Cambridge Analytica

Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America

by Christopher Wylie  · 8 Oct 2019

Page Copyright Epigraph Chapter 1: Genesis Chapter 2: Lessons in Failure Chapter 3: We Fight Terror in Prada Chapter 4: Steve from America Chapter 5: Cambridge Analytica Chapter 6: Trojan Horses Chapter 7: The Dark Triad Chapter 8: From Russia with Likes Chapter 9: Crimes Against Democracy Chapter 10: The Apprentice Chapter

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information about what had happened between the Trump campaign and Russia, but no one had been able to connect the dots. I provided evidence tying Cambridge Analytica to Donald Trump, Facebook, Russian intelligence, international hackers, and Brexit. This evidence revealed how both an obscure foreign contractor engaged in illegal activity and

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ascendancy. In this new war, the American voter became a target of confusion, manipulation, and deception. Truth was replaced by alternative narratives and virtual realities. Cambridge Analytica first piloted this new warfare in Africa and tropical islands around the world. The firm experimented with scaled online disinformation, fake news, and mass profiling

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that room with two large binders, each containing several hundred pages of documents. The first binder contained emails, memos, and documents showing the extent of Cambridge Analytica’s data-harvesting operation. This material demonstrated that the company had recruited hackers, hired personnel with known links to Russian intelligence, and engaged in bribery

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, extortion, and disinformation campaigns in elections around the world. There were confidential legal memos from lawyers warning Steve Bannon about Cambridge Analytica’s violations of the Foreign Agents Registration Act, as well as a cache of documents describing how the firm exploited Facebook to access more than

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believe there was a nexus of Russian state-sponsored activity in London during the 2016 presidential election and Brexit campaigns? Yes. Was there communication between Cambridge Analytica and WikiLeaks? Yes. I finally saw glimmers of understanding coming into the committee members’ eyes. Facebook is no longer just a company, I told

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who writes long-winded essays attacking democracy and virtually everything about how modern societies are ordered. Moldbug’s views on “truth” influenced Bannon and what Cambridge Analytica would become. Moldbug has written that “nonsense is a more effective organizing tool than the truth,” and Bannon embraced this. “Anyone can believe in

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rights to SCL’s work, creating a bizarre situation where the subsidiary actually owned the core assets of its “parent.” SCL and Cambridge Analytica then signed an exclusivity agreement whereby Cambridge Analytica would transfer all of its contracts to SCL, and SCL’s personnel would service the actual delivery and work on behalf of

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to identify people who exhibited neuroticism and dark-triad traits, and those who were more prone to impulsive anger or conspiratorial thinking than average citizens. Cambridge Analytica would target them, introducing narratives via Facebook groups, ads, or articles that the firm knew from internal testing were likely to inflame the very narrow

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difference between a user endlessly swiping for more content and a gambler pulling the slot machine lever over and over. * * * — IN THE SUMMER OF 2014, Cambridge Analytica began developing fake pages on Facebook and other platforms that looked like real forums, groups, and news sources. This was an extremely common tactic that

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deployed systematically via social media, blogs, groups, and forums. Bannon’s first request of our team was to study who felt oppressed by political correctness. Cambridge Analytica found that, because people often overestimate how much others notice them, spotlighting socially uncomfortable situations was an effective prime for eliciting bias in target cohorts

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parodied the “hicks” of flyover country, but social media represented an extraordinary opportunity to rub “regular” Americans’ noses in the snobbery of coastal elites. Cambridge Analytica began to use this content to touch on an implied belief about racial competition for attention and resources—that race relations were a zero-sum

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groups and urban liberals. Bannon was convinced that if you showed people what political correctness “really meant,” they would wake up to the truth. So Cambridge Analytica started asking subjects if the thought of their daughter marrying a Mexican immigrant made them feel uncomfortable. For subjects who denied discomfort with the idea

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dictating America’s destiny. CHAPTER 8 FROM RUSSIA WITH LIKES - Keeping true to its origins in foreign information operations, there were new characters arriving at Cambridge Analytica’s London office almost daily. The firm became a revolving door of foreign politicians, fixers, security agencies, and businessmen with their scantily clad private secretaries

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prospective client that CA executives became both very giddy and unusually elusive about. In the spring of 2014, the large Russian oil company Lukoil contacted Cambridge Analytica and began asking questions. At first, Nix handled the conversations, but soon the oil executives wanted answers that he was incapable of providing. He

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to be a project that needed special intelligence services or scaled disinformation operations on social media. (As the memo was internal, it referenced SCL; Cambridge Analytica was merely a front-facing brand for American clients that was entirely staffed by SCL personnel.) “SCL retains a number of retired intelligence and security

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online, but Kogan’s research was well suited to targeting voters with authoritarian personality traits, identifying narratives that would activate their support. After Kogan joined Cambridge Analytica’s project, CA’s internal psychology team started replicating some of his research from Russia: profiling people who were high in neuroticism and dark-triad

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influencing an American campaign or PAC at the local, state, or federal level. The memo recommended that Nix immediately recuse himself from substantial management of Cambridge Analytica until “loopholes” could be explored. The Bracewell & Giuliani memo suggested “filtering” the work of CA’s foreign nationals through U.S. citizens. After reading

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at the insecurities and vulnerabilities of a nation. My actions were inexcusable, and I will always live with the shame. * * * — JUST BEFORE I LEFT Cambridge Analytica, the firm was planning more election work in Nigeria. As Nix had explained to Lukoil in his presentation about rumor campaigns, the African nation was

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St. Kitts and Nevis, an island nation in the Caribbean. The hacking of private medical information and emails was disturbing enough, but the propaganda videos Cambridge Analytica produced were much worse. The ads, which were placed on mainstream networks, including Google, were targeted to areas of Nigeria where the population leaned pro

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, a prominent right-wing politician, became the figurehead for Leave.EU. After Steve Bannon introduced Banks and Farage to the American billionaire Robert Mercer, Cambridge Analytica signed on to the Brexit campaign to service Leave.EU with its algorithms and digital targeting. It was announced that Brittany Kaiser would become Leave

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Canada and was legally called AggregateIQ, but it signed an intellectual property agreement that granted SCL the rights to its work. SCL and, later, Cambridge Analytica frequently took advantage of a network of offshore companies registered under different names. Similar to the strategies employed by tax avoidance schemes, this network of

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companies around the world helped Cambridge Analytica bypass the scrutiny of electoral or data privacy regulators. AIQ’s headquarters was a brick building on Pandora Avenue, only a block from the ocean

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a scaled information operation deployed by AIQ, and the problem with Remain was that they completely failed to understand what they were up against. As Cambridge Analytica identified, provoking anger and indignation reduced the need for full rational explanations and would put voters into a more indiscriminately punitive mindset. CA found that

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for the firm had ultimately been passed on to certain U.S. political campaigns. As Trump continued to gain ground, their curiosity grew. I described Cambridge Analytica’s tactics of voter manipulation—how the firm identified and targeted people with neurotic or conspiratorial predispositions, then disseminated propaganda designed to deepen and accentuate

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those traits. I explained how, after obtaining people’s data from Facebook, Cambridge Analytica could in some cases predict their behavior better than their own spouses could, and how the firm was using that information to, in effect, radicalize

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who were not representing the White House. The topic was the U.S. election and what was happening in the Republican Party with respect to Cambridge Analytica, including its massive surveillance database and its potential relationships with foreign intelligence agencies. Someone from the White House group asked if we could talk outside

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in a child sex ring being run out of a Washington, D.C., pizza parlor. My mind kept returning to the connections among Cambridge Analytica, the Russian government, and Assange. Cambridge Analytica seemed to have its dirty hands in every dirty part of this campaign. * * * — ON THE NIGHT OF the election, I was

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I told her bluntly. Even a well-informed journalist like Cadwalladr struggled at first to understand all the layers and connections of the Cambridge Analytica narrative. Was SCL part of Cambridge Analytica, or the other way around? Where did AIQ fit in? And even when she had the basic details nailed down, there was

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consuming and expansive legal battle. Instead of fighting an obviously spurious lawsuit, the paper agreed to remove Schmidt’s name several weeks after publication. Then Cambridge Analytica threatened to sue over the same article. And even though The Guardian had documents, emails, and files that confirmed everything I had told them, they

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t even defend its own journalism. An additional complication was the super NDA that prohibited me from revealing details about my work at Cambridge Analytica. The whole point of Cambridge Analytica making me sign it was that it seriously increased my legal liability, and I had no doubt that my old employers would attempt

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meetings, Ranjan met with chief data officer Alexander Tayler and managing director Mark Turnbull in private rooms at a hotel near Westminster. The executives pitched Cambridge Analytica’s data analysis work and suggested intelligence-gathering services, but nothing concrete came out of the meetings. They seemed cagey, hedging in how they talked

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the conversation. Two meetings took place at this restaurant. At the first, Turnbull laid the groundwork for some of the more questionable services Cambridge Analytica offered. He told Ranjan that Cambridge Analytica could do some digging about the Sri Lankan minister, saying they would “find all the skeletons in his closet, quietly, discreetly, and

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the devastating sting exposing Nix. The channel also released an interview with the defeated 2016 Democratic presidential candidate, Hillary Clinton, who described the allegations about Cambridge Analytica as “very disturbing.” In the interview, Clinton said, “When you have a massive propaganda effort to prevent people from thinking straight, because they’re

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data leaks in the social network’s history.” Reporters Matthew Rosenberg and Nicholas Confessore, bylined with Cadwalladr, also connected the dots between Bannon, Mercer, and Cambridge Analytica and explained in detail how they had used Facebook data to propel Trump to victory. In London, the British authorities had already been investigating both

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a dramatic standoff ensued between ICO agents, British police, and Facebook’s “forensic auditors.” Facebook’s auditors were ordered to drop everything and immediately leave Cambridge Analytica’s offices, and they agreed to stand down. Elizabeth Denham, the U.K. information commissioner, was so incensed by Facebook’s actions that she made

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recordings and screenshots of the documents to the British authorities. We also notified the Americans, because we saw evidence that the Russians were speaking with Cambridge Analytica clients immediately before and after the clients met with the Trump campaign. We eventually had a meeting with California congressman Adam Schiff, then the ranking

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legally barred from donating or substantively interfering in British political campaigns. So the Brexiteers were told by the billionaire that the data and services of Cambridge Analytica could be useful, and Bannon offered to help. Farage, Banks, and company accepted Bannon’s offer, consummating the emerging Anglo-American alt-right alliance

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user behavior into profit, platforms need to know everything about their users’ behavior, while their users know nothing of the platform’s behavior. As Cambridge Analytica discovered, this becomes the perfect environment to incubate propaganda. With the advent of home automation hubs such as Amazon Alexa and Google Home, we are

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the U.K. Cabinet Office on foreign affairs projects, sitting in the highest levels of the British government. In America there were no consequences for Cambridge Analytica, either. The company knowingly and willfully violated the Foreign Agents Registration Act. It conducted operations to suppress African American voters. It defrauded Facebook users and

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menaced them with disgusting content. It exposed hundreds of millions of private records of American citizens to hostile foreign states. And yet nothing happened, because Cambridge Analytica was set up for jurisdictional arbitrage. Tax evasion frequently involves setting up shell companies on tropical islands all around the world in an attempt to

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cringeworthy public hearings in Parliament in which he blamed the “global liberal media” for his company’s demise. After I came forward with the Cambridge Analytica story, Brittany Kaiser rebranded herself as a whistleblower and hired a PR manager to start booking interviews. She attended a parliamentary hearing in which she

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data project, which launched something called the Internet of Value Omniledger, apparently intended to unleash our “data freedom.” Like Kaiser, several other former executives from Cambridge Analytica went on to found their own data companies. CA’s former head of product Matt Oczkowski founded a firm called Data Propria (Latin for “Personal

Targeted: The Cambridge Analytica Whistleblower's Inside Story of How Big Data, Trump, and Facebook Broke Democracy and How It Can Happen Again

by Brittany Kaiser  · 21 Oct 2019  · 391pp  · 123,597 words

That involved more scientific and precise ways of putting people into categories: “Democrat,” “environmentalist,” “optimist,” “activist,” and the like. And for years, the SCL Group, Cambridge Analytica’s parent company, had been identifying and sorting people using the most sophisticated method in behavioral psychology, which gave it the capability of turning what

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found (on their cell phones, computers, tablets, on television) and through any kind of medium you could imagine (from audio to social media), using “microtargeting.” Cambridge Analytica could isolate individuals and literally cause them to think, vote, and act differently from how they had before. It spent its clients’ money on communications

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The Obama Democrats had dominated the digital communications space since 2007. The Republicans lagged sorely behind in technology innovation. After their crushing defeat in 2012, Cambridge Analytica had come along to level the playing field in a representative democracy by giving the Republicans the technology they lacked. As for what Nix could

