COVID-19

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description: a contagious disease caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2)

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Uncontrolled Spread: Why COVID-19 Crushed Us and How We Can Defeat the Next Pandemic

by Scott Gottlieb  · 20 Sep 2021

collect data on all of the variables that they believed might influence COVID outcomes. Instead, the NIH supported its own clinical trial network, the Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV), which took a more traditional approach to how the clinical trials were conducted, relying on carefully randomized studies that

CNN, February 3, 2020. 18.World Health Organization, “Coronavirus,” February 12, 2020; and World Health Organization, “Updated WHO Recommendations for International Traffic in Relation to COVID-19 Outbreak,” February 29, 2020. 19.Sarah Owermohle and Adam Cancryn, “Top Health Officials Warn Senators More Wuhan Virus Cases Likely,” Politico, January 24, 2020. 20

China Morning Post, March 11, 2020. 23.Reporters Without Borders, “Whistleblowing Doctor Missing After Criticizing Beijing’s Coronavirus Censorship,” April 14, 2020. 24.Jianxing Tan, “新冠肺炎"吹哨人"李文亮:真相最重要” [“Covid-19 “Whistleblower” Li Wenliang: the Truth is Most Important”], Caixin, January 31, 2020. 25.Lin Zehong, “‘Whistleblower’ of Wuhan Pneumonia: I Knew It Could Be ‘Person

China Probably Allowed the Coronavirus to Spread Farther and Faster,” Washington Post, February 1, 2020. 31.Drew Hinshaw, Jeremy Page, and Betsy McKay, “Possible Early Covid-19 Cases in China Emerge during WHO Mission,” Wall Street Journal, February 10, 2021. 32.World Health Organization, “Strengthening Health Security by Implementing the International Health

Regulations (2005): States Parties to the International Health Regulations (2005),” June 15, 2007. 33.Jane McMullen, “Covid-19: Five Days That Shaped the Outbreak,” BBC, January 26, 2021. 34.US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “International Health Regulations (IHR),” August 19, 2019

10, 2020, 8:08 p.m. 43.Zhuang Pinghui, “Chinese Laboratory That First Shared Coronavirus Genome with World Ordered to Close for ‘Rectification,’ Hindering Its Covid-19 Research,” Southern China Morning Post, February 28, 2020, and Victoria Gill, “Coronavirus: Virus Provides Leaps in Scientific Understanding,” BBC, January 10, 2021. 44.Lisa

Organization, “World Health Organization Declares Coronavirus a Global Health Emergency,” January 30, 2020. 50.Heritage Institute, “Virtual Event: One Year Later: Lessons from the Early COVID-19 Response,” January 14, 2021. 51.Cohen, “Mining Coronavirus Genomes for Clues to the Outbreak’s Origins.” 52.World Health Organization, “Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Framework,” May

to Test Blinded the U.S. to Covid-19,” New York Times, April 1, 2020. 6.Bandler et al., “Inside the Fall of the CDC.” 7.Ibid. 8.Jennifer Hansler, Curt Merrill, and Isaac Yee, “The Many Times Trump Has Praised China’s Handling of the Coronavirus Pandemic,” CNN, May 19, 2020. That same

Already.’” 28.Matt Markovich, “Seattle Flu Study Researchers Defy Federal, State Guidelines to ‘Save Lives,’” KOMO News, March 11, 2020. 29.“Additional Cases of COVID-19 in Washington State,” Washington State Department of Health press release, February 28, 2020, https://www.doh.wa.gov/Newsroom/Articles/ID/1103/Additional-Cases-of

Community Dwelling Population of Spain: Nationwide Seroepidemiological Study,” British Medical Journal 371 (2020): m4509. 3.US National Institutes of Health, “Covid Treatment Guidelines: Overview of COVID-19,” December 17, 2020, https://www.covid19treatmentguide-lines.nih.gov/overview/. 4.Jason Leopold, “NIH FOIA Anthony Fauci Emails,” Buzzfeed, June 1, 2021. NBC News (@

the Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments to perform high complexity testing can develop and run their own tests. 9.Willman, “The CDC’s Failed Race Against Covid-19: A Threat Underestimated and a Test Overcomplicated.” 10.“Facilitating the Use of Medical Countermeasures in an Emergency: Project BioShield establishes the Emergency Use Authorization (

to Investigative Team Explanation.” Chapter 7: The CDC Fails 1.US Food and Drug Administration, “Accelerated Emergency Use Authorization (EUA) Summary ORIG3N 2019 Novel Coronavirus (COVID-19) Test (ORIG3N, INC.),” April 4, 2020, https://www.fda.gov/media/136873/download; and Ruth McBride, Marjorie van Zyl, and Burtram Fielding, “The Coronavirus

to Help Expedite Availability of Diagnostics,” US Food and Drug Administration press release, February 29, 2020, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-issues-new-policy-help-expedite-availability-diagnostics. 38.Robinson Meyer and Alexis Madrigal, “The Dangerous Delays in U.S. Coronavirus Testing Haven’

to Help Expedite Availability of Diagnostics,” US Food and Drug Administration press release, March 16, 2020, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-provides-more-regulatory-relief-during-outbreak-continues-help. 49.Caroline Chen, Marshall Allen, and Lexi Churchill, “Internal Emails Show How Chaos at

Stein, “Coronavirus Response Delayed Despite Health Officials’ Private Alarm,” USA Today, January 26, 2021. 54.Tim Dickinson, “The Four Men Responsible for America’s COVID-19 Test Disaster,” Rolling Stone, June 2020. 55.Murphy and Stein, “Coronavirus Response Delayed Despite Health Officials’ Private Alarm.” 56.This policy would be changed in

confirmation. Because of their often extensive and close contact with vulnerable patients in healthcare settings, even mild signs and symptoms (e.g., sore throat) of COVID-19 should be evaluated among potentially exposed healthcare personnel.” See US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, “Updated Guidance on Evaluating and Testing Persons for Coronavirus

Disease 2019 (COVID-19),” March 8, 2020. 57.The CDC ultimately made the virus available to test manufacturers through BEI Resources. The University of Texas said they could

2020. 19.Ritter and Metz, “Nevada Reverses Ban on Rapid Tests after Federal Pushback.” 20.US Food and Drug Administration, “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Takes Steps to Streamline Path for COVID-19 Screening Tools, Provides Information to Help Groups Establishing Testing Programs,” March 16, 2021, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements

/coronavirus-covid-19-update-fda-takes-steps-streamline-path-covid-19-screening-tools-provides. 21.“Trump Interrupts Health Officials: ‘Anybody That Wants a Test Can Get a Test,’” Washington Post, March 7, 2020.

Options,” US National Institutes of Health press release, April 17, 2020, https://www.nih.gov/news-events/news-releases/nih-launch-public-private-partnership-speed-covid-19-vaccine-treatment-options; and “Trump Administration Announces Framework and Leadership for ‘Operation Warp Speed,’” US Department of Health and Human Services press release, May

s Denial, Mismanagement and Magical Thinking Led to the Pandemic’s Dark Winter,” Washington Post, December 19, 2020. 3.Lev Facher, “President Trump Just Declared the Coronavirus Pandemic a National Emergency. Here’s What That Means,” STAT, March 13, 2020. 4.Abutaleb et al., “The Inside Story of How Trump’s Denial, Mismanagement

2020. 9.Facher, “President Trump Just Declared the Coronavirus Pandemic a National Emergency.” 10.Meridith McGraw and Caitlin Oprysko, “Inside the White House During ‘15 Days to Slow the Spread,’” Politico, March 29, 2020. 11.Lawrence Gostin and Lindsay Wiley, “Governmental Public Health Powers During the COVID-19 Pandemic: Stay-at-Home Orders, Business Closures

Anthes, “Three Feet or Six? Distancing Guideline for Schools Stirs Debate,” New York Times, March 16, 2021. 38.World Health Organization, “COVID-19: Physical Distancing,” https://www.who.int/westernpacific/emergencies/covid-19/information/physical-distancing. 39.William Booth, “Two Meters? One Meter Plus? Social Distancing Rules Prompt Fierce Debate in U.K.,” Washington

2020. 24.Robinson Meyer and Alexis C. Madrigal, “Why the Pandemic Experts Failed,” Atlantic, March 15, 2021. 25.Sheryl Gay Stolberg, “‘Sole Source’ Contract for Covid-19 Database Draws Scrutiny From Democrats,” New York Times, August 14, 2020. 26.Patty Murray, “Murray Demands Answers Regarding Non-Competitive, Multimillion Dollar Contract for Duplicative

Outpatient Health Care Facilities—United States, July 2020,” Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 69, no. 36 (2020): 1258–64. 29.Alicia Kelso, “Dining Out Increases COVID-19 Risk More than Other Activities, CDC Report Finds,” Restaurant Dive, September 11, 2020; and Molly Walker, “CDC: Dining Out Tied to Coronavirus Infection,” MedPage

, March 28, 2020, https://www.heritage.org/asia/commentary/south-korea-provides-lessons-good-and-bad-coronavirus-response; and Joon-Young Song et al., “Covid-19 in South Korea—Challenges of Subclinical Manifestations,” New England Journal of Medicine 382 (2020): 1858–9. 11.The Korean regulatory process provides regulators flexibility in

, February 28, 2004. 47.Sarah Karlin-Smith (@SarahKarlin), “This slide from @BARDA Acting Director Gary Disbrow is a good visual of US prioritizing funding for COVID-19 vaccines versus therapeutics,” Twitter, October 27, 2020, 10:18 a.m. 48.US Government Accountability Office, “Zika Supplemental Funding: Status of HHS Agencies’ Obligations,

a Pandemic,” Wall Street Journal, June 21, 2020. 26.Ibid. 27.Nicholas J. DeVito, Michael Liu, and Jeffrey K Aronson, “COVID-19 Clinical Trials Report Card: Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine,” Oxford COVID-19 Centre for Evidence-Based Medicine, May 11, 2020. 28.US Food and Drug Administration, “Electronic Reading Room: COVID,” May 11, 2021

33.Christopher Rowland, Debbie Cenziper, and Lisa Rein, “White House Sidestepped FDA to Distribute Hydroxychloroquine to Pharmacies, Documents Show. Trump Touted the Pills to Treat Covid-19,” Washington Post, October 31, 2020. 34.Office of the Assistant Secretary for Preparedness and Response, “HHS Accepts Donations of Medicine to Strategic National Stockpile as

Pages/default.aspx 37.Rowland, Cenziper, and Rein, “White House Sidestepped FDA to Distribute Hydroxychloroquine to Pharmacies, Documents Show. Trump Touted the Pills to Treat Covid-19.” 38.US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Drug Evaluation and Research Office of Surveillance and Epidemiology, “Pharmacovigilance Memorandum: Hydroxychloroquine and Chloroquine,” May 19, 2020

Rowland, Cenziper, and Rein, “White House Sidestepped FDA to Distribute Hydroxychloroquine to Pharmacies, Documents Show. Trump Touted the Pills to Treat Covid-19.” 41.US Food and Drug Administration, “Coronavirus (COVID-19) Update: FDA Revokes Emergency Use Authorization for Chloroquine and Hydroxychloroquine,” June 15, 2020, https://www.fda.gov/news-events/press-announcements/coronavirus

-preparedness-plan-prepp-initiative. 47.Levin, “Biden’s Pandemic-Policy Challenge.” 48.Richard Harris, “FDA’s Hahn Apologizes for Overselling Plasma’s Benefits as a COVID-19 Treatment,” National Public Radio, August 25, 2020. 49.Steve Usdin, “FDA Documents Shed Light on Chaotic COVID Decision-making during Trump Administration,” Biocentury, May

Virus,” ABC News, August 25, 2020. 54.US Food and Drug Administration, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, “Development and Licensure of Vaccines to Prevent COVID-19: Guidance for Industry,” January 2020, https://www.fda.gov/media/139638/download. 55.COVID Tracking Project, “The Long-Term Care COVID Tracker,” https://covidtracking.

com/nursing-homes-long-term-care-facilities. 56.Ibid. 57.“Trump Administration Issues Call to Action Based on New Data Detailing COVID-19 Impacts on Medicare Beneficiaries,” US Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services press release, June 22, 2020, https://www.cms.gov/newsroom/press-releases/trump-administration

the Trump Administration’s Response to the Pandemic That Changed History (New York: HarperCollins, 2021). 12.Weiland et al., “Trump Was Sicker than Acknowledged with Covid-19.” 13.Kayleigh McEnany 45 Archived (@PressSec45), “A Wednesday update from President @realDonaldTrump’s physician: [Sean Conley Statement],” Twitter, October 7, 2020, 12:51 p

Efficacy Endpoints,” Pfizer press release, November 18, 2020. 37.US Department of Health and Human Services, “Trump Administration Purchases Additional 100 Million Doses of COVID-19 Investigational Vaccine from Pfizer,” December 23, 2020. 38.“Moderna Announces it has Shipped Variant-Specific Vaccine Candidate, mRNA-1273.351, to NIH for Clinical Study

and Coronavirus Infection of Malayan Pangolins (Manis javanica),” Viruses 11, no. 11 (2019): 979. 44.David Quammen, “Did Pangolin Trafficking Cause the Coronavirus Pandemic? The Elusive Animals’ Possible Involvement in the Origins of COVID-19 Gives Them a Weird Ambivalence: Threatened and, Perhaps, Dangerous,” New Yorker, August 24, 2020. 45.Kangpeng Xiao et al., “Isolation

“Probable Pangolin Origin of SARS-CoV-2 Associated with the COVID-19 Outbreak,” Current Opinions in Biology 30, no. 7 (2020): 1346–51; Lam, Jia, and Cao, “Identifying SARS-CoV-2-Related Coronaviruses in Malayan Pangolins”; and Quammen, “Did Pangolin Trafficking Cause the Coronavirus Pandemic?” Adding to the intrigue was the fact that the Wuhan

Investigation is Needed to Determine the Origin of the Coronavirus Pandemic,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists, May 1, 2020. 53.Reference to Josh Rogin, Chaos Under Heaven, (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2021). 54.Katherine Eban, “The Lab-Leak Theory: Inside the Fight to Uncover COVID-19’s Origins,” Vanity Fair, June 3, 2021.

your device’s search capabilities to locate a specific entry. Abbott, 141, 150, 382, 423n Abbott ID Now, 382, 466n AbCellera Biologics Inc., 311 Accelerating COVID-19 Therapeutic Interventions and Vaccines (ACTIV), 289 ACE2 receptor (angiotensin-converting enzyme 2), 5, 331–32, 355, 358, 371–72 Adjuvants, 324, 432n Advanced Molecular

352–53 Albany, Georgia, superspreader event, 221 Alpha coronaviruses. See Bat coronaviruses American Clinical Laboratory Association, 135–36 American Enterprise Institute (AEI), 148, 243, 297 COVID-19 Test Capacity Tracker (@COVID2019tests), 148 “National Coronavirus Response: A Road Map to Reopening,” 250–52 American Health Care Association, 145 American Red Cross, 299 American

107. See also specific strains Coronavirus Task Force. See White House Coronavirus Task Force COVAX (COVID-19 Vaccines Global Access), 347 #COVID19, 87–88 COVID-19 testing. See Testing COVID-19 Test Capacity Tracker (@COVID2019tests), 148 COVID Tracking Project, 131, 241 COVID-19 vaccines. See Vaccines Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever, 284 Crimson Contagion, 201 Croskey, John W., 191

A Shot to Save the World: The Inside Story of the Life-Or-Death Race for a COVID-19 Vaccine

by Gregory Zuckerman  · 25 Oct 2021  · 368pp  · 106,185 words

Albert Bourla—CEO, pushed for fast Covid-19 vaccine Mikael Dolsten—Chief scientist, became worried

Gilbert—Chimpanzee-virus specialist who designed Covid-19 vaccine Novavax Gale Smith—Invented vaccine approach

chased RSV vaccines, worked with Moderna on Covid-19 vaccine John Mascola—Director of the Vaccine

the resulting disease, which was branded Covid-19, and more than 210 million people

friends and relatives. An uncle died of Covid-19, as well as a neighbor. So much

proudest moments. By one count, the Covid-19 vaccines helped prevent 279,000 deaths and

a historic, lifesaving, improbable triumph like the Covid-19 vaccines has fathers, mothers, grandparents, and all

and others who played important roles in the Covid-19 vaccine achievements or laid the groundwork for their success

intrigue, and outsize ambition. Most of all, the Covid-19 vaccine story is one of heroism, dedication, and

would be named 2019 novel coronavirus, or Covid-19. “Are you ready to get back in

its other vaccines and work on a Covid-19 vaccine would be a huge distraction, Hoge

didn’t have. If it built a Covid-19 vaccine and it failed, Moderna was

the company had shipped its first batch of Covid-19 vaccines, called mRNA-1273, to Corbett,

BioNTech’s plan to go after a Covid-19 vaccine. Dormitzer wasn’t thrilled with the

in London estimated that two-thirds of Covid-19 cases in travelers from China had not yet

home. So did Marina. Two months later, Covid-19 claimed the life of her mother. 15 February–

Manhattan. They said they had a diagnosis: Covid-19. Garbuz’s children raced to be near

which had become one of several dedicated Covid-19 wards in the hospital. All day and

. Nonetheless, in March 2020, Smyth contracted Covid-19, likely from those in her life who

Covid-19 patients. Other scientists who previously had worked on AIDS treatments also shifted to Covid-19

doctors with still another way to fend off Covid-19. It soon became clear these drugs were

only for those with mild cases of Covid-19. Later, these drugs would pile up

president of global vaccines, pushed to develop a Covid-19 vaccine, as did some other executives and researchers

take years to develop. A concerted Covid-19 effort would divert resources from thriving and

s library of chemical compounds for potential Covid-19 drugs or vaccines, but the company decided

getting going on Covid-19. Sanofi of France and GlaxoSmithKline of

to develop their own Covid-19 shots. But a miscalculation

Oxford team had a clear advantage over other Covid-19 efforts. By then, Gilbert and Hill had

people were most in need of a Covid-19 vaccine. The virus was disrupting daily

had an agreement to collaborate on a Covid-19 vaccine. Barouch and his team put their

many people working from home, fearful of Covid-19. But Barouch and his researchers came to

whether the antibodies were sufficient to stop Covid-19, or if their vaccine would prove

it would be an uphill battle to produce the first Covid-19 vaccine, but they had a chance. Barouch and J

discuss. He told Jansen about the early Covid-19 work he and BioNTech had done and

say a word to Trump about a Covid-19 vaccine, despite his company’s new collaboration

