Amazon Mechanical Turk
description: Micro-work service subsidiary of Amazon
118 results
The Means of Prediction: How AI Really Works (And Who Benefits)
by Maximilian Kasy · 15 Jan 2025 · 209pp · 63,332 words
fact secretly operated by human expert chess players who were hidden inside the machinery. This historical curiosity gave its name to a modern web platform, Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). On this platform, human workers are hidden behind a digital interface and perform all kinds of more or less repetitive data work, with compensation
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. See also value alignment AlphaGo, 61, 63, 64, 87 AlphaZero, 64 Altman, Sam, 3, 107 Amazon, 6, 7, 85, 91, 100, 131–32, 160–61 Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk), 20, 100–102. See also self-supervised learning American Dialect Society, 106 Anderson, Elizabeth, 200 antidiscrimination laws, 111 artificial brains, 43, 44, 50–52
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/observability, the problem of goods or outcomes that resist, 123–25, 127–28, 130, 194 Mechanical Turk (fraudulent chess-playing “machine”), 19–20. See also Amazon Mechanical Turk mechanism design, 126–28 media. See news media; social media medicine, exploration/exploitation trade-offs in, 59 Meta, 7, 87 Microsoft, 56, 91 model complexity
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, 38–41, 40 models, used for explainability, 178–79 monopolies, 90, 104, 109 Moore’s Law, 45, 46 MTurk. See Amazon Mechanical Turk Muller, Chris, 200 multi-armed bandit algorithms, 12, 58–62 multitasking, 125, 127–28, 130 Musk, Elon, 3, 106 Naidu, Suresh, 200 nationalism, 72 natural
What Algorithms Want: Imagination in the Age of Computing
by Ed Finn · 10 Mar 2017 · 285pp · 86,853 words
message of simultaneous elitism and equality (image from July 2014). Figure 4.4 Lyft advertising takes a very different tack from Uber. Figure 4.5 Amazon Mechanical Turk Interface for Managing Workers. Figure 4.6 An engraving of the Turk from Karl Gottlieb von Windisch’s 1784 book Inanimate Reason. Figure 5.1
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logic a step further. If the interface entrepreneurs seek to unmoor highly specific businesses from their original contexts, like taxis and house cleaning services, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk goes much farther in its attempt to create a new general industrial base in the cloud—an assemblage of workers for a huge range of
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a set of “qualifications” that elevate some workers to the title of “master worker” in tasks like photo moderation and categorization.50 Figure 4.5 Amazon Mechanical Turk Interface for Managing Workers. The system draws its name from another seminal moment in the mythos of artificial intelligence, the “Turk” automaton that dazzled the
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geographies of culture, a theme we will return to at the end of this volume. The transition from Deep Blue’s victory in 1997 to Amazon’s Mechanical Turk marks the reversal of the computational instrument: now human brains are the black box, strung together into an ad-hoc network of wetware servers
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precarious condition of the worker in a globalized and networked milieu. And we have made a substantial amount of art that actually makes use of Amazon Mechanical Turk as a productive medium to demonstrate the same point, but in a way that is, you know, artier. The point is not that the mechanism
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or “minded” machine, [the Turk] showed the new productive order in place.67 This double framing as human and machine closely echoes the interface of Amazon Mechanical Turk, where each HIT promises the taskmaster a response that is both mechanically reliable and reliably human. Of the Subcontract’s poems push that dualism to
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the man hidden inside the machine’s secret compartment all contribute to manufacturing a sense of wonder and excitement. In the twenty-first century, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk promotes notions of repetition and fungibility, implicitly encouraging its turkers as well as the purchasers of human computation to think of each worker as a
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Grace, 97–98. 48. Cf. Bogost, Unit Operations; this sampling of tasks was offered on the site on August 15, 2014. 49. Ipeirotis, “Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace,” 21. 50. “Mechanical Turk Concepts.” 51. Riskin, “Machines in the Garden.” 52. Ibid., 27. 53. Zuniga, “Kasparov Tries New Strategy to Thwart Computer Opponent
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Blue Beat Kasparov? | WIRED.” 55. Silver, The Signal and the Noise, 288. 56. Isaacson, “‘Smarter Than You Think,’ by Clive Thompson.” 57. Ipeirotis, “Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace,” 21. 58. Glanz, “Data Centers Waste Vast Amounts of Energy, Belying Industry Image.” 59. Cooper, Ipeirotis, and Suri, “The Computer Is the New Sewing
