health. History credits the Egyptian official Imhotep (c. 2650

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to virtual worlds regularly. Social interactions will become increasingly AR or VR enabled, especially in the workplace where interactions are required. 10. Exotic Metamaterials and 3D Printing. It sort of does an injustice to put these two areas together, but it’s essentially smart manufacturing and construction, along with the advanced application

The End of Ownership: Personal Property in the Digital Economy

by Aaron Perzanowski and Jason Schultz  · 4 Nov 2016  · 374pp  · 97,288 words

works are available for free somewhere online, with or without the copyright holder’s permission. The challenge facing copyright law—and with the introduction of 3D printing, soon patent law too—is figuring out how to convince the public to pay for things it can get for free. One way the law

Future Politics: Living Together in a World Transformed by Tech

by Jamie Susskind  · 3 Sep 2018  · 533pp

could store the entire contents of the US Library of Congress in a cube measuring 0.1 mm each way.105 Another constitutive technology is 3D printing, also known as additive manufacturing. It enables us to print physical things from digital designs. Some think it could herald an era of ‘desktop manufacturing

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Or municipal 3D printers could allow people to print what they need using opensource online digital templates.107 So far, some of the most useful 3D-printed objects have been in medicine. Printing splints for broken OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/05/18, SPi РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM

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for 3D-printing, including plastics, a­ luminium, ceramic, stainless steel, and advanced alloys. Producing these mater­ ials used to be the work of an entire factory.121 ‘4D

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). 106. Wallach, Dangerous Master, 59; Rick Kelly, ‘The Next Battle for Internet Freedom Could Be Over 3D Printing’, TechCrunch, 26 August 2012 <https://techcrunch.com/2012/08/26/the-nextbattle-for-internet-freedom-could-be-over-3d-printing/> (accessed 30 November 2017). 107. Jaron Lanier, Who Owns the Future? (London: Allen Lane, 2014), 79

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January 2014 <https://www. theguardian.com/technology/2014/jan/29/3d-printing-limbscars-selfies> (accessed 30 November 2017). 110. Jerome Groopman, ‘Print Thyself ’, New Yorker, 24 November 2014 <https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2014/11/24/print-­

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/26/_3_d_printing_ and_copyright_replicas_of_16th_century_sculptures_are_not. html?wpisrc=obnetwork> (accessed 30 November 2017). 120. Dredge, ‘30 Things Being 3D Printed Right Now’. 121. Schwab and Cohen, New Digital Age, 161. 122. Skylar Tibbits, TED, 2013 <https://www.ted.com/talks/skylar_ tibbits_the_emergence_of

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/3d-printing-limbs-cars-selfies> (accessed 30 Nov. 2017). Dryzek, John S., Bonnie Honig, and Anne Phillips, eds. The Oxford Handbook of Political Theory. New York: Oxford

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: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces that Will Shape Our Future. New York:Viking, 2016. Kelly, Rick. ‘The Next Battle for Internet Freedom Could Be Over 3D Printing’. TechCrunch, 26 Aug. 2012 <https://techcrunch.com/2012/ 08/26/the-next-battle-for-internet-freedom-could-be-over-3dprinting/> (accessed 30 Nov. 2017). Kelsen

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's News" VK.COM/WSNWS OUP CORRECTED PROOF – FINAL, 28/05/18, SPi РЕЛИЗ ПОДГОТОВИЛА ГРУППА "What's News" VK.COM/WSNWS IN DE X 3D printing 56–7, 178, 329 4D printing 57 Ackerman, Spencer 396 acquisitions by tech firms 318–19 action, freedom of 164–5, 166–7, 184 digital

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liberation 169 predictive systems 176 adaptive law 107–10 additive manufacturing (3D printing) 56–7, 178, 329 Affectiva.com 382 affective computing 52–3, 229 affirmative action 261, 268, 292 affordances 169–71 Afghanistan 50 Agoravoting.com 415

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capital 315, 316, 334 McChesney, Robert W. 400, 427 McDermott, Daniel 390 McGinnis, John O. 416 McKinsey 295, 299 Mearian, Lucas 386 MedEthEx 108 medicine 3D printing 56–7 AI systems 31, 32, 108–9, 113 digital law 112–13 increasingly integrated technology 51, 54, 56–7 ransomware 182 robotics 54 technological

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, 176 predictive sentencing 174, 176 preliterate societies 111–12 Preotiuc, Daniel 393 pricing mechanism 269–70, 286 Prince, Matthew 414 Princeton Review 286 printing technology 3D printing 56–7, 178, 329 4D printing 57 Gutenberg’s press 20, 62–3 prioritarians 260 Pritchard, Tom 405 Private Property Paradigm 323–7, 336 privatization

Free Money for All: A Basic Income Guarantee Solution for the Twenty-First Century

by Mark Walker  · 29 Nov 2015

Moon Dirt Into Lunar Base,” Space.com, accessed May 18, 2015, http:// www.space.com/18694-moon-dirt-3d-printing-lunar-base.html. NOTES 233 31. “The owl of Minerva takes its flight only when the shades of night are gathering,” Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel

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, Megan Gannon. News, “3D Printer Could Transform Moon Dirt Into Lunar Base.” Space.com. Accessed May 18, 2015. http://www.space. com/18694-moon-dirt-3d-printing-lunar-base.html. Gaus, Gerald F. “Justificatory Liberalism: An Essay on Epistemology and Political Theory.” New York: Oxford University Press 1996. ———. Political Concepts and Political

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