Bellingcat

description: an independent online investigative journalism website

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pages: 277 words: 70,506

We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News
by Eliot Higgins
Published 2 Mar 2021

v=SkCcCmYlMZc 39 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/01/27/is-this-the-launch-site-of-the-missile-that-shot-down-flight-mh17/ 40 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/05/31/mh17-forensic-analysis-of-satellite-images-released-by-the-russian-ministry-of-defence/ 41 www.gofundme.com/bellingcatsat 42 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/06/12/july-17-imagery-mod-comparison/ 43 www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/53rd-report-public.pdf 44 www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2014/12/17/mexicos-guerra-al-narco-a-disaster-rooted-in-misinterpretations/www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2015/03/20/assessing-mexicos-guerra-al-narco/www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2016/02/25/geolocating-mexican-sicarios-in-chihuahua/ www.bellingcat.com/news/2015/08/07/tracking-swiss-watches-in-sinaloa-top-6-luxury-brands-among-mexican-drug-lords/ 45 www.bellingcat.com/resources/2015/10/05/gangs-of-detroit-osint-and-indictment-documents/ 46 www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/02/05/yemens-bombed-water-infrastructure/ 47 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2015/10/05/crowdsourced-geolocation-and-analysis-of-russian-mod-airstrike-videos-from-syria/www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2015/10/26/what-russias-own-videos-and-maps-reveal-about-who-they-are-bombing-in-syria/ 48 www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2015/03/15/how-tall-is-that-gantry/ www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2015/04/10/theres-a-map-for-that/ 49 medium.com/1st-draft/baltimore-looting-tweets-show-importance-of-quick-and-easy-image-checks-a713bbcc275e 50 www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2015/05/08/manual-reverse-image-search-with-google-and-tineye/ 51 www.bellingcat.com/resources/case-studies/2014/08/23/the-hills-of-raqqa-geolocating-the-james-foley-video/ 52 www.bellingcat.com/resources/case-studies/2015/11/23/how-we-found-one-of-the-paris-suicide-bombers-on-facebook/ 53 www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Hiding_in_Plain_Sight/HPS_English.pdf 54 By March 2019, they had funded 662 projects totalling 140 million euros.www.blog.google/around-the-globe/google-europe/digital-news-innovation-fund-three-years-and-662-total-projects-supported/ 55 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2016/05/13/dataset-of-russian-attacks-against-syrias-civilians/ 3 FIREWALL OF FACTS 1 threatconnect.com/blog/faketivist-vs-hacktivist-how-they-differ/ 2 www.apnews.com/69b28dd8fc034cb0a2528048638d7893 3 threatconnect.com/blog/tapping-into-democratic-national-committee/threatconnect.com/blog/does-a-bear-leak-in-the-woods/ 4 threatconnect.com/blog/russia-hacks-bellingcat-mh17-investigation/ 5 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2015/10/05/crowdsourced-geolocation-and-analysis-of-russian-mod-airstrike-videos-from-syria/ 6 www.rt.com/news/317971-bellingcat-russia-syria-videos-geolocation/ 7 www.linkedin.com/in/richard-galustian-a834136 8 russia-insider.com/en/understanding-history-zionism/ri26852 9 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2016/04/14/response-from-the-russian-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-to-bellingcat-regarding-fakery-allegations/ www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2016/04/22/mfa-plagiarism/ 10 www.whitehelmets.org/en/ 11 www.infowars.com/report-soros-linked-group-behind-chemical-attack-in-syria/ www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/us/politics/factcheck-syria-strike-conspiracy-theories.html 12 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2017/07/04/khan-sheikhoun-false-flag-conspiracy-actually-mean/ 13 www.thedailybeast.com/the-kardashian-look-alike-trolling-for-assad 14 www.youtube.com/watch?

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europe=true 24 twitter.com/DisinfoPortal/status/1113190404105568257 25 euvsdisinfo.eu/figure-of-the-week-111486-0619/ www.groene.nl/artikel/het-mh17-complot 26 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/07/24/caught-in-a-lie-compelling-evidence-russia-lied-about-the-buk-linked-to-mh17/ 27 ukraineatwar.blogspot.com/2014/07/another-photo-of-mh17-buk-transport.html 28 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/07/28/two-more-key-sightings-of-the-mh17-buk-missile-launcher/ 29 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/07/28/the-buk-that-could-an-open-source-odyssey/ 30 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/07/22/the-latest-open-source-theories-speculation-and-debunks-on-flight-mh17/ www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2014/08/06/investigating-the-mh17-crash-site-with-meedans-checkdesk/web.archive.org/web/20140825231735/http://bellingcat.checkdesk.org/en/story/24 31 www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2014/08/28/russias-version-of-the-navy-seals-may-be-fighting-in-ukraine/ 32 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/09/08/images-show-the-buk-that-downed-flight-mh17-inside-russia-controlled-by-russian-troops/ 33 www.themoscowtimes.com/archive/activist-plans-protest-amid-outrage-over-talk-show-hosts-homophobic-meteor-comments 34 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/10/11/russian-tv-inadvertently-demonstrates-mh17-wasnt-shot-down-by-aircraft-cannon-fire/ 35 www.bellingcat.com/news/2014/11/14/russian-state-television-shares-fake-images-of-mh17-being-attacked/ 36 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/11/08/origin-of-the-separatists-buk-a-bellingcat-investigation/ 37 www.bellingcat.com/resources/case-studies/2015/01/27/examining-the-mh17-launch-smoke-photographs/ 38 www.youtube.com/watch?v=SkCcCmYlMZc 39 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/01/27/is-this-the-launch-site-of-the-missile-that-shot-down-flight-mh17/ 40 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/05/31/mh17-forensic-analysis-of-satellite-images-released-by-the-russian-ministry-of-defence/ 41 www.gofundme.com/bellingcatsat 42 www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/06/12/july-17-imagery-mod-comparison/ 43 www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/53rd-report-public.pdf 44 www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2014/12/17/mexicos-guerra-al-narco-a-disaster-rooted-in-misinterpretations/www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2015/03/20/assessing-mexicos-guerra-al-narco/www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2016/02/25/geolocating-mexican-sicarios-in-chihuahua/ www.bellingcat.com/news/2015/08/07/tracking-swiss-watches-in-sinaloa-top-6-luxury-brands-among-mexican-drug-lords/ 45 www.bellingcat.com/resources/2015/10/05/gangs-of-detroit-osint-and-indictment-documents/ 46 www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2016/02/05/yemens-bombed-water-infrastructure/ 47 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2015/10/05/crowdsourced-geolocation-and-analysis-of-russian-mod-airstrike-videos-from-syria/www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2015/10/26/what-russias-own-videos-and-maps-reveal-about-who-they-are-bombing-in-syria/ 48 www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2015/03/15/how-tall-is-that-gantry/ www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2015/04/10/theres-a-map-for-that/ 49 medium.com/1st-draft/baltimore-looting-tweets-show-importance-of-quick-and-easy-image-checks-a713bbcc275e 50 www.bellingcat.com/resources/how-tos/2015/05/08/manual-reverse-image-search-with-google-and-tineye/ 51 www.bellingcat.com/resources/case-studies/2014/08/23/the-hills-of-raqqa-geolocating-the-james-foley-video/ 52 www.bellingcat.com/resources/case-studies/2015/11/23/how-we-found-one-of-the-paris-suicide-bombers-on-facebook/ 53 www.atlanticcouncil.org/images/publications/Hiding_in_Plain_Sight/HPS_English.pdf 54 By March 2019, they had funded 662 projects totalling 140 million euros.www.blog.google/around-the-globe/google-europe/digital-news-innovation-fund-three-years-and-662-total-projects-supported/ 55 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2016/05/13/dataset-of-russian-attacks-against-syrias-civilians/ 3 FIREWALL OF FACTS 1 threatconnect.com/blog/faketivist-vs-hacktivist-how-they-differ/ 2 www.apnews.com/69b28dd8fc034cb0a2528048638d7893 3 threatconnect.com/blog/tapping-into-democratic-national-committee/threatconnect.com/blog/does-a-bear-leak-in-the-woods/ 4 threatconnect.com/blog/russia-hacks-bellingcat-mh17-investigation/ 5 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2015/10/05/crowdsourced-geolocation-and-analysis-of-russian-mod-airstrike-videos-from-syria/ 6 www.rt.com/news/317971-bellingcat-russia-syria-videos-geolocation/ 7 www.linkedin.com/in/richard-galustian-a834136 8 russia-insider.com/en/understanding-history-zionism/ri26852 9 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2016/04/14/response-from-the-russian-ministry-of-foreign-affairs-to-bellingcat-regarding-fakery-allegations/ www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2016/04/22/mfa-plagiarism/ 10 www.whitehelmets.org/en/ 11 www.infowars.com/report-soros-linked-group-behind-chemical-attack-in-syria/ www.nytimes.com/2017/04/10/us/politics/factcheck-syria-strike-conspiracy-theories.html 12 www.bellingcat.com/resources/articles/2017/07/04/khan-sheikhoun-false-flag-conspiracy-actually-mean/ 13 www.thedailybeast.com/the-kardashian-look-alike-trolling-for-assad 14 www.youtube.com/watch?

