Bullshit Jobs: A Theory
by David Graeber · 14 May 2018 · 385pp · 123,168 words
That Those Who Believe They Have Bullshit Jobs Are Generally Correct | On the Common Misconception That Bullshit Jobs Are Confined Largely to the Public Sector | Why Hairdressers Are a Poor Example of a Bullshit Job | On the Difference Between Partly Bullshit Jobs, Mostly Bullshit Jobs, and Purely and Entirely Bullshit Jobs Chapter 2 What Sorts of Bullshit Jobs Are There? The Five Major Varieties
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of Bullshit Jobs | 1. What Flunkies Do | 2. What Goons Do | 3. What Duct Tapers Do |
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4. What Box Tickers Do | 5. What Taskmasters Do | On Complex Multiform Bullshit Jobs | A Word on Second-Order Bullshit Jobs | A
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Man Apparently Handed a Sinecure Who Nonetheless Found Himself Unable to Handle the Situation | Concerning the Experience of Falseness and Purposelessness at the Core of Bullshit Jobs, and the Importance Now Felt of Conveying the Experience of Falseness and Purposelessness to Youth | Why Many of Our Fundamental Assumptions on Human Motivation Appear
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Culture under Managerial Feudalism Comes to Be Maintained by a Balance of Resentments | How the Current Crisis over Robotization Relates to the Larger Problem of Bullshit Jobs | On the Political Ramifications of Bullshitization and Consequent Decline of Productivity in the Caring Sector as It Relates to the Possibility of a Revolt of
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in This Book Acknowledgments About the Author Notes Bibliography To anyone who would rather be doing something useful with themselves. Preface: On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs In the spring of 2013, I unwittingly set off a very minor international sensation. It all began when I was asked to write an essay
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to do so. But he is convinced the job is pointless nonetheless. So let this stand as an initial provisional definition: Provisional Definition: a bullshit job is a form of employment that is so completely pointless, unnecessary, or pernicious that even the employee cannot justify its existence. Some jobs are so
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such a state of affairs should be considered an improvement. why a mafia hit man is not a good example of a bullshit job To recap: what I am calling “bullshit jobs” are jobs that are primarily or entirely made up of tasks that the person doing that job considers to be pointless, unnecessary
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the world?” was approximately zero. My own research suggests that store clerks, restaurant workers, and other low-level service providers rarely see themselves as having bullshit jobs, either. Many service workers hate their jobs; but even those who do are aware that what they do does make some sort of meaningful difference
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this situation, it will be necessary to address some potential objections. The reader may have noticed a certain ambiguity in my initial definition. I describe bullshit jobs as involving tasks the holder considers to be “pointless, unnecessary, or even pernicious.” But, of course, jobs that have no significant effect on the
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hang himself or commit a thousand capital crimes, preferring rather to die than endure such humiliation, shame, and torture.23 on the common misconception that bullshit jobs are confined largely to the public sector So far, we have established three broad categories of jobs: useful jobs (which may or may not
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, but that this situation shows us to be living in a bullshit society.33 on the difference between partly bullshit jobs, mostly bullshit jobs, and purely and entirely bullshit jobs Finally, I must very briefly address the inevitable question: What about jobs that are just partly bullshit? This is a tough one because there are
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worse. As a result, it is indeed possible to say there are partly bullshit jobs, mostly bullshit jobs, and purely and entirely bullshit jobs. This just happens to be a book about the latter (or, to be precise, about entirely or overwhelmingly bullshit jobs—not mostly bullshit jobs, where the meter hovers anywhere near 50 percent). Figure 1 In no
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1 The response was impressive. I ended up assembling over 250 such testimonies, ranging from single paragraphs to eleven-page essays detailing whole sequences of bullshit jobs, along with speculations about the organizational or social dynamics that produced them, and descriptions of their social and psychological effects. Most of these testimonies were
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full-time doorknob polisher on your hands. This, according to Tania, is just one of the many ways that taskmasters end up creating bullshit jobs. on complex multiform bullshit jobs These five categories are not exhaustive, and new types could certainly be proposed. One compelling suggestion I heard was for a category of “
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, their actions do make a difference in the world. They’re just blind to all the bullshit they create. Chapter 3 Why Do Those in Bullshit Jobs Regularly Report Themselves Unhappy? (On Spiritual Violence, Part 1) Workplaces are fascist. They’re cults designed to eat your life; bosses hoard your minutes
