Anthony Fauci

Longshot
by David Heath
Published 18 Jan 2022

“Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia among Homosexual Men—New York City and California,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 30, no. 25 (1981): 305–316, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/1265. 6. Anthony Fauci, “Q&A.” 7. Anthony Fauci, “Dr. Fauci on 30 Years of AIDS,” @3:00. 8. Michael Specter, “How Anthony Fauci Became America’s Doctor,” New Yorker, April 20, 2020, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2020/04/20/how-anthony-fauci-became-americas-doctor. 9. Anthony Fauci, “Q&A.” 10. Anthony Fauci, “Dr. Fauci on 30 Years of AIDS,” @7:18. 11. Anthony Fauci, “The Syndrome of Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Opportunistic Infections: An Epidemiologically Restricted Disorder of Immunoregulation,” Annals of Internal Medicine 96, no. 6 (1982): 777–779, https://doi.org/10.7326/0003-4819-96-6-777. 12.

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Robert Malone Invented mRNA Vaccines,” Logically, July 18, 2021, https://www.logically.ai/factchecks/library/3aa2eefd. CHAPTER 4: THE COLLABORATION 1. Anthony Fauci, “Dr. Fauci on 30 years of AIDS,” HIV Gov, August 30, 2011, video, @1:29, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=gzBJ-y-B_6I&t=89s. 2. “About the Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report (MMWR) Series,” CDC, last modified July 2, 2021, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/about.html. 3. “Pneumocystis Pneumonia—Los Angeles,” CDC, June 5, 1981, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/june_5.htm. 4. Anthony Fauci, “Q&A,” C-SPAN, January 8, 2015, video, https://www.c-span.org/video/?323680-1/qa-dr-anthony-fauci. 5. “Kaposi’s Sarcoma and Pneumocystis Pneumonia among Homosexual Men—New York City and California,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 30, no. 25 (1981): 305–316, https://stacks.cdc.gov/view/cdc/1265. 6.

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“Current Trends Update: Acquired Immunodeficiency Syndrome (AIDS)—United States,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, November 30, 1984, https://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/00000442.htm. 17. Anthony Fauci, “Dr. Fauci on 30 Years of AIDS,” @16:48. 18. Bridget Velasquez, “Lexington Native’s mRNA Research Leads to Coronavirus Vaccine,” Colonial Times Magazine, 2021, https://colonialtimesmagazine.com/lexington-natives-mrna-research-leads-to-coronavirus-vaccine. 19. “RNA Delivery for Dendritic Cell HIV Antigen Presenation,” National Institutes of Health RePORT database, https://reporter.nih.gov/search/wsE2oFYQGU2xH6ca70Rt1A/project-details/6020034. 20. Anthony Fauci, “Dr. Fauci on 30 Years of AIDS,” @12:05. 21. Ananya Mandal, “What Are Dendritic Cells?”

In Covid's Wake: How Our Politics Failed Us
by Stephen Macedo and Frances Lee
Published 10 Mar 2025

Peter Daszak assured readers that the virus certainly had a natu­ral origin. The authors declared no conflicts of interest. ­Later, some of the signers ­were revealed to have conflicts of interest, including Daszak, whose EcoHealth Alliance (where he is president) funded gain-­of-­function research at the Wuhan Institute. Dr. Anthony Fauci now seems to have helped coordinate the writing and speedy publication of a scientific paper arguing for a natu­ral origin. He, too, supported and funded gain-­of-­function research, including at the Wuhan Institute. We raise the obvious issue of the long-­term damage done to public trust in science by this sort of public deception for p­ olitical purposes: that is the core theme of the chapter and, indeed, the book.

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Lena Wen, former public health commissioner of the city of Baltimore, “Would p­ eople be separated from their families? How would e­ very road be blocked? How would supplies reach residents?” Among the “numerous contingency plans to respond to outbreaks and other public-­health crises,” Wen said her health department had never even considered a citywide quarantine.89 Dr. Anthony Fauci, longtime director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, doubted w ­ hether the approach would work in China and, even if it did, w ­ hether such an approach could be exported outside an authoritarian setting. “That’s something that I ­don’t think we could possibly do in the United States, I ­can’t imagine shutting down New York or Los Angeles, but the judgment on the part of the Chinese health authorities is that . . . ​this is something that in fact is ­going to help in containing it,” he said.

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Liang Wannian, “a staunch advocate of the dynamic zero-­infection strategy.”10 The team had twelve Chinese members and, among the non-­Chinese, two Americans, including Clifford Lane, clinical director at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, U.S. National Institutes of Health (a deputy to Institute director Dr. Anthony Fauci).11 The Chinese members included four leading figures at the Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention (the same ­organization that declared emphatically on January 26 that SARS-­CoV-2 originated in a live animal market in Wuhan, not a lab).12 Several o­ thers ­were also high-­level government scientists, from China’s National Health Commission and elsewhere.

The Plague Year: America in the Time of Covid
by Lawrence Wright
Published 7 Jun 2021

Anthony Fauci,” San Francisco Examiner, June 26, 1988. “No one had ever”: Brent Lang, “Dr. Anthony Fauci on His ‘Dear, Deep Friendship’ With Larry Kramer,” Variety, May 28, 2020. “What they were saying”: “Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.,” interviewed by Brien Williams, PhD., The American Association of Immunologists Oral History Project, Dec. 9, 2015. “Here I am”: Ibid. “With AIDS in those days”: Michael Specter, “How Anthony Fauci Became America’s Doctor,” The New Yorker, April 10, 2020. “dear, deep friendship”: Brent Lang, “Dr. Anthony Fauci on His ‘Dear, Deep Friendship’ With Larry Kramer,” Variety, May 28, 2020.

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“I mean the importance”: “Coronavirus Pandemic Expert and Holy Cross Alumnus Dr. Anthony Fauci ’62: A Man for and with Others,” Holy Cross in the News, March 18, 2020. “One day during lunch break”: Donald N. S. Unger, “ ‘I saw people who were in pain’,” Holy Cross Magazine, Summer 2002. “Could you come translate”: “Dr. Christine Grady Oral History 1997,” National Institutes of Health. “Curiously, they were all gay”: The American Association of Immunologists Oral History Project, “Anthony S. Fauci, M.D.,” Dec. 9, 2015. Interview conducted by Brien Williams. “I call you murderers”: Larry Kramer, “An Open Letter to Dr. Anthony Fauci,” San Francisco Examiner, June 26, 1988.

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“Together we are righting the wrongs of the past and delivering a future of economic justice and security for American workers, farmers, and families,” the president said, in front of a bank of American and Chinese flags. He called Chinese president Xi Jinping “a very, very good friend.” On January 20, the coronavirus officially arrived in America. “This is a thirty-five-year-old young man who works here in the United States, who visited Wuhan,” Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), said on a Voice of America broadcast. “There was no doubt that sooner or later we were going to see a case. And we have.” President Trump took note of the event at the World Economic Forum in Davos. “It’s one person coming in from China, and we have it under control,” he remarked.

Other Pandemic: How QAnon Contaminated the World
by James Ball
Published 19 Jul 2023

In December 2022, several thousand German law enforcement agents were involved in arresting a group suspected of plotting a violent coup – based on QAnon ideology – that sought to reimpose the country’s Second Reich.17 Simultaneously, in the US the world’s second-richest man – and the owner of one of the world’s key social networks, Twitter – was openly flirting with QAnon conspiracy theories, falsely suggesting that Twitter’s former head of trust and safety supports the sexualisation of children, and that Anthony Fauci (the chief medical advisor of the US) should be prosecuted in connection with the Covid-19 pandemic. So overt was Musk’s flirtation with the Q movement that some within it started to wonder whether Elon Musk, not Donald Trump, was the movement’s promised saviour.18 QAnon constantly changes shape, but it just keeps coming.

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Nawaz is a self-admitted former Islamic extremist who went on to found Quilliam, a think tank focused on anti-extremism and deradicalisation – which for the first few years of its existence was funded by the UK government.35 As that think tank wound down, Nawaz pursued a career as a talk radio presenter for the UK’s national station LBC, but raised alarms as he started to promote a series of seemingly separate but linked conspiracy theories. Nawaz would via social media push posts suggesting that Trump had been the victim of election fraud (while claiming to take no view on the issue), that Anthony Fauci was an investor in a biolab in Wuhan connected to Covid-19, and even that the Capitol riots of 6 January had been a false flag operation by Antifa.36 Not only could Nawaz serve as a respectable voice for such theories in the UK – thanks to his mainstream show on strictly regulated UK radio – but he was also something of an establishment figure, having set up a publicly funded think tank.

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Other pro-Trump conspiracists suggested that Britain might be behind the plot to take down Trump’s ‘roaring economy’.42 As Covid-19 spread in the US, conspiracists ended up focusing on one man in particular: the wizened seventy-nine-year-old director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Anthony Fauci. Despite Fauci having served in his role under presidents from both parties after being first appointed under Reagan, QAnon rapidly took against him, and their ‘research’ rapidly gave results. Fauci, they discovered, had connections to the Wuhan Institute of Virology – or so they said. US public health bodies had co-funded some research in the Wuhan facility in the years leading up to Covid-19, and Fauci was the USA’s most visible public health figure.

Uncontrolled Spread: Why COVID-19 Crushed Us and How We Can Defeat the Next Pandemic
by Scott Gottlieb
Published 20 Sep 2021

Trump officials saw the WHO’s perceived duplicity as proof of the organization’s bias, and its softness to China. It would color future White House decisions and add to a feeling within the administration that the organization was biased. That same day that China was locking down Hubei Province, on January 24 the US Senate held a closed-door session where Dr. Anthony Fauci, the longtime director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health; Dr. Robert Redfield, the director of the CDC; and Dr. Robert Kadlec, the assistant secretary for preparedness and response at HHS, jointly briefed about twenty senators on what they knew about the virus.19 Fauci had helped manage the nation’s response to Ebola and swine flu.

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The syndromic surveillance, which was set up to monitor for the spread of flu, didn’t show any concerning changes. Chapter 5 Looking for Spread in the Wrong Places A pivotal moment occurred at the January 21 Coronavirus Task Force meeting in the White House Situation Room. Joe Grogan was pressing hard on whether the coronavirus could be spreading without being detected. Secretary Azar turned to Anthony Fauci to address Grogan’s concerns. “What would be the epidemiology to justify your question?” Fauci pointedly asked Grogan. Fauci was technically correct; they had no epidemiological data to prove that community spread was under way. But why was that? Because of the CDC’s failure to deploy diagnostic testing that would have shown community transmission was happening.

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The best estimates of the case fatality rate that spring put COVID’s mortality higher than 1 percent. But in linking it to the death rate from flu, it was a measure of how much some health officials were still viewing COVID through the lens of influenza. By that point, others in HHS had a firmer grasp on the virus’s true pathogenicity. Anthony Fauci had sent an email to a Wall Street Journal columnist three days earlier, on March 2, alerting them that for COVID-19, “the mortality rate is approximately 2%. For seasonal influenza it is approximately 0.1%”4 Compounding its error of overreliance on the ILI, the CDC clung to its use of syndromic surveillance for months, even after there was ample evidence of asymptomatic spread.

The Shame Machine: Who Profits in the New Age of Humiliation
by Cathy O'Neil
Published 15 Mar 2022

GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT he in turn called them “sissies”: Daniel Lewis, “Larry Kramer, Playwright and Outspoken AIDS Activist, Dies at 84,” The New York Times, May 27, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/​2020/​05/​27/​us/​larry-kramer-dead.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “you make decisions that cost the lives of others”: Larry Kramer, “An Open Letter to Dr. Anthony Fauci,” The Village Voice, May 31, 1988, https://www.villagevoice.com/​2020/​05/​28/​an-open-letter-to-dr-anthony-fauci/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “If you write a calm letter”: Alex Witchel, “At Home With: Larry Kramer; When a Roaring Lion Learns to Purr,” The New York Times, January 12, 1995, https://www.nytimes.com/​1995/​01/​12/​garden/​at-home-with-larry-kramer-when-a-roaring-lion-learns-to-purr.html.