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Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media
by Peter Warren Singer and Emerson T. Brooking
Published 15 Mar 2018

,” Brown Moses Blog, September 16, 2013, http://brown-moses.blogspot.com/2013/09/who-was-responsible-for-august-21st.html. 73 published its first report: Eliot Higgins, “Buk Transporter Filmed ‘Heading to Russia’ Sighted in an Earlier Photograph,” Bellingcat, July 18, 2014, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/07/18/buk-transporter-filmed-heading-to-russia-sighted-in-an-earlier-photograph/. 73 pattern of shrapnel damage: Eliot Higgins, “The Latest Open Source Theories, Speculation and Debunks on Flight MH17,” Bellingcat, July 22, 2014, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/07/22/the-latest-open-source-theories-speculation-and-debunks-on-flight-mh17/. 73 “a lot of obsessive people”: Keefe, “Rocket Man.” 73 His in-laws thought: Aric Toler, interview with authors, Washington, DC, March 10, 2016. 73 soon after the crash: Higgins, “Buk Transporter.” 74 the equivalent of: “Origin of the Separatists’ Buk: A Bellingcat Investigation,” Bellingcat, November 8, 2014, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2014/11/08/origin-of-the-separatists-buk-a-bellingcat-investigation/. 74 mapping out the odyssey: Bellingcat interactive map, Mapbox, accessed March 18, 2018, https://www.mapbox.com/labs/bellingcat/index.html. 74 even snapped a picture: Toler interview. 74 Worried about their loved ones: “MH17—Potential Suspects and Witnesses from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade,” Bellingcat, 2016, https://www.bellingcat.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/53rd-report-public.pdf. 75 It included the names: Janene Pieters, “Twenty Russians Wanted for Questioning in MH17 Downing,” NL Times, January 4, 2016, http://nltimes.nl/2016/01/04/twenty-russians-wanted-questioning-mh17-downing. 75 One OSINT analyst: Email to authors, February 8, 2016. 76 GVA Dictator Alert: Amar Toor, “This Twitter Bot Is Tracking Dictators’ Flights in and out of Geneva,” The Verge, October 13, 2016, https://www.theverge.com/2016/10/13/13243072/twitter-bot-tracks-dictator-planes-geneva-gva-tracker. 76 one of every five: Eric Gomez, “How Collectible Medals and Facebook Likes Encouraged Cheaters in the Mexico City Marathon,” ESPN.com, April 16, 2018, http://www.espn.com/blog/onenacion/post/_/id/8439/how-collectible-medals-and-likes-encouraged-cheaters-in-the-mexico-city-marathon. 76 chemical weapons in Syria: “Open Source Survey of Alleged Chemical Attacks in Douma on 7th April 2018,” Bellingcat, April 11, 2018, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/04/11/open-source-survey-alleged-chemical-attacks-douma-7th-april-2018/. 76 indicted Mahmoud Al-Werfalli: “Situation in Libya in the Case of The Prosecutor v.

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Galeotti, “The ‘Gerasimov Doctrine.’” 106 enshrined in Russian military theory: See Embassy of the Russian Federation to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Island, “The Military Doctrine of the Russian Federation,” news release, June 29, 2015 (policy adopted December 25, 2014), https://rusemb.org.uk/press/2029; Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Federation, “Doctrine of Information Security of the Russian Federation,” December 5, 2016, http://www.mid.ru/en/foreign_policy/official_documents/-/asset_publisher/CptICkB6BZ29/content/id/2563163. 106 “war on information warfare”: Jolanta Darczewska, The Anatomy of Russian Information Warfare: The Crimean Operation, a Case Study, Point of View, no. 42 (Centre for Eastern Studies, May 2014), 10https://www.osw.waw.pl/sites/default/files/the_anatomy_of_russian_information_warfare.pdf, 13. 107 conglomerate of nearly seventy-five: Ibid., 10. 107 the “4 Ds”: Ben Nimmo, “Anatomy of an Info-War: How Russia’s Propaganda Machine Works, and How to Counter It,” StopFake, May 19, 2015, https://www.stopfake.org/en/anatomy-of-an-info-war-how-russia-s-propaganda-machine-works-and-how-to-counter-it/. 107 identity and mission shifted: Dougherty, “How the Media Became.” 107 $30 million: Simon Shuster, “Russia Today: Inside Putin’s On-Air Machine,” Time, March 5, 2015, http://time.com/rt-putin/. 107 approximately $400 million: Gabrielle Tetrault-Farber, “Looking West, Russia Beefs Up Spending on Global Media Giants,” Moscow Times, September 23, 2014, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/looking-west-russia-beefs-up-spending-on-global-media-giants-39708. 107 “weapons system”: Shuster, “Russia Today.” 107 “The phone exists”: Ibid. 107 more YouTube subscribers: “Assessing Russian Activities and Intentions in Recent US Elections” (Intelligence Community Assessment, Office of the Director of National Intelligence, January 6, 2017), 10, https://www.dni.gov/files/documents/ICA_2017_01.pdf. 108 RT has promoted: Matthew Bodner, Matthew Kupfer, and Bradley Jardine, “Welcome to the Machine: Inside the Secretive World of RT,” Moscow Times, June 1, 2017, https://themoscowtimes.com/articles/welcome-to-the-machine-inside-the-secretive-world-of-rt-58132. 108 “‘Question More’ is not about”: Matthew Armstrong, “RT as a Foreign Agent: Political Propaganda in a Globalized World,” War on the Rocks, May 4, 2015, https://warontherocks.com/2015/05/rt-as-a-foreign-agent-political-propaganda-in-a-globalized-world/. 108 Sputnik International: “Major News Media Brand ‘Sputnik’ Goes Live November 10,” Sputnik, October 11, 2014, https://sputniknews.com/russia/201411101014569630/. 108 Baltica targets audiences: Inga Springe et al., “Sputnik’s Unknown Brother,” Re:Baltica, April 6, 2017, https://en.rebaltica.lv/2017/04/sputniks-unknown-brother/. 108 first source of this false report: Ben Nimmo, “Three Thousand Fake Tanks,” @DFRLLab (blog), Medium, January 12, 2017, https://medium.com/@DFRLab/three-thousand-fake-tanks-575410c4f64d. 109 all-out assault: Matthew Sparkes, “Russian Government Edits Wikipedia on Flight MH17,” The Telegraph, July 18, 2014, http://www.telegraph.co.uk/technology/news/10977082/Russian-government-edits-Wikipedia-on-flight-MH17.html. 109 “Questions over Why”: Paul Szoldra, “Here’s the Ridiculous Way Russia’s Propaganda Channel Is Covering the Downed Malaysia Airliner,” Business Insider Australia, July 19, 2014, https://www.businessinsider.com.au/rt-malaysia-airlines-ukraine-2014-7#JhJsCOWZzphQ00IG.99. 109 Russian Union of Engineers: Eliot Higgins, “SU-25, MH17 and the Problems with Keeping a Story Straight,” Bellingcat, January 10, 2015, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2015/01/10/su-25-mh17-and-the-problems-with-keeping-a-story-straight/. 110 bad photoshop job: Veli-Pekka Vivimäki, “Russian State Television Shares Fake Images of MH17 Being Attacked,” Bellingcat, November 14, 2014, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2014/11/14/russian-state-television-shares-fake-images-of-mh17-being-attacked/. 110 “It came from”: Max Seddon, “Russian TV Airs Clearly Fake Image to Claim Ukraine Shot Down MH17,” BuzzFeed, November 15, 2014, https://www.buzzfeed.com/maxseddon/russian-tv-airs-clearly-fake-image-to-claim-ukraine-shot-dow?

pages: 371 words: 107,141

You've Been Played: How Corporations, Governments, and Schools Use Games to Control Us All
by Adrian Hon
Published 14 Sep 2022

“Smokescreen for Channel 4,” Six to Start, accessed November 28, 2021, www.sixtostart.com/smokescreen. 50. Veli-Pekka Kivimäki, “Geolocating the MH17 Buk Convoy in Russia,” Bellingcat, September 29, 2014, www.bellingcat.com/resources/case-studies/2014/09/29/geolocating-the-mh17-buk-convoy-in-russia. 51. “The Criminal Investigation | MH17 Incident,” Government of the Netherlands, accessed November 28, 2021, www.government.nl/topics/mh17-incident/achieving-justice/the-criminal-investigation. 52. “About—Bellingcat,” Bellingcat, accessed November 28, 2021, www.bellingcat.com/about. 53. Cahal Milmo, “Revealed: How British Empire’s Dirty Secrets Went up in Smoke in the Colonies,” Independent, November 29, 2013, www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/home-news/revealed-how-british-empire-s-dirty-secrets-went-smoke-colnies-8971217.html; Jonathan Levinson, Conrad Wilson, James Doubek, and Suzanne Nuyen, “Federal Officers Use Unmarked Vehicles to Grab People in Portland, DHS Confirms,” Oregon Public Broadcasting, National Public Radio, July 17, 2020, www.npr.org/2020/07/17/892277592/federal-officers-use-unmarked-vehicles-to-grab-protesters-in-portland. 54.