, trials, manufacturing, and distribution of a Covid-19 vaccine would be done in parallel, instead

Haller’s home, experienced an outbreak of Covid-19, with 27 of its 108 residents contracting the

tougher time handling a respiratory disease like Covid-19, and he had a habit of

a registration form for an upcoming Covid-19 vaccine study to be conducted by

first person was going to receive a Covid-19 vaccine as part of a Moderna trial.

first of three people scheduled for a Covid-19 shot that day. In the clinic,

could use the new cash for their Covid-19 work. Some of the big investors

that the companies team up on a Covid-19 vaccine, just like Pfizer and BioNTech were

BioNTech and Pfizer were racing to develop effective Covid-19 vaccines, Moderna was searching for money to

they could quickly collect data on their Covid-19 vaccine’s safety, side effects, and

soon as September, well before any of the Covid-19 competitors in the West. Before long, Oxford

test, manufacture, and distribute the group’s Covid-19 shots. AstraZeneca had little vaccine experience, but

. AstraZeneca even agreed to produce the Covid-19 vaccines without making a profit for as

Covid-19 case. By the end of April, the world was seeing an average of about 80,000 new cases of Covid-19

produce the world’s first vaccine against covid-19,” and The New York Times said

kinds of immune response to defend against Covid-19, while not causing serious side effects,

and a colleague focused on producing the Covid-19 shots, while Andrew Pollard, the Oxford

might be open to helping Moderna’s Covid-19 effort. Right away, though, Operation Warp

investors became hopeful that the company’s Covid-19 vaccine could be a big seller.

had been inoculated with the company’s Covid-19 vaccine had developed neutralizing antibodies comparable to

levels among people who had recovered from Covid-19 vary dramatically, so simply saying a

of Medicine who was developing his own Covid-19 vaccine, told the Financial Times. It

• • Uğur Şahin and BioNTech wanted to introduce their Covid-19 vaccine as swiftly as possible. So did his new partner

had begun to develop his company’s Covid-19 vaccine, he had selected a number

people were expressing hesitancy about taking potential Covid-19 vaccines was their fear of painful

nonprofit bodies that Novavax was building a Covid-19 vaccine, and he was able to

billion in funding so Novavax could pursue its Covid-19 vaccine. To begin testing it, Glenn

that had escaped the brunt of earlier Covid-19 spikes, no one was mocking Andres.

the inside track at producing the first Covid-19 vaccine. That all changed in early

someone in the trial was diagnosed with Covid-19, for example, Moderna would now have

supplies to regularly test the volunteers for Covid-19. Hoge couldn’t believe what he was

working on early trials for the Pfizer/BioNTech Covid-19 vaccine, helping to solve manufacturing issues and

lengthier pandemic and more global misery. Covid-19 vaccines developed by researchers in China and

, and other lighter topics—anything but Covid-19 and his shots—succeeding in brightening Şahin

early November, 94 subjects had developed Covid-19 symptoms, a figure deemed large enough

shots couldn’t help protect people from Covid-19. Failure would also likely mean other vaccine

every person who had come down with Covid-19 had been in the placebo group, it

the thirty-thousand-subject study had developed Covid-19 with symptoms. Ninety of those people had

.5 percent effective at protecting people from Covid-19, a result on par with the Pfizer

“the vaccine was highly effective in preventing COVID-19.” The very first figure AstraZeneca cited was the

Street Journal blasted a headline: “AstraZeneca-Oxford Covid-19 Vaccine up to 90% Effective in Late-Stage

in older adults most vulnerable to Covid-19.8 Later, it became clear that

Lindsay became the first American to receive a Covid-19 vaccination outside of a clinical trial. A

York, who had lost family members to Covid-19, Lindsay reported that her Pfizer/BioNTech shot

of whom were indicating early wariness about Covid-19 vaccines.2 A week later, Moderna’s

nursing homes and those most vulnerable to severe Covid-19 disease. Later, others would be offered both

had ordered 110 million doses of Novavax’s Covid-19 shots, which would be distributed upon receiving

It was. Novavax’s Covid-19 vaccine’s phase 3 trial in the

effective at protecting people from the Covid-19 disease. Glenn couldn’t believe his

to grab much of the initial Covid-19 market from Pfizer/BioNTech and Moderna

. . For the moment, it’s the best COVID-19 vaccine we have,” Bastian wrote. The little company finally

the wake of the company’s Covid-19 achievements and a stock price that

the country fend off a new surge of Covid-19 cases. In late January, the Oxford/AstraZeneca

asked U.S. authorities to allow their Covid-19 shots in America. Still, the vaccine

that owned intellectual property crucial to their Covid-19 vaccine, sold shares in a public offering

U.S. Food and Drug Administration authorized Johnson & Johnson’s Covid-19 vaccine for adults aged eighteen and older in the United States,

effective at protecting people from developing Covid-19, including in parts of the world

were 85.4 percent protective against severe Covid-19, leading The Wall Street Journal to call

cases, hospitalizations, and deaths related to Covid-19 remained at high levels, so political officials

in the use of J&J’s Covid-19 vaccine. Six women had suffered blood

generally supportive of the decision. Alternative Covid-19 vaccines were available. There might be

the world’s main effort to supply Covid-19 vaccines to poorer nations. One study

one of the first people diagnosed with Covid-19, was in a New York hospital,

half-dozen studies about the effects of Covid-19, aimed at gaining a better understanding of

, had been in the hospital with Covid-19 around the time he was battling the

who suffered during the first wave of Covid-19 infections, Garbuz was still feeling its impact

better spirits. Smyth, the professor from western Massachusetts who contracted Covid-19 in March 2020, spent nearly a year dealing with symptoms of

The nurses injected them with Moderna’s Covid-19 vaccine. As the syringe entered his shoulder

much of 2021 working to get the Pfizer/BioNTech’s Covid-19 vaccine to people around the world. In the spring

celebrity, and the successful development of his company’s Covid-19 shots, were unlikely, even astonishing, developments. For

piles of cash from sales of its Covid-19 shots. In 2021, BioNTech was expected

of data demonstrating the effectiveness of its Covid-19 vaccine, Şahin surprised an associate by

smile. AFTERWORD During the summer of 2021, Covid-19 staged a vicious comeback. Just when vaccines

terrorizing the world. For most people, Covid-19 vaccines provided sufficient protection from the most

other vaccine companies were busy chasing second-generation Covid-19 shots capable of disarming its dangerous variants. At

of the investigators at the forefront of the Covid-19 vaccine effort were likely motivated, at least

Teams of dedicated individuals were needed to produce effective Covid-19 vaccines. I relied on an equally devoted group to

NOTES INTRODUCTION 1. World Health Organization, “WHO Coronavirus (COVID-19) Dashboard,” July 29, 2021, https://covid19.who.int/.

3. Michael Blanding, “Shot in the Arm: Groundbreaking COVID-19 Vaccine Research by Alumnus Dr. Barney Graham Began at

edu/2021/03/17/shot-in-the-arm-groundbreaking-covid-19-vaccine-research-by-alumnus-dr-barney-graham-began-at-

COVID-19 Vaccines,” Chemical & Engineering News, September 29, 2020, https://cen.acs.org/pharmaceuticals/vaccines/tiny-tweak-behind-COVID-19/98/i38. 6. Elisabeth Mahase, “Covid-19

://doi.org/10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66722-0; Mahase, “Covid-19: First Coronavirus.” 8. Oransky, “David Tyrrell.” 9. Yanzhong Huang

Founders Türeci and Şahin on the Battle Against COVID-19,” interview by Steffen Klusmann and Thomas Schulz,

founders-tuereci-and-sahin-on-the-battle-against-covid-19-to-see-people-finally-benefitting-from-our-work

Joe Miller, “Inside the Hunt for a Covid-19 Vaccine: How BioNTech Made the Breakthrough,” Financial

Kate Linebaugh, “Novavax’s Long Road to a Covid-19 Vaccine,” March 1, 2021, The Journal (podcast

wsj.com/podcasts/the-journal/novavax-long-road-to-a-covid-19-vaccine/6c0098ff-8479-4bc1-8f52-50f47ff8db59. 3. Knutson and

com/articles/live-wildlife-sold-in-wuhan-markets-before-covid-19-outbreak-study-shows-11623175415. 3. Rui-Heng Xu

, “Exclusive: The Chinese Scientist Who Sequenced the First COVID-19 Genome Speaks Out About the Controversies Surrounding His Work,”

Kate Wighton, “Two Thirds of COVID-19 Cases Exported from Mainland China May Be Undetected

.imperial.ac.uk/news/195564/two-thirds-covid-19-cases-exported-from-mainland. 13. Brianna

the-coronavirus-11580403056. CHAPTER FIFTEEN 1. Leslie Brody, “Covid-19’s ‘Patient Zero’ in New York: What Life

March 5, 2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/covid-19s-patient-zero-what-life-is-like-for-the-

Covid-19,” Wall Street Journal, June 26, 2020, https://www.wsj.com/articles/young-coronavirus-spike-boston-hospital-icu-doctors-patient-covid-19

com/news/features/2020-07-15/oxford-s-covid-19-vaccine-is-the-coronavirus-front-runner. 2.

a Billionaire on Hopes for Technology Behind COVID-19 Vaccine,” Forbes, June 1, 2020, https://

-becomes-a-billionaire-on-hopes-for-technology-behind-covid-19-vaccine/?sh=7b901fb433fb. 4. “Mission Possible:

bloomberg.com/news/features/2020-07-15/oxford-s-covid-19-vaccine-is-the-coronavirus-front-runner. 3. David

et al., “Special Report—How a British COVID-19 Vaccine Went from Pole Position to Troubled Start,”

, July 2020, https://thebiologist.rsb.org.uk/biologist-covid-19/if-this-doesn-t-work-i-m-not-sure

t Produce Data Critical to Assessing Covid-19 Vaccine,” STAT News, May 19, 2020

say-moderna-didnt-produce-data-critical-to-assessing-covid-19-vaccine/. 9. Matt Levine, “Money

, “Novavax Nears Covid-19 Vaccine Game Changer—After Years of Failure,” Wall

.wsj.com/articles/novavax-nears-covid-19-vaccine-game-changerafter-years-of-

“Pushing Boundaries to Deliver COVID-19 Vaccine Across the Globe,” AstraZeneca, February 2021

deliver-covid-19-vaccine-accross-the-globe.html. 5. Jenny Strasburg and Joseph Walker, “Astra-Zeneca-Oxford Covid-19

https://www.wsj.com/articles/astrazeneca-oxford-covid-19-vaccine-up-to-90-effective-in-late

Grayce West, “New York City Kicks Off Covid-19 Vaccine Drive,” Wall Street Journal, December 14,

Loftus, “Novavax Covid-19 Vaccine Produces Positive Results in First-Stage Study,”

https://www.wsj.com/articles/novavax-covid-19-vaccine-produces-positive-results-in-first

www.theatlantic.com/health/archive/2021/06/novavax-now-best-covid-19-vaccine/619276/. 6. William Booth, Carolyn Y. Johnson

7. Jenny Strasburg, “AstraZeneca’s Covid-19 Vaccine Is Safe, 79% Effective in Late-Stage

2021, https://www.wsj.com/articles/astrazeneca-covid-19-vaccine-is-79-effective-in-late-stage-u

“Pushing Boundaries to Deliver COVID-19 Vaccine Across the Globe,” AstraZeneca, February 2021,

-to-deliver-covid-19-vaccine-accross-the-globe.html. 9. Jenny Strasburg, “If Oxford’s Covid-19 Vaccine Succeeds

www.wsj.com/articles/if-oxfords-covid-19-vaccine-succeeds-layers-of-private-investors

“J&J Covid-19 Vaccine Authorized for Use in U.S.,” Wall

-j-covid-19-vaccine-authorized-for-use-in-u-s-11614467922. 13. Burton and Loftus, “J&J Covid-19 Vaccine

Strasburg, “J&J, AstraZeneca Explore Covid-19 Vaccine Modification in Response to Rare Blood Clots,”

.wsj.com/articles/j-j-astrazeneca-explore-covid-19-vaccine-modification-in-response-to-rare-blood-

Duty of Care: One NHS Doctor's Story of the Covid-19 Crisis

by Dr Dominic Pimenta  · 2 Sep 2020  · 304pp  · 95,306 words

China, 4.3 per cent died. Shortly afterward, on 11 February, the World Health Organization (WHO) announced “COVID-19” as the name of the new disease. COVID-19 got its slightly robotic name to avoid the stigma surrounding some of its epidemic predecessors: Middle East Respiratory Virus, German

tubes and looked up other coronaviruses, wondering how we managed SARS back then. By comparison, it seemed that COVID-19 could spread easily without symptoms, while SARS patients were usually feverish when they were infectious, making them easy to isolate and quarantine

. COVID-19 could also last on surfaces; one paper I found suggested it could live on metal, glass and plastic for up

• • The next few days were a sea change for me. My ears would prick up when I heard any mention of COVID-19. On my commutes and breaks I continued to hoover up studies and news. Twitter became a valuable resource of other doctors and experts

obligatory memes and outrage, Twitter emerged as the world’s largest medical forum. The topic: SARS-CoV-2 (the virus), or COVID-19 (the disease). Through all these sources, the numbers I’d only just started to pay attention to painted a bleak picture. A

measures were taken against it. Early quarantine measures in a country was always a game-ender for the virus. And here was COVID-19, in Plague Inc. terms, following the same winning formula. The game became so popular it spun off into a board game

the first time I’ve really had to think about it in the real world. There have been some case reports of COVID-19 causing inflammation of the heart coming out of China. Kate and I exchange looks over the top of our masks. “Have

to try and recreate the close distance we had had in Tottenham once more. It makes a nice break from obsessing over COVID-19 to trawl through Zoopla or similar and look at properties. Just out of interest, I take to working out what we

and has flown in as a surprise), Jonny. The food is great, the wine is better. Eventually the talk turns to COVID-19 when Jonny announces he’s heading to Singapore the week coming. “I wouldn’t do that.” I’m slightly glib, probably

are open to us, and already we can feel the tremors in our timelines. What was once the “Wuhan virus” became COVID-19 and is now in a major European country, heading toward a significant outbreak. There had been reports in Singapore and South Korea

had become a political lightning rod just a few months prior, but fizzled out again without any consequence. And now, as COVID-19 tore through the better-resourced Italian healthcare system, overwhelming patients and staff, with daily reports of medical colleagues losing their lives,

each news briefing bravely trumpeted that the NHS was “ready” for COVID-19. “Ready” despite having the fewest beds, staff and resources of any modern healthcare system in the world. “Ready” despite the ballooning

a good idea or not. The UK government was spending a lot of time and effort trying not to induce panic about COVID-19, claiming that aggressive measures too soon would “fatigue” the population. I took a different view; I work with the public

factory line, him opening the vials and me carefully drawing each one up. It’s monotonous work. Naturally the conversation turns to COVID-19. I ping Hugo my article. He reads the title, “The NHS isn’t ready for coronavirus”. “So what healthcare system

as are their subsequent contacts, and the contacts of those contacts. The invisible enemy has now been set loose among us. COVID-19 has landed. Dilsan rests her head on my shoulder and we watch the news unroll quietly. 1. https://stats.oecd.org/

the usual chest and tummy bugs out there still, and she has no cough or fever or any of the other typical COVID-19 symptoms. I make her some tea and send her to bed for the rest of the day. Dilsan emerges for dinner

help but be distracted, as if by a scab I cannot stop worrying about, and I find myself diving back into the COVID-19 papers from Wuhan. We’ve both had a strange diarrhoeal illness which sounds viral, with muscle pain and extreme fatigue. It

Relieved, I pop back upstairs and gently lie him down. His breathing is congested but he is settled. Does he have COVID-19? Do I? Every day it seems we know less and less about it. I creep into bed next to Dilsan and listen

I’ve run a marathon when we collapse onto the sofa that night. Dilsan is already flicking through a research paper about COVID-19 in children, writing the odd note on a pad beside her. “I think we should put our phones away,” I announce

s already half-empty. The coffee shops are no longer taking reusable cups, the first time I’ve noticed businesses adapting to COVID-19. No one else is wearing masks. I get to the conference hall early, find a seat at the back well away

my level up to some of the most senior professors in the world. Oddly, no one is taking any specific precautions. COVID-19 gets a mention in the opener, but only as a tongue-in-cheek joke. There are some polite titters in the audience

Tropical Medicine and a preeminent member of the Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies (SAGE) that is advising the UK government on their COVID-19 response. The decision-making the government refers to as being “guided by the science” comes from this large and voluntary group of

the waters appear more settled, while abroad something feels like it’s brewing. I’ve become obsessed with the daily rises in COVID-19 cases – the web pages tracking Italy and the UK have become fixtures in my phone. The reports from Italy across social

of the social media time, I spend an hour or so on the tube trying to put together a short explainer on COVID-19 for the general population. I call it “Everything you need to know about Coronavirus. A thread by a doctor”. What

and currently no definitive antiviral treatment, unlike influenza. Unlike other coronaviruses, like SARS, where infected patients are nearly always feverish, with COVID-19 a much higher proportion (up to 50 per cent) of contagious patients have no temperature at all, making them much harder to

(This is a true, and incredibly weird, story.1) Nevertheless, the short explainer, in which I present simple facts about COVID-19 as if I were talking to you as a patient, takes off on Twitter, and a journalist from the Press Association gets in

t much strong evidence that being infected with coronavirus actually produces protective immunity, although it is likely. 3) Given the statistics about COVID-19’s spectrum of illness, with up to 15 per cent needing intensive care, and as many as 1–3 per cent dying

when he comes out of ICU.” “Oh, okay.” I put two and two together – yesterday was the day we were expecting the routine COVID-19 tests of ICU patients to come back. “Did he come back with coronavirus?” I ask. “Yes . . . I have to go

Yes, I’m Dom.” “Great – we need to find these contacts of the case downstairs,” he says, with urgency, before adding: “COVID-19.” He passes me the list. Both Cassie’s and Krish’s names are on there. “Well, I wanted to test Cassie anyway,”

