Charlemagne

Lotharingia: A Personal History of Europe's Lost Country
by Simon Winder
Published 22 Apr 2019

When she died a couple of years later, her successors continued to view themselves rightly as the true Roman emperors and Charlemagne’s successors as a barbarian Goon Show – but it was too late. This new Western Roman Empire lasted for almost exactly a thousand years and was ended only by Napoleon, who before his own crowning as Emperor of the French came to stand and mull before Charlemagne’s throne in Aachen, in the engagingly stagey way at which he excelled. Once Charlemagne was declared Emperor his successors were always Western Europe’s most senior ruler, however ragged and embarrassing their real circumstances. Charlemagne’s super-status reflected his bursting the bonds of mere regional chieftaincy.

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Imperial grandeur and decay It would be special pleading on a grand scale to pretend that Christian Western Europe’s situation did not become fairly poor during the century after Charlemagne’s death. Indeed, it has been convincingly argued that the cult of Charlemagne really only got under way in the ghastly and nostalgic world of the 880s. Notker the Stammerer’s extensive if unreliable anecdotes of Charlemagne were written to cheer up the sad, hopeless, ill Emperor Charles III ‘the Fat’, looking back on a golden world of order and achievement, free both of marauders and of a seemingly limitless supply of mean, disloyal vassals. By 882, in a thoughtful piece of symbolic redecoration, a Viking army had converted Charlemagne’s chapel at Aachen into stables.

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But under all circumstances, the greatest hero always remained the same: Charlemagne. You can get a strong sense of the awe around Charlemagne at the Great Minster in Zürich. This extraordinary church was picked almost clean during the Reformation. The coral-like accretions of religious figures and visual stories were all pulled down, scraped off and destroyed, leaving the church as a model for Zwingli’s vision of the believer’s direct relationship with God: every intercessor, every pictorial distraction a snare and falsity. The one exception permitted was to keep a gigantic late-medieval statue of Charlemagne – the notional founder of the building.

The Death of Money: The Coming Collapse of the International Monetary System
by James Rickards
Published 7 Apr 2014

Charlemagne was the first emperor to include parts of present-day Germany, the Netherlands, and the Czech Republic with the former Roman provinces and Italy, to form a unified entity along geographic lines that resemble modern western Europe. Charlemagne is called, by popes and laymen alike, pater Europae, the Father of Europe. Charlemagne was more than a king and conqueror, although he was both. He prized literacy and scholarship as well as the arts, and he created a court at Aachen comprised of the finest minds of the early Middle Ages such as Saint Alcuin of York, considered “the most learned man anywhere” by Charlemagne’s contemporary and biographer, Einhard. The achievements of Charlemagne and his court in education, art, and architecture gave rise to what historians call the Carolingian Renaissance, a burst of light to end an extended dark age.

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In these respects, he embraced a policy the European Union today calls subsidiarity: the idea that uniform regulation should be applied only in areas where it is necessary to achieve efficiencies for the greater good; otherwise local custom and practice should prevail. Charlemagne’s monetary reforms should seem quite familiar to the European Central Bank. The European monetary standard prior to Charlemagne was a gold sou, derived from solidus, a Byzantine Roman coin introduced by Emperor Constantine I in A.D. 312. Gold had been supplied to the Roman Empire since ancient times from sources near the Upper Nile and Anatolia. However, Islam’s rise in the seventh century, and losses in Italy to the Byzantine Empire, cut off trade routes between East and West. This resulted in a gold shortage and tight monetary conditions in Charlemagne’s western empire.

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Today the euro waits in the wings, one more threat to the hegemony of the dollar. Europe has been united before: not all of it in the geographic sense, but enough to constitute a distinct European polity in contrast to a mere city, kingdom, or country in the area called Europe. That unity arose in Charlemagne’s Frankish Empire, the Frankenreich, near the turn of the ninth century. The similarities of Charlemagne’s empire to twenty-first-century Europe are striking and instructive to those, especially in the United States, who struggle to understand European dynamics today. While many focus on the divisions, nationalities, and distinct cultures within Europe, a small group of leaders, supported by their citizens, continue the work of European unification begun in the ashes of the Second World War.

The Eternal City: A History of Rome
by Ferdinand Addis
Published 6 Nov 2018

And so indeed he proved. By the time of his death in AD 814, Charles – Charlemagne – had established the largest dominion western Europe had seen since the fall of the Roman empire, a territory that encompassed most of modern France, Germany and Italy, stretching from the Elbe to the Pyrenees. With vast territory came vast ambition: Charlemagne had a vision, a dream of power that was not just the power of the mailed fist and the lance. He was not content merely to be a warlord. Frankia, in Charlemagne’s dream, was a new Israel. Charlemagne himself was David or Josiah, a holy monarch, set on high by the Lord to lead his people to a new state of religious and political perfection.

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Yet still he was some kind of bishop, and from the point of view of the king of the Franks and the Italians, conqueror of Saxons and Saracens, it made no odds at all if the pope was, as he claimed, the senior bishop of all Christendom and the very rock and foundation of God’s church – he was still at best, as one historian has put it, no more than Charlemagne’s ‘senior vice president for prayer’. Supreme authority, both temporal and spiritual, would always rest with Charlemagne himself. This was not a novel conception. On the contrary, Charlemagne had only to look east across the Adriatic Sea to find a model: the Byzantine emperor. And indeed, if you thought about it – as Charlemagne doubtless did – there was something absurd about the contrast between that emperor, with his tiny rump state on the Bosphorus, and the king of the Franks whose lands extended beyond the dreams of the ancient Caesars.

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Christianity in Ireland, for example, isolated even before the empire fell, developed in a quite different way to Christianity in Frankia or Visigothic Spain.† Charlemagne, conqueror of many nations, found many incompatible Christianities practised by his subjects. To bring these into order – to build his perfect kingdom, in other words – even the formidable scholarship of the Frankish bishops was inadequate. For a realm that extended from Germany to Spain, some religious authority had to be found that would transcend the merely national. There was only one answer. Charlemagne turned to Rome. In AD 774, Charlemagne’s armies wrapped up the conquest of the Lombard kingdom of Italy. It was surprisingly straightforward; no army could stand against the assembled might of the Frankish warrior aristocracy.

A Brief History of Everyone Who Ever Lived
by Adam Rutherford
Published 7 Sep 2016

Even Einhard, his dedicated servant and biographer, wouldn’t get drawn into the specifics of Charlemagne’s early life in his fawning magnum opus, The Life of Charles the Great. The very fact that this account exists – probably the first biography of a European ruler – is testament to how important he was (or at least was seen to be). In many European languages, the word ‘king’ is itself derived from Charlemagne’s name. He was the son of Pippin the Short,1 an aggressive ruler of France who expanded the Frankish kingdom until his death during the return journey from a campaign against the persistently rebellious realm of Aquitaine in 768. Charlemagne stepped up as his successor, and continued the expansion with aplomb.

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This is science working, and deserves recognition as such – a self-correcting way of acquiring knowledge and understanding. 3 When we were kings i: The king lives on Charlemagne, Carolingian King of the Franks, Holy Roman Emperor, the great European conciliator; your ancestor. I am making an assumption that you are broadly of European descent, which is not statistically unreasonable but certainly not definitive. If you’re not, be patient, and we’ll come to your own very regal ancestry soon enough. Along with Alexander and Alfred, Charlemagne is one of a handful of kings who gets awarded the post-nominal accolade ‘the Great’. His early life remains mysterious and the stories are assembled from various sources, but it seems he was born around 742 CE, just at the time when the Plague of Justinian was dispatching millions at the eastern edge of the moribund Roman Empire.

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He battled the Saxons to the north-east, the Lombards in Italy, and Muslims in Spain. He capitalized on his father’s good political relations with the Vatican, and in 800, was crowned the first Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III in St Peter’s Basilica, an event so momentous that Charlemagne marked it by giving Leo one of the great medieval relics as a thank you – the Holy Prepuce, better known as Jesus’ foreskin.2 A fecund ruler, Charlemagne sired at least eighteen children by motley wives and concubines, including nine by his second wife, Hildegard of Vinzgau. These kin included Charles the Younger, Pippin the Hunchback, Drogo of Metz, Hruodrud, Ruodhaid, Adalheid, Hludowic, and not forgetting Hugh, and he consolidated his reign by installing many of his sons in positions of power across the expanding empire.

Escape From Rome: The Failure of Empire and the Road to Prosperity
by Walter Scheidel
Published 14 Oct 2019

Because this tendency was particularly pronounced in times of relative strength, it effectively acted as a built-in—almost homeostatic—constraint on durable state formation.40 As noted, only periods of unity sustained expansion and consolidation. In this respect, one might consider Charlemagne’s efflorescence the rare product of unusually good luck. His brother and rival king Carloman died after only three years of corule, opening up the path to an exceptionally long spell of one-man rule—Charlemagne’s longevity was almost twice the average life span of the other eight Carolingian monarchs (all of whom appear to have died of natural causes), seventy-two compared to thirty-eight and a half years. The Frankish apogee under Charlemagne was the exception that proved the rule. But even more powerful processes were steadily eroding state capabilities: the loss of centralized fiscal extraction and redistribution that made it harder for rulers to manage their senior followers, raise armies, and lay claim to the surplus produced by the working population, and the concurrent ascent of increasingly autonomous aristocrats who came to control material resources as well as military assets in ways that hollowed out royal power and ultimately the state itself.

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This accounts for the four documented spurts of activity from 687 to 714 (under Pepin, who scored victories against Frisians and Alemanni), from 718 to 741 (under Charles Martel, who confronted invading Arabs and Berbers as well as Frisians, Saxons, and Bavarians), from 751 to 768 (under another Pepin, the Short, the first Carolingian to claim the kingship, who entered into an alliance with the papacy and intervened on its behalf against the Lombards in Italy), and most strikingly from 772 to 814, under Charlemagne. This fourth and longest phase of unity produced the most ambitious advances: Frankish forces subjugated the Saxons between the lower Rhine and the Elbe, annexed the central and eastern Alps and the adjacent Danube basin, shattered the confederation of Pannonia’s Avars, compelled various Slavic groups between the Elbe and the Oder and in Pannonia to accept tributary obligations, campaigned south of the Pyrenees, and, most important, overcame Lombard resistance in northern and central Italy. The last of these accomplishments enabled Charlemagne to share control over the Duchy of Rome and parts of the northern Italian peninsula with the papacy and offer it protection.

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Thus, given the spatial and demographic heft of the Carolingian empire at the beginning of the ninth century, the pace of its expansion during the preceding decades, and the serious shortcomings of its main competitors in Europe, we might reasonably expect Charlemagne’s immediate successors (the emperor himself passed away in 814 at the ripe old age of seventy-two) to have been in a strong position to continue the reunification of what had once been Roman Europe and to add substance to the title of Roman emperor—and, perhaps, even to lay the foundations for more durable unity along the lines of the Roman model. What happened was exactly the opposite. In keeping with Frankish custom reaching back three centuries, Charlemagne had made arrangements for dividing his kingdom among three sons (for the Franks, Lombards, and Aquitaine).

Eurowhiteness: Culture, Empire and Race in the European Project
by Hans Kundnani
Published 16 Aug 2023

These descriptions and images “helped to conflate the Red with the Yellow menace”, as Forlenza puts it.39 This idea of European integration as a Christian civilisational project also explains the significance of Charlemagne in its early phase. It was not just that, after the loss of Belgian and French colonies in Africa, the territory of the EEC coincided with the Carolingian empire, but also that the European project was imagined as a continuation of it in cultural and political terms. In his speech after being awarded the Charlemagne prize in 1950, Richard Coudenhove-Kalergi described the ECSC as the beginning of a “renewal of the Empire of Charlemagne”.40 According to Jean Monnet, Charles de Gaulle also imagined European integration in terms of “giving modern economic, social, strategic, and cultural shape to the work of Charlemagne”.41 Adenauer, the West German chancellor from 1949 to 1963, embodies the “pro-European” civilisational thinking of the time perhaps more than anyone.

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After this, the offensive mission would be revived—and in the early modern period spread to other parts of the world that Europeans discovered. More than anyone else, the figure who embodies the medieval idea of Europe is Charles Martel’s grandson Charlemagne (747–814), who expanded the Frankish state into the Carolingian Empire, covering much of western Europe, that later evolved into the Holy Roman Empire. Charlemagne continued the Christianisation of Europe, often brutally, and, after crossing the Pyrenees in 778, played a key role in the Reconquista—a role mythologised in the eleventh-century epic poem “The Song of Roland”. Because he unified at least the western half of the continent, reconnecting what are now Italy and France, he was described by contemporaries as the “father of Europe”.13 He remains a European figurehead or icon to this day: the most prestigious prize for “work done in the service of European unification” is still awarded in his name every year in Aachen, where he was buried in 814.

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See migration Atlantic slave trade, 50 Attlee, Clement, 165 Austro-Hungarian empire, 115 Austria, 142 Azov Battalion, 149 Baltic states, 129, 130, 147 Banks, Arron, 156 barbarians, 43, 44, 55–6 “barbarism”, 43, 44, 64, 77 Barroso, José Manuel, 13–14, 107 Bataclan massacre (Nov 2015), 140 Battle of Tours (732), 44 BBC, 149, 163, 176 Beck, Ulrich, 17–18, 69, 113, 115 Begum, Neema, 161 Belarus, 145 Belgian Congo, 62, 76 Belgium, 71, 74, 75, 76 Ben Ali, Zine El Abidine, 110, 128 Berlin Conference (1884–5), 59, 75 Betts, Paul, 77, 79 Bhambra, Gurminder, 170, 171, 173, 177 Bickerton, Chris, 99–100 Blair government, 168 Bolkestein, Frits, 112, 142 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 55 Böröcz, József, 117–18 Borrell, Josep, 148, 150, 151 Braudel, Fernand, 50 Brexit, 8–11, 153–79 “Breaking Point” poster, 156 decolonial project, 170–4 expression of racism, 153, 156, 158, 160–4 Macron’s view, 136 memory of empire, 156–7 “postcolonial melancholia”, 174–9 race and, 9–10 referendum (2016), 11, 155–6, 158, 167 rejection of immigration, 156, 158, 161, 165–9 sovereignty concerns, 159 Vote Leave campaign, 156 British immigration policy, 10, 165, 178 Brown, Megan, 72, 75, 86 Brubaker, Rogers, 36–7 Buck-Morss, Susan, 56 Bulgaria, 109 Bundesbank, 101 Calhoun, Craig, 23 Campbell, Sol, 163 Camus, Renaud, 37 capitalism, 81 Castle, Barbara, 87, 167 central Europe idea, 105–6, 107–8 “return to Europe” idea, 113–18 Césaire, Aimé, 93 Chakrabarty, Dipesh, 97 Charlemagne, 47 Charlemagne Prize, 47, 63, 79, 111, 166 Chatterjee, Partha, 28–9 China, 25, 130, 138 “Christian civilisation”, 78–80 Christian Democrats, 78–9, 82, 135 Christianity, 36, 116–17 in Cold War context, 78–9 Medieval Europe and, 44–8 Churchill, Winston, 78 civic regionalism, 3–4, 20–2, 23–4, 34, 48, 81–6, 126 “civilian power”, 120–1 Clash of Civilisations, The (Huntington), 142 Code Noir, 52, 56 Cold War, 10, 14, 16, 17, 27, 77–9, 80, 81, 89, 95, 104, 105, 106, 121, 150, 167 post-Cold War period, 97–8, 99, 100, 102, 117, 118–19 Colley, Linda, 32 Columbus, Christopher, 50, 55 Commission for Racial Equality, 9 Common Agricultural Policy, 162 Common Security and Defence Policy (CSDP), 122 Commonwealth Immigrants Act (1962), 166 Commonwealth, 87, 154, 161, 164–8, 169, 178 Constantinople, 46 “constitutive outsiders”, 33 Convention on the Future of the European Union, 103 “cosmopolitan Europe”, 13, 15–19, 56, 97–8 Coudenhove-Kalergi, Richard von, 62–3, 80 COVID-19 pandemic, 29 Crete, 43 Crimea, annexation of (2014), 129 Crusades, 45, 46 CSDP.

The Basque History of the World
by Mark Kurlansky
Published 4 Jul 2010

Possibly some escaped, but it is certain that they killed Roland or Hruodlandus, two others close to Charlemagne, and a significant part of the force. Then the Basque forces simply dispersed, going home to their mountain villages, so that there was no Basque army for Charlemagne to pursue in vengeance. Pamplona was left to revert to Muslim rule. At the end of the poem, tears are rolling over the white beard of Charlemagne as he says, “Oh God, how hard my life is.” But, in fact, Charlemagne never recorded the encounter. The Basque attack of August 15, 778, was to be the only defeat Charlemagne’s army ever suffered in his long military career. The first record of the battle was written in 829, after the death of Charlemagne, and states that the French army, although far larger, was defeated by Basques.

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From the opening lines—”King Charles, the Great, our Emperor, has stayed in Spain for seven years”—the poem is historically wrong. Charlemagne had only spent a few months in Spain, and the ones betrayed were not the French but the Muslims. There was no Ganelon, but there was a Suleiman, a Muslim who was feuding with the emir in Cordoba over control of the Ebro Valley. In 777, Suleiman, wishing to take the Ebro away from the emir’s control, had crossed the Pyrenees to offer Charlemagne a list of cities above the great river that he had arranged to have fall to the Franks without a fight. Seeing an opportunity, Charlemagne crossed into Spain in spring 778 from the Mediterranean side, the old Visigoth path of conquest.

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After centuries of obscurity, this epic poem titled La Chanson de Roland (The Song of Roland), became a classic of French literature. Revered for the extraordinary beauty of its Old French verse, it tells of Charlemagne’s great victories in Iberia against the Muslims and how he had now decided to return to France. He marched his army through the Roncesvalles pass. Just as the last of his men were climbing out of the pine forest to the narrow rocky port, leaving Charlemagne’s nephew, Roland, to hold the pass, the Muslims attacked. Roland fought valiantly with his great sword, but the Franks had been betrayed to the Muslims by Ganelon, a traitor from their own ranks, and faced with the overwhelming numbers of two huge Moorish armies, Roland died in the pass, saving Europe from that fate-worse-than-death, the Muslims.

Germany Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst MUSEUM (Ludwig Forum for International Art; 180 7104; www.ludwigforum.de; Jülicherstrasse 97-109; adult/child €5/3; noon-6pm Tue, Wed & Fri, noon-8pm Thu, 11am-6pm Sat & Sun) In a former umbrella factory, the Ludwig Forum für Internationale Kunst trains the spotlight on contemporary art (Warhol, Immendorf, Holzer, Penck, Haring etc) and also stages progressive changing exhibits. ROUTE CHARLEMAGNE The Route Charlemagne is designed to showcase Aachen’s 1200-year tradition as a European city of culture and science. The city’s sites are linked together and many have special exhibits related to the theme. A large future information centre with displays is planned for the old building on the west side of the Katschhof. It is hoped it will open by 2014. In the meantime, the Route Charlemagne Information Centre (www.route-charlemagne.eu; Haus Löwenstein, Markt; 10am-6pm) is in one of Aachen’s few surviving medieval townhouses.

