Why Nudge?: The Politics of Libertarian Paternalism
by Cass R. Sunstein · 25 Mar 2014 · 168pp · 46,194 words
Libertarian Paternalism Published with assistance from the foundation established in memory of Amasa Stone Mather of the Class of 1907, Yale College. Copyright © 2014 by Cass R. Sunstein. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections
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Solutions. Printed in the United States of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sunstein, Cass R. Why nudge? : the politics of libertarian paternalism / Cass R. Sunstein. pages cm.—(Storrs lectures on jurisprudence) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-19786-0 (hardback) 1. Paternalism—Political aspects—United States. 2
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. 8. Id. 9. An authoritative discussion is DANIEL KAHNEMAN, THINKING, FAST AND SLOW (2011). On behavioral economics and public policy, see CASS R. SUNSTEIN, SIMPLER: THE FUTURE OF GOVERNMENT (2013); RICHARD H. THALER & CASS R. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, and HAPPINESS (2008). 10. Richard A. Posner, Why Is There No Milton Friedman Today
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on discrimination of various kinds, or protections of privacy, are justified even if there is no behavioral or standard market failure. For one catalogue, see CASS R. SUNSTEIN, AFTER THE RIGHTS REVOLUTION: RECONCEIVING THE REGULATORY STATE 47–73 (1990). 42. See THALER & SUNSTEIN, supra note 9, at 8. 43. See Brink, supra note
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(Thomas Gilovich et al. eds., 2002) (outlining a variety of empirical findings). 2. DANIEL KAHNEMAN, THINKING, FAST AND SLOW (2011); see also RICHARD H. THALER & CASS R. SUNSTEIN, NUDGE: IMPROVING DECISIONS ABOUT HEALTH, WEALTH, AND HAPPINESS 19–22 (2008) (discussing “Humans” and “Econs”). 3. See THALER & SUNSTEIN, supra note 2. 4. Colin Camerer
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approach or large subsidies). 24. See Eric Johnson & Daniel Goldstein, Decisions by Default, in THE BEHAVIORAL FOUNDATIONS OF PUBLIC POLICY 417 (Eldar Shafir ed., 2013); Cass R. Sunstein, Impersonal Default Rules vs. Active Choices vs. Personalized Default Rules: A Triptych (SSRN Elec. Library, Working Paper No. 2,171,343, 2012), http://ssrn.com
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. 45. See Xavier Gabaix & David Laibson, Shrouded Attributes, Consumer Myopia, and Information Suppression in Competitive Markets, 121 Q.J. ECON. 505, 511 (2006). 46. See Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. CHI. L. REV. 1349, 1373 (2011). 47. See NAT’L HIGHWAY TRAFFIC ADMIN., DEP’T OF TRANSP., Final Regulatory Impact
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(2012), http://www.pnas.org/cgi/doi/10.1073/pnas.1205828109. 53. See BAR-GILL, supra note 38, at 21–26. 54. See Christine Jolls & Cass R. Sunstein, Debiasing Through Law, 35 J. LEGAL STUD. 199, 215 (2006). 55. See SHAROT, supra note 50, at x–xiv. 56. See Neil D. Weinstein, Unrealistic
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PERCEPTION OF RISK 37–38 (Paul Slovic ed., 2000). 66. See George F. Loewenstein et al., Risk as Feelings, 127 PSYCHOL. BULL. 267, 280 (2001); Cass R. Sunstein, Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law, 112 YALE L.J. 61 (2002). 67. See Yuval Rottenstreich & Christopher K. Hsee, Money, Kisses, and Electric Shocks
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Credit Cards (2013), available at http://www.nber.org/papers/w19484. 13. See SARAH CONLY, AGAINST AUTONOMY: JUSTIFYING COERCIVE PATERNALISM 149–80 (2012). 14. See Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. CHI. L. REV. 1349, 1373 (2011). 15. See id. 16. I am bracketing here any questions about personal identity over
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ability of those in the private sector to balance relevant values and to incorporate new information. 11. Mill, supra note 2. 12. Id. 13. See Cass R. Sunstein, Impersonal Default Rules vs. Active Choices vs. Personalized Default Rules: A Triptych (SSRN Elec. Library, Working Paper No. 2,171,343, 2012), http://ssrn.com
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21–24. 14. See, e.g., Gordon Tullock, Arthur Seldon & Gordon Lo Brady, Government Failure: A Primer in Public Choice (2002). 15. See Timur Kuran & Cass R. Sunstein, Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation, 51 Stan. L. Rev. 683 (1999). The point regarding the shortcomings of behavioral economics is emphasized in Wright & Ginsburg, supra
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, 2011), http://www.ratio.se/media/81477/nb_behavioral.pdf. 17. For a general discussion, see Cass R. Sunstein, The Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs: Myths and Realities, 126 Harv. L. Rev. 1838 (2013). 18. See Cass R. Sunstein, Cognition and Cost-Benefit Analysis, 29 J. Legal. Stud. 1059 (2000); Sunstein, supra note 17. 19
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note 2. 36. For a valuable discussion, see Edna Ullmann-Margalit, Invisible Hand Explanations, 39 Synthese 263 (1978). 37. For discussion, see Richard H. Thaler & Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (2008). Richard Thaler et al., Choice Architecture, in Behavioral Foundations of Policy 428, 428–31 (Eldar Shafir
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of the kinds of choice architecture that are established by the basic rules of contract law, property law, tort law, and criminal law. 38. See Cass R. Sunstein, Simpler: The Future of Government (2013). 39. See Exec. Order No. 13,563, 76 Fed. Reg. 3821 (Jan. 21, 2011) (directing agencies to catalogue costs
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, Why Are VMPFC Patients More Utilitarian? A Dual-Process Theory of Moral Judgment Explains, 11 Trends in Cognitive Sci. 322 (2007); Cass R. Sunstein, Moral Heuristics, 28 Behav. & Brain Sci. 531 (2005); Cass R. Sunstein, Is Deontology A Heuristic? On Psychology, Neuroscience, Ethics, and Law (unpublished manuscript 2013), available at http://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers