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Machine: Benefits and Perils of Crowdsourcing”; “Amazon Mechanical Turk.” 60. Limer, “My Brief and Curious Life As a Mechanical Turk.” 61. Thurston, Wershler, and Wark, Of the Subcontract, 47. 62. Ibid., 26. 63. Ibid
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, Hyderabad, India, March 28, 2011. http://www.ipeirotis.com/wp-content/uploads/2012/01/p325.pdf. Cushing, Ellen. “Amazon Mechanical Turk: The Digital Sweatshop.” Utne, January/February 2013. http://www.utne.com/science-and-technology/amazon-mechanical-turk-zm0z13jfzlin.aspx. D’Alembert, Jean Le Rond. Preliminary Discourse. In Encyclopedia of Diderot & d’Alembert—Collaborative Translation Project
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. “Introducing Netflix Social.” Netflix Media Center. Accessed February 6, 2016. https://media.netflix.com/en/company-blog/introducing-netflix-social. Ipeirotis, Panagiotis G. “Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace.” XRDS 17 (2) (December 2010): 16–21. doi:10.1145/1869086.1869094. Isaacson, Walter. “‘Smarter Than You Think,’ by Clive Thompson.” New York Times
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of Mathematical Biophysics 5 (4) (December 1943): 115–133. doi:10.1007/BF02478259. “Mechanical Turk Concepts.” In Amazon Mechanical Turk Requester UI Guide, API Version 2014-08-15. Amazon. Accessed May 21, 2015. http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSMechTurk/latest/RequesterUI/mechanical-turk-concepts.html. Metz, Cade. “Google’s AI Takes Historic Match against Go Champ
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takes a very different tack from Uber. Source: http://www.adweek.com/news/technology/lyft-hopes-accelerate-first-integrated-ad-campaign-159619. Figure 4.5: Amazon Mechanical Turk Interface for Managing Workers. © 2016, Amazon Web Services, Inc. or its affiliates. All rights reserved. http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AWSMechTurk/latest/RequesterUI/ViewingWorkerDetails.html
Gigged: The End of the Job and the Future of Work
by Sarah Kessler · 11 Jun 2018 · 246pp · 68,392 words
a label that said “blue.” If presented with a photo of a gray sweater, she added a label that said “gray.” In this case, Mechanical Turk was Amazon’s way of finding thousands of examples of each color so that it could train its algorithms to automatically sort searches for “blue shoes” and
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“gray sweaters.” Improving technology in this way was one reason that Amazon had created Mechanical Turk. Another reason was to compensate for technology’s shortcomings with human intelligence. Amazon created one of its first applications that used Mechanical Turk in
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almost immediately. It seemed like magic, but workers like Kristy were at the other end, Googling and answering for a penny per question. Amazon had not launched the Mechanical Turk platform with a promise to create jobs, the way that Uber had early on bragged about adding “20,000 new driver jobs” to
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as a way to integrate human intelligence with code—as a service for programmers. TechCrunch’s founder wrote shortly after the product launched that. “Amazon’s new Mechanical Turk product is brilliant because it will help application developers overcome certain types of problems (resulting in the possibility for new kinds of applications) and
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not treat workers like humans, partly because Amazon’s description of the service didn’t frame them that way or acknowledge their individual existence. Amazon’s slogan for Mechanical Turk is “Artificial artificial intelligence.” The Mechanical Turk website homepage used a simple flowchart graphic to explain to new workers how the gig worked
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as a model for organizing non-traditional workers. Her faith in Dynamo, though, didn’t last. In 2016, almost two years after Kristy started the Amazon Mechanical Turk letter-writing campaign, I checked in with her again. While Dynamo had added 470 users in its first six months, in the last year and
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.com/business/article/Homejoy-Postmates-workers-sue-to-be-reclassified-6156533.php. 21 Irani, Lilly C., and M. Six Silberman. Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk. UC Irvine, Department of Informatics Bureau of Economic Interpretation. 2013. 22 Berg, Janine. Income Security in the On-Demand Economy: Findings and Policy Lessons from
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2015. http://static1.squarespace.com/static/53c31c5ce4b053fc7d131b18/t/56405d98e4b07bcd9d9704a1/1447058840358/Portner+-+compensating+wage+differentials.pdf. 23 Salehi et al. We Are Dynamo. 24 Harris, Mark. Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers Protest: “I Am a Human Being, Not an Algorithm.” The Guardian. December 3, 2014. https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2014/dec/03
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/amazon-mechanical-turk-workers-protest-jeff-bezos. 25 Katz, Miranda. Amazon’s Turker Crowd Has Had Enough. Wired. August 23, 2017. https://www.wired.com/story/amazons-turker-