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“The bare face is the new yellow star of Nazi Germany,” she said. This line was picked up the following year by Marjorie Taylor Greene, the QAnon-backing Republican congresswoman from Georgia. As the virus spread, a combative point of view became, more and more, the refuge of the politically indoctrinated. One of them, it turned out, worked under Dr. Anthony Fauci, who was heading the government’s effort to control the pandemic. Bill Crews, a public affairs official at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was excoriating his own colleagues online. Writing under a pseudonym on the right-wing site RedState, Crews lambasted the people mandating masks and shutdowns.

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It didn’t seem like they would pay a price for it. The halting steps of science also undermined confidence in masks. The early guidance was to avoid them, because they might induce panic. What’s more, the short supply of surgical masks was needed for doctors and nurses tending to COVID-19 patients. The specialists, led by Dr. Anthony Fauci, quickly changed their tune. But the early flip-flop fed the political trope that scientists were as clueless as the rest of us. This wasn’t true, of course. And if we step back and look at the progression of mask-wearing during the pandemic, it provides a case study for both the benefits and the limitations of a healthy shame campaign.

A Shot to Save the World: The Inside Story of the Life-Or-Death Race for a COVID-19 Vaccine
by Gregory Zuckerman
Published 25 Oct 2021

Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Control Number: 2021945462 ISBN 9780593420393 (hardcover) ISBN 9780593420409 (ebook) Book design by Meighan Cavanaugh, adapted for ebook by Shayan Saalabi pid_prh_5.8.0_c0_r0 For those who gave of themselves to help others CONTENTS Cast of Characters Introduction Prologue Chapter One Chapter Two Chapter Three Chapter Four Chapter Five Chapter Six Chapter Seven Chapter Eight Chapter Nine Chapter Ten Chapter Eleven Chapter Twelve Chapter Thirteen Chapter Fourteen Chapter Fifteen Chapter Sixteen Chapter Seventeen Chapter Eighteen Chapter Nineteen Afterword Acknowledgments Notes CAST OF CHARACTERS Moderna Stéphane Bancel—Chief executive and master fundraiser Stephen Hoge—President and ex-McKinsey & Company consultant Eric Huang—Staffer who convinced Moderna to focus on vaccines Kerry Benenato—Organic chemist who solved key mRNA challenge Juan Andres—Head of vaccine manufacturing, stocked up on household supplies in early 2020 Robert Langer—Chemical engineer, helped launch Moderna Noubar Afeyan—Lebanese-born venture capitalist who hired Bancel BioNTech Uğur Şahin–Cofounder; dreamed of developing cancer immunotherapies Özlem Türeci—Cofounder; cancer researcher Thomas Strüngmann—Billionaire backer of Şahin, Türeci, and BioNTech Pfizer Albert Bourla—CEO, pushed for fast Covid-19 vaccine Mikael Dolsten—Chief scientist, became worried company picked wrong vaccine design Kathrin Jansen—Vaccine-research chief Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center Dan Barouch—AIDS researcher, developed vaccine approach employing adenovirus serotype 26, worked with Johnson & Johnson Oxford University Adrian Hill—Polarizing vaccine researcher who spent his career fighting malaria and being abrasive to his peers Sarah Gilbert—Chimpanzee-virus specialist who designed Covid-19 vaccine Novavax Gale Smith—Invented vaccine approach using insect viruses, developed AIDS vaccine at MicroGeneSys Stanley Erck—CEO, Vietnam veteran Gregory Glenn—President, former physician, hobbyist chicken farmer Academic Researchers jon wolff—mRNA pioneer at the University of Wisconsin Eli Gilboa—Achieved early mRNA advances at Duke University Katalin Karikó—Hungarian-born researcher and diehard mRNA advocate Drew Weissman—Worked with Karikó on mRNA breakthrough, feline fan Luigi Warren—Software engineer-turned-biologist responsible for important mRNA advance Derrick Rossi—mRNA revolutionary, helped found Moderna Jason Mclellan—Structural biologist, discovered way to keep spike protein in ideal form Nianshuang Wang—Native of China, worked on breakthrough coronavirus research Government Scientists Anthony Fauci—Top U.S. infectious-disease expert Barney Graham—Deputy director, Vaccine Research Center; chased RSV vaccines, worked with Moderna on Covid-19 vaccine John Mascola—Director of the Vaccine Research Center, part of the National Institutes of Health’s National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) Kizzmekia Corbett—Viral immunologist in Graham’s lab MicroGeneSys Frank Volvovitz—Founder, chased AIDS vaccine INTRODUCTION In late January 2020, I traveled to Europe and the Middle East with my two sons.

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Moderna was forced to cut its spending. The criticisms didn’t seem fair to Moderna’s researchers, who were proud of their progress. They were injecting mRNA molecules packed with genetic instructions, producing proteins in the body capable of teaching the immune system to protect against disease. Moderna was even working with Anthony Fauci, the U.S. government’s top infectious-disease authority, and his colleagues, which were becoming intrigued by Moderna’s mRNA techniques. Moderna hadn’t tested its vaccines in many people, though. And like Şahin and BioNTech, Bancel’s company wasn’t close to any approved vaccine. Moderna was planning its very first phase 2 clinical study for a vaccine and was nowhere near a late-stage trial for any of its products.

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When government researchers heard what Smith and Volvovitz were up to, they became intrigued, realizing that Smith had gene-splicing talents and that MicroGeneSys’s approach was likely safer than using the lethal virus itself. In 1986, Smith was summoned to a meeting at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland. He walked into a cramped office and could hardly believe who sat before him—Anthony Fauci, who ran the government’s HIV research effort as director of the NIAID, and three living legends: Jonas Salk, Albert Sabin, and Maurice Hilleman, a prominent vaccinologist. “What can we do?” a somber Fauci asked Smith and the other scientists. “How can we make an HIV vaccine?” Three years earlier, Smith had been throwing back Moosehead beers at the Chicken Oil Co. in Texas.

How to Survive a Plague: The Inside Story of How Citizens and Science Tamed AIDS
by David France
Published 29 Nov 2016

One of them was Hill: Ibid. Fauci soon invited: AF, correspondence with author, June 6, 2014. “Fauci: Space Isn’t”: AF, “Dinner with Anthony Fauci and James Hill,” December 17, 1987, transcribed by BB, BBA. Hoping to reset relations: Intv. PS, various. “arbitrarily and capriciously”: Marilyn Chase, “AIDS Patient Advocates, US Square Off for Hearing on Drug Development Suit,” WSJ, December 11, 1987. Bahlman did not: BB, correspondence with author, June 2, 2014. “To be honest”: AF, “Dinner with Anthony Fauci and James Hill.” “The fact is”: Ibid. “We want clinical”: Ibid. This kind of argument: Mark Schoofs, “The Placebo Question Is a Moot Point,” Windy City Times, December 1, 1988.

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He said, “I first met Spencer when he started showing up at ACT UP meetings in the fall of ’eighty-eight. We were all so young. I was younger than most. But he was seven years my junior.” He caught his breath, remembering. “It was a wonder watching him wow the FDA, and in meetings with the biggest names in AIDS research, like Anthony Fauci. He earned the respect and the love of his fellow science geeks and those of us lower down the learning curve….Eight million on standardized regimens. Eight million lives saved. It’s a stunning legacy, and so bittersweet. How could that young gay man, confronted with his own demise, respond with a level of genius that impacted millions of lives but failed to save his own?”

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“If you present yourself to your doctor, what kind of test do you ask him to be undertaken in order to confirm if you are possibly a carrier or not?” This touched a nerve with the audience, many of whom had wondered the same thing. And the scientific explanations for risk behavior seemed to change every few months. Was it poppers? Was it sex? Confounding matters further, in the U.S. one of the nation’s leading AIDS researcher, Dr. Anthony Fauci, now claimed that AIDS might be transmitted by “routine” household contact. Without any way to know for sure who had it and who didn’t, or how to infect others, Dugas objected bitterly to being tagged as infectious. Dr. Willoughby, while conceding the lack of consensus among experts, attempted an answer, saying it was prudent for every gay man to assume he was sexually infectious, and that anybody he met was also a carrier.

Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World
by Naomi Klein
Published 11 Sep 2023

“reaching [the] highest number of reported cases in 23 years”: “Worldwide Measles Deaths Climb 50% from 2016 to 2019 Claiming over 207,500 Lives in 2019,” news release, World Health Organization, November 12, 2020. “I respect all the research”: Naomi Wolf, “‘TRUTH’ with Robert F. Kennedy, Jr. Featuring Naomi Wolf—Season 2 Episode 21,” Children’s Health Defense (video), March 8, 2021, at 06:20. “This Christmas, give”: “The Real Anthony Fauci and The Bodies of Others Boxed Set,” All Seasons Press, https://www.allseasonspress.com/store/p/the-real-anthony-fauci-and-the-bodies-of-others-boxed-set, accessed January 12, 2023. “Asperger’s-like” … “a kind of Asperger’s quality”: Naomi Wolf, The Bodies of Others: The New Authoritarians, COVID-19 and the War Against the Human (Fort Lauderdale, Fla.: All Seasons Press, 2022), 97; Naomi Wolf, “Global Predators and the Assault on Human Freedom: The Naomi Wolf Interview,” The Monica Crowley Podcast, May 25, 2022, at 27:42–29:12, posted on Apple Podcasts.

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Check her serially suspended Twitter account? Study her appearances on Steve Bannon’s livestreams for insights into their electric chemistry? Read or listen to yet another of her warnings that basic health measures were actually a covert plot orchestrated by the Chinese Communist Party, Bill Gates, Anthony Fauci, and the World Economic Forum to sow mass death on such a scale it could only be the work of the devil himself? My deepest shame rests with the unspeakable number of podcasts I mainlined, the sheer volume of hours lost that I will never get back. A master’s degree’s worth of hours. I told myself it was “research.”

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Constitution, eroding the power of the West. She speculated that the virus might be a biological weapon—and so, too, might the vaccines, possibly being used to assassinate politicians (“local leaders are dying too,” she has written. “[It’s] Why I fear this is an attack. The dosages differ”). She likened Anthony Fauci, then director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, to Satan and called attempts to counter vaccine misinformation “demonic.” A “transnational group of bad actors—including the WEF, The WHO, the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation, tech companies and the CCP—used the pandemic to crush humanity and in particular to destroy the West,” she wrote.

The Gods of New York: Egotists, Idealists, Opportunists, and the Birth of the Modern City: 1986-1990
by Jonathan Mahler
Published 11 Aug 2025

He had also sent the LA Weekly clip to the New Yorker’s City Hall correspondent, Andy Logan, hoping to get her interested in the story of Koch’s sexuality. Koch would always remain his primary nemesis. (“I might as well say up front that I hate Ed Koch as much as it is possible to hate anyone,” he wrote Logan.) By the summer of 1988, though, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Anthony Fauci, was running a close second. Kramer had become a fleeting presence at ACT UP’s Monday night meetings and was spending more time upstate, working on a new satirical play about the government’s failed response to the AIDS crisis, Just Say No. But he was still very much focused on the fight. As he saw it, the purpose of ACT UP was not simply to force the world to start paying attention to AIDS, but to force action.