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one that we are often quite willing to give up”); Sendhil Mullainathan & Eldar Shafir, Scarcity: Why Having Too Little Means So Much (2012). 17. See Cass R. Sunstein, Empirically Informed Regulation, 78 U. Chi. L. Rev. 1349, 1373 (2011). 18. For discussion of the energy paradox, see Adam B. Jaffe & Robert N. Stavins
Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness
by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein · 7 Apr 2008 · 304pp · 22,886 words
University Press New Haven & London A Caravan book. For more information, visit www.caravanbooks.org. Copyright © 2008 by Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein. All rights reserved. This book may not be reproduced, in whole or in part, including illustrations, in any form (beyond that copying permitted by Sections
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of America. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Thaler, Richard H., 1945– Nudge : improving decisions about health, wealth, and happiness / Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-0-300-12223-7 (cloth : alk. paper) 1. Economics— Psychological aspects. 2. Choice (Psychology)—Economic aspects
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and Biases in Retirement Savings Behavior.” Journal of Economic Perspectives 21, no. 3 (2007): 81–104. Benartzi, Shlomo, Rchard H. Thaler, Stephen P. Utkus, and Cass R. Sunstein. “The Law and Economics of Company Stock in 401(k) Plans.” Journal of Law and Economics 50 (2007): 45–79. Benjamin, Daniel, and Jesse Shapiro
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. Johnson, Eric J., John Hershey, Jacqueline Meszaros, and Howard Kunreuther. “Framing, Probability Distortions, and Insurance Decisions.” In Kahneman and Tversky (2000), 224–40. Jolls, Christine, Cass R. Sunstein, and Richard Thaler. “A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics.” Stanford Law Review 50 (1998): 1471–1550. Jones-Lee, Michael, and Graham Loomes. “Private Values
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Uncertainty 12 (1996): 171–87. Kuran, Timur. Private Truths, Public Lies: The Social Consequences of Preference Falsification. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1998. Kuran, Timur, and Cass R. Sunstein. “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation.” Stanford Law Review 51 (1999): 683–768. Kurtz, Sheldon F. and Michael J. Saks. “The Transplant Paradox: Overwhelming Public Support
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Daniel Kahneman. “Does Living in California Make People Happy? A Focusing Illusion in Judgments of Life Satisfaction.” Psychological Science 9 (1998): 340–46. Schkade, David, Cass R. Sunstein, and Daniel Kahneman. “Deliberating About Dollars: The Severity Shift.” Columbia Law Review 100 (2000): 1139–76. Schneider, Carl E. The Practice of Autonomy: Patients, Doctors
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. Thaler, Richard H., and Hersh M. Shefrin. “An Economic Theory of Self-Control.” Journal of Political Economy 89 (1981): 392–406. Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. “Libertarian Paternalism.” American Economic Review 93, no. 2 (2003): 175–79. Thompson, Dennis F. Political Ethics and Public Office. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1987. Tierney
Can It Happen Here?: Authoritarianism in America
by Cass R. Sunstein · 6 Mar 2018 · 434pp · 117,327 words
Edition by Eric A. Posner Constitutional Rot by Jack M. Balkin Could Fascism Come to America? by Tyler Cowen Lessons from the American Founding by Cass R. Sunstein Beyond Elections: Foreign Interference with American Democracy by Samantha Power Paradoxes of the Deep State by Jack Goldsmith How We Lost Constitutional Democracy by Tom
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Edition by Eric A. Posner Constitutional Rot by Jack M. Balkin Could Fascism Come to America? by Tyler Cowen Lessons from the American Founding by Cass R. Sunstein Beyond Elections: Foreign Interference with American Democracy by Samantha Power Paradoxes of the Deep State by Jack Goldsmith How We Lost Constitutional Democracy by Tom
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Can’t Happen Here”: The Lessons of History by Geoffrey R. Stone Acknowledgments Contributor Biographies Notes Index About the Author Copyright About the Publisher Introduction Cass R. Sunstein The United States is living under a military dictatorship. No one dares to call it that—but that’s what it is. Here’s what
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.” In Loren Brandt and Thomas Rawski, editors, China’s Great Economic Transformation. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2008, 429–66. Lessons from the American Founding Cass R. Sunstein Is the United States of America truly exceptional? Is that why it can’t happen here? (In my view, it really can’t.) To answer
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(2016): 160384. Tetlock, Philip. Expert Political Judgment: How Good Is It? How Can We Know? Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2005a. Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. van Holthoon, F. L., and David R. Olson. Common Sense
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and Constraint: On the Theory of Liberal Democracy (1995), and The Matador’s Cape: America’s Reckless Response to Terror (2007). He is coauthor (with Cass Sunstein) of The Cost of Rights: Why Liberty Depends on Taxes (1999) and (with Moshe Halbertal) of The Beginning of Politics: Power in the Biblical Book
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of the United States and special counsel to the US Senate Judiciary Committee. He is a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. Cass R. Sunstein is the Robert Walmsley University Professor at Harvard Law School. He clerked for Justice Benjamin Kaplan of Massachusetts Supreme Judicial Court and Justice Thurgood Marshall
