Barry Marshall: ulcers Concepts

Think Like a Freak

by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner · 11 May 2014 · 240pp · 65,363 words

to find a cure—not, at least, by the people whose careers depended on the prevailing ulcer treatment. Fortunately the world is more diverse than that. In 1981, a young Australian medical resident named Barry Marshall was on the hunt for a research project. He had just taken up a rotation in the

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Were these human bacteria indeed Campylobacter? What kind of diseases might they lead to? And why were they so concentrated among patients with gastric trouble? Barry Marshall, as it turns out, was already familiar with Campylobacter, for his father had worked as a refrigeration engineer in a chicken-packing plant. Marshall’s

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would say, ‘That’s old-fashioned. There’s no basis for it in fact.’ ‘Yes, but people have been doing it for hundreds of years, Barry.’ ” Marshall was excited by the mystery he inherited. Using samples from Dr. Warren’s patients, he tried to culture the squiggly bacteria in the lab. For

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mind, there were two likely possibilities: 1. He would develop an ulcer. “And then, hallelujah, it’d be proven.” 2. He wouldn’t develop an ulcer. “If nothing happened, my two years of research to that point would have been wasted.” Barry Marshall was probably the only person in human history rooting for himself

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wisdom dies hard. Even today, many people still believe that ulcers are caused by stress or spicy foods. Fortunately, doctors now know better. The medical community finally came to acknowledge that while everyone else was simply treating the symptoms of an ulcer, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren had uncovered its root cause. In 2005

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of a microorganism that has been merrily swimming through our intestines the whole time? Perhaps—just as it seemed absurd to all those ulcer doctors and pharmaceutical executives that Barry Marshall knew what he was talking about. To be sure, these are early days in microbial exploration. The gut is still a frontier

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sick person needs a transfusion of healthy gut bacteria. What is a viable source? Doctors like Thomas Borody, an Australian gastroenterologist who drew inspiration from Barry Marshall’s ulcer research, have identified one answer: human feces. Yes, it appears that the microbe-rich excrement of a healthy person may be just the medicine

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of fecal therapy as “equivalent to the discovery of antibiotics.” But first, there is much skepticism to overcome. “Well, the feedback is very much like Barry Marshall’s,” says Borody. “I was initially ostracized. Even now my colleagues avoid talking about this or meeting me at conferences. Although this is changing. I

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sprawl. It is easy to get seduced by complexity; but there is virtue in simplicity too. Let’s return briefly to Barry Marshall, our bacteria-gulping Aussie hero who cracked the ulcer code. His father, you’ll remember, was an engineer—in a chicken-packing plant, on whaling boats, and elsewhere. “We

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. . .”: See Roy Porter, The Greatest Benefit to Mankind: A Medical History of Humanity from Antiquity to the Present (HarperCollins, 1997). 78 CONSIDER THE ULCER: The story of Barry Marshall (and Robin Warren) is fascinating and heroic from start to end. We strongly encourage you to read more about him, in any or all

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were most reliant on a wonderful long interview conducted by the estimable Norman Swan, an Australian physician who works as a journalist. See Norman Swan, “Interviews with Australian Scientists: Professor Barry Marshall,” Australian Academy of Science

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in One Easy Lesson: Barry Marshall on Being . . . Right,” Slate.com, September 9, 2010; Pamela Weintraub, “The Dr. Who Drank Infectious Broth, Gave Himself

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an Ulcer, and Solved a Medical Mystery,” Discover, March 2010; and “Barry J. Marshall, Autobiography,” The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine

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May 31, 2012. 93 AS ALBERT EINSTEIN LIKED TO SAY . . . : Thanks again to Garson O’Toole at QuoteInvestigator.com. 94 LET’S RETURN BRIEFLY TO BARRY MARSHALL: Once again, we drew heavily from the excellent interview of Marshall conducted by Norman Swan, “Interviews with Australian Scientists: Professor

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Barry Marshall,” Australian Academy of Science, 2008. 96 EXPERT PERFORMANCE: See, for starters, Stephen J. Dubner and Steven D. Levitt, “A Star Is Made,” The New York

