The Everything Blueprint: The Microchip Design That Changed the World
by James Ashton · 11 May 2023 · 401pp · 113,586 words
Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), without whose supply both the US and China would struggle. Those intricacies are etched onto silicon using machines built by ASML, a Dutch company that has fought off American and Japanese rivals over decades to become the undisputed market leader. Both also find themselves in the
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in its Mac Studio desktop computer system, boasted 114 billion transistors. There is little chance the iPhone maker will stay out in front for long. ASML, a little-known Dutch company whose equipment is vital for pushing the boundaries of microelectronics, is plotting a path to over 300 billion transistors on
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not alone. To make the most advanced chips, there is currently no alternative to the extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography machines produced by the Dutch company ASML. They cost €160m a time, are the size of a small bus and took 20 years to develop. There are other strongholds, and one notably
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Dutch Lesson One place from where China could draw lessons for its microchip mission was the Netherlands. Just like Arm in Cambridge, the home of ASML in Veldhoven, a small southerly town close to Eindhoven, was far removed from the industry’s twin axes of America and Asia. And yet in
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blue-and-white trucks the 80 miles to Amsterdam’s Schiphol Airport before being gently loaded through the nose of three 747s. Since spring 2017, ASML had been selling its latest model, the NXE:3400B, which promised manufacturing gains, higher-power products and performance enhancement by making a reality of a
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at a cost of more than €10bn. A description of how it worked read like a passage from a science fiction novel. It began with ASML’s extreme ultraviolet (EUV) technology that used light with a wavelength of just 13.5nm to shrink the size and increase the density of a
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microchip’s features. That wavelength was 14 times shorter than ASML’s previous best, known as deep ultraviolet (DUV), which used light of 193nm. To create its own EUV stream
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, ASML devised a system that heated droplets of molten tin with a carbon dioxide laser to a temperature 100 times higher than the surface of the
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finale, the beam hit the silicon wafer with the precision equivalent to shooting an arrow from Earth to hit an apple placed on the moon. ASML – which stood for Advanced Semiconductor Materials Lithography until it was no longer spelled out – had not got this far on its own. The imperative for
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same year that Steve Jobs proudly unveiled his Macintosh computer and Steve Furber and Roger Wilson pondered what would become the first Arm chip design, ASML began life as a joint venture between two Dutch companies, Advanced Semiconductor Materials International (ASMI) and Philips. ASMI had already made a name for itself
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cost of development meant ASMI did not stick around for long. That also explained why the market quickly thinned from 10 lithography tool suppliers at ASML’s inception. Coming back from the brink of bankruptcy several times, the company found itself in a three-way battle for market leadership with two
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still fresh, Nikon of Japan was deemed an unacceptable joiner. The US did not have the same troubled trading history with the Netherlands, so an ASML partnership was approved in 1999 – although it took more than a year to negotiate. Niggles surfaced in 2000, however, when
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to acquire Silicon Valley Group (SVG). The deal mopped up what remained of the lagging US lithography industry and was an elegant solution that bought ASML’s way onto Intel’s supplier list. (Although its progress meant that in all likelihood it would have eventually got there anyway.) The other Japanese
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proportions in the early months of George W. Bush’s presidency. The US Defense Department held up the deal’s approval when it emerged that ASML’s chairman Henk Bodt sat on the board of Delft Instruments, a Dutch company that nine years earlier had been fined for illegally shipping night
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a hell of a task to battle through and we had to give on various things,’ says Doug Dunn, the straight-talking Yorkshireman who became ASML’s chief executive in 2000. ‘I have never been exposed to that level of geopolitical influence and rhetoric but we never opted to walk away
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because we recognised that over the years the gain would be tremendous.’ Dunn thought the acquisition would take three months to complete. By the time ASML agreed to sell SVG’s Tinsley Labs division, which had supplied mirrors to the Hubble space telescope, and committed to invest heavily in the remaining