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Ndemic Creations, November 11, 2020, www.ndemiccreations.com/en/news/184-plague-inc-the-cure-is-out-now-for-ios-and-android. 12. Robert Evans, “The El Paso Shooting and the Gamification of Terror,” Bellingcat, August 4, 2019, www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/08/04/the-el-paso-shooting-and-the-gamification-of-terror. 13. Robert Evans, “Ignore the Poway Synagogue Shooter’s Manifesto: Pay Attention to 8chan’s /pol/ Board,” Bellingcat, April 28, 2019, www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board. 14. Daniel Koehler, “The Halle, Germany, Synagogue Attack and the Evolution of the Far-Right Terror Threat,” CTC Sentinel 12, no. 11 (December 2019): 14–20, https://ctc.usma.edu/halle-germany-synagogue-attack-evolution-far-right-terror-threat. 15.

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It was one of the most impressive and well-organised reporting projects I’ve ever seen; “crowdsourcing” doesn’t even come close to describing its scale. Or there’s Bellingcat, online sleuthing at its best. If you applied ARG skills to investigative journalism, you’d get something like this open-source intelligence group that discovered how Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 (MH17) was shot down over Ukraine in 2014. Bellingcat’s volunteers painstakingly pieced together publicly available information to determine MH17 was downed by a Buk missile launcher originating from the 53rd Anti-Aircraft Missile Brigade in Kursk, Russia.50 The official Dutch-led international joint investigation team later came to the same conclusion.51 Bellingcat continues to investigate criminal activity and crimes against humanity through its network of staff and contributors in more than twenty countries.52 Conspiracy theories thrive in the absence of trust.

pages: 231 words: 71,299

Culture Warlords: My Journey Into the Dark Web of White Supremacy
by Talia Lavin
Published 14 Jul 2020

—a frequently used segment in the Pokémon anime series to introduce new cute fuzzy monsters. Only instead of a Pokémon, the video then displays Colborne’s face—“It’s Michael Colborne, beaten Bellingcat faggot,” a computerized voice says. Then the video cuts back to the woods, where a paper target of Colborne’s face has been glued to a bottle. An unseen hand fires a gun and the bottle explodes, Colborne’s face blown to pieces. The process is repeated with more journalists, mainly Colborne’s colleagues at Bellingcat. David has sent it to multiple extremist channels, accompanied by the message, “This video is a kind of instructive response on how to deal with our enemies.”

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Colborne wrote, “For all the chatter on neo-Nazi Telegram channels about the need to preserve anonymity and security from all manner of ‘feds’ and ‘journalists/spies,’ [David Kolomiiets] was willing to throw caution to the wind because—well, to put it plainly, because he seemed to think he might get laid.” Bellingcat took what I gave them and offered more: David’s Facebook page. His page on Vkontakte, the biggest social-media site on the Russian-speaking internet. After the story dropped, David balked. He dropped out of public view entirely—but not before pretending to be his own mother on Twitter and email, begging Bellingcat to unpublish the story, and offering monetary bribes to the journalists to take his name out of circulation. He also deleted all his social-media pages.

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Chapter 7: Tween Racists, Bad Beanies, and The Great Casino Chase 1 Kevin Roose, “The Making of a YouTube Radical,” New York Times (June 8, 2019). https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/06/08/technology/youtube-radical.html. 2 Robert Evans, “From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were ‘Red-Pilled,’” Bellingcat (October 11, 2018). https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2018/10/11/memes-infowars-75-fascist-activists-red-pilled/. 3 Laura Smith, “In the Early 1980s, White Supremacist Groups Were Early Adopters (and Masters) of the Internet,” Timeline (October 11, 2017). https://timeline.com/white-supremacist-early-internet-5e91676eb847. 4 Christopher Miller, “Azov, Ukraine’s Most Prominent Ultranationalist Group, Sets Its Sights on U.S., Europe,” Radio Free Europe/Radio Liberty (November 14, 2018). https://www.rferl.org/a/azov-ukraine-s-most-prominent-ultranationalist-group-sets-its-sights-on-u-s-europe/29600564.html.

The Road to Unfreedom: Russia, Europe, America
by Timothy Snyder
Published 2 Apr 2018

A crucial Russian weapons system Michael Weiss and James Miller, “How We Know Russia Shot Down MH17,” DB, July 17, 2015; Miller et al., “An Invasion by Any Other Name,” 17–34. One of the numerous The Russian detachment: “Pre-MH17 Photograph of Buk 332 Discovered,” Bellingcat, June 5, 2017; Wacław Radzinowicz, “Donbas, Syria, zestrzelony boeing,” GW, May 31, 2017. At 1:20 p.m. For further supporting detail, see Bellingcat Investigation Team, “MH-17,” 3–16, 36–44, sic passim, www.bellingcat.com/tag/mh17/; Weiss and Miller, “How We Know.” Girkin’s boast: web.archive.org/web/2014071715222’/http://vk.com/strelkov_info [website no longer active]. Khodakovskii and others: Pieniążek, Pozdrowienia z Noworosji, 199, 210; also “Aleksandr Khodakovskii: Ia znal, chto ‘Buk’ shel iz Luganska,” echo.msk.ru, July 12, 2014.

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At about the same time Herszenhorn and Odynova, “Soldiers’ Graves Bear Witness.” At some point in August “Russia’s 200th Motorized Infantry Brigade in the Donbass: The Tell-Tale Tanks,” Bellingcat, July 4, 2016. Evgeny Trundaev On Trundaev and the 200th: “Russia’s 200th Motorized Infantry Brigade in the Donbass: The Hero of Russia,” Bellingcat, June 21, 2016. Ilovaisk: “Russia’s 6th Tank Brigade,” Bellingcat, Sept. 22, 2015; Racheva, “Bilet v odin konets”; Miller et al., “An Invasion by Any Other Name,” 7, 26–37; “The Battle of Ilovaisk,” TI, Sept. 15, 2014. In early 2015 Piotr Andrusieczko, “Lotnisko w Doniecku—ukraiński Stalingrad,” GW, Oct. 3, 2014; Sergei L.

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For a thorough confirmation of Dambaev’s journey from Siberia to Ukraine and back, see Simon Ostrovsky, “Russia Denies That Its Soldiers Are in Ukraine, But We Tracked One There Using His Selfies,” Vice, June 16, 2015. On the 200th: “Russia’s 200th Motorized Infantry Brigade in the Donbass,” Bellingcat, Jan. 16, 2016. Bato Dambaev Barabanov, “V pampasakh Donbassa.” Attitude to propaganda: Elena Kostiuchenko, “My vse znali, na chto idem i chto mozhet byt’,” NG, Feb. 3, 2015. Though a second ceasefire Batomunkuev: Kostiuchenko, “My vse znali.” Units of the Russian army Ruslan Leviev, “Three Graves: Russian Investigation Team Uncovers Spetsnaz Brigade in Ukraine,” Bellingcat, May 22, 2015. This neighbor could contrast Dependence on Russian taxpayer: Konrad Schuller, “Ohne Kohle in Kohlrevier,” FAZ, Nov. 24, 2014.

pages: 262 words: 69,328

The Great Wave: The Era of Radical Disruption and the Rise of the Outsider
by Michiko Kakutani
Published 20 Feb 2024

GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT That agency’s many initiatives: “State of Resilience: How Ukraine’s Digital Government Is Supporting Its Citizens During the War,” Tony Blair Institute for Global Change, Mar. 18, 2022, institute.global/insights/tech-and-digitalisation/state-resilience-how-ukraines-digital-government-supporting-its-citizens-during-war; Elise Labott, “ ‘We Are the First in the World to Introduce This New Warfare’: Ukraine’s Digital Battle Against Russia,” Politico Magazine, Mar. 8, 2022, politico.com/news/magazine/2022/03/08/ukraine-digital-minister-crypto-cyber-social-media-00014880. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT The open-source investigative group Bellingcat: Ben Smith, “How Investigative Journalism Flourished in Hostile Russia,” The New York Times, Feb. 21, 2021, nytimes.com/2021/02/21/business/media/probiv-investigative-reporting-russia.html; Scott Pelley, “Bellingcat: The Online Investigators Tracking Alleged Russian War Crimes in Ukraine,” CBS News, May 15, 2022, cbsnews.com/news/bellingcat-russia-putin-ukraine-60-minutes-2022-05-15/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “We don’t have a chain of command”: Labott, “ ‘We Are the First in the World to Introduce This New Warfare.’ ” GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT Chapter 8: Optimizing Marginality In a 1980 speech: Daniel J.