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observed, few service workers feel that the services they provide are entirely pointless. The kind of emotional labor required by those in most bullshit jobs, however, is usually rather different. Bullshit jobs, too, require maintaining a false front and playing a game of make-believe—but in their case, the game has to be
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on employees’ physical health. While I lack statistical evidence, if the testimonials are anything to go by, stress-related ailments seem a frequent consequence of bullshit jobs. I’ve read multiple reports of depression, anxiety overlapping with physical symptoms of every sort, from carpal tunnel syndrome that mysteriously vanishes when the job
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day-to-day basis, all this simply deepens the texture and quality of the misery attendant on such jobs. coda: on the effects of bullshit jobs on human creativity, and on why attempts to assert oneself creatively or politically against pointless employment might be considered a form of spiritual warfare Let
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to public service are perhaps the worst, but almost all of the jobs mentioned in this chapter can be considered soul destroying in different ways. Bullshit jobs regularly induce feelings of hopelessness, depression, and self-loathing. They are forms of spiritual violence directed at the essence of what it means to
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capitalism—then matters would be distressing enough. But the situation is more dire still. There is every reason to believe that the overall number of bullshit jobs, and, even more, the overall percentage of jobs considered bullshit by those who hold them, has been increasing rapidly in recent years—alongside the
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the bulk of the new service jobs added to the economy were really of this same sort. This, of course, is precisely the zone where bullshit jobs proliferate. Obviously, not all information workers feel they are engaged in bullshit (Taylor’s category includes scientists, teachers, and librarians), and by no means
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publicly reflecting on his signature legislative achievement—and he is insisting that a major factor in the form that legislature took is the preservation of bullshit jobs.11 That a political culture where “job creation” is everything might produce such results should not be shocking (though for some reason, it is,
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of this chapter, we will consider these dynamics and then return briefly to the role of government. concerning some false explanations for the rise of bullshit jobs Before mapping out what actually happened, it will first be necessary to dispose of certain very common, if ill-conceived, explanations for the rise
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rendered the process of production so complicated that we need ever more office workers to administer it, so these are not bullshit jobs; second, that while many of them are indeed bullshit jobs, they only exist because increases in government regulation have not only created an ever-burgeoning number of useless bureaucrats but also
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that create bullshit jobs in the FIRE sector are the same ones that produce them anywhere else. I listed some of these in chapter 2, when I described the
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Of course, this is why doctrinaire libertarians, or, for that matter, orthodox Marxists, will always insist that our economy can’t really be riddled with bullshit jobs; that all this must be some sort of illusion. But by a feudal logic, where economic and political considerations overlap, the same behavior makes perfect
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maps, and graphics-rich glossy reports, are all essentially exercises in internal marketing as well. We’ve already seen how, internally, large numbers of ancillary bullshit jobs tend to cluster around such internal marketing rituals: such as those hired to prepare, edit, copy, or provide graphics for the presentations or reports. It
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the cultural and political factors that determine how the public, and politicians, react to them. This chapter has been largely about structural forces. No doubt bullshit jobs have long been with us; but recent years have seen an enormous proliferation of such pointless forms of employment, accompanied by an ever-increasing bullshitization
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use of computers. There seems to be an intrinsic connection between the financialization of the economy, the blossoming of information industries, and the proliferation of bullshit jobs.36 The results were not just some sort of recalibration or readjustment of existing forms of capitalism. In many ways, it marked a profound break
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hundred London Underground ticket offices, leaving only machines. This sparked an online debate among certain local Marxists about whether the workers threatened with redundancy had “bullshit jobs”—the logic put forward by some being that, either a job produced value for capitalism, which the capitalists clearly no longer thought these jobs did
