A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace

Free Ride
by Robert Levine
Published 25 Oct 2011

Plenty of activists wanted information to be free so they’d have an easier time selling computers, Internet access, or online advertising. Some of the rhetoric was far more radical. In February 1996, the Grateful Dead lyricist turned digital activist John Perry Barlow published “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.”19 Barlow was reacting to the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which had plenty of faults. But he came up with one of the more overblown manifestos in the history of the Internet, which is no small distinction: Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind.

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Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit to stay Patel’s injunction.26 As Boies shaped Napster’s defense, anticopyright activists weighed in separately to support the service. The free culture activist Lawrence Lessig, then teaching law at Stanford University, submitted an “expert report” to Judge Patel that argued Napster would have legitimate uses, even if they hadn’t emerged yet.27 John Perry Barlow, who had written “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” contributed a manifesto to Wired claiming that Judge Patel’s injunction had turned “millions of politically apathetic youngsters into electronic Hezbollah.”28 Barlow said he thought Napster should have been “Napster.org”—a nonprofit—even though everyone at the company but Shawn Fanning was motivated by monetary gain.29 In Barlow’s view, the future would involve voluntary payments to artists “without the barbaric inconvenience”—italics his—“currently imposed by the entertainment industry.”30 Other pundits simply decided the law didn’t matter.

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In this case, the court held a flea market liable for the actions of vendors selling pirated copies of albums on the Latin music label Fonovisa. 18. Pamela Samuelson, “The Copyright Grab,” Wired, January 1996. 19. Barlow wrote songs with Dead guitarist Bob Weir, including “Cassidy,” “Hell in a Bucket,” and “Feel Like a Stranger.” He didn’t perform with the band. 20. John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” (February 8, 1996). Barlow has the same Quirky Approach to Capitalization as the Founding Fathers. 21. Harper & Row Publishers Inc. et al. v. Nation Enterprises et al., 471 U.S. 539 (1985). 22. On July 17, 1997, Howard Coble (R-N.C.) introduced bill H.R. 2180 to limit secondary liability; on July 29, 1997, he also introduced H.R. 2281 to implement the WIPO Copyright Treaty.

Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism
by Safiya Umoja Noble
Published 8 Jan 2018

Challenging Cybertopias All of this leads to more discussion about ideologies that serve to stabilize and normalize the notion of commercial search, including the still-popular and ever-persistent dominant narratives about the neutrality and objectivity of the Internet itself—beyond Google and beyond utopian visions of computer software and hardware. The early cybertarian John Perry Barlow’s infamous “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” argued in part, “We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth. We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity.”93 Yet the web is not only an intangible space; it is also a physical space made of brick, mortar, metal trailers, electronics containing magnetic and optical media, and fiber infrastructure.

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United States. (1945). 326 U.S. 1, US Supreme Court. Bagdikian, B. (1983). The Media Monopoly. Boston: Beacon. Bar-Ilan, J. (2007). Google Bombing from a Time Perspective. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(3), article 8. Retrieved from http://jcmc.indiana.edu. Barlow, J. P. (1996). A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Electronic Frontier Foundation. Retrieved from http://​projects.eff.org/​barlow/​Declaration-Final.html. Barth, F. (1966). Models of Social Organization. London: Royal Anthropological Institute. Barzilai-Nahon, K. (2006). Gatekeepers, Virtual Communities and the Gated: Multidimensional Tensions in Cyberspace.

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See also Library of Congress Subject Headings (LCSH) Coalition for Immigration Reform, Equality and DREAMers (CoFired), 135 Cohen, Nicole, 154 commercial influences, 16, 104 commercial interests, 32, 36, 157, 179; gaming the system, 40–41; influence on journalism, 154; transparency, 50, 104 ComputerWorld, 127 comScore Media Metrix consumer panel, 35, 53 ConsumerWatchdog.org, 56 copyright, 50, 120, 129 Crawford, Kate, 26 critical race theory, 6, 61, 136, 138, 143, 150 crowdsourcing, 188n27 Cyber Civil Rights Initiative, 120 Cyber Racism (Daniels), 116 cyberspace, 61–62; #Gamergate comments, 63; mirror of society, 90–91; social identity, 104–5 Damore, James, 2 Daniels, Jessie, 84, 108, 116, 172 Darnton, Robert, 157 Dartmouth College Freedom Budget, 134 data storage and archiving, 125–28 Davis, Jessica, 85 “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” (Barlow), 61 Department of Labor workforce data, 162 DeSantis, John, 134 Dewey Decimal Classification System, 24, 136; biases, 140 Diaz, Alejandro, 26, 42 Dickinson, Gregory M., 158–59 digital divide, 34, 56, 86, 160–61, 164, 188n21 digital footprint, 11, 187n9 digital media platforms, 5–6, 12–13, 30, 56, 148, 188n31 Dines, Gail, 101–2 distributed denial of service (DDOS), 112 Doctor, DePayne Middleton, 110 Dorsey, Joseph C., 93 Edelman, Benjamin, 44 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 190n64 employment practices: college engineering curricula, 70, 163; “pipeline issues,” 64–66; underemployment of Blacks, 80; underemployment of Black women, 69 Epstein, Robert, 52 European Commission, 157 European Court of Justice, 121 Everett, Anna, 107 Facebook, 3, 156, 158, 181; commercial content moderation, 58; content screening, 56; “diversity problems,” 65, 177; personal information, 120–21; search engine optimization, 54; underemployment of Black women, 69.

Cult of the Dead Cow: How the Original Hacking Supergroup Might Just Save the World
by Joseph Menn
Published 3 Jun 2019

“Laird came by his sense of ethics”: I feel obliged to remind readers that, as with Mudge and the others, I am relying on Laird’s own word for this account of his pre-cDc life. “Laird memorialized the event in classic cDc style”: This was in an email circulated to the group. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace”: John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996, www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. “Barlow said that the innocence”: I interviewed him in a San Francisco nursing home near the end of his life. “a short piece in Wired magazine about the Blondes”:Arik Hesseldahl, “Hacking the Great Firewall,” Wired, December 1997, 120, www.scribd.com/doc/237686960/Hacking-the-Great-Firewall.

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He was building on the politicization that had been expressed most dramatically earlier in 1996 by the Electronic Frontier Foundation’s John Perry Barlow, a libertarian Republican. While a party had raged on around him during the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, Barlow had read that an over-the-top attempt to ban web porn had just been signed into law in America as part of telecom legislation. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” was Barlow’s over-the-top response. A deliberate echo of Thomas Jefferson, it began with a hint of Karl Marx: “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone.

Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World
by Meredith Broussard
Published 19 Apr 2018

Computers are so much more rule-based, controllable, fixable, and comprehensible than any human will ever be.”20 This is Turing’s social awkwardness, politicized and magnified. The transition from hippie ideology to the antigovernment ideology of cyberspace activists is visible in “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” published in 1996 by former Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow. “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind,” Barlow writes. “On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone … You have no sovereignty where we gather.

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Wolfram, “Farewell, Marvin Minsky (1927–2016).” 15. Alcor Life Extension Foundation, “Official Alcor Statement Concerning Marvin Minsky.” 16. Brand, “We Are As Gods.” 17. Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture. 18. Brand, “We Are As Gods.” 19. Hafner, The Well. 20. Borsook, Cyberselfish, 15. 21. Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” 22. Thiel, “The Education of a Libertarian.” 23. Taplin, Move Fast and Break Things. 24. Slovic, The Perception of Risk; Slovic and Slovic, Numbers and Nerves; Kahan et al., “Culture and Identity-Protective Cognition.” 25. Leslie et al., “Expectations of Brilliance Underlie Gender Distributions across Academic Disciplines,” 262. 26. 

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Atlantic, September 3, 2015. https://www.theatlantic.com/education/archive/2015/09/princeton-review-expensive-asian-students/403510/. Arthur, Charles. “Analysing Data Is the Future for Journalists, Says Tim Berners-Lee.” Guardian (US edition), November 22, 2010. https://www.theguardian.com/media/2010/nov/22/data-analysis-tim-berners-lee. Barlow, John Perry. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996. https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. Been, Eric Allen. “Jaron Lanier Wants to Build a New Middle Class on Micropayments.” Nieman Lab, May 22, 2013. http://www.niemanlab.org/2013/05/jaron-lanier-wants-to-build-a-new-middle-class-on-micropayments/.

Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation
by Paris Marx
Published 4 Jul 2022

John Perry Barlow, co-founder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) in 1990—a non-profit that took a libertarian approach to digital rights—believed that government had no authority over what happened on the internet. In 1996, he released an influential essay from Davos, Switzerland, called “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” in which he positioned governments as the enemy of the public, and especially of the communities and marketplaces being established on the internet, even though the government had funded the creation of the very network that make those interactions possible. Barlow wrote that governments “have no sovereignty where we gather,” and declared cyberspace “to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose on us.”24 Notably, Barlow did not share the same disdain for the corporations that flocked to the internet and shaped it to serve their bottom lines.

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Understanding the Silicon Valley Worldview 1 Margaret O’Mara, The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America, Penguin Books, 2020, p. 7. 2 Ibid., p. 15. 3 AnnaLee Saxenian, Regional Advantage: Culture and Competition in Silicon Valley and Route 128, Harvard University Press, 1996. 4 O’Mara, The Code, pp. 75–6. 5 Tom Wolfe, “The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce,” Esquire, December 1983, Classic.esquire.com. 6 Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, University of Chicago Press, 2006, p. 31. 7 Ibid., p. 73. 8 Ibid., p. 76. 9 Ibid., p. 14. 10 Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron, “The Californian Ideology,” Science as Culture 6:1, 1996, imaginaryfutures.net. 11 Saxenian, Regional Advantage, p. 90. 12 O’Mara, The Code, p. 214. 13 Ibid., p. 226. 14 Peter Thiel, “The End of the Future,” National Review, October 3, 2011, Nationalreview.com. 15 Tom Simonite, “Technology Stalled in 1970,” MIT Technology Review, September 18, 2014, Technologyreview.com. 16 David Graeber, “Of Flying Cars and the Declining Rate of Profit,” The Baffler 19, March 2012, Thebaffler.com. 17 O’Mara, The Code, pp. 90–1. 18 Tim Maughan, “The Modern World Has Finally Become Too Complex for Any of Us to Understand,” OneZero, November 30, 2020, Onezero.medium.com. 19 Ibid. 20 Senator Gore, speaking on S. 1067, 101st Congress, 1st sess., Congressional Record 135, May 18, 1989, S 9887. 21 Daniel Greene, The Promise of Access: Technology, Inequality, and the Political Economy of Hope, MIT Press, 2011. 22 Madeline Carr, US Power and the Internet in International Relations: The Irony of the Information Age, Palgrave Macmillan, 2016, p. 58 (author’s emphasis). 23 Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, p. 194. 24 John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996, Eff.org. 25 Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture, p. 209. 26 Ibid., p. 222. 27 Ibid. 28 Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths, Anthem Press, 2013. 29 Carmen Hermosillo, “Pandora’s Vox: On Community in Cyberspace,” 1994, Gist.github.com. 30 Jennifer S.