The Emperor of All Maladies: A Biography of Cancer

by Siddhartha Mukherjee · 16 Nov 2010 · 1,294pp · 210,361 words

curiouser” You’re under a lot of stress, my dear. You haven’t really got anything wrong with yourself. We’ll give you an antidepressant. —Barry Marshall on the treatment of women with gastritis, a precancerous lesion, in the 1960s The classification of tobacco smoke as a potent carcinogen—and the slow

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organism—a bacterium. In 1979, the year that Blumberg’s hepatitis B vaccine was beginning its trial in America, a junior resident in medicine named Barry Marshall and a gastroenterologist, Robin Warren, both at the Royal Perth Hospital in Australia, set out to investigate the cause of stomach inflammation, gastritis, a condition

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and peptic ulcers. But he could not isolate the bacteria in any form on a plate, dish, or culture. Others could not see the organism; Warren could not grow it; the whole theory, with its blue haze of alien organisms growing above craters in the stomach, smacked of science fiction. Barry Marshall, in

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made no difference. For cancer prevention to work, Auerbach’s march—the prodrome of cancer—had to be halted early. Although unorthodox in the extreme, Barry Marshall’s “experiment”—swallowing a carcinogen to create a precancerous state in his own stomach—encapsulated a growing sense of impatience and frustration among cancer epidemiologists

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Countries,” British Medical Journal 332, no. 7537 (2006): 313–14. “Curiouser and curiouser” 276 You’re under a lot of stress: Transcript of interview with Barry Marshall and an anonymous interviewer, National Health and Medical Research Council archives, Australia. 276 In the early 1970s, for instance, a series of studies: J. S

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”: J. Robin Warren, “Helicobacter: The Ease and Difficulty of a New Discovery (Nobel Lecture),” ChemMedChem 1, no. 7 (2006): 672–85. 282 Barry Marshall and Robin Warren’s discovery of ulcer-causing bacteria: J. R. Warren, “Unidentified Curved Bacteria on Gastric Epithelium in Active Chronic Gastritis,” Lancet 321, no. 8336 (1983): 1273–75

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; Barry J. Marshall and J. Robin Warren, “Unidentified Curved Bacilli in the Stomach of Patients with Gastritis and Peptic Ulceration,” Lancet 323, no. 8390 (1984): 1311–15; Barry Marshall, Helicobacter Pioneers: Firsthand Accounts from the Scientists Who Discovered Helicobacters, 1892–1982 (Hoboken, NJ: Wiley-Blackwell, 2002); Warren, “Helicobacter: The Ease

The Rise and Fall of Modern Medicine

by M. D. James le Fanu M. D. · 1 Jan 1999 · 564pp · 163,106 words

Edwards – by the ability to have children. 12 1984: HELICOBACTER – THE CAUSE OF PEPTIC ULCER This twelfth and last definitive moment of post-war medicine seems much the least significant. In 1983 a young Australian doctor, Barry Marshall, reported the presence of an ‘unidentified curved bacillus’ (a new type of crescent-shaped bacterium

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the cause of these illnesses. If a bacterium can cause peptic ulcer then presumably other as-yet-unidentified infectious agents might also be responsible for multiple sclerosis or rheumatoid arthritis. In the summer of 1984 a 32-year-old Australian doctor, Barry Marshall, swallowed a cocktail containing large numbers of the bacterium helicobacter

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’ with changes in personality or methods of parenting or stressful types of work; points rather, inescapably, to an infectious cause, belatedly identified by the young Barry Marshall. So how did Marshall stumble on the cause of this common disease that had eluded the medical profession for so long? In 1983 Dr J

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azathioprine’s capacity to induce immunological tolerance. This diversity of discovery is perhaps best illustrated by the contrast between the experiences of Bob Edwards and Barry Marshall. Bob Edwards first had to demonstrate that not one but two accepted truths about human fertilisation were in error before even starting on the major