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resent the employed. The employed are encouraged to resent the poor and unemployed, who they are constantly told are scroungers and freeloaders. Those trapped in bullshit jobs resent workers who get to do real productive or beneficial labor, and those who do real productive or beneficial labor, underpaid, degraded, and unappreciated,
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the same time, that indifference would seem to overlap with the outright envious hostility of those members of the “liberal classes” trapped in higher-order bullshit jobs, toward those same working classes for their ability to make an honest living. how the current crisis over robotization relates to the larger problem of
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would fill up with bad poets, annoying street mimes, and promoters of crank scientific theories, and nothing would get done. What the phenomenon of bullshit jobs really brings home is the foolishness of such assumptions. No doubt a certain proportion of the population of a free society would spend their lives
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. It’s a good book but covers a rather different range of questions than my own. Chapter 1: What Is a Bullshit Job? 1. “Bullshit Jobs,” LiquidLegends, www.liquidlegends.net/forum/general/460469-bullshit-jobs?page=3, last modified October 1, 2014. 2. “Spanish Civil Servant Skips Work for 6 Years to Study Spinoza,” Jewish
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is so ridiculously inflated that nowadays even an entry-level corporate job is not going to guarantee stability and security anymore. Chapter 5: Why Are Bullshit Jobs Proliferating? 1. Louis D. Johnston, “History Lessons: Understanding the Declines in Manufacturing,” MinnPost, last modified February 22, 2012, www.minnpost.com/macro-micro-minnesota/
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revealing. 11. To those who accuse me of being a paranoid conspiracy theorist for suggesting that government plays any conscious role in creating and maintaining bullshit jobs, I hereby rest my case. Unless you think Obama was lying about his true motives (in which case, who exactly is the conspiracy theorist?),
Work in the Future The Automation Revolution-Palgrave MacMillan (2019)
by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig · 15 Mar 2020
leader by the Swedish business magazine Veckans Affärer. David Graeber is an American anthropologist, activist and author of Debt: The First 5000 Years (2011) and Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (2018). He is Professor of Anthropology at the London School of Economics. Rachel Kay is a researcher at the Centre for Global Studies
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-ride individual desires and ambitions. We need new economics and a new mentality of work, free from the strictures of Protestantism, free from so-called Bullshit jobs. Perhaps we need to think more like our hunter-gatherer ancestors of needs rather than wants. We need a philosophy of work that is connected
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insist that people should be able to find meaning arbitrarily in their work, whether it’s useful or not. Depressingly, as David Graeber argues in Bullshit Jobs, a lot of work doesn’t really demand to be done at all.5 If we agree that a sense of responsibility—a sense that
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: Ancient, Medieval and Modern. Albany: State University Press of New York. Arendt, H. (1958). The Human Condition. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Graeber, D. (2018). Bullshit Jobs: A Theory. London: Allen Lane. Spencer, D. (2009). The Political Economy of Work. London: Routledge. Tokumitsu, M. (2015). Forced to Love the Grind. Jacobinmag.com
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whole phenomenon became an interest of mine after I wrote a little essay, which was kind of a thought experiment, called “On the phenomenon of bullshit jobs” (Graeber 2013). I had a friend who was starting a new magazine, and asked me for something provocative. Well at the time I had a
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,” which if nothing else shows that many people in financial services really do not have much to do. So the essay, “On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs,” started circulating everywhere. People started writing confessionals. There were countless blogs: I think I saved about a hundred of them. People were writing things like
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must be wrong, jobs are useful by definition. At least in the private sector. (Which is another common misconception: if you look at the numbers, bullshit jobs seem to occur roughly equally in the public and private sectors.) You could say there are at least two levels of causality we need to
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social media, set up an email account, and received over 250 testimonies ranging from one paragraph to 18 pages in some cases—whole strings of bullshit jobs one after the other—and then followed up with the more revealing ones with often quite detailed questioning. One of the more interesting testimonies was