’s just precautionary. I hope to God it is. Several of the nurses are now really upset by the possibility of COVID-19 on their ward. Not for the first time I realize that many staff are actually in the high-risk group themselves,

to cover for three nurses who got sent home to self-isolate for two weeks due to possible contact with the confirmed COVID-19 patient. I wonder how, as the cases keep coming in, that can possibly remain sustainable? I do the rest of

I’m not sure I really manage it. Solid organ3 transplant patients, like Ehsan, appear to be the highest risk group for COVID-19, although there isn’t a lot of information about liver transplants. I hope he makes progress with the Head. In the

and placing 16 million people under quarantine. It occurred to me then that the country needed to fundamentally rethink its approach to COVID-19. Less a storm in a teacup, or even a storm that will blow over, but a prolonged and protracted conflict. The

three days, the more it seemed our trajectory became terminal. Around 43,000 men and women lost their lives in the Blitz. COVID-19 could be worse. That day (8 March), the total of confirmed cases reached 278, and by that maths, there would be

And the question no one was asking was how will we provide the same urgent and emergency care when we are overwhelmed by COVID-19 in each hospital? The simple answer: we won’t. We can cancel elective work and waiting list operations, but those

patients don’t disappear, and neither do their health needs. COVID-19 deaths will be fastidiously documented, but what about these indirect mortalities from delays and diverted care because of the pandemic? The knock-

lack of physical examination, of non-verbal communication, of rapport – the list of problems with it had been endless. But then COVID-19 hit, and what was formerly a radical and unpopular idea became, overnight, the only logical solution, even a popular one. Now

the telephone patient again. I check in on a few of the patients from the weekend remotely – the guidelines for testing COVID-19 patients changed that morning, and now we can finally test patients who haven’t travelled, nearly 11 days after the first

all the on-call teams to get “fit tested” for the masks that we will need to wear when in contact with COVID-19 patients. This strikes me as strange, as it’s the first time in eight years I’ve ever heard of this

by surprise. This also happens on the same morning as the news reports that a government minister has now tested positive for COVID-19. Social media is alight with the threat COVID poses, and yet everywhere else seems nearly blasé in comparison. Doctors, too,

to save, with those over 65 not even being assessed by intensive care departments. Every diagnosis is the same: bilateral pneumonia, COVID-19. Given these accounts, I can’t understand the inaction on our end. I watched Professor Chris Whitty’s testimony at the

breathing issues?” Dilsan shakes her head. The isolation guidelines are limited to fever and cough, but I don’t really know what COVID-19 might look like in someone on immunosuppressant drugs, and certainly 37.7ºC could be considered a low-grade fever, especially on those same

hospital and don’t get nearly enough recognition for them. Their training is very specialist, however, and when it comes to COVID-19, it’s as new to them as anybody else. Many are very worried. Jack is the senior echocardiographer and is sporting

to quite a large clan. But, all in their seventies and eighties now, my dad’s generation are particularly vulnerable to COVID-19. There has been some chatter over email for some time about what we should do about Aunt Judy’s birthday party.

nicely as possible, pointing out that travelling by 26 March may be impossible anyway, but emphasizing that the risk of catching COVID-19 is high, given that people would need to come from all over the country. A crisis for the country on the

a.m., flicking idly through news reports. I see that a director of one of the Lombardy medical schools has died from COVID-19. So many colleagues are losing their lives. What are we doing? I think angrily to myself. I creep downstairs to

believe, and to ignore everything else. We could simply do nothing. Life is full as it is – we can weather COVID-19 at home, get on with the work in front of us and hope for the best. We’ll do what we can

s instructional advice for all clinicians, conveying the need to free up beds, especially in critical care; to expect “large numbers” of COVID-19 patients needing respiratory support; and to support staff. The last line of the letter, “Remove routine burdens so as to facilitate the

if the situation couldn’t get any worse, we hear about the first seemingly confirmed colleague of ours who is critically unwell with COVID-19. An announcement from the British Laryngological Association reports that at least two ear, nose and throat (ENT) surgeons are critically unwell

Currently our hospital is receiving patients from other places – we are the spill-over – and there’s only a handful of COVID-19 patients on the ward at the moment. The handover begins when the consultants walk in. They are Dr Duncan Desmond, the lead

ventilator, such as those very sick patients in intensive care, but we also have patients who are not unwell enough with COVID-19 to warrant being in hospital normally, but who have come in with other things, like heart attacks or dysfunctional or infected

end of the list. Normally we would be covering the whole hospital overnight, but as we are still trying to keep the COVID-19 patients away from everyone else, that means separate teams as well. We have nowhere to go, and, for now, very

at all. Listening to the patients’ stories, it seems like the more we know about COVID-19, the less we really know. The basics are unchanged for now, however: COVID-19 is a virus, comprising tiny particles of genetic material wrapped in an envelope of protein,

is happening. From what we can see in the wards at the moment, there seem to be distinct phases to severe COVID-19 infection, a short period of perhaps a week of slowly worsening symptoms and then a crashing illness for a few days,

to wonder if that’s the virus as well, causing clots in machine circuits, in legs and in lungs. At first, COVID-19 looks like the most bizarre disease any of us has seen before, but I wonder if that’s down to the sheer

him,” he says over the top of the report. • • • Right now, we have few options when it comes to treating COVID-19. From some wider reading, I know there are ongoing trials of antiviral medicines, the potential to use steroids to dampen the immune response

starved and exhausted soldiers. And that was all the case before any sign of coronavirus. The only thing we ever knew about COVID-19 for certain was that we didn’t know much about it; it is a brand new virus, from a very mixed

to protect the economy? Well, firstly, there was no evidence, and remains no evidence to date, that being naturally infected with COVID-19 even definitively confers immunity to subsequent infection. We aren’t sure it happens at all. I took my antibody test, a government-

the most vulnerable in our care homes, letting them die in their thousands, even reportedly discharging patients with COVID-19 directly to the sector. We now know that COVID-19 in the elderly can sometimes be very mild and unusual, presenting with confusion, falls, abdominal symptoms or

better prepare and defend itself in the future. We need to do the same urgently. Whether it’s the second wave of COVID-19, a new coronavirus, or another pandemic in the near future, this will happen again unless we learn the lessons that we

COVID-19: Everything You Need to Know About the Corona Virus and the Race for the Vaccine

by Michael Mosley  · 1 Jun 2020  · 89pp  · 27,057 words

develop symptoms, then the disease you get is called “Covid-19.” SARS-CoV-2 is a killer with a range

am going to refer to it as the Covid-19 virus. The Covid-19 virus represents the greatest public health crisis of

Enemy Despite the huge threat it poses, the Covid-19 virus is relatively simple. Its core is a single

and clever. Covid-19 is not. Yet it has us on the run. This short strand of Covid-19 RNA is protected

, but the spikes on the surface of the Covid-19 virus are just the right shape to lock onto

swiftly spring into action and unleash hell. But the Covid-19 virus has lots of tricks up its sleeve to

your body that it is being attacked. But the Covid-19 virus can do the equivalent of cutting the telephone

need to steer clear of you. Because the Covid-19 virus is able to silence the alarms, when

first learned about the importance of asymptomatic carriers of Covid-19 thanks to some very smart detective work done in

, was tested, and was found to be positive for Covid-19. When, soon afterward, a middle-aged man from the

illness, he was isolated and tested. He had Covid-19. The Germans swiftly traced and found eight others from

the very onset of symptoms suggests that individuals with Covid-19 are infectious very early on, in some cases before

Wolfel’s matter-of-fact reply. Why Is Covid-19 So Much Worse Than Other Coronaviruses? This ability

symptoms is one of the key differences between the Covid-19 virus and its close relative, SARS-CoV, the

Taiwan, and Singapore. It was much more lethal than Covid-19, killing nearly 10 percent of those who got infected

the ACE2 enzymes in our respiratory tract as the Covid-19 virus, which made it far less infectious.

since 2004. The Flying Virus The fact that the Covid-19 virus can be carried by people who have few,

positive for Covid-19. The next day, Tuesday, March 24th, Dan started to develop classic signs of Covid-19, including a

Where Did the Covid-19 Virus Come From? Although we describe it as a “new” virus, the Covid-19 virus has almost

longer bothered by it. But it seems that the Covid-19 virus, like HIV, Ebola, and the SARS virus

about in 2016 is 96 percent identical to the Covid-19 virus that is spreading among us now. The

in a very hostile environment. So, when the Covid-19 virus jumped from bats to another animal species it

animal, if any, acted as an intermediary for Covid-19, the likeliest candidate is a creature called the pangolin

highly endangered species. Fingers crossed. Whatever its origins, Covid-19 is like a monstrous mutant hybrid of other coronaviruses

Although they knew there was a threat from Covid-19, nobody appeared to be ill and the choir

been diagnosed or had come down with symptoms of Covid-19. Two of them had died. No one really

my son Dan, who is 25 years old, got Covid-19, he developed most of the classic symptoms (cough, fever

cells that have been infected and taken over by Covid-19. The adaptive response also involves the release of

virus, in this case the one that causes Covid-19. If your body has never seen that particular virus

where they admitted a woman from Wuhan with Covid-19. The Woman from Wuhan The story begins in

temperature. A nasal swab revealed that she had Covid-19. They took daily swabs and blood samples throughout her

medical support her body got on top of the Covid-19 virus. Within 11 days of admission she was discharged

preexisting health condition. Who Gets Ill from It Because Covid-19 can be caught from someone else coughing or sneezing

this with Covid-19. In fact, unless you have a preexisting condition, the odds of dying from Covid-19 if you

Covid-19 is that, unlike the flu, or most other infectious diseases, there have been remarkably few cases of children with Covid-19

condition that appears to be linked to Covid-19 and that has, understandably, been worrying

a nine-year-old British boy who got Covid-19 while skiing in the Alps. He had very

to be few documented cases of a child passing Covid-19 to an adult. It is more likely to

certainly do. Men, at every age, who get Covid-19 are far more likely to die than women.

hospital and tested positive for Covid-19. Since most people have mild symptoms and are

than the true risk.5 Why Covid-19 Is So Much More Dangerous

much more likely to get sick and die from Covid-19 than women. First, women have a more

began a study where they gave male and female Covid-19 patients over the age of 55 estrogen patches,

why men are so much more likely to get severe Covid-19 is that men tend to have higher rates of obesity

from the virus (see chapter 4). Why Does Covid-19 Kill Mainly Older People? As with men, one

and lungs as well (see page 36). Is Covid-19 More Dangerous If You Come from a Particular Ethnic

between intensive care patients in an average flu year and Covid-19.7 Covid-19 Flu (2017–2019) Average age 59 years 58 years White

are very different when it comes to Covid-19. If you come from a black or Asian

end up in intensive care if you get Covid-19 than if you are white. Why? Although

and type 2 diabetes), that does not explain why Covid-19 impacts this group so much worse than the flu

at the ethnic background of those who died from Covid-19, came to similar puzzling conclusions.8 They found

are four times more likely to die from Covid-19 than those who are white. And that,

a Covid-19-related death than whites. They concluded that “the difference between ethnic groups in Covid-19 mortality

of events is that a study of the earliest Covid-19 patients shows that many of them have no connection

people, more than 800 of whom were infected with Covid-19, flew from Wuhan to cities outside China over the next

including Bangkok, where the first known overseas case of Covid-19 was caught by vigilant officials at Bangkok airport. She

25th Australia reported its first case of someone with Covid-19 infection. It was a man in his 50s from

Covid-19, despite having no known connections with China. And China was no longer the only threat. People infected by Covid-19

11th. The new viral infection was given a name: Covid-19, short for “coronavirus disease 2019.” Day 48 I’d

at the time there were just nine cases of Covid-19 in the UK with no deaths. The best guess

By March 3rd hundreds of Italians had died from Covid-19 and Italian hospitals were beginning to buckle under the

time, there had been no new cases of Covid-19. Day 86 On March 25th the countdown clock

On April 2nd the number of confirmed cases of Covid-19 passed the million mark. At least 50,000

numbers would double. Day 100 After coming down with Covid-19, Boris Johnson was moved to intensive care. There

.20 How Often Does a Dangerous New Virus, Like Covid-19, Emerge and Cause a Pandemic? Novel viruses are infecting

the most disturbing outbreak in my professional lifetime (before Covid-19) was the emergence of HIV (Human Immunodeficiency Virus),

—those that cause SARS and MERS, and now Covid-19. How Is This New Virus Different from the

differences is that when you get infected with Covid-19 you can soon be shedding lots of viruses without

of people who get Covid-19 have no symptoms at all. That is what allowed Covid-19 to spread so far

allow it to spread unhindered, then each person with Covid-19 infects on average 2.5 other people. For a

Made in a Lab? There is no evidence that Covid-19 is man-made. The likeliest explanation is that it

Does Covid-19 Spread? The main way it spreads is through coughs or sneezes. If you have Covid-19 and

well get infected. Studies suggest that, indoors, the Covid-19 virus can live for many hours on plastic or hard

we’ve seen on page 27, are also potential Covid-19 death traps. Thanks to smart detective work, Chinese researchers

for Covid-19. Within a week four other members of his family had also tested positive for Covid-19, as

in a 19-story office building came down with Covid-19. The Korea Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (

miss around half the people who actually have active Covid-19. The other thing is, if you really want

your risk. Will Warmer Weather Slow the Spread of Covid-19? Viruses generally prefer the cold, which is why

mentioned above, there is good evidence that the Covid-19 virus does not survive long when exposed to UV

than inside a shop, restaurant, or office. If Covid-19 behaves anything like the flu, it will get much

playdates? The risks to a child from getting Covid-19 are incredibly low. The Centers for Disease Control and

Covid-19 since February. This compares to more than 200 who have died of the flu and nearly 100,000 adults who have died from Covid-19

number of confirmed cases of cats coming down with Covid-19, as well as lions and tigers at a

that pets can give Covid-19 to their owners. In one family, the cat got Covid-19 but none of the

will spray around if they happen to have Covid-19. The superpower that this virus possesses is its

and Jeremy Howard point out, “If you have Covid-19 and cough on someone from eight inches away, wearing

that taking vitamin C supplements will help protect you against Covid-19. Nor will echinacea, drinking green tea, or zinc supplements

Should I Do If I Think I Might Have Covid-19? If you have mild symptoms then you should

Sick? When my son Dan came down with Covid-19 we asked him to stay in his room and

and taste, which happens to many people with Covid-19, but they both slowly came back over the next

the lab suggest it may help prevent the Covid-19 virus from replicating. There has been one randomized

reduces the time it takes to recover from Covid-19 from 15 days to 11 days. There was

impact on 368 American military veterans hospitalized with Covid-19 found that more than twice as many died after

t know yet how well it will work with Covid-19. Since one survivor can only donate enough blood

cure on the horizon. If I Have Had Covid-19 Can I Catch It Again? It is too

the virus and recovered will come down with Covid-19 again. The reason why people can get

The other test looks for antibodies to the Covid-19 virus. Your body normally starts to produce antibodies

see what actually happens, we don’t know how Covid-19 will behave. Might the New Virus “Burn Out”

say yes, but I think that it is unlikely. Covid-19 is already too well established around the world. The

never really took off. Unless we get a vaccine, Covid-19, like the influenza virus that causes the seasonal flu

and your family from being infected by the Covid-19 virus is by regular hand washing and social

Covid-19. Why? It is partly because the more overweight you are, the lower your lung capacity. So if Covid-19

personally have found really useful. Shrink Your Waist The Covid-19 virus seems almost selective about whom it kills. Most

of ending up in intensive care if you get Covid-19. But BMI is a crude predictor of health.

to end up in intensive care if we get Covid-19. Metabolic Disease The problem with visceral fat is

but it is even more dangerous if you get Covid-19. That’s because having chronic low-grade inflammation and

know that obesity and diabetes, independently, make you vulnerable to Covid-19. Put them together, along with hypertension, and your risk

10 times greater risk of death when they contract Covid-19.” That figure is speculative, and may overstate the

disease and hopefully increase your chance of fighting off Covid-19. But are there risks to losing weight during

down your of risk of reacting badly to Covid-19 should you contract it, within days or weeks

predictor of who will do badly when they get Covid-19. Switch to a Mediterranean-Style Diet Like any

storm,” the dangerous overreaction by the immune system to Covid-19 that leads to serious damage to vital organs and sometimes

syndrome (ARDS), a major cause of death in patients with Covid-19.33 As well as running, walking, and some cycling,

good news is that with so many vaccines against Covid-19 in play, and with so much money behind

The biggest killer was smallpox, the Speckled Monster. Like Covid-19, smallpox could be spread by a cough or a sneeze

fastest and most effective way of testing a new Covid-19 vaccine. Jenner did what we would now call “

contain and control future outbreaks of Covid-19. The Race for a Covid-19 Vaccine Begins The good news is that

he was in a great position to respond when Covid-19 reared its ugly head. To start with, like many

into mice to see if they would develop antibodies to Covid-19. They did. In fact, the vaccine worked better

may never be able to create a vaccine against Covid-19 and point toward HIV, where despite more than 30

he pointed out, unlike AIDS, the virus that causes Covid-19 isn’t mutating fast. “There is never any guarantee

Imperial, they have created a vaccine based on targeting Covid-19’s spikes, in the hope that this will induce

humans but does produce the distinctive viral spikes of Covid-19. Genetically modifying a virus before injecting it may

modified their existing vaccine so it would work against Covid-19, and by March they were ready for it

relative of ours and when they are infected with Covid-19 they get sick. In a study carried out

launch into large-scale manufacture and distribution of a Covid-19 vaccine as soon as one becomes available. Oxford

more traditional approach. They began by collecting samples of Covid-19 viruses from infected patients, which they then purified and

did a “challenge” experiment, exposing the monkeys to the Covid-19 virus. The vaccine seemed to protect them, because unlike

Covid-19 will take years, or even decades. These are some of their arguments. People Who Have Been Infected with Covid-19

with monkeys, who have been deliberately infected with the Covid-19 virus, recovered, and then exposed to the virus again