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project of in vitro fertilisation, which then frustratingly took seven years to be realised. By comparison, Barry Marshall had it easy. His discovery of the significance of helicobacter in peptic ulcer depended on his complete lack of any experience of medical research, which allowed him to think the unthinkable – that

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cause might be a bacterium or virus that has been overlooked or has proved difficult to isolate. Here, Dr Barry Marshall’s discovery in 1984 of helicobacter as the cause of peptic ulcer is the classic example, and it is interesting to note how the same organism has subsequently been implicated in other

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Kirsner (Lea & Febiger, 1994). Robert J. Hopkins, ‘Helicobacter Pylori: The Missing Link in Perspective’, AJM, 1994, Vol. 97, pp. 265–77. Howard M. Spiro, ‘Peptic Ulcer: Moynihan’s or Marshall’s Disease’, The Lancet, 1998, Vol. 352, pp. 645–6. REFERENCES 1.Barry J. Marshall et al., ‘Attempt to Fulfil Koch

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luteinising hormone (LH) 190, 191 lysozymes 18 malaria 243 Malpas, J. S. 178 Manhattan Project 215, 218 Maniatis, Thomas 320 Marimastat 332 Marshall, Barry peptic ulcers 202, 208–10, 212, 217, 411 self-experimentation 204, 205 Marsilid 509 McCallum, F. V. 243 McElwain, Tim 177 McIndoe, Sir Archie 253 McIntire, Ross

Made to Stick: Why Some Ideas Survive and Others Die

by Chip Heath and Dan Heath · 18 Dec 2006 · 313pp · 94,490 words

way to “cure” an ulcer. In the early 1980s, two medical researchers from Perth, Australia, made an astonishing discovery: Ulcers are caused by bacteria. The researchers, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, identified a tiny spiral-shaped type of bacteria as the culprit. (It

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the Sahara. The second problem was the source. At the time of the discovery, Robin Warren was a staff pathologist at a hospital in Perth; Barry Marshall was a thirty-year-old internist in training, not even a doctor yet. The medical community expects important discoveries to come from Ph.D.s

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believe our ideas? We’ve got to find a source of credibility to draw on. Sometimes the wellsprings are dry, as Barry Marshall discovered in his quest to cure the ulcer. Drawing on external credibility didn’t work—the endorsement of his supervisors and his institution in Perth didn’t seem to be

Radical Uncertainty: Decision-Making for an Unknowable Future

by Mervyn King and John Kay · 5 Mar 2020 · 807pp · 154,435 words

acid in the stomach. Dr Robin Warren, an Australian pathologist, tried for many years to argue that ulcers were in fact the result of a bacterial infection. In the 1980s, together with fellow Australian Barry Marshall, he studied biopsies from a hundred patients and cultivated a bacterium which became known as Helicobacter pylori

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Musk, George Orwell. Ignaz Semmelweis, whose dogmatic conviction of his own rightness drove him to insanity but helped save the lives of millions of women. Barry Marshall, who changed medical practice and won a Nobel Prize by infecting himself with bacteria. None of this behaviour has anything to do with the utility

QI: The Book of General Ignorance - The Noticeably Stouter Edition

by Lloyd, John and Mitchinson, John · 7 Oct 2010 · 624pp · 104,923 words

one in ten people. They are painful and potentially lethal. Napoleon and James Joyce both died from complications connected with stomach ulcers. In the early 1980s, two Australian pathologists, Barry Marshall and Robin Warren, noticed that a previously unidentified bacterium colonised the bottom part of the stomachs of people who suffered from gastritis

Jellyfish Age Backwards: Nature's Secrets to Longevity

by Nicklas Brendborg · 17 Jan 2023 · 222pp · 68,595 words

1980s in Perth, Australia, a pathologist named Robin Warren noticed something strange in laboratory samples from peptic ulcer patients. When examining them closely, he could see small, spiral-shaped bacteria in all of them. Warren approached a young doctor named Barry Marshall, who immediately began investigating. At the time, people knew that peptic