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the norm and extends everywhere. It definitely extends to universities. This is my riposte, incidentally, to The Economist who wrote a reply to the original Bullshit Jobs article almost instantly after I wrote it. They tried to make the argument that this endless creation of new office jobs is actually necessary—it
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all because with complex global supply chains, production has become so digitized and efficient that we need many times more people to manage it. So bullshit jobs they claimed were the equivalent of the boring alienating factory job of the 1940s or 1950s, but they are also equally necessary. Our wealth depends
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about the “creating committees to discuss the problem of too many committees problem.” Try to set up a government initiative to address the problem of bullshit jobs and it’ll just be the same thing: they’ll end up creating more of them. A viable solution would have to go deeper, to
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matters because the alternative would be to be thrown on the tender mercies of the unemployment system? This is why I think the plague of bullshit jobs, and the misery it causes, is one of the best arguments we could make for universal basic income. One of the odd things about universal
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classes, but nonetheless recognize radical measures of some sort are required, often prefer a job guarantee (JG). But historically, such programmes always create even more bullshit jobs. The only way to ensure that it wouldn’t, would be to create a job guarantee on top of UBI, so no one would be
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. (2004). Fragments of an Anarchist Anthropology. Chicago: Prickly Paradigm Press. Graeber, D. (2013). On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs: A Work Rant. Strike! Magazine. Retrieved August 2, 2019, from https://strikemag.org/ bullshit-jobs/ Graeber, D. (2018). Bullshit Jobs. London: Allen Lane. Keynes, J. M. (1930). Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren (1930). In Essays in Persuasion
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, 41 Bosch, Gerhard, 179 Bostrom, Nick, 112, 113 Bourgeois household, 39 Brain and AI, 113 analagous to computer, 100, 103, 104, 115 Brown, William, 185 Bullshit jobs psychological effects, 162 Bureaucracy, 169 C Capitalism, 12, 17, 28, 53, 57, 58, 61, 75, 135, 159 Capper, Phillip, 127, 128 Care work, 3, 48
Leviathan Wakes
by James S. A. Corey · 14 Jun 2011 · 648pp · 170,770 words
said. “How would you feel if you were all grown up and Mommy could still pull you back home by your ear? It was a bullshit job from the start.” Dawes smiled again. This time it actually did help a little. “I’m glad to hear you say that, Detective. And I
Working the Phones: Control and Resistance in Call Centres
by Jamie Woodcock · 20 Nov 2016
been exploited to make people work even more. In the place of declining manufacturing jobs there has been an increase in what David Graeber calls ‘bullshit jobs’. These jobs are far removed from any fulfilling activity, so much so that many people find it difficult to explain what they are actually employed
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-paid, that, if they were to disappear, the impact would be immediately felt: transport workers, nurses or refuse collectors, for example. For those working in ‘bullshit jobs’ it is ‘not entirely clear how humanity would suffer [were they to] vanish. (Many suspect it might markedly improve.)’.49 The moments of resistance considered
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union resources in an organising project that has workers’ selfactivity at its heart. the attempt to organise in the call centre The possibility that the ‘bullshit jobs’ that Graeber discusses could be rejected on an organised basis today appears quite distant.5 The level of struggle in the call centre where I
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, however, remain organisations in which arguments can be posed and organisational initiatives tried out – at least to some degree. anti-work In the context of ‘bullshit jobs’, it becomes important to understand the tendency toward the rejection of work. The theoretical basis of the anti-work perspective can be traced back to
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-work perspective provides a 146 Precarious Organisation critique that is not limited to the question of control of the labour process. In the context of ‘bullshit jobs’ it is possible, as Taylor argues, to go further than ‘moralistic invocations of labor’s value’ that ‘appear grotesquely comical’.80 An ‘Antiwork Marxism’ holds
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a ‘condition of estrangement from the mode of production and its rules, as refusal of work’.18 In the call centre, like many of the ‘bullshit jobs’ David Graeber describes,19 it is not a question of seizing back the means of production in order to fulfil the workers’ potential, but resistance
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limited to the question of control of the labour process – indeed, the possibility of control is absent at this point anyway. In the context of ‘bullshit jobs’38 it is possible, as Christopher Taylor argues, to go further than ‘moralistic invocations of labor’s value’ that ‘appear grotesquely comical’.39 The analysis