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direction you, the client, wanted them to go. He clicked over to yet another slide. It read, “Data Analytics, Social Sciences, Behavior and Psychology.” Cambridge Analytica had grown out of the SCL Group, which itself had evolved from something called the Behavioural Dynamics Institute, or BDI, a consortium of some sixty

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academic institutions and hundreds of psychologists. Cambridge Analytica now employed in-house psychologists who, instead of pollsters, designed political surveys and used the results to segment people. They used “psychographics” to understand people

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, things had changed so much. Alexander said that data was an incredible “natural resource.” It was the “new oil,” available in vast quantities, and Cambridge Analytica was on track to become the largest and most influential data and analytics firm in the world. It was an unprecedented opportunity for those with

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over to Schmidt, he shared with me that it was Sophie Schmidt, Eric’s daughter, who had been partly responsible for inspiring the inception of Cambridge Analytica. The party was going swimmingly until my phone buzzed: the Nigerians had arrived and were downstairs, just outside the apartment building. We had planned

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the same time for his competition. The Bushes were the kind of family who demanded single-minded loyalty from those with whom they worked. The Cambridge Analytica data team busied themselves preparing for the 2016 U.S. presidential election by interpreting the results of the 2014 midterms. In their glass box,

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imagine, the use of the Friends API became prolific, amounting to a great payday for Facebook. And it allowed more than forty thousand developers, including Cambridge Analytica, to take advantage of this loophole and harvest data on unsuspecting Facebook users. Cambridge was always collecting and refreshing its data, staying completely up to

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clicked on “yes” and accepted electronic “cookies” or clicked “agree” to “terms of service” on any site, not just Facebook or third-party apps. Cambridge Analytica bought this fresh data from companies such as Experian, which has followed people throughout their digital lives, through every move and every purchase, collecting as

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the French doors and made my way around to the computer stations, introducing myself. The people in the room reminded me of my colleagues at Cambridge Analytica—young, bright, although everyone there was American—and clearly seemed just as devoted as SCL employees to whatever they were working on. They identified

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was now “embedded” in the Cruz campaign and deploying a powerful secret psyops weapon for targeting vulnerable voters. Behind the plot was the owner of Cambridge Analytica, Robert Mercer, who was, according to the Davies piece, a Dr. Evil–like American billionaire whose motivation was to disrupt the U.S. political

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Facebook, the article said, collecting the data under the guise of doing academic research and then turning around and selling it for commercial purposes to Cambridge Analytica. If the terms and conditions hadn’t stated explicitly that the data was being collected for commercial use, then Kogan was not supposed to

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phone, with the exception of one hurried person in our temporary New York office who had inexplicably hung up on the reporter. The article made Cambridge Analytica look venomous, and horribly guilty. The implication was that CA had not only infiltrated the biggest and safest social media platform in the world,

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What’s more, Tayler argued, the Kogan models were virtually useless because they performed only slightly better than random during testing. Kogan had merely provided Cambridge Analytica with a basic proof of concept that personality modeling could be done and be effective, nothing more. Cambridge gathered its own data, did its own

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to actual victory. As upset as Kellyanne had been about the prospect of our working with Trump, the fallout from the Guardian’s splash about Cambridge Analytica, Dr. Aleksandr Kogan, the Cruz campaign, and Facebook proved even more troublesome. Kellyanne was livid. She felt that the article tainted Cruz, and it

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continued to haunt KtP1’s relationship with Cambridge Analytica for months after. I remember being in the Alexandria office one day when Sabhita Raju arrived and, biting her tongue, headed into a meeting to

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more clearly the longer I was at Cambridge. As time passed, I never let myself forget that she was the powerhouse that made everything at Cambridge Analytica—and, eventually, Trumpworld—happen. After I’d pitched Corey Lewandowski in September 2015, the negotiations stumbled, but they never stopped. I had drawn up

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operations. The problem was that Parscale had no data science or data-driven communications experience, so Bekah knew that Trump needed Cambridge. When the early Cambridge Analytica team (which consisted of Matt Oczkowski, Molly Schweickert, and a handful of data scientists) arrived on the scene in San Antonio in June, they

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Trump was recorded in 2005 giving full expression to his misogyny and entitlement, boasting about grabbing women and forcing himself upon them against their will, Cambridge Analytica’s data scientists ran a model on a test group of persuadable voters in key swing states. Nicknamed the “pussy model,” it was designed

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at Stanford, he had started out at Cambridge University, at the Psychometrics Centre. In the article, he claimed to have created the psychographic testing that Cambridge Analytica had used in the Trump campaign, and he suggested that Dr. Kogan had stolen it and sold it illicitly to Cambridge. What was worse,

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microtargeting” work that CA had apparently copyrighted. In response to the article, the company issued a statement reminiscent of the one from the year before: “Cambridge Analytica does not use data from Facebook,” the release said. It also said that Cambridge had had no dealings with Dr. Michal Kosinski. Cambridge “does

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moment Donald Trump was announced as the next U.S. president. Alexander and Bekah seized the moment to reorganize and rebrand the company. With the Cambridge Analytica name instantly the most visible part of the business, Cambridge absorbed the SCL Group. Under the Cambridge umbrella, Alexander and Bekah created a new

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either had been made up by those who couldn’t accept Hillary’s crushing defeat or, perhaps, had been negligible when compared with our own. Cambridge Analytica, and not some outside government, had secured Trump’s presidency, we believed, and the focus on Russia was considered disruptive to the new administration

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in enormous, loopy letters: We Made America Great Again Together! I froze. We? What had Flynn meant by that? Had he and Alexander or Cambridge Analytica worked together more than I thought? From what I understood, he was consulting to SCL, as Alexander celebrated his appointment (an obvious direct route to

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Arron and Nigel? I could only guess. As it was, the ICO’s investigation determined there was “no evidence of a working relationship between [Cambridge Analytica] and Leave.EU proceeding beyond this initial phase.”2 A few days later, on a Saturday, an investigative journalist named Carole Cadwalladr published an article

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in the Guardian that took a long, hard look at what she alleged was a connection between Cambridge Analytica, Leave.EU, and Robert Mercer. Coming hot on the heels of the Das Magazin piece, which had slightly rattled Cambridge’s cage with claims

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’s new blockchain plans. It seemed that Alexander had seen the light regarding blockchain, which meant that his thinking on data and privacy had evolved. Cambridge Analytica, the proposal read, “passionately believes that consumer data belongs to the consumer . . . and wants to develop a mechanism to give back control to the

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Brexiteers claimed. Alexander hadn’t been invited to share his insights about the dissemination of fake news. He had been summoned there to account for Cambridge Analytica’s complicity in it. The DCMS comprised eleven members, nine of whom were present that day. Its chair was Damian Collins, a no-nonsense,

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as well? What was Cambridge’s relationship to Facebook? What about Dr. Aleksandr Kogan? Did the company obey relevant laws in foreign countries? Had Cambridge Analytica or the SCL Group carried out political campaigns in a third country on behalf of someone else? What was the difference between the SCL Group

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and Cambridge Analytica? Did they share information and resources? Why was a controversial American figure like Steve Bannon on the company’s board? Alexander took each question

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wondering why I had asked its organizers to print “DATA”—for Digital Asset Trade Association, the blockchain lobbying nonprofit I’d recently cofounded—instead of “Cambridge Analytica” on my nametag. 18 Restart MARCH 16–21, 2018 I will always wonder if Alexander saw it coming, the first swing of the wrecking

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former colleagues. Late in the day, Facebook’s vice president and deputy general counsel, Paul Grewal, had released a statement that Facebook was suspending Cambridge Analytica from its platform. Facebook had recently received information—the statement didn’t say from where—that Cambridge had not acted in good faith in 2015

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now of a story in which he revealed those secrets to the world. Carole’s article was entitled “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach.” A subhead read, “‘I Made Steve Bannon’s Psychological Warfare Tool’: Meet the Data War Whistleblower.” Chris’s allegations, if

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Canadian from Victoria, British Columbia, with serious learning disabilities who was supposedly a savant at coding and claimed to have been “research director” at Cambridge Analytica. He even described himself as a difficult-to-grok figure: a gay vegan who ended up creating “Steve Bannon’s psychological warfare mindfuck tool.”4

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for Cambridge arrived on the afternoon of that day, Monday, March 19. England’s Channel 4 had been conducting a four-month undercover sting of Cambridge Analytica. The report, which chronicled meetings with Alexander Nix, Mark Turnbull, and Dr. Alex Tayler, was so damning that it was painful to watch. Reporters

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after the Channel 4 piece of the night before. That morning, Cambridge had issued a statement that read, “We entirely refute any allegation that Cambridge Analytica or any of its affiliates use entrapment, bribes, or so-called honey traps for any purpose whatsoever.” It was a short while before Alexander called

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policies for developers to share data without people’s consent, so we immediately banned Kogan’s app from our platform, and demanded that Kogan and Cambridge Analytica formally certify that they had deleted all improperly acquired data. They provided these certifications.” The company had endeavored as early as 2014, Zuckerberg wrote, “

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the ICO and parliamentary inquiries, I am concerned about where the Brexit and campaign support conversation has gone. And, besides Alexander, while many former Cambridge Analytica staff were bright, well-meaning professionals, some were definitely the opposite—and they are up to their old tricks and have not yet been brought

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archive/2017/01/no-one-knows-what-the-powerful-mercers-really-want/514529/. 6.Mary Spicuzza and Daniel Bice, “Wisconsin GOP Operative Mark Block Details Cambridge Analytica Meeting on Yacht,” Journal Sentinel, March 29, 2018, https://www.jsonline.com/story/news/politics/2018/03/29/wisconsin-operative-mark-block-details-meetings-

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Family Backing Donald Trump Really Want?” 4.Matt Oczkowski, Molly Schweickert, “DJT Debrief Document. Trump Make America Great Again; Understanding the Voting Electorate,” PowerPoint presentation, Cambridge Analytica office, New York, December 7, 2016. 5.Lauren Etter, Vernon Silver, and Sarah Frier, “How Facebook’s Political Unit Enables the Dark Art of Digital

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-in-eu-yen-slips. 2.Aaron Wherry, “Canadian Company Linked to Data Scandal Pushes Back at Whistleblower’s Claims: AggregateIQ Denies Links to Scandal-Plagued Cambridge Analytica,” CBC, April 24, 2018, https://www.cbc.ca/news/politics/aggregate-iq-mps-cambridge-wylie-brexit-1.4633388. 13: POSTMORTEM 1. Nancy Scola, “How

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-access. 15: QUAKE 1.Luke Fortney, “Blockchain Explained,” Investopedia, n.d., https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp. 2. Ellen Barry, “Long Before Cambridge Analytica, a Belief in the ‘Power of the Subliminal,’” New York Times, April 20, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/04/20/world/europe/oakes-scl

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Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions,” New York Times, March 17, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/03/17/us/politics/cambridge-analytica-trump-campaign.html. 4.Carole Cadwalladr, “‘I Made Steve Bannon’s Psychological Warfare Tool’: Meet the Data War Whistleblower,” Guardian, March 18, 2018, https://

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,” Guardian, March 21, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/uk-news/2018/mar/21/facebook-row-i-am-being-used-as-scapegoat-says-academic-aleksandr-kogan-cambridge-analytica. 2.Selena Larson, “Investors Sue Facebook Following Data Harvesting Scandal,” CNN, March 21, 2018, https://money.cnn.com/2018/03/20/technology/business/investors

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away. (Calais, 2016) Onstage with Kellyanne Conway at the Conservative Political Action Conference (CPAC) 2016, discussing how the “myth of electability” has vanished. That year, Cambridge Analytica was a sponsor of the conference. (February 2016) Donald Trump signing his own face on the cover of Time magazine during his entrance to the

Blank Space: A Cultural History of the Twenty-First Century

by W. David Marx  · 18 Nov 2025  · 642pp  · 142,332 words

excitement about tech had descended into a debate over whether major companies actively hindered democracies or were simply negligent in policing bad actors. Scandals like Cambridge Analytica exemplified this tension. The firm, funded by billionaire Trump donor Robert Mercer, harvested the private data of fifty million Facebook users through personality surveys. Though

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their data’s efficacy, it became a symbol of how sharing personal details could be weaponized. As tech analyst Benedict Evans put it, Cambridge Analytica was a “hoax” but “catalysed awareness of issues that were real.” The revelations helped boost a #DeleteFacebook campaign, which coincided with a generational exodus from

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BuzzFeed, 60, 61, 90, 98, 150, 155, 160, 169–70, 197, 218, 233 Byrne, Rhonda, 194–96 ByteDance, 245 C “Call Me Maybe” (song), 93 Cambridge Analytica, 163 Cameron, James, 70 cancel culture, 7, 257–59 Canfield, Jack, 102 “Cannonball” (song), 40 Capitalism: A Love Story (documentary), 69 capitalist surrealism, 186–201

Facebook: The Inside Story

by Steven Levy  · 25 Feb 2020  · 706pp  · 202,591 words

, when news came that Facebook had allowed personal information of up to 87 million users to end up in the hands of a company called Cambridge Analytica, which allegedly used the data to target vulnerable voters with misinformation. Facebook bit-flipped from Most Admired Company to Most Reviled. Governments on three continents