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See Interstate Highway System Convention and Visitors Authority, 148 copper mines, 79, 80 counterculture, 41–2, 44 Covid-19 air pollution and, 231 autonomous delivery companies and, 173 rapid delivery services during, 192 “creative class” theory, 200 CVS, 172–3 cyberoptimists, 56 Cybertruck (Tesla), 84, 188, 189 DARPA, 45–6, 120 DARPA Strategic Computing Initiative, 119 Daub, Adrian, 59 deaths pedestrian, 16–7, 31–2 from road traffic crashes, 30–2 The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Jacobs), 26–7 de Bortoli, Anne, 169–70 “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” (Barlow), 52–3 defense spending, 38–9, 45–6 deindustrialization, 199 Delaney, Matt, 173 Delanoë, Bertrand, 210, 211 delivery companies, autonomous, 173, 177–9, 192–3 Dell, 72 Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC), 72–3 Department of Transportation (DOT), 119–20 Detroit, MI Detroit Economic Club, 138 superhighway plan, 22 Detroit Economic Club, 138 Dickmanns, Ernst, 119 Didi Chuxing, 152 digital redlining, 195 Do Androids Dream of Electric Cars?

Smarter Than You Think: How Technology Is Changing Our Minds for the Better
by Clive Thompson
Published 11 Sep 2013

the FBI violated the law thousands of times: “Patterns of Misconduct: FBI Intelligence Violations from 2001–2008,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 23, 2011, accessed March 26, 2013, www.eff.org/wp/patterns-misconduct-fbi-intelligence-violations. Amazon and Paypal cut off Wikileaks: Rebecca MacKinnon, “WikiLeaks, Amazon and the New Threat to Internet Speech,” CNN, December 3, 2010, accessed March 26, 2013, www.cnn.com/2010/OPINION/12/02/mackinnon.wikileaks.amazon/. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace”: John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996, accessed March 26, 2013, projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. The free, open-source Tor: The Tor Project is online here: www.torproject.org/ (ac-cessed March 26, 2013); other modes of encrypted communications are detailed in “Learn to Encrypt Your Internet Communications,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, accessed March 26, 2013, ssd.eff.org/wire/protect/encrypt.

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Though the U.S. government loves to talk about the free flow of information, when the Web site Wikileaks released internal diplomatic documents and footage of the military killing civilians, politicians and pundits fulminated so ferociously that major U.S. firms like Amazon and Paypal cut off Wikileaks, probably worried about being on the wrong side of a political fight. In 1996, writer and electronic activist John Perry Barlow proclaimed “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Addressing old-school governments—“you weary giants of flesh and steel”—he proclaimed, “You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.” As it turns out, nothing of the sort was true. So is there any way to conduct civic speech in the corporate digital sphere without running afoul of corporate rules or putting activists in danger?

The Great Firewall of China
by James Griffiths;
Published 15 Jan 2018

EFF lawyers went on to fight and win several key early court cases involving the internet, including a suit filed by Steve Jackson Games against the Secret Service in which the judge found that “electronic mail deserves at least as much protection as telephone calls”, establishing the right for people to encrypt their communications. In 1996, furious at the Communications Decency Act (CDA), an attempt to criminalise the publication of ‘indecent’ materials online where children under the age of eighteen could see them (i.e. nearly everywhere), Barlow wrote his landmark work: “A declaration of the independence of cyberspace”.26 It was an absurdly self-important document, but one reflective of the utopian thought of the time. Ironically, despite Barlow’s assertion that “legal concepts … do not apply to us”, it was in court that EFF had its greatest impact, joining the American Civil Liberties Union in a successful suit to overturn parts of the CDA.

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Smith, ‘We are under attack’, GreatFire.org, 19 March 2015, https://en.greatfire.org/blog/2015/mar/we-are-under-attack 8The developer spoke to me on condition that I identify him only by a pseudonym. 9D. O’Brien, ‘Speech that enables speech: China takes aim at its coders’, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 28 August 2015, https://www.eff.org/deeplinks/2015/08/speech-enables-speech-china-takes-aim-its-coders 10J. Barlow, ‘A declaration of the independence of cyberspace’, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 8 February 1996, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence 11B. Schneier, ‘Someone is learning how to take down the internet’, Schneier on Security, 13 September 2016, https://www.schneier.com/blog/archives/2016/09/someone_is_lear.html Part 1 Chapter 1 1‘How Civic Square has become less than friendly’, The Standard, 29 September 2014, http://www.thestandard.com.hk/section-news.php?

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Barlow, ‘Decrypting the puzzle palace’, Communications of the ACM, July 1992, http://groups.csail.mit.edu/mac/classes/6.805/articles/digital-telephony/Barlow_decrypting_puzzle_palace.html 24Goldsmith and Wu, Who Controls the Internet?, p. 18. 25‘A history of protecting freedom where law and technology collide’, Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/about/history 26J. Barlow, ‘A declaration of the independence of cyberspace’, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 8 February 1996, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence 27Reno v. ACLU [1997] 96-511 (Supreme Court of the United States), https://caselaw.findlaw.com/us-supreme-court/521/844.html 28EFFector, ‘Ten years after ACLU v. Reno: free speech still needs defending: action alert’, Electronic Frontier Foundation, 25 June 2007, https://www.eff.org/effector/20/25 29A.

Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future
by Ben Tarnoff
Published 13 Jun 2022

x, There are many such arteries … MAREA: “MAREA,” Submarine Cable Networks, submarinenetworks.com; Winston Qiu, “AWS Acquires a Fiber Pair on MAREA Cable System on IRU Basis,” Submarine Cable Networks, January 21, 2019. x, MAREA is a reminder … “Civilization …”: John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” 1996. x, One way is infrastructural. “The contours …”: Nicole Starosielski, The Undersea Network (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2015), 2. Safer to follow known paths: Karl Frederick Rauscher, ROGUCCI Study Final Report (New York: IEEE Communications Society, 2010), 93.

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The advertising materials in the campaign for Proposition 22 struck a similar note, promoting the narrative that gig companies offer economic opportunities to Black and Latino workers; see Levi Sumagaysay, “Race Has Played a Large Role in Uber and Lyft’s Fight to Preserve Their Business Models,” MarketWatch, October 19, 2020. 133, On a spring morning … Noble, Algorithms of Oppression, 17. 134, In the 1990s, the idea … Television commercials: Lisa Nakamura, Cybertypes: Race, Ethnicity, and Identity on the Internet (New York: Routledge, 2002), 87–99. Prominent pundits: Ibid., 13, 106–7. “Ours is a world …”: Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” 134, Yet it was abundantly clear … “It wasn’t a question …”: Charlton McIlwain, Black Software: The Internet and Racial Justice, From the Afronet to Black Lives Matter (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2020), 96. See ibid., 95–97, for a discussion of racism on Usenet. There is also the notorious case discussed by journalist Julian Dibbell in his piece “A Rape in Cyberspace,” initially published in the Village Voice in December 1993 and later included in revised form in My Tiny Life: Crime and Passion in a Virtual World (New York: Henry Holt and Company, 1998).

The End of Big: How the Internet Makes David the New Goliath
by Nicco Mele
Published 14 Apr 2013

In 1989, the first private company selling access to everyday customers in the United States opened its doors—a move that concerned scientists, who feared that the Internet would lose its research focus and become co-opted for other activities (online poker, anyone? porn?). In 1992, Congress got involved, passing a law encouraging the NSF to open the Internet to “additional users” beyond “research and education activities.” A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace Here’s where the story gets really interesting, from an End of Big perspective. By 1995, the NSF had relinquished control of the Internet’s essential infrastructure to the Department of Commerce, removing the last restrictions on the Internet’s ability to carry commercial traffic.

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The following year, Congress passed the Telecommunications Act of 1996, which deregulated the radio spectrum, allowing, among other things, the rise of huge media conglomerates like Clear Channel (paradoxical, I know). The underlying philosophy received memorable expression in a piece written by the technologist, cattle rancher, and Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow called “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” The piece begins, “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.”24 Around the same time, Kapor published a front-page piece in the third issue of Wired magazine arguing that the Internet’s architecture realized Thomas Jefferson’s ideal of decentralization.

Lurking: How a Person Became a User
by Joanne McNeil
Published 25 Feb 2020

One of the panelists, John Perry Barlow—a founding member of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) and, before that, a lyricist for the Grateful Dead—had the best intentions but a hopelessly optimistic idea of the internet. It was a communal town square, the Wild West, a democratizing change agent, notions that he would synthesize in his influential text from 1996, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” which claims freedom as a central and untrammeled tenet of the internet experience. (“We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity. Your legal concepts of property, expression, identity, movement, and context do not apply to us.

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* * * Long one of the top ten most-visited websites, Wikipedia differs widely from all other major internet players because its content is collectively vetted and not monetized. Founded in 2001, its business model and editorial strategy seem like nineties cyberspace holdovers, inheriting that generation’s optimism along with its blind spots. It carries the torch of John Perry Barlow’s principles in “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” and in addition to what it is not, Wikipedia isn’t anticapitalist. The founder, Jimmy Wales, like many cyber-utopians, was a libertarian (albeit his Twitter feed now suggests that, like a lot of libertarians in the Clinton years, he’s since moved to the left). In the nineties, he organized a forum on Ayn Rand’s philosophy of objectivism, and he was interested in Austrian economics.

