Caroline Criado-Perez

The Internet of Garbage
by Sarah Jeong
Published 14 Jul 2015

On Harassment HARASSMENT ON THE NEWS With the international attention on the mass of Twitter threats sent to Caroline Criado-Perez in 2013 (and the later prosecution of some of the people who sent her those threats), and increasing media coverage of other incidents, “harassment” is a word that is bandied around with increasing frequency. The word remains poorly defined, but it is generally understood in relation to the following high-profile campaigns. Caroline Criado-Perez In 2013, Caroline Criado-Perez called for a woman to be featured on an English banknote. She won, resulting in Jane Austen replacing Charles Darwin on the tenner.

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It is the stuff that lands in the spam filter that you want in the spam filter—the garbled poetry text from strange addresses full of misspelled words and suspicious links. The deep ambiguity in the word “spam” in the early days echoes how nebulous the word “harassment” is today. While the media focuses on discrete, uncomplicated campaigns of hatred against women like Caroline Criado-Perez in 2013, Anita Sarkeesian in 2012, or Kathy Sierra in 2007, the worst harassment often occurs in deeply complicated circumstances. When complex Internet pile-ons like Gamergate get heated, the term “harassment” is flung back and forth like an accusation, with both sides convinced that the other side is the real harasser, and that that side is now using the term in bad faith to apply to mere criticisms or mildly unpleasant language.

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For example, what if, after your fifth unanswered tweet within the hour to someone who didn’t follow you, a pop-up asked if you really wanted to send that message? It also means building user interfaces that impart a feeling of safety to targets. Code is never neutral, and interfaces can signal all kinds of things to users. For example, what if Caroline Criado-Perez had been able to hit a “panic button,” one that prompted her with a message that Twitter Trust & Safety was looking into the issue, and until then, messages from strangers would be hidden from her? I’ve used examples that are specific to Twitter, because I want it to be apparent that these decisions have to be tailored to platforms.

Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
by Matthew Syed
Published 9 Sep 2019

They were looking out for the interests of their electorate. But the council came to an unusual but perceptive realisation. They were too homogenous. Remember that in policymaking, which affects huge numbers of people, demographic differences help to inform deliberations. In her fine book Invisible Women Caroline Criado Perez highlights that when more women were brought into decision-making positions, collective intelligence started to undergo a remarkable shift. A fresh analysis revealed that the sexes, on average, travel differently, something that had not previously struck the officials. Men typically take the car to work while women are more likely to take public transport or walk.

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Of course, the tyranny of average is about far more than education; it has infiltrated science more generally. A classic fallacy is to take averages based on male subjects and assume they apply to women, too. Think back to the cockpits. If these were ill-designed for different sizes of men, think how much worse they would be for women, who are, on average, smaller. In her book Invisible Women, Caroline Criado Perez points out that piano keys were designed for the hand size of the average man, along with such things as police body armour and military equipment.17 Yet these physical design flaws are really a metaphor for a broader array of institutional arrangements designed for the average male, but which invisibly make things harder for women.

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Page, Constructing Cassandra by Milo Jones and Philippe Silberzahn, The End of Average by Todd Rose, Into Thin Air by Jon Krakauer, The Secrets of Station X by Michael Smith, Regional Advantage by AnnaLee Saxenian, Echo Chamber by Kathleen Hall Jamieson and Joseph N. Cappella, Friend and Foe by Adam Galinsky and Maurice Schweitzer, Invisible Women by Caroline Criado Perez, The Blunders of Our Governments by Anthony King and Ivor Crewe, Der Spiegel, Inside 9/11, Infotopia by Cass R. Sunstein, The Righteous Mind by Jonathan Haidt, What Works by Iris Bohnet, Give and Take by Adam Grant, Principles by Ray Dalio, The Origins of Political Order by Francis Fukuyama, The Rational Optimist by Matt Ridley, Wiser by Cass Sunstein and Reid Hastie, The Second Machine Age by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee, Imagine by Jonah Lehrer, Creative Conspiracy by Leigh Thompson, Darwin’s Unfinished Symphony by Kevin N.

I Hate the Internet: A Novel
by Jarett Kobek
Published 3 Nov 2016

What I want to do is drive out to the airport, and then as you drive back, I will photograph every billboard as we approach the city. Perhaps we can know San Francisco’s unconscious thoughts.” “Sure thing, bright girl,” said Minerva. As they drove to the airport, Adeline told Minerva about the latest Twitter scandal. A journalist named Caroline Criado-Perez had started a campaign to get Jane Austen on the ten pound British note. Thousands of people signed up and supported the effort. Caroline Criado-Perez’s WaNks Index Score was 2.577861406696081. Jane Austen was a writer from the Nineteenth Century who had written books about marriage and money. The Bank of England acquiesced. The Bank of England announced that Jane Austen would appear on the ten pound British note.