…

At the same time, Ukrainians have been using social media to tell the world what they witnessed as Russian bombs fell on their homes and schools, and their earnest accounts—by turns heartbreaking, stoic, and profane—quickly drowned out the Russian propaganda factory’s bot-produced lies. Digital help also arrived from independent sources around the world. The open-source investigative group Bellingcat (which had broken important stories about Russian involvement in the 2014 downing of Malaysia Airlines flight 17 and the poisoning of the opposition leader Aleksei Navalny) began using geolocation data, satellite imagery, and social media posts to expose Russian disinformation before it could gain traction, and document possible war crimes.

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Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most Dangerous Hackers
by Andy Greenberg
Published 5 Nov 2019

Korabelnikov was eventually replaced: Galeotti, “Putin’s Hydra,” 6. It was the GRU that led: Galeotti, “Putin’s Secret Weapon.” “shown the rest of the world”: Ibid. In the spring: “MH17—Russian GRU Commander ‘Orion’ Identified as Oleg Kannikov,” Bellingcat, May 25, 2018, www.bellingcat.com; and “Third Suspect in Skripal Poisoning Identified as Denis Sergeev, High Ranking GRU Officer,” Bellingcat, Feb. 24, 2019, bellingcat.com. It was based on a speech: Valery Gerasimov, “The Value of Science Is in the Foresight: New Challenges Demand Rethinking the Forms and Methods of Carrying Out Combat Operations,” Military-Industrial Courier, Feb. 27, 2013, translated and reprinted in Military Review, Jan.

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” *1 One clue does hint at the GRU’s involvement in the Georgian cyberattacks: The website StopGeorgia.ru, which seemed designed to recruit and equip hacktivists to participate in those attacks, was hosted by a company called SteadyHost, which was headquartered next door to a known GRU research institute in Moscow. *2 In the spring of 2018, the investigative news outlet Bellingcat and the Russian news site The Insider would also name two GRU officers as responsible for the downing of Malaysian Airlines flight MH17, which resulted in 298 civilian deaths. In the following months, the same investigators would also name three GRU agents as the assassins responsible for the attempted murder of Sergei Skripal. 33 THE PENALTY One afternoon in February 2018, the Trump White House released an extremely short, straightforward statement: In June 2017, the Russian military launched the most destructive and costly cyber-attack in history.

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Other Pandemic: How QAnon Contaminated the World
by James Ball
Published 19 Jul 2023

See www.perplexcity.com/ 40. Sarah Perez, ‘Rogue National Park Service Twitter account says it’s no longer run by National Park Service employees … but maybe it never was’, https://techcrunch.com, 27 January 2017. 41. There’s a good history of some of these accounts in this Bellingcat account: ‘The Making of Qanon: A Crowdsourced Conspiracy’, www.bellingcat.com, 7 January 2021. 42. Office of Environment, Health, Safety and Security, ‘Departmental Personnel Security FAQs’, https://www.energy.gov, accessed 7 October 2022. 43. See https://archer.fandom.com/wiki/Nellis. 44. See https://qposts.online/post/2. 45.

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At https://www.4channel.org/faq#trip. 5. At https://qposts.online/post/2. 6. At https://qposts.online/post/4. 7. ‘A trail of bread crumbs leading conspiracy theorists into the wilderness’, www.nytimes.com, 11 September 2018. 8. ‘The Greatest LARP’ section of this very good Bellingcat piece is great on this: ‘The Making of QAnon: A Crowdsourced Conspiracy’, www.bellingcat.com, 7 January 2021. 9. ‘Who Is Behind QAnon? Linguistic Detectives Find Fingerprints’, www.nytimes.com, 19 February 2022. 10. Brandy Zadrozny and Ben Collins, ‘How three conspiracy theorists took “Q” and sparked Qanon’, www.nbcnews.com, 14 August 2018. 11.

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The Chaos Machine: The Inside Story of How Social Media Rewired Our Minds and Our World
by Max Fisher
Published 5 Sep 2022

A Leaked Oath Keepers Roster Has Answers,” Ali Breland, Mother Jones, October 27, 2021. 33 a system it called Reinforce: “The Making of a YouTube Radical,” Kevin Roose, New York Times, June 9, 2019. 34 “One of my closest friends”: Tweet by Chris Sacca (@sacca), January 12, 2021. twitter.com/sacca/status/1349055880348663808 35 his descent had started: “How YouTube Built a Radicalization Machine for the Far-Right,” Kelly Weill, Daily Beast, December 19, 2018. 36 Bellingcat scoured an archive: “From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were ‘Red-Pilled,’” Robert Evans, Bellingcat.com, October 11, 2018. 37 “YouTube’s algorithms bounced”: “My Affair with the Intellectual Dark Web,” Meghan Daum, Medium.com, August 24, 2018. 38 Kaiser and Rauchfleisch ran automated: Kaiser and Rauchfleisch provided me, in interviews over 2019 and 2020, with several working papers that detail their methods and findings, as well as much of the underlying data.

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The system recommended him into pro-atheism videos, which tell science-and-math kids they are part of an ultrarational minority besieged by social justice warriors. Then anti-feminism videos, then incel-aligned “men’s rights” videos, some of which he contributed himself, then outright neo-Nazi videos. In 2018, an outlet called Bellingcat scoured an archive of private far-right chat rooms that totaled hundreds of thousands of messages. The investigators scanned for instances where users had mentioned how they’d arrived at the cause. The single most common entry point they cited: YouTube. They would start with banal videos, many said, then be recommended into channels that were more and more extreme.

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-based views: “Internal Alarm, Public Shrugs: Facebook’s Employees Dissect Its Election Role,” Ryan Mac and Sheera Frenkel, New York Times, October 22, 2021. 82 top 1 percent of YouTube’s: Tweet by Guillaume Chaslot (@gchaslot), December 3, 2020. twitter.com/gchaslot/status/1334615047197380610 83 viewed 138 million times: “Election Fraud Narrative,” Transparency.tube Report, November 17, 2020. 84 The platform remained saturated: “YouTube Still Awash in False Voter Fraud Claims,” Tech Transparency Report, December 22, 2020. 85 “mountains of evidence”: “Trump’s Far-Right Supporters Promise Violence at Today’s DC Protests,” Jordan Green, Raw Story, January 6, 2021. 86 more than 80 percent of discussions: “On Far-Right Websites, Plans to Storm Capitol Were Made in Plain Sight,” Laurel Wamsley, NPR, January 7, 2021. 87 “We’re gonna kill Congress”: Green, January 6, 2021. 88 “This is OUR COUNTRY!!!”: Swaine, April 2021. 89 “If you don’t like it”: “Richard Barnett Benton County Republican Rally,” KNWA Fox 24, January 6, 2021. 90 “Today I had the very difficult”: “How the Insurgent and MAGA Right Are Being Welded Together on the Streets of Washington D.C.,” Robert Evans, Bellingcat.com, January 5, 2021. 91 “I told my Mom goodbye”: Ibid. 92 YouTube- and Reddit-inspired nickname: “What Does ‘Pedes’ Mean?” naterich_stl, Reddit, March 16, 2019. 93 “honor of my life”: Evans. 94 an inspector general report found: “Capitol Police Told to Hold Back on Riot Response on Jan. 6, Report Finds,” Luke Broadwater, New York Times, April 13, 2021. 95 “We’re in, we’re in!”