The Politics of Bitcoin: Software as Right-Wing Extremism
by David Golumbia
Published 25 Sep 2016

Azizonomics (March 10). http://azizonomics.com/. —. 2014. “Why Won’t Inflation Conspiracy Theories Just Die Already?” The Week (August 14). http://theweek.com/. Barbrook, Richard, and Andy Cameron. 1996. “The Californian Ideology.” Science as Culture 6, no. 1: 44–72. Barlow, John Perry. 1996. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Electronic Frontier Foundation. http://projects.eff.org/. Bauwens, Michel. 2014. “A Political Evaluation of Bitcoin.” P2P Foundation (September 9). https://blog.p2pfoundation.net/. Beigel, Ofir. 2015. “On Mixers, Tumblers, and Bitcoin Pseudonymity.” Bytecoin (June 10). http://bytecoin.org/.

The Internet Trap: How the Digital Economy Builds Monopolies and Undermines Democracy
by Matthew Hindman
Published 24 Sep 2018

I know a lot of people don’t want to hear this. . . . But make no mistake, growth tactics are how we got here. —Facebook Vice President Andrew Bosworth, internal memo titled “The Ugly,” June 18, 2016 In February 1996 John Perry Barlow, best known as a lyricist for the Grateful Dead, published a short manifesto titled “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” In turgid prose that recalled Hegel more than Jefferson, Barlow asserted that the internet was immune to regulation and entirely divorced from the “Industrial World.”1 The internet was “the new home of Mind,” where “whatever the human mind may create can be reproduced and distributed infinitely at no cost.

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In Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Association for Computational Linguistics, Toulouse, FR (pp. 26–33). Association for Computational Linguistics. Barabási, A., and Albert, R. (1999). Emergence of scaling in random networks. Science, 286 (5439), 509. Barlow, J. P. (1996). A declaration of the independence of cyberspace. Bart, Y., Shankar, V., Sultan, F., and Urban, G. L. (2005). Are the drivers and role of online trust the same for all websites and consumers? A large-scale exploratory empirical study. Journal of Marketing, 69(4), 133–52. Barthel, M., and Mitchell, A. (2017). Americans’ attitudes about the news media deeply divided along partisan lines.

Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom
by Rebecca MacKinnon
Published 31 Jan 2012

These extraordinary summer hack-fests are complemented by yearly winter conferences the CCC website describes as a “diverse audience of thousands of hackers, scientists, artists, and utopians from all around the world.” It is at such events that many of the new tools and techniques of digital resistance are first tested and deployed. UTOPIANISM VERSUS REALITY In 1996, John Perry Barlow famously wrote a manifesto titled “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” It began, “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.” In the sixteen years since, government has certainly not left “us” alone in cyberspace—not in small part because many of “us” sought government help in defending us from the criminals, pedophiles, bullies, industrial spies, racists, terrorists, and others who have extended their activities into cyberspace.

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Disclosure: I served on its board of directors for one year in 2007. 230 Diaspora: See “Taking a Look at Social Network Diaspora,” NY Convergence, March 14, 2011, http://nyconvergence.com/2011/03/taking-a-look-at-social-network-diaspora.html. 230 Crabgrass: http://crabgrass.riseuplabs.org. 230 StatusNet: http://status.net. 230 FreedomBox: https://freedomboxfoundation.org.Also see Jim Dwyer, “Decentralizing the Internet So Big Brother Can’t Find You,” New York Times, February 15, 2011, www.nytimes.com/2011/02/16/nyregion/16about.html; and “Freedom in the Cloud: Software Freedom, Privacy, and Security for Web 2.0 and Cloud Computing—A Speech Given by Eben Moglen at a Meeting of the Internet Society’s New York Branch on Feb. 5, 2010,” Software Freedom Law Center, www.softwarefreedom.org/events/2010/isoc-ny/FreedomInTheCloud-transcript.html. 232 Chaos Computer Club: www.ccc.de/en; for a colorful description of the CCC’s characters and culture, see Becky Hogge, Barefoot into Cyberspace: Adventures in Search of Techno—Utopia (London: Rebecca Hogge, 2011). 232 Chaos Communication Camp: http://events.ccc.de/camp/2011. 232 yearly winter conferences: See http://events.ccc.de/congress/2010/wiki/Welcome. 232 “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace”: https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. 233 Douglas Rushkoff called on the netizens of the world to unite: Douglas Rushkoff, “The Next Net,” Shareable.net, January 3, 2011, http://shareable.net/blog/the-next-net. Also see his most recent book, Program or Be Programmed: Ten Commands for a Digital Age (New York: OR Books, 2010). 233 “The invention of a tool doesn’t create change”: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (New York: Penguin Press, 2008), 105. 233 “cute-cat theory of digital activism”: Ethan Zuckerman, “The Cute Cat Theory Talk at ETech,” My Heart’s in Accra blog, March 8, 2008, www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2008/03/08/the-cute-cat-theory-talk-at-etech. 234 in 2007 WITNESS launched its own Video Hub: http://hub.witness.org; Yvette Alberdingk Thijm, “Update on the Hub and WITNESS’ New Online Strategy,” August 18, 2010, http://blog.witness.org/2010/08/update-on-the-hub-and-witness-new-online-strategy; Ethan Zuckerman, “Public Spaces, Private Infrastructure—Open Video Conference,” My Heart’s in Accra blog, October 1, 2010, www.ethanzuckerman.com/blog/2010/10/01/public-spaces-private-infrastructure-open-video-conference. 234 “Protecting Yourself, Your Subjects and Your Human Rights Videos on YouTube”: http://youtube-global.blogspot.com/2010/06/protecting-yourself-your-subjects-and.html. 234 2010 Global Voices Citizen Media Summit: Sami Ben Gharbia, “GV Summit 2010 Videos: A Discussion of Content Moderation,” Global Voices Advocacy, May 7, 2010, http://advocacy.globalvoicesonline.org/2010/05/07/gv-summit-2010-videos-a-discussion-of-content-moderation; and Rebecca MacKinnon, “Human Rights Implications of Content Moderation and Account Suspension by Companies,” RConversation blog, May 14, 2010, http://rconversation.blogs.com/rconversation/2010/05/human-rights-implications.html; 235 “Digital Maoism”: Jaron Lanier, “Digital Maoism: The Hazards of the New Online Collectivism,” Edge: The Third Culture, May 30, 2006, www.edge.org/3rd_culture/lanier06/lanier06_index.html.

Custodians of the Internet: Platforms, Content Moderation, and the Hidden Decisions That Shape Social Media
by Tarleton Gillespie
Published 25 Jun 2018

CHAPTER 2 THE MYTH OF THE NEUTRAL PLATFORM Epigraph: Nitasha Tiku and Casey Newton, “Twitter CEO: ‘We Suck at Dealing with Abuse,’” Verge, February 4, 2015, https://www.theverge.com/2015/2/4/7982099/twitter-ceo-sent-memo-taking-personal-responsibility-for-the. 1Phillips, This Is Why We Can’t Have Nice Things. 2Vijaya Gadde, “Twitter Executive: Here’s How We’re Trying to Stop Abuse While Preserving Free Speech,” Washington Post, April 16, 2015, https://www.washingtonpost.com/posteverything/wp/2015/04/16/twitter-executive-heres-how-were-trying-to-stop-abuse-while-preserving-free-speech/. 3Balkin, “Digital Speech and Democratic Culture”; Godwin, Cyber Rights; Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace; Litman, Digital Copyright. 4For example, see Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace”; Johnson and Post, “Law and Borders.” See also Goldsmith and Wu, Who Controls the Internet?; Suzor, “The Role of the Rule of Law in Virtual Communities.” 5Sterling, “Short History of the Internet.” 6Lessig, Code and Other Laws of Cyberspace; Lessig, “The Law of the Horse”; Zittrain, “A History of Online Gatekeeping.” 7Godwin, Cyber Rights. 8Maddison, “Online Obscenity and Myths of Freedom”; Marwick, “To Catch a Predator?”

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“#MasculinitySoFragile: Culture, Structure, and Networked Misogyny.” Feminist Media Studies 16 (1): 171–74. BANKSTON, KEVIN, DAVID SOHN, AND ANDREW MCDIARMID. 2012. “Shielding the Messengers: Protecting Platforms for Expression and Innovation.” Center for Democracy and Technology. BARLOW, JOHN PERRY. 1996. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” http://wac.colostate.edu/rhetnet/barlow/barlow_declaration.html. BARTLE, RICHARD A. 2006. “Why Governments Aren’t Gods and Gods Aren’t Governments.” First Monday. http://firstmonday.org/htbin/cgiwrap/bin/ojs/index.php/fm/article/viewArticle/1612. BARZILAI-NAHON, KARINE. 2008.

Kill All Normies: Online Culture Wars From 4Chan and Tumblr to Trump and the Alt-Right
by Angela Nagle
Published 6 Jun 2017

Hakim Bey’s idea of the temporary autonomous zone was based on what he called ‘pirate utopias’ and he argued that the attempt to form a permanent culture or politics inevitably deteriorates into a structured system that stifles individual creativity. His language and ideas influenced anarchism and later, online cultures that advocated illegal downloading, anonymity, hacking and experiments like bitcoin. Echoes of John Perry Barlow’s manifesto ‘A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace’ can be seen in this earlier period of Anon culture and in analyses that reflect a more radical horizontalist politics, like Gabriella Coleman’s work. Barlow was one of the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, anarchist hackers and defenders of an Internet free of state intervention, capitalist control and monopolizing of the online world.

System Error: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot
by Rob Reich , Mehran Sahami and Jeremy M. Weinstein
Published 6 Sep 2021

Democracy is too slow, and it holds science back.” Chapter 2 The Problematic Marriage of Hackers and Venture Capitalists In 1996, at the World Economic Forum in Davos, Switzerland, John Perry Barlow—a lyricist for the Grateful Dead, onetime cattle rancher, and a cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation—penned “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Reacting to the passage in the United States Telecommunications Act of 1996, Barlow channeled the techno-libertarian spirit, writing “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone.