The reason people fear this could happen with a Covid-19 is because of a trial in 2004 of an

with the SARS virus. So far none of the Covid-19 vaccine researchers I’ve spoken to have seen disease

placebo. Doing Phase III trials the traditional way, with Covid-19, could be tricky. To find out if your vaccine

the curve and there is not a lot of Covid-19 in circulation, you may have to hang around

vaccinating healthy individuals and then deliberately exposing them to Covid-19 to see if it protected them. But would that

are at low risk of complications if they get Covid-19. You would also need to ensure that they

medical staff to risk themselves by treating patients with Covid-19. Is this really that different? When I was

29-year-old, then even if you get Covid-19 your risk of dying is roughly the same

dontforgetthebubbles.com/evidence-summary-paediatric-covid-19-literature/ 5 https://www.cebm.net/covid-19/global-covid-19-case-fatality-rates/ 6

nih-clinical-trial-shows-remdesivir-accelerates-recovery-advanced-covid-19 26 https://www.medrxiv.org/content/10.1101/

the book reflects the author’s impressions of the COVID-19 landscape at the time of publication. The reader should

Covid-19: The Pandemic That Never Should Have Happened and How to Stop the Next One

by Debora MacKenzie  · 13 Jul 2020  · 266pp  · 80,273 words

it causes was named Covid-19: “co” for corona

anytime soon. Covid-19 has infected the

breed disease. Covid-19, Ebola, and

the source of Covid-19. They immediately recognized

surprise when Covid-19 finally hit

how to contain Covid-19, but few

Covid-19 pandemic may not even be the worst we could see. And even Covid-19

or vaccinated against Covid-19 and will be

although the Covid-19 virus isn’

been worse. Covid-19 does not

like Covid-19—and, with luck, Covid-19 will

painfully learned, Covid-19 mostly kills

But before Covid-19 happened, we

coronaviruses like Covid-19 to allow

ringer for Covid-19. I can

Covid-19, but so far, believe it or not, we’ve been lucky. In addition, what almost no one realized before Covid-19

is that Covid-19 has shown

economic damage Covid-19 is doing

is happening with Covid-19 right now,

and after Covid-19 emerged. Then

the unlovely name Covid-19. Many people

one that causes Covid-19 belongs. I

causes Covid-19, or even the Covid-19 virus

up with the Covid-19 pandemic? Could

Covid-19 pandemic on the world? The first inkling I, like many others, had of the gathering storm that became Covid-19

emergencies like Covid-19. For disease

relative of Covid-19. Yet the

transmitted as Covid-19. You won

wrestled the Covid-19 epidemic to

of the Covid-19 epidemic, China

then-unknown Covid-19 virus as

virus that causes Covid-19 officially became SARS

he died of Covid-19. “I am not

people with Covid-19 symptoms only

into the Covid-19 crisis. Containing

of infection. Covid-19 ticks both

days of Covid-19. And if

of Covid-19 just to

to stopping Covid-19 is using

value for Covid-19 was originally

quarantine them. Covid-19 spreads as

drug against Covid-19 was having

spread of Covid-19 out of

companies making Covid-19 tests by

enough, worked on Covid-19. They confirmed

positive for Covid-19 and undoubtedly

to respond to Covid-19. Those analyses

that stopping Covid-19 entirely might

enough to make Covid-19 much less

’s Covid-19. Why is this

where Covid-19 came

to Covid-19—just the

Covid-19 pandemic. I wonder what Burnet would have made of the year 2020. Covid-19

to the Covid-19 saga. After

efforts to contain Covid-19. In Europe

die from Covid-19. The

cost of this Covid-19 pandemic runs into

, not least Covid-19. Peter Daszak

diseases, like Covid-19, are far more

Covid-19. But for now, let’s look at how a pandemic like Covid-19

to accommodate Covid-19, which was

and lovelier than Covid-19: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic

list: one for Covid-19 and one for

Covid-19 appeared. As of this writing, it has nine for Covid-19

as with Covid-19, Pybus concluded

flattening its Covid-19 curve. It

investigated for Covid-19. Once again

Covid-19 mission to China—responded and contained the epidemic with the same tools used for Covid-19: isolation, contact tracing, and quarantine. Also, as with Covid-19

with Covid-19,

amid the rising Covid-19 pandemic. By

: think what Covid-19 might inspire us

look at where Covid-19 came from.

Covid-19, as it was in many ways a forerunner. The Covid-19

what unleashed Covid-19 and what

droplets like Covid-19 and persisted the

than any estimates for Covid-19. It, too,

were convened for Covid-19, this time online

happened with Covid-19. Then as

with Covid-19. Lower-level officials

says, with Covid-19. Having faced

sidelined when Covid-19 emerged by

that the Covid-19 virus might

was that unlike Covid-19, the virus

it. With Covid-19, people with

readily as Covid-19, no

humans than Covid-19. What stands

happened with Covid-19. As the

its sibling, Covid-19? In its

dying and must face Covid-19 with insufficient masks,

again with Covid-19 would be

from investigating Covid-19 in China

much. With Covid-19, the WHO

spread of Covid-19, and travel

. With Covid-19, they made

start on Covid-19 than it

things now about Covid-19. If nothing

to fight Covid-19. But,

now for Covid-19. But there

Covid-19 virus does not have it. But Covid-19

people with Covid-19. The

now being told about Covid-19 and pangolins. In

the arrival of Covid-19, we got another

SARS and Covid-19, which latch

observed with Covid-19 as well.

vaccine work when Covid-19 hit. Those

SARS and Covid-19. The pigs

struggle against Covid-19. Except for

strip by Walt Kelly The Covid-19 virus comes from bats.

had it for Covid-19, and we didn

that causes Covid-19 in bats

the same receptor Covid-19 uses. But

now happened: Covid-19 latches on to

, but with Covid-19, we knew

SARS and Covid-19 gotten into

Wuhan linked to Covid-19. “The message

market played in Covid-19. Two-thirds

pangolins and Covid-19. Related viruses

Covid-19 virus than are viruses found in bats. RaTG13, the bat virus that was closest genetically to SARS-2, the Covid-19

in the Covid-19 virus, and

found Covid-19’s dead

of Covid-19 and pangolins

cases of Covid-19 in China

to the Covid-19 epidemic. Ye

suggests the Covid-19 virus is

ironic, given Covid-19’s signature symptom

zero in Covid-19. Horeseshoe

source of Covid-19. We

origin of Covid-19 got out,

Ebola or Covid-19. Living in

pandemics like Covid-19 from happening again

diseases, including Covid-19—and of course

misguided efforts to fight Covid-19. More to the

host the Covid-19 virus—can

that. Covid-19 started with

result of Covid-19, and

Covid-19 virus and, without PREDICT funding

Covid-19

. Yes, the Covid-19 pandemic is a

having seen the Covid-19 pandemic, we

are handling Covid-19. Flu,

any doubts, Covid-19 ended them.

exhale, like Covid-19. Droplets evaporate

causes Covid-19 does have

Just like Covid-19, it is

comparisons to Covid-19. It

of which Covid-19 does too—

Covid-19, can officially be called pandemic, but in 2009, that was the definition for a flu pandemic. But unlike Covid-19

it did for Covid-19, that there

acquired cases of Covid-19 in January 2020

WHO declared Covid-19 a pandemic in

much like Covid-19. I remember

Covid-19. However, swine flu pulled a real surprise that shows just how different flu is from Covid-19

dying of Covid-19—didn’t

how we handled Covid-19, and will handle

outbreak” like Covid-19. But part

when the Covid-19 pandemic started,

early days of Covid-19, journalists kept asking

the WHO declared Covid-19 a pandemic,

to discuss Covid-19 for the

disservice when Covid-19 arrived.

Covid-19. When Covid-19 hit, most governments with pandemic plans had based them around flu: many are actually entitled “influenza pandemic plan.” Covid-19

is not flu, and that caused problems. Containment, where you isolate cases and trace and quarantine their contacts, was the WHO’s main recommendation for Covid-19

early in the pandemic. But that is not possible with flu because the virus spreads faster than Covid-19

analyses of Covid-19, started

’t for Covid-19—although Covid-19 has the

science of Covid-19 at televised

allegations that Covid-19 escaped from

not prepared for Covid-19, and it is

Yet when Covid-19 arrived, there

symptoms, like Covid-19—“the response

. When the Covid-19 pandemic hit,

finally called Covid-19 a pandemic

Covid-19 in many ways. Containment doesn’t work for fast-spreading flu, but as China showed, it works for Covid-19. The WHO delayed calling Covid-19

dealing with Covid-19, such as

“woefully insufficient.” Covid-19 is a virulent

But when Covid-19 arrived in

Covid-19. At least the world’s governments have now responded to the Covid-19

now, with Covid-19, we can

Two years later, Covid-19, a respiratory

viruses—like Covid-19—they just try

few for Covid-19. Moreover,

in people before Covid-19. Because even

the trillions the Covid-19 pandemic will

applied to Covid-19, and China

That happened with Covid-19, so we

happened with Covid-19. You would

response to Covid-19: the penguin

response. Covid-19 was not

2020, as Covid-19 raged, we

that causes Covid-19, though, is

the Covid-19 virus’

conspiracy theories suggesting Covid-19 does not

the post-Covid-19 world. There

kinds of candidate Covid-19 vaccines, and

D for Covid-19 has started

into candidate Covid-19 vaccines.

anything but Covid-19, though,

the winners. Covid-19 is showing

cloud of Covid-19. Public-

being used for Covid-19.) One of the

equipped with Covid-19 protein are

the Covid-19 vaccine candidates

candidate Covid-19 vaccines are

GAVI for Covid-19. CEPI agrees

an Access to COVID-19 Tools Accelerator,

still-experimental Covid-19 vaccines will

should mention. Covid-19, like SARS,

death with Covid-19—and flu—

to what Covid-19 causes. The

that for Covid-19. Yet the

Covid-19. In February, Chinese doctors reported that some 94 percent of patients with Covid-19

antibiotics with Covid-19 patients who need

COVID-19: we need to invest today for tomorrow’s pandemic,” says Kevin Outterson of CARB-X. “What would a COVID-19

market. With Covid-19 drugs and vaccines

less than Covid-19 will cost.

on Covid-19 over what

used for Covid-19. I wonder

the Covid-19 pandemic,

. In the Covid-19 pandemic, it

with the Covid-19 pandemic,

occupied with Covid-19, deaths

Covid-19 might lead to a full-blown depression. At least as a result of Covid-19

really understood until Covid-19. “The really

again, after Covid-19, or whether we

shirt from 2020 about Covid-19 A few years back

suggesting that Covid-19 is showing

lot worse than Covid-19, and as

through with Covid-19, even though

of the Covid-19 pandemic when much

is happening in the Covid-19 pandemic. Countries go

case of Covid-19 were in

much like Covid-19 in bats

But when Covid-19 hit the

moment, to Covid-19. As virologist

that causes Covid-19—not surprising after

that the Covid-19 virus’s

Covid-19 vaccines are “leaky.” “There certainly are plausible scenarios under which leaky vaccines could drive the [Covid-19

” vaccine for Covid-19, and some

mutant of Covid-19 circulated silently

as we develop Covid-19 vaccines. The

severe strain of Covid-19. That might be

I hope Covid-19 vaccines aren’t

learning from Covid-19. But what

than Covid-19 can go

problems. During Covid-19 lockdowns, oil

risk. The Covid-19 pandemic does

outcomes with Covid-19 among disadvantaged racial

patients with Covid-19 were almost twice

absent and Covid-19 has struck

has with Covid-19. Even in

unimaginable, but Covid-19, even though it

than Covid-19 could be

or change. Covid-19 has been, by

saw that Covid-19 started as a

people for Covid-19 if they

virus that causes Covid-19, we now

have known. Covid-19 is much

knew about Covid-19 at the

seems unlikely Covid-19 would have

tackle Covid-19 earlier

response to Covid-19. So,

, seriously. Covid-19 is taking care

now that Covid-19 has shown us

looked at how Covid-19 emerged, in Chapter

. I call Covid-19 the pandemic that

of what Covid-19’s relative

happened with Covid-19 in China.

now Covid-19 is forcibly reminding

the toll Covid-19 has taken

later caused Covid-19. Meanwhile

that Covid-19 actually escaped

reason why Covid-19 is the

know now, the Covid-19 virus came from

that for Covid-19 to emerge,

“because of Covid-19” suggests the

source of Covid-19, harbor

Covid-19. Meanwhile, many countries struggled to respond to Covid-19

make Covid-19 look

that causes Covid-19 does not

for sure: Covid-19 was not created

of protein Covid-19 uses to attach

pandemics from Covid-19—and actually

vaccination for Covid-19 could make

initial onslaught of Covid-19, we can

not prepared. Covid-19 was an

. As Covid-19 emerged,

did for Covid-19 a bit

have called Covid-19 a public

? If Covid-19 teaches us

respond to Covid-19. It took

to face Covid-19 in an

January that Covid-19 was not

claim that Covid-19 did not

to investigate Covid-19 until February

committee on Covid-19. Yet WHO

Covid-19 will make it politically feasible. Pandemic disease, as Covid-19

whether another Covid-19 might be

inequality generally. Covid-19 came from

to defeating Covid-19 and ensuring

and SARS and Covid-19 on ethnic

of Covid-19, Schaller told me. “If Covid-19

true if Covid-19 doesn’t

tribal identities. Covid-19 is a collective

that Covid-19 started in

with China in fighting Covid-19. “China has

and responding to Covid-19. Lots of

in with Covid-19. I have

viruses like Covid-19. Obviously,

lines of Covid-19. All the

places as Covid-19 raged. Thank

encounters with Covid-19. When you

‘rectification,’ hindering its Covid-19 research,” South China Morning

for ‘rectification,’ hindering its Covid-19 research.” 12. In January,

disease-analysis/covid-19/report-1-case-estimates-of-covid-19. 13

: China’s first confirmed Covid-19 case traced back to November

chinas-first-confirmed-covid-19-case-traced-back.

first 50 days of the COVID-19 epidemic in China,” Science,

-pharmaceutical interventions for containing the COVID-19 outbreak: an observational and modelling

2019 novel coronavirus (COVID-19),” medRxiv preprint, February 17,

“Feasibility of controlling COVID-19 outbreaks by isolation

/20/eradicated-coronavirus-mass-testing-covid-19-italy-vo. 43. According

al., “The early phase of the COVID-19 outbreak in Lombardy, Italy,” arXiv pre-

“History in a crisis—lessons for Covid-19,” New England Journal of Medicine 382

AJPH editorial: US readiness for COVID-19, other outbreaks hinges on

4. In Europe… Covid-19: Chris Thomas, “Hitting

26. They are being… Covid-19: Chunyan Wang, et al.,

1038/nature22975. 6. Sure enough… Covid-19 uses: Wendong Li, et al

a patient with COVID-19 in Italy with prolonged

=121184706. 9. in March… Covid-19: “COVID-19 pandemic just started, hard to

COVID-19,” March 11, 2020,

on-covid-19---11-

G20 leaders’ summit statement on COVID-19,” March 26, 2020,

A similar flu… with Covid-19: David E. Sanger, Eric

medical professionals of China combatting COVID-19.” The Lancet 395, no.

COVID-19 pandemic,” April 24, 2020, cepi.net/news_cepi/landmark-global-collaboration-launched-to-defeat-covid-19

Labour Organization (UN), COVID-19 and the world

The Potential Impact of the COVID-19 Epidemic on HIV, TB

/mrc-global-infectious-disease-analysis/covid-19/report-19-hiv-tb-malaria.

African countries against importations of COVID-19: a modelling study,” The

COVID-19 and patient-derived mutations,” Science Media Centre, April 21, 2020, www.sciencemediacentre.org/expert-reaction-to-preprint-on-covid-19

2006.tb00224.x. 17. During Covid-19… a problem: Debora MacKenzie,

“OpenSAFELY: factors associated with COVID-19-related hospital death in the

Covid-19 spread on the Diamond

-how-covid-19-spread-on

Covid-19 on global shipping: part 1, system shock,” Ship Technology, April 2, 2020, www.ship-technology.com/features/impact-of-covid-19

annual meeting: experts discuss COVID-19 pandemic and science’s response

nas-annual-meeting-experts-discuss-covid-19-pandemic-and-sciences-response.