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He was absolved, but the Reich was convulsed by a 20-year civil war on the issue, which was finally resolved in a treaty signed in the Rhineland-Palatinate town of Worms in 1122. Two Lives of Charlemagne (2008; Penguin Classics) is a striking biography of Charlemagne, beautifully composed by a monk and a courtier who spent 23 years in Charlemagne’s court. Under Friedrich I Barbarossa (r 1152–90), Aachen assumed the role of Reich capital and was granted its rights of liberty in 1165, the year Charlemagne was canonised. Meanwhile, Heinrich der Löwe (Henry the Lion), a member of the House of Welf with an eye for Saxony and Bavaria, extended influence eastwards in campaigns to Germanise and convert the Slavs who populated much of today’s eastern Germany.

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Resources »Ruhr Tourismus (www.ruhr-tourismus.de) »Industrial Heritage Trail (www.route-industriekultur.de) »100 Schlösser Route (www.100-schloesser-route.de) »Route Charlemagne Information Centre (www. route-charlemagne.eu) »Hotel Drei Könige (Click here) Cologne & Northern Rhineland Highlights Feel your spirits soar as you climb the the majestic loftiness of Cologne’s Dom (Click here) Live the good life in the comfy surrounds of Düsseldorf (Click here) Experience a 21st-century spin on the industrial age at the Zollverein coal mine (Click here) in Essen Step back to the Middle Ages in Aachen (Click here), with memories of Charlemagne around every corner Enjoy the vibrant life of Münster (Click here), where great history combines with youthful pleasures Taste the unique beers of the region in the many splendid old restaurants (Click here) Realise that Germany’s Roman history almost rivals Italy’s in Xanten (Click here) COLOGNE 0221 / POP 1 MILLION Cologne (Köln) offers seemingly endless attractions, led by its famous cathedral with filigree twin spires that dominate the skyline.

Venice: A New History
by Thomas F. Madden
Published 24 Oct 2012

The last were so thoroughly defeated that Charlemagne established a new government in the region, adding “King of the Lombards” to his growing list of titles. As a result of all this warfare, Charlemagne had cobbled together a mighty kingdom that included what is today France, Germany, and northern Italy. It almost seemed as if the days of the Roman Empire, with one ruler and some measure of peace, had been restored. Indeed, that is just what Pope Leo III thought. On Christmas Day 800 during a visit to Rome, Charlemagne knelt before the pope to receive his blessing. Leo produced a crown, which he placed on Charlemagne’s head, proclaiming him “emperor of the Romans.”

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This settlement allowed him to maintain the fiction that the lagoon did indeed belong to him. The problem of Venice’s unique status, however, was not resolved and it would only be ironed out between Charlemagne and the Byzantines two years later. As he grew older, Charlemagne became obsessed with a desire to have Constantinople recognize him as the western Roman emperor. Rather than face more wars in Italy and Istria, the emperor in Constantinople agreed to send a delegation to the tiny Frankish capital at Aachen to hail Charlemagne as emperor. As part of the deal, Charlemagne confirmed that the Venetian lagoon was under the jurisdiction of the eastern emperor, and therefore not part of the Carolingian empire.

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Leo produced a crown, which he placed on Charlemagne’s head, proclaiming him “emperor of the Romans.” Although Charlemagne later insisted that he knew nothing of the pope’s plans, he made no attempt to reject the title. Quite the contrary—he spent the rest of his life trying to live up to it. The coronation of Charlemagne was a bold statement from a recovering West. It asserted that the Roman Empire was once again restored in Europe, only this time by means of the papacy and one very successful Germanic warlord. Naturally, the real Roman government in Constantinople took a dim view of the ceremony in Rome. Charlemagne was a Frank, a barbarian, a descendant of those Germans who had dismembered the Roman Empire.

Europe: A History
by Norman Davies
Published 1 Jan 1996

PFALZ AACHEN takes its name from the Roman spa of Aquisgranium, ‘Waters of Apollo-Granus’. Its warm, healing waters explain Charlemagne’s choice for the site of his favourite residence, the Kaiserpfalz. The French name, Aix-la-Chapelle, marks the famous chapel, now part of Aachen Cathedral, which Charlemagne added to his palace. Charlemagne’s chapel was completed in 805. It is a three-tiered octagon, built in the Byzantine style of San Vitale in Ravenna, which Charlemagne had seen and admired. Its proportions are said to follow the mystical numbers of the seventh vision of St John’s Revelation.

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The Franks saw their chance to back the Pope. Indirectly, Charlemagne was the product of Muhammad (see below, pp. 284–90). According to Henri Pirenne, whose thesis shattered earlier conceptions as surely as Islam shattered the ancient world, ‘The Frankish Empire would probably never have existed without Islam, and Charlemagne without Mahomet would be inconceivable.’17 The arguments of Pirenne have been diminished on detailed points, especially regarding the alleged break in commercial relations. But they revolutionized the study of the transition from the ancient to the medieval worlds. To talk of Muhammad and Charlemagne, however, is not enough.

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Delighted, he promptly ordered two batches of Brie to be sent to Aachen every year. Charlemagne’s secretary, Einhard, recorded a similar incident four years later during the Saracen wars. Stopping in the district of Rouergue in the Midi, the King took an instant liking to the local blue cheese of ewes’ milk that was known and matured since Roman times in the limestone caves at Roquefort.1 Charlemagne’s fine cheeses were matched by a cellar of fine wines. He owned many ouvrées or ‘enclosures’ in the Burgundian vineyard at Aloxe-Corton, whose choicest Grand Cru white, ‘smelling of cinnamon and tasting of gunflint’, is still marketed as CORTON-CHARLEMAGNE.2 Brie de Meaux, one of France’s 500 listed cheeses, dates from the era of early monastic farming.

The Library: A Fragile History
by Arthur Der Weduwen and Andrew Pettegree
Published 14 Oct 2021

Yaniv Fox, Power and Religion in Merovingian Gaul: Columbanian Monasticism and the Frankish Elites (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2014). 15. Rosamond McKitterick, Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2008), p. 306. 16. Rosamond McKitterick, The Carolingians and the Written Word (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1989). 17. McKitterick, Charlemagne, p. 316. 18. James Stuart Beddie, ‘The Ancient Classics in the Mediaeval Libraries’, Speculum, 5 (1930), pp. 3–20. 19. McKitterick, Charlemagne, pp. 331–2. 20. Donald Bullough, ‘Charlemagne’s court library revisited’, Early Mediaeval Europe, 12 (2003), pp. 339–63, here p. 341. 21.

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Monasteries and convents became the favoured destination for surplus sons and daughters who might threaten the integrity of the family inheritance, and at the same time provided a means to extend a family’s influence within the growing ecclesiastical power structure. It was under the patronage of Charlemagne (742–814) that the monasteries assumed greater political importance and took on a more active role as book producers. Over the course of his long reign, Charlemagne unified much of western and central Europe. This was a military as much as an administrative endeavour. The great ambition of Charlemagne, the first emperor in the West since the fall of Rome, was to reform the disparate territories and peoples under his Christian rule, uniting them in administration, law and faith.15 This extraordinary undertaking required a ruler with the administrative talent and vision of Charlemagne, yet it could not have been achieved without the ecclesiastical network of monasteries.

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The great ambition of Charlemagne, the first emperor in the West since the fall of Rome, was to reform the disparate territories and peoples under his Christian rule, uniting them in administration, law and faith.15 This extraordinary undertaking required a ruler with the administrative talent and vision of Charlemagne, yet it could not have been achieved without the ecclesiastical network of monasteries. The Christian Church was the common denominator in Charlemagne’s empire, and Latin was the only tongue that could unite it. One of Charlemagne’s primary concerns was the accuracy of language and its proper usage by his clergy, administrators and subjects. This was not the pedantic hobby of a linguist: the emphasis on correctness was of vital importance for church dogma and the precise performance of ecclesiastical rituals that underpinned Christian worship.

Vanished Kingdoms: The Rise and Fall of States and Nations
by Norman Davies
Published 30 Sep 2009

sols resto l’única filla Seule, je reste l’unique fille de l’imperi Carlemany. de l’empire de Charlemagne, creient i lliure croyante et libre onze segles depuis onze siècles, creient i lliure vull ser pour toujours je veux l’être siguin els furs mos tutors que les Fueros soient mes tuteurs i mos prínceps defensors. et les princes mes protecteurs!11 (‘My father, the great Charlemagne, / saved me from the Arabs, / and Meritxell, my great mother, / gave me life from Heaven. / I was born a princess, an heiress / neutral between two nations. / I remain alone, the one and only daughter / of Charlemagne’s empire. /Faithful and free /for eleven centuries, / I wish to be so for ever, / may the customary laws be my tutors / and the princes my protectors.’) The Andorrans still sing of Charlemagne for their country started life under his rule and was never incorporated by the great powers which succeeded him.

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The Carolingians, who ruled from 751 to 987, rose to prominence as ‘mayors of the palace’ of the Merovingian court at Jovis Villa (Jupille) on the River Meuse, and were descended from the famous warrior Charles Martel. Their mightiest son was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne (r. 768–814), whose dominions stretched from the Spanish March to Saxony and who raised himself to the dignity of emperor. Those same centuries saw fundamental linguistic changes. In the days of Clovis and Gundobad, the old Frankish and Scando-Burgundian tongues had still been spoken alongside the late Latin of the Gallo-Romans. By Charlemagne’s time, all these vernaculars had been replaced by a range of new idioms in the general category of Francien or ‘Old French’.

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It was as duc de France in this limited sense that Hugues Capet first rose to prominence. When, on becoming king, he applied the name to the whole of his far larger kingdom, he was giving expression to the political claim that he and his subjects were the only true heirs to the Frankish tradition of Charlemagne and Clovis. His success may be gauged from the fact that the German name of Frankreich, ‘Land of the Franks’, became attached to the western part of Charlemagne’s former empire, but not to the eastern part, which was now being subsumed into the concept of Deutschland. The shift in nomenclature was no doubt facilitated by the indifference of the Ottonian emperors, who as saxons did not take offence at the loss of the Frankish label in the east

Germany
by Andrea Schulte-Peevers
Published 17 Oct 2010

Once a federal state did take shape in the 19th century, Germany trod a tumultuous path from unification to war, from democracy to fascism and into WWII, and from there to chilly Cold War division, peaceful reunification and the country that we know today. * * * Two Lives of Charlemagne edited by Betty Radice is a striking biography of Charlemagne, beautifully composed by a monk and a courtier who spent 23 years in Charlemagne’s court. * * * Return to beginning of chapter TRIBES & THE ROMANS The early inhabitants of Germany were Celts and, later, the Germanic tribes. In the Iron Age (from around 800 BC), Germanic tribes on the North German Plain and in the Central Uplands lived on the fringes of Celtic regions and were influenced by the culture without ever melting into it.

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Kloster Lorsch in present-day Hesse is one fine relic of this era. From his grandiose residence in Aachen, Charlemagne (r 768–814), the Reich’s most important king, conquered Lombardy, won territory in Bavaria, waged a 30-year war against the Saxons in the north and was crowned Kaiser by the pope in 800. The cards were reshuffled in the 9th century, when attacks by Danes, Saracens and Magyars threw the eastern portion of Charlemagne’s empire into turmoil and four dominant duchies emerged – Bavaria, Franconia, Swabia and Saxony. Charlemagne’s burial in Aachen Dom (Aachen Cathedral; ) turned a court chapel into a major pilgrimage site (and it remains so today).

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It was an idea, mostly, and not a very good one. It grew out of the Frankish Reich, which was seen as the successor to the defunct Roman Empire. When Charlemagne’s father, Pippin, helped a beleaguered pope (Charlemagne would later do the same), he received the title Patricius Romanorum (Protector of Rome), virtually making him Caesar’s successor. Having retaken the papal territories from the Lombards, he presented them to the Church (the last of these territories is the modern Vatican state). Charlemagne’s reconstituted ‘Roman Empire’ then passed into German hands. The empire was known by various names throughout its lifetime.

Shady Characters: The Secret Life of Punctuation, Symbols, and Other Typographical Marks
by Keith Houston
Published 23 Sep 2013

Named for Charles Martel, his much-fêted grandson Charles the Great, and their many similarly christened successors, the Carolingians knitted Europe into a new empire inspired by their Roman antecedents.13 The reign of Charles the Great, or “Charlemagne,” was the very antithesis of a Dark Age, ushering in a mini-Renaissance of cultural and artistic endeavors: the study of classical works was revived, the largely illiterate clergy were educated, and disparate religious practices unified.14 Though the king himself was famously illiterate (his toadying biographer Einhard described how Charlemagne kept writing implements under his pillow and on sleepless nights tried in vain to learn the letters of his name), he was shrewd enough to direct the monk Alcuin to develop a standardized lowercase script, or Carolingian minuscule, and carried out other reforms to the more prosaic machinery of government and the state.15 In particular, a gradual standardization of currency begun under the earlier Carolingians was capped in 794 AD, when Charlemagne issued an edict fixing the coinage of his realm to the silver standard: he decreed that the coin called the denier, its name derived from an old Roman coin called the denarius, was to be minted at the rate of 240 coins per livre, or pound, of silver.16 An existing convention held that twelve deniers were equal in value to an archaic gold coin of the Byzantine Empire named the solidus, and the ratios established by the combination of these two standards—240 denarii to 20 solidi to 1 livre—defined Western monetary culture for more than a thousand years.17 Thus the libra pondo, the venerable Roman pound weight, found itself enthroned at the head of a monetary dynasty of its own.

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.”* Neatly coincidental though all this appears, nailing down the exact definition of a so-called pound is remarkably tricky. The Roman libra, for example, was divided into twelve unciae, or ounces, and weighed about 327 grams.28 Though he sought to re-create his own Holy Roman Empire, Charlemagne’s reformed livre was instead a hefty 489.6 grams, while one pound sterling is closer to the “troy pound” named for the French town of Troyes, weighing in at roughly 373 grams.29 Like the libra pondo, Charlemagne’s livre and the troy pound are both divided into twelve ounces, though these “troy ounces” are commensurately weightier than their Roman equivalents.30 Finally, the modern “international pound”—formalized from an older unit named the avoirdupois pound—comprises sixteen ounces rather than twelve and is defined to be exactly 0.45359237 kilograms.31 Little wonder the metric system is now mandated by law in all countries except the USA, Liberia, and Burma

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What, in other words, was the pilcrow all about? A web search yielded a list of books to read and sites to browse. Once I’d finished with those, I had a heaping pile of notes and a list of yet more sources to be investigated. The story of this one character took in the birth of punctuation, the ancient Greeks, the coming of Christianity, Charlemagne, medieval writing, and England’s greatest twentieth-century typographer. I started to research other marks—not only those, like the pilcrow, that hovered on the margins, but also everyday characters such as the dash (—), the ampersand (&), and the asterisk (*). An ever more diverse set of episodes, actors, and artifacts emerged: the creation of the Internet; ancient Roman graffiti; the Renaissance; Cold War double agents, and Madison Avenue at the peak of its powers.

Vanished Kingdoms: The History of Half-Forgotten Europe
by Norman Davies
Published 27 Sep 2011

sols resto l’única filla Seule, je reste l’unique fille de l’imperi Carlemany. de l’empire de Charlemagne, creient i lliure croyante et libre onze segles depuis onze siècles, creient i lliure vull ser pour toujours je veux l’être siguin els furs mos tutors que les Fueros soient mes tuteurs i mos prínceps defensors. et les princes mes protecteurs!11 (‘My father, the great Charlemagne, / saved me from the Arabs, / and Meritxell, my great mother, / gave me life from Heaven. / I was born a princess, an heiress / neutral between two nations. / I remain alone, the one and only daughter / of Charlemagne’s empire. /Faithful and free /for eleven centuries, / I wish to be so for ever, / may the customary laws be my tutors / and the princes my protectors.’) The Andorrans still sing of Charlemagne for their country started life under his rule and was never incorporated by the great powers which succeeded him.

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The Carolingians, who ruled from 751 to 987, rose to prominence as ‘mayors of the palace’ of the Merovingian court at Jovis Villa (Jupille) on the River Meuse, and were descended from the famous warrior Charles Martel. Their mightiest son was Charles the Great, or Charlemagne (r. 768–814), whose dominions stretched from the Spanish March to Saxony and who raised himself to the dignity of emperor. Those same centuries saw fundamental linguistic changes. In the days of Clovis and Gundobad, the old Frankish and Scando-Burgundian tongues had still been spoken alongside the late Latin of the Gallo-Romans. By Charlemagne’s time, all these vernaculars had been replaced by a range of new idioms in the general category of Francien or ‘Old French’.

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Few countries can boast a national song more redolent of history: El Gran Carlemany, mon Pare, Le grand Charlemagne, mon père, dels arabs em deslliura, des arabes me délivra, i del cel vida em dona et du ciel me donna la vie Meritxell, la Gran Mare. Meritxell, notre mère. Princesa nasqui i Pubilla, Je suis née princesse héritière entre dues nacions neutral neutre entre deux nations. sols resto l’única filla Seule, je reste l’unique fille de l’imperi Carlemany. de l’empire de Charlemagne, creient i lliure croyante et libre onze segles depuis onze siècles, creient i lliure vull ser pour toujours je veux l’être siguin els furs mos tutors que les Fueros soient mes tuteurs i mos prínceps defensors. et les princes mes protecteurs!

The Power of Gold: The History of an Obsession
by Peter L. Bernstein
Published 1 Jan 2000

An even greater demand for coins lay just ahead, as the English had to arm themselves against Viking invasions and, from time to time, had to offer huge sums to these Scandinavian invaders in an effort to buy them offs By the year 1000, England's coinage was the most advanced in Europe, produced by a network of more than seventy local mints spread around the country.9 In the year 800, not long after Offa had started minting his pennies, Charlemagne, king of the Franks and victor over the Lombards, traveled to Rome so that the pope could crown him emperor of the Holy Roman Empire as a reward. A short while earlier, in 798, Charlemagne and Emperor Irene of Byzantium had opened diplomatic relations; Charlemagne contemplated marriage with her, undeterred by Irene's lust for power. In view of Charlemagne's impending coronation, this would have been the greatest merger and acquisition in history. One of Irene's favorites frustrated the match, and two years later she was on her way to exile as a spinster. Charlemagne took the Byzantine emperors as his model by focusing on gold rather than silver.