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They brought a recording of the song to Lee’s apartment in Fort Greene to play it for him. It took him a minute to warm up to it, but a smile soon crept across his face as he started bobbing his head along with the music. * * * *** Four months after Larry Kramer’s first public attack on Dr. Anthony Fauci—he’d followed his open letter in the Voice with an even more vitriolic one in the San Francisco Examiner—ACT UP’s focus remained squarely focused on the federal government. It was time to take the fight to Washington. Just as Vietnam War protesters had stormed the Pentagon in 1967, they would storm the suburban Maryland headquarters of the government body with the most direct, day-to-day influence over the decision to make AIDS treatments available to the public: the Food and Drug Administration.

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Larry Kramer was bustling around the convention hall, distributing copies of an AIDS research agenda that ACT UP had prepared for the occasion. “We have educated ourselves, we know more than the system knows,” he said. “And somehow we have to make the system listen to us so that your sons and daughters, brothers and sisters, and all of us may live.” The system was already listening. Anthony Fauci had reached out to Kramer before the conference to suggest that they get together for a walk in Montreal. He’d been hurt by Kramer’s personal attacks on him, but once he’d been able to look past the insults and theatrics, he had come to see that Kramer wasn’t entirely wrong: The approach he’d taken to testing new AIDS treatments was far too conservative for an unprecedented epidemic such as this.

Pandemic, Inc.: Chasing the Capitalists and Thieves Who Got Rich While We Got Sick
by J. David McSwane
Published 11 Apr 2022

Moments after our “invisible enemy” was named, the nation’s foremost disease expert, speaking at a public forum in Aspen, Colorado, sought to elucidate the virus. He said the risk was “relatively low” to most Americans but hedged. “Is there a risk that this is going to turn into a global pandemic?” said Dr. Anthony Fauci. “Absolutely, yes.” For more than thirty-five years, Fauci had served as director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, under the National Institutes of Health, advising six presidents on everything from HIV/AIDS to Ebola to the disease that had been named just moments before.

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He recommended the government get behind Regeneron’s monoclonal antibodies, a cocktail of synthetic antibodies that could theoretically help COVID patients recover, based on its use in treating other ailments. He mentioned remdesivir, a promising antiviral developed by Gilead Sciences that some, including Dr. Anthony Fauci, believed could be useful in treating infected patients. “In some cases, there is already SOME movement BUT the movement is NOT fast enough,” Navarro implored. In his exuberance, however, Navarro crossed lines that most scientists and serious public health officials would not: He advocated for remedies, drugs, and companies that hadn’t been vetted.

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In that role, Kennedy collects a $255,000 a year salary, according to the nonprofit’s most recently available tax filings. That’s on top of whatever he makes from his various other endeavors, including books devoted to dubious claims about vaccines and attacks on prominent scientists such as Dr. Anthony Fauci. With millions a year in donations, Children’s Health Defense ramped up its advertising and produced videos and films spreading innuendo and misinformation from the onset of the COVID pandemic, sometimes targeting minority communities. Before social media companies began to crack down on vaccine misinformation in 2021, Kennedy and the nonprofit boasted almost 2 million followers across platforms including Facebook, Twitter, and YouTube, according to an analysis by the Center for Countering Digital Hate, an international nonprofit that tracks the online spread of racist propaganda and medical misinformation.

Billionaire, Nerd, Savior, King: Bill Gates and His Quest to Shape Our World
by Anupreeta Das
Published 12 Aug 2024

As they gained steam, Fox News carried stories about the conspiracy theories, which in turn conferred upon them more legitimacy. Concerted efforts by the Russian government to sow disinformation on social media sites added to the general noise. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases during the pandemic, who often appeared with Gates in public, was also the target of conspiracy theories. Kennedy authored a book called The Real Anthony Fauci that purported to uncover a scheme between Fauci and Gates; the claims made in his book are unproven. Yet, Fauci didn’t get the kind of raucous attention from conspiracy theorists that Gates did—perhaps because, as Chapman the artist said, Gates’s advocacy in a field that he didn’t belong to seemed suspicious, or perhaps because of his immense wealth, which conferred upon one individual a nearly unrivaled power.

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Even the decision to use testing swabs that only required circling inside the nostril—making at-home diagnostic tests less uncomfortable and easier to use—was taken with the input of Gates Foundation researchers. Gates began to use his bullhorn to advocate for Covid-19 vaccines, often speaking alongside Dr. Anthony Fauci, then the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases who became the most trusted face of the U.S. response. Gates held discussions with global leaders like Boris Johnson and Angela Merkel by videoconference. On social media and in interviews, he dwelled on the most promising vaccine candidates, weighed in on policy, laid out the best- and worst-case scenarios.

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We’re Not Ready, The” (Gates), 246–247 NIAID (National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), 175, 248 Nick Carraway (fictional character), 281 NIH (National Institutes of Health), 177, 182 Nike, 139 Nikolic, Boris, 229, 231, 235 Nilekani, Nandan, 196 Nobel Peace Prize, 103–105 Nocera, Joseph, 75 Nordstrom, 153 Nordstrom family, 267 North American Review, The, 120 Norton Museum of Art, 270 No Such Thing as a Free Gift (McGoey), 185 Novak, Molly, 145 Nvidia, 44 Obama, Barack, 110, 182, 245, 255, 264 Obama, Michelle, 167 Obama Foundation, 167–168 Ocasio-Cortez, Alexandria, 258, 260 #occupywallstreet, 255 Occupy Wall Street movement, 134, 255 Ohio State University, 252 Oklahoma City bombing, 245 Omaha World-Herald, 115 O’Mara, Margaret, 67–68, 73, 83–84 Omega Advisors, 260 Omidyar, Pierre, 204 Omidyar Network, 204 ONE (philanthropic organization), 100 Oneness vs the 1% (Shiva), 190 Only the Paranoid Survive (Grove), 69 Opel, John, 35 OpenAI, 56, 87 OpenSecrets, 85, 272 Open Society Foundations, 202, 272 “Optimist, The” (newsletter), 276 Oracle, 40–41, 72 OS/2 operating system, 70 Otter Tail Power, 212 Oxfam International, 253 Oxford University, 178 Page, Larry, 44, 45, 83, 139 Pakistan, 278 Pao, Ellen, 57 Pasic, Amir, 202 patent licensing firms, 222 PATH (global health organization), 98 Patriotic Millionaires, 260 pay discrimination, 238–243 PayPal, 44, 56, 272 PBS, 243, 262 PBS NewsHour, 234 Pendrell, 223 Penn, Mark, 94–95 Penn, Sean, 204 Penny Finance, 165 Perel, Esther, 164 Perelman, Ron, 236 “per processor” contracts, 71 Perry, Matthew, 65 personal alliances, 56 Pew Research Center, 251 philanthropy, 21–29, 97–113, 174–206 Pichai, Sundar, 10, 13, 18, 82 Piketty, Thomas, 256–257 PIMCO, 136 Pingali, Prabhu, 126–127 Pittsburgh, Pa., 89–90 Pivotal Ventures, 153–154, 165–171, 204, 239 Playboy, 46, 69, 156 Plutocrats (Freeland), 179 Pogue, David, 103 polio, 198 polio research, 276–278 Politico, 177, 258, 260 Pollock, Jackson, 270 polls and polling, 94–95, 128, 196, 246, 251–252, 258 see also individual polls, e.g., YouGov popular culture, 50–54 Popular Electronics, 34 PowerPoint, 70 Predators’ Ball, The (Bruck), 40 Princeton University, 37, 67, 264, 267 Principles (Dalio), 17 Pritzker, Tom, 236 Pritzker family, 263 Program on Inequality and the Common Good, 261 Project Syndicate, 192 ProPublica, 272, 274 public relations, 81–84 Pulitzer, Joseph, 24 Pulitzer Prize, 40 Purdue Pharma, 28 Putnam Investments, 209–210 QAnon, 246 Quartz, 239 Questlove, 107 Quicken, 72 Radar magazine, 237 rage giving, 22 Raikes, Jeffrey, 222, 268 Randolph, Marc, 44 Ravitch, Diane, 187 Reagan, Ronald, 100 Real Anthony Fauci, The (Kennedy), 248 RealClear Opinion Research, 18, 251 Reback, Gary, 63, 73–74, 76–78 Reddit, 108, 250 Reich, Rob, 187 Reno, Janet, 71 Republic Services, 212, 220 Revenge of the Nerds (film), 51 Rich, Frank, 96 Richards, Keith, 65 Riffle, Dan, 258 Rihanna, 204 Rinearson, Peter, 75 RJR Nabisco, 40 Road Ahead, The (Gates), 75 Robbins, Tim, 94 Roberts, Ed, 34 Robertson, Channing, 50 Robert Wood Johnson foundation, 128 Rockefeller, David, 132 Rockefeller, John D., Sr., 15, 20, 62–64 Rockefeller Foundation, 176, 182, 192, 197–198, 280 Rockefeller Philanthropy Advisors, 141, 186 Rocket Mortgage, 273 Rød-Larsen, Terje, 105 Roe v.

Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live
by Nicholas A. Christakis
Published 27 Oct 2020

Individual and collective approaches are not mutually exclusive, and they work best if used in combination, like employing both chemotherapy and radiation to treat cancer. Let’s consider various types of NPIs and how they combine to form an effective strategy to fight a viral pandemic and then examine how those strategies developed as the COVID-19 pandemic grew. * * * On March 15, 2020, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), publicly stated that a “national lockdown” might be necessary.4 Soon afterward, governor after governor imposed stay-at-home orders, starting with California on March 19, then New York on March 22, and, last, Missouri on April 6.5 Even before this, countless firms had moved to implement work-from-home rules, and Americans reduced their mobility on their own, as we saw in Seattle.

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AIDS activists such as Larry Kramer, the American playwright who founded ACT-UP (AIDS Coalition to Unleash Power) and who died, at age eighty-four, on May 27, 2020, vigorously pressured the government to do more, to support more research, to take the disease more seriously. Among his targets was Dr. Anthony Fauci, who was already leading NIAID at that time and who was frequently made aware of Kramer’s frustration. At the activist’s death, Fauci was quoted as saying, “It was an extraordinary 33-year relationship. We loved each other.”91 Famously, as part of their Storm the NIH campaign, ACT-UP organized a march by hundreds of protesters to the bucolic campus of the National Institutes of Health, in Bethesda, Maryland, on May 21, 1990.

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Funk, “Most Americans Expect a COVID-19 Vaccine within a Year; 72% Say They Would Get Vaccinated,” Pew Research Center, May 21, 2020. 90 Anonymous, “Expectations for a COVID-19 Vaccine,” AP-NORC Center, May 2020. 91 D.G. McNeil Jr., “‘We Loved Each Other’: Fauci Recalls Larry Kramer, Friend and Nemesis,” New York Times, May 27, 2020. 92 D. Bernard, “Three Decades before Coronavirus, Anthony Fauci Took Heat from AIDS Protestors,” Washington Post, May 20, 2020. 93 S.M. Hammer et al., “A Controlled Trial of Two Nucleoside Analogues plus Indinavir in Persons with Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and CD4 Cell Counts of 200 per Cubic Millimeter or Less,” New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 725–733; R.M.

Sickening: How Big Pharma Broke American Health Care and How We Can Repair It
by John Abramson
Published 15 Dec 2022

The goal of C-TAP was to equip and train independent vaccine manufacturers in Latin America, Asia, and Africa by providing access to the patents and the technical know-how required to produce their own vaccines. Such a program, if it had been successful, would have at least partially freed less wealthy countries from being dependent on the voluntary largesse of wealthy countries and vaccine makers. When President-Elect Joe Biden’s designated chief medical adviser, Dr. Anthony Fauci, was asked in January 2021 if he would encourage the United States to participate in C-TAP’s sharing of technology, his response was emphatic: “That’s an easy answer: yes, yes, yes.” Pfizer CEO Bourla was equally emphatic, but in the opposite direction: “At this point in time, I think it’s nonsense, and . . . it’s also dangerous.”