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your reference, the terms that appear in the print index are listed below. Accenture (professional services company) AFL AFL-CIO Airbnb (hospitality service) Amazon net sales See also Mechanical Turk Arise (customer service company) Artsicle (art rental service) A-Ryde (ride-hailing app) Aspen Institute Atlantic, The (magazine) Attenborough, David automated cars automation
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2017 and worker benefits worker earnings worker equity packages See also Knox, Anthony; Rahmanian, Saman; Schwartz, Emma; Teran, Dan Manjoo, Farhad Mas, Alexandre McDonald’s Mechanical Turk (Amazon’s crowdsourcing marketplace) crowd workers Dynamo (crowdworker action website) “good work” tasks Human Intelligence Tasks (HITs) purpose of Turker Nation (online forum) Turkopticon worker income
Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy
by Jeremias Prassl · 7 May 2018 · 491pp · 77,650 words
new kind of ‘microwork’, whereby a ‘crowd’ of individuals could complete discrete tasks in minutes—and be paid pennies for it. The platform’s name? Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Welcome to the Gig Economy Over the course of the past decade, Amazon’s MTurk has been joined by a large number of competitors
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, consumers can hail Ubers instead of traditional taxis, order their food through Deliveroo, request handyman assistance from TaskRabbit, and out- source small digital tasks on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk). Welcome to the gig economy. The ramifications are far-reaching. Traditional companies are replaced by platforms; their long-term employees recast as independent
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are performed—whether through detailed stipulations such as TaskRabbit’s bright green T-shirts featuring the company logo or through general conditions of use.26 Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) insists that users ‘specifically acknowledge and agree’ to a range of conditions, including, for example, ‘not [to] use robots, scripts or other automated
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broken down into individual steps.18 Each task is then parcelled out to an ever-increasing number of outworkers—in much the same way as Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) today permits scientists to break down a large data sample into small snippets, each of which can then be posted online so that
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control over all aspects of their product, others grant their users considerable leeway. Taskers can set a price for their services on TaskRabbit, Requesters on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk) specify the working time available for each task, and clients on platforms such as Upwork often stipulate precisely how work is to be
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you will spend a lot of time driving for Uber, cleaning for TaskRabbit, or earning a side income by completing ‘Human Intelligence Tasks’ (HITs) on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk)— or even use their services. Yet an increasing body of empirical evidence sug- gests that, both as consumers and as taxpayers, we are
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some jobs—but we should be careful about assuming that it will have significant short-term consequences for the gig economy. Remember the goal behind Amazon’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk)? To provide artificial artificial intelligence, by getting humans to do what computers cannot. Rethinking Employment Law for the Future of Work Regardless of
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’, Juggernaut (10 August 2015), http://nextjuggernaut.com/blog/how-task-rabbit-works-insights- into-business-revenue-model/, archived at https://perma.cc/74ZE-KR4Z 27. Amazon MTurk, ‘Amazon Mechanical Turk participation agreement’, clause 3(b), http://www.mturk.com/mturk/conditionsofuse, archived at https:// perma.cc/6XKA-6QFL 28. Upwork, ‘How it works’, http
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(30 January 2015), http://turkrequesters.blogspot.co.uk/2015/01/the-x-rejection-and-feedback- on-hits.html, archived at https://perma.cc/A2BK-XT6L; Amazon MTurk, ‘Amazon Mechanical Turk participation agreement’, clause 3(f), http://www. mturk.com/mturk/conditionsofuse, archived at https://perma.cc/6XKA-6QFL; see also Julian Dobson
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, ‘Mechanical Turk: Amazon’s new underclass’, Huffington Post (21 April 2013), http://www.huffingtonpost.com/julian-dobson/mechanical- turk-amazons-underclass_b_2687431.html, archived at https://perma.cc/9GGZ- 5PL5 (‘There’s no
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.com/content/Elance-oDeskAnnualImpactReport2014.pdf, archived at * * * 162 Notes https://perma.cc/48BE-G7U7; Lilly Irani and M. Six Silberman, ‘Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk’ (2013) CHI 2013, Changing Perspectives, Paris, France; ‘Is digital expert knowledge facing a race to the bottom?’, a-connect (undated), http://www.a-connect.com