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The technique itself had first come into use as far back as the second century AD via Egypt and Greece to satisfy the Roman demand for luxurious articles, but it was Charlemagne who launched the European art that has come down to us as the illuminated manuscript. Charlemagne insisted on the highest standard for books produced during his reign and gave primary responsibility for that task to an English cleric, Alcuin of York. The most famous of the books produced under Alcuin's supervision were the Godescalc Gospels, which were written in 783 for Charlemagne, and the Saint-Methard Gospel Books, both of which now reside at the Bibliotheque Nationale in Paris.

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Plundering gold from beaten enemies, as always, was important as a source of gold for these luxuries. For example, when Charlemagne defeated the Avars in 796, an Asian tribe who had founded the first Mongol empire in AD 407,1 he needed fifteen wagons, each pulled by four oxen, to carry the captured booty of gold and jewels." All that splendor would have been incomplete without a gold coinage. Charlemagne set his pound equal to twenty shillings and 240 pence and a pound weight of twelve ounces-like the Romans before him and like the system the English were later to follow. Charlemagne's coinage was to enjoy only a brief life span, however, despite the longevity of his system of denominations and weights.t2 His progeny spent as much time fighting among themselves as they spent in defending their domains, and his kingdom broke apart.

Why the West Rules--For Now: The Patterns of History, and What They Reveal About the Future
by Ian Morris
Published 11 Oct 2010

It is tempting to compare Charlemagne to Xiaowen, who, three centuries before, had moved the Northern Wei kingdom on China’s rough frontier toward the high end, jump-starting the process that led to the reunification of the Eastern core. Charlemagne’s coronation in Rome certainly speaks of ambitions like Xiaowen’s, as do the embassies he sent to seek Baghdad’s friendship. So impressed was the caliph, Frankish chronicles say, that he sent Charlemagne an elephant. Arab sources, however, mention neither Franks nor elephants. Charlemagne was no Xiaowen, and apparently counted for little in the caliph’s councils. Nor did Charlemagne’s claim to be Roman emperor move the Byzantine empress Irene* to abdicate in his favor. The reality was that the Frankish kingdom never moved very far toward the high end. For all Charlemagne’s pretensions, he had no chance of reuniting the core or even turning the Christian fringe into a single state.

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In the 750s the pope in Rome sought their protection against local bullies, and on Christmas morning, 800, the Frankish king Charlemagne* was even able to get Pope Leo III to kneel before him in St. Peter’s and crown him Roman emperor. Charlemagne vigorously tried to build a kingdom worthy of the title he claimed. His armies carried fire, the sword, and Christianity into eastern Europe and pushed the Muslims back into Spain, while his literate bureaucracy gathered some taxes, assembled scholars at Aachen (“a Rome yet to be,” one of his court poets called it), created a stable coinage, and oversaw a trade revival. It is tempting to compare Charlemagne to Xiaowen, who, three centuries before, had moved the Northern Wei kingdom on China’s rough frontier toward the high end, jump-starting the process that led to the reunification of the Eastern core.

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Herding its squabbling princes normally cost more than the throne was worth, but all the same, whoever sat on the imperial throne was, in principle, Charlemagne’s heir—no small matter when rallying Europe against the Turk. Many observers foresaw only two alternatives for western Europe: conquest by Islam or subjugation by the Habsburgs, the only people strong enough to stop the Turks. Charles’s chancellor summed it up in a letter to the emperor in 1519: “God has been very merciful to you. He has raised you above all the kings and princes of Christendom to a power such as no sovereign has enjoyed since your ancestor Charlemagne. He has set you on the way toward a world monarchy, toward the uniting of Christendom under a single shepherd.”

Jerusalem: The Biography
by Simon Sebag-Montefiore
Published 27 Jan 2011

This was not a bid for possession because the patriarch had the blessing of Jerusalem's ruler, Caliph Haroun al-Rashid whose reign, recounted in the Thousand and One Nights, was the apogee of the Abbasid empire. Charlemagne and the caliph had been exchanging envoys for three years: Haroun was probably keen to play off the Franks against his enemies in Constantinople and Jerusalem's Christians needed Charlemagne's help. The caliph sent Charlemagne an elephant and an astrolabe water clock, a sophisticated device that showed off Islamic superiority - and alarmed some of the primitive Christians as a contraption of diabolical sorcery. The two emperors did not sign a formal treaty, but Christian property in Jerusalem was listed and protected, while Charlemagne paid the entire poll tax for the city's Christians - 850 dinars.

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Decline in Jerusalem/quote of Thaur ibn Yazid: Neuwirth, OJ 77-93. 8 Haroun al-Rashid and Charlemagne. Goitein, 'Jerusalem' 181-2. Kennedy, The Court of the Caliphs: The Rise and Fall of Islam's Greatest Dynasty 51-84. Peters, Jerusalem 217-23, including Benedict Chronicle and Memorandum on the Houses of God and Monasteries in the Holy City, listing staff and taxes; and Bernard, Itinerary. Hywel Williams, Emperor of the West: Charlemagne and the Carolingian Empire, 230-3. William of Tyre, Deeds Done Beyond the Sea (henceforth William of Tyre) 1.64-5. Gift to Charlemagne: Lyons, House of Wisdom 45. On legend see: Anon., Le Pelerinage de Charlemagne a Jerusalem et a Constantinople.

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Just as the city diminished in the Islamic world, * a western emperor revived the Christian fascination with Jerusalem.7 THE EMPEROR AND THE CALIPH: CHARLEMAGNE AND HAROUN AL-RASHID On Christmas Day 800, Charles the Great, known as Charlemagne, the King of the Franks, who ruled most of modern France, Germany and Italy, was crowned emperor of the Romans by the pope in Rome. This ceremony marked the new confidence of the popes and their western Latin-based Christianity that would become Catholicism - and their growing differences with the Greek-speaking Orthodox of Constantinople. Charlemagne was a merciless warrior-king hacking his way to ever-greater power, yet he was also fascinated with history, and as devout as he was ambitious: he saw himself as the heir to the missions of Constantine and Justinian to become the universal holy Roman emperor, and as a latter-day King David - and both these aspirations led to the Holy City.

A History of France
by John Julius Norwich
Published 30 Sep 2018

Pepin was by far the greatest European ruler of his time; it was, however, his misfortune to be overshadowed by one greater still – his son Charles, better known as Charlemagne, who came to the throne on Pepin’s death in 768. Thanks to his immense size, his energy, his health and his prodigious vigour – he had five legitimate wives and four supplementary spouses – and the simplicity of his life, wearing as he did (except on state occasions) the linen tunic, scarlet breeches and cross-gartering of his Frankish subjects, Charlemagne was to become an almost legendary figure, whose authority was to spread far more widely than that of his predecessors.

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I want to talk about the fate of the poor Templars at the hands of the odious Philip the Fair, and what happened to his daughters in the Tour de Nesle; about the wonderful Madame de Pompadour and the odious Madame de Maintenon; about Louis-Philippe, almost forgotten today but probably the best king France ever had; and that’s just for a start. Chapter 1 covers the ground pretty fast, taking us from the Gauls and Julius Caesar to Charlemagne, about eight centuries. But as we continue the pace inevitably slackens. Chapter 21 deals only with the five years of the Second World War. And with that we stop. All history books must have a clearly defined stopping place; if they do not, they drag on until they become works on current affairs, and though I might possibly have gone on to cover Vietnam and Algeria, nothing would have induced me to take on the European Union.

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Our story really begins towards the end of the second century BC, when the Romans conquered the south-east corner of what is now France and made it their first province (hence the name it still bears), founding as its capital their new town of Aquae Sextiae, later to become Aix-en-Provence. Other splendid cities – Nîmes, Arles and Orange for a start – followed. Pliny the Elder thought it to be ‘more like Italy than a province’. It must, in those days, have been a wonderful place to live. When asked to name France’s first hero, few outside the country would go further back than Charlemagne. But to the French, their earliest important leader is Vercingetorix, whose name means either ‘great warrior king’ or ‘king of great warriors’. This is all the more impressive since all the written accounts of him come from the Romans, the people with the most to gain from diminishing his reputation.

The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
by David Abulafia
Published 4 May 2011

Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne (London, 1939) – cf. R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe (London, 1983); R. Latouche, The Birth of the Western Economy: Economic Aspects of the Dark Ages (London, 1961). 2. M. McCormick, The Origins of the European Economy: Communications and Commerce AD 300–900 (Cambridge, 2001), pp. 778–98. 3. A. Laiou and C. Morrisson, The Byzantine Economy (Cambridge, 2007), p. 63. 4. T. Khalidi, The Muslim Jesus: Sayings and Stories in Islamic Literature (Cambridge, MA, 2001). 5. Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne, pp. 68–9; D.

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Moreover, precisely because there was now a great power in the west willing to fight back against the Muslim navies, tension increased and the pirates became ever more daring. In 798 Arab navies attacked the Balearic islands, which had not been a target of the original invasion of Spain. Knowing that Constantinople was incapable of offering any help, the islanders turned instead to the ruler of Gaul and northern Italy, Charlemagne, whom they acknowledged as their new overlord. Charlemagne sent some forces and the Arabs were repelled the next time they raided the islands.19 He ordered his son Louis to build a fleet for the defence of the Rhône delta, and he commissioned new coastal defences to protect the ports of southern France and north-western Italy.

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Frankish armies were still active close to the Adriatic in the 790s, when Charlemagne crushed the great, wealthy empire of the Avars, annexing to his empire vast tracts of what are now Slovenia, Hungary and the northern Balkans. In 791 the Franks took charge of Istria, the rocky peninsula at the top of the Adriatic that was still under nominal Byzantine rule.26 These campaigns brought Frankish and Byzantine interests into collision. Ill-feeling between the Franks and the Byzantines was compounded by the coronation of Charlemagne as western Roman emperor on Christmas Day 800 in Rome, even if the new emperor laughed off this event as of minor importance.

The Book: A Cover-To-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time
by Keith Houston
Published 21 Aug 2016

And having settled among their new charges, the tribes’ laissez-faire paganism withered in the face of a thoroughly Christianized Roman society: within a century or two of their arrival, the incomers had largely converted to the religion of their vassals.27 Moreover, faced with the challenges of governing such a massive territory, Rome’s new tribal rulers were more or less forced to learn Latin, its lingua franca, ensuring that it carried on across Europe as the preferred language of scholars, priests, lawyers, and civil servants.28 At the coronation in 800 of Charles the Great, the ruler of the (forcibly) united barbarian states that had formed in the ashes of the Roman Empire, an obliging Pope Leo III styled the new king “Charles, most serene Augustus, crowned by God, great and pacific emperor, governing the Roman empire.”29 The new boss was a lot like the old boss. Politics, religion, and art flourished under Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire, as the man and his kingdom are now called.30 Finding his Frankish compatriots lacking in intellectual vigor, the new emperor established a court of noted foreign scholars and tasked them with the modernization of his creaking realm—and the members of the clergy, variously corrupt, illiterate, and ignorant, were not spared from Charlemagne’s reforms.31 Back in the sixth century, an influential Roman Christian named Benedict of Nursia had renounced his inherited wealth and developed a series of rules by which the righteous man might live.32 Along with admonishments on the value of honest work and the temptations of material wealth, Saint Benedict’s rules prescribed daily readings of religious texts (three hours in summer and two in winter); recommended the cover-to-cover reading of a worthy book during Lent; and specified that a book should be carried at all times while traveling.33 Charlemagne firmly reminded his priests of these obligations, decreeing that all monasteries should keep their books correct and free from error, and made it clear that his clerical subjects would no longer be permitted to rest on their laurels.34 And so, at the stern urging of the Carolingian dynasty’s greatest son, the monasteries of Europe became the last refuge of the book on a largely illiterate continent.

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Monks filled their libraries with tens or even hundreds of volumes (enough, at any rate, to supply their Lenten reading binge); they borrowed and copied books to expand their holdings and occasionally to sell to wealthy laypeople; and they made and circulated ad-hoc catalogues to make intermonastery borrowing easier to manage.35 As they did all this, the monks who wrote and collected books came to realize that it was important to illustrate them too. Two hundred years before Charlemagne, Pope Gregory had declared that “pictures are books for the illiterate,” and, in a society where barely 1 in 7 laypeople could write their own name, he had a point. (Some hapless souls could not even hold a pen to mark their names with an X, and were invited to touch the parchment of a contract or deed to “sign” it.)36 Ironically, Charlemagne himself could not read or write—on sleepless nights he sat up with parchment and pen, trying over and over to master the letters of his name—but he could at least gaze in satisfaction upon the magnificently illuminated manuscripts that now issued from monasteries across Europe.37 For a body of men who prized silence so highly, the monks responsible for the survival of Europe’s written history were vocal in complaining about their lot.38 Banned from speaking aloud while at work, the margins of the pages on which they wrote became outlets for endless grousing about physical maladies and working conditions.

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By the middle of the eighth century, a little over a hundred years after the death of the prophet Muhammad, a vast Islamic caliphate stretched across North Africa, the Middle East, and Asia. These were the lands of the Umayyad, the first great Muslim dynasty, and they were beset from without and within.12 Muslim expansion into Europe had been halted at the battle of Poitiers in 732 by Charlemagne’s father, Charles Martel, and the caliphate’s borders in Central Asia and North Africa were being tested by Turks and Berbers respectively.13 In the end, it was a tribal rebellion that toppled the Umayyad caliphs. In 750 they were overthrown by Abu al-Abbas as-Saffah, founder of the Abbasid dynasty, who claimed direct lineage from the uncle of the prophet Muhammad.

A History of Western Philosophy
by Aaron Finkel
Published 21 Mar 1945

His pupil Ecgbert, first archbishop of York, founded a cathedral school, where Alcuin was educated. Alcuin is an important figure in the culture of the time. He went to Rome in 780, and in the course of his journey met Charlemagne at Parma. The Emperor employed him to teach Latin to the Franks and to educate the royal family. He spent a considerable part of his life at the court of Charlemagne, engaged in teaching and in founding schools. At the end of his life he was abbot of St. Martin’s at Tours. He wrote a number of books, including a verse history of the church at York. The emperor, though uneducated, had a considerable belief in the value of culture, and for a brief period diminished the darkness of the dark ages.

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In the eighteenth century only one German state, Prussia, had successfully resisted the French; that is why Frederick was called the Great. But Prussia itself had failed to stand against Napoleon, being utterly defeated in the battle of Jena. The resurrection of Prussia under Bismarck appeared as a revival of the heroic past of Alaric, Charlemagne, and Barbarossa. (To Germans, Charlemagne is a German, not a Frenchman.) Bismarck showed his sense of history when he said, “We will not go to Canossa.” Prussia, however, though politically predominant, was culturally less advanced than much of Western Germany; this explains why many eminent Germans, including Goethe, did not regret Napoleon’s success at Jena.

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Hegel praises Rousseau for distinguishing between the general will and the will of all. One gathers that the monarch embodies the general will, whereas a parliamentary majority only embodies the will of all. A very convenient doctrine. German history is divided by Hegel into three periods: the first, up to Charlemagne; the second, from Charlemagne to the Reformation; the third, from the Reformation onwards. These three periods are distinguished as the Kingdoms of the Father, the Son, and the Holy Ghost, respectively. It seems a little odd that the Kingdom of the Holy Ghost should have begun with the bloody and utterly abominable atrocities committed in suppressing the Peasants’ War, but Hegel, naturally, does not mention so trivial an incident.

The Lies That Bind: Rethinking Identity
by Kwame Anthony Appiah
Published 27 Aug 2018

Christendom was divided among even more rulers, although in Europe the great majority of them respected to some degree the authority of the popes in Rome. Each of the two religions covered vast areas—the Umayyad empire at its height extended for over 4.3 million square miles and comprised nearly 30 percent of the world’s population; Charlemagne’s Holy Roman Empire covered some 460,000 square miles in Western Europe, and the Byzantine Empire (the eastern heir to the Roman Empire) was only a little smaller at the time of Charlemagne’s death, in 814. At the end of the eleventh century, the First Crusade opened up another military front between European Christians and the Muslim world. In 1095, at Clermont in France, Pope Urban II, at the urging of Alexios I Komnenos, emperor of Byzantium, declared that anyone who, “for the sake of devotion, but not for money or honor,” set out to liberate Jerusalem from Muslim control would no longer need to do any other penance for their sins.

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Within seven years, most of the Iberian Peninsula was under Muslim rule; not until 1492, nearly eight hundred years later, was the whole peninsula under Christian sovereignty again.7 The Muslim conquerors of Spain had not planned to stop at the Pyrenees, and they made regular attempts in the early years to continue moving north. But at Tours, in 732, Charles Martel, Charlemagne’s grandfather, defeated the forces of Abd al-Rahman al-Ghafiqi, the governor of al-Andalus, and that turned out to be the decisive battle in ending the Arab attempts at the conquest of Frankish Europe. Edward Gibbon, surely overstating somewhat, observed that if the Arabs had won at Tours, they could have sailed on up the Thames.

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Still, by the end of the first millennium, in Córdoba (then the largest city of Europe) and other cities of the Caliphate, Jews, Christians, and Muslims, Arabs, Berbers, Visigoths, Slavs, and countless others created the kind of cultural goulash—a spicy mixture of various distinct components—that generates a genuine cosmopolitanism.11 The caliph himself, who, like his father, had a mother from the Christian north, was blue-eyed and fair-haired; mixing in al-Andalus was not merely cultural. There were no recognized rabbis or Muslim scholars at the court of Charlemagne; in the cities of al-Andalus, by contrast, there were bishops and synagogues. Racemundo, Catholic Bishop of Elvira, was Córdoba’s ambassador to Constantine VII, the Byzantine ruler, in Constantinople, and to Otto I, the Holy Roman emperor, in Aachen. Hasdai ibn Shaprut, leader of Córdoba’s Jewish community in the middle of the tenth century, was not only a great medical scholar, he was the chairman of the caliph’s medical council; and when the Emperor Constantine in Byzantium sent the caliph a copy of Dioscorides’ De materia medica, the caliph took up ibn Shaprut’s suggestion to send for a Greek monk to help translate it into Arabic.

Cheese and Culture: A History of Cheese and Its Place in Western Civilization
by Paul Kindstedt
Published 31 Mar 2012

Thus, Corbie’s handling of its manorial cheeses suggests that cheese making had started to diversify into soft-ripened varieties by the ninth century. A ninth-century biography of Charlemagne (Charles the Great), the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, provides another glimpse into the emerging world of soft-ripened cheeses. According Charlemagne’s biographer Notker, who was a monk from the monastery of Saint Gall in Switzerland, Charlemagne had an intriguing encounter with an unfamiliar cheese during one of his journeys: In the same journey too he came to a bishop who lived in a place through which he must needs pass.