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This Is Not Propaganda: Adventures in the War Against Reality
by Peter Pomerantsev
Published 29 Jul 2019

Physicians for Human Rights, ‘2015 Marks Worst Year for Attacks on Hospitals in Syria’. 33 Dove, Steve, ‘The White Helmets Is the 2017 Oscar Winner for Documentary (Short Subject)’, ABC, 27 February 2017; https://oscar.go.com/news/winners/the-white-helmets-is-the-2017-oscar-winner-for-documentary-short-subject. 34 Solon, Olivia, ‘How Syria’s White Helmets Became Victims of an Online Propaganda Machine’, Guardian, 18 December 2017; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/dec/18/syria-white-helmets-conspiracy-theories. 35 Buncombe, Andrew, ‘Trump Suggests “Vicious World” Should Be Blamed for Khashoggi Murder While Disputing Saudi Responsibility’, Independent, 22 November 2018; https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/americas/us-politics/trump-khashoggi-murder-blame-vicious-world-saudi-journalist-a8647701.html. 36 Miliband, David, ‘America Is Fueling Our Age of Impunity. Just Look at Yemen’, Guardian, 5 April 2019. 37 Cruickshank, Michael, ‘A Saudi War-Crime in Yemen? Analysing the Dahyan Bombing’, Bellingcat, 18 August 2018; https://www.bellingcat.com/news/mena/2018/08/18/19432/. 38 Safi, Michael and Amantha Perera, ‘Sri Lanka Blocks Social Media as Deadly Violence Continues’, Guardian, 7 March 2018; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2018/mar/07/sri-lanka-blocks-social-media-as-deadly-violence-continues-buddhist-temple-anti-muslim-riots-kandy. 39 Hall, Eleanor, ‘Syrian War Crimes Evidence Strongest Since Nuremberg Trials’, ABC News, 3 December 2018; https://www.abc.net.au/radio/programs/worldtoday/these-are-crimes-the-world-wont-forget-stephen-rapp-on-syria/10577142. 40 Puddington, Arch, Broadcasting Freedom: The Cold War Triumph of Radio Free Europe and Radio Liberty (Lexington, KY: University Press of Kentucky, 2015). 41 Parta, Eugene, Discovering the Hidden Listener: An Empirical Assessment of Radio Liberty and Western Broadcasting to the USSR in the Cold War (Stanford, CA: Hoover Institution Press, 2007). 42 Zinik, Zinovy, ‘Soviet Paradise Lost’, Carnegie International, Vol. 1 (Carnegie Museum of Art, Pittsburgh, PA; Rizzoli, New York, 1991). 43 Groys, Boris, History Becomes Form (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2010).

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Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists
by Julia Ebner
Published 20 Feb 2020

So Are Their Connections’, New York Times, 3 April 2019. Available at https://www.nytimes.com/interactive/2019/04/03/world/white-extremist-terrorism-christchurch.html. 10Robert Evans, ‘Ignore the Poway Synagogue Shooter’s Manifesto: Pay Attention to 8chan’s /pol/ Board’, Bellingcat, 28 April 2019. Available at https://www.bellingcat.com/news/americas/2019/04/28/ignore-the-poway-synagogue-shooters-manifesto-pay-attention-to-8chans-pol-board/. 11Andrew Marantz, ‘The Poway Synagogue Shooting Follows an Unsettling New Script’, New Yorker, 29 April 2019. Available at https://www.newyorker.com/news/news-desk/the-poway-synagogue-shooting-follows-an-unsettling-new-script. 12The archived post on 8chan can be found at https://web.archive.org/web/20190803162950/https:/8ch.net/pol/res/13561044.html. 13Steve Almasy, Dave Alsup and Madeline Holcombe, ‘Dozens of people have been arrested over threats to commit mass attacks since the El Paso and Dayton shootings’, CCN, 20 August 2019.

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Hype: How Scammers, Grifters, and Con Artists Are Taking Over the Internet―and Why We're Following
by Gabrielle Bluestone
Published 5 Apr 2021

There are all these ideological and moral inconsistencies in how we behave on social media, and how our tech giants behave. And there’s a lot of room for concern and it can be very scary. You can get scammed and you can be lied to and you can be catfished,” explained Natalia Antonova, a security expert and former Bellingcat editor. “I think we could all learn from this story and maybe encourage our tech giants to tell people, ‘Hey you have to mark this as an ad,’ if it is in fact an ad. But you know, our tech giants don’t always have our best interest at heart do they? So that’s kind of the other elephant in the room here, right?

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“I think Caroline is a victim of growing up steeped in that culture of it’s more important what you appear to be than what you actually are. Who you are is one thing, but who you are on Instagram is how most people are going to know you,” explained Natalia Antonova, an internet security expert and former Bellingcat editor, who’s well-versed in the infamous personas who rise up to the level of what’s pejoratively referred to as Twitter’s main character of the day. “I think it’s a convergence of all of those things. For the same reason that Billy McFarland threw the Fyre Festival and the same reason that people bought the tickets to it.

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Freezing Order: A True Story of Money Laundering, Murder, and Surviving Vladimir Putin's Wrath
by Bill Browder
Published 11 Apr 2022

Vladimir Kara-Murza continues to circle the globe advocating for Magnitsky sanctions and justice for Boris Nemtsov. Despite his poisoning, and attempts by me to persuade him otherwise, he still officially resides and spends most of his time in Russia, fighting for freedom and democracy. In early 2017, he was poisoned a second time. Again, he was saved by Dr. Denis Protsenko. A 2021 report by Bellingcat, a crowdsourced investigative organization based in London, identified four officers from the FSB who were behind Vladimir’s poisonings, including two who followed him to Kazan in May 2015. The same operatives were involved in the poisoning of other Russian dissidents and opposition figures, including Alexei Navalny.

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ABC, 10 Akhmetshin, Rinat, 203, 206–207, 215, 217, 221, 224, 254 Albats, Yevgenia, 32, 164 Albert, Prince of Monaco, 70–71 Al-Jazeera, 282 Alpert, Bill, 58–61, 62, 79–82, 96–97, 98 American Communist Party, 58 American Interest, 219 Angert, Svetlana, 237, 283–284, 284n Ashcroft, John, 230 Aslan, 52–53, 54 Aspen, Colorado trips, of Browder, 108–113, 179–181, 182–187, 219, 250–252, 256, 277–282, 283–289 Aspen Institute (Colorado), 109–111, 252–253, 281–282, 285–289 Aspen Security Forum, 286–289 Aspen Times, 112 Aspen trips, 249 Associated Press (AP), 180, 254 Australian Broadcasting Corporation, 282 Auštrevičius, Petras, 294 BakerHostetler, 26–29 as Madoff trustee, 27–28 Prevezon case and, 98–103, 114–121, 122–131, 142–152, 177–179, 182–184, 185–187, 204, 212, 226, 236, 238, 296–297 represents Hermitage, 21–23, 26–27, 101, 116 Banca di Economii (Moldova), 79–80 Bank of America, 97 Bank of Credit and Commerce International, 21 Bannon, Steve, 261 Barron’s, 58–61, 82, 98 BBC, 10, 282 Becker, Jo, 250–253 Behrends, Paul, 198, 211, 217, 297 Bellingcat, 297 Berlingske (Denmark), 273–275, 276, 290–291 Berschinski, Robert, 216, 217 Bino, Maria-Antonella, 62, 63–64, 68 BlackBerry communications, 73, 106, 221 Bolshoy Moskvoretsky Bridge (Moscow), 137–140, 153 Borgen, Thomas, 291 Bradshaw, Adrian, 212–213 Brexit vote, 38, 229 Browder, David (son), 8, 10, 109–111, 124, 126, 266, 285–287 Browder, Earl (grandfather), 58 Browder, Elena (wife), 125, 126, 160–161, 212–214, 257, 270, 271–272, 284 Aspen trips, 108–109, 111–113, 180, 182, 186, 249, 254, 280–281, 283 Madrid arrest of Browder and, 2, 3–4, 8, 10 Browder, Hannah (daughter), 251, 252 Browder, Jessica (daughter), 8, 232, 280 Browder, Noah (son), 225–226 Browder, Tom (brother), 124, 126, 230 Browder, Veronica (daughter), 8, 112, 253–256 Browder’s List (NTV documentary), 95 Buchdahl, Jacob, 182–183, 185, 187, 212, 213, 225–226 Bush, Jason, 25–26 Business Insider, 128, 224–225 BusinessWeek, 25–26 Butyrka, 29–30 BuzzFeed, 231–232 Cambridge Crime Conference, 21, 44–47, 58, 150, 297 Cardin, Ben, 38, 269, 294 Carter-Ruck, 202–203 CBC, 282 Chaika, Yuri, 64–65, 180–181, 198, 199, 253, 272–273, 292–293 Cherkasov, Ivan, 18–19, 172–173, 248, 265 Chernova, Anna, 72, 74 Chicago Junior Police Patrol, 16, 43 Chicago Police Department (CPD), 12–16 Cicilline, David, 210 Citibank, 29, 32, 47 Clinton, Bill, 151, 228–229 Clinton, Hillary, 228–229, 232–233, 253, 284 CNN, 10, 224–225, 255, 261–262, 281–282, 287 Connolly, Gerald, 210 Cook County Juvenile Court (Chicago), 14 Cooper, Chris, 215–216, 217, 224, 256 Cornyn, John, 264 Cotler, Irwin, 294 Council of Europe: Interpol hearing, 206, 208 Credit Suisse, 36, 43, 45, 56, 57, 61, 66, 193 C-SPAN, 262, 264 Cuomo, Chris, 261–262 Customs and Border Control (CBP), 265–269 Cymrot, Mark, 100, 117–120, 148–152, 177–179, 182, 183, 206, 207, 223–224, 236, 293, 296–297 Daily Beast, 178–179, 219 The Daily Show, 128–131, 132, 133, 142, 143 Danske Bank, 278, 293 acquires Sampo Bank (Estonia), 290, 291n audit of, 273–275, 290–292 Russian Laundromat data leak, 273–275, 276, 291 Davis, Patrick, 246–248, 257–259, 264, 268 Delco Networks, 194–195 Dellums, Ron, 206, 207, 223 Deloitte & Touche, 90 Democratic National Committee, 278 Department of Homeland Security (DHS), 93, 112, 236–237, 268–269, 283–284 Department of Justice, 97, 117, 177–179 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), 222–226, 246, 248–249, 253, 255–256, 259–260 Prevezon case and, 93–94, 96, 106, 112, 120, 147, 150, 224 Depository Insurance Agency (Russia), 296 de Selliers, Sophie, 125–130, 132 Deutche Welle, 282 DHL, 169, 170 Dilanian, Ken, 254, 254n Echo Moscow Radio, 137 Elliott Management, 116–117 Elizabeth, Queen, 212 Engel, Eliot, 154, 199, 209, 210 Engel, Richard, 249 European Parliament, 38–42, 201–203, 207 European Union (EU): Brexit vote, 38, 229 EU Magnitsky Act, 292–293 Facebook posts, 120–121 FaceTime communications, 111–112, 126 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 198, 216, 231, 277 FedEx, 169, 170 Feinstein, Dianne, 264 Finrosforum, 39–42, 200 Firestone, Thomas, 222–223 Foreign Agents Registration Act (FARA), 222–226, 246, 248–249, 253, 255–256, 259–260 Fox News, 282, 287–288 Fox & Friends (TV program), 127–128 France-24, 282 Freedom House, 284 Freeland, Chrystia, 294 French National Police, 188–189 FSB (successor to KGB), 32, 40, 52–53, 64, 75–76, 107, 148, 157, 162, 164, 190, 200, 202, 228, 238, 297–298 Fusion GPS, 214–215 G20 Summit (Hamburg), 250, 277 Gasanov, Oktai, 49, 181 Gazprom, 25, 133, 180 Geneva detention of Browder, 270–272, 278 Geneva Human Rights Summit (2018), 270–272 George W.