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US operation he had made several trips to the Pentagon and a year had passed. Nevertheless, ASML’s position was strengthened considerably and soon after, in 2002, its time-saving Twinscan innovation, a machine which could handle two silicon wafers at once
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, saw it crowned as the world’s top lithography tool supplier. In 2006, it demonstrated it was nosing further ahead. ASML delivered two EUV prototype models, to the Interuniversity Microelectronics Centre (IMEC) in Leuven, Belgium, and the College of Nanoscale Science and Engineering (CNSE) of the
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it worked, but expert help was needed to see if it could be made to work commercially. Additional financial help was required too. In 2012, ASML’s expectant customers – Intel, TSMC and Samsung – ploughed billions of dollars into the business in a final push to get EUV over the line
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. ASML’s story demonstrated that even in markets riven with fierce competition, sometimes it required broad collaboration to make advances. ‘Everyone works with everyone else, until
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you go commercial and then you fight to the death. That’s how the game is played,’ said Frits van Hout, who was ASML’s executive vice president and chief strategy officer until April 2021. For all the masculine posturing of the microchip industry, no company – and no country
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– could push the boundaries on its own. A Downward Spiral ASML’s story could not be further from that of Huawei, the Chinese telecoms supplier that found itself at the centre of an increasingly nasty trade
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it would delay 5G rollout by two to three years and add £2bn to costs. And it was persuasive when its rules did not apply. ASML’s prized EUV lithography machines did not exceed the 25-per-cent-by-value threshold of US-made components that meant they required a licence
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to ship to China. In 2018, ASML had been granted a licence by the Dutch government to sell its most advanced machine to a Chinese customer, but that summer the Dutch prime
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well as commercial uses. Soon after the report was handed over, the Dutch licence was revoked and ASML’s delivery, thought to have been to SMIC, was not made.32 The hope of Eric Meurice, ASML’s fund-raising chief executive who had retired in 2013, to make its technology available ‘to
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tools to do the job. The company would be the first in the industry to take delivery of the next piece of new machinery from ASML, which remained utterly indispensable for any firm with ambitions to make the most intricate, powerful chips. During the two-year period blighted with Covid-19
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lockdowns, every crane in the Netherlands was rented out and put to work on ASML’s fast-growing site that dominated the town of Veldhoven. By the end of 2021 its campus, which looked north to Eindhoven and the Philips
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warehouses.28 The company had almost doubled its staff numbers in five years to 32,000, with more than half of those based in Veldhoven. ASML sat at the heart of the Eindhoven Brainport region alongside chipmaker NXP, LED lighting specialist Signify and the semiconductor subcontractor VDL, plus start-ups and
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Dutch R&D was spent. Outside its experience centre, right next to an airy canteen that was built on the site of a car park, ASML proudly displayed a wall featuring many of the 15,000 patents it held, including for robots that could be used in a vacuum, master oscillators
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and electrostatic clamps. Since its extreme ultraviolet (EUV) technology went into high-volume manufacturing in 2017, ASML had pushed further ahead of the competition. Still there was no one else on the market with EUV, which, among other improvements, reduced the number
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machines had produced more than 59 million completed silicon wafers by the end of 2021. That year, despite the challenges brought about by the pandemic, ASML sold 42 EUV systems and forecast output of 55 machines for 2022. Some 90 per cent of sales came from Asia. Had the investors that
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backed the 2012 fundraising held on, they would have seen their shares in ASML rise more than tenfold. It became Europe’s second-most valuable publicly listed company after LVMH, the luxury goods house that included storied brands such
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as Christian Dior, Fendi and Bulgari. Peter Wennink, ASML’s chief executive, said he expected by 2025 that two-thirds of ASML’s system sales would be EUV and the rest would come from the older deep ultraviolet (DUV) technology, measurement