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, 2003; and Elizabeth Kolbert, “How Redistricting Turned America from Blue to Red,” New Yorker, June 27, 2016. 21. Cass R. Sunstein, Echo Chambers: Bush v. Gore, Impeachment, and Beyond (Princeton, NJ: Princeton Digital Books Plus, 2001); Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.com 2.0 (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2007), especially chaps. 2–3; R. Kelly Garrett
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, “Echo Chambers Online? Politically Motivated Selective Exposure among Internet News Users,” Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication 14 (2009): 265–85. 22. Timur Kuran and Cass R. Sunstein, “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation,” Stanford Law Review 51 (1999): 683–768. 23. Seth Flaxman, Sharad Goel, and Justin M. Rao, “Filter Bubbles, Echo Chambers
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Conflict (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2017), 186–205. 9. Thomas Carothers and Richard Youngs, “Democracy Is Not Dying,” Foreign Affairs, April 11, 2017. 10. Cass R. Sunstein, Worst-Case Scenarios (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2009). 11. Eric D. Weitz, Weimar Germany: Promise and Tragedy (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2013), 82
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Dark (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2007); and “Secrecy and Self-Governance,” New York Law School Law Review 56, no. 1 (2011–12):81. 21. Cass Sunstein, #Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2017). 22. David Remnick, “Donald Trump and the Enemies of the
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, x, 66, 233, 314–15. See also Japanese-American internment civil liberties during, 438–41 Yates, Sally, 9, 124 Yoo, John, 225 About the Author CASS R. SUNSTEIN is the Robert Walmsley University Professor at Harvard University, where he is founder and director of the Program on Behavioral Economics and Public Policy and
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. Copyright “Lessons from the American Founding” contains content adapted from Introduction, The Federalist (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 2009). CAN IT HAPPEN HERE? Copyright © 2018 by Cass R. Sunstein. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions. By payment of the required fees, you have been granted the nonexclusive, nontransferable right to
Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge
by Cass R. Sunstein · 23 Aug 2006
Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge CASS R. SUNSTEIN OXFORD UNIVERSITY PRESS Infotopia/ !"#$%&'()%#*+)*+#,*'--.%-)/+%0-'*1% CASS R. SUNSTEIN / Infotopia / How Many Minds Produce Knowledge / 1 2006 3 Oxford University Press, Inc., publishes works that further Oxford University’s objective of excellence in research,
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otherwise, without the prior permission of Oxford University Press. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Sunstein, Cass R. Infotopia : how many minds produce knowledge / Cass R. Sunstein. p. cm. ISBN-13 978-0-19-518928-5 ISBN 0-19-518928-0 1. Personal information management. 2. Knowledge management. 3. Internet. I. Title
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,” Sept. 21. 2005, http:// googleblog.blogspot.com/2005/09/putting-crowd-wisdom-towork.html. 4. Nicholas Negroponte, Being Digital (New York: Vintage, 1995), 153. In Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.com (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2001), I extend and explore this possibility. 5. Jürgen Habermas, Between Facts and Norms: Contributions to a Discourse
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Investigation Board Report, 2003, 97–204, available at http://www.nasa.gov/columbia/home/CAIB_Vol1.html. Ibid., 12, 102 (internal citation omitted), 183. See Cass R. Sunstein, David Schkade, and Lisa Michelle Ellman, “Ideological Voting on Federal Courts of Appeals: A Preliminary Investigation,” Virginia Law Review 90 (2004): 304–6, 314 (showing
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effects of panel composition on judicial behavior); Cass R. Sunstein et al., Are Judges Political?: An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (Washington, DC: Brookings, 2006). Eric Raymond, The Cathedral and the Bazaar, 2d ed
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,c,1123,3,212. 3. The story is told in “Kasparov Against the World,” http:// en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kasparov_versus_The_World. 4. See Cass R. Sunstein et al., “Assessing Punitive Damages,” Yale Law Journal 107 (1998): 2095–99 (showing that small groups often reflect judgments of community as whole, at least
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and Individual Performance, 1920–1957,” 346. See Reid Hastie et al., “Do Plaintiffs’ Requests and Plaintiffs’ Identities Matter?,” in Punitive Damages: How Juries Decide, ed. Cass R. Sunstein et al. (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2002), 62, 73–74. See generally Chapman and Johnson, “Incorporating the Irrelevant.” Chris Guthrie et al., “Inside the
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aggregation of expert judgments is through use of predictive questions on which unambiguous evidence is available. Chapter 2 / 1. See Reid Hastie, David Schkade, and Cass R. Sunstein, “What Really Happened on Deliberation Day?” (University of Chicago Law School, unpublished manuscript, 2006). 2. I draw here on Janis, Groupthink, 14–47. 3. Ibid
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an overview, see generally Thomas Gilovich et al., eds., Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2002). See also Cass R. Sunstein, ed., Behavioral Law and Economics (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 2. See Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman, “Availability: A Heuristic for Judging Frequency and
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The New Economics of Human Behavior, ed. Mariano Tommasi and Kathryn Ierulli (Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1995), 193–95, and on the discussion in Cass R. Sunstein, Why Societies Need Dissent (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), 55–73. Hirshleifer, “The Blind Leading the Blind,” 204. John F. Burnham, “Medical Practice a