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Andrew Bosworth revealed in an internal memo: Ryan Mac, Charlie Warzel, and Alex Kantrowitz, “Growth at Any Cost: Top Facebook Executive Defended Data Collection in 2016 Memo—and Warned That Facebook Could Get People Killed,” BuzzFeed News, March 29, 2018, https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/ryanmac/growth-at-any-cost-top-facebook-executive-defended-data. CHAPTER 2: The Problematic Marriage of Hackers and Venture Capitalists “Governments of the Industrial World”: John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electric Frontier Foundation, February 6, 1996, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. “we witnessed (and benefited from)”: Udayan Gupta, “Done Deals: Venture Capitalists Tell Their Story: Featured HBS John Doerr,” Working Knowledge, December 4, 2000, https://hbswk.hbs.edu/archive/done-deals-venture-capitalists-tell-their-story-featured-hbs-john-doerr.

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It
by Azeem Azhar
Published 6 Sep 2021

The result is a tension over where decisions about many aspects of the daily lives of more than half of humanity should occur: at the level of the nation state, or closer to home, in the city. John Perry Barlow, the former lyricist of the Grateful Dead, was also an internet rights activist for the Electronic Frontier Foundation. At the World Economic Forum’s Davos summit in 1996 he issued a Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace: Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather. We have no elected government, nor are we likely to have one, so I address you with no greater authority than that with which liberty itself always speaks.

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, National Defense University Press, 12 July 2016 <http://ndupress.ndu.edu/Media/News/News-Article-View/Article/834357/will-technological-convergence-reverse-globalization/> [accessed 6 September 2020]. 26 Nick Butler, ‘US Energy Independence Has Its Costs’, Financial Times, 2019 <https://www.ft.com/content/20870c24-0b86-11ea-b2d6-9bf4d1957a67> [accessed 10 May 2021]. 27 ‘Urban Population (per cent of Total Population)’, World Bank Data <https://data.worldbank.org/indicator/SP.URB.TOTL.IN.ZS> [accessed 11 January 2021]. 28 Azeem Azhar, ‘Don’t Call Time on the Megacity’, Exponential View, 20 May 2020 <https://www.exponentialview.co/p/-dont-call-time-on-the-megacity> [accessed 13 January 2021]. 29 Genevieve Giuliano, Sanggyun Kang and Quan Yuan, ‘Agglomeration Economies and Evolving Urban Form’, The Annals of Regional Science, 63(3), 2019, pp. 377–398 <https://doi.org/10.1007/s00168-019-00957-4>. 30 Cheng Ting-Fang, ‘How a Small Taiwanese City Transformed the Global Chip Industry’, Nikkei Asia, 15 December 2020 <https://asia.nikkei.com/Business/Technology/How-a-small-Taiwanese-city-transformed-the-global-chip-industry> [accessed 13 January 2021]. 31 Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House, 1961), p. 31. 32 West, Scale, pp. 281–88. 33 ‘Bright Lights, Big Cities’, The Economist, 4 February 2015 <https://www.economist.com/node/21642053> [accessed 20 March 2021]. 34 Jeff Desjardins, ‘By 2100 None of the World’s Biggest Cities Will Be in China, the US or Europe’, World Economic Forum, 20 July 2018 <https://www.weforum.org/agenda/2018/07/by-2100-none-of-the-worlds-biggest-cities-will-be-in-china-the-us-or-europe/> [accessed 20 March 2021]. 35 ‘Cities Worldwide Will Struggle, but Will Avoid a Mass Exodus’, The Economist, 17 November 2020 <https://www.economist.com/the-world-ahead/2020/11/17/cities-worldwide-will-struggle-but-will-avoid-a-mass-exodus> [accessed 20 March 2021]. 36 ‘COVID-19 and the Myth of Urban Flight’, Knowledge@Wharton, 1 December 2020 <https://knowledge.wharton.upenn.edu/article/covid-19-and-the-myth-of-urban-flight/> [accessed 13 January 2021]. 37 Samrat Sharma, ‘India’s Rural-Urban Divide: Village Worker Earns Less than Half of City Peer’, Financial Express, 12 December 2019 <https://www.financialexpress.com/economy/indias-rural-urban-divide-village-worker-earns-less-than-half-of-city-peer/1792245/> [accessed 18 March 2021]. 38 ‘Is There Really an Ever-Widening Rural-Urban Divide in Europe’, Euler Hermes Global, 17 July 2019 <https://www.eulerhermes.com/en_global/news-insights/economic-insights/Is-there-really-an-ever-widening-rural-urban-divide-in-Europe.html> [accessed 18 March 2021]. 39 Patrick Greenfield, ‘Uber Licence Withdrawal Disproportionate, Says Theresa May’, The Guardian, 28 September 2017 <http://www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/sep/28/uber-licence-withdrawal-disproportionate-says-theresa-may> [accessed 23 March 2021]. 40 ‘Why Cities and National Governments Clash over Migration’, Financial Times, 4 June 2019 <https://www.ft.com/content/319ec1f6-5d25-11e9-840c-530737425559>. 41 John Perry Barlow, ‘A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace’, January 1996 <https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence> [accessed 7 January 2020]. 42 Andrei Soldatov Borogan Irina, ‘How the 1991 Soviet Internet Helped Stop a Coup and Spread a Message of Freedom’, Slate, August 2016 <https://slate.com/technology/2016/08/the-1991-soviet-internet-helped-stop-a-coup-and-spread-a-message-of-freedom.html> [accessed 31 July 2020]. 43 Berhan Taye and Sage Cheung, ‘The State of Internet Shutdowns in 2018’, Access Now, 8 July 2019 <https://www.accessnow.org/the-state-of-internet-shutdowns-in-2018/> [accessed 19 July 2020]. 44 Claudia Biancotti, ‘India’s Ill-Advised Pursuit of Data Localization’, Pieterson Institute for International Economics, 9 December 2019 <https://www.piie.com/blogs/realtime-economic-issues-watch/indias-ill-advised-pursuit-data-localization> [accessed 20 March 2021]. 45 DLA Piper, Data Protection Laws of the World. 46 Alan Beattie, ‘Data Protectionism: The Growing Menace to Global Business’, Financial Times, 14 May 2018 <https://medium.com/financial-times/data-protectionism-the-growing-menace-to-global-business-f994da37e9e2> [accessed 26 March 2021]. 47 Ian Bremmer, ‘Why We Need a World Data Organization.

The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power
by Jacob Helberg
Published 11 Oct 2021

In a survey by the Center for a New American Security, nearly 80 percent of top Silicon Valley executives considered the relationship between Silicon Valley and the Pentagon to be “poor” or “very poor.”40 The survey came out just a month after Beijing implemented its National Intelligence Law, the one requiring “any organization or citizen” to “assist and cooperate with the state intelligence work.” The Chinese government was drawing closer to its tech companies at the very moment that relationships in the United States were falling apart. The Marine Serves; The CEO Walks In 1996, John Perry Barlow, an Internet activist and onetime Grateful Dead lyricist, penned a Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind,” Barlow wrote. “On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.”41 Ironically, Barlow penned his declaration in Davos, Switzerland, home to the World Economic Forum, which draws top global leaders and thinkers—hardly a hotbed of nonconformity.

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Now it’s preparing to clash with Big Tech,” Washington Post, July 27, 2020, https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2020/07/27/congress-tech-hearing/. 40 Loren DeJonge Schulman, Alexandra Sander, and Madeline Christian, “The Rocky Relationship Between Washington and Silicon Valley,” Copia, https://copia.is/wp-content/uploads/2017/07/COPIA-CNAS-Rocky-Relationship-Between-Washington-And-Silicon-Valley.pdf. 41 John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 42 Amy Zegart and Kevin Childs, “The Divide Between Silicon Valley and Washington Is a National Security Threat,” The Atlantic, December 13, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/ideas/archive/2018/12/growing-gulf-between-silicon-valley-and-washington/577963/. 43 Angus Loten, “Older IT Workers Left Out Despite Tech Talent Shortage,” Wall Street Journal, November 25, 2019, https://www.wsj.com/articles/older-it-workers-left-out-despite-tech-talent-shortage-11574683200?

The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom
by Evgeny Morozov
Published 16 Nov 2010

As already noted, Russian politicians have also been seriously considering creating a government-run search engine, to challenge Google’s rapid growth in the country; according to Russian media, $100 million has been disbursed for that purpose. John Perry Barlow, a cyber-utopian former lyricist of the Grateful Dead, who in 1996 wrote “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” a libertarian manifesto for the digital age, likes to point out that “in cyberspace, the First Amendment is a local ordinance.” This, however, may have been just a temporary equilibrium that could soon go away as other foreign governments discover that they would rather not have America own key parts of the infrastructure of the information society.

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See also Dissidents Cyberdissidents.org Cyber-realism Cyber-utopianism Cyber-vigilantism Cyxymu Czech Republic Czechoslovakia Data Databases Davis, Angela DDoS attack. See Distributed-Denial-of-Service attack De Forest, Lee The Death of Distance (Cairncross) The Decameron (Boccaccio) Decentralization “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” (Barlow) Dedemocratization Deep packet inspection Defense community Deleuze, Gilles Democracy and authoritarian governments, weak in Eastern Europe, theories of and Facebook and information technology and Internet companies promotion of and technology threats to Democratic Alliance for the Betterment and Progress of Hong Kong The Denver Clan (television program) Depoliticization Dewey, Thomas Diamond, Larry Diasporas Dictators.

Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History
by Thomas Rid
Published 27 Jun 2016

The American Civil Liberties Union argued that the law placed unconstitutional restrictions on free speech online. Barlow was outraged. The law made it “punishable by $250,000 to say ‘shit’ online,” as he saw it. He decided it was time to “dump some tea in the virtual harbor.” With characteristic grandiosity and pomp, as Barlow himself said, he gave the world a “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” The text’s opening paragraph has become iconic: Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.134 The wide and free global social space would be “naturally independent” of the tyrannies of government.