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Then Charles from whose penetration and skill nothing could escape, however new or strange it might be, spoke thus to the bishop, who from childhood had known such cheeses and yet could not test them. “Cut them in two,” he said, “then fasten together with a skewer those that you find to be of the right quality and keep them in your cellar for a time and then send them to me.” (Grant 1966; pp. 79, 80) If Notker’s story is true, it would appear that Charlemagne was impressed by a soft surface-ripened variety of cheese, perhaps a bloomy-rind or washed-rind type with a creamy interior. It has been claimed that this text confirms the antiquity of Brie cheese (Rance 1989), but such claims go beyond Notker’s text, which neither identifies the region where the event took place nor describes the cheese in enough detail to do more than speculate on its identity.

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It has been claimed that this text confirms the antiquity of Brie cheese (Rance 1989), but such claims go beyond Notker’s text, which neither identifies the region where the event took place nor describes the cheese in enough detail to do more than speculate on its identity. Dalby (2009) proposed that the cheese in question was a blue cheese, based in part on an alternate translation of the text concerning the portion of the cheese picked out by Charlemagne in which the phrase “picked out the mould” is substituted for “cut off the skin.” This alternate translation, however, is at odds with at least three other English-language translations published over the last century, which render the phrase in question as either “cut off the skin” (Ganz 2008; Grant 1966), or “threw away the skin” (Thorpe 1969).

A Short History of Humanity: How Migration Made Us Who We Are
by Johannes Krause and Thomas Trappe
Published 8 Apr 2021

If you still fancy the idea of having a famous ancestor, rest assured you do: I can tell you that for free. Charlemagne, who fathered at least fourteen children more than a thousand years ago, is probably directly related to almost everyone in Europe today. It’s just mathematics. From a purely arithmetical perspective, every contemporary European had many more ancestors a thousand years ago than the number of people actually alive at the time. Or, to put it another way, nearly every line of descent spanning from the age of Charlemagne to the present day leads to each and every European. The probability that this includes at least one of Charlemagne’s children borders on certainty.8 You could just as easily say that all Europeans have had common ancestors at some point in the last thousand years.

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This unlikely discovery is where we choose to begin our short history of humanity. CHAPTER 1 A New Science Is Born A SIBERIAN FINGER POINTS US TO a new archaic human. Archaeogenetics comes alive. Geneticists are feeling the gold rush with their shiny new toys. Jurassic Park makes everybody go nuts. Yes, we’re all related to Charlemagne. Adam and Eve didn’t live together. The Neanderthal reveals an error. A BONE ON MY DESK * * * THE FINGERTIP I FOUND ON MY DESK ONE WINTER’S morning in 2009 was really only the last sad remnant of a finger. The nail was missing, and so was the skin; it was the very end of the outermost bone, no bigger than a cherry stone.

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This spans four generations, approximately 80 to 100 years. If we go back twenty generations, 400 to 500 years, we find more than a million ancestors. Thirty generations, and we find more than a billion—far more people than existed 650 years ago. And in the forty generations (at least) that have passed since Charlemagne, we’re looking at more than a trillion. This is admittedly a purely theoretical figure: not everyone had children, and some had more than this calculation takes into account. If you follow a family tree back in time, you find that many of the lines cross, concentrating around the ancestors who had an above-average number of children.

The Coming of Neo-Feudalism: A Warning to the Global Middle Class
by Joel Kotkin
Published 11 May 2020

Lopez, The Birth of Europe (New York: M. Evans & Co., 1967), 163–66; Bloch, Feudal Society, 145–46, 161. 5 Bloch, Feudal Society, 232. 6 Pierre Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne, trans. Jo Ann McNamara (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978), 133. 7 Lopez, The Birth of Europe, 339; James Westfall Thompson and Edgar Nathaniel Johnson, An Introduction to Medieval Europe (New York: Norton, 1937), 229. 8 Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne, 51; Barbara Tuchman, A Distant Mirror: The Calamitous 14th Century (New York: Knopf, 1978), 27: Cantor, Medieval History, 97, 109; Lopez, The Birth of Europe, 149–50, 198; Bloch, Feudal Society, 98; Pitirim Sorokin, The Crisis of Our Age (Oxford: Oneworld Publications, 1992), 17–19. 9 Edward Gibbon, The History of the Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire (New York: Modern Library, 1931), vol. 2: 6, 93, 845, Cantor, Medieval History, 7. 10 Riché, Daily Life, 211–12; Gies, Daily Life in Medieval Times, 128. 11 Thompson and Johnson, An Introduction to Medieval Europe, 290–91; Riché, Daily Life, 67–68. 12 Arno Mayer, The Persistence of the Old Regime: Europe to the Great War (New York: Pantheon, 1981), 292–94; Raymond Williams, Culture and Society (New York: Harper & Row, 1958), 110–17, 258; Martin Wiener, English Culture and the Decline of the Industrial Spirit (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1981), 31. 13 Karl Marx, Capital, trans.

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The upper clergy and the military aristocracy practiced a kind of noblesse oblige that provided a floor (albeit often insufficient) for the lower classes. But the obligations of the lower to the higher classes may have been no more voluntary than those binding the Cosa Nostra.5 The medieval poor did not always accept their miserable situation quietly. Uprisings broke out as early as Charlemagne’s reign in the ninth century, and became more common in the later Middle Ages. Violent peasant armies actually bested aristocratic knights in the Low Countries in 1227, in northern Germany in 1230, and in the Swiss Alps in 1315.6 The brutal fourteenth century brought a rash of peasant rebellions and urban insurrections.

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Watts Up With That?, https://wattsupwiththat.com/2019/04/30/terrifying-predictions-about-the-melting-north-pole/. 21 Marian L. Tupy, “How Humanity Won the War on Famine,” Human Progress, August 16, 2018, https://humanprogress.org/article.php?p=1459. 22 Pierre Riché, Daily Life in the World of Charlemagne, trans. Jo Ann McNamara (Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1978), 33; Tuchman, A Distant Mirror, 28. 23 Blythe Copeland, “7 green philanthropists making a difference,” Mother Nature Network, January 11, 2013, https://www.mnn.com/leaderboard/stories/7-green-philanthropists-making-a-difference; Tara Weiss, “The $3 Billion Man,” Forbes, November 28, 2006, https://www.forbes.com/2006/11/26/leadership-branson-virgin-lead-citizen-cx_tw_1128branson.html#224723ce1fa5. 24 Robert Kirchhoeffer, “Granting Environmental Indulgences,” American Spectator, July 15, 2009, https://spectator.org/41248_granting-environmental-indulgences/. 25 Rebecca Ratcliffe, “Record private jet flights into Davos as leaders arrive for climate talk,” Guardian, January 22, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/global-development/2019/jan/22/record-private-jet-flights-davos-leaders-climate-talk; Alan Moore, “The Top 12 Celebrity Climate Hypocrites,” Media Research Center, March 1, 2016, https://www.mrctv.org/blog/top-12-climate-hypocrites; Fraser Myers, “An establishment rebellion,” Spiked, August 8, 2019, https://www.spiked-online.com/2019/08/08/an-establishment-rebellion/. 26 Judith Curry, “The perils of ‘near-tabloid science,’” Climate Etc., July 22, 2018, https://judithcurry.com/2018/07/22/the-perils-of-near-tabloid-science/#more-24240; Judith Curry, “Hearing on the Biodiversity Report,” Climate Etc., May 22, 2019, https://judithcurry.com/2019/05/22/hearing-on-the-un-biodiversity-report/#more-24890; Judith Curry, “The latest travesty in ‘consensus enforcement,’” Climate Etc., August 14, 2019, https://judithcurry.com/2019/08/14/the-latest-travesty-in-consensus-enforcement; Roger Pielke, Jr., “My Unhappy Life as a Climate Heretic,” Wall Street Journal, December 2, 2016, https://www.wsj.com/articles/my-unhappy-life-as-a-climate-heretic-1480723518/; David B.

The Narrow Corridor: States, Societies, and the Fate of Liberty
by Daron Acemoglu and James A. Robinson
Published 23 Sep 2019

The Empires of the Franks: The Merovingian and Carolingian Empires and the Boundaries of the Roman Empire Carloman was part of the Carolingian dynasty that was created by Charles Martel in the early eighth century and greatly expanded by his grandson Charlemagne. By the time of his death in 814, Charlemagne had united into one state France, Belgium, the Netherlands, Germany, Switzerland, Austria, and northern Italy (see Map 8). Hincmar instructed Carloman how to rule over his kingdom by recounting how the kingdom had been run according to Adalhardus, a contemporary of Charlemagne and an eyewitness to how the state functioned then. Remarkably, this rule wasn’t going to involve the king exercising his unbridled wishes, but would be based on popular assemblies.

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The Salic Law was another step in the fusion of Roman state structure with the norms and political institutions of the Franks. The significance of the way the Salic Law was formulated is evident once we get to the reign of Charlemagne, who reached the apogee of the Roman connection by crowning himself emperor in Rome on Christmas Day 800. All the same, Charlemagne did not act like a Roman emperor when it came to his relations with his people. The same assemblies, customs, and expectations that shackled Clovis’s reign constrained Charlemagne too. Two royal edicts issued at Regensburg in 789 indicate that agents of the state were misusing their power and the king received complaints from people that “they do not have their law maintained.”

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Indeed, before coming to the assembly each participant “was to collect information concerning any relevant matter not only from his own people but from strangers and from both friends and enemies.” What Hincmar describes was the essence of the assembly politics of Germanic tribes, a remarkably participatory form of government. Charlemagne, and later Carloman, had to play by the rules of these assemblies, consult the wishes of a diverse cross section of (male) society, and secure a degree of consensus for their major decisions. Obviously, the number of people who could appear at such an assembly was limited, but Charlemagne deployed messengers to relate the findings to lower-level meetings so that the whole kingdom was informed. This participation is the first blade of the European scissors.

The Swerve: How the Renaissance Began
by Stephen Greenblatt
Published 31 Aug 2011

But Poggio’s script was a graphic expression of the deep longing for a different style of beauty, a cultural form that would signal the recovery of something precious that had been lost. The shape of his letters was based on the manuscript style of certain Carolingian scribes. But Poggio and his contemporaries did not identify this style with the court of Charlemagne; they called it lettera antica, and, in doing so, they dreamed not of Charlemagne’s tutor Alcuin but of Cicero and Virgil. In order to earn money the young Poggio copied books and documents, probably a very large number of them. His handwriting and his skill in copying—for which he became celebrated in his lifetime—must have been sufficiently remarkable from the beginning to enable him to pay for lessons.

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Between the fourth and the ninth centuries, it was cited fleetingly in lists of grammatical and lexicographical examples, that is, as a quarry of correct Latin usage. In the seventh century Isidore of Seville, compiling a vast encyclopedia, used it as an authority on meteorology. It surfaced again briefly, in the time of Charlemagne, when there was a crucial burst of interest in ancient books and a scholarly Irish monk named Dungal carefully corrected a copy. But, neither debated nor disseminated, after each of these fugitive appearances it seemed to sink again beneath the waves. Then, after lying dormant and forgotten for more than a thousand years, it returned to circulation.

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But he also recognized that Rabanus Maurus was an immensely learned man, steeped in pagan as well as Christian literature, and that he had transformed Fulda’s monastic school into the most important in Germany. As all schools do, the one at Fulda needed books, and Rabanus had met the need by greatly enriching the monastic library. Rabanus, who as a young man24 had studied with Alcuin, the greatest scholar of the age of Charlemagne, knew where to get his hands on important manuscripts. He had them brought to Fulda, where he trained a large cohort of scribes to copy them. And so he had built what was for the time a stupendous collection. That time, some six hundred years before Poggio, was from the book hunter’s perspective highly propitious.

Adriatic: A Concert of Civilizations at the End of the Modern Age
by Robert D. Kaplan
Published 11 Apr 2022

For to accept Hay as the last word is to reject decades of more recent scholarship that have complexified Hay’s vision, showing, for example, how prodigious commercial ties between Muslims and Christians continued and even advanced following the Islamic conquest of North Africa, and so the separation of Christendom and Islam was not nearly as final as Hay suggests, his own nuances and qualifications notwithstanding. My day pack is filled to excess: containing, too, my notes of other books read, relevant to my thoughts and to where I am at the moment. And so before leaving this church, I consider one more book—my notes of Henri Pirenne’s Mohammed & Charlemagne, the work of the great Belgian historian published in 1937, two years after his death. Pirenne tells a parallel story to Hay’s, who no doubt was influenced by him. “Of all the features of that wonderful human structure, the Roman Empire,” Pirenne begins his great thesis, “the most striking…was its Mediterranean character.”

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And, as Pirenne goes on, even after the collapse of Rome in the West, Rome in the East (Byzantium) still managed to hold sway over the Mediterranean into the early seventh century. But the Arab conquest, which would replace Latin with Arabic in North Africa—with the southern shore of the Mediterranean gravitating over time toward Baghdad—brought an end to this classical world. Germanism and the empire of Charlemagne would emerge in Europe’s north as a consequence of the division of the Mediterranean, even as the “ever-increasing prosperity of the Musulman countries…benefited the maritime cities of Italy,” and even as communities of Greeks, Coptic Christians, Nestorians, and Jews survived and prospered in this new Muslim civilization.[28] Europe, in sum, did not only create itself, but was created by other peoples as well as by historical migrations.

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As we know, the invasions of Slavs, Avars, Bulgars, and Persians in the Balkans and Near East not only cut land routes to the west and reduced the number of ships plying the Mediterranean, but caused a financial crisis at home in Constantinople. Then there was the aggression of not only the Persians but the Arabs, too, so that migrations and military movements originating almost in Central Asia had a direct effect on Europe. But it had been Byzantium in the many decades before Charlemagne, when the West was weak militarily, that helped wall off Europe itself (north of the Mediterranean) from seventh- and eighth-century Arab invaders.[30] Ravenna is also about these other linkages. And nobody organizes this concept—that of Europe’s fate interwoven with that of Eurasia—better than Gibbon.

This Sceptred Isle
by Christopher Lee
Published 19 Jan 2012

Although barbaric and indeed largely illiterate, Charlemagne inspired learning and such a close relationship with Rome that, on Christmas Day 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of what would become the Holy Roman Empire. Given that Leo III had called for Charlemagne’s help the previous year when he was in danger of being usurped, the coronation was the least gift of the Holy Father. Given the power and the uncompromising ambition of Charlemagne, the relationship with the king of the English (not of England) tells us much about the importance of Offa. Charlemagne had wanted one of his sons to marry one of the daughters of Offa.

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The result was a civil war in the Midlands. It didn’t last a full year and when it was done the new king of the Mercians was Offa (750?–96), one of the most famous names of this period and a contemporary of Charlemagne (741–814). Charlemagne was the most celebrated of the Frankish rulers. The Franks were the post-Roman barbarians of what we now know as Belgium, France, Germany, the Netherlands and Switzerland. It was Charlemagne who inspired the rethinking of kingship, whereby in return for allegiance the leader protects those who follow him or her. His extension of this thought was better called the right to rule.

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Charlemagne had wanted one of his sons to marry one of the daughters of Offa. Offa’s reaction was that the process of diplomatic relations had to be two-way. If he was to take Charlemagne’s son as an in-law, then one his Offa’s sons should marry one of Charlemagne’s daughters. If this seems petty diplomacy, it was not. The marriage of sons and daughters among monarchs was a powerful symbol of diplomatic relations if not lasting unity. Offa could not live in peace; few monarchs of any sort did. After all, he came by the throne because his predecessor, his cousin Æthelbald, was murdered. Symeon of Durham, albeit writing in the early twelfth century, noted in his Historia Regum that in 771, Offa ‘subdued by arms the people of the Hestingi’.

The WEIRDest People in the World: How the West Became Psychologically Peculiar and Particularly Prosperous
by Joseph Henrich
Published 7 Sep 2020

Both King Pepin (the Short) and Emperor Charlemagne put incest prohibitions, policing, and punishments on the forefront of their political agendas.54 During his long rule, Charlemagne expanded his realm into Bavaria, northern Italy, Saxony (Germany), and parts of Muslim-controlled Spain. Sometimes leading and sometimes following, the Church grew in tandem with the Empire. This interdependence was highlighted on Christmas Day in 800 CE, when the pope crowned Charlemagne “Emperor of the Romans.” Figure 5.3 shows the extent of the Carolingian Empire in 814, the year Charlemagne died. FIGURE 5.3. This map shows the boundaries of the Carolingian Empire in 814 CE and the territories claimed by the Western and Eastern Churches during the Great Schism (1054).

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The synod prescribes a waiting time before marriage during which neighbors and elders can examine whether a blood relationship exists that would prohibit marriage. The decree also stipulates that although infidelity by the wife is a legitimate reason for divorce, remarriage is impossible as long as both spouses live. Charlemagne puts his secular authority behind these rulings in 802. 802 Charlemagne’s capitulary insists that nobody should attempt to marry until the bishops and priests, together with the elders, have investigated the blood relations of the prospective spouses. 874 Synod of Douci (France) urges subjects to refrain from marrying third cousins.

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The synod prescribes a waiting time before marriage during which neighbors and elders can reveal whether blood relations exist that would prohibit marriage. It also stipulates that although infidelity by the wife is a legitimate reason for divorce, remarriage is impossible as long as both spouses live. Charlemagne puts his secular authority behind these rulings in 802. 802 Charlemagne’s capitulary insists that nobody should attempt to marry until the bishops and priests, together with the elders, have investigated the blood relations of the prospective spouses. 813 Synod of Arles (France) reaffirms the prohibitions of previous synods. 813 Synod of Mainz (Germany) forbids marriage between third cousins or closer and marriage to one’s godchild or godchild’s mother or to the mother of the child that one offered for Confirmation.

The Road to Ruin: The Global Elites' Secret Plan for the Next Financial Crisis
by James Rickards
Published 15 Nov 2016

Yet the Church’s reach was attenuated and fell short of a world order. The emergence of Charlemagne’s empire in the ninth century AD, called the Carolingian Renaissance, was a partly successful new world order. Charlemagne combined military force and religion with expanded emphasis on education, literacy, and monetary reform to achieve a unified order that included the western half of the former Roman Empire, and territories in northern and central Europe that had never been conquered by Rome. This new world order was briefly successful, yet lasted less than seventy-five years after Charlemagne’s death in 814 before disintegrating into disorder again.

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Silver was almost the only commodity accepted by China in exchange for Chinese manufactures until the nineteenth century. China put its own chop on the Spanish coins to make them a circulating currency in China. If gold was the first world money, silver was the first world currency. Silver’s popularity as a monetary standard was based on supply and demand. Gold was always scarce; silver more readily available. Charlemagne invented quantitative easing in the ninth century by substituting silver for gold coinage to increase the money supply in his empire. Spain did the same in the sixteenth century. Silver has most of gold’s attractions. Silver is of uniform grade, malleable, relatively scarce, and pleasing to the eye.