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et al., “Attitudes, Norms, and Social Groups,” 269. 60. See MacCoun, “Comparing Micro and Macro Rationality,” 127–28. 61. This risk is the theme of Cass R. Sunstein, Republic.com. 62. See Schkade et al., “Deliberating about Dollars,” 1155 (showing severity shift within juries). 63. See Brown, Group Processes, 220–26 (discussing group
#Republic: Divided Democracy in the Age of Social Media
by Cass R. Sunstein · 7 Mar 2017 · 437pp · 105,934 words
by Amanda Weiss Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Sunstein, Cass R., author. Title: #Republic : divided democracy in the age of social media / Cass R. Sunstein. Other titles: Hashtag republic Description: Princeton : Princeton University Press, 2017. | Includes index. Identifiers: LCCN 2016038668 | ISBN 9780691175515 (hardback) Subjects: LCSH: Information society—Political aspects. | Internet
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. Guess, Media Choice and Moderation: Evidence from Online Tracking Data (2016), https://dl.dropboxusercontent.com/u/663930/GuessJMP.pdf (accessed August 29, 2016). 4.See Cass R. Sunstein, Infotopia: How Many Minds Produce Knowledge (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006). 5.Shanto Iyengar, Gaurav Sood, and Yphtach Lelkes, “Affect, Not Ideology: A Social Identity
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). For present purposes, it is not necessary to discuss the public forum doctrine in detail. Interested readers might consult Geoffrey R. Stone, Robert H. Seidman, Cass R. Sunstein, Mark Tushnet, and Pamela Karlan, The First Amendment, 4th ed. (New York: Wolters Kluwer Law and Business, 2012), 286–330. 6.See International Society for
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. United States, 250 U.S. 616, 635 (Justice Holmes, dissenting). 29.Whitney v. California, 274 U.S. 357, 372 (1927) (Justice Brandeis, concurring). 30.See Cass R. Sunstein and Edna Ullmann-Margalit, “Solidarity Goods,” Journal of Political Philosophy 9, no. 2 (2001): 129–49. The article is coauthored, but the central idea is
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discussion, see Ronald Jacobs, Race, Media, and the Crisis of Civil Society: From Watts to Rodney King (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000). 6.David Schkade, Cass R. Sunstein, and Reid Hastie, “What Happened on Deliberation Day?” California Law Review 95, no. 3 (2007): 915–40. 7.These include the United States, Canada, India
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D. Bishop, “The Enhancement of Dominant Attitudes in Group Discussion,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 20, no. 3(1976): 286. 11.Ibid. 12.See Cass R. Sunstein, David Schkade, Lisa M. Ellman, and Andres Sawicki, Are Judges Political? An Empirical Analysis of the Federal Judiciary (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2006). 13.See
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A. Sonnenberg (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2000), 267, 273–76. 40.Ibid., 274. 41.See Sunstein et al., Are Judges Political? 42.See David Schkade, Cass R. Sunstein, and Daniel Kahneman, “Deliberating about Dollars: The Severity Shift,” Columbia Law Review 100, no. 4 (2000): 1139–76. 43.Diana C. Mutz, Hearing the Other
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, “Stampede to Judgment: Persuasive Influence and Herding by Courts,” American Law and Economics Review 1, no. 1 (1999): 158–89. 2.See Timur Kuran and Cass R. Sunstein, “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation,” Stanford Law Review 51, no. 4 (1998): 683–768. 3.David Hirshleifer, “The Blind Leading the Blind,” in The New
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,” Parse.ly, April 26, 2016, http://blog.parsely.com/post/3476/yahoo-tops-twitter-traffic-referral-source-digital-publishers/ (accessed September 6, 2016). 59.See Cass R. Sunstein, Sebastian Bobadilla-Suarez, Stephanie C. Lazzaro, and Tali Sharot, “How People Update Beliefs about Climate Change: Good News and Bad News,” Cornell Law Review (forthcoming
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Essays on Information Policy, ed. Roger G. Noll and Monroe E. Price (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 1998), 99, 105. 6.Ibid. 7.Ibid. 8.Cass R. Sunstein and Edna Ullmann-Margalit, “Solidarity Goods,” Journal of Political Philosophy 9 (2001): 129–49. This is a joint article, but the central idea is Ullmann
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, for example, Denver Area Educational Telecommunications Consortium v. Federal Communications Commission, 518 U.S. 727 (1996). For a defense of the Court’s caution, see Cass R. Sunstein, One Case at a Time: Judicial Minimalism on the Supreme Court (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1999). 10.See Lochner v. New York, 198 U
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.S. 45 (1905). 11.See Lessig, Free Culture; Benkler, Wealth of Networks. 12.For an effort in this direction, see Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (New York: Free Press, 1995). 13.For an overview, see ibid., 77–81. 14.James Madison, “Report on
The World Beyond Your Head: On Becoming an Individual in an Age of Distraction
by Matthew B. Crawford · 29 Mar 2015 · 351pp · 100,791 words
at estimating probabilities. We are not so much rational optimizers as creatures who rely on biases and crude heuristics for making important decisions. In Nudge, Cass Sunstein, the former head of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs under President Obama, and the economist Richard Thaler argue for a mode of social
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of his own actions. The local, actor-centered use of the jig is more attractive, to my mind, than the prospect of being nudged by Cass Sunstein. Let’s note right away that there is a risk of misstating the contrast between the jig and the nudge by putting too much emphasis