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130 (June 1991): 30. 126.Kadrey, “Cyberthon 1.0,” 54. 127.Quoted in Orenstein, “Get a Cyberlife,” 64. 128.Quoted in Antonio Lopez, “Networking Meets Authentic Experimental Space,” Santa Fe New Mexican, January 22, 1999, 46. 129.Keizer, “Virtual Reality,” 30. 130.Quoted in Gregg Keizer, “Explorations,” Omni 13, no. 4 (January 1991): 17. 131.Quoted in Jack Boulware, “Mondo 1995,” SF Weekly 14, no. 35 (October 11, 1995): 51. 132.“Virtual Reality,” Cryptologic Quarterly 12, no. 3–4 (Fall/Winter 1993): 47, DOCID 3929132. 133.“The Rather Petite Internet of 1995,” Royal Pingdom, March 31, 2011. 134.John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996, https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. 135.Ibid. 7. ANARCHY 1.James Ellis, The Story of Non-secret Encryption (Cheltenham, UK: GCHQ/CESG, 1987), para. 4. 2.Walter Koenig, Final Report on Project C-43: Continuation of Decoding Speech Codes, NDRC contract no.

The Chaos Machine: The Inside Story of How Social Media Rewired Our Minds and Our World
by Max Fisher
Published 5 Sep 2022

They were a cyber society lifting us above the outdated ways of the physical world. “We reject: kings, presidents, and voting. We believe in: rough consensus and running code,” David Clark, one of the architects of the web, said in 1992. In 1996, a former WELL board member wrote the web era’s defining document, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Addressed to “Governments of the Industrial World,” it announced, “You have no sovereignty where we gather.” The web would be “a civilization of the Mind,” ruled by the collective will of its users. It was an ideology that quickly pervaded the broader culture, enshrined in films such as The Net and The Matrix, which portrayed programmers as the new counterculture vanguard, kung fu rebels who would break the chains of human bondage.

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Lee, Arstechnica.com, January 14, 2020. 9 When an industry-news: “Intel Pulls Ads from Gamasutra, and Then Apologizes for It,” Dean Takahashi, Venturebeat.com, October 3, 2014. 10 “Software increasingly defines”: “I’m Brianna Wu, and I’m Risking My Life Standing Up to Gamergate,” Brianna Wu, Daily Dot, February 12, 2015. 11 Through the 1960s: O’Mara: 90–92. 12 “We are really the revolutionaries”: Berlin: 194. 13 PCC’s newsletter: O’Mara: 136–39. 14 It had grown out: From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism, Fred Turner, 2010: 71–72. 15 The site’s founders: Cliff Figallo, one of the platform’s architects, has said, for example, “Principles of tolerance and inclusion, fair resource allocation, distributed responsibility, management by example and influence, a flat organizational hierarchy, cooperative policy formulation, and acceptance of a libertarian-bordering-on-anarchic ethos were all carryovers from our communal living experience.” Source: Turner: 148. 16 A near-absence of rules: Ibid. 17 “We reject: kings”: “A Cloudy Crystal Ball / Apocalypse Now,” presentation by David Clark, July 1992, to the 24th annual Internet Engineering Task Force conference. 18 A former WELL board member: “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” John Perry Barlow, February 8, 1996. Initially circulated to dozens of websites simultaneously, now available at Eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 19 “Our general counsel and CEO”: “Twitter’s Tony Wang: ‘We Are the Free Speech Wing of the Free Speech Party,’” Josh Halliday, The Guardian, March 22, 2012. 20 “the founding ideal”: Levy, Facebook: The Inside Story: 458. 21 While Apple was: This is according to Dave Morin, a former senior engineer at Facebook, as paraphrased in Levy: 149. 22 “We’re kind of fundamentally”: “The Facebook Dilemma,” PBS Frontline, October 29, 2018. 23 a letter to shareholders: “Zuckerberg’s Letter to Investors,” Reuters, February 1, 2012. 24 “There’s this fundamental”: Levy, 7. 25 “The reason we nerds”: Hackers and Painters, Paul Graham, 2004: 9. 26 has said he looks for: “What We Look for in Founders,” Paul Graham, Paulgraham.com, October 2010. 27 “These guys want to”: “What I Did This Summer,” Paul Graham, Paulgraham.com, October 2005. 28 “If you’re less sensitive”: Zero to One: Notes on Startups, or How to Build the Future, Peter Thiel and Blake Masters, 2014: 40. 29 “Max Levchin, my co-founder”: Ibid: 122. 30 A pair of videos: Screenshots documenting the incident can be found at “Kenny Glenn Case / Dusty the Cat,” Knowyourmeme.com, September 10, 2011. 31 made it wildly popular: “Media Manipulation and Disinformation Online,” Alice Marwick and Rebecca Lewis, Data & Society, May 2017. 32 “Ultimately,” Christopher Poole: “The Trolls Among Us,” Mattathias Schwartz, New York Times Magazine, August 3, 2008. 33 Adolescents also have: Behave: The Biology of Humans at Our Best and Worst, Robert M.

Barefoot Into Cyberspace: Adventures in Search of Techno-Utopia
by Becky Hogge , Damien Morris and Christopher Scally
Published 26 Jul 2011

Haystack vs How The Internet Works. Oblomovka. September 14. http://www.oblomovka.com/wp/2010/09/14/haystack-vs-how-the-internet-works/. Perry Barlow, John. 1990. “Crime and Puzzlement”, June 8. http://w2.eff.org/Misc/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/crime_and_puzzlement_1.html. ———. 1996. A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. February 8. https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. PlentyMag.com. 2009. “The Whole Earth Catalog Effect.” PLENTY Magazine, May 19. http://www.mnn.com/lifestyle/arts-culture/stories/the-whole-earth-catalog-effect?page=1. Poulsen, Kevin, and Kim Zetter. 2010.

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It
by Jonathan Zittrain
Published 27 May 2009

REV. 229, 280 (1998) (“[P]erfect enforcement is rarely the optimal level of enforcement.”). 44. See David R. Johnson & David G. Post, Law and Borders—The Rise of Law in Cyberspace, 48 STAN. L. REV. 1367, 1367, 1383, 1387—88 (1996) (arguing that self-governance can and should be central to cyberspace regulation); John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace (Feb. 8, 1996), http://homes.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html (“Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us.

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, About.com, http://jobsearch.about.com/od/jobsearch blogs/a/jobsearchblog.htm (last visited June 1, 2007); Ellen Goodman, Editorial, The Perils of Cyberbaggage, TRUTHDiG, Feb. 21, 2007, http://www.truthdig.com/report/item/20070221_the_perils_of_cyberbaggage/; Ellen Goodman, Editorial, Bloggers Get Caught Between the Real and the Cyber, PITTSBURGH POST-GAZETTE, Feb. 23, 2007, at B7; MySpace Is Public Space When It Comes to Job Search: Entry Level Job Seekers—It’s Time to Reconsider the Web, CollegeGrad.com, July 26, 2006, http://www.collegegrad.com/press/myspace.shtml. 157. John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace (Feb. 8, 1996), http://homes.eff.org/-barlow/Declaration-Final.html. CONCLUSION 1. The XO organization reports that the United Nations Development Programme will partner with them to assist governments in distribution and support of the machines as they are made available.

Terms of Service: Social Media and the Price of Constant Connection
by Jacob Silverman
Published 17 Mar 2015

It’s a vision that’s been cultivated over decades and that has a very real effect on the types of products and digital environments these companies create, from the personal chauffeurs of Uber to the parlous world of online influence. Here users are guests of the benevolent technocratic elite, the digital overlords creating our brave new future and allowing us to visit and enjoy the view for the price of privacy and personal data. In an influential manifesto titled “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” John Perry Barlow, the Grateful Dead lyricist-turned-cyber-libertarian activist, told governments that they weren’t welcome in the new online world. This was 1996, the time of the Microsoft-Netscape browser war, the early years of the tech bubble, and the rise of search engines, which helped us unlock the plenitude of the World Wide Web.

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Oct. 19, 2013. cnet.com/8301-1023_3-57608320-93/a-radical-dream-for-making-techno-utopias-a-reality. 250 “without having to deploy them”: Claire Cain Miller. “Larry Page Gets Personal at Google’s Conference.” Bits, a blog on NYTimes.com. May 15, 2013. bits.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/05/15/larry-page-gets-personal-at-googles-conference. 251 “a public construction project”: John Perry Barlow. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Electronic Frontier Foundation. Feb. 8, 1996. projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. 254 “at no cost”: ibid. 255 Amazon pulls 1984: Brad Stone. “Amazon Erases Orwell Books from Kindle.” New York Times. July 17, 2009. nytimes.com/2009/07/18/technology/companies/18amazon.html. 256 Zuckerberg’s color-blindness: Jose Antonio Vargas.

Your Computer Is on Fire
by Thomas S. Mullaney , Benjamin Peters , Mar Hicks and Kavita Philip
Published 9 Mar 2021

In doing so, technical communities produce themselves as actors able to act “for the good of the internet,” in relation to political and economic interests.37 Infrastructures, Mathew reminds us, are relations, not things.38 Drawing on feminist informatics scholar Susan Leigh Star, and using his ethnography of network engineers to articulate how those relations are always embedded in human history and sociality, Mathew distinguishes his analysis from that encapsulated in John Perry Barlow’s 1996 A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace. Avowing that the internet does offer radical new social possibilities, he suggests that these are not because it transcends human politics but rather because it is “actively produced in the ongoing efforts and struggles of the social formations and technologies involved in the distributed governance of Internet infrastructure.”39 Mathew’s aim is “to uncover the internal logic of the production of the virtual space of the Internet, and the manner in which the production of virtual space opposes and reconciles itself with the production of the spaces of the nation state, and the spaces of capital.”40 His study begins with a methodological question as original as Stephenson’s.

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Archived at https://www.moma.org/collection/works/110263 and the Internet Archive, https://web.archive.org/web/*/opte.org. 42. Abigail De Kosnik, Benjamin De Kosnik, and Jingyi Li, “A Ratings System for Piracy: Quantifying and Mapping BitTorrent Activity for ‘The Walking Dead,’” unpublished manuscript, 2017. 43. John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Davos, Switzerland, February 8, 1996, Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 44. The Wikimedia Foundation supports efforts to decolonize knowledge because, simply, their claim to house the sum of all knowledge in the world has been shown, by social movements from the Global South, to be woefully incomplete.

Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires
by Douglas Rushkoff
Published 7 Sep 2022

Chapter 2: Mergers and Acquisitions   25   Tech companies actively sought : Douglas Rushkoff, Cyberia: Life in the Trenches of Hyperspace (New York: HarperOne, 1994).   25   “new communalists” : Fred Turner, From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2006).   26   Operation Sundevil : Bruce Sterling, The Hacker Crackdown: Law and Disorder on the Electronic Frontier (New York: Bantam, 1992).   26   “Governments of the Industrial World” : John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, 1996, https:// www .eff .org /cyberspace -independence.   26   fungus and bacteria : Qi Hui Sam, Matthew Wook Chang, and Louis Yi Ann Chai, “The Fungal Mycobiome and Its Interaction with Gut Bacteria in the Host,” International Journal of Molecular Sciences , February 4, 2017, https:// www .ncbi .nlm .nih .gov /pmc /articles /PMC5343866 /.   28   extolled the virtues of the deal : Saul Hansell, “America Online Agrees to Buy Time Warner for $165 Billion; Media Deal is Richest Merger,” New York Times , January 11, 2000, https:// www .nytimes .com /2000 /01 /11 /business /media -megadeal -overview -america -online -agrees -buy -time -warner -for -165 -billion .html.   28   the piece I wrote placed in the Guardian : Douglas Rushkoff, “Why Time Is Up for Warner,” Guardian , January 20, 2000, https:// www .theguardian .com /technology /2000 /jan /20 /onlinesupplement10.   29   People blamed : Seth Stevenson, “The Believer,” New York Magazine , July 6, 2007, https:// nymag .com /news /features /34454 /.   30   hired investment bank Salomon Smith Barney : Tim Arango, “How the AOL–Time Warner Merger Went So Wrong,” New York Times , January 10, 2010, https:// www .nytimes .com /2010 /01 /11 /business /media /11merger .html.   31   probably borrowed : Steven Levy, Facebook: The Inside Story (New York: Blue Rider Press, 2020).   32   stocks quadruple : Lisa Pham, “This Company Added the Word ‘Blockchain’ to Its Name and Saw Its Shares Surge 394%,” Bloomberg , October 27, 2017, https:// www .bloomberg .com /news /articles /2017 -10 -27 /what -s -in -a -name -u -k -stock -surges -394 -on -blockchain -rebrand.   33   “independent, host-led local organizations” : Dave Lee, “Airbnb Using ‘Independent’ Host Groups to Lobby Policymakers,” Financial Times , March 21, 2021, https:// www .ft .com /content /1afb3173 -444a -47fa -99ec -554779dde236.   33   Google was outspending : Shaban Hamza, “Google for the First Time Outspent Every Other Company to Influence Washington in 2017,” Washington Post , January 23, 2018, https:// www .washingtonpost .com /news /the -switch /wp /2018 /01 /23 /google -outspent -every -other -company -on -federal -lobbying -in -2017 /.   33   outspent by Facebook : Lauren Feiner, “Facebook Spent More on Lobbying than Any Other Big Tech Company in 2020,” CNBC , January 22, 2021, https:// www .cnbc .com /2021 /01 /22 /facebook -spent -more -on -lobbying -than -any -other -big -tech -company -in -2020 .html.   33   Numerous studies : Martin Gilens and Benjamin I.

Dawn of the Code War: America's Battle Against Russia, China, and the Rising Global Cyber Threat
by John P. Carlin and Garrett M. Graff
Published 15 Oct 2018

.* At the time, the rising digital world seemed to take freedom even one natural step further, allowing for a place that can be without rules and completely unfettered. The same year, 1996, that I worked at Freedom House, John Perry Barlow—a former lyricist for the Grateful Dead who been an early participant in the web—authored and posted online a “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” writing, “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.” Barlow—who with two like-minded digital pioneers, John Gilmore and Mitch Kapor, founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation—believed that the virtual worlds of cyberspace existed beyond the reach of any pedestrian earthly government.

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US Department of Justice, Criminal Division, “Final Guilty Plea in Operation Gridlock, First Federal Peer-to-Peer Copyright and Piracy Crackdown,” May 31, 2005, www.justice.gov/archive/criminal/cybercrime/press-releases/2005/tannerPlea.htm. 6. Thomas Flexner James, Washington: The Indispensable Man (Open Road Media, 2017), xvii. 7. “Hello New York: Michael Fusco on Violent Crime in New York,” Saturday Night Live, NBC, www.nbc.com/saturday-night-live/video/leftover-night/n10009?snl=1. 8. John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, n.d., www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 9. Steven Levy, Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution (O’Reilly Media, 2010), ix. 10. Ibid., 27. 11. Ibid., 91–92. 12. Ibid., 134. 13. John Markoff, “The Odyssey of a Hacker: From Outlaw to Consultant,” New York Times, January 29, 2001, www.nytimes.com/2001/01/29/business/the-odyssey-of-a-hacker-from-outlaw-to-consultant.html. 14.

The Filter Bubble: What the Internet Is Hiding From You
by Eli Pariser
Published 11 May 2011

Chapter Four: The You Loop 109 “what a personal computer really is”: Sharon Gaudin, “Total Recall: Storing Every Life Memory in a Surrogate Brain,” ComputerWorld, Aug. 2, 2008, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, www.computerworld.com/s/article/9074439/Total_Recall_Storing_every_life_memory_in_a_surrogate_brain. 109 “You have one identity”: David Kirkpatrick, The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon and Schuster, 2010), 199. 109 “I behave a different way”: “Live-Blog: Zuckerberg and David Kirkpatrick on the Facebook Effect,” transcript of interview, Social Beat, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, http://venturebeat.com/2010/07/21/live-blog-zuckerberg-and-david-kirkpatrick-on-the-facebook-effect. 110 “Same awkward self”: Ibid. 110 that would be the norm: Marshall Kirkpatrick, “Facebook Exec: All Media Will Be Personalized in 3 to 5 Years,” ReadWriteWeb, Sept. 29, 2010, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, www.readwriteweb.com/archives/facebook_exec_all_media_will_be_personalized_in_3.php. 110 “a world that all may enter”: John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Feb. 8, 1996, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. 111 pseudonym with the real name: Julia Angwin and Steve Stecklow, “‘Scrapers’ Dig Deep for Data on Web,” Wall Street Journal, Oct. 12, 2010, accessed Dec. 15, 2010, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748703358504575544381288117888.html. 111 tied to the individual people who use them: Julia Angwin and Jennifer Valentino-Devries, “Race Is On to ‘Fingerprint’ Phones, PCs,” Wall Street Journal, Nov. 30, 2010, accessed Jan. 30, 2011, http://online.wsj.com/article/SB10001424052748704679204575646704100959546.html?

The Smartphone Society
by Nicole Aschoff

Brynjolfsson and McAfee, The Second Machine Age, 106. 20. Anderson, “The End of Theory.” 21. Harris, “Inside the First Church of Artificial Intelligence.” 22. O’Gieblyn, “Ghost in the Cloud.” 23. Ullman, Life in Code, 295. 24. Losse, The Boy Kings, 201–2. 25. See John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation website, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 26. On Fordlandia, see Grandin, Fordlandia. 27. Popper, “A Cryptocurrency Millionaire Wants to Build a Utopia in Nevada.” 28. Trachtenberg, Incorporation of America, 39. 29. For a crisp discussion of technology, fiction, and cyborg visions, see McCracken, “Cyborg Fictions.” 30.

The Dark Cloud: How the Digital World Is Costing the Earth
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 14 Jun 2023

Hegel, for whom the spirituality of art increases as it separates from matter, and the French art historian Henri Focillon, for whom ‘there is no abstraction that is not yet matter, in all its volatility, and that is not subject to the structural forces of matter, gravity, inertia, rhythm, etc.’ For further reading, Arnaud Macé presents select texts on the debate in his book La Matière [‘Matter’] (Flammarion, 2013). 22 John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, 8 February 1996. 23 Fritz Machlup, The Production and Distribution of Knowledge in the United States, Princeton University Press, 1972. 24 If indeed ‘our growth is based on raw materials, it cannot be infinite. If it is based on knowledge, however, infinite growth is very easily to achieve’, postulates the French researcher Idriss Aberkane in a HuffPost blog in 2014.

Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World
by Timothy Garton Ash
Published 23 May 2016

In the 1990s, as science fiction seemed to be becoming fact, American cyberlibertarian hopes for a global newfoundland of freedom soared to giddy heights. John Perry Barlow, a passionate advocate for internet freedom and former lyricist of the rock band the Grateful Dead, produced in 1996 a Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, with obvious echoes of the 1776 Declaration of Independence. It even denounced ‘hostile and colonial measures’, as if King George III were about to dispatch his redcoats into cyberspace. ‘Governments of the Industrial World’, the declaration began, ‘you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind.

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Listen to his discussion of it on ‘Wu on His Phrase “Net Neutrality”’, Free Speech Debate, http://freespeechdebate.com/en/media/net-neutrality-by-the-man-who-coined-the-phrase/, and see the introduction on his website at http://perma.cc/4Z5P-RP4C 55. dated 8 February 1996; John Perry Barlow, ‘A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace’, http://perma.cc/V8VS-XHZD 56. full detail in Mueller 2004 and Mueller 2012 57. a useful account of the history is given on Wikipedia: http://perma.cc/Q36Q-366E 58. see several contributions to Levmore et al., eds. 2010 and Sunstein 2009, 83 59. Mike Godwin, conversation with the author, Wikimedia Foundation, San Francisco, 7 September 2010 60.