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They were furious. They were frothing at the mouths. They were dumb assholes. Nothing is more odious in a society that hates women than a woman who expresses an opinion. The more that people tweeted about Caroline Criado-Perez, the more that Twitter could serve advertisements. Nothing made people tweet like outrage. So Twitter made money off of rape and death threats sent to Caroline Criado-Perez. Adeline watched with fascination. “Darling,” she said to Minerva, “If I keep on, I am rather sure I am going to receive my own threats of rape and death.” “Fuck all bullshit men,” said Minerva. “Fuck them until they die.

A Book for Her
by Bridget Christie
Published 1 Jul 2015

I was asked to write a book about feminism, which was a very good idea of my publishers, especially after Mary Wollstonecraft, Virginia Woolf, Susan B. Anthony, Simone de Beauvoir, Betty Friedan, Gloria Steinem, Germaine Greer, Naomi Wolf, Kat Banyard, Doris Lessing, Margaret Atwood, Natasha Walter, Caroline Criado-Perez, Laura Bates, Susan Faludi, Ariel Levy, bell hooks, Alice Walker, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Kate Austin, Dora Montefiore, Kate Millett, Shulamith Firestone, Adrienne Rich, Susie Orbach, Eve Ensler and Millie Tant all made such a mess of it. I thought I’d better look up feminism in case I was interviewed on Newsnight about it by the Head of Women, Jimmy Somerville from Bronski Beat.

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I’d like to thank my amazing editor, Francesca Pathak; all the brilliant female stand-ups I saw when I was starting out eleven years ago who inspired me, Janey Godley, Shappi Khorsandi, Sarah Kendall, Lucy Porter, Shazia Mirza, Jo Brand, Kitty Flanagan, Josie Long, Jo Caulfield, Nina Conti, Isy Suttie, Roisin Conaty, Shelagh Martin, Danielle Ward, Fiona O’Loughlin, Anna Kierle, Ayesha Hazarika, Helen Keen, Jo Enright, Gina Yashere, Jo Neary, Kerry Godliman, Francesca Martinez, Zoe Lyons, Ava Vidal and Charmian Hughes; my tour promoters, Mike McCarthy and Warren Lakin and Steve Lock at Soho Theatre; Tommy Shepherd at the Stand; Susan Provan, Tania Harrison, Jude Kelly and Nica Burns; my agent, Vivienne Clore; Amanda Emery, my publicist; Jane Berthoud and Caroline Raphael at BBC Radio 4; Alison Vernon Smith and Alexandra Smith, my producers on both series of Minds the Gap; James Hingley; Idil Sukan; Steve Ullathorne; all the writers and activists who have encouraged me, Laura Bates, Suzanne Moore, Lucy Anne Holmes, Caitlin Moran, Hadley Freeman, Stella Creasy, Kat Banyard, Nimco Ali, Caroline Criado-Perez, Kira Cochrane, Lisa Clarke, Helen Pankhurst, Dawn Purvis and Lisa King; my babysitters, Renata R, Renata P, Jess and Collette; thanks to Dad and my brothers and sisters, Mike, Mary, Anna, Eileen, Sarah, Pete, Maggie and Jimmy; and Leyla Hussein and Maryam Sheikh Abdi. A special and separate thanks goes to Leyla Hussein, Alexandra Smith, Alison Vernon Smith and Francesca Pathak for their guidance on the FGM chapter.

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Black Women and Feminism, bell hooks (1981) The Color Purple, Alice Walker (1982) The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood (1985) Backlash: The Undeclared War Against American Women, Susan Faludi (1991) The Beauty Myth, Naomi Wolf (1991) Warrior Marks: Female Genital Mutilation and the Sexual Blinding of Women, Alice Walker and Pratibha Parmar (1993) The Vagina Monologues, Eve Ensler (1996) Female Chauvinist Pigs: Women and the Rise of Raunch Culture, Ariel Levy (2005) She-Wolves, Dr Helen Castor (2011) Living Dolls: The Return of Sexism, Natasha Walter (2011) Superman is an Arab: On God, Marriage, Macho Men and Other Disastrous Inventions, Joumana Haddad (2012) Do It Like a Woman … and change the world Caroline Criado-Perez (2015) APPENDIX THREE: ‘THE CUT’ I was only six years old when they led me to the bush, to my slaughterhouse. Too young to know what it all entailed, I walked lazily towards the waiting women. Deep within me was the desire to be cut, as pain was my destiny: it is the burden of femininity, so I was told.

The Data Detective: Ten Easy Rules to Make Sense of Statistics
by Tim Harford
Published 2 Feb 2021

My article should have mentioned, if only in passing, that all forty of Milgram’s experimental subjects were men. But I wasn’t thinking about that particular issue at the time, and so—as with many others before me—it didn’t occur to me to check. I hope it would now, because since writing that article I have interviewed Caroline Criado Perez about her book Invisible Women. Meeting her was fun—she strolled into the BBC with an adorable little dog who curled up in the corner of the studio and left us to talk about the gender data gap. Reading her book was less fun, because the incompetence and injustice she described was so depressing—from the makers of protective vests for police officers who forgot that some officers have breasts, to the coders of a comprehensive Apple health app who overlooked that some iPhone users menstruate.5 Her book argues that all too often, the people responsible for the products and policies that shape our lives implicitly view the default customer—or citizen—as male.