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Men Who Hate Women: From Incels to Pickup Artists, the Truth About Extreme Misogyny and How It Affects Us All
by Laura Bates
Published 2 Sep 2020

Public attention on this issue has focused almost exclusively on Facebook, but, as The Guardian pointed out, these findings are alarming, in light of the fact that Donald Trump won the election by just 80,000 votes, and the videos in Chaslot’s database of YouTube-recommended election fare were watched, in total, over 3 billion times before election day.16 And, of course, the algorithm plays straight into the hands of deliberate manipulation by trolls like Cernovich, whose conspiracy theories about Clinton’s health created such a powerful ripple effect. So is there concrete reason to be concerned that this could be having a serious impact on young people? Do we know for sure that simply being exposed to this content actually has an effect? In a word: yes. In 2018, investigative journalism collective Bellingcat published the results of an in-depth analysis into the extremist journeys of seventy-five fascist activists, exploring the ways in which they had become radicalised. The investigation used a database of hundreds of thousands of Discord server posts. (Discord is a chat platform primarily designed for gamers, but often used by members of the alt-right and manosphere.)

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MEN WHO DON’T KNOW THEY HATE WOMEN 1 ‘Teens, Social Media & Technology 2018’, Pew Research Center, 31 May 2018 2 ‘Thousands of teenagers spending more than eight hours a day online at weekends, Ofcom figures show’, Daily Telegraph, 12 July 2017 3 ‘BBC Three survey reveals one in four young people first view porn at age 12 or under’, BBC, 10 April 2014 4 ‘A fifth of 16–24-year-olds spend more than seven hours a day online every day of the week, exclusive Ofcom figures reveal’, Daily Telegraph, 11 August 2018 5 ‘Fiction is outperforming reality: how YouTube’s algorithm distorts the truth’, The Guardian, 2 February 2018 6 ‘The Mobile Internet Phenomena Report’, Sandvine, February 2019 7 ‘For the New Far Right, YouTube Has Become the New Talk Radio’, New York Times, 3 August 2017 8 ‘Alternative Influence: Broadcasting the Reactionary Right on YouTube’, Data & Society, 18 September 2018 9 ‘YouTube’s AI is the puppet master over most of what you watch’, CNET, 10 January 2018 10 ‘YouTube, the Great Radicalizer’, New York Times, 10 March 2018 11 ‘How YouTube Drives People to the Internet’s Darkest Corners’, Wall Street Journal, 7 February 2018 12 ‘YouTube’s Product Chief on Online Radicalization and Algorithmic Rabbit Holes’, New York Times, 29 March 2019 13 ‘Google Diversity Annual Report’, 2019 14 ‘How YouTube Built a Radicalization Machine for the Far-Right’, Daily Beast, 19 December 2018 15 ‘How an ex-YouTube insider investigated its secret algorithm’, The Guardian, 2 February 2018 16 The Guardian (2 February 2018), op. cit. 17 ‘From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were “Red-Pilled” ’, Bellingcat, 11 October 2018 18 Adrienne Massanari, ‘Gamergate and The Fappening: How Reddit’s algorithm, governance, and culture support toxic technocultures’, New Media & Society, Volume 19, Issue 3 (2015) 19 ‘Milo Yiannopoulos’s Twitter ban, explained’, Vox, 20 July 2016 20 ‘5 facts about Americans and video games’, Pew Research Center, 7 September 2018 21 ‘Right-Wing Hate Groups Are Recruiting Video Gamers’, NPR, 5 November 2018 22 ‘Drunk or flirty victims often “to blame” says survey’, Daily Telegraph, 12 February 2015 10.

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The Ransomware Hunting Team: A Band of Misfits' Improbable Crusade to Save the World From Cybercrime
by Renee Dudley and Daniel Golden
Published 24 Oct 2022

Yakubets was married: Sergei Dobrynin and Mark Krutov, “In Lavish Wedding Photos, Clues to an Alleged Russian Cyberthief’s FSB Family Ties,” RadioFreeEurope/RadioLiberty, December 11, 2019, rferl.org/a/in-lavish-wedding-photos-clues-to-an-alleged-russian-cyberthief-fsb-family-ties/30320440.html. Spetsnaz: “‘V’ for ‘Vympel’: FSB’s Secretive Department ‘V’ Behind Assassination of Georgian Asylum Seeker in Germany,” Bellingcat, February 17, 2020, bellingcat.com/news/uk-and-europe/2020/02/17/v-like-vympel-fsbs-secretive-department-v-behind-assassination-of-zelimkhan-khangoshvili/. blamed North Korea: Thomas P. Bossert, “It’s Official: North Korea Is Behind WannaCry,” Wall Street Journal, December 18, 2017. indicted Yakubets: “Russian National Charged.”

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American Kleptocracy: How the U.S. Created the World's Greatest Money Laundering Scheme in History
by Casey Michel
Published 23 Nov 2021

Max de Haldevang, “Top US Think Tank Criticized for Taking $12 Million from a Russia-Tied Oligarch,” Quartz, 16 October 2019, https://qz.com/1721240/council-of-foreign-relations-criticized-for-russia-tied-donation/. 58. Casey Michel, “Money Talks: Len Blavatnik and the Council on Foreign Relations,” Bellingcat, 10 October 2019, https://www.bellingcat.com/news/2019/10/10/money-talks-len-blavatnik-and-the-council-on-foreign-relations/. 59. Ann Marlowe, “Is Harvard Whitewashing a Russian Oligarch’s Fortune?,” New York Times, 5 December 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/12/05/opinion/harvard-russian-oligarch-whitewash.html. 60.

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Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now
by Alan Rusbridger
Published 14 Oct 2018

By working entirely in the open – analysing social media and up to 450 YouTube channels a day – he became one of the world’s leading experts on the weaponry being used in that conflict. Within a short period, he was attracting 250,000 page views a month and had been appointed visiting research associate at King’s College London as well as joining the Atlantic Council’s Digital Forensic Research Lab as senior non-resident fellow. He went on to help create a new website, Bellingcat, for people to investigate current events using open-source information. We had used ‘open’ techniques in June 2009 at the height of the concern over the sums British MPs were claiming by way of expenses. When the entire database was released it consisted of 700,000 individual documents within 5,500 PDF files covering all 646 members of parliament.