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Negri, Empire (London: Harvard University Press, 2001), p. 204. David Graeber, ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’, Strike Magazine, 17 August 2013, http://strikemag.org/bullshit-jobs Ibid. Braverman, Labor and Monopoly Capital (1999). Graeber, ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’ (2013). 177 Working the Phones chapter 5 1. Robert Blackburn, Union Character and Social Class
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. 22, No. 1 (2001), p. 62. 4. Thompson and Ackroyd, ‘All Quiet on the Workplace Front? (1995), p. 629. 5. Graeber, ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’ (2013). 6. Burawoy, ‘The Extended Case Method’ (1998), p. 14. 7. Kolinko, Hotlines - Call Centre | Inquiry | Communism (2002). 8. Ibid., p. 23. 9. Burawoy, ‘The
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). 16. Hochschild, The Managed Heart (2012). 17. Berardi, The Soul at Work (2009), p. 87. 18. Ibid., p. 46. 19. Graeber, ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’ (2013). 20. The Call Centre (2013). 21. Goodrich, The Frontier of Control (1975). 22. Taylor and Bain, ‘“An Assembly Line in the Head”’ (1999), p
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, Labor and Monopoly Capital (1999), p. 104. 37. Mulholland ‘Workplace Resistance in an Irish Call Centre’ (2004), p. 713. 38. Graeber, ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’ (2013). 39. Taylor, ‘The Refusal of Work’ (2014), p. 17. 40. Ness, ‘Introduction’ (2011), p. 2. 41. Seymour, ‘We Are All Precarious’ (2012). 42. Taylor
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. (1975) The Frontier of Control: A Study in British Workshop Politics, London: Pluto Press. Graeber, D. (2013) ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’, Strike Magazine, 17 August, available at: http://strikemag.org/bullshit-jobs Haider, A. and Mohandesi, S. (2013) ‘Workers’ Inquiry: A Genealogy’, Viewpoint Magazine, Vol. 3, available at: http://viewpointmag.com/ 2013
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, 155 Braverman, Harry on control and surveillance 29, 32, 66, 67, 100–1 on resistance 100–1, 117, 159 Brophy, Enda 32–3, 123–4 ‘bullshit jobs’ 116, 117, 144–7, 155 Burawoy, Michael 66, 94–5, 111, 119–20, 152, 159 Butlin’s 62 buzz sessions 40, 69, 74–6, 105
On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane
by Emily Guendelsberger · 15 Jul 2019 · 382pp · 114,537 words
.” “Jesus,” I say. “So Amazon is… kind of cake, then?” The guys jump all over each other in their eagerness to communicate what an easy, bullshit job picking is. “So was Naknek the worst job you’ve ever had?” “No,” says Matthias, a serious guy with dirty-blond dreads. “Without a fucking
The Capitalist Manifesto
by Johan Norberg · 14 Jun 2023 · 295pp · 87,204 words
alternatives are terrible. Many probably hate their jobs. Wherever we work, we also have Monday mornings when we curse the toil and think we have ‘bullshit jobs’. Work is not always fun – that’s why we pay each other to do it! In free capitalism we go to work not because someone
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you could drop on your foot – the kind of jobs that are in children’s picture books. In exchange we get a lot of unsatisfactory bullshit jobs (as David Graeber called them in a popular book of the same name) with temporary contracts where it’s unclear what is actually produced. Which
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is an indication that the demands and pace of working life generally can’t have been pushed up to inhuman levels. In his book on ‘bullshit jobs’, Graeber makes much of the fact that 37 per cent of Britons say no when asked whether their work ‘makes a meaningful contribution to humanity
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with the claim that these 37 per cent are ‘convinced their jobs are meaningless’, he concludes that the thesis that there are more and more bullshit jobs has ‘been overwhelmingly confirmed by statistical research’.27 Yet the question he asked presents a pretty high threshold for not getting your job declared idiotic
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We must not draw too far-reaching conclusions from a single study, and more research is required (as scholars usually say when they want more bullshit jobs), but it is in any case difficult to confirm the darkest theories about the modern labour market based purely on this. On the other hand
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World in Data, December 2020. 24. Ibid. 25. Gallup, ‘Work and Workplace’, https://news.gallup.com/poll/1720/work-work-place.aspx. 26. David Graeber, Bullshit Jobs: A Theory, Simon & Schuster, 2018. Roland Paulsen, The Working Society: How Work Survived Technology, Gleerups, 2010. See also Andreas Bergh, ‘Tre böcker av Roland Paulsen
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Newman, 184 Bono, 4, 170 Botswana, 34–5 Boudreaux, Donald, 125 Boulevard of Broken Dreams (Lerner), 190 Brazil, 11, 29, 239, 258 Brexit, 116–18 Bullshit Jobs: A Theory (Graeber), 86, 98–9 business regulation, 139–41 Callaghan, James, 10 Canada, 102, 267, 283 Capital in the Twenty-First Century (Piketty), 128
Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-Hour Workweek
by Rutger Bregman · 13 Sep 2014 · 235pp · 62,862 words
and imagine themselves the great creators of all this wealth. The lord who was proud to live off his peasants’ labor suffered no such delusions. Bullshit Jobs And to think that things could have been so different. Remember how the economist John Maynard Keynes predicted we’d all be working just 15