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After the end of this first renaissance, Europe continued as a patchwork of warring feudal kingdoms and princely states until the Renaissance of the fourteenth through sixteenth centuries. The Holy Roman Empire was mostly a façade except for the half century from 1506 to 1556 when the Burgundian, Habsburg, and Holy Roman crowns were combined with new world conquests during Charles V’s reign. Charles V’s legacy proved no more durable than Charlemagne’s. The emperor abdicated his thrones. His domains reverted to separate kingdoms. Now traditional warfare over land, titles, and wealth had the added element of deep religious division between Catholic princes and those supporting Protestant devotions. The late-sixteenth-century religious wars culminated in the Thirty Years’ War of the early seventeenth century.

Paris Revealed
by Stephen Clarke
Published 12 Aug 2012

For example, at one street corner in the Marais, there are three blue enamel plaques—two on the left, one on the right—informing me that I’m in the rue Charlemagne. So far so good. But on the same walls, there are carved-stone signs suggesting that I might be in the rue des Prêtres. And on one side of the street, there’s also a carved-out piece of wall where a name sign has obviously been taken down. Meanwhile, in the small street leading off the rue Charlemagne/des Prêtres, there are more contradictions—the blue enamel plaques on either side of the street tell me it’s rue du Prévôt in the 4th arrondissement, while a stone sign says it’s rue Percée in the 12th.

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Sometimes things are less contradictory, but just as bizarre. There are often two identical street signs (or signs of different shapes with identical names) on the same wall. Take the small section of street just along the rue Charlemagne from the junction I mentioned above. Here, on one apartment building that is about 10 metres wide, there are three signs emphasizing that, yes, I am in the rue Charlemagne. Two of the signs are about 2.5 metres above ground level, and one much higher, about 4 metres up. It’s a similar scenario nearby, at the intersection of the rue du Roi de Sicile and the rue Pavée. On the corner of the rue Pavée, there are two blue enamel signs, set very close together just above head height, telling the passer-by twice, very legibly, what the name of the street is.

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importance of 21, 22 usage 25 Bonne Nouvelle métro station 88 bordel parisien, décor 143 Botzaris métro station, Plumet entrance 93 Boucher, François (painter) 242 Boudon-Vanhille, Sophie (director, Mission Cinema) 220-3 boulangeries, rules for conduct in 20–1 boules, see pétanque boulevard périphérique 3, 122 boulevards, military rationale 112, 116 Boulogne–Pont de Saint-Cloud–Gare d’Austerlitz: métro line 10 89 bouquinistes 57 Braque, Georges (artist) 149 Brassens, Georges (singer) 236 brasseries 190 see also Alsatian bread, see pain; baguettes breakfast, late 141 Brel, Jacques (singer) 236 Bretagne, rue de 8 Brigade des Incivilités de la Ville de Paris 42 Brigade des Moeurs 146 brocanteurs 49 brothels 155–6, 158–60, 162–3, 166–8 joke about 155 Napoleon legalises 158 see also bordel; Chabanais; parrot Brouet, Auguste (artist) 251 Brown, Dan (populariser of Mona Lisa) 219 Brücker, Professor Gilles (hygiene expert) 182–3 Bruni-Sarkozy, Carla (First lady) 216 Butte aux Cailles 13 Buttes-Chaumont park 16, 93 Haussmann and 114 c’est à moi, en fait, usage 21, 25 C’était un Rendez-vous (film) 224–5, 226 cafés addresses 280–1 rules for conduct in 19–20 Bonaparte 10 Charlot 8 Flore 99, 283 Gladines 14 Hôtel Amour 12 L’Avenue 11 La Coupole 14 La Société 10 Le Concorde 10 Le Nemours 7 Le Temple 150–2, 283 Les Éditeurs 10 Les Marronniers 9 Mama Shelter Hotel 17 Pause Café 13 rue Lepic 16 rue Montorgueil 8 Voisin 177–8, 285 Calle, Sophie (artist) 233 canal basin, see Bassin de la Villette Canal de l’Ourcq 58 Canal Saint-Martin 12 cannibalism, of bicycles 43–4 cannonballs, anti-parking 43 Cardinal Lemoine, rue du 140 Carmet, Jean (actor) 226 Carnavalet, see Musée Carnavalet Carrousel, place du 113 Catherine de’ Medici (serial Queen Mother) 107, 110 catwalk shows 207–8 centre of universe, Paris as 4–5 Centre Pompidou, see Beaubourg ceramic art 235–6 Cézanne, Paul (artist) 247 Chabanais, Le (brothel) 138, 155–6, 166, 284 Chabrol, Claude (filmmaker) 226 Chacun Cherche son Chat (film) 13 Chagnaud (métro builders) 74 Chambas, Jean-Paul (artist) 87 Chambre Professionnelle des Artisans Boulangers-Pâtissiers 186–7 Chambre Syndicale de la Haute Couture Parisienne 203 chambres de bonne (top-floor garrets) affordable in posh areas 263 occupants in 5th arrondissement 9 Champ-de-Mars 117, 136–8, 284 Champagne 127, 150 ideal temperature 127n Ritz bar 147–8 Champs-Élysées 11 métro tunnel collapse 73 Haussmann and 114 Chandelier, Pierre (artist) 237, 286 Chanel 200, 204-5, 207, 212 Chanel, Coco (fashion designer) 207 Chapelle, La métro station 12 Sri Lankan cuisine 82 Chapelle Expiatoire 109–10, 283 Chaptal, Jean-Antoine (Minister under Napoleon) 53 Charivari, Le (magazine) 231 Charlemagne, King 106 Charlemagne, rue 31, 32 Charles de Gaulle-Étoile métro line 6 85–6 métro station 76 Charles X, King 112 Charlot (café) 8 Charonne, rue de 13, 55 Château Chirac (nickname for Parisian water) 58 Château d’Eau métro station 12 Château de Vincennes–La Dèfense: métro line 1 81–2 Châtelet 7 Châtelet–Mairie des Lilas: métro line 11 89–90 station 74, 90, 93 Châtillon-Montrouge: métro line 13 91–2 Chaussée d’Antin-Lafayette métro station 86–7 cheese stalls 180 chef-watching 193–4 chèvre chaud, salade de 152, 190–1, 192, 193 Chinatown 13 Chinese community at Belleville 16, 82 streetwalkers 12, 84 Chirac, Jacques (ex-Président) 58–9 at Salon de l’Agriculture 91 Chloé 200, 204, 205 cholera, from Seine water 55 Choltitz, General Dietrich von (Nazi commander) 36, 119–20 Christo (artists) 251 churches, destruction after Revolution 109 Ciné X 142 cinema 217–26 cinemas, density per square kilometre of 217 Cinq Diamants, rue des 14 Cité, métro station 76, 84 Cité des Fusains 240, 286 Cité Fleurie 239-40, 286 City of Light (origin of nickname) 111–14 Clamart 244 Clichy, boulevard de 160–1 clothes homonyms 213–14 Cluny-La Sorbonne métro station 89 Cohen-Solal, Lyne (Deputy Mayor) 186 Colonel Fabien métro station 82 Colonnes Morris 41 Comédie Française theatre 7, 82 comic-book style art 235 commemorative street plaques 35–6 Compagnie du Chemin de Fer Métropolitan de Paris 72-3 compromis de vente 274, 277 Concorde, Le (café) 10 Concorde, place de la 111 métro station 90 Conseil d’État 7 construction rules, Haussmann’s 113–14 Contrescarpe, place de la 9 conversations, rules for starting 22 Corsica 150, 152 cuisine 190 Coulée Verte gardens 13 Coupole, La 122–3, 14, 148-50 Courau, Clotilde (actress) 170 Courbet, Gustave (artist), Les Baigneuses 230 Courneuve-8 Mai 1945–Mairie d’lvry/Villejuif-Louis Aragon: métro line 7 86–7 Couronnes métro station, disaster 77 Courrèges, André (fashion designer) 204 Courrier International (magazine) 42 crackheads 131 Crazy Horse (erotic cabaret club) 154, 169–72, 173, 284 Créteil Préfecture: métro line 8 87–8 cricket, Olympic event 72n crickets (insects), in métro 78–9 crisis eating 178–9 Cubism 229 cuisine prehistoric 101–2 see also food; restaurants cycling, dangers of 24 Da Vinci Code 219, 220 Dac, Pierre (comedian) 259 Dadaism 242–6 dangers, métro 95–7 De Particulier à Particulier (property ad magazine) 266–7, 287 Debelleyme, rue 33 Déclaration des droits de l’homme et du citoyen 90–1 Défense, La: métro line 181–2 Delanoë, Bertrand (Mayor) 56, 220 Denat, Jeanne-Claude (artist, half of Christo) 251 Deneuve, Catherine (actress), bedroom of 143 Dénoyez, rue 235 Devil Wears Prada 218 Diana Princess of Wales last drink at Ritz 147 not her memorial flame 88 Dior 200, 212 directions, métro line numbers 79–81 Dirty Bertie, see Edward VII Dirty Dick’s 142, 145 Doesburg, Theo van (artist) 244–5 dogs, relationship with Parisian pavements 29, 40, 42, 46 Doisneau, Robert (photographer) 125–6 doors how to open 97 minding, métro 95 dress code, streets 22 drinking water 53, 54–6 driverless trains 92 driving, see bad Drouot sales rooms 253–6, 286 drunks, why avoid on métro 96 Dumas, Alexandre fils (writer), on Parisians 1 Durand-Ruel, Paul (gallery owner) 231–2 eating places, selecting 189–97 Eau de Paris 65–6 water-themed tours 65, 281–2 eau minérale 56 Éclaireur store 212, 213, 285 École de la Chambre Syndicale de la Couture Parisienne 203–4 École Militaire 117, 136–7 École Polytechnique 140 Éditeurs, Les 10 Edward VII, King of England frequent state visits to Paris 137–8 sex life 158 Eiffel, Gustave (engineer) 59–61 Eiffel Tower 59–61, 74, 86, 99, 117 from Champ-de-Mars 136-7 light display 128, 138 miniature 57 electric trains 71–2 Élysée Palace 201 bread supply 185–6, 187 Empain, Édouard (industrialist) 72–3 Enfants Rouges market 8 English wars 106 entrance halls, prohibition of wheeled machines in 24–5 épavistes 45 Ernst, Max (artist) 245 erotic omnipresence 156–60 Érotisme, Musée de l’ 160–8 establishment, the art, and progress 229–32 cultural, occasional lack of elitism 209 estate agents, not always totally honest?

Lonely Planet Belgium & Luxembourg
by Lonely Planet

The pleasant cloisters are another highlight. Outside, watch the southern turret to see a 350kg gilt statue strike the hour with a hefty hammer. Tours also take in archaeological excavations and the grave of Charlemagne’s lofty first wife, Himeltrude, whose 1.85m skeleton can be seen reflected by a well-placed mirror. The abbey’s first abbess, Gertrude, was a great-great aunt of Charlemagne’s, and was later sainted for her miraculous abilities, including rat catching (which warded off plague) and devil snaring (which saved the mythical Knight of Masseik from losing a Faustian bargain). 5Eating Le Chant du PainBAKERY€ (Rue du Géant 1b; snacks €1.80-5; h6am-7pm Mon-Sat) Nivelles’ unique culinary speciality is tarte al djote, a creation that’s somewhere between pizza and quiche but flavoured with fragrant green chard.

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Driving Distances (km) Best Places to Eat A Comme Chez Soi A Mer du Nord A SAN in Brussels Best Places to Stay A Chambres d’Hôtes du Vaudeville A Hôtel Métropole A Villa Botanique Guesthouse A Vintage Hotel A Hôtel Le Dixseptième Brussels Highlights 1 Grand Place Strolling round or drinking on Europe’s most gorgeous square. 2 Old England Building Admiring one of Brussels’ finest art nouveau creations while perusing a mesmerising music museum. 3 Musées Royaux des Beaux-Arts Seeing everything from Magritte’s bowler hat to Breughel’s falling Icarus in this palace of visual art. 4 Atomium Pondering one of the world’s oddest 20th-century builldings 5 House of European History Getting to grips with the whole continent’s story at this hi-tech and impressive new museum. 6 Musée Art & Histoire Browsing everything from Roman mosaics to antique sleds in the museums flanking Brussels’ very own Arc de Triomphe. 7 A l’Imaige de Nostre-Dame Delving into tiny medieval alleys around the Bourse to discover Brussels’ magical, secret drinking holes. History From a marshy outpost of Charlemagne’s empire, Brussels grew to city status in the 13th century and, via dynastic struggles and rebellions, became the capital of an independent state. From being the centre of a brutal colonial regime that oppressed the Congo to becoming the headquarters of both NATO and the EU, the story of the city is troubled, tangled and fascinating.

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Piola LibriBAR (map Google map; %02-736 93 91; www.piolalibri.be; Rue Franklin 66; hnoon-8pm Mon-Fri, to 6pm Sat, closed Aug; W; mSchuman) Italian Eurocrats relax after work on sofas, at pavement tables or in the tiny back garden and enjoy free tapas-style snacks with chilled white wines at this convivial bookshop-café-bar. It has an eclectic program of readings and DJ nights. Kitty O’Shea’sPUB (map Google map; Blvd Charlemagne 42; hnoon-1am; mSchuman) Friendly Irish pub near the European Commission that’s great for beer, sport and socialising. 3Entertainment For extensive listings, check www.agenda.be, English-language magazine Bulletin (www.thebulletin.be/category/culture) and the Word (http://thewordmagazine.com/neighbourhood-life), which has excellent suggestions for the weekend.

Pathfinders: The Golden Age of Arabic Science
by Jim Al-Khalili
Published 28 Sep 2010

Al-Rashīd oversaw the Abbāsid Empire’s expansion as far north as Constantinople and maintained diplomatic ties with China and the European Emperor Charlemagne, with whom he frequently exchanged delegations. They recognized each other as the most powerful men of their respective cultures, and diplomatic ties between the two rulers helped encourage strong trade relations. Charlemagne sent ‘Frisian’ cloths to Baghdad to correct a ‘balance-of-payments’ problem caused by Western tastes for Abbāsid silks, rock crystal and other luxury objects. In return, al-Rashīd sent many gifts to Charlemagne, including an elephant and an elaborate brass water clock, both of which must have amazed the European emperor.

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Fig. 13. The Ptolemaic model of planetary motion around the earth. Fig. 14. Comparison between diagrams of Copernicus and al-Tūsi Fig. 15. The origin of the trigonometric sine of an angle as described by Hindu mathematicians. List of Plates 1. Abbasid Caliph Harūn al-Rashīd and King Charlemagne, oil painting by Julius Koeckert (1827–1918). (Maximilianeum Foundation, Munich) 2. Hārūn al-Rashīd and the barber in a Turkish bath, fifteenth-century oil painting. (British Library, London, UK/ © British Library Board. All Rights Reserved/The Bridgeman Art Library) 3. The author’s great-great-great uncle, Muhammad Al-Khalili. 4.

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In return, al-Rashīd sent many gifts to Charlemagne, including an elephant and an elaborate brass water clock, both of which must have amazed the European emperor. There are many stories of al-Rashīd’s wealth, and his collection of gems was particularly legendary.1 He is said to have bought a famous pearl called al-Yatima (‘The Orphan Pearl’) for 70,000 gold dinars. Charlemagne is also believed to have given him what is thought to have been the world’s largest emerald. Al-Rashīd took a personal interest in many campaigns against the neighbouring Byzantine Empire, leading military expeditions against them throughout his reign. In 797 the defeated Empress Irene agreed to pay a large sum of money to al-Rashīd as the terms of her surrender.

The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting
by Anne Trubek
Published 5 Sep 2016

Not surprisingly, Carolingian minuscule is uniform and standard. The shift to Carolingian minuscule shows, literally, a Church focused on legibility and practicality. Not coincidentally, it looks much like the earlier, Roman-influenced capitalis and capitalis rustica, as Charlemagne was consciously signaling a return to the classical roots of the Church. Centuries earlier, Roman-inspired scripts were connected to paganism, but Charlemagne was inspired by the early years of the Church. Thus, as uncial was developed to distinguish Christian from Roman texts, Carolingian was developed to reconnect the two. Previous scripts, all with their discrete connotations, were preserved throughout the medieval era through an elaborate organization most often used on title pages of books called by contemporary scholars a “hierarchy of scripts.”

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This baroque explosion of geographically based scripts from the sixth to the ninth century was an aesthetic and diversifying boon, but to Church leaders it was seen as a form of insubordination, a refusal to adhere to central authority. To consolidate his power, to make the Church more centralized and less locally controlled, Charlemagne, the first emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, who ruled over most of Western Europe in the early ninth century—and is thought to have been illiterate—issued a decree that everyone use the same script he developed called Carolingian minuscule. Like its namesake, Carolingian minuscule conquered Europe and became the authoritative script in France, Germany, Northern Italy, and, eventually, England for two hundred years, from the ninth to the eleventh century.

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See Gothic script Boethius, here bookbinders, here book hands, here, here, here bookmaking, here Book of Kells, here Book of the Dead, here books bookmaking trades, here codex books, here, here copying of, here, here, here, here digital books, here effect of printing press on, here illustrations in, here localized scripts in, here, here Roman books, here, here, here bookstores, here, here Bottiau, Catharine, here Bracciolini, Poggio, here, here, here brain cognitive automaticity, here cognitive effects of reading acquisition, here cognitive effects of writing, here, here, here, here and phrenology, here British Academy of Graphology, here British Library, here Bryant, William Cullen, here Bryant & Stratton College, here Buddha, here business colleges, here, here, here, here Byerley, Thomas, here Byzantines, here, here Cadmus (Phoenician prince), here Caesar, Julius, here, here calamus, here, here calligraphy apprenticeship model of, here and artistic aspects of handwriting, here creation of, here in England, here history of, here letterers trained in, here, here, here lettering distinguished from, here Muslim and Jewish use of, here resurgence of 1960s and 1970s, here for weddings, here Western tradition of, here capitalism, here capitalis script, here, here, here, here, here, here Carolingian minuscule script, here, here, here Carvajel (cardinal), here Causer, Tim, here cave paintings, here Central School of Arts and Crafts, here chancery hands, here, here, here, here, here character and graphology, here, here and handwriting analysis, here handwriting related to, here, here, here physical traits linked to, here Charlemagne (Holy Roman emperor), here Charles I (king of England), here chat rooms, here China, here Chinese language, here, here, here Christians and Christianity. See also Bible; monks copying of Greek texts, here, here copying of Roman texts, here, here, here, here early Christian handwriting, here and non-Christian content of Greek and Roman works, here, here, here, here, here scripts used by, here, here, here, here, here, here Civita, here clay envelopes, here clay tablets.