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in Palo Alto. Obviously, after the 2016 election and crises like fake news, state-sponsored manipulation, live-streaming of suicides and massacres, rampant hate speech, Cambridge Analytica, data breaches, privacy violations, untimely employee departures, and Mark Zuckerberg allegedly serving Twitter CEO Jack Dorsey an undercooked goat, the Facebook narrative was drastically altered

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preexisting app, Facebook allowed him continued access to user data during the one-year transition. If Facebook had enforced its new rules immediately, the GSR–Cambridge Analytica partnership would have ended. Without the friend information he accessed during the grace period, Kogan would have been able to provide only a tiny fraction

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at Facebook put eyes on it. * * * • • • WITH STILLWELL AND Kosinski out, Kogan could not use their prediction system for the data he was gathering for Cambridge Analytica. So he revised his app to gather information for SCL. Instead of harvesting data from Mechanical Turk, he acquired his “seeders” from a commercial company

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Kosinski and Stillwell had done in analyzing the data to predict traits. In a May email to Wylie he suggested a couple dozen things that Cambridge Analytica might want to flag in the profiles, from political proclivities to “sensational” interests in subjects ranging from guns to “black magic.” The data-gathering process

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researching duties, put together the story: how Kogan had gathered the data for a research project and then, violating Facebook’s standards, sold it to Cambridge Analytica. The Cruz campaign insisted that all was kosher. “My understanding is all the information is acquired legally and ethically with the permission of the users

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Hendrix. It turns out that for months, the people in the Platform organization had been trying to deal with data misappropriation by political organizations, specifically Cambridge Analytica. Hendrix had been on the thread. On September 22, a political consulting firm in DC had asked Facebook if it could clarify the rules about

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using its data in campaigns. The request was spurred by competitors who seemed to be breaking those rules. “The largest and most aggressive [violator] being Cambridge Analytica, a sketchy (to say the least) data modeling company that has penetrated our market deeply,” wrote the consultant, asking Facebook to investigate the company. For

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the next few months, with not much urgency, various people in the Developer Operations organization gathered information. It didn’t concentrate on Cambridge Analytica, but explored the practice of data scraping by political consultants in general. It lit on a right-wing site called ForAmerica, which was in the

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employee on October 21. But the investigation, if it could be called that, hardly went deep. Then The Guardian story dropped, and suddenly learning about Cambridge Analytica was a higher priority. In the frantic emailing inside the company, one employee unearthed an unsettling fact: “It looks like Facebook has worked with this

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, including the apparently undeleted profiles and personality summaries provided by Kogan. What Facebook did not do for more than a year after learning about the Cambridge Analytica data abuse was get a formal affirmation that Cambridge had deleted the data. (Facebook’s excuse: its outside law firm was negotiating.) While Kogan had

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campaign, even as Nix had been boasting to his clients, current and prospective, about the huge database he had. Meanwhile, Facebook was a partner to Cambridge Analytica, which was a major political advertiser, enjoying support and advice from Facebook’s Advertising team. At any time during the election, Facebook could have threatened

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information of 87 million Facebook users. Or Facebook could have demanded an audit. It did not. But it did collect millions of advertising dollars from Cambridge Analytica, without checking whether the money might be the fruit of the unauthorized profile data. In accepting advertising money, it accepted the company’s claims that

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whether the company’s election efforts used Facebook profiles, though The New York Times reported that it had seen the raw data in Cambridge Analytica’s files, and former Cambridge Analytica executive Brittany Kaiser says that the data was indeed part of the election targeting. And at no time during 2016 or 2017 did

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users that their personal information had been operationalized—and their own News Feeds manipulated—for political purposes. There is still a raging debate about whether Cambridge Analytica’s data operation made any difference in the campaign’s outcome. Before Trump was elected, the Cruz campaign had concluded that the data was not

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in an Amazon warehouse), Cadwalladr had become fascinated with what she perceived as the pernicious influence of big tech companies. In 2016, she began investigating Cambridge Analytica. She wrote a series of articles about the company—its involvement in Brexit, its methods, its ties to Robert Mercer and the ultraconservative movement that

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all data was deleted.” So, in its ongoing crusade to “improve the safety and experience of everyone on Facebook” the company was banning the wrongdoers Cambridge Analytica, Kogan, and Wylie. Reading this without context, the move seemed to depict Facebook as a vigilant protector of user data. The announcement would be viewed

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from their leaders. Instead, the company sent its deputy general counsel Grewal—who had only days earlier menaced The Guardian with his letter—to explain Cambridge Analytica to the company. The absence of Sandberg and Zuckerberg was a morale breaker. “I was sympathetic to the employees,” says Grewal. “No matter how well

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have changed. But Facebook was still breaking things. And Mark Zuckerberg was off to a very bad start to his year of rebuilding trust. * * * • • • AFTER CAMBRIDGE ANALYTICA, Zuckerberg could no longer ignore Congress’s cries that he submit to public hearings. Facebook’s lobbyists and lawyers began negotiating. It was a sign

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break and said, “Let’s go on.” “That’s when I knew we were all right,” says Grewal. Zuckerberg’s comment on Cambridge Analytica: “When we heard back from Cambridge Analytica that they had told us they weren’t using the data and had deleted it, we considered it a closed case. In retrospect

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all-hands meeting like one of the conquerors he had so admired as a young Latin student. But the upbeat mood was temporary. Investigations regarding Cambridge Analytica would continue for years. Within a few months, other venues would conduct their investigations, and be frustrated when Zuckerberg sent subordinates to appear in his

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, officials would turn from Facebook’s designated punching bag and address an empty chair reserved for the boss, directing pointed questions about every detail of Cambridge Analytica, and what it said about the company’s practices. It was almost anticlimactic when, in September 2019, documents unsealed from a class-action lawsuit against

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American ingenuity, was greeted with hostility. A recurrent theme was the company’s corporate rap sheet. For instance, Representative Nydia Velázquez of New York invoked Cambridge Analytica and Facebook’s broken promise not to merge WhatsApp data with its other databases. Zuckerberg, who appeared for much of the six-hour session as

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Zuckerberg, the man who set out to connect a world that was perhaps not ready to be connected, and did it anyway. After Beacon, after Cambridge Analytica, after News Feed–fueled violence in multiple countries, after fines for civil rights violations, privacy misrepresentations, and security breaches from the FTC, SEC, EU, and

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resolution: Mark Zuckerberg posted on Facebook on January 4, 2018. CHAPTER SIXTEEN: Clown Show news of this broke: Though there had been previous reporting, the Cambridge Analytica/Facebook story broke through on March 17, 2018, with simultaneous publication in The Guardian/Observer (Carole Cadwalladr and Emma Harrison, “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles

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Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach”) and the New York Times (Matthew Rosenberg, Nicholas Confessore, and Carole Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions

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copy: This brochure was among a cache of documents that Wylie submitted to UK Parliament. Wylie also explains his background and involvement with Cambridge Analytica in his book, Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America (Random House, 2019). “We’ll give you total freedom”: Carole Cadwalladr, “‘I Made Steve Bannon’s

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. The name came from Bannon: Wylie testimony. Obama campaign: Elizabeth Dwoskin and Tony Romm, “Facebook’s Rules for Accessing User Data Lured More Than Just Cambridge Analytica,” Washington Post, March 19, 2018. Graph API V1: Facebook explained how Kogan’s app took advantage of the Open Graph in its June 29, 2018

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simply used Google: Wylie’s explanation came in a document he submitted to UK Parliament after his testimony, “A Response to Misstatements in Relation to Cambridge Analytica Introductory Background to the Companies.” With Stillwell and Kosinski out: A solid account of the timeline of Kogan and SCL’s experiment can be found

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Is Revolutionizing Our Science” at a brown-bag lunch at the psychology department on December 2, 2014. headed to a party: Brittany Kaiser, Targeted: The Cambridge Analytica Whistleblower’s Inside Story of How Big Data, Trump, and Facebook Broke Democracy and How It Can Happen Again (HarperCollins, 2019), 147. a Politico article

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, December 11, 2015. for months: The internal email chain preceding and directly following the 2015 Guardian story was released in 2019 as a part of Cambridge Analytica civil litigation. Hendrix also contacted: Kaiser, Targeted, 159. deleted the data: In District of Columbia v. Facebook, the complaint cited the dates that Kogan and

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false and misleading are explicit in “Securities and Exchange Commission vs Facebook, Inc,” July 24, 2019. The document presents yet another damning timeline of the Cambridge Analytica episode. Facebook paid $100 million to settle the SEC complaint. “Our investigation”: Mattathias Schwartz, “Facebook Failed to Protect 30 Million Users from Having Their Data

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Harvested by Trump Campaign Affiliate,” The Intercept, March 30, 2017. “Several days ago”: VP & Deputy General Counsel of Facebook Paul Grewal, “Suspending Cambridge Analytica and SCL Group from Facebook,” Facebook Newsroom, March 16, 2018. “I think the feedback”: Nicholas Thompson, “Mark Zuckerberg Talks to WIRED About Facebook’s Privacy

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house, 96–97 and Open Registration, 144 on redesign, 139 on Sandberg’s management, 197 on status updates inspired by Twitter, 259 Callan, Aela, 436 Cambridge Analytica banned from FB, 425 congressional hearings following, 427–30 and data deletion demanded by FB, 419, 420–21, 422, 424–25 FB’s caution following

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practices of (see privacy) redesigns of, 113, 138–39, 259–63, 525 reputation of, 11–12, 398, 484–85, 525 scandals (see specific scandals, including Cambridge Analytica and Russian interference in US presidential election) security (see security measures of Facebook) server space required for, 66, 67, 97–98, 100, 105, 115 Terms

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, 435, 438, 454 as threat to democracy, 362 Zuckerberg’s “crazy idea” comment on, 10, 360–61, 370 Zuckerberg’s perspectives on, 523 See also Cambridge Analytica Family collection of apps, 511–12, 513–14 Fanning, Shawn, 79–80 Farmville app, 162–63 Farrakhan, Louis, 459 Faust, Drew, 382 Federal Trade Commission

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, 225 and privacy defaults, 267 and trust of users in FB, 235 and WhatsApp, 322, 323 See also Data Science team growth of Facebook and Cambridge Analytica, 399 and contact scraping, 215–16 emphasis placed on, 214, 234–35, 399, 524 expansion into high schools, 120–21 expansion to other college campuses

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Feed of FB advertisements in, 138, 181, 295–98, 475, 477 algorithms feeding and filtering, 127–28, 142, 163, 172, 260–61, 385, 391 and Cambridge Analytica, 399 and content publishers, 387–90, 391 criticisms of, 385–86 and customer support issues, 250 design and implementation of, 14, 123–31, 139–40

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, 178 Place app of Facebook, 310–11 Platform of Facebook and App Review rules, 413 apps suspended from, 430–31 benefits of, 153–54 and Cambridge Analytica, 418 and Causes app of Parker and Green, 155, 162, 164 and developers who were potential competitors, 174 and F8 developers conference, 154, 157–58

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FB, 355, 357, 486 and Trending Topics controversy, 341–42, 345, 346 Trump elected president, 9, 360, 494 voter suppression in, 353, 374 See also Cambridge Analytica; Clinton presidential campaign, 2016; Trump presidential campaign, 2016 presidential election of 2020, 11–12 Pritchard, Marc, 474, 477 privacy and ads on News Feed, 475

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availability of user data to public, 402, 404 and Cambridge Analytica, 427, 429 and cell-phone numbers shared on FB, 71, 101 changes in default settings for (2009), 263–67 and congressional hearings, 429 and damaging

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, John, 400, 401, 415–16 Sandberg, Sheryl and author’s research, 15 background of, 190–92 and business plan of Facebook, 198, 199–200 and Cambridge Analytica, 419, 425–26 and Congressional Black Caucus, 469–70 congressional testimony of, 468–69 criticisms of, 356 and culture of FB, 237–38, 243 and

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win of, 348 and Russian election interference, 366, 378, 379 Twitter account of, 340 Trump presidential campaign, 2016 anti-Hillary ads run by, 353 and Cambridge Analytica, 399, 420, 421, 427 effort put into FB, 351–52, 354 targeted ads of, 351–53 voter suppression by, 353 trust and Beacon, 187 and

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changes in default privacy settings, 265, 267 and Dating feature, 464–65 FB’s efforts to restore, 484 following Cambridge Analytica crisis, 464–65 and growth of Facebook, 235 importance of, to FB’s success, 121 and users’ distrust of apps, 170 truth, Facebook’s reluctance

Democracy for Sale: Dark Money and Dirty Politics

by Peter Geoghegan  · 2 Jan 2020  · 388pp  · 111,099 words

– by the National Crime Agency, amid concerns about the sources of his record Brexit contributions. The trail continued, stretching far beyond Britain’s shores – from Cambridge Analytica, Steve Bannon and leading figures in Donald Trump’s America to Matteo Salvini, Viktor Orbán and Europe’s insurgent far right. There were corporate-funded