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-Bank-The-Global-Opportunity-in-Online- Outsourcing.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/2AGP-TME6 42. Amazon MTurk, ‘Amazon Mechanical Turk pricing’, https://requester.mturk. com/pricing, archived at https://perma.cc/58T4-BUE7; Panagiotis Ipeirotis, ‘Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk marketplace’ (2010) 17(2) XRDS 16, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1869094, archived at
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’, Ride Sharing Driver (21 April 2016), http://www.ridesharingdriver.com/ fired-uber-drivers-get-deactivated-and-reactivated/, archived at https://perma.cc/ 3MQL-4TWD 58. Amazon MTurk, ‘Amazon Mechanical Turk participation agreement’, clause 11, http://www.mturk.com/mturk/conditionsofuse, archived at https://perma. cc/6XKA-6QFL; Dynamo, ‘MTurk suspensions’, http://www.wearedynamo. org
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Economy: The Uberisation of Work (REC 2016), 52. * * * 164 Notes 61. Caroline O’Donovan, ‘Changes to Amazon’s Mechanical Turk platform could cost workers’, BuzzFeed News (23 June 2015), http://www.buzzfeed.com/caro- lineodonovan/changes-to-amazons-mechanical-turk-platform-could-cost- worke?utm_term=.cvjLONY4q0#.ruxM6v1r5a, archived at https://perma. cc/6HHS-BELG 62
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=LEGISCTA000033013020&cidTexte=LEGITEXT00000607205 0&dateTexte=20170531, archived at https://perma.cc/FAU9-LPUS 69. Lilly Irani and M. Six Silberman, ‘Turkopticon: interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk’ (CHI 2013, Changing Perspectives, Paris, France), https://hci.cs.uwaterloo.ca/faculty/elaw/cs889/reading/turkopticon.pdf, archived at https://perma.cc/Q32W-6MB6 70
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, archived at https://perma.cc/RGA6-MRQ8; ‘The myth of low cost, high quality on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk’, TurkerNation (30 January 2014), http://turkernation.com/showthread.php?21352-The-Myth- of-Low-Cost-High-Quality-on-Amazon-s-Mechanical-Turk, archived at https:// perma.cc/6S5H-6RKA 5. Yanbo Ge, Christopher R. Knittel, Don MacKenzie
The Gig Economy: A Critical Introduction
by Jamie Woodcock and Mark Graham · 17 Jan 2020 · 207pp · 59,298 words
like UpWork or Freelancer. Microwork, on the other hand, involves much shorter tasks like image recognition and transcription that are typical on platforms such as Amazon Mechanical Turk. Both forms of work are organized digitally over the internet, with workers completing tasks remotely for the requesting organizations or individuals. Workers live all over
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, platforms provide a way for a client to connect with a worker and set their own rates and conditions, following the model of Upwork or Amazon Mechanical Turk. The platform hosts the requests for work and the response of prospective workers. Geographically tethered platform work requires workers to be in a particular place
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of cloudworkers on the five largest English-language platforms Source: https://geonet.oii.ox.ac.uk/blog/mapping-the-availability-of-online-labour-in-2019/ Amazon’s Mechanical Turk – the world’s most well-known microwork platform – refers to these tasks as ‘artificial artificial intelligence’. These are tasks that usually rely on a
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kept down by finding workers across the world prepared to work for lowest rates. If Uber has become the emblematic example of geographically tethered platforms, Amazon Mechanical Turk takes that title for microwork platforms. The name of the platform itself is taken from the Mechanical Turk curiosity. The Mechanical Turk appeared to be
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). For example, Expensify (an app for business expense management) claimed that its proprietary ‘smartscan technology’ transcribed receipts. However, scans were being posted as HITs to Amazon Mechanical Turk. As Rochelle LaPlante, a worker on the platform, pointed out: ‘I wonder if Expensify SmartScan users know MTurk workers enter their receipts’, including ‘someone’s
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be significant difference by country. With microwork, many of the tasks may seem ripe for automation, even if at present this is difficult to do. Amazon Mechanical Turk already explicitly frames microwork as ‘artificial artificial intelligence’. It is mostly work that could already be automated away (if it were not for an army
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uncovered in interviews with microworkers in the US, this kind of work is increasing. One of her interviewees, Erica, explained that she started working for Amazon Mechanical Turk after struggling to find work in her ‘economically struggling town’. She noted that ‘here, it’s kind of a dead zone. There’s not much
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a microwork platform, it can be hard to imagine what the day-to-day work is like. Eric Limer, a reporter who decided to try Amazon Mechanical Turk for a story assignment, described how the experience is one of fractured and hard-to-understand tasks. In his first task – an experience he says