Covid-19… November 2019: Josephine Ma, “Coronavirus: China’s first confirmed Covid-19

-the-new-coronavirus1. 10. Covid-19 was not… so well:

G20 leaders’ summit statement on COVID-19,” March 26, 2020, g20

WHO amid COVID-19 pandemic.” 17. In May 2020… Covid-19: BBC,

summit on the COVID-19 pandemic,” United Nations

-20-virtual-summit-the-covid-19-pandemic. 28. British columnist

Spanish flu of 1918-19 to COVID-19,” VoxEU, March 22, 2020,

china.ucsd.edu/_files/statement/covid-19-pandemic-statement.pdf. 44.

original speech: Jeremy Farrar, “COVID-19 Update,” Panel discussion, National

The COVID-19 Catastrophe: What's Gone Wrong and How to Stop It Happening Again

by Richard Horton  · 31 May 2020  · 106pp  · 33,210 words

Defence Notes 5 The Politics of COVID-19 Notes 6 The Risk Society Revisited

those whose lives were lost to COVID-19 The COVID-19 Catastrophe What’s Gone Wrong and

, The Philosophy of Fear (2008) Preface COVID-19 is a pandemic of paradoxes. Most of those

and mechanical ventilation. For far too many, COVID-19 meant that death was their destiny. Being older

knowledge needed to guide a response to COVID-19. But many questions about the virus

dead. The science and politics of COVID-19 became exercises in radical dehumanisation. At

between medical scientists desperately trying to understand COVID-19 and politicians and policymakers charged with responding

to ensure that the most reliable research on COVID-19 was peer reviewed and published rapidly to support

the disease, which would later be called COVID-19, was also published on 24 January.2

are strongly recommended.’ They underlined the fact that COVID-19 shared ‘some resemblance to SARS-CoV and MERS

as 190,000 Africans could eventually die from COVID-19. The public health response to this highly

to be taken up by every citizen. Perhaps COVID-19 represents an impermeable boundary between one moment in

nevertheless. David Nabarro, WHO’s special envoy for COVID-19, announced with considerable drama on 13 April, ‘This

–12 January that no additional cases of COVID-19 had been detected since 3 January? That

But that was not the case. COVID-19 overwhelmingly affected those who were poorer, less

often unprotected. COVID-19 exploited and worsened already existing inequalities in society. Second, before COVID-19, the idea

et al., Early dynamics of transmission and control of COVID-19, Lancet Infectious Diseases, 11 March 2020. 6. Novel

characteristics of an outbreak of 2019 novel coronavirus diseases (COVID-19) – China 2020, China CDC Weekly, 2/

control strategies to reduce social mixing on outcomes of COVID-19 epidemic in Wuhan, China, Lancet Public Health, 25

highest. In the decade leading up to COVID-19, the capacity of health systems could not

and China for the destructive effects of COVID-19 on American society, it was the

immune systems, thereby contributing to severe COVID-19 illness. 5G masts have been attacked and

The third category of misinformation relates to alleged COVID-19 cures. There are by now hundreds of false

One theory, widely circulated, has been that COVID-19 is largely an invention by the media and

might have played in propagating false beliefs about COVID-19. Disinformation is that category of misinformation deliberately

was unprepared for SARS-CoV-2 and COVID-19 has several further and even more disturbing

2 pandemic. And yet the management of COVID-19 represented, in many countries, the greatest

They reported the first 41 cases of COVID-19 in The Lancet on 24 January. The

descriptions of symptoms and signs for COVID-19, an essential and urgent resource for

to study nine pregnant women who had COVID-19. Evidence of intrauterine vertical transmission was

A further concern was the seriousness of COVID-19. The report of the first 41 patients

patients with COVID-19. A team of doctors led by

of 201 patients with confirmed COVID-19, 55 (27 per cent

its burden of death from COVID-19. The story of COVID-19 in the US is one

people died in the US from COVID-19 in three months than during the

from COVID-19 exceeded that figure on 28 April 2020). The first case of COVID-19

12 February, the first American had died of COVID-19. On 21 February, Messonnier agreed that it

to lead the nation’s response to COVID-19. Pence and Fauci agreed that testing

had surpassed Italy in its number of COVID-19 deaths. Every state had been affected. As

seven weeks to recognise the seriousness of COVID-19. It wasted the whole of February

emergency. After that meeting, he agreed that COVID-19 presented ‘a significant challenge’. ‘But we are

, when there were 85 confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the UK, Johnson went on national

first report from China in January that COVID-19 was a lethal illness. Yet they too

in 2018/19. But influenza is not COVID-19. China, by contrast, was scarred

the UK said that keeping deaths from COVID-19 to below 20,000 would be a

the succeeding wave of COVID-19 admissions. 33,000 beds were cleared

expected influx of patients with COVID-19. Despite the very best efforts

flat-footed. The country was glaringly unprepared. * COVID-19 has revealed the astonishing fragility of our societies,

as dominant as we once thought. If COVID-19 eventually imbues human beings with some humility,

wrong in the way many countries handled COVID-19. In the UK, the government had

suffered four times the mortality rate from COVID-19)? This virulent coronavirus has revealed, exploited and

candour into public and political discussions about COVID-19. It’s hard to predict the longevity

Clinical characteristics and intrauterine vertical transmission potential of COVID-19 infection in nine pregnant women, The Lancet, 12

COVID-19), 16–24 February 2020, www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/who-china-joint-mission-on-covid-19

2020. 11. Andrea Remuzzi and Giuseppe Remuzzi, COVID-19 and Italy: what next? The Lancet, 12 March

three clusters of COVID-19 in Singapore, The Lancet, 16 March 2020. 14. Remuzzi and Remuzzi, COVID-19 and Italy: what

2018). 18. Independent Scientific Advisory Group for Emergencies, COVID-19: What Are the Options for the UK? Recommendations

our society depends upon these two principles. COVID-19 has tested their resilience. So many people

and liberties, and to destroy economies. COVID-19 invites us, calls on us, requires

no country, can survive in splendid isolation. COVID-19 has taught us to reimagine security as being

halls, were used to isolate patients with COVID-19 from their families and workplaces. They provided

COVID-19 noted, ‘By embracing Fangcang shelter hospitals,

current COVID-19 pandemic as well as future epidemics and disasters.’ Sadly, many countries afflicted by COVID-19 were

. Singapore confirmed its first imported case of COVID-19 on 23 January. Inbound flights to the

arriving from a country with cases of COVID-19 was required to go into quarantine for fourteen

in January as the first reports of COVID-19 began to emerge from the Chinese mainland.

the disease it caused. The first COVID-19 case was reported in Spain on 31

deaths from COVID-19 in Europe, after only Italy and Spain. The COVID-19 outbreak in Germany

On 18 March, Chancellor Angela Merkel said that COVID-19 was Germany’s biggest challenge since the Second

had suffered only 1,147 cases of COVID-19 and 21 deaths by mid-May.

COVID-19 and 3,992 deaths. But that is neither fair nor true. The first case of COVID-19

place and were simply repurposed to address COVID-19. Hospitals dedicated to admitting patients were quickly

area. On identifying three or more COVID-19-positive patients, a 3 kilometre radius

the pandemic, the Indian Scientists’ Response to COVID-19 became a grassroots initiative to neutralise disinformation.

India. One shortcoming of India’s COVID-19 response was the low rate of testing

and inadequate hygiene and sanitation. Non-COVID-19 health services have been disrupted. The

administration. His suggestion that patients with COVID-19 might benefit from injections of disinfectant,

Trump was describing the ‘attack’ of COVID-19 as being worse than Pearl Harbor and 9

to a question about rapidly rising numbers of COVID-19 cases by saying, ‘So what? What do

2036. * One important consequence of the COVID-19 health emergency was the focus it put

higher risk of complications and death from COVID-19. Across the UK population, there were 5

too. The epidemiology of deaths from COVID-19 also showed a clear relation between having

people had died in care homes from COVID-19-related causes. Additional data showed that, between

One of the lasting legacies of COVID-19 will be the silent human destruction it

four times more likely to die from COVID-19 compared with their white counterparts. This

economic characteristics, the risk of a COVID-19-related death for men and women of

‘the difference between ethnic groups in COVID-19 mortality is partly a result of socio

it was to care for people with COVID-19. And yet in many countries they

doctor who died on the frontlines of COVID-19 care was Dr Abdul Mabud Chowdhury.

and our families’, and he died of COVID-19 at the peak of the epidemic in London

everyday clinical care. One lesson of COVID-19 is that every country must now begin

COVID-19 pandemic according to underlying conditions and age, The Lancet, 12 May 2020. 5 The Politics of COVID-19

Care(2006) The response of governments to COVID-19 represents the greatest political failure of Western

and take seriously the early reports of COVID-19 coming from China, reports that clearly and

countries that first experienced the effects of COVID-19? If not, why not? Second, there

them unable to manage the response to COVID-19 effectively as the pandemic ensued. It left

ultraviolet light and disinfectants for preventing and treating COVID-19, he displayed astonishing irresponsibility at a time

claim is that China hid the fact of COVID-19. The claim is that WHO colluded with

serious investigations’ into China’s handling of the COVID-19 outbreak. ‘We are not happy with China,’

as defensive. In the case of COVID-19, China’s scientists and physicians acted decisively

pandemic is to rewrite the history of COVID-19 and to marginalise the failings of Western

and influence had never been greater. After COVID-19, its reputation had never been in more

dominated and shaped the international response to COVID-19. Globalism, international solidarity and cooperation between

an unexpected twist in the story of COVID-19. As the world’s only global

of US interests. And yet during COVID-19, and despite close collaboration between WHO

infodemic – that emerged during the crisis of COVID-19. What was even more surprising and unexpected

These efforts to rewrite the narrative of COVID-19 are important to document. Just as

the seriousness of the clinical presentation of COVID-19. I sent a second tweet with a

spoke to the nation. He said of COVID-19, ‘We didn’t fully understand its

can be and must be refuted. * COVID-19 is not a crisis about health. It

cases of COVID-19. People in hospital with COVID-19. Critical care beds with COVID-19 patients. Daily COVID-19 deaths in hospital

might we draw from the effects of COVID-19 so far on human society? Some

fact of experience’. We can view COVID-19 as a biological challenge to understand,

say about the politics of COVID-19? We must say, I think, that

have lived and died with COVID-19. It is our task

1787) As the number of confirmed cases of COVID-19 in the US soared past 1 million at

COVID-19 according to levels of socio-economic deprivation. The mortality rate of those with COVID-19

fuelled the accumulating toll of death. COVID-19 has only amplified long-standing inequalities. Scientific

t the organisation convene nations at an emergency COVID-19 summit immediately after it had declared a PHEIC

leaving countries to struggle to respond to COVID-19 alone. * One of the lessons of

’s pivotal role in calling out COVID-19 as an international health emergency. But

with a person who had had COVID-19. Aggressive detection of new cases, contact

be guaranteed. And if information about your COVID-19 status is necessary for digital surveillance to

today. There are no simple answers. COVID-19 has seen a rebirth of the state.

making. Many of the failures in COVID-19 responses had their origin in failures of transparency

surveillance state and disciplinary society after COVID-19? I do not believe so.

is its foundation. One surprise as the COVID-19 epidemic unfolded was the immense uncertainty that surrounded

least at risk of severe forms of COVID-19, could they remain open? Should governments

having a BCG vaccination protective against developing COVID-19? Was hydroxychloroquine, a drug widely used to

, in perhaps the first serious response to COVID-19’s implications, predicts the possibility of an

avoiding a ‘new barbarism’. But his conclusion that COVID-19 has precipitated the ‘disintegration of trust’ in governments,

being drawn between Britain’s response to COVID-19 and that of other European countries, Professor

grateful for what we once had before COVID-19. We will be encouraged to be appreciative

the continuation of servitude’. If the hope after COVID-19 is for a more humane society – a

estimates of the indirect effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on maternal and child mortality in low-income

, 12 May 2020. 7. Slavoj Žižek, Pandemic! COVID-19 Shakes the World (Cambridge: Polity, 2020). 8.

by François Delaporte, Disease and Civilization (1986) COVID-19 brought a divided world together and then divided

As UN Secretary General António Guterres noted, COVID-19 unleashed a ‘tsunami of hate and xenophobia,

anxiety and instability. The virus that caused COVID-19 isn’t going away. It will be

Some may even be acted upon. The COVID-19 crisis of 2020 will give rise to a

COVID-19 as ‘a portal, a gateway between one world and the next’.1 What might that other world look like? COVID-19 will change societies. COVID-19

has been brought into stark relief by COVID-19. The political, economic, social, technological

more attention to strengthening social capital. COVID-19 will change governments. Politicians have understood

but not with Donald Trump as president. COVID-19 will change publics. Citizens will demand stronger

trade-off to win back our liberties. COVID-19 will change medicine. The concept of One

COVID-19 will change science. Research will speed up, and it will be fully integrated into clinical care. COVID-19

drugs and vaccines to treat and prevent COVID-19. Remdesivir has already received emergency approval by

guiding ethical principle in the science of COVID-19 will be equity – world populations must

have our own observations and interpretations about COVID-19 too. I worry that our generation

issues shaping our future, which were discussed before COVID-19 struck, will be pushed to one side –

promise we are making to our children. COVID-19 must not divert us – or not divert

costs of COVID-19 to the next generation. I worry that one result of COVID-19 will

of China. The overt racism that COVID-19 brought down on China is a

immense missed opportunity if the mishandling of COVID-19 led to a new phase of

– forget the facts and lessons of COVID-19, just as we forgot the facts and

memory may help shape a nation.’5 COVID-19 has provided us with an opportunity to rethink

the tragic toll of deaths. After COVID-19, it is no longer acceptable to see

COVID-19 pandemic. There is no ultimate meaning to be found in the lives needlessly lost – except for this thought perhaps. COVID-19

mine. Sovereignty is dead. The post-COVID-19 age will usher in a new era

But COVID-19 also shows the importance we should attach

. We are political beings. COVID-19 has taught us that we

The Dream of Europe: Travels in the Twenty-First Century

by Geert Mak  · 27 Oct 2021  · 722pp  · 223,701 words

few migrants still managed to sneak in – 60,000 in 2019 alone – pressure on the islands increased even further. When in the spring of 2020 the coronavirus pandemic broke out, a total of 42,000 migrants were still stuck on the Greek islands, where there were facilities for only 6,200. The Moria

3,000 people, yet in reality there were at least 12,000 camping there. That hopeless situation, in combination with all the restrictions of the Covid-19 crisis, led to an outburst of anger and despair. On a September night in 2020 the camp burned to the ground. Within two weeks a

have given it a fine-looking name, SARS-CoV-2, or severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2, the cause of a disease they have named Covid-19, but they still don’t know it very well. It’s capricious. It changes shape, too; new mutations keep turning up, some of which are

news totted up the latest death toll. As I write these lines, in late January 2021, more than 13,000 people are dying some days. Covid-19 has officially caused more than 2 million deaths, almost half a million Europeans among them. Imperial College’s School of Public Health in London has

on their old traditions. Norway and Denmark, for instance, reacted firmly, quickly and effectively; ten months into the pandemic they had 600 and 2,000 Covid-19 deaths respectively, 11 and 37 per 100,000 residents. Sweden, a society of trust and individualism, placed most of the responsibility on citizens themselves. Swedish

, in 2019 it caused almost 700,000 deaths worldwide. In total, AIDS has so far killed close to 33 million people. The virus that causes Covid-19 was described by pandemics specialist and science journalist David Quammen as neither anything new nor a fateful accident. ‘It was – it is – part of a

in the huge church building, before fanning out again across the world. Just over a week later, one of them was discovered to have caught Covid-19. It then became clear that hundreds of members of the congregation had spread the disease across the globe, to places as far away as Burkina

home, as the mayor of Moscow put it, ‘with suitcases full of virus’. The evening of Friday 21 February saw Italy’s first death from Covid-19. The second followed a day later. That Sunday, eleven towns in Lombardy were cordoned off by the police and the army. Schools and theatres were

a paramedic. The San Giuseppe church, a temporary storage place, was full of coffins for weeks. In late April 2020, the official number of Italian Covid-19 deaths was more than 25,000. In reality there were at least 10,000 more than that. Some thirty doctors had already died in and

both be traced back to Italy, so this was clearly an Italian problem. On the evening of Friday 6 March, the Netherlands saw its first Covid-19 fatality. Barely a week later, only a handful of pigeons were walking the deserted streets of inner-city Amsterdam. The European Union initially did what

by corpses. The United Kingdom was the slowest to react of all European countries; not until eight days after the deaths of the first three Covid-19 patients were large public events banned, and only fifteen days later was a form of lockdown introduced. (In Greece, for instance, the delay was zero

about the new coronavirus as a Democrat hoax. It was little more than ordinary flu, he said, which his government had ‘completely under control’. When Covid-19 started killing thousands in America as elsewhere, it was all the fault of China; Trump claimed there was ‘convincing evidence’ that the virus had escaped

the outcome that another major oil producer, Russia, was hoping for. In mid-March 2020, when most of the public was fully focused on the Covid-19 crisis, the global financial system became unstable again behind the scenes. On Monday 9 March, there was panic on the stock markets that lasted for

in a failed state.’ For weeks, the leader of the Western world advocated taking hydroxychloroquine, a risky treatment for malaria, as the ultimate cure for Covid-19. In mid-April, although he later claimed he’d been asking a question sarcastically of reporters, Trump suggested that injecting patients with disinfectant might somehow

to be implemented. The once so pro-European Italy felt abandoned by the rest of Europe during the refugee crisis, and now again, in the Covid-19 crisis. The Dutch and the Germans remembered all too clearly how its previous deputy prime minister, Matteo Salvini, had tried to violate all the budgetary

’ve now read a thousand commentaries pointing to ‘our excessive consumption’ and ‘our wild ride across the planet’. Is that not the true cause of Covid-19? Just look at the centre of Amsterdam. Why has it turned so quiet and peaceful? Because people are staying at home as requested, certainly, and

in that sense; once it fully takes hold there will be little or nothing more we can do. ‘The truth of the matter is that Covid-19 will change our world in profound ways,’ writes Ivan Krastev. ‘Not because our societies want change or because there’s a consensus for the direction

Amnesty International 360 Amsterdam, Netherlands 11, 63–4, 108, 142, 301–5; beauty of 302, 303, 305; centre, restoration of 302; contract killings in 303; Covid-19 and 493, 496, 508, 510, 529; economy in 302–3, 304–5; euro introduced in 31; financial crisis and 160; internationalization 304; migration and 297

, 395, 404, 420, 427 Bear Stearns 165 Beatrix, Queen of the Netherlands 137 Behr, Winrich 18 Beirlant, Bart 123, 125–6 Belarus 269, 274 Belgium: Covid-19 and 495, 513, 525; euro introduced in 34; financial crisis and 153, 155, 156, 165–6; Flemish nationalism in 375, 451–8; immigration and 451

, 486; Article 50 396, 425, 429; British economy and 392, 397, 399, 422–3, 425, 431; British passports and 432; campaign/vote 390–7, 422; Covid-19 and 496; immigration and 367, 388, 389, 391, 394, 397, 398, 423, 428; London anti-Brexit demonstration (2017) 430; Northern Ireland and 392, 395, 422

, Russia 51–2, 295 Cheney, Dick 70, 263 Chicago School 26 China 7, 8, 19, 98; Belt and Road Initiative 7; climate change and 330; Covid-19 and 500–3, 504, 505, 507, 510, 511–12, 513, 514, 517, 518; euro crisis and 236–7; financial crisis and 164, 179; 9/11

, 340, 343, 512 Christie, Chris 408–9, 415–16, 500 Chryssópoulos, Chrístos 231–2 CIA 71, 72, 263, 265, 281, 414, 419, 438, 498 city: Covid-19 and 528; ‘Pact of Free Cities’ (2019) 476; resurgence of 456, 476 Ciudadanos 178 Civic Platform 202, 203 Clichy-sous-Bois riots, Paris (2005) 78

, 78, 312, 352, 478 Corbyn, Jeremy 178, 375, 386, 398, 423, 430, 474 Cosmopolitan Russia 49, 50 Costa, António 526 Council of Europe 176, 250 Covid-19 481, 491–531; austerity policies and 496, 510; breakthroughs around major shared experiences and 521–2; corona bonds 525–6; debt and 510–11; economy