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But government funding of these critically important studies created a unique opportunity to determine not just which vaccines were better than placebo, but which, if any, were the safest and most effective among the multiple candidates. With government encouragement and supervision, the manufacturers could have combined their separate clinical studies into a single “master protocol.” This approach — supported globally by the World Health Organization and in the United States by Dr. Anthony Fauci — called for testing all the candidate vaccines in a single trial, using a single placebo group. Entering all candidate vaccines into a single master protocol would have most efficiently determined which provided significant protection against COVID-19 infection compared to placebo; it was also the only way to determine whether any vaccines were more effective or safer than the others.* But it was not to be.

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“a scandalous inequity”: Nicholas Kristof, “Vaccinate the World! The Best Investment Ever,” New York Times, May 26, 2021. and vaccine makers: Emily Baumgaertner, “Vaccine Companies and the U.S. Government Snubbed WHO Initiative to Scale Up Global Manufacturing,” Los Angeles Times, April 30, 2021. “That’s an easy answer”: Interview with Dr. Anthony Fauci, Partners in Health, January 12, 2021, https://twitter.com/PIH/status/1349155249911713792. “At this point in time”: Ed Silverman, “Pharma Leaders Shoot Down WHO Voluntary Pool for Patent Rights on COVID-19 Products,” STAT News, May 28, 2020. “We feel a special obligation”: “Statement by Moderna on Intellectual Property Matters During the COVID-19 Pandemic,” October 8, 2020.

Rigged: How the Media, Big Tech, and the Democrats Seized Our Elections
by Mollie Hemingway
Published 11 Oct 2021

No,” Vox told readers.119 The Washington Post ran an article headlined, “Get a Grippe, America. The Flu Is a Much Bigger Threat Than Coronavirus, for Now.” Another article said, “Past epidemics prove fighting coronavirus with travel bans is a mistake.”120 The media weren’t entirely to blame, as they were following the lead of public health experts in many cases. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), said the American public shouldn’t worry about the coronavirus outbreak in China. “It’s a very, very low risk to the United States,” Fauci said, just before Trump shut down travel from China.121 As Trump expressed concern about the virus from China, Pelosi went shopping in crowded shops in San Francisco’s Chinatown in late February and encouraged everyone to follow her lead.

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They were tasked with solving problems, such as setting up a testing system that could be deployed to states, securing protective personal equipment for frontline workers, building up the reserve of ventilators, and developing a vaccine. They worked with private companies each step of the way. While the Trump team was working on the important behind-the-scenes logistics efforts, government health bureaucrats were making a hash of the public messaging surrounding the virus. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and America’s highest paid federal employee, told a Senate committee in March that people should not wear masks “because right now, there isn’t anything going around right now in the community, certainly not coronavirus, that is calling for the broad use of masks.”129 The media were already dutifully amplifying the anti-mask message.

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When asked about Fauci’s emails, Biden’s press secretary declared, “[I]t’s obviously not advantageous for me to re-litigate the substance of emails from 17 months ago.” It was, however, advantageous to suppress the truth about COVID-19 when Biden was working to get elected.190 When all was said and done, Trump shared his own thoughts on how America’s top public health official had handled things. “Well, who knew that he knew so little? Anthony Fauci is a good promoter—he’s a great promoter. He is a better baseball pitcher than he is predicting what to do with people’s health,” Trump said, needling him about the wild first pitch he threw at a Major League Baseball game during his 2020 COVID publicity tour. The pandemic was unlike anything America had experienced in the modern era, and like every other big national challenge faced in the country’s history, the Trump administration had to work through the problem, making errors along the way.

The Viral Underclass: The Human Toll When Inequality and Disease Collide
by Steven W. Thrasher
Published 1 Aug 2022

The group had vociferously challenged Democratic mayor Ed Koch for his bungling inaction on AIDS. Rafsky called out Bush and Clinton in the 1992 election. And in the early 1990s, ACT UP routinely challenged the nonpartisan head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Dr. Anthony Fauci, a man who would still be running NIAID as SARS, Zika, Ebola, avian flu, swine flu, and SARS-CoV-2 broke out over the next four decades. Clinton’s first “AIDS czar,” Kristine M. Gebbie, resigned after less than a year on the job, after activists complained about the “ill-defined nature of her job” and that she was not the kind of high-profile figure Clinton had promised, according to the New York Times.

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While dentists and physical therapists were supported in having the necessary resources to see patients in person, addiction health experts often were not. This led to more isolation, HIV, HCV, and overdose deaths. In April 2020, not long after Lorena Borjas died, the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director, Dr. Anthony Fauci, talked about various metrics of the coronavirus. When measuring the number of people diagnosed, infected, sick, and hospitalized, the one metric “that’s the furthest out is the deaths, that lags behind the others.” Fauci sounded slightly optimistic at that moment, explaining that someday we might “continue to see deaths at a time when you have actually very good control of the new infections and the outbreak itself.”

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the opioid addiction crisis: Zachary Siegel, “The Coronavirus Is Blowing Up Our Best Response to the Opioid Crisis,” New Republic, July 29, 2020, https://newrepublic.com/article/158645/coronavirus-blowing-best-response-opioid-crisis. “infections and the outbreak itself”: Lauren Jackson, “A Conversation with Dr. Anthony Fauci,” New York Times, April 2, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/podcasts/the-daily/coronavirus-fauci.html. hospitalization rates correspondingly rose: Alexis C. Madrigal, “A Second Coronavirus Death Surge Is Coming,” Atlantic, July 15, 2020, https://www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2020/07/second-coronavirus-death-surge/614122/.

Spike: The Virus vs The People - The Inside Story
by Jeremy Farrar and Anjana Ahuja
Published 15 Jan 2021

Stéphane recalls: ‘Our mindset was, let’s do this vaccine to see how quickly we can go, because one day there’s going to be a flu pandemic and we’ll know what we can do. I was worried it might be a distraction. We already had 20 products [in development] in clinic and it was really busy – there was nobody sitting idle to do the project.’ Stéphane made a pact with Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in the US: Moderna would make up an experimental vaccine and Tony’s labs would do the clinical testing. Davos changed everything, Stéphane told me later. The three of us – Richard, Stéphane and I – were texting each other and grabbing quick coffees between sessions so we could share the real-time updates coming directly from contacts on the ground in Wuhan, which were ahead of the officially reported figures.

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His modelling has been critical to informing the UK’s coronavirus response. Michael Farzan Professor Farzan is Chair of the Department of Immunology and Microbiology at the Scripps Research Institute’s Florida Campus. He made important discoveries about how SARS-CoV-1 binds to human cells and contributed to early discussions about the origins of SARS-CoV-2. Anthony Fauci An immunologist who made important advances in patient management in infectious diseases, Fauci is director of the US National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. A key member of Trump’s Coronavirus Task Force, he is now chief medical adviser to President Biden. Involved in early discussions about the origins of SARS-CoV-2.

Vaccinated: One Man's Quest to Defeat the World's Deadliest Diseases
by Paul A. Offit
Published 1 Jan 2007

Members of the society included founding fathers such as George Washington, Alexander Hamilton, John Adams, Thomas Jefferson, Thomas Paine, Benjamin Rush, James Madison, and John Marshall as well as scientists such as John Audubon, Robert Fulton, Thomas Edison, Louis Pasteur, Albert Einstein, Linus Pauling, Margaret Mead, Marie Curie, and Charles Darwin; the society’s library houses a first edition of Hilleman’s beloved The Origin of Species. Maurice Hilleman with daughters Kirsten (far left) and Jeryl and wife Lorraine, Vail, Colorado, December 1982. Maurice is the only one not wearing skis. Some of the best scientists of the twentieth century came to honor Hilleman that day. Robert Gallo (co-discoverer of HIV), Anthony Fauci (director of the National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases), Erling Norrby (a member of the Nobel Prize Committee), Hilary Koprowski (the co-developer of the modern rabies vaccine), Thomas Starzl (pioneer of liver transplantation), Roy Vagelos (developer of cholesterol-lowering agents), and Margaret Liu (an early pioneer of DNA vaccines) all stood up to talk about how Hilleman’s accomplishments had instructed or dwarfed their own.

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Dulbecco, "Jonas Salk," Nature 376 (1995): 216. Undeserving Nobel Prizes: L. K. Altman, "Alfred Nobel and the Prize That Almost Didn't Happen," New York Times, September 26, 2006. Fauci quote: "The Vaccine Hunter," BBC Radio 4, producer Pauline Moffatt, June 21, 2006. Epilogue Roy Vagelos, Anthony Fauci, Lorraine Hilleman, Jeryl Hilleman, and Kirsten Hilleman all spoke at the symposium in Hilleman's honor at the American Philosophical Society, January 26, 2005. American Philosophical Society: American Philosophical Society, http://www. amphilsoc.org; American Philosophical Society Library and Museum, http:// www.ushistory.org/tour/tour_philo.htm.

How to Prevent the Next Pandemic
by Bill Gates
Published 2 May 2022

The foundation has committed more than $2 billion to various aspects of fighting COVID, including slowing its spread, developing vaccines and treatments, and helping make sure that these lifesaving tools reach people in poor countries. Since the pandemic began, I’ve had the chance to work with and learn from countless health experts at the foundation and outside it. One deserves special mention. In March 2020, I had my first call with Anthony Fauci, the head of the infectious diseases institute of the National Institutes of Health. I’m lucky to have known Tony for years (long before he was on the cover of pop-culture magazines), and I wanted to hear what he was thinking about all this—especially the potential for various vaccines and treatments that were being developed.

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And the foundation’s communications and advocacy teams not only contributed research but will carry this work forward, helping me translate the ideas in this book into concrete changes that leave the world more prepared to deal with the next major outbreak. Thoughtful reviews of early passages and drafts came from Anthony Fauci, David Morens, Tom Frieden, Bill Foege, Seth Berkley, Larry Brilliant, Sheila Gulati, and Brad Smith. I also want to thank the many people at Gates Ventures who helped make this book possible. Larry Cohen provided leadership and vision that are both essential and rare. I appreciate his calm demeanor, wise guidance, and dedication to the work we do together.

Generations: The Real Differences Between Gen Z, Millennials, Gen X, Boomers, and Silents—and What They Mean for America's Future
by Jean M. Twenge
Published 25 Apr 2023

Still, Silents are often overshadowed and forgotten, wedged between the Greatest generation (born 1901–1924), who were celebrated for winning World War II, and the Boomers, who continued the social upheavals that Silents debuted. Although many are now retired, Silents continue to participate in business, education, and public life. Dr. Anthony Fauci (b. 1940), who became the best-known government health expert during the COVID-19 pandemic, is a Silent. So is President Joe Biden (b. 1942). Biden became his generation’s first U.S. president: The presidency skipped over the Silent generation in the 1990s when George H. W. Bush (b. 1924), a Greatest generation member, lost to Boomer Bill Clinton (b. 1946), the first in a line of four Boomer presidents.