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as a commodity. One of the most powerful examples of the ability for workers to resist and organize comes from an intervention made on the Amazon Mechanical Turk platform. Workers in Mechanical Turk, and similar platforms, face a host of challenges: the disciplinary use of ratings, the prevalence of non-payment for work
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work processes that they are enrolled in. The Turkopticon project is probably the most successful initiative to do this. Started in 2008, the platform allows Amazon Mechanical Turk workers to see and submit client reviews. Because wage theft is such an endemic problem on Mechanical Turk, Turkopticon found an important use amongst workers
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November. Hara, K., Adams, A., Milland, K., Savage, S., Callison-Burch, C. and Bigham, J.P. (2018) A data-driven analysis of workers’ earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk. In CHI’18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Paper No. 449. New York: ACM Press. Harvey, D. (1989
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. (2015) The cultural work of microwork. New Media & Society, 17(5): 720–39. Irani, L. and Silberman, M.S. (2013) Turkopticon: Interrupting worker invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk. Proceedings of CHI 2013, 28 April–2 May. IWGB (2018) Uber drivers to strike for 24 hours in London, Birmingham and Nottingham. IWGB, 8 October
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) The Internet is enabling a new kind of poorly paid hell. The Atlantic, 23 January, Available at: https://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2018/01/amazon-mechanical-turk/551192/ Silver, B.J. (2003) Forces of Labor, Workers’ Movements and Globalization since 1870. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Slee, T. (2015) What’s Yours Is
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–30, 141 ACFTU (All-China Federation of Trade Unions) 100 Ackroyd, S. 34 Africa size of gig economy 39 algorithmic management 52 Amabile, Teresa 27 Amazon 25 Amazon Mechanical Turk 6, 43, 58, 59–60, 66, 84, 85–6, 87–8 ‘Dear Mr. Bezos’ letters 87–8, 106 Turkopticon 106–7, 123, 133 Anderson
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–9, 104 and automation 66–7 experiences of workers 83–9 feelings of alienation 88 numbers engaged in 83–4 wages 84–5 see also Amazon Mechanical Turk 59 migrant workers 30, 80, 90 migration status 30 Mitropoulos, Angela 17, 32 mobile phones 25–6 Mondragon Corporation 138–9 Moody, Kim 40, 111
Terms of Service: Social Media and the Price of Constant Connection
by Jacob Silverman · 17 Mar 2015 · 527pp · 147,690 words
time of day. When new search terms are spiking, the system sends questions about the terms to a team of “human evaluators” recruited from Mechanical Turk, an Amazon-owned company that allows people around the world to perform menial tasks, such as transcription or tagging images, from their computers for a tiny fee
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jobs, with the lowest price usually winning out—and the worker goes off and performs the task for a few cents or a few dollars. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, with its optimistically named “Human Intelligence Tasks,” offers some of the most menial work: copying receipts, drawing triangles, mimicking facial expressions, clicking on random
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with Nandini Balial. July and August 2014. 226 Mechanical Turk earnings: Jeremy Wilson. “My Grueling Day as an Amazon Mechanical Turk.” Kernel. Aug. 28, 2013. kernelmag.com/features/report/4732/my-gruelling-day-as-an-amazon-mechanical-turk. 228 “a cloud-computing cross”: Quentin Hardy. “Elance Pairs Hunt for Temp Work with Cloud Computing.” Bits, a
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, 194–96, 200 Know More Web site (Washington Post:Wonkblog), 123–24 Kunkel, Benjamin, 274 Kurzweil, Ray, 5 labor markets overview, 226, 234–35, 247 Amazon’s Mechanical Turk, 90, 226, 228, 229–30 exploitative nature of, 228–30, 243–44 Gigwalk, 232 social media compared to, 227 TaskRabbit, 222–26, 236–37
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also make less than their male counterparts throughout the industry. A single company may be taking part in all of these varied labor relations simultaneously. Amazon’s Mechanical Turk provides a stirring example of mindless drudgery and low pay, but the company is also known for horrific warehouse conditions, including bringing in ambulances
Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley From Building a New Global Underclass
by Mary L. Gray and Siddharth Suri · 6 May 2019 · 346pp · 97,330 words
knee surgery left her mom too frail to live on her own. A year later, Joan started picking up work online through MTurk—short for “Amazon Mechanical Turk,” a sprawling marketplace owned and operated by tech giant Amazon.com. Joan makes some of her best money doing “dollars for dick pics.” That’s