, 109, 177 De Nederlandsche Bank 34, 152, 155, 156, 186 Denmark 12, 70, 78–9, 83, 476; arbejdsglaede (workplace culture) 354; austerity policies and 177; Covid-19 and 495; danskhed (Danishness) 353; EU and 352–3; financial crisis and 167, 177, 179–80, 186–7, 241; hygge (cosiness) 352–3, 354; immigration

Eritrea 112, 113, 118 Erlingsson, Benedikt 162, 163 Estonia 91, 99, 100, 175, 187, 263, 293 Eurasian Customs Union 274, 275, 294 euro 23, 117; Covid-19 and 525; crisis 127, 140, 177, 183, 209, 215–56, 339, 341, 342, 358, 361, 364, 389, 407, 447, 449, 472, 516, 524, 526, 527

, 249, 250–1, 252, 526 Euro-Islam 83 ‘Euromyth’ 393 European Banking Authority 479–80 European Capital of Culture 311–15 European Central Bank (ECB): Covid-19 and 516, 522, 524; eurozone debt crisis/euro crisis and 172, 226, 228–9, 230, 231, 232, 236, 237, 238–9, 240, 246, 249, 250

European Commission 24, 98, 121, 122, 123, 125–6, 128, 132, 133, 403, 524; Brexit and 389, 423–4, 425; climate change and 328–9; Covid-19 and 503, 507, 508; eurozone debt crisis/euro crisis and 172, 230, 231, 235–6, 242, 480; headquarters 91, 121, 122, 127, 128, 129, 130

–9; constitution referendums (2005) 133–6, 137, 138, 146, 147; Convention on the Future of Europe 133–4; CO2 emissions trade set up (2005) 327; Covid-19 and 503, 506, 507, 508, 513, 522–4, 525–6, 527, 530; crisis situations/‘events politics’ and 140; debt in member states, average national 171

, 375, 380 France: car lobby 133, 143; Charlie Hebdo attacks (2015) 81, 353, 405; Clichy-sous-Bois riots (2005) 78; climate change and 324, 326; Covid-19 and 493, 494, 495, 498, 502, 503, 505, 506, 509, 512, 513, 515, 517, 525, 527; EU/European ideal and 139; euro crisis and 183

, 462, 486, 525; Berlin Wall see Berlin Wall; Brexit and 386, 429; climate change and 15, 329, 466, 480; coalition agreement (February 2018) 427–8; Covid-19 and 494, 496, 503–4, 505, 506, 508–9, 510, 513, 523, 524, 525, 526, 527; EU enlargement (1 May 2004) and 94, 96–7

–56, 480–1; austerity policies in 175, 177, 178, 181, 218, 230, 231, 240, 241–3, 244–5; climate change and 325–6, 329, 405; Covid-19 and 494, 509, 515, 524; debt/euro crisis 145, 157, 160, 172, 173, 175, 176, 177, 178, 181, 207, 215–56, 339, 341, 342, 350

: The Road to Serfdom 26 Hayman Capital 159 HBOS 159, 160–1, 167, 187 headscarves, Muslim women’s 83, 456 healthcare: austerity policies and 510; Covid-19 see Covid-19; EU and 503, 508; privatization/commercialization of 29, 510 Heinz 384, 399 Hellenic Statistical Authority 35, 248 Hessel, Stéphane: Indignez-Vous! (Time for Outrage

Hungary 40; anti-Semitism in 17–18, 102, 208, 209–12, 353, 367, 484, 489–90; climate change and 329; constitution 107; corruption in 201; Covid-19 and 512, 524; economy 201, 202–3; EU, joins (2004) 91, 95–6, 98, 99–101, 104–5; EU payments to 98, 107; financial crisis

Turmoil (BBC documentary) 245–6 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty (1987) 7, 437 International Herald Tribune 146, 170 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 41, 43; Covid-19 and 494; eurozone debt crisis/euro crisis and 172, 173, 174, 223, 225, 229, 231, 232, 233, 241, 242, 243, 245, 248, 249, 253; financial

64, 79–80, 81, 111, 340, 405, 406, 476 Istendael, Geert van 316, 371 Italy: austerity policies in 175–6, 177; climate change and 325; Covid-19 and 492, 494, 495, 505, 506–7, 515, 516, 524, 525; EU and modernization of 139; European debt crisis/euro crisis and 172, 224, 232

Capital 124–5, 312 mental health 176, 188 Mercouri, Melina 311–12 Merkel, Angela 171, 429, 449, 461; AfD and 178; Brexit and 386, 429; Covid-19 and 509; Greek debt crisis/euro crisis and 226, 228, 229, 231, 232, 233, 235, 237, 238, 252; migrant/refugee crisis and 339, 341, 342

Health Service (NHS) 390, 398, 471, 496 nationalism 13, 64, 79, 88, 138; Brexit and 392, 396–7, 398, 433, 475; Catalonian 440–50, 484; Covid-19 and 508, 512; Flemish 375, 451–8; German 252, 508; Hungarian 104, 489, 490; Italian 368; Polish 102, 104, 178, 189, 192–5, 202, 209

, 330, 529; austerity policies in 174, 175, 176, 510; birdlife declines in 321, 323; Christianity losses central role in 84; climate change and 329, 480; Covid-19 and 494, 496, 498, 506, 508, 510, 511, 513, 524, 525, 526, 528–9; Dutch polder economic model 26; EU constitution referendum (2005) and 133

Norway 1, 2–8, 13, 38–40, 41, 53, 55–6, 68, 80–1, 184, 353; Brexit and 403, 475; Cold War and 5, 38; Covid-19 and 495; EU, payments to 391; Globus III 7–8; immigration and 116–17, 336–7; referendums on EU membership (1972) and (1994) 391; Russia

–2 Platteau, Pierre 10, 122 Podemos 178, 181, 375, 528 Poland 18, 189–214; austerity policies 175; climate change and 328–9; corruption in 201; Covid-19 and 512; emigration of citizens to UK 96, 391; EU and Russian threat to 139; EU payments to 98; EU used as scapegoat within 208

control of entire 207, 208; white replacement theory and 81. See also individual nation and leader name Poroshenko, Petro 292, 295–6 Portugal 70, 73; Covid-19 and 525, 526; European constitution referendum (not held) 133–4; eurozone debt crisis/euro crisis and 172, 178–9, 180, 183, 224, 226, 228, 229

and 390, 414; capital flight from 291–2; Chechnya and 51–2, 295; corruption in 259, 264–5, 267–8, 271; Cosmopolitan Russia 49–50; Covid-19 and 511–12, 513, 515; Crimea annexation (2014) 5, 6, 276, 282–4, 289; cultural life under Putin 269–71; cyberattacks 263, 293, 414, 434

; austerity policies and 175, 176, 177, 181; Barcelona terror attack (2017) 82; Catalonia secession and 178, 440–6, 450, 484, 512; climate change and 329; Covid-19 and 492, 494, 495, 504–5, 509, 513, 515, 524, 525; decentralized system of government 440; EU and modernization of 139; European constitution referendum (2005

of the Deal and 411, 412, 417–18; ‘big lie’ 518–19; Brexit and 390, 432–3; Congress attack (6 January 2021) and 520–1; Covid-19 and 500, 502–3, 514, 515, 517–18; D-Day commemoration (2019) and 471, 472–3; Deutsche Bank and 411, 412; EU and 432, 437

, 373, 436, 514, 520, 521 UBS 167, 187 Ugrešić, Dubravka 89 UK: austerity policies in 175, 177, 385; Brexit see Brexit; climate change and 324; Covid-19 and 496, 504–5, 509–10, 523; EU enlargement (1 May 2004) and 94, 96, 386, 388; European constitution referendum (not held) 134; European Economic

267 United States 2, 22; climate change and 327–8, 330; Congress 69, 410, 421, 499, 520, 521; Congress attacked (6 January 2021) 520–1; Covid-19 and 499–500, 503, 506, 512, 514–17, 518, 528; Department of Defense 69–70; euro crisis and 229, 230, 234–5, 238, 240; exceptionalism

The War Below: Lithium, Copper, and the Global Battle to Power Our Lives

by Ernest Scheyder  · 30 Jan 2024  · 355pp  · 133,726 words

and Thieves Who Got Rich While We Got Sick, J. David McSwane’s deep dive into the shady financial underbelly of the governmental response to COVID-19. Russia’s invasion of Ukraine further focused these fears. Energy security used to be about crude oil and natural gas. Now it’s also about

more than 2 million EVs, and enough nickel to build more than 60,000 EVs.34 In 2019—the last full year not affected by the coronavirus pandemic—nearly 250,000 EVs were sold in the United States.35 EV sales in the country were slightly above 400,000 in 202136 and 807

weapons-grade minerals, one of its divisions for years, under Democratic and Republican presidencies alike, sold domestic stockpiles of minerals considered strategic.54 Trump used the coronavirus pandemic to fast-track development of the Thacker Pass lithium project in Nevada, even while he killed the proposed Pebble Mine in Alaska, which would have

benefit of hindsight, his decision to buy the hardware store and its lumber yard in January of that year for $800,000 was ill-timed; the coronavirus pandemic quickly spread and shuttered the global economy. Sales plummeted, which surprised Lewis as he expected the opposite with his customers locked in their homes and

boy, he remembered his grandmother visiting Oak Flat for weeks at a time to gather Emory acorns, which are used to make traditional medicines. During the coronavirus pandemic, Apache would also gather other plants at the site for medicinal purposes, he said. “People have been making journeys up there to get those plants

in America, give little thought to how many of the products they buy are built, that was slowly beginning to change in the wake of the coronavirus pandemic. A Nike shirt may have been made in Vietnam, but where was the cotton grown, for instance? Increasingly, brands were being asked for these kinds

science.”54 It’s that last line that made me chuckle, as it clearly had been cribbed from talking points that had grown common during the coronavirus pandemic. DeBeltz wore a polo shirt with a Twin Metals logo and light khaki pants. As we left the Twin Metals offices, he and a colleague

billion more for investors, including Litinsky. Backed by the venture capitalist and former Facebook executive Chamath Palihapitiya, the stock offering was an aggressive target during the coronavirus pandemic, but one that paradoxically made use of fears about supply chains for products key to Americans’ everyday lives.125 It was an immense turnaround from

necessary regulatory step that showed the permitting process was moving forward. The regulators did not even slow down the timeline for public comment due to the coronavirus pandemic, irking the state’s two U.S. senators.21 Loda grew frustrated by the timeline imposed on his office. “[W]e’re not going to

site to something akin to what it had looked like before digging commenced. Later that year, during the U.S. 2020 presidential election campaign and the coronavirus pandemic, Loda decided his office did not need to make any changes to its report on how the mine could affect the region. “We have concluded

the United States. “I knew that someday, people would want to have supply chains that weren’t as distributed as they had become,” he said. The coronavirus pandemic turbocharged that reality. So, too, did the fight against climate change, though Evans like many other executives had not realized how quickly national and international

receive a fair hearing.54 In 2019, Trump officials said they would restart the regulatory review process for the project.55 By July 2020, as the coronavirus pandemic raged and the U.S. presidential election season was in full swing, Trump officials said they were on the verge of approving the project, calling

April 2020, Patterson had reached a settlement with BLM and left the agency.11 He worked for a fire department for a few months during the coronavirus pandemic and in 2022 was an independent, write-in candidate for a seat in Nevada’s state senate. (He did not win.) While Furtado remained at

, to make nearly 400,000 electric vehicles each year for at least thirty years.27 It was an upbeat outlook despite the early onslaught of the coronavirus pandemic, which was trapping many of the company’s investors and executives at their home base in Australia. Calaway, who was chairman of the company’s

sixteen years, the acreage remained in limbo. Warren and Sonya built a successful property management company in Charlotte. But then in March 2020, just as the coronavirus pandemic began sweeping across the United States, rumors that had lingered in the county grew more intense: An Australia-based company wanted to extract lithium somewhere

list of a thousand people we pitched unsuccessfully.” They also started trying a bunch of random experiments, including shredding a battery in a kitchen blender. The coronavirus pandemic turned out to be a godsend for Li-Cycle, Kochhar, and Johnston. By forcing the world to contend with long supply chains for everyday goods

didn’t bite, the product perhaps of his unwillingness to engage on the topic or his fixation on more-pressing campaign issues at the time. (COVID-19, Russia, his son Hunter.) Biden, of course, bested Donald Trump in the election and was inaugurated on January 20, 2021. He spent the next year

of the battery metal.61 “Maybe Washington has other things to worry about?” I replied, an implicit reference to Russia’s ongoing invasion of Ukraine, the coronavirus pandemic, and the tottering economy. Khalil smiled and then turned to Egan sitting on the dais before us. “This is crazy!” she mouthed to him. “I

website, accessed December 16, 2022, www.fs.usda.gov/Internet/FSE_DOCUMENTS/fseprd491179.pdf. 58. McCain died in 2018 and his archives were sealed during the coronavirus pandemic. 59. Author’s interview with Marlowe Cassadore, March 31, 2021. 60. Redniss, Oak Flat, 171. 61. Philips, “Inside the Billion-Dollar Dig to America’s

/news/u-s-to-be-rerouted-around-fmi-morenci-copper-mine/article_e0b3489a-bc36-11e4-b941-2fae514b31d0.html. 17. Melanie Burton, “Copper Takes Aim at COVID-19 with Virus-Killer Coatings,” Reuters, May 8, 2020, www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-copper-antimicrobi/copper-takes-aim-at

-covid-19-with-virus-killer-coatings-idUSKBN22K0RX. 18. Freeport-McMoRan Form 10-K Annual Report for 2021, 39. 19. Author’s interview with Richard Adkerson, December 2,

, 34, 82–95, 165–69 see also Resolution copper project Copper Corridor, 33 coral, 64, 66–67 Cortez Masto, Catherine, 143–46 Cotton, Tom, 124 COVID-19 pandemic, 10, 11–12, 14, 50, 122, 130–31, 148, 174–75, 194, 237 Credit Suisse, 296 Crook, George, 32 Cruz, Ted, 123 Curtis, Benjamin

The Impossible City: A Hong Kong Memoir

by Karen Cheung  · 15 Feb 2022  · 297pp  · 96,945 words

half-million-strong protest march on July 1, 2003, the bar welcomed scores of activists, journalists, and artists but eventually succumbed to unaffordable rents during the coronavirus pandemic. It was my favorite watering hole. “Financially, I really couldn’t hang on,” owner Grace Ma said in an interview. “It’s time to move

dances through my office building to offer luck, and we are given lettuce scraps to stuff into our red packets. This is just before the Covid-19 pandemic hits, although we are already wearing masks. No one here has forgotten the devastation of SARS. I’ve been avoiding new year celebrations since

-five. SARS was a blur, I’ll say to a friend over a lunch of French toast in 2019, after the first wave of the Covid-19 pandemic has been temporarily contained in Hong Kong. If I had been older back then, like I am now, I suppose it would have been

sun. This was my home and I could not opt out of caring about its future. The protests eventually died down with the arrival of the coronavirus pandemic, but the crackdown continued in more insidious ways: In mid-2020, China passed a law that would outlaw all dissent. The street battles are gone

the New Year’s Eve countdown in 2019 at a cozy bar in To Kwa Wan, months before the national security law was passed and Covid-19 made such gatherings impossible. The audience yelling, “Revolution of our times” in Cantonese in between sets at these live houses, when you least expect it

reserved every weekend for marching in some different district in Hong Kong, and each Monday, I showed up to my office job as usual. Then, Covid-19 hit in early 2020, and a few months later the national security law was enacted. I ask Laujan how this has affected her art. “Because

REFERENCE IN TEXT closed my pier off to the public: Kathleen Magramo, “Hong Kong’s ‘Instagram Pier’ Closed to the Public by Officials Reportedly Citing Covid-19 Concerns,” South China Morning Post, March 1, 2021, https://www.scmp.com/​news/​hong-kong/​society/​article/​3123607/​hong-kongs-instagram-pier-closed-public-officials

Gambling Man

by Lionel Barber  · 3 Oct 2024  · 424pp  · 123,730 words

. That same day, the World Health Organization announced it had a name for the new virus strain: Covid-19. On 10 March, Masa broke a three-year Twitter silence to say he was ‘worried’ about Covid-19. He promised to offer one million free tests for the virus. People could take a nasal swab

this time. Two months earlier, coinciding with SoftBank’s share buy-back plans, the world’s central banks announced emergency measures to respond to the Covid-19 economic shock. By lending freely to American financial firms, purchasing low-yield bonds and underwriting the value of some American junk debt, they eased the

wanted to meet him; no one could afford to turn down his money. Then, in the blink of an eye, came the collapse of WeWork, the coronavirus pandemic and SoftBank’s brush with corporate death. Twelve months on, Masa was desperate to mount yet another comeback. His plan was to shift into public

bad with the timing and so on.’6 As the Northstar strategy unravelled, Masa spoke of a winter storm enveloping SoftBank and the global economy. The coronavirus pandemic disrupted global supply chains, reminding the West about the dangers of dependency on China, where many believed the virus had originated. For more than a

politics,’ says a close colleague, ‘but the arrival of Xi changed everything.’ 29. Blizzard Throughout 2021, trapped inside his Tokyo mansion, fearful of contracting the Covid-19 virus, Masa found solace in painting. In the early hours, he sketched French beaches, Van Gogh-style landscapes and portraits. One young woman in white

(AI); internet; mobile internet; software technology; telecoms Computer Weekly, 78 Confucian thought, 119, 146, 147 Costner, Kevin, 129–30 Cotsakos, Christos, 134 Coupang, 236, 319 Covid-19 pandemic, 298–302, 303, 306, 312, 314, 315, 320, 326*, 328 credit rating agencies, 184–5, 229, 306 Credit Suisse, 306, 319 Cringely, Robert X

, 297, 298–9, 300–301, 302; call options, 312; collapse of Lehman Brothers (15 September 2008), 194, 196, 197, 235; ‘conglomerate discount’, 295, 296, 308; Covid-19 emergency measures by central banks, 301–2, 312, 316; Dai-Ichi Kangyo loan, 55, 61; financial instruments, 181, 184, 235, 282, 312; hyper-globalization, 4

, 313–14, 316–17, 322–3; and geopolitical context in recent years, 314, 320–22, 324, 332; highest ever annual loss (2020), 301; impact of Covid-19 pandemic, 298–302, 303, 306, 314, 320; impact of global financial crisis (2008), 194–7, 201; indebtedness levels in 1990s, 98–9, 107–11, 115