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Kennedy (1925) Cesar Chavez (1927) Walter Mondale (1928) Martin Luther King Jr. (1929) Sandra Day O’Connor (1930) Ted Kennedy (1932) Diane Feinstein (1933) Ruth Bader Ginsburg (1933) Gloria Steinem (1934) Ralph Nader (1934) Geraldine Ferraro (1935) John McCain (1936) Antonin Scalia (1936) Madeleine Albright (1937) Colin Powell (1937) Nancy Pelosi (1940) Dick Cheney (1941) Jesse Jackson (1941) Bernie Sanders (1941) Joe Biden (1942) Mitch McConnell (1942) John Kerry (1943) Angela Davis (1944) Athletes and Sports Figures Arnold Palmer (1929) Mickey Mantle (1931) Roberto Clemente (1934) Wilt Chamberlain (1936) Jack Nicklaus (1940) Muhammad Ali (1942) Arthur Ashe (1943) Joe Namath (1943) Billie Jean King (1943) Journalists, Authors, and People in the News Harper Lee (1926) Hugh Hefner (1926) Erma Bombeck (1927) Maya Angelou (1928) Barbara Walters (1929) Neil Armstrong (1930) Tom Wolfe (1930) Toni Morrison (1931) Dan Rather (1931) Susan Sontag (1933) Philip Roth (1933) Joan Didion (1934) Charles Kuralt (1934) Carl Sagan (1934) Phil Donahue (1935) Ken Kesey (1935) Judy Blume (1938) Peter Jennings (1938) Joyce Carol Oates (1938) Jerry Rubin (1938) Jacqueline Kennedy Onassis (1939) Tom Brokaw (1940) Anthony Fauci (1940) Sue Grafton (1940) Ted Koppel (1940) Ed Bradley (1941) Nora Ephron (1941) Martha Stewart (1941) Michael Crichton (1942) Erica Jong (1942) John Irving (1942) Bob Woodward (1943) Carl Bernstein (1944) The Equality Revolution Trait: Pioneers in Civil Rights Imagine hopping into a time machine and stopping at two different times, just seven years apart: 1963 and 1970.

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Silents were getting by, just as they have always done—a clear example of generational differences winning out even as the generation faced down a killer virus. The 2020s will see the last of the Silent generation retire from business, entertainment, science, and politics. If they are still alive, by 2029 Warren Buffett (b. 1930) will be 98, Mitch McConnell will be 86, Bernie Sanders (b. 1941) will be 87, Nancy Pelosi will be 88, and Anthony Fauci will be 89. By the end of the decade, the elder statesmen and women will be almost exclusively Boomers—in 2029, the oldest Boomers will turn 83, and the youngest will be 65. Figure 2.17: Percent of U.S. adults with significant anxiety, Silents vs. younger generations, 2019–2022 Sources: National Health Interview Survey (2019) and U.S.

The COVID-19 Catastrophe: What's Gone Wrong and How to Stop It Happening Again
by Richard Horton
Published 31 May 2020

The first case of COVID-19 in the US was reported on 21 January in a young man from Washington state who had returned from Wuhan a week earlier, on 15 January. Nancy Messonnier, who directed America’s National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, called the news ‘concerning’. Commenting on the events unfolding in China, on 24 January President Trump wrote on Twitter that ‘It will all turn out well.’ Anthony Fauci, the long-standing and much respected director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, noted, ‘We don’t want the American public to be worried about this because their risk is low.’ But, by 30 January, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported the country’s first case of person-to-person transmission, in a woman whose husband had been in Wuhan.

The Heat Will Kill You First: Life and Death on a Scorched Planet
by Jeff Goodell
Published 10 Jul 2023

It creates new opportunities for microbes, opening up fresh biological landscapes for them to explore, turning pathogens into microscopic versions of Ferdinand Magellan, expanding the boundaries of the known world. Heat waves, as well as heat-driven climate events like flooding and drought, have worsened more than half of the hundreds of known infectious diseases in people, including malaria, hantavirus, cholera, and anthrax. “We have entered a pandemic era,” wrote Dr. Anthony Fauci of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) in a paper he coauthored with his NIAID colleague David Morens. The paper cites HIV/AIDS, which has so far killed at least thirty-seven million, as well as “unprecedented pandemic explosions” of the past decade. It’s a deadly list, starting with the H1N1 “swine” influenza in 2009, chikungunya in 2014, and Zika in 2015.

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In the first field experiment of its kind, a biotech firm called Oxitec released five million genetically modified Aedes aegypti in the Florida Keys in 2021. How effective this strategy will be at reducing the population of wild disease-carrying mosquitoes, however, remains highly speculative. Right now Aedes aegypti reigns supreme as the most formidable and insidious vector of future diseases. As Anthony Fauci wrote, “Any virus that can efficiently infect Aedes aegypti also has potential access to billions of humans.” The Galveston National Laboratory is a fortress of pathogens, although you would never know it from the outside. It sits on the campus of the University of Texas Medical Branch like any other building.

Trillion Dollar Triage: How Jay Powell and the Fed Battled a President and a Pandemic---And Prevented Economic Disaster
by Nick Timiraos
Published 1 Mar 2022

Starting in late February, however, a simple dashboard of daily reports illustrated how investors were rapidly bracing for a global event that would be far more menacing: Date 2020 Covid-19 Cases Covid-19 Deaths Dow Jones Average VIX Fear Index Tuesday, February 25 10 0 27,081 (↓879) 27.85 (↑ 2.82) At a press conference the next night, Trump announced that Vice President Mike Pence would head up the administration’s coronavirus task force. But if this was an effort to project level-headed composure, the president quickly walked all over that message. After Dr. Anthony Fauci, the longtime director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, conservatively explained to reporters why one of several promising vaccine candidates might not be available for at least a year, Trump offered his own fantasy. “It’s a little like the regular flu that we have flu shots for, and we’ll essentially have a flu shot for this in a fairly quick manner,” he said, reminding Americans that the seasonal flu killed more than 20,000 people each year.

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Mnuchin was grasping for some kind of plan that would avoid such an overreaction. Couldn’t we protect the elderly and at-risk populations, sequester them from everyone else? Others in the room dismissed the notion out of hand. How are you going to do that—put them in hotels? Someone chimed in, “Isn’t that a little bit like putting them on cruise ships? How’s that going?” Anthony Fauci had warned that things were about to get much, much worse, according to an account in The New Yorker: “There’s no place in America where it’s business as usual. By the time you mitigate today, we’re three weeks late.”7 In a bad flu season, 60,000 Americans might die. Now they were looking at a virus with a mortality rate twenty times greater than that.

Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order
by Colin Kahl and Thomas Wright
Published 23 Aug 2021

Early the next morning, on New Year’s Eve, scientists at the CDC picked up the same chatter and began to email each other. “Any of your folks know more about the ‘unknown pneumonia’?” one asked.14 Later that day, Chinese authorities informed the WHO’s China Office of an unfamiliar case of pneumonia. Anthony Fauci, the head of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, and Robert Redfield, the head of the CDC, immediately recognized the risk; maybe it was a new SARS. On January 1, the CDC circulated a situational report on a “China pneumonia of unknown etiology,” its first daily briefing on what would become known as SARS-CoV-2, the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19.

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British medical experts had been meeting on COVID-19 since January 22, around the time Chinese authorities acknowledged the seriousness of their situation, through the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) and a number of related committees. However, they continually rejected the bold actions that were employed in China or even measures that American health officials such as Anthony Fauci and Robert Redfield unsuccessfully pushed for. They worried that a massive effort to prevent the first wave might reduce the country’s capacity to deal with a larger second wave. They rejected measures such as banning mass gatherings on the grounds that people would gather in smaller venues. (Oddly, they never considered that those too might be closed.)

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Pharmaceutical companies around the world began work on a vaccine immediately after scientists Zhang Yong-Zhen and Edward Holmes released the genetic sequence of COVID-19 to the world on January 11, 2020.38 However, few believed they would develop a safe and effective vaccine as quickly as they did. Speaking to the U.S. Senate on March 3, 2020, Anthony Fauci said that even if vaccine development was incredibly fast, “the entire process … would take a year to a year and a half” before it was available to the public.39 In his book about the coronavirus, Apollo’s Arrow, published in October 2020, Nicholas Christakis, director of Yale’s Human Nature Lab, noted that traditionally vaccines do not arrive until herd immunity has already been achieved and that a COVID-19 vaccine was unlikely before 2022.40 Against any historical metric, 2022 would have constituted an incredible success.

Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door -- Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy
by Christopher Mims
Published 13 Sep 2021

Inside is our USB charger. On the same day, the World Health Organization (WHO) will declare that the global number of confirmed Covid-19 infections has exceeded 90,000, almost all of them in China. The WHO will also note that the virus has reached seventy-two countries. A panel of experts, including Dr. Anthony Fauci, will submit to Congress testimony declaring that “the potential global public health threat posed by this virus is high, but right now, the immediate risk to most Americans is low.” Amazon will inform its Seattle-based employees that one of their coworkers has the virus. Sealed into its dark, theftproof metal tomb, a chamber not so different from the one in which it crossed the ocean, this box won’t leave the truck again until it arrives at its end point in Shakopee, Minnesota.

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Waiting just over a week on those shelves before being called up means this is probably a popular item with a high sales ranking. It’s March 20, and the number of cases of coronavirus in the United States is approaching 20,000. In just under a week, the nation will lead the world in confirmed cases. On this day, the governor of Illinois declares a stay-at-home order, and Dr. Anthony Fauci says it’s “very difficult to predict” how long such orders will last. In many places in the United States, panic buying of necessities and staples has been underway for more than a week. As the shelves of retail stores emptied, buyers turned, primarily, to Amazon, which on March 12 declared that all its employees who could work from home should do so.

Raising Lazarus: Hope, Justice, and the Future of America’s Overdose Crisis
by Beth Macy
Published 15 Aug 2022

Over an interview on Zoom, Joe Solomon showed me his copy of David France’s How to Survive a Plague, and he pledged to organize in the spirit of ACT UP in the late 1980s. To draw attention to the HIV outbreak and the syringe-services restrictions, SOAR would spread their message through the media and engage in the kind of civil disobedience that captured politicians’ attention about HIV/AIDS. At one point Anthony Fauci was burned in effigy in front of his office at the National Institutes of Health to draw attention to patients’ poor access to medicines. SOAR would try to expose the fact that leadership on the overdose crisis remained a Wizard of Oz–type mirage, just as it was during the early years of HIV/AIDS.

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overdose deaths had gone up 45 percent: Lauren Peace, “West Virginia Overdose Deaths Set New Record Amid Pandemic,” Mountain State Spotlight, April 21, 2021. In 2020, 1,275 West Virginians died, up from 878 in 2019. fentanyl was finding fertile ground: Thomas Fuller, “San Francisco Contends With a Different Sort of Epidemic: Drug Deaths,” New York Times, April 23, 2021. Fauci was burned in effigy: Ellen McCarthy and Ben Terris, “Anthony Fauci was ready for this. America was not.” Washington Post, March 20, 2020. “schmuck behind the curtain”: From the David France documentary How to Survive a Plague, January 2012. fifteen years: Stephanie Watson, “The History of HIV Treatment: Antiretroviral Therapy and More,” WebMD, June 9, 2020.

Betrayal of Trust: The Collapse of Global Public Health
by Laurie Garrett
Published 15 Feb 2000

There was a tremendous blind faith that Science would, indeed, find a cure for AIDS. It just needed some nudging. Many top NIH scientists, particularly at the National Cancer Institute, professed great optimism. More practical scientists, such as National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases director Dr. Anthony Fauci and his circle, assiduously avoided use of the word cure. They believed it highly disingenuous to offer hope that science could, indeed, cure a disease caused by a virus that hid inside human DNA. How could such a microbe be excised without destroying the individuals’ genes in the process? The thrust of AIDS activism, however, was focused on the search for a cure.

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At age thirty-seven, Hamburg was the youngest person ever to serve as commissioner and only the third woman. Though she lacked a public health degree, Hamburg was uniquely qualified to meet the city’s awesome challenges. Trained at Harvard Medical School, Margaret Hamburg had served under Director Anthony Fauci at the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases during the early stages of the AIDS epidemic and had gained a reputation for her strong advocacy of HIV research, executed with political savvy and sharp diplomatic skills. Hamburg had barely stepped inside the headquarters of New York City’s rundown, seedy health department just down the street from City Hall in June 1991, when her staff voiced its concern that Gotham was on the verge of an all-out tuberculosis epidemic.