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analysis, combining their strengths to shed more light on those who work in the on-demand economy. We examined four different ghost work platforms: Amazon.com’s Mechanical Turk (MTurk); Microsoft’s internal Universal Human Relevance System (UHRS); the socially minded startup LeadGenius; and Amara.org, a nonprofit site dedicated to translating and
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built to make it easier for anyone with a verified account to clean up product listings and customers’ typo-ridden reviews. The company called it Amazon Mechanical Turk, a name that users quickly shortened to MTurk. MTurk was an online labor market where “requesters” could post various tasks they needed done and workers
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have certain qualifications. Anyone willing to share their bank account, credit card information, and verifiable mailing address with Amazon could sign up to work on Amazon Mechanical Turk and earn credit toward gift cards on the virtual superstore. Payouts for tasks ran anywhere from a penny, for adding keywords to a specific image
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cooks, keeps house, and drives her mother to doctor appointments. And for the past three years, she’s made most of her income working on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. Before moving back to her hometown, Joan had a full-time job as a technical writer. She drafted and copyedited, among other things, manuals
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large monitor. Then she started searching the internet for work that she could do online. Joan can’t remember how she first found out about Amazon Mechanical Turk, but she suspects that she learned about it on Reddit. Reddit is one of several online communities where people doing ghost work share tips on
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had become dependent on him and his contacts. Then the thing Riyaz feared most happened. He got the following email: I am sorry but your Amazon Mechanical Turk account was closed due to a violation of our Participation Agreement and cannot be reopened. Any funds that were remaining on the account are forfeited
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Agreement/Conditions of Use at this URL: http://www.mturk.com/mturk/conditionsofuse Thank you for trying Amazon Mechanical Turk. Best regards, Laverne P.S. We value your feedback, please rate my response using the link below. Amazon Mechanical Turk Please note: this e-mail was sent from an address that cannot accept incoming e-mail
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strangers collaborating to do digital labor. While one can imagine a future technology-based fix that addresses some of the needs of workers—for instance, Amazon Mechanical Turk has since ended its practice of sending paper checks through India’s postal service—the level of confidence instilled by a friend vouching for an
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Amara’s business opportunities and the Amara On Demand model for fair, sustainable work. They looked at companies like Uber, and on-demand platforms like Amazon Mechanical Turk that kept popping up and getting traction. The income gaps between the executives building these companies and the workers carrying out the services only seemed
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Business School (blog), January 29, 2018. http://www.behind-the-enemy-lines.com/. Irani, Lilly C., and M. Six Silberman. “Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk.” In CHI ’13: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems. New York: ACM, 2013. Isaac, Mike, and Noam Scheiber. “Uber Settles
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, Publicity, and Branding in the Social Media Age. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2013. Mason, Winter, and Siddharth Suri. “Conducting Behavioral Research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk.” Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–23. https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6. Meyer, Eric. “Inadvertent Algorithmic Cruelty.” Meyerweb
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Ungemach, Adam J. L. Harris, Daniel M. Bartels, Ben R. Newell, Gabriele Paolacci, and Jesse Chandler. “The Average Laboratory Samples a Population of 7,300 Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers.” Judgment and Decision Making 10, no. 5 (2015): 13. Stoiber, J. “Independent Contractors Should Get Benefits.” Philadelphia Inquirer, October 20, 1996. Stone, Brad. The
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Clear about Communities in Open Innovation.” Industry and Innovation 15, no. 2 (2008): 223–31. “What Is Jon Brelig and Oscar Smith?” Dirtbag Requesters on Amazon Mechanical Turk (blog), August 29, 2013. http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html. Wikipedia. S.v. “Corporate Social Responsibility.” Accessed
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Andrea Alarcón, Sarah Hamid, Rebecca Hoffman, Kate Miltner, Christopher Persaud, and Steven Schirra. [back] 24. Winter Mason and Siddharth Suri, “Conducting Behavioral Research on Amazon’s Mechanical Turk,” Behavior Research Methods 44, no. 1 (March 2012): 1–23, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-011-0124-6. [back] 1. Humans in the Loop