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be etched using DUV instead. But the innovation that Intel’s Pat Gelsinger was excited by promised to push the boundaries of lithography further still. ASML’s latest prototype, created in early 2022 and due to go into high-volume production by 2025 or 2026, was for a high-NA (numerical
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to say that ‘powerful partnerships are not founded on power, but on capability, trust, transparency, reliability and a fair sharing of risks and rewards’.29 ASML was still barred from selling its best machines to China but that did not stop China attempting to replicate them. In February 2022
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, ASML said that a Chinese company, Dongfang Jingyuan Electron, was marketing products that could infringe on its intellectual property. In its annual report it noted that
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-like-a-nuclear-bomb-for-the-us/24240894.html 31 https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/technology-48363772 32 https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asml-holding-usa-china-insight-idUSKBN1Z50HN 33 https://2017-2021.commerce.gov/news/press-releases/2020/12/commerce-adds-chinas-smic-entity-list-restricting-access-key
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/newsroom/news/note-from-pat-gelsinger.html#gs.burq6s 27 https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gAuh7igXX-s 28 https://www.asml.com/en/investors/annual-report/2021 29 https://www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2022/technological-sovereignty-in-the-chip-industry 30 https://www.seagate.com/files/www-content/our
Chokepoints: American Power in the Age of Economic Warfare
by Edward Fishman · 25 Feb 2025 · 884pp · 221,861 words
sales to SMIC. Among Washington’s biggest concerns was that SMIC could gain access to an ultra-complex chipmaking machine made by the Dutch company ASML. Known as extreme ultraviolet lithography (EUV), it was the most expensive mass-produced machine tool in history. No other company made anything like it, and
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it was essential to produce the most advanced chips. ASML had agreed to sell the machine to SMIC for roughly $150 million. Under pressure from the Trump administration, the Dutch government dragged its feet on
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approving the necessary export license. But Washington could not expect diplomatic pressure to work indefinitely. ASML was by far the most valuable company in the Netherlands, and its executives held a lot of sway with the Dutch government. China was an
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enormous market, so ASML stood to miss out on a lot of money if it couldn’t sell its machines there. The White House was set on halting the
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high-end chips—was a case in point. The market leader in the field, the Dutch company ASML, sold EUV machines of otherworldly complexity, consisting of 100,000 parts and requiring extensive training by ASML personnel to operate. The machines, which were the size of a bus and sold for $150 million
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national security advisor, Jake Sullivan brought up the matter with his counterpart in the Netherlands. The Dutch government promised to continue withholding the license that ASML needed to export its EUV machines to China. But winning over the Dutch for full-fledged export controls proved a much taller order. Beijing had
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been exerting considerable pressure on the Dutch government over the delay of the license. ASML, for its part, warned that export controls could backfire. China was the world’s biggest buyer of semiconductor manufacturing equipment, accounting for almost 30 percent
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of the global market. Shunning China would require ASML to forego substantial revenues that would otherwise flow into R&D and enable the company to stay on the bleeding edge. Despite extensive efforts by
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hitters in the U.S. semiconductor industry, suspended business with China and started pulling staff from the country who helped Chinese chipmakers operate their equipment. ASML, the Dutch EUV manufacturer, instructed all employees who were U.S. citizens, green card holders, or foreign nationals living in the United States to halt
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the desired effect on U.S. allies. In March 2023, the Netherlands and Japan agreed to impose their own export controls, barring firms such as ASML and Tokyo Electron from selling critical chipmaking equipment to China. A new model for American economic warfare was emerging. The United States would lead from
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scale required for a mass-market smartphone surprised even U.S. officials. It turned out the Chinese companies achieved this feat by using less advanced ASML lithography machines, pirated American software, and a huge repository of Western equipment and spare parts they had hoarded before the latest export controls kicked in