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Abell, Stig ref1n Abramson, Jill ref1, ref2 Abu Qatada ref1 accountability journalism ref1, ref2 accuracy ref1 Adebolajo, Lee ref1 advertising specifics ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 classified ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 passim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n Advertising Standards Authority ref1 Afghanistan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 The African Queen (film) ref1 Aftonbladet (newspaper) ref1 Age (newspaper) ref1, ref2 Ageh, Tony ref1, ref2 aggregation ref1 Ahad, Ghaith Abdul ref1 AIDS ref1 Aitken, Jonathan (MP) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n Aitken, Lolicia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Aitken, Victoria ref1 Al Jazeera ref1 Al-Fayed, Mohamed ref1 al-Qaeda ref1, ref2 al-Yamanah deal ref1 Alibhai-Brown, Yasmin ref1 All the President’s Men (film) ref1 Allison, Eric ref1 Amazon ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 American Journalism Review (AJR) ref1, ref2 American Society of Newspaper Editors ref1 Amnesty International ref1 Anatomy of Britain (Sampson) ref1 Anderson, Chris ref1 anonymity ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 Apple ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Arab Spring ref1, ref2 Archer, Lord Jeffrey ref1 Arendt, Hannah ref1 arms companies ref1 Àrrese, Angel ref1 Ashley, Jackie ref1 Asian Babes (magazine) ref1 Assange, Julian ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n Associated Newspapers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Associated Press (AP) ref1, ref2 Atex system ref1 Atlanta Journal-Constitution (AJC) ref1 Atlantic Council, Digital Forensic Research Lab ref1 Attacking the Devil (film) ref1n Attenborough, David ref1 attention time ref1, ref2 tl;dr (too long didn’t read) ref1, ref2n Australia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 AutoTrader ref1, ref2 awards ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Azhar, Azeem ref1 ‘back doors’ ref1, ref2 Baker, Stewart ref1 Ball, James ref1 Baltimore Sun (newspaper) ref1, ref2 Ban Ki–Moon, Secretary General (UN) ref1 Bandar, Prince ref1 Bank of England ref1, ref2 banking ref1 Bannon, Steve ref1n Baquet, Dean ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Barcelona Football Club ref1, ref2 Barclay, Aidan ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Barclay, David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Barclay, Frederick ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 Barclay, Howard ref1, ref2, ref3 Barclays Bank ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Barnes, Julian ref1 Barnes, Thomas ref1, ref2 Baron, Martin ref1, ref2, ref3 Barrow Cadbury Trust ref1 Barstow, Tom ref1 BBC ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 digital news ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 ethos ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 radio ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 TV ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 BBH agency ref1 Beatty, Warren ref1 Beauchamp, Zack ref1n Beaverbrook, Lord ref1, ref2 Bebo ref1 Been There ref1, ref2 Being Digital (Negroponte) ref1 Belhaj, Abdel Hakim ref1 Bell, Sir David ref1, ref2 Bell, Emily ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 passim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n Mad/Great Pronouncements ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Bellfield, Levi ref1 Bellingcat ref1 Benjamin, Alison ref1 Benkler, Yochai ref1 Benn, Aluf ref1 Berkett, Neil ref1, ref2, ref3 Berliner, Wendy ref1 Berliner format ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n Berlusconi, Silvio ref1, ref2 Bermuda ref1 Berners-Lee, Sir Tim ref1, ref2, ref3 Bernstein, Carl ref1, ref2, ref3 Berwin Leighton Paisner ref1 Beslan ref1 Bezos, Jeff ref1, ref2, ref3 Biafra War plan ref1 Bickel, Mr Justice ref1 Big Brother (TV) ref1 ‘big properties’ ref1 Bildt, Prime Minister Carl (Sweden) ref1, ref2 Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation ref1, ref2, ref3 Bill of Rights (1968) ref1 Billington, Michael ref1, ref2 Bin Jassim, Sheikh Hamad (aka HBJ) ref1 Bizzari, Marco ref1 Black, Conrad ref1, ref2, ref3 Black, Ian ref1 Black, Mr Justice ref1 BlackBerry ref1 Blackhurst, Chris ref1 Blair, Prime Minister Tony ref1 Blau, Wolfgang ref1, ref2, ref3n Blendle ref1 Bletchley Park ref1 Bloom, Godfrey ref1, ref2 Bloomberg ref1, ref2, ref3 Bloomberg Terminal ref1 Blunkett, David (MP) ref1 Boards ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Guardian Media Group (GMG) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n, ref9n Boer War ref1 Bogart, Humphrey ref1 Bogler, Dan ref1 bombs ref1, ref2, ref3 book festivals ref1, ref2 Boseley, Sarah ref1n Boston Consulting Group (BCG) ref1 Boston Globe (newspaper) ref1 Bowcott, Owen ref1, ref2 Bradlee, Ben ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Bradshaw, Peter ref1 Bragg, Billy ref1 brands ref1, ref2, ref3 passim, ref1, ref2 passim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Brecqhou island ref1, ref2 Breitbart ref1, ref2 Brennan Jr, William ref1 Brexit ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n British Aerospace (BAE) ref1, ref2n British Airways (BA) ref1, ref2 British Journalism Review (BJR) ref1 broadsheets ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 passim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10n Broder, David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n Brody, Neville ref1, ref2n Brooks, Rebekah ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Brooks, Richard ref1n Brooks, Tim ref1 Brown, Prime Minister Gordon ref1, ref2 Brown, Andrew ref1 Brown, George (MP) ref1 BSkyB ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n Buckingham Palace ref1 B.UK Limited ref1 bulk sales ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n, ref8n Bunting, Madeleine ref1, ref2, ref3 Bush, President George W. ref1 Butler report (2004) ref1 Buzzfeed ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Byrne, Gabriel ref1 Cable, Vince (MP) ref1 Cadwalladr, Carole ref1 Cairns, Colonel Douglas ref1 Calder, Simon ref1 Cambridge Analytica (CA) ref1, ref2 Cambridge Evening News (CEN) (newspaper) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Cameron, Prime Minister David ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Campbell, W.

pages: 469 words: 149,526

The War Came to Us: Life and Death in Ukraine
by Christopher Miller
Published 17 Jul 2023

In it, an amateur open-source analyst had claimed to have narrowed the possible launch site to three locations in a relatively small area southeast of Snizhne, based on a photograph of the missile’s vapor trail that had been posted to Twitter. His findings seemed to align closely with the movement of the Buk missile system traced by Eliot Higgins, the open-source analyst who founded the investigative group Bellingcat, using dashboard-camera footage and satellite images. It would be a long shot, but with an early start and a smaller area to search than previously thought, Roland and I had a hunch that we might just get lucky. We had set off early in the morning with a local taxi driver in a crappy old car, hoping to keep as low a profile as possible.

…

Index 25th Airborne Brigade here 25th Kyivan Rus Territorial Defense Battalion here 25th Separate Airborne Brigade here, here, here 36th Ukrainian Marine Brigade here, here 43rd Battalion here 43rd Brigade here 53rd Air Defense Brigade, Russian here 56th Motorized Brigade here 58th Motorized Infantry Brigade here 62nd Fighter Aviation Regiment here 72nd Mechanized Brigade here 93rd Mechanized Brigade here, here, here 95th Air Assault Brigade here 109th Separate Territorial Defense Brigade here 138th Radio-Technical Brigade here 204th Tactical Aviation Brigade here Abkhazia here Addario, Lynsey here Admiral Essen here adoption agencies here Afgantsy here airborne forces, Ukrainian here, here, here, here Akhmetov, Rinat here, here, here, here, here Aksyonov, Sergei here, here ‘American Boy’ Kombinaciya here Ametov, Reshat here An-225 Mriya aircraft here Ana-Yurt, Crimea here Anatoliy (driver) here, here Anderson Cooper 360o here Andrei (DNR commander) here Andronov, Vitaliy here anti-Semitism, modern here, here Anti-Terrorist Operation (ATO) here, here Antonov Airport here Arab Spring here, here Army SOS here Artemivsk here, here central hospital and morgue here, here, here Krasne village school here, here, here Men’s Day and physical fitness day here nightlife and celebrations here politics in here, here salt mines here Second World War here Ukrainian military operations here wine making here see also the Donbas Artemsil here Artwinery, Artemivsk here Ashton, Catherine here assassinations of Ukrainian enemies, Russian here, here Automaidan here Avakov, Arsen here Avdiivka here, here Azarov, Mykola here Azov Regiment, National Guard here Bakanov, Ivan here Bakhmut here, here here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Balaclava, Crimea here Balasynovych, Natalia here Baltic Fleet, Russian here Bandera, Stepan here, here Barroso, José Manuel here Batkivshchyna Party here, here Battle of Debaltseve (2015) here, here Battle of Donetsk Airport (2014) here, here, here Battle of Ilovaisk (2014) here, here Battle of Kyiv (2022) atrocities/war crimes here civilian defenders here, here, here, here second day strikes against the capital here distribution of arms to civilians here erection of checkpoints here families search for survivors here food and fuel supplies here, here, here Kyiv hospital here outbreak of war here residents flee the city here, here Ukrainian forces take on Russian ground troops here withdrawal of Russian troops here Battle of the Donbas (2022) here Bakhmut here, here, here, here evacuation programs here, here front line, Izyum here Western arms and ammunition supplies here BBC Panorama here Belarus here Belbek air base, Crimea here Bellingcat here Berdyansk Port here Berezhnoi, Volodymyr here Berezovets, Taras here Beriev A-50 planes here Berkut here, here, here, here, here, here, here Bezler, Igor ‘The Demon’ here Biden, Hunter here Biden, Joe here, here, here, here, here, here, here Bidenko, Artem here Bidenko, Ihor here Black Sea Fleet, Russian here, here, here, here, here Black Tulip here Blinken, Antony here Bodnar, Natalia here body/corpse collection, role of battlefield here Bohomolets, Olha here Bohuslavskiy, Junior Sergeant Stanislav here Bolgarov, Oleksandr here Bolgarova, Lyubov and Andriy here bomb-disposal squad, Russian Cossack here bomb shelters here, here, here Bonner, Brian here, here, here, here Borodai, Alexander here Bragin, Akhat here Bratchenko, Yelena here Bri (CM’s girlfriend/wife) here, here, here, here Bucha here, here Budanov, General Kyrylo here Budapest Memorandum of Security Assurances here Bulatov, Dmytro here Burns, Bill here, here BuzzFeed News here, here, here Campbell, Sol here Canada here Carney, Jay here ‘The Caucasus’ (T.