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to convince the necessary authorities. The only option was to prove their theory in humans once and for all. But how? With pure Australian nerve, Barry Marshall decided to use himself as a guinea pig. He isolated the spiral-shaped bacteria from a patient, let them grow established in a culture – and

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, the spiral bacterium, Helicobacter pylori, was gradually recognised as the primary cause of peptic ulcers, and also as the cause of most cases of stomach cancer. Victory was sweet for the stubborn Australians. In 2005, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall were awarded the greatest honour in science, the Nobel Prize, for their discovery

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a virus, and then you develop a corresponding disease. This was one of the reasons Robin Warren and Barry Marshall met resistance. They were working to prove that the bacterium Helicobacter pylori causes peptic ulcers and stomach cancer. But some people carry Helicobacter pylori in their stomachs with no problems. Nevertheless, the bacterium

Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives

by Tim Harford · 3 Oct 2016 · 349pp · 95,972 words

carried out the most famous piece of self-experimentation since Benjamin Franklin (perhaps) flew a kite in a thunderstorm. Barry Marshall was frustrated by treating stomach ulcers, which were thought to be caused by stress. Ulcers weren’t curable, but managing their symptoms was a fantastically profitable business, producing the first blockbuster drugs, Tagamet

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a lot of money riding on it being untrue. Irritated and determined to prove his point, Barry Marshall drank a flask full of H. pylori. He swiftly became ill, with an inflamed stomach full of incipient ulcers—and just as swiftly cured himself with a course of antibiotics. Finally Marshall and Warren had

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vaginal fluids in an effort to colonize his daughter’s skin with those maternal microbes. That was speculative—Wild West science in the tradition of Barry Marshall. But Professor Knight is now running a controlled study of much the same technique with babies born by cesarean section in Puerto Rico.9 Finally

Evil Genes: Why Rome Fell, Hitler Rose, Enron Failed, and My Sister Stole My Mother's Boyfriend

by Barbara Oakley Phd · 20 Oct 2008

up to be is that occasionally, a seeming eccentric is proven correct. Dr. Barry Marshall, for example, came up with the idea that bacteria were the cause of most stomach ulcers. He was ridiculed by an establishment that had long held ulcers were caused by stress, spicy foods, and an overly acidic stomach. Scientists

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(Washington, DC: Brassey's, 2000), p. 115. 72. Langer, Mind of Adolf Hitler, p. 95. 73. Bromberg and Small, Hitler's Psychopathology, p. 300. 74. “Barry Marshall Interview: Nobel Prize in Medicine,” Academy of Achievement, October 22, 2006, http://www.achievement.org/autodoc/printmember/mar1int-1 (accessed February 24, 2007); P. H

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, cooperation, and the caudate, 20–22 vasopressin, oxytocin—and gullibility, 83 social aspects altruistic individuals whose beneficent acts serve others well Barry Marshall and the discovery of the cause of ulcers, 307n Bill and Melinda Gates, 319 Linda Mealey and her father's bestowal of Award for Young Investigators in her name, 253

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most altruistic silent out of fear for their loved ones, 333–34 social aspects altruistic individuals whose beneficent acts serve others well Barry Marshall and the discovery of the cause of ulcers, 307n Bill and Melinda Gates, 319 Linda Mealey and her father's bestowal of Award for Young Investigators in her name

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(Slobodan Milosevic's wife and virtual Svengali), 155, 166–67 marriages, troubled, in relation to family discord and genetics, 60 Marshall, Barry, “crackpot” researcher on ulcers, is ultimately proved correct, 307n Martha Stewart—Just Desserts (Jerry Oppenheimer), 293–94 Martin, Bradley K. (Under the Loving Care of the Fatherly Leader), 269n

10% Human: How Your Body's Microbes Hold the Key to Health and Happiness

by Alanna Collen · 4 May 2015 · 372pp · 111,573 words

stress to prevent them from getting better. But then, in 1982, two Australian scientists, Robin Warren and Barry Marshall, discovered the truth. A bacterium called Helicobacter pylori that sometimes colonised the stomach was causing ulcers and the related condition gastritis. Stress and caffeine simply made them more painful. Such was the resistance of