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, Chinese firms remain at least five years behind cutting-edge chip manufacturers such as TSMC, and even further behind equipment makers such as Applied Materials, ASML, and Tokyo Electron. Huawei and SMIC still rely heavily on Western technology, and they’ve retained access to it through their stockpiles, a booming underground
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IN TEXT most expensive mass-produced machine tool: Miller, Chip War, 230. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT ASML had agreed to sell the machine to SMIC: Cheng Ting-Fang and Lauly Li, “Exclusive: ASML Chip Tool Delivery to China Delayed amid US Ire,” Nikkei Asia, November 6, 2019, asia.nikkei.com
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/Economy/Trade-war/Exclusive-ASML-chip-tool-delivery-to-China-delayed-amid-US-ire; Toby Sterling, “ASML Sees No Financial Impact from Delay to Chinese Order for EUV Machine,” Reuters, January 22, 2020, www.reuters.com
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/article/asml-china/asml-sees-no-financial-impact-from-delay-to-chinese-order-for-euv-machine-idUKA5N29400B. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT added SMIC to the Entity List:
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Bureau, www.census.gov/foreign-trade/balance/c5700.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT extensive training by ASML personnel: Jessica Timings, “Busting ASML Myths,” ASML, February 23, 2022, www.asml.com/en/news/stories/2022/busting-asml-myths; Chris Miller, Chip War: The Fight for the World’s Most Critical Technology (New York: Scribner
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, 2022), 229. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT size of a bus: Timings, “Busting ASML Myths”; Will Knight, “The $150 Million Machine Keeping Moore’s Law Alive,” Wired, August 30, 2021, www.wired.com/story
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/asml-extreme-ultraviolet-lithography-chips-moores-law. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT continue withholding the license that ASML needed: Stu Woo and Yang Jie, “China Wants a Chip Machine from the Dutch. The U.S
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, 421–22 Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), 7 Ashraf, Jawed, 101–2 Asia, 54, 158, 239 Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank (AIIB), 242–43, 297 ASML, 301, 393–95, 407 al-Assad, Bashar, 154, 213 Associated Press, 181–82 AT&T, 255, 256 Athens, 1, 9, 13–14, 209 Atilla, Mehmet
The Perfectionists: How Precision Engineers Created the Modern World
by Simon Winchester · 7 May 2018 · 449pp · 129,511 words
Parkinson Schriever Air Force Base, Colorado (courtesy of Schriever Air Force Base, U.S. Air Force) Ops room of Second Space Operations Squadron ASML EUV photolithography machine (courtesy of ASML) Gordon Moore (courtesy of Intel Free Press) John Bardeen, William Shockley, and Walter Brattain First Bell Labs transistor (courtesy of Windell H
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formally as an NXE:3350B EUV scanner. It is made by a generally unfamiliar but formidably important Dutch-registered company known simply by its initials, ASML. Each one of the machines in the order costs its customer about $100 million, making the total order worth around $1.5 billion. The customer
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—the one in Chandler is known as Fab 42—of electronic microprocessor chips, the operating brains of almost all the world’s computers. The enormous ASML devices allow the firm to manufacture these chips, and to place transistors on them in huge numbers and to any almost unreal level of precision
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to allow for the making of something so infinitesimally tiny as a computer chip. This Twinscan NXE:3350B photolithography machine, made by the Dutch company ASML, would fill three jet cargo aircraft. Intel, the world’s biggest chip maker, buys these $100 million machines by the score. Photograph courtesy of
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ASML. How the two tasks are managed, the making of the chips and the making of the machines that make the chips, are two of the
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from which, one can argue, modern humankind benefits mightily and for whose existence it is all the better, an assertion with which both Intel and ASML would readily agree. Gordon Moore, one of the founders of Intel, is most probably the man to blame for this trend toward ultraprecision in the
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the fifteen that started to arrive at Intel’s Chandler fab from Amsterdam in 2018 are employed to help secure this goal. The machines’ maker, ASML—the firm was originally called Advanced Semiconductor Materials International—was founded in 1984, spun out from Philips, the Dutch company initially famous for its electric
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. Chemicals and polishing machines will then smooth the upper surface of each wafer to a mirror finish, after which the polished discs are loaded into ASML machines for the long and tedious process toward becoming operational computer chips. Each wafer will eventually be cut along the lines of a grid that