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death in 2019. The pair bankrolled countless conservative think tanks and politicians. Trump’s biggest backers included hedge fund billionaire Robert Mercer, whose data firm Cambridge Analytica also worked on Trump’s presidential campaign. In America, elections involving hundreds of millions of voters have become contests decided, in key constituencies, by a

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game”. The final third of the book examines how technology has transformed politics and created endless new opportunities for dark money to corrode it. From Cambridge Analytica to the British Conservative Party ‘shit-posting’ on social media during the 2019 general election, we will see how online political advertising has been revolutionised

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come to light. Elsewhere, Carole Cadwalladr, writing for the Observer and the Guardian, has been a tireless campaigning journalist on everything from Arron Banks to Cambridge Analytica. BBC Northern Ireland’s Spotlight team revealed crucial new material about the DUP’s bank-breaking donations. The investigative unit at Channel 4 News broke

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citizens. There were reasons for this heightened sensitivity. We are all (slightly) more wary of how our personal information is used, especially by political campaigners. Cambridge Analytica shut down in 2018, following a scandal about the massive misuse of Facebook data from tens of millions of users. But there was another reason

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raft of pro-Brexit groups to appeal to less traditionally Eurosceptic voters. They all had catchy names. Out & Proud. Green Leaves. Mark Gettleson, a former Cambridge Analytica consultant, designed the concepts for Vote Leave’s faux grassroots groups. Gettleson and Darren Grimes had worked together before, on Norman Lamb’s unsuccessful bid

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for the Liberal Democrat leadership in 2015 (along with future Cambridge Analytica whistleblower Chris Wylie). Gettleson’s ginger groups would all fade into history, except for one: BeLeave. In the crucial final weeks before 23 June 2016

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, in the spring of 2018, the company became embroiled in one of the most controversial political scandals of recent times: the operations of Cambridge Analytica. As Carole Cadwalladr revealed, Cambridge Analytica had illegally harvested millions of US Facebook users’ data for political advertising ahead of the 2016 US presidential campaign. The London-based company

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”. Vote Leave’s biggest digital supplier had been banned by the platform on which it had pushed over a billion ads at British voters. With Cambridge Analytica accused of everything from hiring prostitutes to bribing opposition politicians to coordinating voter suppression campaigns, the question of who the people behind AIQ were – and

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’s only sustained examination of electoral malfeasance during the 2016 referendum and beyond. Everyone from experts in online misinformation to senior staff at Facebook and Cambridge Analytica had been brought before Collins’s committee. The inquiry initially began as a bipartisan examination of the spread of disinformation, inspired by the efforts in

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hedge fund billionaire and Trump backer Robert Mercer. His daughter Rebekah sat on the board, alongside Nigel Farage’s friend Steve Bannon. At the time, Cambridge Analytica was working on Republican presidential hopeful Ted Cruz’s campaign, boasting of using psychological data gleaned from tens of millions of Facebook users.41 This

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(Ashcroft did not fund Leave.EU, but his imprint published The Bad Boys of Brexit, which was ghost-written by his close collaborator Isabel Oakeshott.) Cambridge Analytica appeared keener to help with US fundraising. On 25 October 2015, the day after Banks had emailed his advisors and Steve Bannon about attracting American

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donors for his campaign, a Cambridge Analytica employee replied, saying that the firm could develop a proposal that would include “US-based fundraising strategies”.46 (Banks said that this proposal was never

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many ballot measure campaigns here in the US”.49) Banks later told British regulators that after “initial discussions” Leave.EU decided not to work with Cambridge Analytica.50 But the email correspondence I received from my source raised questions about the depth of this account. Banks had told the Information Commissioner that

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money on Facebook ads with an unheralded company in British Columbia as it had invested in the entire Stormont campaign the previous month. According to Cambridge Analytica whistleblower Chris Wylie, the DUP were simply a front organisation to allow Vote Leave to go beyond spending limits imposed by election laws. Wylie claimed

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like a who’s who of American libertarianism: the Coors brewing dynasty, the Kochs, hedge fund billionaire Robert Mercer and his daughter Rebekah, who bankrolled Cambridge Analytica, Breitbart News and Donald Trump. The Mercers were also fond of British Conservatives: in 2005, Robert funded the creation of the Margaret Thatcher Center for

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it looked like a raid. Eighteen people, most in bright blue jackets with ‘Enforcement’ embossed across the back, filed through the revolving doors and into Cambridge Analytica’s offices. The receptionist looked surprised. Behind them television cameras rolled. The cavalry had arrived. But in one important sense this wasn’t a raid

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parties across the world rushed to play down their links to Nix and the empire he ran from offices in London and New York. The Cambridge Analytica scandal sparked fevered questions about the unregulated Wild West of digital politics. What exactly are political campaigns doing online? Is technology destroying democracy? Can anything

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what a British parliamentary inquiry called Silicon Valley’s “digital gangsters”? * By the time the ICO’s enforcement officials walked into 55 New Oxford Street, Cambridge Analytica had already become a byword for political manipulation and malfeasance. Nix, a bespectacled Old Etonian who dresses well but not ostentatiously, had publicly bragged about

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the power of Cambridge Analytica’s sophisticated psychographics and online targeting during the 2016 presidential election. He was even more loose-lipped in private. Speaking with an undercover reporter from

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Channel 4 News posing as a potential client, he boasted that Cambridge Analytica could entrap rival candidates in fake bribery stings. The company, he said, had hired sex workers to seduce opposition politicians and had set up proxy

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campaigns to feed untraceable political misinformation into social media.3 A whistleblower, Cambridge Analytica’s pink-haired former research director Chris Wylie, revealed to Carole Cadwalladr that his company had harvested Facebook data from 50 million users and used

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was set up in 2013 as an offshoot of a London-based private military contractor called Strategic Communications Laboratories (SCL), which specialised in psychological operations. Cambridge Analytica executives had boasted that it and SCL had worked in more than two hundred elections. Former employee Brittany Kaiser said that the Facebook data scandal

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was part of a much bigger global influencing operation that worked with governments, intelligence services, commercial companies and political campaigns around the world.6 Cambridge Analytica used mass communication ‘psy-ops’ to disrupt democracy, not enhance it. In Nigeria, the firm created videos that erroneously claimed an opposition Muslim candidate wanted

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evidently highly thought of by Whitehall mandarins; the company was awarded contracts by the British government and delivered training to the Ministry of Defence.9 Cambridge Analytica took the political techniques developed by SCL and others – including the US government, which has a history of international electoral interference stretching back decades – and

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social media, populist movements wouldn’t exist,” Bannon told me. “[Matteo] Salvini, [Jair] Bolsonaro, Farage, even Trump would not exist.” For all its revolutionary talk, Cambridge Analytica’s core strategy was quite simple, and far from unique: it targeted voters on social media with resonant political messages. More than 300 companies around

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accents and apparent intellectual self-confidence for marks with deep pockets. The effectiveness of micro-targeting voters on social media is hotly disputed. But whether Cambridge Analytica were a group of hucksters or Machiavellian geniuses matters far less than how they were able to operate without censure for so long and what

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as Kanto, was hired by anti-abortion activists in Ireland,52 has run elections for a pharmaceutical trade body and even worked with trade unions. Cambridge Analytica’s parent company, SCL, bought its mobile canvassing app.† College Green’s offices have also hosted events with visiting Republican Party activists.53 The moving

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worked with AggregateIQ to “create a political customer relationship management software tool” for the islands’ elections. This was later used by Cambridge Analytica during US elections.73 Nix denied that Cambridge Analytica had engaged in voter suppression, but research suggests that this kind of negative campaigning does dissuade people from voting. The same study

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evidence that digital electoral interference really works is patchy, at best. Suspected Russian meddling failed to change the outcome in a number of European elections. Cambridge Analytica’s candidates often lost. Are we overestimating the size of the threat to democracy? Do a few dodgy ads and untruths on social media really

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to obscure the source of their donations through different financial vehicles. The same dark money machinery had, she said, been deployed in other countries that Cambridge Analytica worked in, including the UK. Electoral interference is likely to get worse, not better. So how will we respond to the growing crisis of dark

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its work on a project to build a censored search engine for China and cloud services for the fossil fuel industry.7 And after the Cambridge Analytica scandal broke in 2018, a group of ‘Raging Grannies’ demonstrated outside Facebook’s sprawling, Frank Gehry-designed head office in Silicon Valley, declaring that “privacy

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Brexit referendum was won’, Spectator, January 2017. 54 Carole Cadwalladr and Mark Townsend, ‘Revealed: the ties that bound Vote Leave’s data firm to controversial Cambridge Analytica’, Guardian, March 2018. 55 Carole Cadwalladr, ‘“I made Steve Bannon’s psychological warfare tool”: meet the data war whistleblower’, Guardian, March 2018. 56 Sam Coates

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Harry Davies, ‘Ted Cruz using firm that harvested data on millions of unwitting Facebook users’, Guardian, December 2015. 42 Peter Geoghegan, ‘Brexit bankroller Arron Banks, Cambridge Analytica and Steve Bannon – explosive emails reveal fresh links’, openDemocracy, November 2018. 43 Arron Banks, The Bad Boys of Brexit: Tales of Mischief, Mayhem & Guerrilla Warfare

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Boys of Brexit: Tales of Mischief, Mayhem & Guerrilla Warfare in the EU Referendum Campaign (London, 2016), p. 9. 46 Peter Geoghegan, ‘Brexit bankroller Arron Banks, Cambridge Analytica and Steve Bannon – explosive emails reveal fresh links’, openDemocracy, November 2018. 47 Peter Geoghegan and Jenna Corderoy, ‘Revealed: Arron Banks Brexit campaign’s “secret” meetings

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with Cambridge Analytica’, openDemocracy, December 2018. 48 Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Revealed: how US billionaire helped to back Brexit’, Guardian, February 2017. 49 Elaina Plott, ‘Five Questions for Gerry Gunster

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, the DC Strategist Who Ran the “Leave” Campaign’, Washingtonian, June 2016. 50 Peter Geoghegan, ‘Brexit bankroller Arron Banks, Cambridge Analytica and Steve Bannon – explosive emails reveal fresh links’, openDemocracy, November 2018. 51 Peter Geoghegan and Jenna Corderoy, ‘Revealed: Arron Banks Brexit campaign’s “secret” meetings

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with Cambridge Analytica’, openDemocracy, December 2018. 52 Ed Caesar, ‘The Chaotic Triumph of Arron Banks, the “Bad Boy of Brexit”’, New Yorker, March 2019. 53 Digital, Culture, Media

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Reclusive Hedge-Fund Tycoon Behind the Trump Presidency’, New Yorker, March 2017. 11 Curt Devine, Donie O’Sullivan and Drew Griffin, ‘How Steve Bannon used Cambridge Analytica to further his alt-right vision for America’, CNN, May 2018. 12 Amber Macintyre, ‘Who’s Working for Your Vote’, Tactical Tech, November 2018. See

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Waterson, ‘Lynton Crosby’s firm in illegal lobbying inquiry over Boris Johnson link’, Guardian, October 2019. 66 Hadas Gold, ‘Facebook agrees to pay fine over Cambridge Analytica’, CNN, October 2019. 67 Patrick Howell O’Neill, ‘Mozilla Calls Out Facebook for “Failing” on Ad Transparency’, Gizmodo, April 2019. 68 Kari Paul, ‘Facebook employees

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outperform facts in Brazilian WhatsApp groups, study shows’, Poynter, October 2019. 72 Paul Hilder, ‘“They were planning on stealing the election”: Explosive new tapes reveal Cambridge Analytica CEO’s boasts of voter suppression, manipulation and bribery’, openDemocracy, January 2019. 73 Digital, Culture, Media and Sport Committee, ‘Disinformation and “fake news”: Final Report

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Brexit Party candidate spread “propaganda” for Balkan warlord, was “bugged” by MI6’, openDemocracy, May 2019. 41 Narjas Zatat, ‘Brexit Party MEP admits secretly working for Cambridge Analytica, Channel 4 investigation shows’, Independent, July 2019. 42 Darren Loucaides, ‘Inside the Brexit Party’s general election war machine’, Wired, October 2019. 43 Michael Savage

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Alastair Reid and Carlotta Dotto, ‘Thousands of misleading Conservative ads side-step scrutiny thanks to Facebook policy’, First Draft, December 2019. 5 Carole Cadwalladr, ‘Fresh Cambridge Analytica leak “shows global manipulation is out of control”’, Guardian, January 2020. 6 Rick Paulas and Jana Ašenbrennerová, ‘How Workers Are Fighting Back Against Big Tech

Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe

by Roger McNamee  · 1 Jan 2019  · 382pp  · 105,819 words

Harris and Mr. McNamee Go to Washington 6 Congress Gets Serious 7 The Facebook Way 8 Facebook Digs in Its Heels 9 The Pollster 10 Cambridge Analytica Changes Everything 11 Days of Reckoning 12 Success? 13 The Future of Society 14 The Future of You Epilogue Acknowledgments Appendix 1: Memo to Zuck

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had emerged, and no one inside the company leaked any data to support the investigations. But the pressure on Facebook was about to intensify. 10 Cambridge Analytica Changes Everything Once a new technology rolls over you, if you’re not part of the steamroller, you’re part of the road. —STEWART BRAND

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problem rather than a humanitarian crisis. On March 16, all hell broke loose. It began when Facebook announced the suspension of a political consulting firm, Cambridge Analytica, and its parent, SCL Group, from the platform. This turned out to be an attempt to preempt a huge story that broke the following day

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used them to build a powerful software program to predict and influence choices at the ballot box. A whistleblower has revealed to the Observer how Cambridge Analytica—a company owned by the hedge fund billionaire Robert Mercer, and headed at the time by Trump’s key adviser Steve Bannon—used personal information

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exploit what we knew about them and target their inner demons. That was the basis the entire company was built on.” The story suggested that Cambridge Analytica had exploited a researcher at Cambridge University, Aleksandr Kogan, to harvest and misappropriate fifty million user profiles from Facebook. Kogan, a researcher who was

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Cambridge University had originally rejected Kogan’s request to access its data, leading Kogan and his partner, Joseph Chancellor, to start a company, funded by Cambridge Analytica, that would create a new data set of American voters. They created a personality test that would target Facebook users and recruited test takers from

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In the world of market research, there is considerable doubt about how well psychographics work in their current form, but that issue did not prevent Cambridge Analytica from finding clients, mostly on the far right. To serve the US market, SCL needed to obey federal election laws. It created a US

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voters in a matter of months and turned to Kogan to get one. According to Wylie, the Kogan data set formed the foundation of Cambridge Analytica’s business. Cambridge Analytica’s election-centric focus clearly violated Facebook’s terms of service, which did not permit commercial uses of Kogan’s data set, but Wylie

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reported that Facebook made no attempt to verify that Kogan had complied. At the time that Kogan and Cambridge Analytica misappropriated fifty million user profiles, Facebook was operating under a 2011 consent decree with the FTC that barred Facebook from deceptive practices with respect to

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with which Kogan had harvested fifty million profiles. Facebook made it easy. Speculation by journalists and pundits about legal issues that might arise from the Cambridge Analytica story lit up Twitter for hours. Legal analysts focused on the possibility of a data breach that might have placed Facebook in violation of state

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Facebook’s advertising tools allow targeting by demographics and interests but are otherwise anonymous. Tying the voter files to the user profiles would have enabled Cambridge Analytica to target advertising inside Facebook with exceptional precision, particularly if one of the goals was voter suppression. In 2016, the winner in the electoral college

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them. In the end, psychographics probably didn’t matter to the Trump campaign. They had more powerful weapons available to them, in the form of Cambridge Analytica’s data set of thirty million enhanced voter files and Facebook’s targeting tools and employees. After the initial bombshell story, The Guardian published a

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again, the focus at Facebook was on protecting against legal liability, not on protecting users. Facebook’s argument that it had been a victim of Cambridge Analytica fell apart when Slate’s April Glaser reminded her readers that the company had hired and continued to employ Joseph Chancellor, who had been Aleksandr

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Kogan’s partner in the startup that harvested Facebook user profiles on behalf of Cambridge Analytica. Facebook had known about the connection between Cambridge Analytica and Kogan/Chancellor since at least December 2015. They should have been really angry at Kogan and Chancellor for misappropriating the

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of recent revelations. The Facebook/Kogan/Chancellor link had originally been reported by The Intercept in March 2017, and it had connected the dots from Cambridge Analytica to Kogan to Chancellor to Facebook in a way that did not make anyone look good. Facebook eventually placed Chancellor on administrative leave. If the

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relationship between Facebook, Kogan, and Cambridge Analytica had been known since late 2015, why was this story a much bigger deal the second time around? The short answer is that context had

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now knew that the Russians had exploited Facebook to sow discord among Americans and then support Donald Trump’s presidential candidacy. We also knew that Cambridge Analytica had been the Trump campaign’s primary advisor for digital operations and that Facebook had embedded three employees in the Trump campaign to support that

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Trump to win, and successful Facebook advertising in key states was one of them. The new context made it hard to escape the conclusion that Cambridge Analytica and the Trump campaign had exploited Facebook, just as the Russians had. Little had been learned about Facebook’s engagement with Russian agents, but

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there could be little doubt that Facebook had willingly engaged with Kogan, Cambridge Analytica, and the Trump campaign. It was entirely possible that Facebook employees had played a direct role in the success of Trump’s digital strategy on

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time at the company. If it had been greater, they almost certainly would have exercised their right to audit and inspect Kogan and Cambridge Analytica to ensure compliance. The Cambridge Analytica story caused our team to rethink everything we knew about two things: the number of people who might have been affected by Facebook

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of applications had one million users, and every one would have had access to the friends lists of four times as many Facebook users as Cambridge Analytica. The odds that any Facebook user in the 2010–14 period escaped data harvesting are vanishingly small. Other than a handful of tweets from

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executives like Alex Stamos, Facebook kept quiet for five days after the Cambridge Analytica story broke. The only news from Facebook also related to Stamos, who announced that he planned to leave the company in five months. Journalists and

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transcript, it was obvious she had not admitted anything substantive or committed Facebook to any material change. This made her failure in the first post–Cambridge Analytica interviews shocking. As Zuck had done, Sheryl seemed to choose interviewers who might not probe deeply. It didn’t help. She left a bad

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data Facebook has acquired since the day the data set was harvested. The following day, a second whistle-blower emerged from Cambridge Analytica. Unlike Christopher Wylie, who had been at Cambridge Analytica from the start but left prior to the 2016 election, Brittany Kaiser was a senior executive who worked on both Brexit and

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Individuals should be able to monetise their own data—that’s their own human value—not to be exploited.” In her Guardian interview, Kaiser contradicted Cambridge Analytica’s repeated assertions that it had not worked on the Leave campaign during Brexit. Kaiser said that two different organizations affiliated with Leave had entered

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into data-sharing relationships with Cambridge Analytica. No money had changed hands, she said, but there had been an exchange of value. The Guardian explained that such an exchange may have

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violated UK election law. The Cambridge Analytica story was growing into a tsunami. Notwithstanding Brexit, the UK government still knew how to conduct an investigation. In all probability, it would not be

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was already struggling to manage all the bad news. The threat from the UK would make that much harder. 11 Days of Reckoning Facebook’s Cambridge Analytica scandal has everything: peculiar billionaires, a once-adored startup turned monolith, a political mercenary who resembles a Bond villain and his shadowy psychographic profiling firm

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lively debate about the internet platforms. Should there be limits on Facebook, Google, and others? Had they gone too far? If the data set that Cambridge Analytica misappropriated from Facebook had not played a role in the 2016 presidential election, policy makers and the public might have dismissed the story of misappropriated

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user data as “businesses being businesses.” If Facebook employees had not worked with Cambridge Analytica inside the Trump campaign only months after the data-misappropriation scandal first broke in December 2015, Facebook might have had a viable alibi. As things

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provides access to a wide range of content, and is always available. It enables activists to organize events. Even ads on Facebook can be useful. Cambridge Analytica filled in an unwritten portion of the Facebook story related to the true cost. Convenience and connection on Facebook may not have a sticker price

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industry, it has not prevented the operating system from dominating the cell phone market, with a global share in excess of 80 percent. Like the Cambridge Analytica story, the Facebook/Android news made a security threat real for millions of users. Now that reporters and users were looking for it, they

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Major technology companies have exploited both users’ trust and the persuasive technology in their platforms to minimize political fallout and protect their business models. Until Cambridge Analytica, it worked. As new stories emerged almost daily that reinforced the narrative that Facebook had failed at self-regulation, Zuck rejected calls for heads to

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regulatory action. As usual, the announcements featured sleight of hand. First, Facebook banned data brokers. While this sounded like a move that might prevent future Cambridge Analyticas, what it actually did was move Facebook closer to a data monopoly on its platform. Advertisers acquire data from brokers in order to improve ad

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they leveraged it where they could. Their challenge was made easier by the wide range of harms. It was hard to keep up. Anecdotes like Cambridge Analytica, Russian election interference, ethnic cleansing in Myanmar, and the rising suicide rate among teens attracted attention, but most users could not understand how products they

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with forty-four billion dollars in cash and marketable securities. On the conference call with investors, Zuck made a quick reference to the hearings and Cambridge Analytica, but anyone expecting a mea culpa would have been disappointed. In combination with the reviews of his testimony before Congress, the earnings report restored Zuck

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privacy and encourage innovation, understood we have a long journey in front of us. Facebook had come through two huge scandals—the Russian interference and Cambridge Analytica—and two sets of congressional hearings, with only a few dings in its reputation to show for it. The business itself was running at

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the long run, but the impact on governments may be significant. If policy makers insist on change, the decisive factor may be that Cambridge Analytica was not a hack. Cambridge Analytica was able to harvest nearly eighty-seven million Facebook profiles without user permission because Facebook encouraged third-party app vendors to do this

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brought our team into the orbit of The Guardian and The Washington Post. In partnership with The Observer in the UK, The Guardian broke the Cambridge Analytica story. We worked with Paul Lewis, Olivia Solon, Julia Carrie Wong, and Amana Fontanella-Khan. Thank you all! At The Washington Post, we worked

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NewsHour for giving me an opportunity to share the story with their audience. ITN’s Channel 4 in the United Kingdom broke giant stories about Cambridge Analytica and Facebook. Thank you to all the teams who produced those stories. Huge thanks to all the radio programs that dug into the Facebook

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thing is how consistent the personalities and behaviors depicted in these stories are with the Facebook people caught in the glare of election interference and Cambridge Analytica. There are several good books about the culture in Silicon Valley. A good place to start is Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys’ Club of

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ran out of money, got a gig in advertising technology at Facebook, and was there during the formative years of the business practices that enabled Cambridge Analytica. Through the lens of this book, you will get a clear view of the culture and internal practices of Facebook and other platforms. Valley of

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, 273, 280, 281 Bushnell, Nolan, 34 Business Insider, 141 BuzzFeed, 204 California, 227–28 environmental regulations in, 201 secession movement, 114, 115 Cambodia, 215, 246 Cambridge Analytica, 78, 180–98, 199, 202–4, 207, 208, 210, 213, 216–18, 251, 259 Cambridge University, 181 Candy Crush, 191, 269 capitalism, 200, 201,

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banks and, 231–32 Beacon, 60, 62, 64, 142 behavior modification and, 63, 278 Black Lives Matter and, 8, 243 Bosworth memo and, 204–6 Cambridge Analytica and, 78, 180–98, 199, 202–4, 207, 208, 210, 213, 216–18, 251, 259 Center for Humane Technology and, 166–67 changing personal

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by, 17 photo tagging on, 59, 63, 68, 98–99 Platform, 188, 190–91 Portal, 281 presidential election and, 183, 190, 232, 278; see also Cambridge Analytica; Russia privacy settings of, 97 privacy threatened by, 246 public health threatened by, 246 regulation and, 112, 280 Russian interference and, 90, 115–17, 119

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253, 261 Jones and Infowars and, 228–29 Zittrain, Jonathan, 226 Zuckerberg, Mark, 3, 16, 53–79, 141–49, 229, 233, 239 Andreessen and, 58 Cambridge Analytica and, 192–93, 216–18 congressional testimony of, 209–12, 216, 217 and criticisms of Facebook, 3, 65, 95–96, 141, 143, 146, 149, 158

Stories Are Weapons: Psychological Warfare and the American Mind

by Annalee Newitz  · 3 Jun 2024  · 251pp  · 68,713 words

to hundreds of thousands of people online. Their test contained elements of the F-Scale, which is no surprise—the researchers, from a firm called Cambridge Analytica, were also trying to find latent authoritarians. Except they did it for the opposite reason that Frenkel-Brunswik and her colleagues did. The

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Cambridge Analytica team was helping authoritarian politicians target people whose minds were vulnerable to fascist propaganda. Christopher Wylie, research director at the firm, eventually became a whistleblower

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election.2 Steve Bannon, one of Donald Trump’s closest advisers, was a major player in Cambridge Analytica. Wylie explained his group’s work to The Guardian as building “Steve Bannon’s psychological warfare mindfuck tool.”3 Cambridge Analytica was owned by a British company called Strategic Communication Laboratories Group (SCL), whose founder, Nigel

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with Bannon, who then introduced him to right-wing billionaires Robert and Rebekah Mercer. Between 2013 and 2017, the Mercers pumped millions of dollars into Cambridge Analytica, while Rebekah and Bannon held positions on its board. Their goal, according to Wylie, was to fundamentally change American culture. “Rules don’t matter for