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not a deep attribute of his person, as we normally take character to be? And if so, on what basis can one prefer Calvin to Cass Sunstein? One way to parse this is to think about habit and formation. The word “character” comes from a Greek word that means “stamp.” Character, in
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attempt to explain human behavior as the product of adaptive pressures we faced on the savannahs in the Pleistocene epoch. 5. Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008). 6. And, who knows, maybe this is to be preferred. The
Misbehaving: The Making of Behavioral Economics
by Richard H. Thaler · 10 May 2015 · 500pp · 145,005 words
been in some kind of fortuitous alignment, because when I arrived at Chicago, the first faculty member I met from outside the business school was Cass Sunstein, a professor at the law school. Cass had already been collaborating with Danny and was excited about behavioral economics. In the world of academic law
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, I blurted out: “Maybe we should call it, I don’t know, libertarian paternalism.” I made a mental note to discuss this new phrase with Cass Sunstein the next time I saw him. ________________ * Economic theory does predict that the total nest egg people accumulate will go up if saving is made tax
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that eventually the results of all studies will be released to the general public. (This topic is explored at length in a recent article by Cass Sunstein [2014], entitled “The Ethics of Nudging.”) § You might ask what is magic about twenty-three days? It turns out that in the administrative system, if
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Decisions.” Transplantation 78, no. 12: 1713–6. Johnson, Steven. 2010. Where Good Ideas Come From: The Natural History of Innovation. New York: Riverhead. Jolls, Christine, Cass R. Sunstein, and Richard Thaler. 1998. “A Behavioral Approach to Law and Economics.” Stanford Law Review 50, no. 5: 1471–550. Kahneman, Daniel. 2011. Thinking, Fast and
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Bureau for Economic Research. ———, and Hersh M. Shefrin. 1981. “An Economic Theory of Self-Control.” Journal of Political Economy 89, no. 2: 392–406. ———, and Cass R. Sunstein. 2003. “Libertarian Paternalism.” American Economic Review: Papers and Proceedings 93, no. 2: 175–9. ———. 2008. Nudge: Improving Decisions about Health, Wealth, and Happiness. New Haven
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boring!” That kept me going for a while. All three gave me the kind of advice that only true masters of their craft can provide. Cass Sunstein was a constant source of encouragement and sound advice, though he cannot understand why I didn’t finish this book at least three years ago
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RICHARD H. THALER Quasi-Rational Economics The Winner’s Curse: Paradoxes and Anomalies of Economic Life Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (with Cass R. Sunstein) Copyright © 2015 by Richard H. Thaler All rights reserved First Edition For information about permission to reproduce selections from this book, write to Permissions, W
Thinking, Fast and Slow
by Daniel Kahneman · 24 Oct 2011 · 654pp · 191,864 words
the choices that people may make and the consequences of their choices for themselves and for society. Another scholar and friend whom I greatly admire, Cass Sunstein, disagrees sharply with Slovic’s stance on the different views of experts and citizens, and defends the role of experts as a bulwark against “populist
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do I come down in the debate between my friends? Availability cascades are real and they undoubtedly distort priorities in the allocation of public resources. Cass Sunstein would seek mechanisms that insulate decision makers from public pressures, letting the allocation of resources be determined by impartial experts who have a broad view
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environment. Multiple international bodies have specified that the absence of scientific evidence of potential damage is not sufficient justification for taking risks. As the jurist Cass Sunstein points out, the precautionary principle is costly, and when interpreted strictly it can be paralyzing. He mentions an impressive list of innovations that would not
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elicit thoughtful judgments would seek to provide the judges with a broad context for the assessments of individual cases. I was surprised to learn from Cass Sunstein that jurors who are to assess punitive damages are explicitly prohibited from considering othe r cases. The legal system, contrary to psychological common sense, favors
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Soll point out, the misleading intuitions fostered by the mpg frame are likely to mislead policy makers as well as car buyers. Under President Obama, Cass Sunstein served as administrator of the Office of Information and Regulatory Affairs. With Richard Thaler, Sunstein coauthored Nudge, which is the basic manual for applying behavioral
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rational agents do not make mistakes. For adherents of this school, freedom is free of charge. In 2008 the economist Richard Thaler and the jurist Cass Sunstein teamed up to write a book, Nudge, which quickly became an international bestseller and the bible of behavioral economics. Their book introduced several new words
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,” Psychological Review 108 (2001): 814–34. “‘Risk’ does not exist”: Paul Slovic, The Perception of Risk (Sterling, VA: EarthScan, 2000). availability cascade: Timur Kuran and Cass R. Sunstein, “Availability Cascades and Risk Regulation,” Stanford Law Review 51 (1999): 683–768. CERCLA, the Comprehensive Environmental Response, Compensation, and Liability Act, passed in 1980. nothing