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hundreds of potential chips would have been ruined, thousands of dollars’ worth of product lost forever. This is why everything that goes on within the ASML boxes does so in warehouse-size rooms that are thousands of times cleaner than the world beyond. There are well-known and internationally agreed standards
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known as ISO number 7, which allows there to be 352,000 half-micron-size particles in every cubic meter of air. Rooms within the ASML facility in Holland are very much cleaner than that. They are clean to the far more brutally restrictive demands of ISO number 1, which permits
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gaseous form of molten metal that can best be procured by firing a conventional high-powered laser at a suitable metal. An American company (which ASML subsequently bought) had already developed a unique means of producing this particular and peculiar type of EUV radiation. Some said the company’s method verged
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and pride. THERE IS AN irony immediately apparent to anyone who has been up close and personal with, on the one hand, the 160-ton ASML machines in Holland, which allow for the placing of seven billion transistors onto a wafer of silicon no larger than a fingernail, and the airline
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-Royce Silver Ghost Society; to Mark Johnson, Andrew Nahum, Ben Russell, Jim Bennett, and Jenni Fewery at the Science Museum, London; to Jelm Franse at ASML in Eindhoven (as well as to my old friend Toni Tack for offering me hospitality and shelter while in the Netherlands during this expedition); to
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Journal of Science, 343 Amoco Petroleum, 256 Ångstrom, 344, 345 Antikythera mechanism, 24–27, 36 Antonioni, Michelangelo, 215 Apple Computer, 284n Aristotle, Nicomachean Ethics, 23 ASML (originally called Advanced Semiconductor Materials International), 291–97 cleanliness standards and, 293–94 extreme ultraviolet (EUV) radiation and, 296–97 founding of, 291–92 machines
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work in genesis of, 286, 287, 288n printing with photolithographic machines, 277, 277–78, 286–87, 294 see also microprocessor chips; transisters Intel, 288–92 ASML machines bought by, 275–76, 277, 277–78 Chandler, Ariz., fabrication plant of (Fab 42), 275–76, 277–78, 291–92 first-ever commercially available
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microprocessor made by (Intel 4004), 288–89, 290, 292 founding of, 288 mutual dependency of ASML and, 278 interchangeable parts, 63, 71, 105, 114, 276, 312 in Ford’s mass production assembly lines, 161n, 166, 170 for guns, 84–85, 86
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electronics. † The mutual dependency of the two companies is such that, in 2012, Intel spent four billion dollars to acquire a 15 percent stake in ASML, trusting that the Dutch firm’s researchers would use the funds to come up with ever-more-precise and economical devices for manufacturing microprocessor chips
There's a War Going on but No One Can See It
by Huib Modderkolk · 1 Sep 2021 · 295pp · 84,843 words
an eye on the domestic news. A scoop on the Dutch tech website Tweakers catches my attention. Apparently, Chinese hackers have breached ASML. Based in Veldhoven, to the south, ASML is the market-leading manufacturer of machines that make chips for devices like mobiles and computers. Customers include Intel and Samsung. It
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’s a competitive industry and ASML is locked in a perpetual arms race with other manufacturers to be the best. In this case, that means making ever smaller chips with ever
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one step ahead. That Chinese government hackers have breached this multi-billion-dollar company could have tremendous ramifications. ASML supplies many of its chip-making machines to customers in Asia. If China steals ASML’s technology, soon it could be making and marketing chip machines itself. It raises all kinds of questions
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: how did China break inside ASML? How long have they been in the company? How serious is the damage? And how was the spying discovered? I call four sources over an
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. He’s angry that other people are talking about it, and that the hack has been made public at all. That attention will only hurt ASML and hamper investigations into the hack. His fury surprises me. I’ve heard this argument before from intelligence services − they don’t talk about foreign
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come by concrete evidence, because everyone’s lips are sealed. Even when a company is hacked, as in the case of ASML now, I come up against a brick wall. ASML downplays the spying. ‘We never respond to queries about specific security cases,’ the chipmaker initially tells me, only to offer partial
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acceptable response when the thefts are digital? The damage to society is no less real or great. If China raids high-tech know-how from ASML, the consequences are utterly devastating. ‘People have always spied,’ a slightly older intelligence source counters when I express my amazement. ‘But this isn’t about