Fodor's Essential Belgium
by Fodor's Travel Guides
Published 23 Aug 2022

It is known as the Ros Beiaardommegang and draws thousands to a city largely unused to visitors despite its beautiful beguinage and captivating abbey. The legend goes that the Lord of Dendermonde had four sons with the sister of King Charlemagne. Each was presented a horse, only for the strongest son, Reinout, to kill his with a single blow. As punishment (or perhaps reward), he was given a fearsome beast that no other man could master: the bayard horse. He soon tamed it, but a quarrel with Charlemagne’s son led to the king demanding the horse be destroyed. Fearing for his family, Reinout attempted to weigh it down and drown it in the river, only for the powerful animal to break his bonds and swim to him out of loyalty.

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Gertrude) CHURCH | This grand building dates back to the mid-7th century when an abbey was founded here by the ancestors of Frankish king Charlemagne. Its first abbess, Gertrude, was his great aunt and was famously gentle in her manner. The abbey was among the most important in Europe right up until its closure by the French Revolutionary army in 1798. It is a magnificent structure, with a rising western facade topping five stories and a giant nave, beneath which you can visit the archaeological excavation where Charlemagne’s first wife, Himeltrude, is buried. EPl. Lambert Schiffelers 1, Nivelles P067/212–069 wwww.collegiale.be AFree; €6 guided tours.

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Pros: pleasant garden to explore on sunnier days; it’s a stylish, sensible hotel with large rooms; small gym and sauna on the top floor. Cons: you’re a walk or metro ride from the action; there’s no parking, so you’ll have to find a place on the street; despite the price, there’s no pool. DRooms from: €193 EBd. Charlemagne 80, Cinquantenaire P02/230–8555 wwww.martinshotels.com a100 rooms XFree Breakfast mMetro: Schuman. n Nightlife This is more of an area for white-collar workers to let their hair down. Around place Jourdan you’ll find lots of bars, all roughly the same, but they mostly serve one purpose: to allow those with a greasy cone of frites in hand to sit and have a beer.

Money: The Unauthorized Biography
by Felix Martin
Published 5 Jun 2013

The result was the Manhattan of the Middle Ages: 180 towers, some nearly a hundred metres tall, in a city less than four kilometres square. The persistence of Charlemagne’s monetary units formed the basis for this extensive remonetisation, but it also gave rise to its chaotic practical organisation. Whereas the original introduction of money to Europe had taken place under the auspices of a unified Roman political authority, its reconstitution was the definition of piecemeal. Since the collapse of Charlemagne’s empire, Europe had lacked a unified political space. With the exception of England, no unitary jurisdiction extended beyond one or two major cities and their hinterlands—and many were very much smaller.

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But the persistence in the collective memory of this hallmark of monetary society proved in time to be a stock of intellectual fixed capital which would greatly facilitate the remonetisation of European society. An initial resurgence of monetary society came with the consolidation of the Frankish Empire in the late eighth century. Under Charlemagne, the monetary units of pounds, shillings, and pence were introduced and money was issued on a standard consistent across most of Europe. But this first renaissance proved short-lived, and it was only in the second half of the twelfth century that remonetisation began in earnest, following the relentless logic established nearly two millennia earlier in the Aegean.15 Starting in the Low Countries in the last quarter of the twelfth century, feudal obligations traditionally payable in kind began to be transformed throughout Europe into fiefs rentes—rents payable in money.16 The institution of the corvée—under which a lord’s vassals were required to render him service for a certain number of days a year—was replaced with paid labour.

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With the exception of England, no unitary jurisdiction extended beyond one or two major cities and their hinterlands—and many were very much smaller. So whilst the pounds, shillings, and pence of Charlemagne’s empire were deployed throughout Europe to organise the revived monetary practices of evaluation, negotiation, and contracting, all standardisation was lost. A cornucopia of moneys were issued, corresponding to the enormous variety of jurisdictions which enjoyed the privilege of minting and money issuance—from great kingdoms and principalities to tiny baronial and ecclesiastical fiefdoms. The result was a monetary landscape that appeared superficially simple—since the monetary units of pounds, shillings, and pence were used almost everywhere—but was in reality extraordinarily complex, since the actual value of these units depended on the particular standard maintained by the individual feudal issuer.

Double Entry: How the Merchants of Venice Shaped the Modern World - and How Their Invention Could Make or Break the Planet
by Jane Gleeson-White
Published 14 May 2011

One of the most important documents of the very few which survive in Europe from the years between the fall of Rome in the fifth century and the Crusades is an accounting record called the Capitulare de Villis. Dating from 800 AD, it is a list of instructions for the management of royal estates initiated by Charlemagne, King of the Franks, or his son Louis. It instructs each estate manager or steward to ‘make an annual statement of all our income, from the oxen which our ploughmen keep, from the holdings which owe ploughing services, from the pigs, from the rents, judgement-fees and fines, from the fines for taking game in our forests without our permission’, and so on.

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The list covers accounts for the entire enterprise of a feudal lord, from small details such as soaps and oils and the management of fish ponds to the business of battle: horses, smiths and shield makers. The annual income statement of the lord’s estates was presented to him each Christmas, ‘so that we may know the character and amount of our income from the various sources’. Three hundred years after Charlemagne’s accounting standards were formulated, feudal Europe was rocked to its foundations by an economic boom ignited by the Crusades—a series of mass movements ostensibly far from the concerns of commerce. In 1095, following an appeal from the Byzantine emperor for help against the Turks, Pope Urban II called all of Christendom to war against the infidel.

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Euclid’s Elements was the most successful textbook ever written and, until it fell out of use in the 1900s, the second best-selling book of all time after the Bible. Following the fall of Rome, Greek mathematics survived in Europe in fragmented and reduced form in the cathedral and monastery schools set up by Charlemagne in the eighth century, which taught the Pythagorean mathematical quadrivium alongside the ‘trivium’ of grammar, logic and rhetoric. The mathematics taught, however, was basic: enough arithmetic to keep accounts, music for church services, geometry for land surveying, and astrology to calculate the dates of Christian feasts and fasts; it used Roman numerals, the abacus, and Latin translations of Greek mathematics (especially Euclid) by the Roman scholar Boethius (c. 480–524).

The City: A Global History
by Joel Kotkin
Published 1 Jan 2005

Burckhardt, op. cit., 334; Morris, op. cit., 62; Dimitri Obolensky, The Byzantine Commonwealth: Eastern Europe, 500–1453 (New York: Praeger, 1971), 48. CHAPTER SEVEN: THE ISLAMIC ARCHIPELAGO 1. Chandler and Fox, op. cit., 270. 2. Geoffrey Barraclough, The Crucible of Europe: The Ninth and Tenth Centuries in European History (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1976), 61. 3. Henri Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, trans. Bernard Miall (Cleveland: Meridian Books, 1957), 166. 4. Richard Hodges, Dark Age Economics: The Origins of Towns and Trade (New York: St. Martin’s Press, 1982), 31, 181; David C. Douglas, The Norman Achievement, 1050–1100 (Berkeley: University of California Press, 1969), 189. 5. Paul Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together: Cities in Islamic Lands, Seventh Through the Tenth Centuries (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 2001), 41. 6.

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.: Harvard University Press, 2002), 120. 10. Hitti, op. cit., 18–19. 11. Ibn Khaldun, op. cit., 74. 12. Grant, The Ancient Mediterranean, 192. 13. Stefano Bianca, Urban Form in the Arab World: Past and Present (New York: Thames and Hudson, 2000), 25–36. 14. Hitti, op. cit., 61. 15. Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, 154–55; Mango, 91–97. 16. Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together, 35–38. 17. Hourani, op. cit., 124–25. 18. Wheatley, The Places Where Men Pray Together, 39. 19. Hitti, op. cit., 154–55; Maria Rosa Menocal, The Ornament of the World: How Muslims, Jews and Christians Created a Culture of Tolerance in Medieval Spain (Boston: Little, Brown, 2002), 66. 20.

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Immanuel Wallerstein, The Modern World-System: Capitalist Agriculture and the Origins of the European World-Economy in the Sixteenth Century (New York: Academic Press, 1974), 55–56. 12. Lapidus, op. cit., 50–65, 78–80, 185–91. 13. Abu-Lughod, op. cit., 48–51; Lewis, What Went Wrong? 13. 14. Lewis, The Muslim Discovery, 195. CHAPTER TEN: EUROPE’S URBAN RENAISSANCE 1. Pirenne, Mohammed and Charlemagne, 277. 2. Lauro Martines, Power and Imagination: City-States in Renaissance Italy (New York: Knopf, 1979), 13; Dougerty, op. cit., 44; Pirenne, Medieval Cities, 61–64. 3. Fumagalli, op. cit., 81, 92; William H. McNeill, The Pursuit of Power: Technology, Armed Force and Society Since A.D. 1000 (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1982), 86. 4.

Water: A Biography
by Giulio Boccaletti
Published 13 Sep 2021

Boatmen were once again allowed to trade salt upriver, in exchange for payment of duty at ports in Lombard territory. Inland navigation turned the Po into a domestic market that stretched to Pavia, the capital of the Lombard kingdom, three hundred kilometers from the coast. When Charlemagne descended across the Alps and conquered the Lombard kingdom in 774 CE, he annexed northern Italy into the Carolingian Empire, integrating Europe once more into an imperial whole. Charlemagne’s political consolidation was extensive, but while he aspired to Roman greatness, his institutions were structurally thin. He did not rebuild a tax system or an administration comparable to that of Rome.

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By the end of the tenth century, local power in northern Italy came from extensive land ownership along waterways, much of which was under the Church, either directly through its bishops or indirectly through monasteries. The two institutions that claimed universality in medieval Europe were the Church and the Holy Roman emperors, successors of Charlemagne. This universality did not manifest itself through direct rule over territory, however, as much as through a complicated web of personal and institutional allegiances. Those networks were often overlapping, particularly in the fragmented world of northern Italy. Emperors gave monasteries and bishops concessions to extract taxes from activities on the river, as a means of exercising some control over them.

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Lantern of Law The solution to the fractiousness over the use of water could only come from a common set of rules. After all, everybody’s ownership of landscape and access to water resources was tied to having a viable legal system that could establish land title. The most important system of rules in the European early Middle Ages was canon law. Charlemagne’s efforts to establish a Christian empire had fueled intense interest in canonical sources, and in the eleventh century, Ivo, bishop of Chartres, redacted one of the most extensive syntheses of canon law in his Decretum of 1096 CE. In such texts were the echoes and fragments of the Roman legal tradition, but the problem was that, much in keeping with Augustine’s direction, canon law did not typically concern itself with the “public,” the legal responsibilities of the state towards the commonwealth.

The Alps: A Human History From Hannibal to Heidi and Beyond
by Stephen O'Shea
Published 21 Feb 2017

Perhaps the militantly secular French would have felt queasy memorializing Constantine’s epochal crossing of Mont Cenis alongside the safer, faith-free commemorations of Hannibal, Napoleon, and the Tour de France. In truth, so many armies and conquerors have passed this way—the list also includes Pepin the Short, Charlemagne, Charles the Bald—that Mont Cenis would look more like a scrapyard were every one of its transient generals and troops given their own purple metallic plaque. A small, bidirectional marker hints at the historic centrality of the role of the pass in history: One arrow reads ROME 724 KM.; the other, pointing in the opposite direction, reads PARIS 724 KM.

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The Swiss government, alarmed by the crypto-­colonization of this corner of the Valais canton, imposed a quota system on foreign acquisition of properties there, proof that the creep of millions of pounds sterling had become a stampede. Naturally, local real estate developers were furious. But the foreigners who most exercise my Swiss café companions are not British. In fact, they are not even a group. They reserve their ire for one foreigner: Napoleon Bonaparte. In 1800, the thousandth anniversary of Charlemagne’s crossing of the Great St. Bernard en route to coronation in Rome (and the year Barry I was born), Napoleon passed through this valley on his way to be stymied at Fort Bard. His large army “requisitioned” a cornucopia of supplies—including 21,724 bottles of wine and a mountain of foodstuffs—which Napoleon promised to pay for.

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It served as the arresting Bergfilm opening to The Sound of Music, with Julie Andrews warbling “The Hills Are Alive” in one of its mountain meadows (on the German side of the mountain, no less), and then as the escape route of the von Trapps in the film’s closing sequence. More venerable are the local legends that have Holy Roman Emperor Frederick Barbarossa and/or Charlemagne sleeping within the mountain. Perhaps these associations can drown out Adolf. Perhaps not. I climb the hundred meters or so from the Kehlsteinhaus to a large iron cross planted atop the ridge. Although the Christian connections to this site are tenuous at best, the improved vista from this, the highest spot of the Kehlstein promontory, can inspire almost religious sentiment.

She Has Her Mother's Laugh
by Carl Zimmer
Published 29 May 2018

Every April, a few dozen people gather in a Washington, DC, club for the annual dinner and meeting of the Order of the Crown of Charlemagne in the United States of America. To be invited to dinner, people must prove that they are direct descendants of the eighth-century ruler of the Holy Roman Empire. To make the task easier for Charlemagne’s descendants, the order will be satisfied if you can just link your genealogy to someone on their list of “Gateway Ancestors,” such as James Claypoole of Philadelphia and Agatha Wormeley of Virginia. On its website, charlemagne.org, the order declares that its objective is “to maintain and promote the traditions of chivalry and knighthood.”

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If you go back far enough in the history of a human population, you reach a point in time when all the individuals who have any descendants among living people are ancestors of all living people. To appreciate how weird this is, think again about Charlemagne. We know for a fact that Charlemagne has some living descendants, thanks to the genealogies proudly drawn by the Order of the Crown. But that fact, according to Chang’s model, means that every European alive today is a descendant of Charlemagne. The order is hardly an exclusive club. When Chang developed his model in 1999, geneticists couldn’t compare it to reality. They didn’t know enough about the human genome to even guess.

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“The Beaker Phenomenon and the Genomic Transformation of Northwest Europe.” bioRxiv. doi:10.1101/135962. Olson, S. 2015. “International Summit on Human Gene Editing: A Global Discussion.” National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine. doi:10.17226/21913. Order of the Crown of Charlemagne in the United States of America website. http://www.charlemagne.org/ (accessed August 12, 2017). Orel, Vítězslav. 1973. “The Scientific Milieu in Brno During the Era of Mendel’s Research.” Journal of Heredity 64:314–18. Orgel, L. E. 1997. “Preventive Mitochondrial Replacement.” Chemistry & Biology 4:167–68. Osberg, Richard. 1986.

The Discovery of France
by Graham Robb
Published 1 Jan 2007

Some of these provinces, known as ‘pays d’état’, had their own regional parliaments and imposed their own taxes. Others, known as ‘pays d’élection’, were taxed directly by the state. Many of them have been a part of France for less than four hundred years (see Chronology, p. 359). To historians who tried to describe the entire kingdom, the chaotic effects of the division of Charlemagne’s empire in 843, and even the tribal divisions described by Julius Caesar, were still apparent in the maze of internal customs barriers and legal discrepancies. This jumble of old fiefdoms was, however, controlled by an ambitious and increasingly powerful monarchy. Roman Gaul had looked to the Mediterranean.

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The state was perceived as a dangerous nuisance: its emissaries were soldiers who had to be fed and housed, bailiffs who seized property and lawyers who settled property disputes and took most of the proceeds. Being French was not a source of personal pride, let alone the basis of a common identity. Before the mid-nineteenth century, few people had seen a map of France and few had heard of Charlemagne and Joan of Arc. France was effectively a land of foreigners. According to a peasant novelist from the Bourbonnais, this was just as true in the 1840s as it was before the Revolution: We had not the slightest notion of the outside world. Beyond the limits of the canton, and beyond the known distances, lay mysterious lands that were thought to be dangerous and inhabited by barbarians.

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In some periods and places, they were confused with lepers, though leper colonies existed in France several centuries before the first known ‘cagoteries’, and early edicts mention lepers and cagots as separate categories of undesirable.8 Nearly all the old and modern theories are unsatisfactory: Roman legionaries with leprosy who were sent to spas in Gaul, crusaders returning to France with the disease, Saracens who collaborated with Charlemagne and fled to France after the defeat at Roncevaux. It finally became apparent that the real ‘mystery of the cagots’ was the fact that they had no distinguishing features at all. They spoke whichever dialect was spoken in the region and their family names were not peculiar to the cagots. They did not, as many Bretons believed, bleed from the navel on Good Friday.

The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans
by David Abulafia
Published 2 Oct 2019

David Abulafia, The Great Sea: a Human History of the Mediterranean (London, 2011), p. 221. 5. Power, Red Sea , pp. 103–9. 6. R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe (London, 1983), pp. 126–9. 7. Quintus Horatius Flaccus, Epistles , 2.1, ll.156–7. 8. Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne , pp. 131–2. 9. Xinru Liu, The Silk Road in World History (Oxford and New York, 2010), pp. 96–101; F. Wood, The Silk Road (London, 2002); P. Frankopan, The Silk Road: a New History of the World (London, 2015). 10. Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne , pp. 115–18. 11. Slightly modified from the passage cited by S. M. Stern, ‘Ramisht of Siraf, a Merchant Millionaire of the Twelfth Century’, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society , n.s., vol. 99 (1967), pp. 10–14. 12.

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It has been said that ‘the remains of Haithabu lie in one of the richest archaeological zones in all of Europe’.26 Although an earlier and much smaller trading settlement may have existed nearby, the foundation of Haithabu can be securely dated to the war between King Godfred of Denmark and his neighbour Charlemagne around 810, since timbers found on the site date from 810 or soon after. While campaigning on the eastern side of Denmark against Charlemagne’s allies, Godfred raided a port established by the Slav people known as the Obodrites close to present-day Lübeck, and deported its merchants to his own new town of Haithabu. The Obodrites had obligingly provided the Frisian merchants from the North Sea, and their customers in northern France, with goods that came through the Baltic, most importantly furs and amber.27 Godfred’s idea was, then, to create a Danish entrepôt that would dominate traffic between the Baltic and the North Sea.

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Meier, Seafarers, Merchants and Pirates , pp. 72–3, 80. 30. J. Ahola, Frog and J. Lucenius, eds., The Viking Age in Åland: Insights into Identity and Remnants of Culture (Helsinki, 2014). 31. Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne , p. 116, fig. 46; generally, L. Thålin, ‘Baltic Trade and the Varangians’, in World of the Vikings , pp. 22–3. 32. Hodges and Whitehouse, Mohammed, Charlemagne , p. 119, fig. 49. 33. Ibid., p. 118. 34. Ibid., pp. 114–15, 117, and fig. 47, p. 116. 35. North, Baltic , p. 9, citing Adam of Bremen. 36. R. Öhrman, Gotlands Fornsal: Bildstenar (2nd edn, Visby, 2000); E. Nylén and J.

Paper: A World History
by Mark Kurlansky
Published 3 Apr 2016

Their skill in mathematics was applied to everything from astronomy to the making of highly accurate sundials, which were placed on the walls of mosques. The Muslim world ran their day on time-telling long before other societies. According to legend, Caliph Harun al-Rashid, who sought contacts everywhere, once sent a sundial and an elephant to Charlemagne as gifts of friendship. Muslim learning often had a practical or even commercial side. A fascination with alchemy led to the distillation of rose water and other flower- and plant-based perfumes, which were sold abroad and along the Silk Road to China. Commercial perfume distilleries thrived in Damascus, Kufa, and Şabūr in Iran.