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Although several laboratories were working on novel ways to kill bacteria and viruses, most do not anticipate that fundamentally new approaches will emerge within the next ten years.96 Even if such drugs did eventually reach the marketplace, they would undoubtedly follow the financial pattern set with antibiotics: each newer drug cost far more than its predecessor. And the newer agents were usually more toxic, fraught with fiercer side effects. “The biggest concern is staphylococcus, where only one drug is left,” Stanford’s Stanley Falknow said, referring to vancomycin. “If that were incurable it would be devastating.” Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, warned that mutated microbes, resistant to hosts of drugs, were the real crisis looming for the twenty-first century. “There is more of a chance of a virulent influenza A wiping out whole populations than you and I getting a gene card,” he declared, dismissing the genomic future vision.

The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America
by Victor Davis Hanson
Published 15 Nov 2021

And the name, gender, age, and race of the officer in question were uncharacteristically not disclosed to the public—contrary to the custom of all other law enforcement officers nationwide involved in the lethal shootings of unarmed suspects.14 Unelected health care spokespeople, who, both inadvertently and knowingly, gave contradictory advice and were never subject to audit, prompted some of the hysteria that had green-lit massive quarantines and then, indirectly, the radical changes in election-year voting laws. Dr. Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), a national icon, nonetheless confessed that he might have initially misled the nation about the irrelevance of protective masks. He ex post facto shrugged that his deception was designed to prevent mass demand for them and resulting shortages for key medical workers.

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An even more unfortunate American investment, in a cost-to-benefit sense, was an indirect, largely symbolic contribution of at least $600,000 to the Wuhan Level 4 virology lab itself, the often-alleged ground zero of the plague. Ironically, the grant was in part due to the past recommendations of Dr. Anthony Fauci, the NIAID director and later the leader of the Trump administration’s White House Coronavirus Task Force. The National Institutes of Health had approved two multiyear grants of some $3.4 million to the EcoHealth Alliance, which had partnered with a number of organizations, including many in China and in particular the Wuhan virology lab.

How to Survive a Pandemic
by Michael Greger, M.D., FACLM

China’s Temporary Ban on Consuming Wildlife Given the role exotic animal trafficking appears to have played in the current global health crisis, some in the international scientific community have called for a ban on the sale of wild animals82 and a closure of live animal markets.83 “[S]hut down those things right away,” said Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases.84 Even infectious disease experts within Wuhan started calling for “completely eradicating wildlife trading.”85 On January 26, 2020, the Chinese government responded, announcing a total ban on the trade and sale of wild animal meat,86 reportedly shutting down or quarantining almost twenty thousand wildlife farms across seven Chinese provinces.87 The ban is only set to be temporary, however.88 After the SARS outbreak in 2003, Chinese officials enacted a similar ban on the trade of civet cats, but within months, the ban was lifted and the animals were back on the menu.89 Much of the wildlife trade was already illegal in China in the first place,90 with flaunted bans dating back more than a decade.91 The Chinese pangolin, for example, is officially considered a critically endangered species.92 That’s part of the draw, though, as a serving of extra-rare meat may project wealth and prestige.93 A thriving black market already exists, and it could be driven further underground by government action.94 “The ultimate solution,” wrote a group of scientists supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China, “lies in changing people’s minds about what is delicious, trendy, prestigious, or healthy to eat.”95 Having spent the bulk of my professional life trying to get people to eat more healthfully to prevent chronic diseases, I can certainly relate.

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“When this happens, time will be described, for those left living, as before and after the pandemic.”726 The top virologist in Russia attempted to tally the worst-case scenario potential human death count: “Up to one billion people could die around the whole world in six months … We are half a step away from a worldwide pandemic catastrophe.”727 “Get rid of the ‘if.’ This is going to occur.”—Anthony Fauci,728 director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases In a talk in 2005 at his alma mater, Harvard Medical School, former Senate Majority Leader Frist described the horrors of 1918—at least fifty million dead from an “avianlike” virus.729 Frist asked: How would a nation so greatly moved and touched by the 3,000 dead of September 11th react to half a million dead?

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What do we say to them?”2560 “The good news is, we do have a vaccine,” Secretary Leavitt told CBS News’ The Early Show.2561 “It doesn’t matter if we have a vaccine now or not,” Osterholm exclaimed in a telephone interview. “We can’t make it.”2562 It’s not enough to produce a vaccine; it must be mass produced.2563 Anthony Fauci, director of the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, described the “critical issue” as: “Can we make enough vaccine, given the well-known inability of the vaccine industry to make enough vaccine?”2564 “For those of us who do this and think about it every day, all day,” Fauci continued, “even if we could and wanted to and made the decision—this is what we need—the capacity’s not there.”2565 This begged the question, why not?

Editing Humanity: The CRISPR Revolution and the New Era of Genome Editing
by Kevin Davies
Published 5 Oct 2020

Then she announced that she was donating her $100,000 award to the nonprofit organization for genomics education cofounded by Wu and Church. In a photograph from that evening, Barrangou stands at the center of the CRISPR quintet, his boots putting him a head taller than his peers. (Also in the group was another awardee, Anthony Fauci, recognized for global health.) The Gairdner was the undoubted highlight of his career, recognition for a landmark study that fermented the CRISPR revolution. Doudna and Charpentier were deservedly recognized for developing the single-guide RNA technology—the tipping point as he calls it.12 “Single-guide RNA is an invention—it’s novel, not obvious, not natural.

…

Lithuania’s Virginijus Šikšnys receives the 2018 Kavli Prize in nanoscience from King Harald of Norway, alongside Doudna and Charpentier (September 2018). Courtesy of Fredrik Hagen/NTB scanpix. Feng Zhang holds CRISPR in his hands, with 60 Minutes’ correspondent Bill Whitaker. Courtesy of the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. Winners of Canada’s Gairdner Awards in 2016. (L-to-R): Anthony Fauci, Zhang, Charpentier, Rodolophe Barrangou, Doudna, and Philippe Horvath. Base editing and more: David Liu in his office at the Broad Institute, under the watchful eye of Tony Stark. Courtesy of Juliana Sohn, the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard. First authors: Alexis Komor and Nicole Gaudelli, former postdocs in the Liu lab, in Victoria, British Columbia, February 2019.

There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century
by Fiona Hill
Published 4 Oct 2021

The commissioners noted that the United States’ long-standing failure to provide full health insurance coverage for the American population, and Trump’s efforts to weaken the Affordable Care Act since 2016, had all contributed to the impact of the pandemic. Trump followed the same pattern on the pandemic that he had on foreign policy. In January 2021, Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at the National Institutes of Health, and an adviser to several American presidents since the 1980s, gave an extensive interview to the New York Times. Dr. Fauci described in detail what it had been like to work with President Trump on the White House Coronavirus Task Force.

…

long-standing failure: Ken Alltucker, “Roughly 40% of the USA’s coronavirus deaths could have been prevented, a new study says,” USA Today, February 11, 2021, https://www.usatoday.com/story/news/health/2021/02/11/lancet-commission-donald-trump-covid-19-health-medicare-for-all/4453762001/. Dr. Anthony Fauci: Donald G. McNeil, Jr., “Fauci on What Working for Trump Was Really Like,” New York Times, January 24, 2021, https://www.nytimes.com/2021/01/24/health/fauci-trump-covid.html. dose themselves prophylactically: Jeffrey Kluger, “Accidental Poisonings Increased After President Trump’s Disinfectant Comments,” Time, May 12, 2020, https://time.com/5835244/accidental-poisonings-trump/.

The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race
by Walter Isaacson
Published 9 Mar 2021

Of its fifteen members, five were tasked to deal full time with the FDA’s paperwork requirements. By late February, there were dozens of hospitals and academic labs, including at Stanford and the Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, that had developed testing capabilities, but none had managed to win FDA authorization. At that point Anthony Fauci, the National Institutes of Health infectious disease chief who had become a national superstar, stepped in. On February 27, he spoke to HHS Secretary Azar’s chief of staff, Brian Harrison, and urged that the FDA allow universities, hospitals, and private testing services to start using their own tests while waiting for Emergency Use Authorizations.

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At that point, Moderna had twenty drugs in development but none had been approved or even reached the final stage of clinical trials. Afeyan instantly authorized him to start work without waiting for full board approval. Lacking Pfizer’s resources, Moderna had to depend on funding from the U.S. government. Anthony Fauci, the government’s infectious disease expert, was supportive. “Go for it,” he declared. “Whatever it costs, don’t worry about it.” It took Moderna only two days to create the desired RNA sequences that would produce the spike protein, and thirty-eight days later it shipped the first box of vials to the NIH to begin early-stage trials.

This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapons Arms Race
by Nicole Perlroth
Published 9 Feb 2021

“Chris, you don’t see any activity from China, even though it is a FAR greater threat than Russia, Russia, Russia. They will both, plus others be able to interfere in our 2020 Election with our totally vulnerable Unsolicited (Counterfeit?) Ballot Scam,” Trump tweeted. Steve Bannon, the president’s far-right-hand man, later called for Wray—and Dr. Anthony Fauci, the infectious disease expert—to be beheaded as a warning to federal workers who dared question the president’s propaganda. We had all spent the past four years worried what our foreign adversaries were planning. But as the election neared, it was clear that the real interference was coming from within.

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Scientists have long sparred over the publication of biological research that could help stop the spread of a virus but could also be weaponized by rogue scientists to create a biological superweapon. When Dutch scientists tried to publish their research into how the lethal H5N1 “Bird Flu” spreads between mammals, a scientific advisory board tried to censor publication. Proponents, including Dr. Anthony Fauci—the same Dr. Fauci that would become America’s most recognizable infectious disease specialist—pushed back, arguing that open discussion “makes it easier to get a lot of the good guys involved than the risk of getting the rare bad guy involved.” Ultimately, the Bird Flu paper was published without restrictions.

Cabin Fever: The Harrowing Journey of a Cruise Ship at the Dawn of a Pandemic
by Michael Smith and Jonathan Franklin
Published 14 Jul 2022

Jorge tracked the Zaandam online, and he was relieved to see the ship had been in South America since the fall. Together, they watched the news, and prior to leaving their home in California, they noted with calm that just one COVID-19 case had been logged in Brazil, and it was someone who had traveled through Italy. But what swayed them was Dr. Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, located in Bethesda, Maryland. He’d been their voice of reason since this epidemic began. Donna had known about him since the 1980s, when he led the national response to HIV. Shortly before they embarked, they caught snippets of interviews in which Fauci seemed to say that international travel was safe.

Summer of Our Discontent: The Age of Certainty and the Demise of Discourse
by Thomas Chatterton Williams
Published 4 Aug 2025

From the outset, the pandemic had been so thoroughly politicized we rendered ourselves effectively unable to manage a unified response to it. Instead of preparedness and national coordination, there was only empty posturing, the sad spectacle of the president refusing to wear a mask, just to own the libs, and death threats from his supporters directed at his chief medical adviser, Anthony Fauci. At the same time, even obvious and commonsensical speculations and responses—such as the likelihood of a lab leak or the very serious need to prohibit travel from China—were dismissed as incorrect and even “xenophobic,” as the Speaker of the House, Nancy Pelosi, put it, when articulated by the president.

Elon Musk
by Walter Isaacson
Published 11 Sep 2023

Errol’s letter was startling on so many levels, most notably his racism. But one other aspect would have an unsettling resonance later that year: how conspiratorial he had become. He had gone down the alt-right rabbit holes of labeling Biden a pedophile and praising Putin. And in other posts and emails, he denounced COVID as “a lie,” attacked COVID expert Anthony Fauci, and claimed that the vaccines were deadly, positions Elon would later echo. His description of his cold and impoverished circumstances was meant as a rebuke to his son for no longer supporting him financially. Up until recently, Elon had been sending, off and on, varying amounts of monthly stipends.