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Thanks to every scholar and writer whose work I have relied on either through interviews or emails or by consulting their writing, in particular: Anjana Ahuja, Michael Blastland, Alberto Cairo, Andy Cotgreave, Kate Crawford, Kenn Cukier, Andrew Dilnot, Anne Emberton, Baruch Fischhoff, Walter Friedman, Hannah Fry, Kaiser Fung, Dan Gardner, Andrew Gelman, Ben Goldacre, Rebecca Goldin, David Hand, Dan Kahan, Daniel Kahneman, Eileen Magnello, Viktor Mayer-Schönberger, Lynn McDonald, David McRaney, Barbara Mellers, Errol Morris, Will Moy, Terry Murray, Sylvia Nasar, Cathy O’Neil, Onora O’Neill, Caroline Criado Perez, Robert Proctor, Jason Reifler, Alex Reinhart, Anna Rosling Rönnlund, Max Roser, Hans Rosling, Benjamin Scheibehenne, Janelle Shane, Hugh Small, Lucy Smith, Philip Tetlock, Edward Tufte, Patrick Wolfe, David Wootton, Frank Wynne, Ed Yong, and Jason Zweig. At Little, Brown in the UK, Tim Whiting and Nithya Rae have been models of patience as I embarked on an extended coronavirus rewrite, while my editor at Riverhead Books, Jake Morrissey, has offered his welcome mix of encouragement and exacting comment, ably assisted by Jackie Shost.

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Bond and Smith, “Culture and Conformity”; and Natalie Frier et al., “The Effects of Group Conformity Based on Sex,” Celebrating Scholarship and Creativity Day, Paper 83 (2016), http://digitalcommons.csbsju.edu/elce_cscday/83. 4. Tim Harford, “Trump, Brexit and How Politics Loses the Capacity to Shock,” Financial Times, November 16, 2018, https://www.ft.com/content/b730c95c-e82e-11e8-8a85-04b8afea6ea3. 5. Caroline Criado Perez, Invisible Women (London: Chatto & Windus, 2019); the interview was broadcast on BBC Radio 4 on May 17, 2019, and is available on the More or Less website: https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/m00050rd. 6. Peter Hofland, “Reversal of Fortune,” Onco’Zine, November 30, 2013, https://oncozine.com/reversal-of-fortune-how-a-vilified-drug-became-a-life-saving-agent-in-the-war-against-cancer/. 7.

The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot
by Yolande Strengers and Jenny Kennedy
Published 14 Apr 2020

The company’s website includes a close-up feature image of their hips and slim waistline, and a cheeky, coquettish pose back at the camera, which could be interpreted as the pose of a stereotypically feminine flirtation (figure 3.2).32 The robot’s small size, youthful appearance (the height of an average seven-year-old), and high-pitched voice are also commonly described as feminine. (Despite these physical features it is significant that Pepper has been so widely “regendered” by the public as female since it contrasts with the broader gendered trend noted by author and feminist campaigner Caroline Criado Perez to assume ambiguous things are male unless specifically coded female.)33 All of this is part and parcel of a human tendency to anthropomorphize animals, gods, and robots—that is, to assign them humanlike characteristics such as emotions, motivations, and gender.34 This anthropomorphizing effect is amplified with robots, according to robot ethics expert Kate Darling, due to three distinctive traits that robots share: their physical embodiment of human or other identifiable forms, autonomous mobility, and ability to perform social behaviors.35 When it comes to gender ambiguity, Pepper is not unique.

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Schiller and McMahon, “Alexa, Alert Me When the Revolution Comes,” 185, citing a 2017 job description for a position as a data scientist in the “Alexa Engine” team. 74. Schiller and McMahon, “Alexa, Alert Me When the Revolution Comes,” 185. 75. Emma, “The Gender Wars of Household Chores: A Feminist Comic,” Guardian, May 26, 2017, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/may/26/gender-wars-household-chores-comic. 76. Caroline Criado Perez, Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (New York: Abrams, 2019). 77. Minji Cho, Sang-su Lee, and Kun-Pyo Lee, “Once a Kind Friend Is Now a Thing: Understanding How Conversational Agents at Home are Forgotten,” in Proceedings of the 2019 Designing Interactive Systems Conference (New York: ACM, 2019), 1565. 78.

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,” Our World in Data, August 14, 2018, https://ourworldindata.org/why-do-women-live-longer-than-men. 17. Alzheimer’s Research UK, Women and Dementia: A Marginalised Majority (Cambridge: Alzheimer’s Research UK, 2015), https://www.alzheimersresearchuk.org/wp-content/uploads/2015/03/Women-and-Dementia-A-Marginalised-Majority1.pdf. 18. Caroline Criado Perez, Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (New York: Abrams, 2019); UN Women, Unpaid Care and Domestic Work: Issues and Suggestions for Viet Nam (Hanoi: UN Women, 2016), http://www.un.org.vn/en/publications/doc_details/534-unpaid-care-and-domestic-work-issues-and-suggestions-for-viet-nam.html. 19.