pages: 257 words: 80,698

Butler to the World: How Britain Became the Servant of Tycoons, Tax Dodgers, Kleptocrats and Criminals
by Oliver Bullough
Published 10 Mar 2022

The Kroll report into the Moldovan bank heist is easily discoverable online. I am very grateful to David Leask and Ian Fraser for helping me understand all this, and also to Richard Smith, who’s an old co-conspirator. His blogs on Naked Capitalism are full of important insights. Graham Barrow was extremely helpful, as is his wont. The Bellingcat/Transparency International report on SLPs – ‘Smash and Grab, The UK’s Money Laundering Machine’ – was published in 2017 and is available on both organisations’ websites. There’s not much written about limited partnerships, but Elspeth Perry showed me around what there is with patience and kindness.

pages: 340 words: 90,674

The Perfect Police State: An Undercover Odyssey Into China's Terrifying Surveillance Dystopia of the Future
by Geoffrey Cain
Published 28 Jun 2021

“Edward Wong, “China Sentences Uighur Scholar to Life,” New York Times, September 23, 2014, https://www.nytimes.com/2014/09/24/world/asia/china-court-sentences-uighur-scholar-to-life-in-separatism-case.html. 13. Radio Free Asia, “Under the Guise of Public Safety, China Demolishes Thousands of Mosques,” December 19, 2016, https://www.rfa.org/english/news/uyghur/udner-the-guise-of-public-safety-12192016140127.html. An investigation by the Guardian and the website Bellingcat further documented, through satellite imagery, two dozen religious sites that had been partly or completely demolished from 2016 to 2018. See Lily Kuo, “Revealed: New Evidence of China’s Mission to Raze the Mosques of Xinjiang,” Guardian, May 7, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/may/07/revealed-new-evidence-of-chinas-mission-to-raze-the-mosques-of-xinjiang. 14.

pages: 324 words: 96,491

Messing With the Enemy: Surviving in a Social Media World of Hackers, Terrorists, Russians, and Fake News
by Clint Watts
Published 28 May 2018

Taking down the tech giants opens enormous space for the strongest manipulators to take hold of unwitting minds; Bannon would be one of those best positioned to gain from their demise. Disinformation tracking efforts continue to grow and expand. Amazing social media sleuthing by the likes of the online collective BellingCat have restored truth among Russia’s disinformation storms. Bot tracking and troll outing has become a pastime for social media enthusiasts around the world, and exhaustive studies of the Internet Research Agency and Iranian Twitter data arise nearly every week. The massive swing of interest toward what my colleagues and I began researching five years ago has been rewarding; it turns out that people do care about Russian trolls after all.

Reset
by Ronald J. Deibert
Published 14 Aug 2020

Even prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, digital technologies were used extensively to monitor the environment; to share information in ways that the original designers intended (think of Wikipedia); to mobilize social movements and hold bad actors to account; to lift the lid on corrupt and despotic leaders in the way the Citizen Lab, the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Amnesty International, R3D, Derechos Digitales, AccessNow, Bellingcat, Privacy International, and other civic watchdogs do. If we all unplugged completely, we would be left without these benign uses of information and communications technologies. Throwing away the technology is not a viable solution for humanity as a whole; we need to find alternative ways to organize our communications environment instead.

pages: 371 words: 109,320

News and How to Use It: What to Believe in a Fake News World
by Alan Rusbridger
Published 26 Nov 2020

With the aid of his followers he soon narrowed it down (by spotting an unusual bit of ironwork) to the Ponte dei Ferali in Venice. The same programme enabled him, through historical imagery, to check the colour of the water in 2013 and 2018 and compare it with other contemporary images. Point proved. Higgins’s website, Bellingcat, has an online course teaching modern-day tools for verification which go much further. There are numerous open-source maps and satellite resources, along with endless ways of doing geolocation-based searching. There are instructions for reading, writing, removing (and manipulating) metadata for a vast number of file types – including video.

Mbs: The Rise to Power of Mohammed Bin Salman
by Ben Hubbard
Published 10 Mar 2020

Dated Sept. 23, 2013. https://wikileaks.org/hackingteam/emails/emailid/14112 “90% of them are not up to it”: Ibid. media monitoring under King Abdullah: “Royal Order: Appointing Saud Al-Qahtani as Advisor, at the Royal Court,” SPA, Nov. 12, 2015. hacker had hacked him: “Lord Of The Flies: An Open-Source Investigation Into Saud Al-Qahtani,” Bellingcat, June 26, 2019. “good man and look trusted!!!”: Ibid. to secure their accounts: Ibid. when he did it himself: Ibid. posting while drunk: Ibid. “drink tackila and dance lol”: Ibid. could help him prevail: Author interviews, American officials and an associate of the royal family, May 2019.

pages: 390 words: 120,864

Stolen Focus: Why You Can't Pay Attention--And How to Think Deeply Again
by Johann Hari
Published 25 Jan 2022

Hiltzik, “Column: Ex-Google Manager Leads a Drive to Rein in the Pernicious Impact of Social Media,” Los Angeles Times, May 10, 2019. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT A major study asked white nationalists: A. Jones, “From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were ‘Red-Pilled,’ ” Bellingcat, October 11, 2018. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT A separate study of far-right people on Twitter found that YouTube was by far the website they turned to the most: J. M. Berger, “The Alt-Right Twitter Census: Defining and Describing the Audience for Alt-Right Content on Twitter,” VOX-Pol Network of Excellence, 2018, https://www.voxpol.eu/download/vox-pol_publication/AltRightTwitterCensus.pdf.

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence
by Amy B. Zegart
Published 6 Nov 2021

Academic teams, like my colleagues at Stanford’s Center for International Security and Cooperation, bring together researchers across disciplines and former government officials. Think tanks do, too. Some organizations, like Janes and Maxar, provide commercial analysis for profit. There are advocacy groups, journalist organizations like Bellingcat, and even hobbyists. One of my favorites is Jacob Bogle, a coin dealer who lives in Tennessee and has a passion for developing detailed maps of North Korea using commercial imagery and making them available online. Taken together, this nuclear sleuthing ecosystem looks very different from the classified world of intelligence agencies.59 I summarize key differences in table 9.1.

pages: 619 words: 177,548

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson
Published 15 May 2023

New York: Longman. Evans, M. Stanton. 1965. The Liberal Establishment: Who Runs America… and How. New York: Devin-Adair. Evans, Richard J. 2005. The Coming of the Third Reich. New York: Penguin. Evans, Robert. 2018. “From Memes to Infowars: How 75 Fascist Activists Were ‘Red-Pilled.’” bell¿ngcat. www.bellingcat.com/news/amer icas/2018/10/11/memes-infowars-75-fascist-activists-red-pilled. Evanson, Robert E., and Douglas Gollin. 2003. “Assessing the Impact of the Green Revolution, 1960 to 2000.” Science 300, no. 5620: 758‒762. Everitt, B. S., and Anders Skrondal. 2010. Cambridge Dictionary of Statistics.