…

He repeated the joke three times. Then, at around 3 a.m., he impulsively tweeted it out: “My pronouns are Prosecute/Fauci.” It made little sense, wasn’t funny, and managed, in just five words, to mock transgender people, conjure up conspiracies about the eighty-one-year-old public health official Anthony Fauci, scare off more advertisers, and create a new handful of enemies who would now never buy Teslas. His brother was among those who were outraged. “What the heck, man, this is an old guy who was just trying to figure things out during COVID,” Kimbal told him. “This is not okay.” Even Jay Bhattacharya, the Stanford professor whose criticism of Fauci’s policies caused him to be filtered on Twitter, criticized the tweet.

Covid-19: The Pandemic That Never Should Have Happened and How to Stop the Next One
by Debora MacKenzie
Published 13 Jul 2020

We don’t know for sure if the mutations that made H5N1 transmissible in mammals also work for H7N9. The experiment hasn’t been done. After the confrontation over publishing the H5N1 work, further work that might make nasty viruses nastier, called gain-of-function research, was banned or discouraged in the US and Europe. Anthony Fauci, the tough-minded head of the US National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Disease (NIAID), has become a popular hero in the US for calmly presenting the science of Covid-19 at televised presidential briefings. In 2012, he resolved the dispute over Fouchier’s work by saying any future such experiments first had to be assessed for their risks and benefits by experts in the agency or it wouldn’t fund them.

Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World
by Fareed Zakaria
Published 5 Oct 2020

Face it, folks, we are a divided nation . . . divided between those who think with their head and those who know with their heart . . . Because that’s where the truth comes from, ladies and gentlemen—the gut.” HOW SCIENCE WORKS For those of us watching in horror at these abject displays of know-nothingism, the solution seemed obvious: Just follow the science. But what does science tell us? Dr. Anthony Fauci, the US government’s top infectious disease expert, initially downplayed the dangers of the novel coronavirus, saying in late January, “It’s a very, very low risk to the United States. . . . It isn’t something the American public needs to worry about or be frightened about.” A few days later, Alex Azar, the secretary of health and human services, also reflected the prevailing view of government public health officials when he said, “The risk of infection for Americans remains low.”

Breaking Twitter: Elon Musk and the Most Controversial Corporate Takeover in History
by Ben Mezrich
Published 6 Nov 2023

He’d always been one of Twitter’s premier trolls; it just so happened that he was now also Twitter’s CEO, so his posts had taken on a level of gravitas that made them even more ignitable. He’d followed his Saturday attack on Yoel Roth’s decade-old thesis with an even more incendiary post: My pronouns are Prosecute/Fauci In follow-up tweets and responses, he intimated that he’d found evidence in the Twitter Files implicating Dr. Anthony Fauci—the chief medical advisor to the president and the de facto head of the White House’s Covid response—in a Covid-information-related social media cover-up. He also elaborated on his attack of the practice of employing “pronouns,” a firebrand issue involving the trans community. Predictably, Elon’s tweet was met with thousands upon thousands of replies on either side of both issues, many of which bordered on what Yoel Roth’s team would have once defined as hate speech.

How Medicine Works and When It Doesn't: Learning Who to Trust to Get and Stay Healthy
by F. Perry Wilson
Published 24 Jan 2023

If another loved one was admitted today and you asked the doctor when the aggressive fluid resuscitation would begin, they would tell you, “Well, it won’t.” This feels fickle. Examples abound of well-informed doctors changing their tunes. In the 1980s, if you asked a doctor how to lose weight, they would tell you to avoid eating fat. Today, they would be much more likely to tell you to avoid eating carbs. During the coronavirus pandemic, Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, was pilloried in the right-wing media for his changeable stance on mask wearing. Early in the pandemic, when hand-to-hand transmission was thought to be the main infection route, Fauci had argued that masks were not helpful.

Uncharted: How to Map the Future
by Margaret Heffernan
Published 20 Feb 2020

Everything . . .’ Between the end of 1983 and 1984, the number of AIDS cases and deaths in the US more than doubled. In 1985, a test for the infection was finally available and the CDC estimated that over a million people worldwide were infected. By 1986, just five years after the first reported death, Anthony Fauci at the US National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases estimated that a million Americans were infected and that, within five or ten years, the number would rise to three million. The Reagan administration, however, urged people not to worry since the disease was confined to gay men and intravenous drug users.

Falter: Has the Human Game Begun to Play Itself Out?
by Bill McKibben
Published 15 Apr 2019

In late November 2018, another Chinese researcher, He Jiankui, announced that a newborn pair of twin girls, Lulu and Nana, had been genetically altered in his lab before their birth, making them Earth’s first designer babies. The story was bizarre: he’d reprogrammed their genes in an effort to make sure that they wouldn’t be able to contract the HIV infection, even though, as the AIDS researcher Anthony Fauci quickly pointed out, “there are so many ways to adequately, efficiently, and definitively protect yourself against HIV that the thought of editing the genes of an embryo to get to an effect that you could easily do in so many other ways in my mind is unethical.” Apparently the “fix” only took with one of the newborns; there was speculation that the other might have been damaged in the process.14 Dr.

An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination
by Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang
Published 12 Jul 2021

Facebook’s infrastructure, including its data centers, would be tested to the breaking point as billions of people were online at the same time. Positive headlines about the company’s response provided a boost to employee morale. Zuckerberg had an opportunity to burnish his reputation as a leader. Along with Priscilla, who had practiced medicine in San Francisco for years, he hosted Dr. Anthony Fauci on a Facebook Live interview watched by more than five million people, and he went on to record live videos with others, including California governor Gavin Newsom and Dr. Don Ganem, a virologist and infectious disease specialist. News shows began to invite Zuckerberg to speak about his views on the pandemic response.

Vaxxers: The Inside Story of the Oxford AstraZeneca Vaccine and the Race Against the Virus
by Sarah Gilbert and Catherine Green
Published 7 Jul 2021

But it didn’t take long before the negative press started.2 Commentators and stock-market analysts in the United States attacked our results: we had not published enough information; we needed to be more transparent; we were cherry-picking our data; our half-dose trial results were based on a mistake and therefore suspect; we had not included enough older people in our trial. Anthony Fauci, since 1984 the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and one of the most highly respected scientists in the field, compared our efficacy results unfavourably with Pfizer’s and Moderna’s and asked why anyone would want to receive our vaccine.3 The UK media started to pick up and repeat what was being said in the US.4 All of this felt very unfair, not to mention unhelpful: the important point was that we had a vaccine that was very safe and highly effective against an unbearably awful disease.

Essential: How the Pandemic Transformed the Long Fight for Worker Justice
by Jamie K. McCallum
Published 15 Nov 2022

Our research team, which showed unions reduce the spread of COVID-19 in nursing homes, also looked at the relationship between unions and mask mandates in Iowa, a very red state. The CDC advised mask wearing inside schools but, without a statewide mandate, only 60 percent of Iowa school districts required them. Why did some schools have them while others did not? As states began mandating that public schools reopen, Dr. Anthony Fauci, head of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and a prominent member of the White House Coronavirus Task Force, told teachers they would “be part of the experiment” to learn more about how the disease spreads. As even he probably anticipated, this unfortunate bit of sarcasm didn’t go over well with a lot of educators, who objected to being guinea pigs.

The Quiet Damage: QAnon and the Destruction of the American Family
by Jesselyn Cook
Published 22 Jul 2024

Experts lined up on cable news oscillated between declaring that the crisis was overblown to warning that it was just getting started. The CDC appeared to be making rules up on the fly. First, face masks were discouraged; then, suddenly, they were compulsory—at which point they’d been scooped up by price gougers. Trump regularly contradicted his administration’s own infectious disease specialist, Dr. Anthony Fauci. And not long after his initial assessment that Covid was “like a flu,” he did a 180: “It’s not the flu. It’s vicious.” Alice’s existential dread had erupted from a looming angst over “someday” threats into a debilitating panic over what would happen tomorrow. As with fear of the dark or deep bodies of water, it was the not knowing that was the hardest.

The Constitution of Knowledge: A Defense of Truth
by Jonathan Rauch
Published 21 Jun 2021

As I wrote this chapter, news broke that a former head of the Department of Homeland Security’s intelligence division had blown the whistle on efforts by political appointees to tone down assessments of Russian election interference.13 “Heroic” is the only adequate word for an official who comes forward to accuse his superiors of turning a blind eye to the country’s enemies. Others in the government, such as Anthony Fauci, the director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, fought tooth and nail to resist White House efforts to shade the truth about the COVID-19 pandemic. Justice Department prosecutors withdrew from cases rather than signing misleading briefs and politicizing their legal work.

How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason
by Lee McIntyre
Published 14 Sep 2021

Belief in Conspiracy Theories There are numerous conspiracy theories about COVID-19 that range from its “real cause” or purpose, to who benefits from it, to the idea that it simply does not exist.3 Here are a few examples: SARS-CoV-2 (the virus that causes COVID-19) was invented in a government lab as part of a biowarfare campaign against the US; it is part of a “deep state” scheme to kill the economy just in time for Trump’s reelection; it is part of Bill Gates’s plan to depopulate the Earth and implant us with chips to track our movements; it was created by big pharma so they could profit off a vaccine; doctors and scientists are exaggerating the COVID crisis to get more attention for their work; it is actually caused by 5G cell phone towers (which has led to incidents of vandalism in Britain and elsewhere);4 the CDC is manipulating the death statistics; government science advisor Dr. Anthony Fauci is somehow profiting off the pandemic; and, finally, the whole thing is made up and there are no patients in the hospitals. The latter led to the creation of the hashtag #FilmYourHospital, which resulted in numerous instances of citizen “researchers” storming the waiting rooms of their local hospitals with cell phone cameras, then pronouncing the whole thing a hoax because they didn’t see any sick people.

The Death of Cancer: After Fifty Years on the Front Lines of Medicine, a Pioneering Oncologist Reveals Why the War on Cancer Is Winnable--And How We Can Get There
by Vincent T. Devita, Jr., M. D. and Elizabeth Devita-Raeburn
Published 3 Nov 2015

Bush, who has a long-standing interest in cancer research—he lost a young daughter to leukemia (Official White House Photograph). TOP Elizabeth Taylor, who had an interest in the NIH’s AIDS program, then located at both NCI and NIAID, shaking hands with me, while Terry Lierman shakes hands with the NIH’s director, James Wyngaarden, third from the left, and the NIAID director, Anthony Fauci, in white lab coat, looks on. BOTTOM Former surgeon general C. Everett Koop taking a tour. With a patient on 12 West. I loved taking care of patients, and this was one of the hardest things for me to give up when I became the director of the NCI. Whenever the politics and the administrative work of the war on cancer became overwhelming, I’d take time to make rounds to visit with the patients.

Life on the Rocks: Building a Future for Coral Reefs
by Juli Berwald
Published 4 Apr 2022

Patchiness, he said, was what characterized the reef. Each polyp, each colony, each reef responded differently. This is what unifies life on our planet: variety. And the source of that variety is the long string of molecules that make up genes. We are all—from the coral waving its tentacles on the Great Barrier Reef to Dr. Anthony Fauci giving yet one more interview—an assortment of genes, and, through those genes, an array of responses. Even the novel coronavirus itself was nothing more than a string of molecules capable of mutation. That summer, I read about an early variant discovered in India—two beads on the string of molecules were traded for others; these were random mutations.