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But that creativity was largely locked away in monasteries or offered only to the nobility for their entertainment and enlightenment. Books were hand-painted on parchment with such stunning beauty that noblemen were pleased to own them as art objects but often never read them. Even many kings and princes were illiterate. Charlemagne, an advocate of books and literacy, was read to early in his reign and only started to learn to read himself in response to his insomnia. Historians suspect that he never read well. But then, throughout much of the world, economies started expanding. By the late Middle Ages, the average European had at least the minimal reading skills needed to conduct business or trade, and was no longer, as the Arabs had once claimed, unwashed.

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Roger Bacon determined that if a man walked twenty miles a day, it would take him fourteen years, seven months, twenty-nine days, and a few hours to reach the moon. In Medieval Europe, laws had seldom been written down; they were memorized. Writing them down was not considered necessary or desirable. But in 787, the semiliterate Charlemagne decreed that laws that were written had more force than those that were memorized. In England, however, few laws were written down until after the 1066 Norman invasion, when King William began to establish such laws and records. Most famously, he ordered a Domesday Book—the name being coined two centuries later because the book was a final reckoning—a complete survey of the land holdings and other assets of everyone living in England and Wales that could be used for taxation.

The Mini Rough Guide to Vienna (Travel Guide eBook)
by Rough Guides
Published 1 Jun 2023

Attila the Hun advanced on Vienna in 453, but died before completing his conquest. The Huns were followed over the next 600 years by rampaging Goths, Franks, Avars, Slavs and Magyars. Despite these troubles, the first church, Ruprechtskirche, was erected in 740. Two more followed during the reign of Charlemagne: Maria am Gestade and the Peterskirche. Babenberg Rule Stability came in 1156 when the Babenbergs, Bavarian lords who had succeeded a century and a half earlier in driving out the Magyars, were granted the hereditary duchy of Austria by the Holy Roman Emperor. The first duke, Heinrich II Jasomirgott, set up his court around what is today the Platz am Hof, giving Vienna its first golden era.

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This was once the forum of Roman Vindobona, and a small Römermuseum at No. 3 (Tues–Sun 9am–6pm; free entry on the first Sun of each month; www.wienmuseum.at) shows remains of two Roman houses laid bare by a 1945 bombardment. At the east end of the square is a gem of high Viennese kitsch, the Ankeruhr, an animated clock built in 1911 by an insurance company. Charlemagne, Prince Eugene, Maria Theresa, Joseph Haydn and others perform their act at midday. At the western end of Hoher Markt, turn right into Marc Aurel-Strasse, named after the Roman emperor who died in AD 180. On the left, Salvatorgasse leads behind the Altes Rathaus (Old Town Hall), which now contains the Archive of the Austrian Resistance (Mon–Thurs 9am–5pm; www.doew.at), and past the superb porch of the Salvatorkapelle, a happy marriage of Italian Renaissance and Austrian late Gothic sculpture.

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Vienna Tourist Board The imperial crown In the Schweizerhof, the Schatzkammer @ [map] (Treasury; Wed–Mon 9am–5.30pm; www.khm.at) contains a dazzling display of the insignia of the old Holy Roman Empire. Highlights are the imperial crown of pure unalloyed gold set with pearls and unpolished emeralds, sapphires and rubies. First used in AD 962 for the coronation of Otto the Great in Rome, it moved on to Aachen and Frankfurt for crowning successors. Also on display are the sword of Charlemagne and the Holy Lance, which is said to have pierced the body of Christ on the Cross and which has been claimed by some, including Hitler, to have mystical powers. Other intriguing artefacts include a unicorn’s horn and an agate bowl, reputed to be the Holy Grail used by Christ at the Last Supper.

The Rough Guide to Florence & the Best of Tuscany
by Tim Jepson , Jonathan Buckley and Rough Guides
Published 2 Mar 2009

Splendidly isolated in a timeless landscape of fields, olive groves and wooded hills, the abbey stood empty for some five hundred years, and is today maintained by a small group of French monks who celebrate Mass several times daily in haunting Gregorian chant. Tradition ascribes the foundation of the abbey to Charlemagne, who, while returning with his army from Rome in 781, halted in the nearby Starcia valley. If this sounds too good to be true, it is known that the abbey existed in 814, when Charlemagne’s son, Louis the Pious, enriched it with vast tracts of land and privileges. Over the two centuries that followed, the abbey’s importance grew, thanks in part to its location close to the intersection of several of central Italy’s most important medieval trade and pilgrimage routes.

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Set into one wall is a service shaft connecting the kitchen to all the floors of the building.The leaded glass – like the toilets – was considered a marvel at a time when many windows were covered with turpentine-soaked rags stretched across frames to repel rainwater. Santi Apostoli | Piazza Santa Trìnita Between Via Porta Rossa and the Arno, on Piazza del Limbo stands the church of Santi Apostoli (Mon–Sat 10am–noon & 4–5.30pm, Sun 4–5.30pm; free). A replica of an ancient inscription on the facade records the legend that it was founded by Charlemagne – it’s not quite that old, but it certainly pre-dates the end of the first millennium. It bears a close resemblance to the city’s other Romanesque basilica, San Miniato al Monte, though side chapels were added to it in the fifteenth and sixteenth century. Despite these and other CounterReformation alterations, Santi Apostoli still has an austere beauty quite unlike any other church in the city centre, and according to Vasari it was this “small and most beautiful” building that Brunelleschi used as his primary model for San Lorenzo and Santo Spirito.

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The Medici balls You come across the Medici emblem – a cluster of red balls (palle) on a gold background – all over Florence, yet its origins are shrouded in mystery. Legend claims the family was descended from a Carolingian knight named Averardo, who fought and killed a giant in the Mugello, north of Florence. During the encounter his shield received six massive blows from the giant’s mace, so Charlemagne, as a reward for his bravery, allowed Averardo to represent the dents as red balls on his coat of arms. Rival families claimed that the balls had less exalted origins, that they were medicinal pills or cupping glasses, recalling the family’s origins as apothecaries or doctors (medici). Others claim they are bezants, Byzantine coins, inspired by the arms of the Arte del Cambio, the moneychangers’ guild to which the Medici belonged.

Belgium - Culture Smart!: The Essential Guide to Customs & Culture
by Bernadett Varga
Published 14 Aug 2022

When the Roman Empire collapsed, the Franks surged southward, sweeping away both Christianity and the vestiges of Roman civilization. The Frankish Merovingian dynasty based itself at Tournai. In 496 CE King Clovis embraced Christianity, and the Franks were gradually converted by a series of missionaries. Their kingdom became the center of an empire that reached its peak during the reign of Charlemagne (742–814 CE). The area between the Meuse and the Rhine, centered on his capital at Aachen, formed the hub of a vast Christian realm stretching from the Elbe River to the Ebro in northern Spain. The Carolingians governed through royal agents, whose descendants came increasingly to identify more with local interests than with those of the king.

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What is now Belgium was given to two of them: Charles the Bald, who received Flanders (a strip of land west of the Scheldt River) as well as most of France, and Lothar, who received the remainder of today’s Belgium and lands along the Rhine and the Rhône. The Counts of Flanders The partition of Charlemagne’s empire opened the way for the ascendancy of a class of nobles who were theoretically subject to the French and German monarchs but who wielded great power locally. Invasions by both Vikings and Normans in the ninth and tenth centuries consolidated this power. The Frankish rulers put up little defense against the incursions, leaving it to the local lords to protect the populace and in the process step into the power vacuum, becoming feudal masters.

Cultureshock Paris
by Cultureshock Staff
Published 6 Oct 2010

By then, the Romans had already lost control of the area and were replaced for 300 years by the Franks from Germania—a dynasty that fought among themselves but which managed to establish Francia as Christian once and for all, though not always peacefully, to say the least. By the 9th century, Charlemagne (whose father Pépin III was the first of the Carolingians) was using harsh military conquest to expand the domain and to impose Christianity on the realm. He preferred the Germanic city of Aachen (Aix-la-Chapelle) to Paris, so Paris declined over the decades, suffering from neglect and invasions by Norse Vikings. Overview 7 Notre Dame sits along the Seine, which curves leisurely through Paris. Charlemagne’s descendants fought amongst themselves as well, so just before the turn of the first Christian millennium the time was ripe in Paris for a new king to emerge.

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When he asked his rhetorical question some 50 bien fait (perfectly ripe); for years ago, there were at least 250 consuming later, they should kinds of cheese. Now there are be pas trop fait (not quite ripe). more than 400, ranging from the ancient Roquefort (said to have Every quartier has its own been a favourite of Charlemagne), cheese shops, each carrying a to Boursin, an invention of the 20th century. slightly different variety. 224 CultureShock! Paris Fromage de chèvre or goat cheese—but one of the numerous varieties of cheese available from the fromageries of Paris. Cheese is served between the plat principal and the dessert, and it should be served at room temperature.

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Fortunately for the beautiful (and some say, extremely romantic) French language as we know it today, the Romans were supplanted by Germanic Franks, such that by the 5th century, the Latin language spoken in France had incorporated some Germanic words, in addition to Celtic ones. The lasting presence of the Franks and their great rulers (including Charlemagne, King of the Franks and the Lombards, and first Holy Roman Emperor) was instrumental in allowing the language to develop admidst wars and migration. This distinguished French from the other emerging Romanic languages. This ‘Old French’ lasted for about 400 years, during which the dialect spoken in Paris became pre-eminent, as the power—cultural, as well as political—of the city grew.

Judas Unchained
by Peter F. Hamilton
Published 1 Jan 2006

As they drew near to the bank, Adam gawped in astonishment. The Guardians he’d met always talked about their Charlemagnes with a sense of pride. Now he could see why. The beast was big and hellishly intimidating. He eyed its short metal-tipped horn, and vowed not to venture within twenty metres of the brute. The Volvo wobbled up out of the river. ‘That’s Judson all right,’ Kieran said with a wide smile. He jumped down out of the cab to greet his old colleague. The two of them embraced warmly, and Kieran brought him over to the lorry. Adam climbed out. The Charlemagne had tusks, he saw. It probably wasn’t a herbivore. ‘Mr Elvin,’ Judson said.

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Samantha’s Vauxhall jeep reached the entrance long after dark, its headlights revealing a slight shimmer in the air caused by the force field the Guardians had established a couple of metres inside. Three sentries greeted her, and the force field reduced to allow her to drive right in. There were a number of Charlemagnes stabled inside, along with a variety of battered 4x4 vehicles she knew only too well. Two huge dapple grey horses were also standing next to the Charlemagnes; the saddles on the posts beside them were beautifully sculpted black leather with embossed gold patterns of DNA. ‘Barsoomians,’ Valentine said in a respectful tone. The control centre itself was right at the back of the cave, which was illuminated in a soft green light.

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Out on the lush veldt, the remaining clan riders moved forward, spreading wide until the Starflyer convoy was completely encircled. The first armoured car appeared on Highway One, rumbling forward until it reached the group of Charlemagnes standing on the road half a mile behind the convoy. Olwen braked to a halt. ‘Finally!’ she hissed. The armoured car’s thick door hinged up, and Bradley stepped out. Ten metres away, the door on the second armoured car was already open, the Paris team and Cat’s Claws hurried out onto the sun-baked concrete and stretched elaborately. Scott McFoster handed the reins of his Charlemagne to one of his lieutenants and walked over. He threw his arms around Bradley. ‘Dreaming heavens, it is good to see you, sir.’

The City on the Thames
by Simon Jenkins
Published 31 Aug 2020

For Offa, whose capital was at Tamworth, London offered an outlet to the continent and to diplomatic relations with Charlemagne and the Franks. The old city had clearly been reoccupied and was drawing population back within its walls. Offa is thought to have had a pied-à-terre of sorts on the site of the Roman fort, with St Alban Wood Street (near the Barbican) suggested as his chapel. Saxons and Danes Within years of Offa’s death in 796 and that of Charlemagne in 814, a new threat appeared on Europe’s northern horizon. London’s trading status made it vulnerable to Viking raids down the east coast. At the end of his life, Charlemagne had declared himself ‘overwhelmed with sorrow as I look forward, and see what evils the Northmen will bring upon my offspring and their people’.

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He left London before assembling his full army, and was subsequently defeated and killed by William’s cavalry at Hastings in October 1066, forever the most famous date in England’s history. The Battle of Hastings, portrayed in school histories as the English against the French, was essentially between two equally tenuous claimants to the English throne, one Anglo-Dane and one Danish-Norman. The struggle marked the true emergence of Charlemagne’s ‘men of the north’ onto the European stage. After Hastings, William marched towards London, nervous of its formidable defences. He burned Southwark but was unable to cross the Thames, detouring upstream as far as Wallingford before turning east, destroying towns and villages as he went. At Berkhamsted he finally received the submission of London’s leading citizens – including Harold’s teenage heir Edgar – as being ‘of necessity’.