Technically Wrong: Sexist Apps, Biased Algorithms, and Other Threats of Toxic Tech
by Sara Wachter-Boettcher
Published 9 Oct 2017

But during all of these product improvements, Twitter built precious few features to prevent or stop the abuse that had become commonplace on the platform. For example, the ability to report a tweet as abusive didn’t come until a full six years after the company’s founding, in 2013—and then only after Caroline Criado-Perez, a British woman who had successfully led a campaign to get Jane Austen onto the £10 note, was the target of an abuse campaign that generated fifty rape threats per hour.19 By then, it wasn’t just Criado-Perez who was experiencing high-volume, high-profile harassment on the platform. Abuse was everywhere—and Twitter, long touting itself “the free speech wing of the free speech party,” 20 had little interest in moderating it.

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Aaron Smith, “Twitter Update 2011,” Pew Research Center, June 1, 2011, http://www.pewinternet.org/2011/06/01/twitter-update-2011. 18. Twitter, [homepage], Wayback Machine, February 2, 2007, https://web.archive.org/web/20070202022702/www.twitter.com. 19. Lucy Battersby, “Twitter Criticised for Failing to Respond to Caroline Criado-Perez Rape Threats,” Age, July 29, 2013, http://www.theage.com.au/digital-life/digital-life-news/twitter-criticised-for-failing-to-respond-to-caroline-criadoperez-rape-threats-20130729-2qu8d.html. 20. Josh Halliday, “Twitter’s Tony Wang: ‘We Are the Free Speech Wing of the Free Speech Party,’” Guardian, March 22, 2012, https://www.theguardian.com/media/2012/mar/22/twitter-tony-wang-free-speech. 21.

Rich White Men: What It Takes to Uproot the Old Boys' Club and Transform America
by Garrett Neiman
Published 19 Jun 2023

That is true, to an extent. But what I eventually came to see is that by leveraging our collective power, men have engineered a world where—much of the time—even working-class men get more leisure time than wealthy, powerful women. The world is optimized for men in other ways, too. In her book Invisible Women, Caroline Criado Perez chronicles how men tally unearned advantages because we are seen by society as “the default.” Car safety is one example: cars are designed for male bodies and tested on crash dummies modeled after men. As a result, in a car crash, women are 73 percent more likely to be seriously injured than men and 17 percent more likely to die.31 Health care is another arena: male diseases are better studied, and medical textbooks offer photos of male body parts three times as often as female body parts.32 That may be part of why women are more likely to die from heart attacks: their experience is less studied and their symptoms are more likely to be overlooked by doctors.33 Even nearly ubiquitous products are designed with men in mind.

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Pew Research Center, Raising Kids and Running a Household: How Working Parents Share the Load, November 4, 2015, https://www.pewresearch.org/social-trends/2015/11/04/raising-kids-and-running-a-household-how-working-parents-share-the-load/. 27. Sirin Kale, “Surprise! On Average, Women Work Four Years Longer Than Men,” Vice, September 22, 2016, https://www.vice.com/en/article/9k9yj5/surprise-on-average-women-work-four-years-longer-than-men. 28. Caroline Criado-Perez, Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (New York: Abrams, 2019). 29. Lauren Caruso, “Women Who Wear Makeup to Work Get Paid More, Study Confirms,” Allure, May 25, 2016, https://www.allure.com/story/women-wear-makeup-paid-more. 30. Soraya Chemaly, “I’m Tired of Waiting for ‘Potty Parity,’” Time, January 5, 2015, https://time.com/3653871/womens-bathroom-lines-sexist-potty-parity/. 31.

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Beery and Irving Zucker, “Sex Bias in Neuroscience and Biomedical Research,” Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Reviews 35, no. 3 (January 2011): 565–72, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.neubiorev.2010.07.002; Elizabeth Cooney, “Females Are Still Routinely Left out of Biomedical Research—and Ignored in Analyses of Data,” STAT (blog), June 9, 2020, https://www.statnews.com/2020/06/09/females-are-still-routinely-left-out-of-biomedical-research-and-ignored-in-analyses-of-data/. 34. Caroline Criado Perez, “The Deadly Truth about a World Built for Men—from Stab Vests to Car Crashes,” The Guardian, February 23, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/lifeandstyle/2019/feb/23/truth-world-built-for-men-car-crashes. 35. Deyen Georgiev, “How Much Time Does the Average American Spend on Their Phone in 2022?