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’s all fair,” Wylie told the New York Times.7 The “psychological warfare mindfuck” started in earnest in 2014, when Bannon and the Mercers asked Cambridge Analytica to create a tool that could, as Wylie put it in his memoir, Mindf*ck, “quantify society inside a computer, optimize that system, and then

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very common personality test called the Big Five. It rates subjects on—you guessed it—five personality traits:9 openness, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism. Cambridge Analytica paid subjects on the gig-work platform MTurk a few dollars to spend about twenty minutes installing the app on Facebook and taking the test

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data from friend lists—that gave them the dataset of the NSA’s wet dreams. Though only about 270,000 people took the app test, Cambridge Analytica was able to grab personal information from 87 million accounts. Wylie and Kogan believed this profile data could reveal Americans’ secret desires and latent tendencies

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tend to be authoritarians who are willing to break the law to get what they want.12 Using the tranche of ill-gotten Facebook data, Cambridge Analytica researchers trained an algorithm to predict who had the dark triad, based on their profiles. They targeted those people with ads, luring them to Facebook

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again,” which later became slogans of Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign. Once a group of people with dark triad personalities had converged on a message, Cambridge Analytica operatives would encourage them to gather in a local bar or coffee shop, where they could swap conspiracy theories and strengthen their ties. According to

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Democrats who were secretly racist, and all they needed was the proper nudge to be “deprogrammed” and brought over to the far right. Bannon tasked Cambridge Analytica with “identifying a series of cognitive biases that . . . would interact with latent racial bias.” The firm began by targeting groups who felt “oppressed by political

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between races,” because they were inherently inferior to whites.13 The firm’s strategy seemed to be working. After Wylie left the organization, Bannon put Cambridge Analytica to work on Trump’s 2016 presidential campaign. Now it was time to deploy all the tools and messages they’d developed by manipulating people

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appeals, modeling voter turnout, buying $5 million in television ads and determining where Mr. Trump should travel to best drum up support.” They were using Cambridge Analytica’s millions of Facebook profiles, acquired without consent, to seek out voters who were vulnerable to what Frenkel-Brunswik and her colleagues would have called

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candidates.15 Trump won that election and Bannon mobilized a new political force in America: the right-wing extremist internet. It was another success for Cambridge Analytica, with far-reaching implications. By then, Wylie was working for the Canadian government—but was still haunted by the “nightmare” of Bannon’s political strategy

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how Trump’s closest adviser and campaign funders were covertly attempting to wage psychological war on US citizens. The new rules of PSYOP If the Cambridge Analytica story sounds like a strange twist in the history of US psyops, it is. It goes against basic psychological operations training in the military. I

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’t trust one another. Han Solo’s worry, and that of many of his colleagues, is that right-wing operations like the ones masterminded by Cambridge Analytica have a similar effect on US citizens. Sociologist Jürgen Habermas, a colleague of Theodor Adorno from the Authoritarian Personality group, called this a “legitimation crisis

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combat enemy memes and propaganda. While the military’s psychological campaigns founder, American politicians and right-wing operatives have gone online and modernized. Working with Cambridge Analytica’s “mindfuck tool,” Trump adviser Bannon and data scientist Wylie crafted a psychological campaign that targeted audiences on Facebook with a laser focus, guiding the

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in 2016 declined by over 7 percentage points from the previous presidential election—the first decline in Black voter turnout in twenty years.24 But Cambridge Analytica wasn’t responsible for all the microtargeted ads that drove and suppressed voter engagement in the 2016 election. They had a resourceful, chaotic ally. And

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line between state-sponsored psyops and cultural influence campaigns. Inspired by the Russian model, private firms like Cambridge Analytica are offering their services to American politicians. But unlike the IRA, which targeted a foreign adversary, Cambridge Analytica was used by Americans against Americans. Black ops marketing campaign Since the US congressional investigations into the

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2016 election, many analysts have shown that the IRA targeted ads at Americans in the same way Cambridge Analytica did. Simon Fraser University researchers Ahmed Al-Rawi and Anis Rahman, who teach in the School of Communication, analyzed 3,517 ads that the IRA

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the problem. Rather than pushing Black voters off Facebook and into action, these ads offered a nihilistic view that nothing would ever change. Given that Cambridge Analytica also had a project to suppress Black votes, it’s clear that there were multiple sources of propaganda aimed at persuading Black people to stay

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harassment.40 All these developments have led to a public sphere where American political organizations can target Americans with psyops. Cambridge Analytica may be gone, but most of the owners and directors from Cambridge Analytica’s parent company SCL have now formed a political consulting company, Emerdata Limited, which is financed by the Mercers

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hard to know who our enemies are when Americans borrow our adversaries’ strategies and treat one another like enemy combatants. Organizations like the IRA and Cambridge Analytica, working with governments and activated citizens, have created a media environment where it’s difficult to know what’s true and which institutions are legitimate

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. 3. Cadwalladr, Carole, “ ‘I Made Steve Bannon’s Psychological Warfare Tool’: Meet the Data War Whistleblower,” Guardian, March 18, 2018. 4. Briant, Emma L., “As Cambridge Analytica and SCL Elections Shut Down, SCL Group’s Defence Work Needs Real Scrutiny,” Open Democracy, May 4, 2018. 5. Rosenberg, Matthew, Nicholas Confessore, and Carole

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Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook Data of Millions,” New York Times, March 17, 2018. 6. Mac, Ryan, “Cambridge Analytica Whistleblower Said He Wanted to Create ‘NSA’s Wet Dream,’ ” BuzzFeed News, March 22, 2018. 7. Rosenberg, Confessore, and Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited.” 8

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. Wylie, Christopher, Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America (Verbena Limited, 2019). 9. “Big Five Personality Test,” Open-­Source Psychometrics Project, August 2, 2019. 10. Rosenberg, Matthew, and

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Gabriel J. X. Dance, “ ‘You Are the Product’: Targeted by Cambridge Analytica on Facebook,” New York Times, April 8, 2018. 11. Cadwalladr, “I Made Steve Bannon’s Psychological Warfare Tool.” 12. Jones, D. N., and D. L

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Lyngaas, “Meta Cut Election Teams Months before Threads Launch, Raising Concerns for 2024,” CNN, July 11, 2023. 41. Siegelman, Wendy, “Chart: Emerdata Limited—­The New Cambridge Analytica/SCL Group?,” Medium, July 31, 2022. 42. Pavlova, Uliana, “Russian Oligarch Yevgeny Prigozhin Appears to Admit to US Election Interference,” CNN, November 8, 2022. 43

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resistance to, 95 stochastic terrorism and, xi, 93–95 2020 presidential election and, 90–91 vaccine misinformation and, 91–92 worldbuilding and, 95 See also Cambridge Analytica; culture wars; social media psyops Anderson, Scott, 10 Another Science Fiction: Advertising the Space Race, 1957–1962 (Prelinger), 199 anthropology, 172–73 anti-immigrant attitudes

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Guzmán, Jacobo, 7–9 Art of War, The (Sun Tzu), xvii, 35 Astounding Science Fiction, 17 atomic weapons. See nuclear weapons Atomsk (Smith), xiv authoritarianism Cambridge Analytica research and, 70–75, 76 dark triad traits and, 73 education and, 137–38 F-Scale test for, 68–70, 82 right-wing social media

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, 122–23 Bureau of Indian Affairs, 52 Burnett, Peter, 50 Burroughs, Edgar Rice, 14 Byrne, Olive, 141–42 Cahokia, 55 Caldon, Elle LeeAnne, 127–28 Cambridge Analytica, 70–76, 82, 88, 92 Campbell, John, 17, 18 cancel culture, 115, 118 Capitol insurrection (January 6, 2021), xi, 91, 93, 183 Carlson, Tucker, 110

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Estes, Nick, 54, 57, 65 “Ethical Dianetics” (Smith), xv, 31 ethnocentrism, 82 See also racism eugenics, 101, 107, 109–10, 112, 114, 117–19 Facebook Cambridge Analytica research and, 71–76, 82 as data broker, 189 Meta rebrand, 91–92 right-wing psyops and, 90–92 Russian election interference and, xxi, 83

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Quartz magazine, 194 Quiet Americans, The: Four CIA Spies at the Dawn of the Cold War (Anderson), 10 racism anti-woke campaigns and, 157–58 Cambridge Analytica research and, 71, 73–74 Clock Kid incident and, 136–37 comics and, 153–54, 155 racism (continued) critical race theory and, 129 educational system

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, 157 regulation of, 188–89 transformation of, 189–90, 191–93 See also social media psyops social media psyops Black Lives Matter movement and, xi Cambridge Analytica and, 70–76, 82, 88, 92 conspiracy theories and, 76, 85, 86, 90–91 identification algorithms, 180–81, 188 influencer operations, 184–85 legitimation crisis

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See also 2016 presidential election; 2020 presidential election Turner, Frederick Jackson, 62–64, 65 Tuscarora Nation, 36 2014 midterm elections, 70 2016 presidential election psyops Cambridge Analytica and, 70, 73, 74, 82, 92 Russian interference, xxi, 83–90, 93, 177, 182, 183, 185 2020 presidential election, xi, 90–91, 92, 182–84

Outnumbered: From Facebook and Google to Fake News and Filter-Bubbles – the Algorithms That Control Our Lives

by David Sumpter  · 18 Jun 2018  · 276pp  · 81,153 words

in Europe and the US. These changes make many people feel outnumbered. Nearly every news story – from Donald Trump’s use of the political consultants Cambridge Analytica to target voters during his election campaign, to a failure of statisticians to predict the UK’s Brexit vote – has an algorithmic angle. When I

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and automatically, in a way that most of us can hardly comprehend. CHAPTER FIVE Cambridge Hyperbolytica After the 2016 US presidential election, a company called Cambridge Analytica announced that its data-driven campaign had been instrumental in Donald Trump’s victory. The front page of the company’s website featured a montage

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voters. The film ended with a quote from the political pollster Frank Luntz: ‘There are no longer any experts except Cambridge Analytica. They were Trump’s team who figured out how to win.’ Cambridge Analytica (CA) gave a great deal of prominence to the Big Five personality model in its promotional material. The company

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be delivered direct to individuals, providing them with propaganda that conformed to their already established world view. At the time I started to look into Cambridge Analytica, in the autumn of 2017, the company was much more cautious of how it portrayed its role in Trump’s victory. The Guardian and Observer

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to the regression model – gender, age, class and inflation perception – were fed into the model and the output was the probability that person voted Labour. Cambridge Analytica and other modern data analytics companies use more or less the same statistical techniques as were used in the 1980s. The major difference between now

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online poll questions and data on the purchases we make into regression models. Instead of relying on just age, class and gender to characterise us, Cambridge Analytica claims to use these large data sets to establish an overall view of our personality and political standpoint. In the past, when political scientists studied

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account the behavioral conditioning of each individual [voter] to create informed forecasts of future behavior’.7 To do large-scale regression on our political personalities, Cambridge Analytica needed a lot of data. In 2014, psychologist Alex Kogan, a researcher at Cambridge University, was collecting data for his scientific studies through an online

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to the possibility of accessing vast quantities of Facebook personality data. SCL was poised to set up the political consultancy service, which would later become Cambridge Analytica, to use personality predictions to help its clients win elections. Alex appeared to have exactly the approach to data collection that SCL needed. Alex admitted

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for over 30 million people. This was a massive dataset that potentially gave a comprehensive picture of the political personality of many Americans. CEO of Cambridge Analytica, Alexander Nix, did not appear particularly concerned about people feeling ‘icky’ about his company predicting their political personalities when he presented his company’s research

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are going to appeal to which audiences’ and implied that the methods he had described were being used by the Trump campaign. The origins of Cambridge Analytica has all the ingredients of a modern conspiracy story. It involves Ted Cruz, Donald Trump, data security, the psychology of personality, Facebook, underpaid Mechanical Turk

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, in fact, sympathetic to the Conservatives would be wrong at least 21 per cent of the time. So far so good for Alexander Nix and Cambridge Analytica. But before we get carried away, let’s look a bit more closely at the limitations. First of all, there is a fundamental limitation of

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perfect representation of data. We can’t expect a model to reveal your political views with 100 per cent certainty. There is no way that Cambridge Analytica, or anyone else for that matter, can look at your Facebook data and draw conclusions with guaranteed accuracy. Unless that is, you happen to be

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, he had been reluctant to talk to me, since he had felt unfairly portrayed in the Guardian article and a number of online blogs, about Cambridge Analytica. 11 But when I told him my findings about predicting personality from Facebook he started to open up. Alex had reached similar conclusions to my

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own. He didn’t believe that Cambridge Analytica, or anyone else, could produce an algorithm that effectively classified people’s personality. He was working with a combination of computer simulations and Twitter data

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blunt about Alexander Nix. ‘Nix is trying to promote [the personality algorithm] because he has a strong financial incentive to tell a story about how Cambridge Analytica have a secret weapon.’ There is an important distinction to be made here between a scientific finding – that a certain set of ‘likes’ on Facebook