Shutdown: How COVID Shook the World's Economy

by Adam Tooze  · 15 Nov 2021  · 561pp  · 138,158 words

Aftershocks: Pandemic Politics and the End of the Old International Order

by Colin Kahl and Thomas Wright  · 23 Aug 2021  · 652pp  · 172,428 words

How to Survive a Pandemic

by Michael Greger, M.D., FACLM  · 1,072pp  · 237,186 words

Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World

by Fareed Zakaria  · 5 Oct 2020  · 289pp  · 86,165 words

Apollo's Arrow: The Profound and Enduring Impact of Coronavirus on the Way We Live

by Nicholas A. Christakis  · 27 Oct 2020  · 475pp  · 127,389 words

Merchants of the Right: Gun Sellers and the Crisis of American Democracy

by Jennifer Carlson  · 2 May 2023  · 279pp  · 100,877 words

How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason

by Lee McIntyre  · 14 Sep 2021  · 407pp  · 108,030 words

Tenants: The People on the Frontline of Britain's Housing Emergency

by Vicky Spratt  · 18 May 2022  · 371pp  · 122,273 words

Rigged: How the Media, Big Tech, and the Democrats Seized Our Elections

by Mollie Hemingway  · 11 Oct 2021  · 595pp  · 143,394 words

Risk: A User's Guide

by Stanley McChrystal and Anna Butrico  · 4 Oct 2021  · 489pp  · 106,008 words

The Lonely Century: How Isolation Imperils Our Future

by Noreena Hertz  · 13 May 2020  · 506pp  · 133,134 words

Imaginable: How to See the Future Coming and Feel Ready for Anything―Even Things That Seem Impossible Today

by Jane McGonigal  · 22 Mar 2022  · 420pp  · 135,569 words

Trillion Dollar Triage: How Jay Powell and the Fed Battled a President and a Pandemic---And Prevented Economic Disaster

by Nick Timiraos  · 1 Mar 2022  · 357pp  · 107,984 words

Deadly Quiet City: True Stories From Wuhan

by Murong Xuecun  · 7 Mar 2023  · 236pp  · 73,008 words

The Viral Underclass: The Human Toll When Inequality and Disease Collide

by Steven W. Thrasher  · 1 Aug 2022  · 361pp  · 110,233 words

Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door -- Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy

by Christopher Mims  · 13 Sep 2021  · 385pp  · 112,842 words

Chaos Kings: How Wall Street Traders Make Billions in the New Age of Crisis

by Scott Patterson  · 5 Jun 2023  · 289pp  · 95,046 words

There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century

by Fiona Hill  · 4 Oct 2021  · 569pp  · 165,510 words

Other Pandemic: How QAnon Contaminated the World

by James Ball  · 19 Jul 2023  · 317pp  · 87,048 words

Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy

by Andrew Yang  · 15 Nov 2021

The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America

by Victor Davis Hanson  · 15 Nov 2021  · 458pp  · 132,912 words

The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health--And How We Must Adapt

by Sinan Aral  · 14 Sep 2020  · 475pp  · 134,707 words

Failures of State: The Inside Story of Britain's Battle With Coronavirus

by Jonathan Calvert and George Arbuthnott  · 18 Mar 2021  · 432pp  · 143,491 words

Essential: How the Pandemic Transformed the Long Fight for Worker Justice

by Jamie K. McCallum  · 15 Nov 2022  · 349pp  · 99,230 words

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It

by Azeem Azhar  · 6 Sep 2021  · 447pp  · 111,991 words

Rule of the Robots: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Everything

by Martin Ford  · 13 Sep 2021  · 288pp  · 86,995 words

The Code Breaker: Jennifer Doudna, Gene Editing, and the Future of the Human Race

by Walter Isaacson  · 9 Mar 2021  · 700pp  · 160,604 words

Binge Times: Inside Hollywood's Furious Billion-Dollar Battle to Take Down Netflix

by Dade Hayes and Dawn Chmielewski  · 18 Apr 2022  · 414pp  · 117,581 words

Limitless: The Federal Reserve Takes on a New Age of Crisis

by Jeanna Smialek  · 27 Feb 2023  · 601pp  · 135,202 words

Fortune's Bazaar: the Making of Hong Kong: The Making of Hong Kong

by Vaudine England  · 16 May 2023  · 308pp  · 122,100 words

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The Loop: How Technology Is Creating a World Without Choices and How to Fight Back

by Jacob Ward  · 25 Jan 2022  · 292pp  · 94,660 words

Practical Doomsday: A User's Guide to the End of the World

by Michal Zalewski  · 11 Jan 2022  · 337pp  · 96,666 words

Emotional Ignorance: Lost and Found in the Science of Emotion

by Dean Burnett  · 10 Jan 2023  · 536pp  · 126,051 words

Lonely Planet Barcelona

by Isabella Noble and Regis St Louis  · 15 Nov 2022  · 541pp  · 135,952 words

A Short History of Humanity: How Migration Made Us Who We Are

by Johannes Krause and Thomas Trappe  · 8 Apr 2021  · 218pp  · 62,621 words

Walled Culture: How Big Content Uses Technology and the Law to Lock Down Culture and Keep Creators Poor

by Glyn Moody  · 26 Sep 2022  · 295pp  · 66,912 words

Number Go Up: Inside Crypto's Wild Rise and Staggering Fall

by Zeke Faux  · 11 Sep 2023  · 385pp  · 106,848 words

Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence

by Amy B. Zegart  · 6 Nov 2021

Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation

by Paris Marx  · 4 Jul 2022  · 295pp  · 81,861 words

Nuts and Bolts: Seven Small Inventions That Changed the World (In a Big Way)

by Roma Agrawal  · 2 Mar 2023  · 290pp  · 80,461 words

Fulfillment: Winning and Losing in One-Click America

by Alec MacGillis  · 16 Mar 2021  · 426pp  · 136,925 words

Pocket Rough Guide Hong Kong & Macau

by Rough Guides  · 18 Jul 2024

The Optimist: Sam Altman, OpenAI, and the Race to Invent the Future

by Keach Hagey  · 19 May 2025  · 439pp  · 125,379 words

Money Men: A Hot Startup, a Billion Dollar Fraud, a Fight for the Truth

by Dan McCrum  · 15 Jun 2022  · 361pp  · 117,566 words

Still Broke: Walmart's Remarkable Transformation and the Limits of Socially Conscious Capitalism

by Rick Wartzman  · 15 Nov 2022  · 215pp  · 69,370 words

Never Enough: When Achievement Culture Becomes Toxic-And What We Can Do About It

by Jennifer Breheny Wallace  · 21 Aug 2023  · 309pp  · 86,747 words

Flowers of Fire: The Inside Story of South Korea's Feminist Movement and What It Means for Women's Rights Worldwide

by Hawon Jung  · 21 Mar 2023  · 401pp  · 112,589 words

These Strange New Minds: How AI Learned to Talk and What It Means

by Christopher Summerfield  · 11 Mar 2025  · 412pp  · 122,298 words

The Revolution That Wasn't: GameStop, Reddit, and the Fleecing of Small Investors

by Spencer Jakab  · 1 Feb 2022  · 420pp  · 94,064 words

Supertall: How the World's Tallest Buildings Are Reshaping Our Cities and Our Lives

by Stefan Al  · 11 Apr 2022  · 300pp  · 81,293 words

The Geek Way: The Radical Mindset That Drives Extraordinary Results

by Andrew McAfee  · 14 Nov 2023  · 381pp  · 113,173 words

How Big Things Get Done: The Surprising Factors Behind Every Successful Project, From Home Renovations to Space Exploration

by Bent Flyvbjerg and Dan Gardner  · 16 Feb 2023  · 353pp  · 97,029 words

Material World: A Substantial Story of Our Past and Future

by Ed Conway  · 15 Jun 2023  · 515pp  · 152,128 words

The Unclaimed: Abandonment and Hope in the City of Angels

by Pamela Prickett and Stefan Timmermans  · 11 Mar 2024  · 405pp  · 113,895 words

The Big Fix: How Companies Capture Markets and Harm Canadians

by Denise Hearn and Vass Bednar  · 14 Oct 2024  · 175pp  · 46,192 words

The Price of Time: The Real Story of Interest

by Edward Chancellor  · 15 Aug 2022  · 829pp  · 187,394 words

Built to Move: The Ten Essential Habits to Help You Move Freely and Live Fully

by Kelly Starrett and Juliet Starrett  · 3 Apr 2023  · 341pp  · 99,495 words

Black Pill: How I Witnessed the Darkest Corners of the Internet Come to Life, Poison Society, and Capture American Politics

by Elle Reeve  · 9 Jul 2024

Mapmatics: How We Navigate the World Through Numbers

by Paulina Rowinska  · 5 Jun 2024  · 361pp  · 100,834 words

The Alternative: How to Build a Just Economy

by Nick Romeo  · 15 Jan 2024  · 343pp  · 103,376 words

Moral Ambition: Stop Wasting Your Talent and Start Making a Difference

by Bregman, Rutger  · 9 Mar 2025  · 181pp  · 72,663 words

The Seven Rules of Trust: A Blueprint for Building Things That Last

by Jimmy Wales  · 28 Oct 2025  · 216pp  · 60,419 words

City Limits: Infrastructure, Inequality, and the Future of America's Highways

by Megan Kimble  · 2 Apr 2024  · 430pp  · 117,211 words

Mood Machine: The Rise of Spotify and the Costs of the Perfect Playlist

by Liz Pelly  · 7 Jan 2025  · 293pp  · 104,461 words

The Rough Guide to Wales

by Rough Guides  · 14 Oct 2024  · 882pp  · 240,215 words

Valley So Low: One Lawyer's Fight for Justice in the Wake of America's Great Coal Catastrophe

by Jared Sullivan  · 15 Oct 2024  · 545pp  · 147,673 words

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity

by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson  · 15 May 2023  · 619pp  · 177,548 words

The Bookshop: A History of the American Bookstore

by Evan Friss  · 5 Aug 2024  · 493pp  · 120,793 words

Israel: A Simple Guide to the Most Misunderstood Country on Earth

by Noa Tishby  · 5 Apr 2021  · 338pp  · 101,967 words

Your Computer Is on Fire

by Thomas S. Mullaney, Benjamin Peters, Mar Hicks and Kavita Philip  · 9 Mar 2021  · 661pp  · 156,009 words

Open: The Story of Human Progress

by Johan Norberg  · 14 Sep 2020  · 505pp  · 138,917 words

Laziness Does Not Exist

by Devon Price  · 5 Jan 2021  · 362pp  · 87,462 words

We Are Bellingcat: Global Crime, Online Sleuths, and the Bold Future of News

by Eliot Higgins  · 2 Mar 2021  · 277pp  · 70,506 words

Snakes and Ladders: The Great British Social Mobility Myth

by Selina Todd  · 11 Feb 2021  · 598pp  · 150,801 words

Power Play: Tesla, Elon Musk, and the Bet of the Century

by Tim Higgins  · 2 Aug 2021  · 430pp  · 135,418 words

Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside

by Xiaowei Wang  · 12 Oct 2020  · 196pp  · 61,981 words

Arbitrary Lines: How Zoning Broke the American City and How to Fix It

by M. Nolan Gray  · 20 Jun 2022  · 252pp  · 66,183 words

Exercised: The Science of Physical Activity, Rest and Health

by Daniel Lieberman  · 2 Sep 2020  · 687pp  · 165,457 words

Lonely Planet Pocket Hamburg

by Anthony Ham  · 15 Nov 2022  · 124pp  · 30,403 words

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era

by Gary Gerstle  · 14 Oct 2022  · 655pp  · 156,367 words

The 5 Types of Wealth: A Transformative Guide to Design Your Dream Life

by Sahil Bloom  · 4 Feb 2025  · 363pp  · 94,341 words

The Enablers: How the West Supports Kleptocrats and Corruption - Endangering Our Democracy

by Frank Vogl  · 14 Jul 2021  · 265pp  · 80,510 words

A Poison Like No Other: How Microplastics Corrupted Our Planet and Our Bodies

by Matt Simon  · 24 Jun 2022  · 254pp  · 82,981 words

The Mini Rough Guide to Lisbon (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 5 Apr 2023  · 129pp  · 32,723 words

Moon Portugal

by Carrie-Marie Bratley  · 15 Mar 2021  · 743pp  · 193,663 words

DK Eyewitness Top 10 Azores

by Dk Eyewitness  · 22 Dec 2022  · 157pp  · 39,207 words

Lonely Planet Turkey

by Lonely Planet  · 1,236pp  · 320,184 words

The Rough Guide to Cyprus

by Rough Guides  · 2 Feb 2025

THE MINI ROUGH GUIDE TO CYPRUS

by Rough Guides  · 26 Mar 2022

Lonely Planet Brazil

by Lonely Planet  · 1,410pp  · 363,093 words

Searches: Selfhood in the Digital Age

by Vauhini Vara  · 8 Apr 2025  · 301pp  · 105,209 words

Brain Energy: A Revolutionary Breakthrough in Understanding Mental Health--And Improving Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, OCD, PTSD, and More

by Christopher M. Palmer Md  · 15 Nov 2022  · 402pp  · 107,908 words

Four Battlegrounds

by Paul Scharre  · 18 Jan 2023

Collision Course: Carlos Ghosn and the Culture Wars That Upended an Auto Empire

by Hans Gremeil and William Sposato  · 15 Dec 2021  · 404pp  · 126,447 words

The Great Experiment: Why Diverse Democracies Fall Apart and How They Can Endure

by Yascha Mounk  · 19 Apr 2022  · 442pp  · 112,155 words

Poland - Culture Smart!

by Allen, Gregory;Lipska, Magdalena;Culture Smart!;  · 15 Jun 2023  · 125pp  · 35,679 words

House of Huawei: The Secret History of China's Most Powerful Company

by Eva Dou  · 14 Jan 2025  · 394pp  · 110,159 words

The Sirens' Call: How Attention Became the World's Most Endangered Resource

by Chris Hayes  · 28 Jan 2025  · 359pp  · 100,761 words

Into the Ice: The Northwest Passage, the Polar Sun, and a 175-Year-Old Mystery

by Mark Synnott  · 14 Apr 2025  · 443pp  · 140,219 words

Florence Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 166pp  · 34,003 words

Blank Space: A Cultural History of the Twenty-First Century

by W. David Marx  · 18 Nov 2025  · 642pp  · 142,332 words

Homeland: The War on Terror in American Life

by Richard Beck  · 2 Sep 2024  · 715pp  · 212,449 words

Reentry: SpaceX, Elon Musk, and the Reusable Rockets That Launched a Second Space Age

by Eric Berger  · 23 Sep 2024  · 375pp  · 113,230 words

Insight Guides South America (Travel Guide eBook)

by Insight Guides  · 15 Dec 2022

I, Warbot: The Dawn of Artificially Intelligent Conflict

by Kenneth Payne  · 16 Jun 2021  · 339pp  · 92,785 words

The Rough Guide to Australia (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 14 Oct 2023  · 1,955pp  · 521,661 words

The Rough Guide To Devon & Cornwall

by Rough Guides  · 29 Apr 2024  · 558pp  · 147,947 words

Magic Pill: The Extraordinary Benefits and Disturbing Risks of the New Weight-Loss Drugs

by Johann Hari  · 7 May 2024  · 315pp  · 98,972 words

The Rough Guide to Mexico

by Rough Guides  · 15 Jan 2022

Key to the City: How Zoning Shapes Our World

by Sara C. Bronin  · 30 Sep 2024  · 230pp  · 74,949 words

The Next Shift: The Fall of Industry and the Rise of Health Care in Rust Belt America

by Gabriel Winant  · 23 Mar 2021  · 563pp  · 136,190 words

The Knowledge Machine: How Irrationality Created Modern Science

by Michael Strevens  · 12 Oct 2020

The Cult of We: WeWork, Adam Neumann, and the Great Startup Delusion

by Eliot Brown and Maureen Farrell  · 19 Jul 2021  · 460pp  · 130,820 words

Life's Edge: The Search for What It Means to Be Alive

by Carl Zimmer  · 9 Mar 2021  · 392pp  · 109,945 words

The Age of AI: And Our Human Future

by Henry A Kissinger, Eric Schmidt and Daniel Huttenlocher  · 2 Nov 2021  · 194pp  · 57,434 words

Power, for All: How It Really Works and Why It's Everyone's Business

by Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro  · 30 Aug 2021  · 345pp  · 92,063 words

Lonely Planet Pocket Nice and Monaco 3 3rd Ed

by Lonely Planet  · 15 Apr 2024  · 122pp  · 31,426 words

Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future

by Ben Tarnoff  · 13 Jun 2022  · 234pp  · 67,589 words

Pandora's Box: How Guts, Guile, and Greed Upended TV

by Peter Biskind  · 6 Nov 2023  · 543pp  · 143,084 words

Servants of the Damned: Giant Law Firms and the Corruption of Justice

by David Enrich  · 5 Oct 2022  · 373pp  · 108,788 words

There's a War Going on but No One Can See It

by Huib Modderkolk  · 1 Sep 2021  · 295pp  · 84,843 words

Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain

by Sathnam Sanghera  · 28 Jan 2021  · 430pp  · 111,038 words

We Are Electric: Inside the 200-Year Hunt for Our Body's Bioelectric Code, and What the Future Holds

by Sally Adee  · 27 Feb 2023  · 329pp  · 101,233 words

Unmasking Autism: Discovering the New Faces of Neurodiversity

by Devon Price  · 4 Apr 2022  · 456pp  · 101,959 words

The Mini Rough Guide to Iceland (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 11 Mar 2022  · 128pp  · 32,434 words