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F. Loewenstein, Elke U. Weber, Christopher K. Hsee, and Ned Welch, “Risk as Feelings,” Psychological Bulletin 127 (2001): 267–86. vividness in decision making: Ibid. Cass R. Sunstein, “Probability Neglect: Emotions, Worst Cases, and Law,” Yale Law Journal 112 (2002): 61–107. See notes to chapter 13: Damasio, Descartes’ Error. Slovic, Finucane, Peters
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the Unthinkable: Taboo Trade-Offs, Forbidden Base Rates, and Heretical Counterfactuals,” Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 78 (2000): 853–70. where the precautionary principle: Cass R. Sunstein, The Laws of Fear: Beyond the Precautionary Principle (New York: Cambridge University Press, 2005). “psychological immune system”: Daniel T. Gilbert et al., “Looking Forward to
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: A Study in the Headline Method,” Journal of Risk and Uncertainty 9 (1994): 5–38. superior on this attribute: Hsee, “Attribute Evaluability.” “requisite record-keeping”: Cass R. Sunstein, Daniel Kahneman, David Schkade, and Ilana Ritov, “Predictably Incoherent Judgments,” Stanford Law Review 54 (2002): 1190. 34: Frames and Reality unjustified influences of formulation: Amos
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: Gary S. Becker and Kevin M. Murphy, “A Theory of Rational Addiction,” Journal of Political Economics 96 (1988): 675–700. Nudge: Richard H. Thaler and Cass R. Sunstein, Nudge: Improving Decisions About Health, Wealth, and Happiness (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2008). can institute and enforce: Atul Gawande, The Checklist Manifesto: How to
The Right to Earn a Living: Economic Freedom and the Law
by Timothy Sandefur · 16 Aug 2010 · 399pp · 155,913 words
to process of law, and protect the citizen in his private right, and guard him against the arbitrary action of government.”60 More recently, Professor Cass Sunstein captured the essence of substantive due process when discussing the Constitution’s prohibition against what he calls “naked preferences.” These are benefits extended to particular
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. Florida.134 Relying in large part on 114 The Era of Substantive Due Process: Slaughterhouse to Lochner the works of law professors Laurence Tribe and Cass Sunstein, Souter holds that the “characteristic vice” of Lochner was that the Court assumed that freedom provided a natural baseline from which to judge the constitutional
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of givings theory hold that freedom is simply created by government decisions that give a person independence from the interference of others. As law professor Cass Sunstein pronounces, the “voluntary private sphere [is] actually itself a creation of law.”77 Since both freedom and its opposite are equally the creations of government
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economic liberty was sudden by legal standards. Within a decade, the Court abandoned the principles of classical liberalism and officially embraced the doctrines of Progressivism. Cass Sunstein, an enthusiastic defender of the New Deal legacy, acknowledges that these cases “altered the constitutional system in ways so fundamental as to suggest that something
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also Kermit Roosevelt III, The Myth of Judicial Activism: Making Sense of Supreme Court Decisions (New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2006), p. 120; and Cass R. Sunstein, “Naked Preferences and the Constitution,” Columbia Law Review 84 (1984): 1692. 55. Hurtado v. California, 110 U.S. 516 (1884). 56. Ibid. at 535–36
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to serve the just interests of the state.” Balkin, “Populism and Progressivism as Constitutional Categories,” Yale Law Journal 104 (1995): 1956. Balkin was actually discussing Cass R. Sunstein, who abuses Madison’s name in the same way as Bork. I owe this reference to Eugene Volokh. 132. James Madison, “Charters,” in Madison: Writings
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103 (1989): 1–39; and Laurence Tribe, Constitutional Law, 2nd ed. (Mineola, NY: Foundation Press, 1988), p. 578. 136. Cass R. Sunstein, “Free Speech Now,” University of Chicago Law Review 59 (1992): 268. 137. Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 30: “[A] major problem with the
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is; indeed, it would be extremely difficult to figure out what that relationship might be, if it would exist in recognizable form at all.” 138. Cass R. Sunstein, “A New Deal for Speech,” Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal 17 (1994): 140. 139. Tribe, “Curvature of Constitutional Space,” 7. 140. Ibid., 7–8
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–38 (1949). 63. Energy Reserves Group, Inc. v. Kansas Power & Light, 459 U.S. 400, 411 (1983). 64. Powers, 379 F.3d at 1219. 65. Cass R. Sunstein, “Naked Preferences and the Constitution,” Columbia Law Review 84 (1984): 1689. 66. See Clinton Rossiter, ed., The Federalist Papers (New York: New American Library, 1961
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Law Review 38 (1988): 60–61; and Chrestensen v. Valentine, 122 F.2d 511, 524 (2d Cir. 1941) (Frank, J., dissenting). 7. See, for example, Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 3. (“for most of the nation’s history, no serious person thought
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that “the public at large receives adequate consideration in exchange for the giving.” Bell and Parchomovsky, “Givings,” 550, 617. 76. Dibadj, “Regulatory Givings,” 1124. 77. Cass R. Sunstein, Democracy and the Problem of Free Speech (New York: Free Press, 1993), p. 30. 78. Richard Pipes, Property and Freedom (New York: Knopf, 1999); and
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. United States v. Butler, 297 U.S. 1 (1936). 9. A.L.A. Schechter Poultry Corp. v. United States, 295 U.S. 495 (1935). 10. Cass R. Sunstein, “Constitutionalism after the New Deal,” Harvard Law Review 101 (1987): 447–48. 11. See generally Amity Shlaes, The Forgotten Man (New York: HarperCollins, 2007); Arthur