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market Max Goncharov, ‘Russian Underground Revisited’, Trendmicro.de, 28 April 2014. 9 Caught on Red Square Tweakers scoop Olaf van Miltenburg and Joost Schellevis, ‘Chipmachinefabrikant ASML is gehackt door Chinese overheid’, Tweakers.net, 27 February 2015. Response to parliamentary questions over Rheinmetall hack rijksoverheidnl/documenten/kamerstukken/2016/07/01/beantwoording- kamervragen
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Android OS, here Anonymous (hacker group), here Apeldoorn hospital attack, here APM Terminals, here, here Appen, here, here, here Arab Spring, here Armada Sweep, here ASML, here, here Assange, Julian, here, here backdoors, here, here Bais, Erik, here, here bakabt.com, here Belgacom, here, here, here, here, here, here Belgian Ministry
Material World: A Substantial Story of Our Past and Future
by Ed Conway · 15 Jun 2023 · 515pp · 152,128 words
. The Material World is where you will find the most important companies you’ve never heard of, companies like CATL, Wacker, Codelco, Shagang, TSMC and ASML. These names may mean nothing to you, but they are just as important, perhaps more important, than the familiar brands everyone has heard of – the
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. That company in turn was only able to make the chip with the help of machines made by another, even more obscure company, ASML. And at the heart of ASML’s machines are critical components made by other companies, some of which will be familiar (the lenses are made by Zeiss, with
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to a chip the size of a few centimetres? With one of the most expensive machines in the world. The TWINSCAN NXE:3600D – made by ASML, a Dutch business which used to be part of Philips – costs hundreds of millions of dollars. That might sound excessive, given it is ultimately just
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we would never master the manufacture of perfect silicon wafers, up until recently some people assumed we would never have machines capable of doing what ASML’s bus-sized unit does. The first and most obvious challenge is creating the light itself, which cannot simply be generated by a laser unit
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, including most lenses. This is where sand makes yet another cameo appearance, for in order to bounce this EUV light down on to the wafer, ASML has contracted Zeiss to produce a set of special mirrors called Bragg reflectors, made from layers of silicon and molybdenum. Quite how these mirrors are
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50 kilograms, and robots are used to polish and correct the outer layer with ion beams. Suffice it to say, they are, according to one ASML engineer, ‘probably the smoothest man-made structures in the universe’. If you blew one of them up to the size of the United States, the
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produced the glass in those binoculars the British government secretly traded for rubber during the First World War. The Chip War As of this moment, ASML is the only company in the world capable of making these machines, and TSMC is, alongside Samsung, the only company capable of putting such technology
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, the quantity of companies playing a part. The media frequently writes about Apple, sometimes about Foxconn. Occasionally specialist outlets write about TSMC and maybe even ASML. They cite the centrality of Taiwan and the Netherlands to the semiconductor supply chain. But this is only the tip of the iceberg, for there
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(company) 321 , 358 , 361 Argentina 384 , 396 Aristotle 275 ARM (company) 120 arsenic 272 , 273 , 351 Ashton’s Flash, Cheshire 157 ASM Pacific (company) 119 ASML (company) 13 , 93 , 112–14 , 119 Aspdin, Joseph 75 , 80 , 85 asphalt 8 , 71 , 331 aspirin 334 Atacama Desert 163 , 167 , 169 , 171 , 174–5
Four Battlegrounds
by Paul Scharre · 18 Jan 2023
Netherlands—control over 90 percent of the global semiconductor manufacturing equipment market. In some key technologies, a single company holds a monopoly. The Dutch firm ASML is the only supplier for extreme ultraviolet (EUV) lithography tools, a high-precision laser used for chip fabrication in leading-edge 5 nm process fabs
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Ramsundar, “An Introduction to EUV Lithography,” Deep Into the Forest, January 22, 2021, https://deepforest.substack.com/p/an-introduction-to-euv-lithography; Robert Castellano, “ASML’s Dominance of the Semiconductor Lithography Sector Has Far-Reaching Implications,” Seeking Alpha, January 23, 2018, https://seekingalpha.com/article/4139540
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-asmls-dominance-of-semiconductor-lithography-sector-far-reaching-implications. 181blocking Chinese foundries from adopting EUV technology: Alexandra Alper, Toby Sterling, and Stephen Nellis, “Trump Administration Pressed