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less than one minute, and we paid 25 cents for completing it. [back] 17. Hara et al., “A Data-Driven Analysis of Workers’ Earnings on Amazon Mechanical Turk,” 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, Paper No. 449, 2018. [back] 18. Tools like the web browser extension Turkopticon help workers share
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paywalls. Neither requester reputations nor worker forums are available directly on MTurk. See Lilly C. Irani and M. Six Silberman, “Turkopticon: Interrupting Worker Invisibility in Amazon Mechanical Turk,” in CHI ’13: Proceedings of the SIGCHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems (New York: ACM, 2013). [back] 19. See Siou Chew Kuek, Cecilia
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the Firm,” Economica 4, no. 16 (1937): 388, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-0335.1937.tb00002.x. [back] 4. Mason and Suri, “Amazon’s Mechanical Turk,” 1–23. [back] 5. For generative, pivotal critiques of this framing, see Ilana Gershon, Down and Out in the New Economy: How People Find (or
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’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016), 21. [back] 12. Panagiotis G. Ipeirotis, “Analyzing the Amazon Mechanical Turk Marketplace,” XRDS: Crossroads, The ACM Magazine for Students 17, no. 2 (December 1, 2010): 16, https://doi.org/10.1145/1869086.1869094. [back] 13. Sara
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, Global Dimensions of Human Development, Human Development Report (New York: Oxford University Press, 1992). [back] 19. Jesse Chandler, Pam Mueller, and Gabriele Paolacci, “Nonnaïveté Among Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers: Consequences and Solutions for Behavioral Researchers,” Behavior Research Methods 46, no. 1 (March 2014): 112–30, https://doi.org/10.3758/s13428-013-0365
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-7. [back] 20. Stewart et al., “The Average Laboratory Samples a Population of 7,300 Amazon Mechanical Turk Workers,” Judgment and Decision Making 10, no. 5 (2015): 13; Karën Fort, Gilles Adda, and K. Bretonnel Cohen, “Amazon Mechanical Turk: Gold Mine or Coal Mine?,” Computational Linguistics 37, no. 2 (2011): 413–20. [back] 21. Ruth
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Smith” on forums and community blogs as someone who was notorious for poor compensation. See “What Is Jon Brelig and Oscar Smith?,” Dirtbag Requesters on Amazon Mechanical Turk (blog), August 29, 2013, http://scumbagrequester.blogspot.com/2013/08/what-is-jon-brelig-and-oscar-smith.html, for workers’ comments like “The copy business
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of, 164–65 Karen on, 26–31 skill development, 111, 113 volunteers as workers, 152–55 Amara On Demand (AOD) Team, 27, 30, 153–55 Amazon Mechanical Turk (MTurk). See MTurk Amazon Pay, 14–15 Amazon.com, 1–2 Anand, 129 APIs. See application programming interface (API) Apollo 13, 52 application programming interface
Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together
by Thomas W. Malone · 14 May 2018 · 344pp · 104,077 words
University, uses online workers to write documents like encyclopedia articles.7 We’ll call the online workers Turkers because they are recruited from an Amazon service called Mechanical Turk, which we’ll see in more detail later. The process begins with the system asking Turkers to come up with an outline for a
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work comparable in quality to what they would get through more traditional means, but at as little as 25 percent of the cost. Microtasks on Amazon Mechanical Turk Amazon’s Mechanical Turk service is an even more extreme example of hyperspecialization. It’s a kind of online labor market, but instead of finding people to do
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other words, the Turk was a human pretending to be a machine, doing tasks that machines couldn’t yet do. In the same way, Amazon’s Mechanical Turk service uses people to do tasks that machines can’t do yet—what the company calls “artificial artificial intelligence.” Amazon originally created the service to
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one. That means this strategy should probably be screened out. And it wouldn’t require an expert in marketing or strategy to tell this; even Amazon’s Mechanical Turk workers could probably do it. Using an Evaluation Funnel To make the evaluation process efficient, you probably want to use something like the “funnel
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Demand or Digital Sweatshop?” BBC News, October 22, 2010, http://www.bbc.com/news/business-11600902; Ellen Cushing, “Amazon Mechanical Turk: The Digital Sweatshop,” Utne Reader, January/February 2013, http://www.utne.com/science-and-technology/amazon-mechanical-turk-zm0z13jfzlin. 5. Miranda Katz, “Amazon’s Turker Crowd Has Had Enough,” Wired, August 23, 2017, https://www
Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans
by Melanie Mitchell · 14 Oct 2019 · 350pp · 98,077 words
, by chance, stumbled upon a three-year-old website that could deliver the human smarts that ImageNet required. The website had the strange name Amazon Mechanical Turk. Mechanical Turk According to Amazon, its Mechanical Turk service is “a marketplace for work that requires human intelligence.” The service connects requesters, people who need a task accomplished that
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majority of survey takers responded that they themselves would not buy such a car.21 According to the authors, “We found that participants in six Amazon Mechanical Turk studies approved of utilitarian AVs [autonomous vehicles] (that is, AVs that sacrifice their passengers for the greater good) and would like others to buy them
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paired with a caption. The images were downloaded from repositories such as Flickr.com, and the captions for these images were produced by humans—namely, Amazon Mechanical Turk workers, who were hired by Google for this study. Because captions can be so variable, each image was given a caption by five different people
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given by the Mechanical Turk workers. FIGURE 39: Sketch of Google’s automated image-captioning system FIGURE 40: Sample training image with captions given by Amazon Mechanical Turk workers The Show and Tell decoder network was trained on about eighty thousand image-caption pairs. Figure 41 gives a few examples of captions that
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known, consists of paragraphs selected from Wikipedia articles, each of which is accompanied by a question. The more than hundred thousand questions were created by Amazon Mechanical Turk workers.14 The SQuAD test is easier than typical reading-comprehension tests given to human readers: in the instructions for formulating the questions, the Stanford
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to do: turn your question into a search engine query, and then extract the answer from the results. The Stanford group also tested humans (additional Amazon Mechanical Turk workers) on the questions, so that the performance of machines could be compared with that of humans. Each person was given a paragraph followed by
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Possibly the World,” Quartz, July 26, 2017, qz.com/1034972/the-data-that-changed-the-direction-of-ai-research-and-possibly-the-world/. 5. “About Amazon Mechanical Turk,” www.mturk.com/help. 6. L. Fei-Fei and J. Deng, “ImageNet: Where Have We Been? Where Are We Going?,” slides at image-net.org
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AlexNet algorithm Allen, Paul Allen Institute for Artificial Intelligence; science questions data set AlphaGo; intelligence of; learning in AlphaGo Fan AlphaGo Lee AlphaGo Zero AlphaZero Amazon Mechanical Turk; origin of name American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) analogy: in humans; letter-string microworld; relationship to categories and concepts; using word vectors; in visual situations
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; comparison between humans and machines; evaluating; neural; statistical; see also Google Translate Manning, Christopher Marcus, Gary Markoff, John Marshall, James McCarthy, John McClelland, James Mechanical Turk, see Amazon Mechanical Turk Metacat metacognition metaphors Metaphors We Live By (book) Miller, George Minsky, Marvin Monte Carlo method Monte Carlo tree search; roll-outs Moore, Gordon
The Everything Store: Jeff Bezos and the Age of Amazon
by Brad Stone · 14 Oct 2013 · 380pp · 118,675 words
the arrangement, they quickly agreed to sell it to him. To their surprise, Bezos then actually developed a version of Project Agreya inside Amazon. He renamed it Mechanical Turk, after an eighteenth-century chess-playing automaton that concealed a diminutive man—a chess master—who hid inside and guided the machine’s moves
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few weeks and received a constant stream of e-mail from the CEO, usually containing extraordinarily detailed recommendations and frequently arriving late at night. Amazon started using Mechanical Turk internally in 2005 to have humans do things like review Search Inside the Book scans and check product images uploaded to Amazon by customers
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. Bezos himself became consumed with this task and used it as a way to demonstrate the service. As the company prepared to introduce Mechanical Turk to the public, Amazon’s PR team and a few employees complained they were uncomfortable with the system’s reference to the Turkish people. Bezos liked the name
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Internet user could perform what Amazon called human-intelligence tasks, typically earning a few cents per job. Other companies could list jobs on the Mechanical Turk website, with Amazon taking a 10 percent cut of the payments.11 One of the first applications, from a company called Casting Words, paid workers a few
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