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piece that pinned the blame not on the stuff we buy but on the work we do. It is titled, aptly, “On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs.” In Graeber’s analysis, innumerable people spend their entire working lives doing jobs they consider to be pointless, jobs like telemarketer, HR manager, social media
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strategist, PR advisor, and a whole host of administrative positions at hospitals, universities, and government offices. “Bullshit jobs,” Graeber calls them. They’re the jobs that even the people doing them admit are, in essence, superfluous. When I first wrote an article about
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, and perseverance doesn’t automatically mean you’re raking in the cash. Or vice versa. Is it any coincidence that the proliferation of well-paid bullshit jobs has coincided with a huge boom in higher education and an economy that revolves around knowledge? Remember, making money without creating anything of value isn
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unable to relate to their company’s mission.14 Another recent poll revealed that as many as 37% of British workers think they have a bullshit job.15 By no means are all these new service sector jobs pointless – far from it. Look at healthcare, education, fire services, and the police and
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founded on capitalist values like efficiency and productivity. While politicians endlessly stress the need to downsize government, they remain largely silent as the number of bullshit jobs goes right on growing. This results in scenarios where, on the one hand, governments cut back on useful jobs in sectors like healthcare, education, and
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a place where the quest for a better world ought to start, it’s in the classroom. Though it may have bolstered the phenomenon of bullshit jobs, education has also been a source of new and tangible prosperity. If you were to draw up a list of the most influential professions, teacher
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.net/ourkingdom/deborah-padfield/through-eyes-of-benefits-adviser-plea-for-basic-income 38. David Graeber, “On The Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs,” Strike! Magazine (August 17, 2013). http://www.strikemag.org/bullshit-job 7 Why It Doesn’t Pay to Be a Banker 1. This reconstruction of the strike is based on contemporary coverage
Steve Jobs
by Walter Isaacson · 23 Oct 2011 · 915pp · 232,883 words
values slogan. “I want to go back to that other question first and say one more thing. This ‘Don’t be evil’ mantra, it’s bullshit.” Jobs felt personally betrayed. Google’s CEO Eric Schmidt had been on the Apple board during the development of the iPhone and iPad, and Google’s
When to Rob a Bank: ...And 131 More Warped Suggestions and Well-Intended Rants
by Steven D. Levitt and Stephen J. Dubner · 4 May 2015 · 306pp · 85,836 words
of the title “Freakonomics” when my sister Linda Jines first thought it up. I guess they have loosened up a bit. Then there is 100 Bullshit Jobs . . . And How to Get Them by Stanley Bing. This book was also released just this week. Guess who the publisher was? HarperCollins! Then there was
Mythology of Work: How Capitalism Persists Despite Itself
by Peter Fleming · 14 Jun 2015 · 320pp · 86,372 words
generate process efficiencies in those public healthcare services that still remain in the West. This is where David Graeber’s (2013) otherwise insightful notion of ‘bullshit jobs’ is problematic. He suggests that there are wide swathes of occupations that are not really necessary since they do not really add anything to the
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Reason. London: Verso. Gorz, A. (1994). Capitalism, Socialism, Ecology. London: Verso. Gorz, A. (2010). Immaterial. London: Seagull Books. Graeber, D. (2013). ‘On the Phenomenon of Bullshit Jobs’. Strike Magazine, August: 7–8. Gregg, M. (2011). Work’s Intimacies. Polity: Cambridge. Guardian, The (2012). ‘Rio+20 Earth Summit: campaigners decry final document’. Available
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. ref1 British Journal of Psychiatry ref1 British Petroleum (BP), rebranded as ‘Beyond Petroleum’ ref1, ref2, ref3 Brown, Derren ref1 Bukowski, C. ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 bullshit jobs ref1 bureaucracy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Buried (Cortés) ref1 Bush, George W. ref1, ref2 business ethics ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 see also
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Bureaucracy
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12 Bytes: How We Got Here. Where We Might Go Next
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The Story of Work: A New History of Humankind
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Fully Automated Luxury Communism
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This Is Not a Drill: An Extinction Rebellion Handbook
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The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism
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The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity
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A Primer on Utopian Philosophy: An Introduction to the Work of Ernst Bloch
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