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sums it up. The science is interesting, but there is no evidence yet that Facebook can determine and target your political personality. The story of Cambridge Analytica took me deep into a web of blogs and privacy activists’ websites. Following these links, I found my way to a YouTube video of a

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young data scientist, who now works for Cambridge Analytica, presenting a research project he had carried out when working as an intern at the company. He starts his presentation with a reference to the

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ASI fellowship has encouraged him to set these doubts aside when presenting his research project. The result for him personally was a job offer from Cambridge Analytica, which he duly accepted. I don’t know this young man, but I do know lots of others like him. I work with them and

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undergraduates. What I felt, as I watched the video, was a deep sense of failure on my part. There is a demand from companies like Cambridge Analytica that the universities provide them with this type of ambitious young person: people who can both do research and present their results in a way

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part of a five-minute showcase of their methodology. Careful science doesn’t sell a political consultancy service. A few months into the Trump presidency, Cambridge Analytica removed the reference to the Big Five personality model from their webpage. I heard from a reliable source that Facebook had told them to delete

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that campaign generally. In January 2017, David Carroll, associate professor at Parsons School of Design in New York City, made a data protection request to Cambridge Analytica. CA replied with a list of information they held about him. They had stored his age, gender and place of residence. They had a spreadsheet

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noted that he was a ‘very unlikely Republican’ with a ‘very high’ propensity to turn out to vote in the election. After all the hype, Cambridge Analytica was using old-school regression methods based on age and place of residence, to predict David’s vote. The data held and the methods used

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were a long way from being the personally targeted political adverts that Alexander Nix had boasted about. The Cambridge Analytica story* is in my view primarily one about hyperbole. It is a story about a company seemingly exaggerating what they can do with data. Alexander

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concerned about the algorithms making dangerously accurate predictions about us and more worried about how they were being marketed. The conclusions I’d drawn about Cambridge Analytica were similar to those I had drawn, more tentatively, after reading the Banksy article. In the latter case, the researchers already needed to know who

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technical reports were hundreds of pages long, but the model is fully documented and Tim pointed me to the most relevant parts. After dealing with Cambridge Analytica, I was impressed with Northpointe’s openness. The fact that an algorithm’s creators are open about the details does not mean that their algorithm

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Brennan who saw a future where algorithms help us with critical decisions, as those with a more dystopian view, like the people blogging angrily about Cambridge Analytica. Both sides believed that computers were either currently outperforming us or would soon outperform us in a large range of tasks. The impression that we

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are experiencing a massive change in what algorithms can achieve was reflected in the media. Reporting around the COMPAS algorithm, on Cambridge Analytica and on the power of targeted advertising on Google and Facebook were full of references to the potential dangers of AI. What I had found

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so far gave a different picture. When I looked more closely at Cambridge Analytica and political personalities, I’d found fundamental limitations of algorithm accuracy. These limitations were consistent with my own experience of modelling human behaviour. I have

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irony similar to that of the Mandela effect. These stories are written within a bubble. They play on fears, mention Donald Trump, drop references to Cambridge Analytica, criticise Facebook and make Google sound scary. The YouTubers, that my kids watch, often discuss using ‘meta-conversations’ for increasing views. Vloggers, like Dan & Phil

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bombarded with negative news had a propensity to write one more negative word per month, a miniscule but statistically significant effect. Secondly, the company, called Cambridge Analytica, had nothing to do with Trump’s election success. Their CEO has made a series of unverifiable claims about what they can do. Thirdly, yes

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in the details, the people I am talking to have genuine worries about how society is changing. This is why they are talking about Facebook, Cambridge Analytica and artificial intelligence. Directly after my visit to Google, over a year ago now, I had felt the same way they do. I had felt

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have highlighted issues about bias that we all need to work harder to solve. It is frightening that SCL group can start a company like Cambridge Analytica that markets itself as targeting personalities, when it doesn’t have the tools or the data to do so, but that’s global capitalism for

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1 The most recent article had been the subject of a legal challenge by the company: www.theguardian.com/technology/2017/may/14/robert-mercer-cambridge-analytica-leave-eu-referendum-brexit-campaigns 2 This is, of course, an example of one such binary statement. They are hard to avoid. 3 https://d25d2506sfb94s

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here Burrell, Jenna here Bush, George W. here, here Business Insider here BuzzFeed here, here Cadwalladr, Carole here CAFE here calibration bias here, here, here Cambridge Analytica (CA) here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here regression models here, here, here Cameron, David here Campbell’s Soup here Captain Pugwash here careerchange

An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination

by Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang  · 12 Jul 2021  · 372pp  · 100,947 words

,” the attorneys general alleged in their complaint. Even when faced with major impropriety such as Russia’s disinformation campaign and the data privacy scandal involving Cambridge Analytica, users didn’t leave the site because there were few alternatives, the regulators maintained. As James succinctly described, “Instead of competing on the merits, Facebook

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.” Chapter 8 Delete Facebook On March 17, 2018, the New York Times and the Observer of London broke front-page stories about a company called Cambridge Analytica that had obtained profile information, records of likes and shares, photo and location tags, and the lists of friends of tens of millions of Facebook

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, had created a new level of political ad targeting using Facebook data on personality traits and political values. But the jaw-dropping detail was that Cambridge Analytica had harvested the Facebook data without users’ permission. “The breach allowed the company to exploit the private social media activity of a huge swath of

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of data privacy abuses. The company’s long history of sharing user data with thousands of apps across the internet had opened the door for Cambridge Analytica to harvest data on up to 87 million Facebook users3 without their knowledge. But the case struck a particular nerve because of the firm’s

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your right to privacy, and how much you give away in modern America in the name of, quote, connecting people around the world.”4 How Cambridge Analytica breached Facebook users’ privacy traced back eight years, to when Zuckerberg stood on the stage at the F8 developers’ conference in San Francisco and announced

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as their Facebook friends, multiplying his data set to nearly 90 million Facebook users.8 He then turned the data over to a third party, Cambridge Analytica, in violation of Facebook’s rules for developers. The backlash to the scandal was swift and fierce. Hours after the story landed, Democratic senator Amy

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’s deputy general counsel, Paul Grewal, held an emergency meeting with all employees to inform them that the company had begun an internal investigation of Cambridge Analytica. Zuckerberg and Sandberg didn’t attend, a red flag that generated more concern among employees.12 That same day, members of the Federal Trade Commission

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not.” And yet, here they were, seven years later, in apparent violation of the decree. British authorities also opened an investigation into Facebook and seized Cambridge Analytica’s servers. The United Kingdom had already begun to investigate the political consulting firm over its alleged role in the 2016 referendum in which Britons

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voted to leave the European Union, a move known as “Brexit.” The new revelations about Cambridge Analytica’s harvesting of Facebook data fanned concerns in Great Britain over political targeting in the lead-up to that contentious vote.15 Facebook’s stock

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either left Facebook or lost contact with their business partners. On March 19, Facebook hired a digital forensics firm in London to try to access Cambridge Analytica’s servers. The UK Information Commissioner’s Office turned the staff away; it had already seized the servers.16 The little that Facebook knew was

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damning. The company had learned about Cambridge Analytica in December 2015, from a report in the Guardian on how the presidential campaign of Ted Cruz had hired the political consulting firm for its

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that he was just letting off steam. The expectation that Sandberg could, or should, be held responsible for the crisis was unrealistic, some employees felt. “Cambridge Analytica came from a decision in the product organization that Mark owned. Sheryl has been an adviser and would say something is good or bad, but

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the decision rested with Mark,” one former employee observed. Even before the Cambridge Analytica scandal broke, Sandberg was finding the company’s slow-motion fall from grace personally devastating. In January 2018, she had made her regular pilgrimage to

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of Facebook felt unwarranted. The company had become a scapegoat, a convenient target for business rivals, Sandberg told senior staff in the wake of the Cambridge Analytica scandal. The media portrayals of the company were born from jealousy: newspapers blamed the decline of the publishing industry on Facebook, and the media were

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punishing the platform with negative coverage. Other executives thought there was an even simpler explanation for the backlash: that if Cambridge Analytica weren’t associated with Trump, there wouldn’t be a controversy. “Trump’s election is why everyone is mad at us,” one longtime executive insisted

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possessed and retained sensitive data, he assured CNN’s Laurie Segall. But when Segall asked why Facebook didn’t make sure back in 2015 that Cambridge Analytica had deleted the data, Zuckerberg bristled. “I don’t know about you,” he said, not bothering to hide his impatience, “but I’m used to

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, Zuckerberg had added three billion dollars to his wealth.3031 Chapter 9 Think Before You Share The scope of the hearings had extended beyond the Cambridge Analytica scandal. Lawmakers fired off questions about the harmful addiction of the technology, the deceptive terms of service, and the election disinformation. They asked Facebook to

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to defend Facebook to their friends, family, and angry employees. Most of them had had little to do with the controversies over election disinformation and Cambridge Analytica, and several of them were struggling with their private frustrations with Zuckerberg and Sandberg. Held two or three times a year, M-Team gatherings were

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. During their presentations, several executives expressed concern for employees. Internal surveys showed that workers felt demoralized by Facebook’s role in election interference and the Cambridge Analytica scandal. Turnover was high, and recruiters struggled to attract new engineers. Recent college graduates said the idea of working at Facebook, once the hottest place

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were simply problems of perception and could be finessed. Six months after Facebook’s mishandling of private user data became public through the reporting on Cambridge Analytica, Zuckerberg was still in denial that there were broader issues with how much data Facebook collected. Nearly two years after Russian-backed hackers meddling in

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social media platforms. The stakes couldn’t have been higher. In the aftermath of Zuckerberg’s reprimand for her handling of the blowback from the Cambridge Analytica and 2016 election scandals, Sandberg’s private efforts with legislators had not been as effective as she had hoped. The hearing before Congress was a

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appear on Swisher’s podcast. Senior members of the communications team prepped him on a range of issues Swisher would likely cover: Russian election interference, Cambridge Analytica, and privacy policies. The most recent controversy was over hate speech and misinformation. For months, individuals and public interest groups had hammered Facebook and other

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and had worked in corporate responsibility for ExxonMobil. Facebook had made Eisenstat the offer the same day in April that Zuckerberg testified before Congress on Cambridge Analytica. As she watched the hearing, she felt her interest being piqued by his promise that security in the midterms was his top priority, that he

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. They caught up on family and Facebook and life on opposite coasts. Hughes had been watching Facebook’s evolution with unease. Russian election interference, the Cambridge Analytica scandal, and the rise of hate speech transformed his unease into anger and guilt. Then, on April 24, 2019, he read Facebook’s announcement in

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an earnings report that the FTC was poised to fine the company as much as $5 billion for the Cambridge Analytica data privacy breach.4 It would be a record penalty, exponentially bigger than any past action against a Silicon Valley company, and a rebuke of

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early April, the number of people who saw Facebook as “good for the world” began to show marked improvement for the first time since the Cambridge Analytica scandal. But at a White House briefing on April 23, Trump put the company to the test when he suggested that disinfectants and ultraviolet light

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. Former board member Erskine Bowles played a role in Biden’s transition team, as did Jessica Hertz, a Facebook attorney who had worked on the Cambridge Analytica investigation and who later was named the president’s staff secretary. Democrats within the DC office jockeyed for the top positions of directly lobbying the

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Millions,” New York Times, March 17, 2018. 2. “the unprecedented data harvesting”: Carole Cadwalladr and Emma Graham-Harrison, “Revealed: 50 Million Facebook Profiles Harvested for Cambridge Analytica in Major Data Breach,” Guardian, March 17, 2018. 3. up to 87 million Facebook users: Rosenberg, Confessore and Cadwalladr, “How Trump Consultants Exploited the Facebook

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weeks later, Zuckerberg sat: “Facebook CEO Mark Zuckerberg Testifies on User Data,” April 10, 2018, Video can be found on C-Span.org. 5. How Cambridge Analytica had breached Facebook users’ privacy: State of New York et al. v. Facebook. 6. In 2012, Parakilas alerted senior executives: Paul Lewis, “‘Utterly Horrifying’: Ex

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-Facebook Insider Says Covert Data Harvesting Was Routine,” Guardian, March 20, 2018. 7. In 2014, Zuckerberg shifted strategies: CPO Team, “Inside the Facebook Cambridge Analytica Data Scandal, CPO Magazine, April 22, 2018. 8. multiplying his data set to nearly 90 million Facebook users: Cecilia Kang and Sheera Frenkel, “Facebook Says

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Cambridge Analytica Harvested Data of Up to 87 Million Users,” New York Times, April 4, 2018. 9. Klobuchar of Minnesota called for Zuckerberg to testify: Brooke Seipel

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,” Tweet posted March 20, 2018. 12. On Tuesday, March 20, 2018: Casey Newton, “Facebook Will hold an Emergency Meeting to Let Employees Ask Questions about Cambridge Analytica,” The Verge, March 20, 2018. 13. That same day, members of the Federal Trade Commission: Cecilia Kang, “Facebook Faces Growing Pressure over Data and Privacy