The the Rough Guide to Turkey

by Rough Guides  · 15 Oct 2023

Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century

by J. Bradford Delong  · 6 Apr 2020  · 593pp  · 183,240 words

The War Came to Us: Life and Death in Ukraine

by Christopher Miller  · 17 Jul 2023  · 469pp  · 149,526 words

The Rough Guide to New Zealand: Travel Guide eBook

by Rough Guides  · 1 Jan 2024  · 1,383pp  · 367,401 words

Fodor's Seoul

by Fodor's Travel Guides  · 29 Nov 2022  · 373pp  · 107,111 words

Superbloom: How Technologies of Connection Tear Us Apart

by Nicholas Carr  · 28 Jan 2025  · 231pp  · 85,135 words

Can't Even: How Millennials Became the Burnout Generation

by Anne Helen Petersen  · 14 Jan 2021  · 297pp  · 88,890 words

Rocket Dreams: Musk, Bezos and the Trillion-Dollar Space Race

by Christian Davenport  · 6 Sep 2025  · 441pp  · 127,950 words

Flight of the WASP

by Michael Gross  · 562pp  · 177,195 words

Lisbon Like a Local

by DK  · 165pp  · 33,561 words

Mattering: The Secret to Building a Life of Deep Connection and Purpose

by Jennifer Breheny Wallace  · 13 Jan 2026  · 206pp  · 68,830 words

Angrynomics

by Eric Lonergan and Mark Blyth  · 15 Jun 2020  · 194pp  · 56,074 words

Across the Airless Wilds: The Lunar Rover and the Triumph of the Final Moon Landings

by Earl Swift  · 5 Jul 2021  · 410pp  · 120,234 words

Super Founders: What Data Reveals About Billion-Dollar Startups

by Ali Tamaseb  · 14 Sep 2021  · 251pp  · 80,831 words

Billion Dollar Loser: The Epic Rise and Spectacular Fall of Adam Neumann and WeWork

by Reeves Wiedeman  · 19 Oct 2020  · 303pp  · 100,516 words

Spooked: The Trump Dossier, Black Cube, and the Rise of Private Spies

by Barry Meier  · 17 May 2021  · 319pp  · 89,192 words

The Mini Rough Guide to Vienna (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 1 Jun 2023  · 126pp  · 31,039 words

Lonely Planet Pocket Vienna

by Lonely Planet  · 135pp  · 33,344 words

Drunk on All Your Strange New Words

by Eddie Robson  · 27 Jun 2022  · 294pp  · 81,850 words

Things That Matter: Overcoming Distraction to Pursue a More Meaningful Life

by Joshua Becker  · 19 Apr 2022  · 215pp  · 62,479 words

Grand Transitions: How the Modern World Was Made

by Vaclav Smil  · 2 Mar 2021  · 1,324pp  · 159,290 words

The Thinking Machine: Jensen Huang, Nvidia, and the World's Most Coveted Microchip

by Stephen Witt  · 8 Apr 2025  · 260pp  · 82,629 words

Inner Entrepreneur: A Proven Path to Profit and Peace

by Grant Sabatier  · 10 Mar 2025  · 442pp  · 126,902 words

Our Enemies Will Vanish: The Russian Invasion and Ukraine's War of Independence

by Yaroslav Trofimov  · 9 Jan 2024  · 399pp  · 112,620 words

San Francisco Like a Local

by DK Eyewitness  · 4 Oct 2021  · 268pp  · 35,416 words

More Everything Forever: AI Overlords, Space Empires, and Silicon Valley's Crusade to Control the Fate of Humanity

by Adam Becker  · 14 Jun 2025  · 381pp  · 119,533 words

Exit Strategy

by Sherry Walling, Rob Walling  · 22 Nov 2024  · 215pp  · 60,241 words

The Mysterious Mr. Nakamoto: A Fifteen-Year Quest to Unmask the Secret Genius Behind Crypto

by Benjamin Wallace  · 18 Mar 2025  · 431pp  · 116,274 words

Lonely Planet Pocket Reykjavík & Southwest Iceland

by Lonely Planet  · 135pp  · 31,818 words

The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality

by Oded Galor  · 22 Mar 2022  · 426pp  · 83,128 words

The Rough Guide to Paris

by Rough Guides  · 1 May 2023  · 688pp  · 190,793 words

San Francisco Like a Local: By the People Who Call It Home

by Dk Eyewitness  · 5 Apr 2023  · 168pp  · 33,200 words

Not One Inch: America, Russia, and the Making of Post-Cold War Stalemate

by M. E. Sarotte  · 29 Nov 2021  · 791pp  · 222,536 words

How to Blow Up a Pipeline

by Andreas Malm  · 4 Jan 2021  · 156pp  · 49,653 words

The Mini Rough Guide to Budapest (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 1 Oct 2023  · 125pp  · 32,332 words

Copenhagen Like a Local

by DK  · 168pp  · 32,806 words

Lonely Planet Singapore

by Lonely Planet  · 14 May 2024  · 232pp  · 61,272 words

Europe by Eurail 2023

by Laverne Ferguson-Kosinski and C. Darren Price  · 8 Jan 2023  · 570pp  · 186,017 words

British Rail

by Christian Wolmar  · 9 Jun 2022  · 337pp  · 100,260 words

Traffic: Genius, Rivalry, and Delusion in the Billion-Dollar Race to Go Viral

by Ben Smith  · 2 May 2023

Life Is Simple: How Occam's Razor Set Science Free and Shapes the Universe

by Johnjoe McFadden  · 27 Sep 2021

Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks

by Scott J. Shapiro  · 523pp  · 154,042 words

The Future Was Now: Madmen, Mavericks, and the Epic Sci-Fi Summer Of 1982

by Chris Nashawaty  · 251pp  · 86,553 words

Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation

by Edward Chancellor  · 31 May 2000  · 860pp  · 227,491 words

Completely Mad: Tom McClean, John Fairfax, and the Epic of the Race to Row Solo Across the Atlantic

by James R. Hansen  · 4 Jul 2023  · 362pp  · 134,405 words

Kleptopia: How Dirty Money Is Conquering the World

by Tom Burgis  · 7 Sep 2020  · 476pp  · 139,761 words

Sustainable Minimalism: Embrace Zero Waste, Build Sustainability Habits That Last, and Become a Minimalist Without Sacrificing the Planet (Green Housecleaning, Zero Waste Living)

by Stephanie Marie Seferian  · 19 Jan 2021

In Pursuit of the Perfect Portfolio: The Stories, Voices, and Key Insights of the Pioneers Who Shaped the Way We Invest

by Andrew W. Lo and Stephen R. Foerster  · 16 Aug 2021  · 542pp  · 145,022 words

A Small Farm Future: Making the Case for a Society Built Around Local Economies, Self-Provisioning, Agricultural Diversity and a Shared Earth

by Chris Smaje  · 14 Aug 2020  · 375pp  · 105,586 words

Politics on the Edge: The Instant #1 Sunday Times Bestseller From the Host of Hit Podcast the Rest Is Politics

by Rory Stewart  · 13 Sep 2023  · 534pp  · 157,700 words

Tracers in the Dark: The Global Hunt for the Crime Lords of Cryptocurrency

by Andy Greenberg  · 15 Nov 2022  · 494pp  · 121,217 words

Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census and How to Read Them

by Dan Bouk  · 22 Aug 2022  · 424pp  · 123,180 words

Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Altman's OpenAI

by Karen Hao  · 19 May 2025  · 660pp  · 179,531 words

Cashing Out: Win the Wealth Game by Walking Away

by Julien Saunders and Kiersten Saunders  · 13 Jun 2022  · 268pp  · 64,786 words

The Rough Guide to Switzerland (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 24 May 2022

Waco Rising: David Koresh, the FBI, and the Birth of America's Modern Militias

by Kevin Cook  · 30 Jan 2023  · 277pp  · 86,352 words

Blood in the Machine: The Origins of the Rebellion Against Big Tech

by Brian Merchant  · 25 Sep 2023  · 524pp  · 154,652 words

Strength in Numbers: How Polls Work and Why We Need Them

by G. Elliott Morris  · 11 Jul 2022  · 252pp  · 71,176 words

Jellyfish Age Backwards: Nature's Secrets to Longevity

by Nicklas Brendborg  · 17 Jan 2023  · 222pp  · 68,595 words

The Rough Guide to Portugal (Travel Guide eBook)

by Rough Guides  · 1 Mar 2023  · 919pp  · 252,171 words

Cuba: An American History

by Ada Ferrer  · 6 Sep 2021  · 723pp  · 211,892 words

Radiant Rest

by Tracee Stanley  · 9 Mar 2021

Working Hard, Hardly Working

by Grace Beverley

Just Keep Buying: Proven Ways to Save Money and Build Your Wealth

by Nick Maggiulli  · 15 May 2022  · 287pp  · 62,824 words

Green Gold

by Sarah Allaback  · 14 Mar 2025  · 346pp  · 99,142 words

Lonely Planet Malta & Gozo

by Lonely Planet  · 233pp  · 61,033 words

The Six: The Untold Story of America's First Women Astronauts

by Loren Grush  · 11 Sep 2023  · 375pp  · 127,360 words

Bosnia and Herzegovina

by Tim. Clancy  · 15 Mar 2022  · 716pp  · 209,067 words

Rome Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 168pp  · 34,292 words

Barcelona Like a Local: by the People Who Call It Home

by Dk Eyewitness

Flying Blind: The 737 MAX Tragedy and the Fall of Boeing

by Peter Robison  · 29 Nov 2021  · 382pp  · 105,657 words

China's Good War

by Rana Mitter

Together

by Vivek H. Murthy, M.D.  · 5 Mar 2020  · 405pp  · 112,470 words

The Pattern Seekers: How Autism Drives Human Invention

by Simon Baron-Cohen  · 14 Aug 2020

When More Is Not Better: Overcoming America's Obsession With Economic Efficiency

by Roger L. Martin  · 28 Sep 2020  · 600pp  · 72,502 words

About Time: A History of Civilization in Twelve Clocks

by David Rooney  · 16 Aug 2021  · 306pp  · 84,649 words

Ways of Being: Beyond Human Intelligence

by James Bridle  · 6 Apr 2022  · 502pp  · 132,062 words

Carbon: The Book of Life

by Paul Hawken  · 17 Mar 2025  · 250pp  · 63,703 words

Narcotopia

by Patrick Winn  · 30 Jan 2024  · 425pp  · 131,864 words

The Wealth Ladder: Proven Strategies for Every Step of Your Financial Life

by Nick Maggiulli  · 22 Jul 2025

Been There, Done That: A Rousing History of Sex

by Rachel Feltman  · 14 May 2022  · 306pp  · 88,545 words

Rope: How a Bundle of Twisted Fibers Became the Backbone of Civilization

by Tim Queeney  · 11 Aug 2025  · 264pp  · 88,907 words

Fire and Ice: The Volcanoes of the Solar System

by Natalie Starkey  · 29 Sep 2021  · 309pp  · 97,320 words

Don't Trust Your Gut: Using Data to Get What You Really Want in LIfe

by Seth Stephens-Davidowitz  · 9 May 2022  · 287pp  · 69,655 words

Eurowhiteness: Culture, Empire and Race in the European Project

by Hans Kundnani  · 16 Aug 2023  · 198pp  · 54,815 words

Dublin Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 167pp  · 34,693 words

Ultra-Processed People: The Science Behind Food That Isn't Food

by Chris van Tulleken  · 26 Jun 2023  · 448pp  · 123,273 words

Science Fictions: How Fraud, Bias, Negligence, and Hype Undermine the Search for Truth

by Stuart Ritchie  · 20 Jul 2020

Upgrade

by Blake Crouch  · 6 Jul 2022  · 396pp  · 96,049 words

Ten Steps to Nanette: A Memoir Situation

by Hannah Gadsby  · 15 Mar 2022  · 373pp  · 132,377 words

American Gun: The True Story of the AR-15

by Cameron McWhirter and Zusha Elinson  · 25 Sep 2023  · 525pp  · 166,724 words

Unknown Market Wizards: The Best Traders You've Never Heard Of

by Jack D. Schwager  · 2 Nov 2020

Palo Alto: A History of California, Capitalism, and the World

by Malcolm Harris  · 14 Feb 2023  · 864pp  · 272,918 words

Paris Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 170pp  · 35,516 words

Don't Call It a Cult: The Shocking Story of Keith Raniere and the Women of NXIVM

by Sarah Berman  · 19 Apr 2021  · 399pp  · 107,932 words

Nashville Like a Local: By the People Who Call It Home

by Dk Eyewitness  · 28 Sep 2021

The Means of Prediction: How AI Really Works (And Who Benefits)

by Maximilian Kasy  · 15 Jan 2025  · 209pp  · 63,332 words

Caste: The Origins of Our Discontents

by Isabel Wilkerson  · 14 Sep 2020  · 470pp  · 137,882 words

World Travel: An Irreverent Guide

by Anthony Bourdain and Laurie Woolever  · 19 Apr 2021  · 366pp  · 110,374 words

Midnight in Vehicle City: General Motors, Flint, and the Strike That Created the Middle Class

by Edward McClelland  · 2 Feb 2021  · 264pp  · 74,785 words

Four Lost Cities: A Secret History of the Urban Age

by Annalee Newitz  · 2 Feb 2021  · 290pp  · 82,220 words

Through the Glass Ceiling to the Stars: The Story of the First American Woman to Command a Space Mission

by Eileen M. Collins and Jonathan H. Ward  · 13 Sep 2021  · 394pp  · 107,778 words

Why Has Nobody Told Me This Before?

by Dr. Julie Smith  · 11 Jan 2022  · 481pp  · 72,071 words

Imagine a City: A Pilot's Journey Across the Urban World

by Mark Vanhoenacker  · 14 Aug 2022  · 393pp  · 127,847 words

Tokyo Like a Local

by Dk Eyewitness  · 171pp  · 34,535 words

Tripping on Utopia: Margaret Mead, the Cold War, and the Troubled Birth of Psychedelic Science

by Benjamin Breen  · 16 Jan 2024  · 384pp  · 118,573 words

Worn: A People's History of Clothing

by Sofi Thanhauser  · 25 Jan 2022  · 592pp  · 133,460 words

The Musical Human: A History of Life on Earth

by Michael Spitzer  · 31 Mar 2021  · 632pp  · 163,143 words

The Asian Financial Crisis 1995–98: Birth of the Age of Debt

by Russell Napier  · 19 Jul 2021  · 511pp  · 151,359 words

The Deficit Myth: Modern Monetary Theory and the Birth of the People's Economy

by Stephanie Kelton  · 8 Jun 2020  · 338pp  · 104,684 words

Unsustainable Inequalities: Social Justice and the Environment

by Lucas Chancel  · 15 Jan 2020  · 191pp  · 51,242 words

Built on a Lie: The Rise and Fall of Neil Woodford and the Fate of Middle England’s Money

by Owen Walker  · 4 Mar 2021  · 278pp  · 82,771 words

After the Gig: How the Sharing Economy Got Hijacked and How to Win It Back

by Juliet Schor, William Attwood-Charles and Mehmet Cansoy  · 15 Mar 2020  · 296pp  · 83,254 words

Machine Learning Design Patterns: Solutions to Common Challenges in Data Preparation, Model Building, and MLOps

by Valliappa Lakshmanan, Sara Robinson and Michael Munn  · 31 Oct 2020

Waging a Good War: A Military History of the Civil Rights Movement, 1954-1968

by Thomas E. Ricks  · 3 Oct 2022  · 482pp  · 150,822 words

Show Me the Bodies: How We Let Grenfell Happen

by Peter Apps  · 10 Nov 2022  · 279pp  · 85,552 words

The Star Builders: Nuclear Fusion and the Race to Power the Planet

by Arthur Turrell  · 2 Aug 2021  · 297pp  · 84,447 words

Pure Invention: How Japan's Pop Culture Conquered the World

by Matt Alt  · 14 Apr 2020

After Steve: How Apple Became a Trillion-Dollar Company and Lost Its Soul

by Tripp Mickle  · 2 May 2022  · 535pp  · 149,752 words

The Internet Is Not What You Think It Is: A History, a Philosophy, a Warning

by Justin E. H. Smith  · 22 Mar 2022  · 198pp  · 59,351 words

Edinburgh Like a Local: By the People Who Call It Home

by Dk Eyewitness  · 28 Sep 2021  · 827pp  · 75,043 words

The Radical Fund: How a Band of Visionaries and a Million Dollars Upended America

by John Fabian Witt  · 14 Oct 2025  · 735pp  · 279,360 words

The Library: A Fragile History

by Arthur Der Weduwen and Andrew Pettegree  · 14 Oct 2021  · 457pp  · 173,326 words

The Founders: The Story of Paypal and the Entrepreneurs Who Shaped Silicon Valley

by Jimmy Soni  · 22 Feb 2022  · 505pp  · 161,581 words

Right of Way: Race, Class, and the Silent Epidemic of Pedestrian Deaths in America

by Angie Schmitt  · 26 Aug 2020  · 274pp  · 63,679 words

Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980

by Rick Perlstein  · 17 Aug 2020

Britain at Bay: The Epic Story of the Second World War: 1938-1941

by Alan Allport  · 2 Sep 2020  · 1,520pp  · 221,543 words

Kill Switch: The Rise of the Modern Senate and the Crippling of American Democracy

by Adam Jentleson  · 12 Jan 2021  · 400pp  · 108,843 words

Trading at the Speed of Light: How Ultrafast Algorithms Are Transforming Financial Markets

by Donald MacKenzie  · 24 May 2021  · 400pp  · 121,988 words

The Fiume Crisis

by Dominique Kirchner Reill  · 1 Dec 2020

Data Action: Using Data for Public Good

by Sarah Williams  · 14 Sep 2020

Visions of Inequality: From the French Revolution to the End of the Cold War

by Branko Milanovic  · 9 Oct 2023

A World Without Email: Reimagining Work in an Age of Communication Overload

by Cal Newport  · 2 Mar 2021  · 350pp  · 90,898 words

Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science

by James Poskett  · 22 Mar 2022  · 564pp  · 168,696 words

A City on Mars: Can We Settle Space, Should We Settle Space, and Have We Really Thought This Through?

by Kelly Weinersmith and Zach Weinersmith  · 6 Nov 2023  · 490pp  · 132,502 words

API Design Patterns

by Jj Geewax  · 19 Jul 2021  · 725pp  · 168,262 words

The Riders Come Out at Night: Brutality, Corruption, and Cover-Up in Oakland

by Ali Winston and Darwin Bondgraham  · 10 Jan 2023  · 498pp  · 184,761 words

Adriatic: A Concert of Civilizations at the End of the Modern Age

by Robert D. Kaplan  · 11 Apr 2022  · 500pp  · 115,119 words