12 Bytes: How We Got Here. Where We Might Go Next
by Jeanette Winterson
Published 15 Mar 2021

Datasets are selective stories. For instance, in the USA it was not compulsory to include women in trials necessary to bring a new drug or medication to market until 1993. Trials used men. Even the lab mice were male. The data-dearth on women’s experience – and not only medical experience – has been fully researched by Caroline Criado Perez in her groundbreaking book Invisible Women (2019). It’s a man’s world out there because men built it – and tested it on each other. Men crash cars far more often than women do, but women passengers are 50% more likely to be injured because car safety – seat belts, airbags, even the height of seats – is tested on a dummy of a male.

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Le Guin, 1969 The Handmaid’s Tale, Margaret Atwood, 1985 Written on the Body, 1992, and The Powerbook, 2000, Jeanette Winterson Freshwater, Akwaeke Emezi, 2018 Gender Trouble: Feminism and the Subversion of Identity, Judith Butler, 1990 The Hélène Cixous Reader, Ed. Susan Sellers, 1994 The Dialectic of Sex: The Case for Feminist Revolution, Shulamith Firestone, 1970 Sapiens: A Brief History of Humankind, Yuval Noah Harari, 2011 Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men, Caroline Criado Perez, 2019 The I-Ching Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society, Cordelia Fine, 2017 (and everything she has written and will write) The Gendered Brain: The New Neuroscience That Shatters the Myth of the Female Brain, Gina Rippon, 2019 The Future Isn’t Female Unlocking the Clubhouse: Women in Computing, Jane Margolis and Allan Fisher, 2002 Programmed Inequality: How Britain Discarded Women Technologists and Lost Its Edge in Computing, Marie Hicks, 2017 Algorithims of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism, Safiya Umoja Noble, 2018 The Glass Universe: How the Ladies of the Harvard Observatory Took the Measure of the Stars, Dava Sobel, 2016 Let it Go: My Extraordinary Story – from Refugee to Entrepreneur to Philanthropist, the memoir of Dame Stephanie Shirley, 2012 (If you don’t have time for this, just find her TED Talk.)

The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age
by Astra Taylor
Published 4 Mar 2014

Vanessa Thorpe and Richard Rogers, “Women Bloggers Call for a Stop to ‘Hateful’ Trolling by Misogynist Men,” Observer, November 5, 2011. 9. See videogamer Anita Sarkeesian’s discussion of online harassment (http://www.feministfrequency.com/2012/12/tedxwomen-talk-on-sexist-harassment-cyber-mobs/), the story of activist Caroline Criado-Perez (Elizabeth Day, “Caroline Criado-Perez: ‘I don’t know if I had a kind of breakdown,’ ” The Observer, December 7, 2013), and remarks by theologian Sarah Sentilles (“The Pen Is Mightier,” Harvard Divinity Bulletin 40, nos. 3–4 [Summer/Autumn 2012]). Laurie Penny went on to release an important e-book on the topic called Cybersexism: Sex, Gender and Power on the Internet (New York: Bloomsbury Publishing, 2013). 10.

The Internet Is Not the Answer
by Andrew Keen
Published 5 Jan 2015

“They are perfectly calibrated to exploit the way media is disseminated these days.”35 According to the feminist writer and journalist Amanda Hess, women are no longer welcome on the Internet.36 As evidence, she points to the rageful tweets she has recieved, like “Happy to say we live in the same state. I’m looking you up, and when I find you, I’m going to rape you and remove your head,” from men who’ve disagreed with her writing. Hess is far from alone in being stalked online by male psychopaths. When the political campaigner Caroline Criado-Perez petitioned the Bank of England to add Jane Austen’s face to its banknotes, she received an avalanche of rape and death threats on Twitter, including such messages as “All aboard the rape train” and “I will rape you tomorrow at 9 p.m. . . . Shall we meet near your house?”37 When the technology blogger Kathy Sierra received death threats in 2007, she shut down her blog and withdrew from public life.38 While the Hess, Criado-Perez, and Sierra stories have been well publicized, many thousands of other women are victims of a less well-known misogyny on blogs and other online forums.