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Charges that it Deceived Consumers by Failing to Keep Privacy Promises,” press release, November 29, 2011. 15. British authorities also opened an investigation: Mark Scott, “Cambridge Analytica Helped ‘Cheat’ Brexit Vote and US Election, Claims Whistleblower,” Politico, March 27, 2018. 16. On March 19, Facebook hired a digital forensics firm: “Pursuing Forensic

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Audits to Investigate Cambridge Analytica Claims,” Newsroom post, March 19, 2018. 17. from a report in the Guardian: Harry Davies, “Ted Cruz Using Firm that Harvested Data on Millions of

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, “Pompom Girl for Feminism,” New York Times, February 24, 2013. 23. Dick Durbin and Marco Rubio: Jack Turman, “Lawmakers Call on Facebook to Testify on Cambridge Analytica Misuse,” CBS News online, March 21, 2018. 24. The platform’s powerful tracking tools: Julia Angwin and Terry Parris, Jr., “Facebook Lets Advertisers Exclude Users

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York Times, April 11, 2018. 26. he never saw “a single audit of a developer”: Sandy Parakilas, “Opinion: I Worked at Facebook. I Know How Cambridge Analytica Could Have Happened,” Washington Post, March 20, 2018. 27. Kaplan had built a formidable DC team: https://www.opensecrets.org/federal-lobbying/clients/lobbyists?cycle

…

–49 Portal and, 190 Sandberg and, 49–50 “The Ugly” memo and, 84–86 Zuckerberg’s leadership and, 193 Bowles, Erskine, 86, 135, 297 Brexit, Cambridge Analytica and, 154 Breyer, Jim, 30, 31, 86–87 Brin, Sergei, 43, 44, 65 Brooks, Arthur, 81 Bush, George W. and administration of, 14, 200, 232

…

BuzzFeed, 272 Caesar Augustus, Zuckerberg’s affinity for, 193 Caldwell, Thomas, 287–289 Cambridge Analytica, 3, 190, 225, 297 Brexit and, 154 effect on Facebook’s share price, 154, 167 election campaign of 2016 and, 149–150, 155, 159 Facebook

…

, 159 Dreyer, David, 155 Durbin, Dick, 151, 161 Duterte, Rodrigo, 85, 106 Economic Security Project, of Hughes, 226 Eisenstat, Yaël, 210–215 election of 2016 Cambridge Analytica and, 149–150, 155, 159 Facebook and access to Trump after, 111–113 Facebook and conservatives, 79–83 Facebook and Trump’s campaign, 11–17

…

, 24–30 Factual Democracy Project survey, 257 Fancy Bear hackers, 99, 108 Fauci, Dr. Anthony, 266 Fearnow, Ben, 70–73, 76 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) Cambridge Analytica and, 153–154 Facebook’s Instagram acquisition and, 230–231 investigation into Facebook and monopoly power, 241 Open Graph and, 199 possible fines in 2019

…

Jones, Alex, 82, 204–205, 206 Kalanick, Travis, 207 Kang-Xing Jin, 51 Kaplan, Joel, 197, 241, 260, 276, 278 Biden administration and, 297–298 Cambridge Analytica and, 150 election of 2016 and, 81, 108–109, 111–112, 123, 125 Kavanaugh hearings and, 200–203 manipulated video of Pelosi and, 236, 238

…

, 178–182, 185–187, 293–294 Narendra, Divya, 21 “net neutrality,” 230 Netscape, 25, 52 New Republic, The, 287 New York Times, 88, 272, 285 Cambridge Analytica and, 149 Chester on behavioral advertising and, 59 Clegg’s op-ed in, 240 Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and, 1 Hughes’ op-ed in, 219

…

, at Facebook, 2–3, 45–46, 51–56, 59, 60–63, 67, 87, 225 Biden administration and, 297 books by, 79, 127, 157–158, 258 Cambridge Analytica and, 153, 154–156, 159, 160–161 Capital Building storming in January 2021 and, 286–287 Congress and, 153, 170–171, 197–200 Couric’s

…

parallel with, 230 Steyer, Jim, 89, 91, 232, 261, 275–276 Stop the Hate for Profit, 275 “Stop the Steal” groups, 288, 292 Stretch, Colin Cambridge Analytica and, 150 Russian disinformation and, 97, 100, 107, 119–120, 125, 135, 144–145, 146, 147 Students Against Facebook News Feed, 34, 35 Sullivan, Joe

…

Pelosi and, 234, 235 on Twitter, 232, 244–245, 268–271, 276 Zuckerberg and, 256 Twitter, 15, 37, 63, 75, 98, 231, 240, 253, 287 Cambridge Analytica and, 153 election interference and, 98, 142, 144–145 privacy and, 56, 63–64 Sandberg and, 197–198 Trump and, 232, 244–245, 268–271

…

, 297 Zuboff, Shoshana, 3, 61 Zucked (McNamee), 232 Zuckerberg, Ethan, 163 Zuckerberg, Mark Beacon feature and, 57–63 Black Lives Matter memo and, 71–73 Cambridge Analytica and, 16, 153, 154–156, 160, 204 coding at Phillips Exeter, 19–20 “company over country” and, 124 cyber security and, 97–98 decline of

How to Stand Up to a Dictator

by Maria Ressa  · 19 Oct 2022

fear led to greater numbers of people using Facebook more times a day. Violence has made Facebook rich. It was only in 2018, after the Cambridge Analytica scandal, the Brexit referendum, the 2016 elections of Donald Trump and Rodrigo Duterte, and more, that Facebook began high-profile post takedowns in the Philippines

…

result of designing the algorithms to suppress news?19 More hate, toxicity, and “fake news.”20 Which was exactly what happened. Three months later, the Cambridge Analytica scandal broke. Good journalists see a hanging thread; then they begin to pull it, and they follow the trail. Carole Cadwalladr, a Pulitzer Prize–nominated

…

feature writer for the Observer, the sister publication of the Guardian, had collaborated with the New York Times to expose how the political consulting company Cambridge Analytica had illicitly harvested data from millions of Facebook accounts to better target voters and advance political campaigns, including Brexit and Donald Trump’s successful 2016

…

presidential bid.21 The country with the largest number of compromised accounts was the United States. The second largest? The Philippines.22 Cambridge Analytica did the same during the Brexit referendum and, we would discover, in campaigns in the Philippines.23 All of those had been corrupted, and what

…

in London with Carole Cadwalladr in February 2020. Carole was the Observer reporter who, along with reporters at the New York Times, had broken the Cambridge Analytica story. The businessman Arron Banks, the largest Brexit campaign donor in Great Britain, had filed a case against her the previous year for libel.1

…

well as many of our suspicions, was slowly being confirmed by reporters, whistleblowers, and even the companies themselves. Among the first was Christopher Wylie, the Cambridge Analytica whistleblower, whom I managed to meet twice—once as a journalist interviewing him and the second time when I joined him for Studio B: Unscripted

…

law school at the London School of Economics, and had been getting his PhD in fashion trend forecasting when he had gotten the idea for Cambridge Analytica’s “psychological warfare mindfuck tool,”10 as he would call it. When we talked, he was also able to fully explain the relationship between

…

Cambridge Analytica and the Philippines. “When the Cambridge Analytica scandal broke,” I said to him at our first meeting, “the most number of compromised Facebook accounts was in the US, but

…

The company Chris worked for was a company called SCL (Strategic Communications Laboratory) Group, the parent company of Cambridge Analytica, which had a relatively long history of working in Filipino politics. Later, when he worked for Cambridge Analytica, staff from the company would visit the Philippines. Chris’s main message and lesson learned from

…

Cambridge Analytica was “Colonialism never died, it just moved online.” “The way SCL—and later Cambridge Analytica—would make money is they would go into countries with relatively underdeveloped regulatory infrastructure or questionable rule of law,” Chris explained, “where

…

hands. “You’ve got a president who was Trump before Trump was Trump, and you have relationships with people close to him with SCL and Cambridge Analytica. And you had a lot of data being collected—the second largest amount of data after the United States being collected in the Philippines. Also

…

if you look at how SCL and Cambridge Analytica operated in a lot of countries . . . one of the things they talk about is that they use . . . they don’t go into a country as

…

Cambridge Analytica. They don’t go into a country as SCL Group because it’s too obvious. So you use local partners—” “Proxies,” I clarified. “You use

…

out. They’ve got their guy in, and then you know they can come back and ask for favors.” “Okay,” I interrupted, “Alexander Nix [the Cambridge Analytica president] came to the Philippines at the end of 2015 before the campaigns began, and there was a photo of him—”13 “Yeah, he met

…

staff of Duterte,” I finished. “Yeah! What do you think he was doing there?” Chris asked.14 Each new revelation about Facebook practices—from the Cambridge Analytica scandal to the Wall Street Journal series covering the documents leaked by the whistleblower Frances Haugen—validated everything Rappler had long said and much of

…

. One example was shutting down the API, the application programming interface, that enabled third parties to gather data. The move was intended to prevent another Cambridge Analytica scandal, but it also prevented researchers like us from understanding the platform. Rappler had been among the first to focus on the astroturfing of comments

…

with Roger McNamee and other Facebook critics, meet as part of the Real Facebook Oversight Board, created by the journalist Carole Cadwalladr, who broke the Cambridge Analytica story in 2018. That was when we launched the group; see Olivia Solon, “While Facebook Works to Create an Oversight Board, Industry Experts Formed Their

…

See a Dystopian Future Created by Social Media,” Los Angeles Times, September 25, 2019, https://www.latimes.com/opinion/story/2019-09-24/philippines-facebook-cambridge-analytica-duterte-elections. 34.Rachel Hatzipanagos, “How Online Hate Turns into Real-Life Violence,” Washington Post, November 30, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/nation/2018/11

…

, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/01/14/technology/facebook-news-feed-changes.html. 21.Mariella Mostof, “‘The Great Hack’ Features the Journalist Who Broke the Cambridge Analytica Story,” Romper, July 24, 2019, https://www.romper.com/p/who-is-carole-cadwalladr-the-great-hack-tells-the-investigative-journalists-explosive-story-18227928. 22

…

.“Philippines’ Watchdog Probes Facebook over Cambridge Analytica Data Breach,” Reuters, April 13, 2018, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-facebook-privacy-philippines-idUSKBN1HK0QC. 23.Cambridge Analytica and its parent company, SCL, worked in the Philippines as early as 2013. These stories provide

…

background: Natashya Gutierrez, “Did Cambridge Analytica Use Filipinos’ Facebook Data to Help Duterte Win?” Rappler, April 5, 2018, https://www.rappler

…

.com/nation/199599-facebook-data-scandal-cambridge-analytica-help-duterte-win-philippine-elections/; and Natashya Gutierrez, “Cambridge Analytica’s Parent Company Claims Ties with Duterte Friend,” Rappler, April 9

…

, 2018, https://www.rappler.com/newsbreak/investigative/199847-cambridge-analytica-uk-istratehiya-philippines/. 24.Gelo Gonzales, “The Information and Democracy Commission

…

-maria-ressa-acceptance-speech-knight-international-journalism-awards-2018/. 27.Paige Occeñola, “Exclusive: PH Was Cambridge Analytica’s ‘Petri Dish’—Whistle-Blower Christopher Wylie,” Rappler, September 10, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/239606-cambridge-analytica-philippines-online-propaganda-christopher-wylie/. 28.“Maria Ressa Receives Journalism Award, Appeals to Tech Giants, Government

…

-harassment. 3.Ben Judah, “Britain’s Most Polarizing Journalist,” Atlantic, September 19, 2019, https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/09/carole-cadwalladr-guardian-facebook-cambridge-analytica/597664/. 4.Author interview with Carole Cadwalladr, “#HoldTheLine: Maria Ressa Talks to Journalist Carole Cadwalladr,” Rappler, May 10, 2021, https://www.rappler.com/video/hold

…

B: Unscripted, Al Jazeera, March 27, 2020, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=7OLUfA6QJlE. 10.Christopher Wylie, Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America (New York: Random House, 2019). 11.“EXCLUSIVE: Interview with Cambridge Analytica Whistle-Blower Christopher Wylie,” Rappler, September 12, 2019, https://www.rappler.com/technology/social-media/239972

…

-cambridge-analytica-interview-christopher-wylie/. 12.Ibid. 13.Raissa Robles, “Cambridge Analytica Boss Alexander Nix Dined with Two of Rodrigo Duterte’s Campaign Advisers in

…

2015,” South China Morning Post, April 8, 2018, https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/southeast-asia/article/2140782/cambridge-analytica-boss-alexander-nix-dined-two

…

-rodrigo. 14.“EXCLUSIVE: Interview with Cambridge Analytica Whistle-Blower Christopher Wylie.” 15.Meghan Bobrowsky, “Facebook Disables Access for NYU Research into Political-Ad Targeting,” Wall Street Journal

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