It's Better Than It Looks: Reasons for Optimism in an Age of Fear
by Gregg Easterbrook
Published 20 Feb 2018

A 2013 survey by Novus: Mats Elzén and Per Fernström, The Ignorance Survey (Stockholm: Novus, 2013). In 2015, Georgetown University professor Steven Radelet: Steven Radelet, The Great Surge (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2015). Chapter 2 A top official at the US National Institutes of Health (NIH) declares: Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases at NIH, said, “It’s almost certain that within a reasonable period of time we will experience an influenza pandemic.” See “Bird Flu: How Concerned Should We Be?,” transcript of meeting of the Council on Foreign Relations, October 8, 2005.

Rationality: What It Is, Why It Seems Scarce, Why It Matters
by Steven Pinker
Published 14 Oct 2021

Yet in that same year, the Covid-19 pandemic set off a carnival of cockamamie conspiracy theories: that the disease was a bioweapon engineered in a Chinese lab, a hoax spread by the Democratic Party to sabotage Donald Trump’s chances of reelection, a subterfuge by Bill Gates to implant trackable microchips in people’s bodies, a plot by a cabal of global elites to control the world economy, a symptom of the rollout of fifth-generation mobile data networks, and a means for Anthony Fauci (director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases) to earn windfall profits from a vaccine.1 Shortly before the announcements of the vaccines, a third of Americans said they would reject them, part of an anti-vax movement that opposes the most benevolent invention in the history of our species.2 Covid quackery has been endorsed by celebrities, politicians, and, disturbingly, the most powerful person on earth at the time of the pandemic, US president Donald Trump.

Homegrown: Timothy McVeigh and the Rise of Right-Wing Extremism
by Jeffrey Toobin
Published 1 May 2023

Then the insurrection of January 6 represented the apotheosis of Trump’s presidency—when the implicit menace in Trump’s language, amplified over social media, was translated into unprecedented violence. After the storming of the Capitol, the language of violence became standard within the modern Republican Party. In a speech in Texas in July 2022, Trump said, “Despite great outside dangers, our biggest threat remains the sick, sinister, evil people within our own country.” After Dr. Anthony Fauci, the government official who led the response to the Covid pandemic, announced he would be retiring, Florida governor Ron DeSantis said, “Someone needs to grab that little elf and chuck him across the Potomac.” After the FBI obtained a warrant and searched Trump’s Mar-a-Lago home in August 2022, Senator Rick Scott, the leader of the Republican Senate campaign committee, compared the federal government to “the Gestapo.”

Limitless: The Federal Reserve Takes on a New Age of Crisis
by Jeanna Smialek
Published 27 Feb 2023

People were beginning to panic as colleges canceled classes and cities issued notices telling businesses to close their doors. The world had experienced nothing like the pandemic in a century. On March 10, a week after the Fed’s move, Seattle closed public schools, making it the first major city in the United States to do so.[17] Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, told members of Congress that the coronavirus was ten times as deadly as seasonal flu. News broke the following day that March Madness, the college basketball tournament, would be played without fans. It was not clear that elected politicians were going to respond quickly to the unfolding crisis.

Superclass: The Global Power Elite and the World They Are Making
by David Rothkopf
Published 18 Mar 2008

It requires something more than just being innovative or rigorous or capable of elegant scientific reasoning. It also requires the ability to translate discoveries and conclusions into action. Molina meets this requirement and, indeed, is a superb example of what might be called the scientist-activist, a number of whom certainly qualify to be members of the superclass, ranging from the likes of Anthony Fauci of the U.S. National Institutes of Health, who was at the vanguard of scientists working to both combat and raise awareness of AIDS, to J. Craig Venter, an evangelist for the benefits of mapping the human genome, to those on the darker side of the use of their scientific skills, such as Pakistan’s A.

The Pandemic Century: One Hundred Years of Panic, Hysteria, and Hubris
by Mark Honigsbaum
Published 8 Apr 2019

However, two months later, the Journal of the American Medical Association gave a completely different impression, publishing an article about eight cases of unexplained immune deficiency among children in Newark, New Jersey, four of whom had died, and stated that “sexual contact, drug abuse or exposure to blood products is not necessary for disease transmission.” Worse, in an accompanying editorial, Anthony Fauci, the head of the NIAID and the leading federal AIDS researcher, compounded the offense by stating there was a “possibility that routine close contact, as within a family household” could spread the disease. In case the press failed to get the message, the American Medical Association also issued a press release headlined, “Evidence Suggests Household Contact May Transmit AIDS,” in which it quoted Fauci as saying that the possibility of “non-sexual, non-blood borne transmission” had “enormous implications” and that “If routine close contact can spread the disease, AIDS takes on an entirely new dimension.”

As Gods: A Moral History of the Genetic Age
by Matthew Cobb
Published 15 Nov 2022

At least twenty-two people fell ill, and five died.v Although the anthrax letters had no apparent political motive and did not involve any form of genetic engineering, they amplified existing worries about the ability of scientists to produce biological weapons and the risk of describing potentially dangerous experiments in scientific journals where they might be read by malicious forces. Within weeks, Anthony Fauci and his colleagues at the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) were highlighting bioterrorism as ‘a clear and present danger’ and warning of a massive potential threat to the public.55 The overwhelming focus was on the menace of Islamist terrorist organisations, in supposed liaison with a hotch-potch of baddies such as Iraq, Iran and various ex-Soviet states.

The Quiet Coup: Neoliberalism and the Looting of America
by Mehrsa Baradaran
Published 7 May 2024

YouTube videos and viral “news” stories promise to “expose the plot to destroy America.” They blame the “deep state,” Russian operatives, pedophile rings, “social justice warriors,” immigrants, terrorists, Chinese scientists, “globalists,” drug companies, the Fed, George Soros, Antifa, Black Lives Matter, “cultural Marxism,” critical race theory, Anthony Fauci, and others. Protesters accuse school boards of racial indoctrination, “patriots” attack the Capitol to save America from traitors, and many denounce vaccines and masks as state tyranny. The viral success of these conspiracy theories is not just a consequence of shameless politicians or of social media algorithms that have hooked us on sensationalism and lunacy.

The Aristocracy of Talent: How Meritocracy Made the Modern World
by Adrian Wooldridge
Published 2 Jun 2021

He later led government criticism of civil servants and leading lawyers on the grounds that they were all members of a London-based elite who – whatever their brainpower and qualifications – viewed the world through the same metropolitan filter. THE FUTURE OF POPULISM The Covid-19 crisis destroyed Trump’s chances of re-election not just because it slowed the previously roaring US economy but because it highlighted his incompetence. Trump ignored the advice of medical experts and eventually sacked his chief medical adviser, Anthony Fauci. He sidelined global institutions and withdrew America from the World Health Organization. He made grandiloquent statements about Covid – it was ‘totally under control’ (22 January 2020), pretty much ‘shut-down’ (2 February), destined to ‘disappear’ (27 February), ‘going to go away’ (12 March) – and hinted that it was a hoax created by the ‘deep state’ in order to destroy his re-election chances.

The Survival of the City: Human Flourishing in an Age of Isolation
by Edward Glaeser and David Cutler
Published 14 Sep 2021

Fixing this took weeks; in the end, the CDC simply chose to ignore this third test. But the impact of this delay was enormous. During this time, universities and private labs were not allowed to implement their own tests, further setting back knowledge of the disease’s spread. An exasperated Anthony Fauci, director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases and a member of the administration’s COVID-19 task force, told Congress: “The idea of anybody getting [tested] easily the way that people in other countries are doing it—we’re not set up for that. Do I think we should be? Yes.

On the Edge: The Art of Risking Everything
by Nate Silver
Published 12 Aug 2024

But COVID revealed that some attempt at rigorous analysis is worthwhile. Otherwise you wind up with a hodgepodge of rituals and contradictions—like people pulling up their masks while they walked by the hostess stand for five seconds at a restaurant, only to rip them off for a two-hour dinner at a crowded table surrounded by strangers. Even Dr. Anthony Fauci, by the time I spoke with him in August 2022, had come to question some countries’ reliance on lockdowns when they weren’t part of a coherent overall strategy. China, for instance, “locked down but they didn’t vaccinate their elderly,” he said. “If you are going to restrict—i.e., lock down—make sure you utilize that in a way that will allow you to unlock.

Global Catastrophic Risks
by Nick Bostrom and Milan M. Cirkovic
Published 2 Jul 2008

This retrovirus (later definitively subcategorized as a Lenti [slow] virus) initially seemed to be restricted to a limited number of homosexual men, but its pervasive and worldwide effects on both sexes and young and old alike are all too evident in the present century. Initial recognition of H IV 1A I D S in 1981 began with reports of an unusual pneumonia in homosexual men caused by Pneumocystis carinii and previously seen almost exclusively in immunocompromised subjects. In an editorial in Science ( Fauci, 2006) , Anthony Fauci writes, Twenty five years later, the human immunodeficiency virus ( H IV) . . . has reached virtually every corner of the globe, infecting more than 65 million people. Of these, 25 million have died'. Much has been learned in the past twenty-five years. The origin of the virus is most probably chimpanzees ( Heeney et al., 2006), who carry asymptomatically a closely related virus, SIV (S for simian).

The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (The Princeton Economic History of the Western World)
by Robert J. Gordon
Published 12 Jan 2016

Life expectancy statistics from “Stages of HIV Infection,” www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/just-diagnosed-with-hiv-aids/hiv-in-your-body/stages-of-hiv/. 48. Facts in this paragraph from “Thirty Years of HIV/AIDS: Snapshots of an Epidemic,” www.amfar.org/thirty-years-of-hiv/aids-snapshots-of-an-epidemic/. 49. https://www.aids.gov/hiv-aids-basics/hiv-aids-101/statistics/. 50. Quote from Anthony Fauci, www.cnn.com/2013/12/01/health/hiv-today/. 51. Cole and Fiore (2014), pp. 131–32. 52. Tavernise and Gebeloff (2014), pp. A1, A17. 53. Facts from Starr (1982), p. 345; the quotation comes from p. 337. 54. National Alliance on Mental Illness (2013), p. 1. 55. Gardner (2014). The “blanket of orange” description comes from an audio file on the online article page of a Judith Lyons describing her memory. 56.

The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance
by Laurie Garrett
Published 31 Oct 1994

Having long since switched most medical research priorities to chronic diseases, and only recently having developed an infrastructure for AIDS research, the NIH was caught with its pants down. Impressed by the urgency of pleas for assistance emanating from both the public health community and a terrified HIV-positive population, National Institute for Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) director Dr. Anthony Fauci convened an emergency meeting on tuberculosis in Bethesda on February 10, 1992. All of America’s leading tuberculosis experts were invited—all forty or fifty of them. Looking around the sparsely attended room, Barry Bloom, a TB expert for WHO and researcher at the Albert Einstein School of Medicine in the Bronx, addressed Fauci directly, saying, “If I were you, I’d ask myself how there could possibly be scientific expertise in this country on tuberculosis if you’re only handing out twenty-three research grants a year.”

Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House
by Peter Baker
Published 21 Oct 2013

Gerson was already thought of as “the custodian of compassionate conservatism within the White House,” as Bolten called him, and he took special interest in AIDS, which had killed his college roommate. Bolten assembled key White House policy aides Gary Edson, Jay Lefkowitz, and Kristen Silverberg in his office. In seeking something transformative, the only outsider they called in was Anthony Fauci, the renowned AIDS researcher and director of the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases. “What if money were no object?” Bolten asked. “What would you do?” Bolten and the others expected him to talk about research for a vaccine because that was what he worked on. “I’d love to have a few billion more dollars for vaccine research,” Fauci said, “but we’re putting a lot of money into it, and I could not give you any assurance that another single dollar spent on vaccine research is going to get us to a vaccine any faster than we are now.”