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,” New York Times, October 26, 2013. 25 Alina Simone, “The End of Quiet Music,” New York Times, September 25, 2013. 26 Joe Pompeo, “The Huffington Post, Nine Years On,” CapitalNewYork.com, May 8, 2014. 27 Ibid. 28 Mathew Ingram, “The Unfortunate Fact Is That Online Journalism Can’t Survive Without a Wealthy Benefactor or Cat GIFs,” GigaOm, September 22, 2013. 29 Julie Bosman, “To Stay Afloat, Bookstores Turn to Web Donors,” New York Times, August 11, 2013. 30 Teddy Wayne, “Clicking Their Way to Outrage,” New York Times, July 3, 2014. 31 Ben Dirs, “Why Stan Collymore’s Treatment on Twitter Is Not Fair Game,” BBC Sport, January 23, 2014. 32 Raphael Minder, “Fans in Spain Reveal Their Prejudices, and Social Media Fuels the Hostilities,” New York Times, May 22, 2014. 33 Jeff Jarvis, “What Society Are We Building Here?,” BuzzMachine, August 14, 2014. 34 Farhad Manjoo, “Web Trolls Winning as Incivility Increases,” New York Times, August 14, 2014. 35 Ibid. 36 Amanda Hess, “Why Women Aren’t Welcome on the Internet,” Pacific Standard, January 6, 2014. 37 Simon Hattenstone, “Caroline Criado-Perez: ‘Twitter Has Enabled People to Behave in a Way They Wouldn’t Face to Face,” Guardian, August 4, 2013. For Twitter’s lack of response, see Jon Russell, “Twitter UK Chief Responds to Abuse Concerns After Campaigner Is Deluged with Rape Threats,” The Next Web, July 27, 2013. 38 “Blog Death Threats Spark Debate,” BBC News, March 27, 2007. 39 Deborah Fallows, “How Women and Men Use the Internet,” Pew Internet and American Life Project, December 28, 2005. 40 Stuart Jeffries, “How the Web Lost Its Way—and Its Founding Principles,” Guardian, August 24, 2014. 41 Alex Hern, “‘We Need the Mary Beard Prize for Women Online,’ Author Claims,” Guardian, August 7, 2014. 42 Seth Stephens-Davidowitz, “The Data of Hate,” New York Times, July 12, 2014. 43 Emily Bazelton, “The Online Avengers,” New York Times Magazine, January 15, 2014. 44 Jon Henley, “Ask.fm: Is There a Way to Make It Safe?”

The Miracle Pill
by Peter Walker
Published 21 Jan 2021

‘You could call the gender strategy a bit of a good weather programme – if it doesn’t hurt too much, maybe we can do it.’39 The often unconscious, in-built sexism of city planning is one of the areas highlighted by Invisible Women,40 a fascinating and anger-inducing book by the British writer Caroline Criado-Perez, about the consequences of a world where the default design or decision is male. One example she highlights is the 2013 decision by Stockholm to change the order in which snowploughs cleared areas of the Swedish capital in winter. It had always started with the roads, and then the pavements and cycle paths.

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Sessode, I-Min Lee, ‘Associations of self-reported stair climbing with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The Harvard Alumni Health Study’, Preventative Medicine Reports, Vol. 15 (2019). 35 Interview with the author. 36 Interview with the author. 37 Naoko Muramatsu, Hiroko Akiyama, ‘Japan: Super-Aging Society Preparing for the Future’, The Gerontologist, Vol. 51, No. 4 (2011): 425–32. 38 Bjarke Ingels Group, BIG leadership https://big.dk/#about 39 Interview with the author. 40 Caroline Criado-Perez, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (London: Vintage, 2020). 41 Data from Active People Interactive research tool on Sport England website. Chapter 6 1 Interview with the author. 2 Tom Watson, Downsizing: How I lost 8 stone, reversed my diabetes and regained my health (London: Octopus, 2020). 3 Thomas Burgoine, Nita G, Forouhi, Simon J.

Invisible Women
by Caroline Criado Perez
Published 12 Mar 2019

BY THE SAME AUTHOR Do it Like a Woman Copyright © 2019 Caroline Criado Perez Jacket © 2019 Abrams Published in 2019 by Abrams Press, an imprint of ABRAMS. All rights reserved. No portion of this book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, mechanical, electronic, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without written permission from the publisher. Library of Congress Control Number: 2018936302 ISBN: 978-1-4197-2907-2 eISBN: 978-1-68335-314-0 Abrams books are available at special discounts when purchased in quantity for premiums and promotions as well as fundraising or educational use.