The Elements of Choice: Why the Way We Decide Matters
by Eric J. Johnson · 12 Oct 2021 · 362pp · 103,087 words
to mind most easily is another important way that designers can change choice. * * * — The term choice architecture was coined by my friends Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein in their book Nudge. The field has had that name for only a little over a decade, but the idea of choice architecture has been
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architecture. Too often, nudges are interpreted to mean changing everyone’s behavior in a single direction. But we can customize choice architecture. Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein call this customized nudging—that is, applying different architecture to different people, so that each person is encouraged to make the right choice. There are
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the path to better outcomes lies not in giving people money for their organs but in helping them think about the problem. Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein suggest something they call prompted choice: asking in a nonthreatening environment, where potential donors can consider the options more carefully, like during their annual physical
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they choose, even if it was heavily influenced by the default. In addition, they seem content with their choice. Is this acceptable? Lucia Reisch and Cass Sunstein conducted a worldwide survey to see if people endorsed setting green energy as the default. They found that across countries, a majority are in favor
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. One final point about awareness: we might think, in the abstract, that a change in choice architecture is acceptable. In an extensive stream of research, Cass Sunstein and Lucia Reisch have done surveys asking people if they find certain interventions acceptable. For example, they ask people whether defaulting customers into green, sustainable
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not know that I was studying choice architecture for most of the time I was doing research in the area. My friends Richard Thaler and Cass Sunstein coined the term choice architecture in Nudge, and this gave much of my research a great descriptive name. There have been many influences during my
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the paths of the estate. I would go back anytime. Early comments on the book idea and on very early drafts came from Bob Cialdini, Cass Sunstein, Chip Heath, and Daniel Kahneman. Their comments were very helpful, and they have all served as inspirations. The last two years of more serious work
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-moments.html?page=2. Heath, Chip, Richard P. Larrick, and George Wu. “Goals as Reference Points.” Cognitive Psychology 38 (1999): 79–109. Hedlin, Simon, and Cass R. Sunstein. “Does Active Choosing Promote Green Energy Use: Experimental Evidence.” Ecology Law Quarterly 43, no. 1 (2016). doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2624359
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and the Coase Theorem.” Journal of Political Economy 98, no. 6 (December 1990): 1325–48. http://www.jstor.org/stable/2937761. Kaiser, Micha, Manuela Bernauer, Cass R. Sunstein, and Lucia A. Reisch. “The Power of Green Defaults: The Impact of Regional Variation of Opt-Out Tariffs on Green Energy Demand in Germany.” Ecological
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Its Objective Bases.” Consciousness and Cognition 13, no. 1 (March 2004): 47–60. doi:10.1016/s1053-8100(03)00049-7. Reisch, Lucia A., and Cass R. Sunstein. “Do Europeans Like Nudges?” Judgment and Decision Making 11, no. 4 (July 4, 2016): 310–25. doi:10.2139/ssrn.2739118. “Retirement Benefits.” Social Security
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Trying to Break Even—The Effects of Prior Outcomes on Risky Choice.” Management Science 36, no. 6 (June 1990): 643–60. Thaler, Richard H., and Cass R. Sunstein. Nudge. Penguin Books, 2009. “300-Page iPhone Bill.” Wikipedia, December 20, 2020. https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/300-page_iPhone_bill. “2016 Election Forecast.” FiveThirtyEight
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Speculative Everything: Design, Fiction, and Social Dreaming
by Anthony Dunne and Fiona Raby · 22 Nov 2013 · 165pp · 45,397 words
The Googlization of Everything:
by Siva Vaidhyanathan · 1 Jan 2010 · 281pp · 95,852 words
Hacking Politics: How Geeks, Progressives, the Tea Party, Gamers, Anarchists and Suits Teamed Up to Defeat SOPA and Save the Internet
by David Moon, Patrick Ruffini, David Segal, Aaron Swartz, Lawrence Lessig, Cory Doctorow, Zoe Lofgren, Jamie Laurie, Ron Paul, Mike Masnick, Kim Dotcom, Tiffiniy Cheng, Alexis Ohanian, Nicole Powers and Josh Levy · 30 Apr 2013 · 452pp · 134,502 words
The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom
by Evgeny Morozov · 16 Nov 2010 · 538pp · 141,822 words
The Fissured Workplace
by David Weil · 17 Feb 2014 · 518pp · 147,036 words
Winner-Take-All Politics: How Washington Made the Rich Richer-And Turned Its Back on the Middle Class
by Paul Pierson and Jacob S. Hacker · 14 Sep 2010 · 602pp · 120,848 words
Mindwise: Why We Misunderstand What Others Think, Believe, Feel, and Want
by Nicholas Epley · 11 Feb 2014 · 369pp · 90,630 words
The Innovation Illusion: How So Little Is Created by So Many Working So Hard
by Fredrik Erixon and Bjorn Weigel · 3 Oct 2016 · 504pp · 126,835 words
Never Let a Serious Crisis Go to Waste: How Neoliberalism Survived the Financial Meltdown
by Philip Mirowski · 24 Jun 2013 · 662pp · 180,546 words
Thinking in Bets
by Annie Duke · 6 Feb 2018 · 288pp · 81,253 words
I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted
by Nick Bilton · 13 Sep 2010 · 236pp · 77,098 words
No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State
by Glenn Greenwald · 12 May 2014 · 253pp · 75,772 words
The Willpower Instinct: How Self-Control Works, Why It Matters, and What You Can Doto Get More of It