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Dutch Hard to Cancel China Chip-Equipment Sale: Sources,” Reuters, January 6, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-asml-holding-usa-china-insight/trump-administration-pressed-dutch-hard-to-cancel-china-chip-equipment-sale-sources-idUSKBN1Z50HN. 181other tools that are only slightly less advanced
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That It Will Continue to Send Its EUV Machines to China,” HardwarEsfera, October 19, 2020, https://hardwaresfera.com/en/noticias/hardware/asml-china-estados-unidos/; Stephen Nellis, “ASML Extends Sales Deal with Chinese Chipmaker SMIC to End of 2021,” Yahoo! Finance, March 3, 2021, https://finance.yahoo.com/amphtml/news/chinese-chipmaker
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, 229–37 roles in warfare, 273 rule-based, 230, 236 safety and security challenges of, 249–59 arXiv, 163 ASICs (application-specific integrated circuits), 180 ASML (company), 181 Associated Press, 139 Atari, 235 Atlantic, The, 173 atoms, in the universe, number of, 335 AUKUS partnership, 76 Austin, Lloyd, 292 Australia, 76
The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-First Century's Greatest Dilemma
by Mustafa Suleyman · 4 Sep 2023 · 444pp · 117,770 words
most sophisticated and expensive factory. TSMC’s machinery to make these chips comes from a single supplier, the Dutch firm ASML, by far Europe’s most valuable and important tech company. ASML’s machines, which use a technique known as extreme ultraviolet lithography and produce chips at levels of astonishing atomic precision
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,” Reuters, March 22, 2023, www.reuters.com/technology/nvidia-tweaks-flagship-h100-chip-export-china-h800-2023-03-21. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT ASML’s machines Moreover, not just the machines but many component parts have only one manufacturer, like high-end lasers from Cymer or mirrors from Zeiss
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, 109 technological unemployment and, 177–81 Turing test, 75 See also coming wave; deep learning; machine learning arXiv, 129 Asilomar principles, 269–70, 272–73 ASML, 251 asymmetrical impact, 105–7, 234 Atlantis, 5 Atmanirbhar Bharat program (India), 125–26 attention, 63 attention maps, 63 audits, 245–48, 267 Aum Shinrikyo
Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century
by J. Bradford Delong · 6 Apr 2020 · 593pp · 183,240 words
or not as we choose. Right now, in the semiconductor fabricators of the Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company (TSMC), the machines that it has bought (from ASML Holding in the Netherlands and Applied Materials in Silicon Valley) and installed and programmed are carving thirteen billion such semiconductor solid-state switches with attached
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through what I can only call Deep Magic, albeit at a slower pace than with the original “Moore’s Law.” I can read that the ASML TWINSCAN NXE:3400C machine uses extreme ultraviolet light with a wavelength of 13.5 nanometers and think: that machine is keeping itself aligned and carving
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), available at Intel, https://newsroom.intel.com/wp-content/uploads/sites/11/2018/05/moores-law-electronics.pdf. 8. “EUV Lithography Systems: TwinScan NXE:3400,” ASML, www.asml.com/en/products/euv-lithography-systems/twinscan-nxe3400c. 9. Richard Baldwin, The Great Convergence: Information Technology and the New Globalization, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University
Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions
by Temple Grandin, Ph.d. · 11 Oct 2022
inclined visual-spatial engineer. I was astonished to learn that the most advanced equipment for making electronic chips now comes from a Dutch company named ASML. How did this happen, when America invented the computer chip? According to a global manufacturing scorecard compiled by the Brookings Institution, American workers are falling
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North America by End of 2020.” Dematic.com press release, September 2, 2020. Duberstein, B. “Why ASML Is Outperforming Its Semiconductor Equipment Peers.” The Motley Fool, February 27, 2019. https://www.nasdaq.com/articles/why-asml-outperforming-its-semiconductor-equipment-peers-2019-02-27. Duckworth, A. Grit: The Power of Passion and
Building the Cycling City: The Dutch Blueprint for Urban Vitality
by Melissa Bruntlett and Chris Bruntlett · 27 Aug 2018 · 230pp · 71,834 words
issues.” That particular intersection was also located on a planned east–west cycling corridor linking the city center, the airport, and Veldhoven, home to the ASML campus: a Philips spinoff and the largest supplier of photolithography systems in the world. “In order to give right-of-way, and get more traffic
The Wide Lens: What Successful Innovators See That Others Miss
by Ron Adner · 1 Mar 2012 · 265pp · 70,788 words
Valuation: Measuring and Managing the Value of Companies
by Tim Koller, McKinsey, Company Inc., Marc Goedhart, David Wessels, Barbara Schwimmer and Franziska Manoury · 16 Aug 2015 · 892pp · 91,000 words
Corporate Finance: Theory and Practice
by Pierre Vernimmen, Pascal Quiry, Maurizio Dallocchio, Yann le Fur and Antonio Salvi · 16 Oct 2017 · 1,544pp · 391,691 words
The Thinking Machine: Jensen Huang, Nvidia, and the World's Most Coveted Microchip
by Stephen Witt · 8 Apr 2025 · 260pp · 82,629 words