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Australia gender pay gap gendered poverty Gillard ministries (2010–13) homelessness leisure time maternity. leave medical research military murders paternity. leave political representation precarious work school textbooks sexual assault/harassment taxation time-use surveys unpaid work Australia Institute Austria autism auto-plastics factories Autoblog autoimmune diseases automotive plastics workplaces Ayrton, Hertha Azerbaijan babies’ cries baby bottles Baker, Colin Baku, Azerbaijan Ball, James Bangladesh Bank of England banknotes Barbican, London Barcelona, Catalonia beauticians de Beauvoir, Simone Beer, Anna Beijing, China Belgium Berkman Center for Internet and Society Besant, Annie BI Norwegian Business School bicarbonate of soda Big Data bile acid composition biomarkers biomass fuels biomechanics Birka warrior Birmingham, West Midlands bisphenol A (BPA) ‘bitch’ bladder ‘Blank Space’ (Swift) blind recruitment blood pressure Bloom, Rachel Bloomberg News Bock, Laszlo body fat body sway Bodyform Boesel, Whitney Erin Boler, Tania Bolivia Boosey, Leslie Boserup, Ester Bosnia Boston Consulting Group Botswana Bouattia, Malia Boulanger, Béatrice Bourdieu, Pierre Bovasso, Dawn Boxing Day tsunami (2004) boyd, danah brain ischaemia Brazil breasts cancer feeding and lifting techniques pumps reduction surgery and seat belts and tactile situation awareness system (TSAS) and uniforms Bretherton, Joanne Brexit Bricks, New Orleans brilliance bias Brin, Sergey British Electoral Survey British Journal of Pharmacology British Medical Journal British Medical Research Council British National Corpus (BNC) Broadly Brophy, Jim and Margaret Buick Bulgaria Burgon, Richard Bush, Stephen Buvinic, Mayra BuzzFeed Cabinet caesarean sections Cairns, Alex California, United States Callanan, Martin Callou, Ada Calma, Justine calorie burning Cambridge Analytica Cameron, David Campbell Soup Canada banknotes chemical exposure childcare crime homelessness medical research professor evaluations 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agriculture and algorithms and gross domestic product (GDP) and occupational health and stoves and transport in workplace and zoning upper body strength upskirting urinals urinary-tract infections urination uro-gynaecological problems uterine failure uterine tybroids Uttar Pradesh, India Uzbekistan vaccines vagina Valium Valkrie value-added tax (VAT) Van Gulik, Gauri Venice, Italy venture capitalists (VCs) Veríssimo, Antônio Augusto Viagra Victoria, Queen of the United Kingdom video games Vienna, Austria Vietnam Vikings Villacorta, Pilar violence virtual reality (VR) voice recognition Volvo voting rights Vox voyeurism Wade, Virginia Walker, Phillip walking wallet to purse Walmart warfare warmth vs competence Warsaw Pact Washington Post Washington Times Washington, DC, United States WASHplus WaterAid Watson, James We Will Rebuild weak contractions Weapons of Math Destruction (O’Neil) West Bengal, India whiplash Wiberg-Itzel, Eva Wikipedia Wild, Sarah Williams, Gayna Williams, Serena Williams, Venus Williamson, £eresa Willow Garage Wimbledon Windsor, Ontario Winter, Jessica Wired Wolf of Wall Street, The Wolfers, Justin Wolfinger, Nicholas ‘Woman the Gatherer’ (Slocum) Women and Equalities Committee Women Will Rebuild Women’s Budget Group (WBG) Women’s Design Service Women’s Engineering Society Women’s Refugee Commission Women’s Year Woolf, Virginia workplace safety World Bank World Cancer Research Fund World Cup World Economic Forum (WEF) World Health Organization (WHO) World Meteorological Organisation worm infections Woskow, Debbie Wray, Susan Wyden, Robert XY cells Y chromosome Yale University Yarl’s Wood Detention Centre, Bedford Yatskar, Mark Yemen Yentl syndrome Yezidis Youth Vote, The youthquake Zambia zero-hour contracts Zika zipper quotas zombie stats zoning Zou, James Photo by Rachel Louise Brown CAROLINE CRIADO PEREZ is a writer, broadcaster, and feminist activist and was named Liberty Human Rights Campaigner of the Year and OBE by the Queen. She has a degree in English language and literature from the University of Oxford, and she studied behavioral and feminist economics at the London School of Economics.

The Dark Net
by Jamie Bartlett
Published 20 Aug 2014

Celebrities, journalists, politicians, sportspeople, academics – indeed, almost anyone in the public eye, or with a large following online – regularly receive insults, inflammatory comments and threats from complete strangers. In 2011, Sean Duffy was imprisoned after making offensive remarks on Facebook, including a post mocking a fifteen-year-old who’d committed suicide. When journalist Caroline Criado-Perez and others succeeded in a campaign to get Jane Austen featured on the new ten-pound note in 2013, she was bombarded with abusive messages from anonymous Twitter users, culminating in bomb and death threats deemed serious enough for the police to advise she move to a safe house. After appearing on BBC’s Question Time, the University of Cambridge classicist Mary Beard received ‘online menaces’ of sexual assault.

Emotional Labor: The Invisible Work Shaping Our Lives and How to Claim Our Power
by Rose Hackman
Published 27 Mar 2023

Take Off Your Mask So I Know How Much to Tip You: Service Workers’ Experience of Health & Harassment During COVID-19, One Fair Wage in partnership with UC Berkeley’s Food Labor Research Center, November 2020, https://onefairwage.site/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/OFW_COVID_WorkerExp_Emb-1.pdf. 20.  Caroline Criado-Perez, Invisible Women: Data Bias in a World Designed for Men (New York: Abrams Press, 2019). 21.  “Droit du Seigneur,” Encyclopedia Britannica, accessed December 17, 2020, https://www.britannica.com/topic/droit-du-seigneur. 22.  “White-Collar,” Cambridge English Dictionary, accessed July 28, 2020, https://dictionary.cambridge.org/us/dictionary/english/white-collar. 23.  