by Kelly McGonigal · 1 Dec 2011 · 354pp · 91,875 words
Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives
by Tim Harford · 3 Oct 2016 · 349pp · 95,972 words
Loonshots: How to Nurture the Crazy Ideas That Win Wars, Cure Diseases, and Transform Industries
by Safi Bahcall · 19 Mar 2019 · 393pp · 115,217 words
The Boy Who Could Change the World: The Writings of Aaron Swartz
by Aaron Swartz and Lawrence Lessig · 5 Jan 2016 · 377pp · 110,427 words
Palaces for the People: How Social Infrastructure Can Help Fight Inequality, Polarization, and the Decline of Civic Life
by Eric Klinenberg · 10 Sep 2018 · 281pp · 83,505 words
Everybody Lies: Big Data, New Data, and What the Internet Can Tell Us About Who We Really Are
by Seth Stephens-Davidowitz · 8 May 2017 · 337pp · 86,320 words
The Wisdom of Crowds
by James Surowiecki · 1 Jan 2004 · 326pp · 106,053 words
Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive in the Hybrid Economy
by Lawrence Lessig · 2 Jan 2009
Intertwingled: Information Changes Everything
by Peter Morville · 14 May 2014 · 165pp · 50,798 words
The Corporation: The Pathological Pursuit of Profit and Power
by Joel Bakan · 1 Jan 2003
Adapt: Why Success Always Starts With Failure
by Tim Harford · 1 Jun 2011 · 459pp · 103,153 words
The Knowledge Illusion
by Steven Sloman · 10 Feb 2017 · 313pp · 91,098 words
Testosterone Rex: Myths of Sex, Science, and Society
by Cordelia Fine · 13 Jan 2017 · 312pp · 83,998 words
Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media Collide
by Henry Jenkins · 31 Jul 2006
Actionable Gamification: Beyond Points, Badges and Leaderboards
by Yu-Kai Chou · 13 Apr 2015 · 420pp · 130,503 words
The Formula: How Algorithms Solve All Our Problems-And Create More
by Luke Dormehl · 4 Nov 2014 · 268pp · 75,850 words
A Manual for Creating Atheists
by Peter Boghossian · 1 Nov 2013 · 257pp · 77,030 words
The Half Has Never Been Told: Slavery and the Making of American Capitalism
by Edward E. Baptist · 24 Oct 2016
Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World
by Bruce Schneier · 2 Mar 2015 · 598pp · 134,339 words
Why We're Polarized
by Ezra Klein · 28 Jan 2020 · 412pp · 96,251 words
Grouped: How Small Groups of Friends Are the Key to Influence on the Social Web
by Paul Adams · 1 Nov 2011 · 123pp · 32,382 words
Being Wrong: Adventures in the Margin of Error
by Kathryn Schulz · 7 Jun 2010 · 486pp · 148,485 words
Eat People: And Other Unapologetic Rules for Game-Changing Entrepreneurs
by Andy Kessler · 1 Feb 2011 · 272pp · 64,626 words
Masters of Management: How the Business Gurus and Their Ideas Have Changed the World—for Better and for Worse
by Adrian Wooldridge · 29 Nov 2011 · 460pp · 131,579 words
The Self-Made Billionaire Effect: How Extreme Producers Create Massive Value
by John Sviokla and Mitch Cohen · 30 Dec 2014 · 252pp · 70,424 words
Inside the Nudge Unit: How Small Changes Can Make a Big Difference
by David Halpern · 26 Aug 2015 · 387pp · 120,155 words
The Precariat: The New Dangerous Class
by Guy Standing · 27 Feb 2011 · 209pp · 89,619 words
Them And Us: Politics, Greed And Inequality - Why We Need A Fair Society
by Will Hutton · 30 Sep 2010 · 543pp · 147,357 words
Stuffocation
by James Wallman · 6 Dec 2013 · 296pp · 82,501 words
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
by Yochai Benkler · 14 May 2006 · 678pp · 216,204 words
Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow
by Tim Jackson · 8 Dec 2016 · 573pp · 115,489 words
Economic Dignity
by Gene Sperling · 14 Sep 2020 · 667pp · 149,811 words
The Confidence Game: The Psychology of the Con and Why We Fall for It Every Time
by Maria Konnikova · 28 Jan 2016 · 384pp · 118,572 words
The Fifth Domain: Defending Our Country, Our Companies, and Ourselves in the Age of Cyber Threats
by Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake · 15 Jul 2019 · 409pp · 112,055 words
From Peoples into Nations
by John Connelly · 11 Nov 2019
Evicted: Poverty and Profit in the American City
by Matthew Desmond · 1 Mar 2016 · 444pp · 138,781 words
American Secession: The Looming Threat of a National Breakup
by F. H. Buckley · 14 Jan 2020
Denialism: How Irrational Thinking Hinders Scientific Progress, Harms the Planet, and Threatens Our Lives
by Michael Specter · 14 Apr 2009 · 281pp · 79,958 words
Mine!: How the Hidden Rules of Ownership Control Our Lives
by Michael A. Heller and James Salzman · 2 Mar 2021 · 332pp · 100,245 words
The Road to Character
by David Brooks · 13 Apr 2015 · 353pp · 110,919 words
This Will Make You Smarter: 150 New Scientific Concepts to Improve Your Thinking
by John Brockman · 14 Feb 2012 · 416pp · 106,582 words
Rentier Capitalism: Who Owns the Economy, and Who Pays for It?
by Brett Christophers · 17 Nov 2020 · 614pp · 168,545 words
Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control
by Stuart Russell · 7 Oct 2019 · 416pp · 112,268 words
The Nowhere Office: Reinventing Work and the Workplace of the Future
by Julia Hobsbawm · 11 Apr 2022 · 172pp · 50,777 words
The Loop: How Technology Is Creating a World Without Choices and How to Fight Back
by Jacob Ward · 25 Jan 2022 · 292pp · 94,660 words
Licence to be Bad
by Jonathan Aldred · 5 Jun 2019 · 453pp · 111,010 words
The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age
by David E. Sanger · 18 Jun 2018 · 394pp · 117,982 words
SEDATED: How Modern Capitalism Created Our Mental Health Crisis
by James. Davies · 15 Nov 2021 · 307pp · 88,085 words
Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events
by Robert J. Shiller · 14 Oct 2019 · 611pp · 130,419 words
Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology
by Anu Bradford · 25 Sep 2023 · 898pp · 236,779 words
People Powered: How Communities Can Supercharge Your Business, Brand, and Teams
by Jono Bacon · 12 Nov 2019 · 302pp · 73,946 words
Markets, State, and People: Economics for Public Policy
by Diane Coyle · 14 Jan 2020 · 384pp · 108,414 words
The Death of Truth: Notes on Falsehood in the Age of Trump
by Michiko Kakutani · 17 Jul 2018 · 137pp · 38,925 words
This Could Be Our Future: A Manifesto for a More Generous World
by Yancey Strickler · 29 Oct 2019 · 254pp · 61,387 words