The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America
by Margaret O'Mara
Published 8 Jul 2019

I’ve got ideas all day long, I can’t control them, it’s like, they come charging in, I can’t even fight ’em off if I wanted to. Night Shift (1982)1 On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather. JOHN PERRY BARLOW, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” 19962 The machine that is everywhere hailed as the very incarnation of the new had revealed itself to be not so new after all, but a series of skins, layer on layer, winding around the messy, evolving idea of the computing machine. ELLEN ULLMAN, Life in Code, 19983 CONTENTS Also by Margaret O’Mara Title Page Copyright Dedication Epigraph List of Abbreviations Introduction: The American Revolution ACT ONE: START UP Arrivals Chapter 1: Endless Frontier Chapter 2: Golden State Chapter 3: Shoot the Moon Chapter 4: Networked Chapter 5: The Money Men Arrivals Chapter 6: Boom and Bust ACT TWO: PRODUCT LAUNCH Arrivals Chapter 7: The Olympics of Capitalism Chapter 8: Power to the People Chapter 9: The Personal Machine Chapter 10: Homebrewed Chapter 11: Unforgettable Chapter 12: Risky Business ACT THREE: GO PUBLIC Arrivals Chapter 13: Storytellers Chapter 14: California Dreaming Chapter 15: Made in Japan Chapter 16: Big Brother Chapter 17: War Games Chapter 18: Built on Sand ACT FOUR: CHANGE THE WORLD Arrivals Chapter 19: Information Means Empowerment Chapter 20: Suits in the Valley Chapter 21: Magna Carta Chapter 22: Don’t Be Evil Arrivals Chapter 23: The Internet Is You Chapter 24: Software Eats the World Chapter 25: Masters of the Universe Departure: Into the Driverless Car Photographs Acknowledgments Note on Sources Notes Image Credits Index About the Author LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS ACM: Association for Computing Machinery AEA: American Electronics Association AI: Artificial intelligence AMD: Advanced Micro Devices ARD: American Research and Development ARM: Advanced reduced-instruction-set microprocessor ARPA: Advanced Research Projects Agency, Department of Defense, renamed DARPA AWS: Amazon Web Services BBS: Bulletin Board Services CDA: Communications Decency Act of 1996 CPSR: Computer Professionals for Social Responsibility CPU: Central processing unit EDS: Electronic Data Systems EFF: Electronic Frontier Foundation EIT: Enterprise Integration Technologies ENIAC: Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer ERISA: Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 FASB: Financial Accounting Standards Board FCC: Federal Communications Commission FTC: Federal Trade Commission GUI: Graphical user interface HTML: Hypertext markup language IC: Integrated circuit IPO: Initial public offering MIS: Management information systems MITI: Ministry of International Trade and Industry (of Japan) NACA: National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics, later superseded by NASA NASA: National Aeronautics and Space Administration NASD: National Association of Securities Dealers NDEA: National Defense Education Act NII: National Information Infrastructure NSF: National Science Foundation NVCA: National Venture Capital Association OS: Operating system OSRD: U.S.

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Miller, February 27, 2015 Becky Morgan, May 13, 2016 David Morgenthaler, February 12, May 19, June 23, November 3, 2015 Gary Morgenthaler, November 24, 2014 Chamath Palihapitiya, December 5, 2017 Paul Saffo, March 24, 2017 Allan Schiffman, March 22, 2018 Charles Simonyi, October 4, 2017 Larry Stone, April 7, 2015 Marty Tenenbaum, February 9, February 21, March 16, 2018 Avie Tevanian, December 13, 2017 Andy Verhalen, November 18, 2014 Ed Zschau, April 9, June 24, 2015, January 19, 2016 NOTES 1. Night Shift, directed by Ron Howard, written by Lowell Ganz and Babaloo Mandel (Burbank, Calif.: Warner Brothers Pictures, 1982). Reproduced with permission. 2. John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996, https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. 3. Ellen Ullman, Life in Code: A Personal History of Technology (New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 2017), 47. INTRODUCTION: THE AMERICAN REVOLUTION 1. Associated Press, “Apple, Amazon, Facebook, Alphabet, and Microsoft Are Collectively Worth More Than the Entire Economy of the United Kingdom,” April 27, 2018, https://www.inc.com/associated-press/mindblowing-facts-tech-industry-money-amazon-apple-microsoft-facebook-alphabet.html, archived at https://perma.cc/HY68-RJYG [inactive]. 2.

The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age
by Astra Taylor
Published 4 Mar 2014

However imprecisely the terms are applied, the dichotomy of open versus closed (sometimes presented as freedom versus control) provides the conceptual framework that increasingly underpins much of the current thinking about technology, media, and culture. The fetish for openness can be traced back to the foundational myths of the Internet as a wild, uncontrollable realm. In 1996 John Perry Barlow, the former Grateful Dead lyricist and cattle ranger turned techno-utopian firebrand, released an influential manifesto, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” from Davos, Switzerland, during the World Economic Forum, the annual meeting of the world’s business elite. (“Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone.… You have no sovereignty where we gather.”)

The Internet Is Not the Answer
by Andrew Keen
Published 5 Jan 2015

,” Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, p. 54. 25 Naughton, A Brief History of the Future, p. 92. 26 Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, p. 55. 27 Ibid., p. 56. 28 Johnny Ryan, A History of the Internet and the Digital Future (London: Reaktion Books, 2010), p. 22. 29 Ibid., p. 16. 30 Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, pp. 41–42. 31 Ibid., p. 263. 32 Ryan, A History of the Internet and the Digital Future, p. 39. 33 Ibid., p. 249. 34 Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1999), p. 186. 35 Larry Downes and Chunka Mui, Unleashing the Killer App: Digital Strategies for Market Dominance (Boston: Harvard Business School Press, 1998). 36 Ibid. 37 Outlook Team, “The 41-Year History of Email,” Mashable, September 20, 2012. 38 John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996. 39 David A. Kaplan, The Silicon Boys and Their Valley of Dreams (New York: Perennial, 2000), p. 229. 40 Naughton, A Brief History of the Future, p. 218. 41 Bush, “As We May Think.” 42 Gary Wolf, “The Curse of Xanadu,” Wired, June 1995. 43 Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web (New York: HarperCollins, 1999), p. 5. 44 Ibid. 45 Ibid., p. 6. 46 Mariana Mazzucato, The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs.

How to Fix Copyright
by William Patry
Published 3 Jan 2012

Ian Hargreaves, Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth 45 (May 2011). 24. This is pretty much the approach taken by Professor Ian Hargreaves in his report Digital Opportunity: A Review of Intellectual Property and Growth 45 (May 2011). 25. See http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A_Declaration_of_the_Independence_of_Cyberspace. Cf. Jack Goldsmith and Tim Wu, Who Controls the Internet?: Illusions of a Borderless World (2008, Oxford University Press. See also Johnny Ryan, A History of the Interent and the Digital Future (2010, Reaktion Books). 26. Francis Gurry,The Future of Copyright, address delivered in Sydney, Australia, February 25, 2011. 27.

You Are Here: From the Compass to GPS, the History and Future of How We Find Ourselves
by Hiawatha Bray
Published 31 Mar 2014

Catherine Shu, “Nav App Waze Says 36M Users Shared 900M Reports, While 65K Users Made 500M Map Edits,” TechCrunch, February 6, 2013, http://techcrunch.com/2013/02/06/nav-app-waze-says-36m-users-shared-900m-reports-while-65k-users-made-500m-map-edits/. 29. Jessica Guynn, “Google Acquisition Keeps Waze Out of Rivals’ Hands,” Los Angeles Times, June 12, 2013. Chapter 9 1. John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996, https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html. 2. Thomas Lowenthal, “IP Address Can Now Pin Down Your Location to Within a Half Mile,” Ars Technica, April 22, 2011, http://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2011/04/getting-warmer-an-ip-address-can-map-you-within-half-a-mile/. 3.

Data and the City
by Rob Kitchin,Tracey P. Lauriault,Gavin McArdle
Published 2 Aug 2017

Where are data citizens? 211 References Austin, J.L. (1962) How to Do Things with Words. Oxford: Oxford University Press. Balibar, E. (1991) ‘Citizen subject’, in E. Cadava, P. Connor and J.-L. Nancy (eds), Who Comes after the Subject? London: Routledge, pp. 33–57. Barlow, J.P. (1996) ‘A declaration of the independence of cyberspace’, available from: www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence [accessed 11 July 2014]. Blomley, N. (2004) Unsettling the City: Urban Land and the Politics of Property. London: Routledge. Blomley, N. (2011) Rights of Passage: Sidewalks and the Regulation of Public Flow. London: Routledge.

Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology
by Anu Bradford
Published 25 Sep 2023

See Kaye, Speech Police, supra note 9, at 59. 12.Reyhan Harmanci, Tech Confessional: The Googler Who Looked at the Worst of the Internet, Buzzfeed News (Aug. 21, 2012), https://www.buzzfeednews.com/article/reyhan/tech-confessional-the-googler-who-looks-at-the-wo. 13.See Bobby Allyn, In Settlement, Facebook to Pay $52 Million to Content Moderators with PTSD, NPR (May 12, 2020), https://www.npr.org/2020/05/12/854998616/in-settlement-facebook-to-pay-52-million-to-content-moderators-with-ptsd. 14.John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Elec. Frontier Found. (Feb. 8, 1996), https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 15.See Zuboff, supra note 2. 16.Adrian Chen, Cambridge Analytica and Our Lives Inside the Surveillance Machine, The N. Yorker (Mar. 21, 2018), https://www.newyorker.com/tech/annals-of-technology/cambridge-analytica-and-our-lives-inside-the-surveillance-machine. 17.Daniel Susser, Beate Roessler, and Helen Nissenbaum, Technology, Autonomy, and Manipulation, 8 Internet Pol’y Rev. 1, 2–3 (2019). 18.Ross Andersen, The Panopticon Is Already Here, Atl.

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Duff, Rating the Revolution: Silicon Valley in Normative Perspective, 19 Info., Commc’n & Soc’y 1605, 1606 (2016). 13.Id. at 1615. 14.Kai Fu Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley and the New World Order 26–28 (2019). 15.Duff, supra note 12, at 1613. 16.John Perry Barlow, A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace, Electronic Frontier Foundation (Feb. 8, 1996), https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. 17.See e.g., generally David R. Johnson & David Post, Law and Borders: The Rise of Law in Cyberspace, 48 Stan. L. Rev. 1367, 1376 (1996) [hereinafter: Johnson & Post, Law and Borders]. 18.Ira Magaziner, Creating a Framework for Global Electronic Commerce, The Progress & Freedom Foundation (July 1999), http://www.pff.org/issues-pubs/futureinsights/fi6.1globaleconomiccommerce.html [hereinafter: Magaziner, Framework]. 19.Clinton’s Words on China: Trade Is the Smart Thing, N.Y.

The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future
by Kevin Kelly
Published 6 Jun 2016

The shouts from the back of the bus grew loud declaring that finally an author no longer needed editors. No one needed to ask permission to publish. Anyone with an internet connection could post their work and gather an audience; it was the end of publishers controlling the gates. This was a revolution! And since it was a revolution, Wired published “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” announcing the end of old media. New media was certainly spawning rapidly. Among them were the link aggregators such as Slashdot, Digg, and later Reddit that enabled users to vote up or down items and to work together as a collaborative consensus filter, making mutual recommendations based on “others like you.”

#Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media
by Cass R. Sunstein
Published 7 Mar 2017

Hirschmann, The Passions and the Interests: Political Arguments for Capitalism before Its Triumph (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1967). 13.See Jon Elster, Sour Grapes: Studies in the Subversion of Rationality (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1983). 14.Verisign, The Domain Name Industry Brief 13, no. 1 (2016), http://www.verisign.com/assets/domain-name-report-april2016.pdf (accessed September 8, 2016). 15.For a good discussion, see Robert H. Frank, Luxury Fever: Weighing the Cost of Excess (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1998). 16.See ibid. 17.See ibid. 7. WHAT’S REGULATION? A PLEA 1.John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996, http://homes.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html (accessed July 31, 2016). 2.Richard Posner, Catastrophe: Risk and Response (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2003), 85. 3.See Internet Security Threat Report 21 (2016), https://www.symantec.com/content/dam/symantec/docs/reports/istr-21-2016-en.pdf (accessed September 8, 2016). 4.Elinor Ostrom, Governing the Commons: The Evolution of Institutions for Collective Action (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1990); Robert C.

Is the Internet Changing the Way You Think?: The Net's Impact on Our Minds and Future
by John Brockman
Published 18 Jan 2011

Over the next decade and a half, I joined the camp of what I have since come to think of as Internet utopians. The Net seemed to offer this shining city on a hill, free from the grit and foulness of the meat world. Ideologically, this was a torch carried by Wired magazine, and the ideal probably reached its zenith in John Perry Barlow’s 1996 essay, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” Silly me. I should have known better. It would all be spelled out clearly in John Brunner’s The Shockwave Rider, William Gibson’s Neuromancer, Neal Stephenson’s Snowcrash, Vernor Vinge’s True Names, and even less-well-read classics such as John Barnes’s The Mother of Storms.

Permanent Record
by Edward Snowden
Published 16 Sep 2019

This was thrilling—to participate in the founding of a new society, one based not on where we were born or how we grew up or our popularity at school but on our knowledge and technological ability. In school, I’d had to memorize the preamble to the U.S. Constitution: now its words were lodged in my memory alongside John Perry Barlow’s “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” which employed the same self-evident, self-elect plural pronoun: “We are creating a world that all may enter without privilege or prejudice accorded by race, economic power, military force, or station of birth. We are creating a world where anyone, anywhere may express his or her beliefs, no matter how singular, without fear of being coerced into silence or conformity.”

The Fifth Domain: Defending Our Country, Our Companies, and Ourselves in the Age of Cyber Threats
by Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake
Published 15 Jul 2019

While William Gibson coined the word “cyberspace,” it was Barlow who popularized its use to capture a realm separate and apart from the physical world, in which people could be freed from the limitations imposed on them by their bodies and the body politic in what he called “meatspace.” There are not too many people in the world who have had both a backstage pass to every Dead concert and an open invitation to the World Economic Forum, but Barlow did, and in Davos in 1996 he tapped out his now famous “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” In it he exhorts governments to leave the denizens of cyberspace alone, declaring, “You have no sovereignty where we gather.” Of course, that wasn’t true. As Tim Wu and Jack Goldsmith document in their excellent 2006 book Who Controls the Internet?, it didn’t take long for governments to impose their sovereignty on the internet.

The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop Per Child
by Morgan G. Ames
Published 19 Nov 2019

Forbes, July 14, 2014. https://www.forbes.com/sites/robasghar/2014/07/14/why-silicon-valleys-fail-fast-mantra-is-just-hype/. Azoulay, Pierre, Benjamin F. Jones, J. Daniel Kim, and Javier Miranda. “Age and High-Growth Entrepreneurship.” NBER Working Paper No. w24489, April 2018. https://ssrn.com/abstract=3158929. Badham, John, dir. WarGames. MGM/UA Entertainment, 1983. Barlow, John Perry. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” February 8, 1996. Electronic Frontier Foundation. https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. Barrionuevo, Alexei. “Ex-cleric Wins Paraguay Presidency, Ending a Party’s 62-Year Rule.” New York Times, April 21, 2008. https://www.nytimes.com/2008/04/21/world/americas/21paraguay.html.

Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots
by John Markoff
Published 24 Aug 2015

Perhaps it was the one described in the movie Her, released in 2013, in which a shy guy connects with a female AI. Today, however, it is still unclear whether the emergence of cyberspace is a huge step forward for humanity as described by cyber-utopians such as Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow in his 1996 Wired manifesto, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” or the much bleaker world described by Sherry Turkle in her book Alone Together: Why We Expect More from Technology and Less from Each Other. For Barlow, cyberspace would become a utopian world free from crime and degradation of “meatspace.” In contrast, Turkle describes a world in which computer networks increasingly drive a wedge between humans, leaving them lonely and isolated.

Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know
by P. W. Singer and Allan Friedman
Published 3 Jan 2014

“public order or morals” International Telecommunication Union, “Plenipotentiary Conferences,” http://www.itu.int/en/history/Pages/PlenipotentiaryConferences.aspx?conf=1&dms=S0201000001, accessed January 14, 2013. “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace” John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html, accessed January 14, 2013. “free” part of cyberspace Robert Axelrod, e-mail message to the authors, September 5, 2011. “Nazi memorabilia” Internet Governance Project, “Threat Analysis of the WCIT Part 4: The ITU and Cybersecurity,” June 21, 2012, http://www.internetgovernance.org/2012/06/21/threat-analysis-of-the-wcit-4-cybersecurity/, accessed January 2013.

From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism
by Fred Turner
Published 31 Aug 2006

Mondo 2000, no. 2 (Summer 1990): 34 – 43. ———. “Crime and Puzzlement.” Posted to the WELL June 8, 1990. Reprint in Whole Earth Review, no. 68 (Fall 1990): 44 –57, available at http://www.eff.org/Misc/Publications/ John_Perry_Barlow/HTML/crime_and_puzzlement_1.html (accessed September 27, 2005). ———. “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace.” 1996. Available at http://www .eff.org/barlow/Declaration-Final.html (accessed November 15, 2004). B i b l i o g ra p h y [ 293 ] ———. “Jack In, Young Pioneer! Keynote essay for the 1994 Computerworld College Edition.” Available at http://www.eff.org/Misc/Publications/John_Perry_Barlow/ HTML/jack_in_young_pioneer.html (accessed September 27, 2005).

Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the Surveillance State
by Barton Gellman
Published 20 May 2020

the cypherpunks of the 1990s: See Steven Levy, Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government, Saving Privacy in the Digital Age (New York: Viking, 2001). See also Eric Hughes, “A Cypherpunk’s Manifesto” (1993), www.activism.net/cypherpunk/manifesto.html; and John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996, www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence. invented “onion routing”: Among the seminal papers by Naval Research Laboratory employees was David Goldschlag, Michael Reed, and Paul Syverson, “Onion Routing for Anonymous and Private Internet Connections,” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, January 28, 1999, www.onion-router.net/Publications/CACM-1999.pdf.

If Then: How Simulmatics Corporation Invented the Future
by Jill Lepore
Published 14 Sep 2020

Ibid., 183–84, 222–32. Stewart Brand, “We Owe It All to the Hippies,” Time, March 1, 1995. Esther Dyson, George Gilder, George Keyworth, and Alvin Toffler, Cyberspace and the American Dream: A Magna Carta for the Knowledge Age (Progress and Freedom Foundation, 1994). John Perry Barlow, “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” February 8, 1996. IP, Questionnaire, undated, Pool Papers, Box 59, Folder “Contact Nets Diary.” John McPhee, “Link with Local History Lost,” Alamogordo [NM] Daily News, April 10, 1998. Wendy McPhee, interview with the author, July 16, 2018. Epilogue: Meta Data Jaron Lanier, “Jaron Lanier Fixes the Internet,” NYT, September 23, 2019.

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
by Gary Gerstle
Published 14 Oct 2022

Zelizer, eds., Media Nation: The Political History of News in Modern America (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2017), 176-189; Anna Cardoso, “The Rise of the Right-Wing Media and the Repeal of the Fairness Doctrine in the USA” (undergraduate dissertation, University of Cambridge, 2019). 59.See, in particular, Walter Lippmann, Public Opinion (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1922) and The Phantom Public (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1925). 60.On the Fairness doctrine, see Zelizer, “How Washington Helped Create the Contemporary Media,” and Cardoso, “The Rise of the Right-Wing Media and the Repeal of the Fairness Doctrine in the USA.” 61.One of the key promoters of this vision was cyber-utopian (and longtime lyricist for the Grateful Dead) John Perry Barlow. See his “A Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” issued by Electronic Frontier Foundation, February 8, 1996, https://www.eff.org/cyberspace-independence, accessed July 29, 2021. Barlow also wrote frequently for Wired at this time: “Jack In?” Wired, February 1, 1993, https://www.wired.com/1993/02/jack-in/, accessed August 9, 2021; “The Economy of Ideas,” Wired, March 1, 1994, https://www.wired.com/1994/03/economy-ideas/, accessed August 9, 2021; “Jackboots on the Infobahn,” Wired, April 1, 1994, https://www.wired.com/1994/04/privacy-barlow/, accessed August 9, 2021; “Declaring Independence,” Wired, June 1, 1996, https://www.wired.com/1996/06/independence/, accessed August 9, 2021; “The Powers That Were,” Wired, September 1, 1996, https://www.wired.com/1996/09/netizen-10/, accessed August 9, 2021; “The Next Economy of Ideas,” Wired, October 1, 2000, https://www.wired.com/2000/10/download/, accessed August 9, 2021. 62.Aufderheide, Communications Policy and the Public Interest. 63.On the development of the legislation itself and its ambition, see Stiglitz, The Roaring Nineties, 87–114; author’s phone interview with Stiglitz, May 19, 2020. 64.In one column, Kitman wrote, “I felt like the muckraker Ida Tarbell researching her history of the Standard Oil Company in the mid-1890s as I watched the progress of the new Telecommunications Act sailing through the Give-Them-Everything Congress of 1995.”