Secrets of the Sprakkar
by Eliza Reid
Published 15 Jul 2021

Needless to say, there is a wealth of information on gender equality in general, much of which readers will already be familiar with. A few recent nonfiction books that have inspired me include Shrewed by Elizabeth Renzetti (House of Anansi Press, 2018), The Moment of Lift by Melinda Gates (Flatiron Books, 2019), pretty much everything by Roxane Gay, Invisible Women: Exposing Data Bias in a World Designed for Men by Caroline Criado Perez (Abrams, 2019), and What Works: Gender Equality by Design by Iris Bohnet (Belknap Press, 2016). Books in English that I used in research and preparation for this book include A History of Iceland by Gudni Thorlacius Jóhannesson (Greenwood, 2013), which I must highly recommend because my husband wrote it.

Carmageddon: How Cars Make Life Worse and What to Do About It
by Daniel Knowles
Published 27 Mar 2023

Indeed, a thing that is often missed is that there are, even in America, plenty of people who already choose not to drive, even though their cities are so poorly served by alternative options. A lot of these people are women. In America, men account for three-fifths of miles driven, while 55 percent of public transport users are women. In Chicago, the figure is 65 percent. And yet cities that are set up for cars are generally difficult to navigate for women. As the writer Caroline Criado Perez reported in her book Invisible Women, cities tend to prioritize the sort of to-the-office-and-back commuting patterns—from neighborhoods to downtowns—typically made by men, at the expense of the sorts of trips, often chained together, that women are more likely to make, such as dropping children off at school, then visiting elderly parents, then doing grocery shopping.

The Road to Conscious Machines
by Michael Wooldridge
Published 2 Nov 2018

But, perhaps more importantly, if AI is solely designed by men, then what we will end up with is, for lack of a better term, male AI. What I mean by that is that the systems they build will, inevitably, embody one particular worldview, which will not represent or embrace women. If you don’t believe me on this point, then I invite you to read the startling book that opened my eyes to this problem: Invisible Women, by Caroline Criado Perez.22 Her key point is that pretty much everything in our world is designed and manufactured with a model of people which reflects just one gender: men. The basic reason for this, she argues, is what she calls the ‘data gap’: the historical data sets that are routinely used for purposes of manufacturing and design are overwhelmingly male-oriented: Most of recorded history is one big data gap.

Radicals Chasing Utopia: Inside the Rogue Movements Trying to Change the World
by Jamie Bartlett
Published 12 Jun 2017

It was a very decent effort to push back against increasingly polarised politics. ‘We’ll do this by using the power of the internet to transform the way politics is funded, making it easier for moderate, progressive MPs to get elected and creating a new centre of political gravity in the UK,’ Caroline Criado Perez, one of the organisers, said. ‘This isn’t about left or right. This is about a common, internet-generation purpose to make the UK a more progressive country.’ Typical of web-based initiatives, it implies there is an obvious and ‘correct’ answer for political problems. (‘Values’, More United UK, http://www.moreunited.uk/beliefs

New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI
by Frank Pasquale
Published 14 May 2020

Moreover, critiques of the limits of AI itself (including lack of reproducibility, narrow validity, overblown claims, and opaque data) should also inform legal standards.25 The key idea here is that AI’s core competence—helping humans avoid errors—must now be turned on the humans who create AI. They must be held responsible for failures to use proper data and methods. Otherwise, we could just end up replicating errors in a future that should be free of them. Activists are now exposing numerous examples of problematic datasets in medicine. For example, Caroline Criado Perez has proven that in far too much medical research and pedagogy, maleness is assumed as a default.26 As she observes, “Women are not just smaller men: male and female bodies differ down to a cellular level … [but] there are still vast medical gender data gaps to be filled in.”27 The biases of datasets become even more inexcusable as work like Criado Perez’s makes them more widely known.

The Science of Hate: How Prejudice Becomes Hate and What We Can Do to Stop It
by Matthew Williams
Published 23 Mar 2021

It must therefore be more than just shocking or distasteful. Since Liam Stacey’s conviction, several online hate speech cases have been brought before the courts that involve social media, but far fewer than might be imagined given the amount of hate that abounds online. In 2013, feminist campaigner and journalist Caroline Criado Perez began a petition to replace the planned image of Winston Churchill on the new £10 note with a female figure. The campaign was a success, and the Bank of England announced that an image of Jane Austen would appear on the new note to be issued in 2017. In response to this announcement, Criado Perez was subject to hateful comments and threats of sexual violence on social media.

The Survival of the City: Human Flourishing in an Age of Isolation
by Edward Glaeser and David Cutler
Published 14 Sep 2021

These codes were allegedly motivated by health concerns, like keeping small children away from the masses of animals in Chicago’s stockyards, but they came to exert wide-ranging control over the activities allowed in any locale. They also had unfortunate gender implications. Suburbs could be kept free not only from factories but also from office parks or chain stores, which were major employers of women after World War II. Caroline Criado Perez writes that because women “are most likely to have the primary caring responsibilities over children and elderly relatives, the legal separation of the home from formal workplaces can make life incredibly difficult.” The legal separation of the home from work also meant that suburbs were full of homeowners, who didn’t want the crowding or the nuisances that came with new construction.