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G., High Rise 301 Baltic Exchange 131, 215; bombing (1992) 290 Bangladeshi immigrants 275 Bank of England 162, 175, 214; buildings 146, 221, 290; foundation 92, 93 bank holidays, introduction of 182 Bank station 167, 194, 236, 295 banking and financial services industry 92–3, 98, 115, 175, 239, 275, 293–7, 306, 315 Bankside power station 284, 303 Banqueting House (Whitehall) 59, 66, 85, 86 Baptists 66, 84, 136 Barbican 11, 13, 243; estate 253–5, 269, 280, 283, 307, 310; see also Museum of London Barbon, Nicholas 84–5 Barbon, Praise-God 84 Barkers of Kensington (department store) 181 Barking 206, 270 Barlow Commission 232, 240 Barnard’s Inn Hall (Holborn) 49 Barnes 210, 276 Barnett, Dame Henrietta 209 Barons’ War (13th century) 29, 30, 31 baroque architecture 81, 95, 105, 198; revival 198, 199–200, 221–2 Barratt, Nick, Greater London 242 Barry, Sir Charles 146, 153–4 Bartholomew Fair 37 Bart’s see St Bartholomew’s Hospital Basildon 300 Bath House 147 baths and washhouses, public: 19th century 189; 20th century 201, 213; Roman era 11, 12, 13–14, 338 Battersea 8, 17, 136, 165, 272; Arding & Hobbs (department store) 181; power station 284, 327–8 Battersea Fields/Park 183 Bauhaus 232 Baynard’s Castle 26–7 Bayswater 141, 165, 181, 194, 250; Leinster Terrace 141; Porchester Terrace 141; see also Lancaster Gate Bayswater Road 249 Bazalgette, Sir Joseph 164, 168, 176, 177 BBC 299, 329, 334; Broadcasting House 222; Bush House 221 Beatles (band) 261 Beck, Harry 229 Becontree housing estate 223, 228, 252, 269 Bede the Venerable, St 15 Bedford, John Russell, 1st Earl of 45 Bedford, Francis Russell, 4th Earl of 61–2, 70, 83 Bedford, John Russell, 6th Duke of 139 Bedford, Herbrand Russell, 11th Duke of 220 Bedford estate 100, 101, 139, 178, 227, 250, 282 Bedford Park 179 Bedford Square 103, 123 beer see brewing and beer Beijing (Peking) 173, 174 Belgravia 72, 100–101, 139–41, 156; Belgrave Square 73, 230; Chester Square 140, 153; churches 137, 153; Eaton Square 137, 153; Wilton Crescent 140; Wilton Place 153 Belsize Park 142 Bentham, Jeremy 145 Bentinck, Hans Willem (later 1st Earl of Portland) 89, 103 Berkeley, George, 1st Earl of 84, 100, 103 Berkeley, Randal, 8th Earl of 220 Berkeley Square 73, 103–4, 123, 220–21, 259, 334 Berkhamsted 24 Berlin 3, 193, 240, 241, 313 Bermondsey 17, 95, 137, 185, 206, 216, 225, 307, 339; abbey 28, 42, 46; see also Shard Bermuda 94 Berners estate 102 Besant, Annie 177 Besant, Sir Walter 2–3, 207–8, 208 Bethnal Green 137, 151, 185, 219, 305; council housing estates 202, 223, 265–6 Betjeman, Sir John 81, 231–2 Bevan, Aneurin 240 Beveridge, William, 1st Baron, report on welfare reform (1942) 240 Bevis Marks (street) 67 Bexley 230 bicycles see cycling Biddle, Martin 15 Big Bang (financial markets deregulation) 293–4, 295–6 Big Ben (bell/clock tower) 154, 179 Bill, Peter 310 Bill Haley and the Comets (band) 248 Bill of Rights (1689) 91 Billingsgate 14, 39, 81; market 163, 284 Birch, John 78 birching (corporal punishment), outlawing 260 Birdcage Walk 197 Birmingham 148, 149, 161, 188, 190, 270, 278, 318; railways 156, 157, 165, 168; town hall 188 Birt, William 209 bishopric of London 17–18 Bishopsgate 11, 27, 49, 310; Pinnacle (22 Bishopsgate) 310, 312 Bismarck, Otto von 176 Black Death (14th-century plague) 33–4, 35, 40, 66 Black Monday (stock market crash, 1987) 296 black population 118, 261, 271, 275, 299 Blackfriars 11, 177; Apothecaries Hall 337; Black Friar pub 27; monastery 27; station 165, 166, 167; theatres 52, 57 Blackfriars Bridge 114, 120 Blackheath 39, 68, 183, 210 Blackwall Docks 131 Blackwall Tunnel 280 Blair, Tony 302–6, 308, 314, 316 Blemond, William de 72 Blériot, Louis 200 Blitz (1940–41) 3, 77, 227, 234–8, 239, 245, 262 Bloomberg Centre (office building) 10, 14 Bloomsbury 72, 100, 101, 123, 139, 172, 250, 284; Bedford Square 103, 123; Bloomsbury Square 72, 100, 139; Brunswick Centre 268; Brunswick Square 125; Friends Meeting House 230; Gordon Square 139; Gower Street 178; Mecklenburgh Square 125; Russell Square 139, 179; St George’s Church 111; Tavistock Square 139; Torrington Square 284; University of London 227, 234, 250, 284; Woburn Square 284; see also British Museum Blore, Edward 146 Blow Up (film) 261 blue plaques scheme 265 Blue Stockings Society 103, 124 Boateng, Paul, Baron 299 Boccaccio, Giovanni 36 Boer War 195 Boleyn, Anne, Queen Consort 44, 46–7 bombing: Great War 216–17; Second World War 3, 77, 227, 234–8, 239, 245, 262; terrorism 290–91, 304–5 Bon, Christoph see Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (architectural practice) Bond, Sir Thomas 84 Bond Street 126, 199, 261, 339 Boodle’s (club) 137 Booth, Charles 184, 187, 208, 334 Boots (chemist) 277 Borough High Street 51, 311 Borough Market 257, 332 boroughs, establishment of 192, 201, 263, 264 Boston (Lincolnshire) 32 Boston (Massachusetts) 118 Boswell, James 107, 126–7 Bosworth Field, Battle of (1485) 39, 40 Boudicca (Celtic queen) 2, 10 Bovis (construction company) 269 Bow 171, 191, 251, 307; Abbey Mills pumping station 164; Bryant & May match factory 189 Bow Street, court 110 Bow Street Runners 112, 148 Bowen, Elizabeth 236 Boyle, Robert 70 Bracknell 251 Bradley, Mary Anne 132 Bradley, Simon 80, 179 Bradwell-on-Sea, St Cedd’s Monastery 18 Bramante, Donato 40 Brasilia 174 Breda, Declaration of (1660) 67 Brentford 125, 206 Brewer Street 338 brewing and beer 42, 96, 112, 206 Brexit (British exit from European Union) 13, 330–31 Brick Lane 261 Bridewell Palace 46, 55 bridges see Albert Bridge; Blackfriars Bridge; Hammersmith Bridge; London Bridge; Putney Bridge; Southwark Bridge; Tower Bridge; Vauxhall Bridge; Waterloo Bridge; Westminster Bridge Bridgewater House 147 Brighton 217; Grand Hotel bombing (1984) 290 Brighton Rock (film) 248 Bristol 40, 57, 131, 278, 318 Britain, Battle of (1940) 234 Britannia (Roman province) 10, 12–13 British Library 145, 250 British Museum 101, 104, 145, 172, 241, 250, 284 British Rail 283, 329 Brixham 89 Brixton 191, 208, 275; Loughborough estate 253; prison 219 Broadgate development 296 Broadwick Street 163 Bromley 230 Brompton Road 256 Bronze Age 8 Brown, George (later Baron George-Brown) 263 Brown, Gordon 314, 315 Brown, Lancelot ‘Capability’ 133 Brown’s Hotel 200 Brummell, Beau 138 Brunel, Isambard Kingdom 165, 175, 194 Brunelleschi, Filippo 40 Brunswick Centre 268 Brunswick Square 125 Brussels 26, 275, 296, 320 Brutus (legendary founder of London) 8 Brydges Place 338 Brydon, John 198, 199, 283 Brythonic people 16–17 Buchanan, Sir Colin, Traffic in Towns report 278–9, 280, 316 Bucharest 174, 326 Buckingham, George Villiers, 2nd Duke of 84–5 Buckingham and Normanby, John Sheffield, 1st Duke of 85 Buckingham House/Palace 84, 85, 97, 139, 144, 145, 146, 166, 196–7, 304 Buckingham Palace Road 199 Bucklersbury House (office building) 14 Buenos Aires 174 Building Act (1774) 121–2, 123, 135, 159, 188, 211 Bulstrode Park 103 Burbage, James 52 Burbage, Richard 52 Burdett-Coutts, Angela, 1st Baroness 187 Burghley, William Cecil, 1st Baron 47, 48 Burke, Edmund 118, 129, 130 Burlington, Richard Boyle, 1st Earl of 84, 102 Burlington, Richard Boyle, 3rd Earl of 105–6, 122 Burnham, Daniel 200 Burns, John 191 Burton, Decimus 135, 138 Burton, James 125, 135 Burton, Sir Montague 245 bus lanes 281 buses 144, 167, 177, 204, 205, 309, 317; double-decker 205, 309, 317; fares 288, 309; routes 23, 205 Bush, George W. 304 Bush, Irving T. 221 Bush House 221 Bute, John Stuart, 3rd Earl of 115–16 Byron, George, 6th Baron 127, 183 Byzantium 16, 21 CABE (Commission for Architecture and the Built Environment) 314 cable car (cross-Thames) 316 Cable Street 42, 131 Cadogan, Charles, 2nd Baron 104 Cadogan estate 104, 140 Cadogan Square 179 Cadwgan ap Elystan (Welsh warlord) 104 Calcutta 37 California 48, 320; gold rush 158; see also Los Angeles; San Francisco Callaghan, James, Baron Callaghan of Cardiff 276 Camberwell 125, 143, 171, 201, 210, 272 Cambridge University 266 Camden, Charles Pratt, 1st Baron 124, 125, 143 Camden, Borough of 264, 270, 330; council housing 268, 272 Camden Lock 330 Camden Town 143, 157, 160, 230, 257 Camelford House 220 Cameron, David 315, 319, 330 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) 262, 291 Campbell, Colen 97, 103, 105 Canaletto 99, 206 Canary Wharf 293–5, 329, 338 cannabis 276–7, 305, 318 Cannes, MIPIM construction industry fair 313 Canning Town 313; Ronan Point 267, 273, 323 Cannon Street 7–8; station 7, 165 Canonbury 143 Canova, Antonio 145 Canterbury 17, 18, 35 Carausius (Roman military commander) 12 Carlton Club 192 Carlton House 132, 133, 134, 144 Carlton House Terrace 144, 283 Carnaby Street 261, 338–9 Caroline of Ansbach, Queen Consort 128 Carpaccio, Vittore, ‘Miracle of the True Cross’ 37–8 cars, motor 205, 211, 228, 239, 242, 278; accident rates 205; see also congestion charge zone; dual-carriage way roads; motorways Carshalton 8 Carter Lane 8, 337 Casanova, Giacomo 108, 110, 127, 206 Cassivellaunus (tribal chief) 9 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount (later 2nd Marquess of Londonderry) 137 Catford 208, 230, 240 Catherine of Aragon, Queen Consort 42, 43, 44 Catherine of Braganza, Queen Consort 69, 87 Catherine of Medici, Queen Consort of France 48 Catholicism 17, 38, 44, 45, 47, 48, 61, 88–9, 105, 117; see also papacy Cavendish, Lady Margaret (later Duchess of Newcastle) 102 Cavendish Square 73, 102, 103, 123, 134 Caxton, William 41 Cecil Court 60 Cecil Hotel 177, 221 Cedd, Bishop of London 18 Celts 10, 16–17; language 7, 8, 17 censorship 98, 129, 260 Central Line 194, 204 Centre Point (New Oxford Street; skyscraper) 255–6, 257, 258, 265, 325 Chadwick, Sir Edwin 154–5, 156, 162, 163, 164, 166 Chalcot estate 142–3 Chamberlain, Joseph 190, 224 Chamberlain, Neville 223–4, 226, 232, 234, 240 Chamberlin, Powell and Bon (architectural practice) 253, 254 Chambers, Sir William 122, 123 Chandos, James Brydges, 1st Duke of 102, 106 Charing Cross 84; station 146, 165, 166, 203, 216 Charing Cross Road 177, 256 Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor 18, 24 Charles I, King 60–64, 65, 68; execution 66 Charles II, King 67–70, 73–4, 77, 78, 79–80, 81, 85–6, 87–8, 132 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor 44 Charles, Prince of Wales 299 Charlotte Street 207; Schmidt’s restaurant 207 Charterhouse 45, 46 Chartists 161–2, 175, 192 Chatham, William Pitt, 1st Earl of 115, 116, 118 Chaucer, Geoffrey 36–8, 75, 106, 332; The Canterbury Tales 36–7 Cheapside 19, 31, 37, 51, 82, 126; St Mary-le-Bow Church 39, 161 Chelmsford 251, 300 Chelsea 171, 179; Albert Bridge 284; Cheyne Row 104; Cheyne Walk 104; King’s Road 140, 261, 323; Lots Road Power Station 203; Peter Jones (department store) 181; town hall 201; see also Kensington and Chelsea, Royal Borough of Chengdu 326 Chester Square 140; St Michael’s Church 153 Chesterfield, Philip Stanhope, 5th Earl of 126 Chesterfield House 126, 220 Chesterton, G.

Thieves of State: Why Corruption Threatens Global Security
by Sarah Chayes
Published 19 Jan 2015

And I found myself wondering as I finished his book: Did other writers of manuals of advice for monarchs see it the same way? Did they too pinpoint corruption as a critical threat to the stability and security of the realm? MIRRORS FOR PRINCES stud the literature of the Western Middle Ages. In the Carolingian period, for example, several were addressed to Emperor Charlemagne’s turbulent offspring. Around the year 831, one Jonas, bishop in the graceful Loire Valley town of Orléans, addressed Of the Royal Institution to the emperor’s grandson, Pepin I. High among the recommended virtues that fill the book’s pages is, once again, justice: “He, who is the Judge of Judges, must introduce into his audience the cause of the poor, and diligently inform himself, so it does not come about that those whom he has delegated to take care of the people in his stead allow . . . the poor to be victims of oppression.” 17 As in the Islamic text, accountability for iniquitous officials lies with the king: “When dishonest judges are placed over the people of God, the fault lies with him who appointed them.”

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Specifically, they “wanted to know if the problems came from the local level, or if they came from the top.” 5 Such a notion—that government misconduct might be the fault not of the ruler but of subordinate officials gone rogue—is not necessarily baseless. A chorus of mirror writers across the cultures and centuries warned their royal readers to do whatever they could to prevent just that tendency. “It is absolutely necessary,” Jonas d’Orléans admonished Emperor Charlemagne’s grandson in 831, “for [the king] to scrutinize with the greatest attention every one of the subordinates installed under him.” 6 Writing around 1090 for a sultan whose empire stretched almost to Andijan itself, Nizam al-Mulk repeated the instruction incessantly: “It is indispensable to know the conduct of every one of the judges in the kingdom.”

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-trained units of, 49–50, 140, 142, 146 Afghans, 64 attempted meetings with U.S. officials by, 27–29 as caught between Taliban and government, 30, 31–32, 41 corruption as frustrating to, 11, 17, 25, 33, 43, 61 drug dealer loans and, 65–66 as “80 percent,” 30, 31–32 fears of, 22 humanitarian aid given to, 43–45 as information sources, 41, 46 loss of faith in political process by, 42, 43 protection for, 32, 41 U.S. bases barred to, 20 U.S. military’s contact with, 41 U.S. seen as guilty by, 165, 182 voice of, 27–29, 31 Afghan Threat Finance Cell, 49, 140 AfPak, 152 African Peer Review Mechanism, 93 Agence France-Presse, 180 Agency of Automobile and River Transport, 112 Agency for International Development, U.S., 23 Ahmadu, Valkamiya Mary, 120 Aire, governor of, 179 Akrem, Zabit, 5 Akromiyya (association of Uzbek businessmen), 104–6, 116, 120, 230n as alternative to corrupt system, 106–7 business integrity of, 104, 105–6 employees of, 105–6, 107 as operating beyond state control, 107 Uzbek government threatened by, 104–7, 117 Albania, 185 Alcoa, 207 Alexandria, 83, 85, 86 Algeria, 20–22, 69, 91, 117, 185 Arab Spring in, 72–73 bribery in, 73 civil war in, 21, 68 construction in, 73 insurgency in, 20, 40–41 military’s direct rule in, 20–21, 68, 90, 125n, 197 oil in, 125n Algiers, 20 Alina (pseudonym of Uzbek investigator), 106, 107–8, 109, 110, 112 Alison-Madueke, Diezani, 123 Aliyu, Muhammad, 128 Al-Jazeera, 73, 181 Alliot-Marie, Michèle, 241n almonds, 33 Al Qaeda, 61, 68, 69, 77, 83n, 89, 90, 178n, 180, 181, 182, 183, 187 in the Islamic Maghreb, 68 American Enterprise Institute, 136 Amin, Galal, 88 Amn el-Shurta, 87–88 Amu Darya River, 110 Andijan, 103–7, 120 massacre in, 103–5, 116, 117, 160 Angar, Hakim, 55–56, 64 animists, animism, 118, 125, 130 anise, 34 an-Nasiri, Ali Harisu Kadiri, 118–19, 132 Ansar al-Sharia, 99 Ansaru, 119 anticorruption efforts, 11, 39–52 Afghan elections and, 41–42 focus on people for, 40 intermediaries and, 203 international community and, 64 recommendations for, 40, 45–47 see also corruption remedies anticorruption policy, 144–45, 149, 188 Anti-Corruption Task Force, ISAF, 48, 51, 64, 136, 137, 140 Anti-Corruption Unit, 47, 143 antifederalists, 169–70 appeal, 162, 167, 211 to law, 171 mechanisms of, 158 apricots, 33, 66 Arab Organization for Industrialization, 80 Arabs, 67 Arab Spring, 20, 68–77, 92, 135, 169, 184 arbitrary detention, 12, 51, 98, 101, 121, 161 Argentina, 185 Arghand Cooperative, 3, 33–34, 65 Articles of Confederation, 168 Artillery House, 79 Asian Development bank, 198 Assad, Bashar al-, 226n asset forfeiture, 149–50, 193 Atif, Pashtoon, 34, 35 Atiya, Abd al-Rahman, 182–83 Atmar, Hanif, 53, 55, 56, 57, 59, 60, 142 Auf, Yussef, 83, 85, 87–88 autocratic rule, 8, 20, 67, 69 see also monarchy Ayed, Jalloul, 75, 76 Azerbaijan, 107n Azizi Bank, 94 Babur, Timurid emperor, 102 Bacha, Hajji, 28 BAE Systems, 182 Bahrain, 77, 191 Baker, Pauline, 122 Bandar bin Sultan, Prince, 182 Bank of America, 83 banks, 186, 198–99 bribery in, 34–36 corruption in, 34–36, 128, 186 loans by, 93–94, 207 Basel, 176 Basilicon Doron (James I of England), 10, 162 Bayart, Jean-François, 185 Belgium, 161 Ben Ali, Leila Trabelsi, 74, 92, 93 Ben Ali, Zine el-Abidine, 32, 67, 74, 75, 92, 94, 99, 107, 198, 215 Ben Ali family, 92, 96, 97 Ben Chrouda, Lotfi, 92, 94 Ben Gacem, Hazem, 74–75 Benghazi, 100 Ben Kahla, Karim, 92–93 Benmoussa, Chakib, 72 Berbers, 125n Biddle, Stephen, 136 Bill of Rights, U.S., 170 bin Laden, Osama, 61, 89, 117, 171, 181–82 Blida, 72, 73 Boering, Piet, 40, 42, 47 Boko Haram, 119–20, 121–22, 129, 130, 132, 133 Book of Counsel for Kings (Ghazali), 26–27, 43 Boot, Max, 136 Boulaq (neighborhood of Cairo), 84, 87 Brahim, Yassine, 75, 95 bribes, bribery, 149, 200 in Afghan government, 4, 5, 34–36, 140–42 in Algeria, 73 in banks, 34–36 in churches, 176 in Egypt, 85, 87 government corruption and, 4, 5, 34–36, 106, 108–9, 111–13, 140–42 in Nigeria, 120, 129, 217 officials and, 184–85, 193 extorted by police, 87, 120 of public officials, 193 in Tunisia, 74, 96, 113 by U.S. government, 187 in Uzbekistan, 106, 108–9, 111–13 British Parliament, 162–64, 168 Brussels, 24 Bukhara, 111 Bulgaria, 24, 185 Bureaucracy Does Its Thing (Komer), 147 Bureau of International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs, 48 Bush, George W., 181–82 Cairo, 32, 78, 79, 80, 87, 88, 90 Cambodia, 139 capitalism, 83–85, 86–87, 89, 92 Capone, Al, 140 Carter, Nick, 135 Casablanca, 68, 95, 198 Catholic Church, corruption in, 176, 181, 218, 218 Catholicism, 158, 172n, 183 cellphones, confiscation of, 4, 5 Center for International Private Enterprises, 84 Center for Trade Union and Workers’ Services, 84 Central Auditing Authority, 87 Central Bank, 122 Central Command, U.S., 135 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 46, 51–52, 54, 145 Afghan government’s relations with, 151–52, 154–55 money paid by, 154–55 Centre for Information Technology and Development, 121 Chaman, 4–5 Chamari, Taoufiq, 98 Charlemagne, 15, 104 Charles I, King of England, 162–64, 182, 221n, 237n–38n public trial of, 164–66, 221n Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor, 17, 46, 86, 157 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy, 157 Chechens, 117 child labor, 101, 114 Chile, 194 China, 73, 80 Choriev, Bahodir, 106n Christianity, 118, 125, 130–32, 133, 173–74, 183 church vs. state, 15 Citigroup, 75 civil service, corruption in, 91n, 126–27, 129, 217 civil society organizations, 195–96 CLEEN Foundation, 119–20, 126, 129 Clinton, Hillary, 76, 145 Colombia, 185 command responsibility, 14, 54, 182, 203–4 see also accountability Comptroller of the Currency, 192 Constitution, U.S., 168–170 constitutional monarchy, 58, 68 construction (public works), 73, 81, 88 scams through, 13, 33, 86–87 Cooke, John, 165–66, 238n corporate responsibility, 200–201 corruption: advice literature addressing, see advice literature (“Mirrors for Princes”) in banks, 34–36, 128, 186 bribes and, see bribes, bribery as cause of soft states, 88 in civil service, 91n, 126–27, 129, 217 conscious disregard of, 41–42, 49 democracy aimed at curbing of, 161 development resources and, 13, 44, 95 188, 194–196 economic, see economy as enabled by inapproachability, 26–27, 29, 35 as enabled by Western governments, 27, 181–83, 189, 195, 204 as human rights issue, 101 in Hungary, 24 impact of natural disasters compounded by, 186 insurgency linked to, 6–7, 29, 36–37, 41, 42, 43, 44, 63–64, 71, 151–52, 155, 184 by intermediaries, 15, 29, 37, 158 in Ireland, 205–6 in medical systems, 128 militant religion as alternative or reaction to, 64, 75, 174, 180, 181–183 in military, 72, 81–82 national security and, 6–7, 14–15, 16–17, 18–19, 43, 189, 203 physical ecosystems damaged by, 186 by police, see police corruption in the pre-Reformation Catholic church, 133, 174–77, 179, 181, 218 purchase of office and, 165, 175 as threatening topic, 148 treated as secondary by policy-makers, 140, 144 types of, 145–46 see also anticorruption efforts; government corruption trade-offs and, 202–4 cotton, 107n, 113–15, 216 Cotton Campaign, 114, 115 Council on Foreign Relations, 136 counterinsurgency, 30, 40, 139, 155 counternarcotics, 52, 64–65 counterterrorism, 68, 72, 185, 196 Crimea, 192 cumin, 33 customs, 5, 73, 95–96, 98, 110 Dale, Catherine, 136 Danone, 93 Daoud, Daoud, 64 data collection, 41, 46–47 dates (fruit), 97 Davy, John, 108 Deeper Life Bible Church, 132 Defense Department, U.S.

The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
by Niall Ferguson
Published 13 Nov 2007

Prices were still being quoted in terms of silver denarii in the time of Charlemagne, king of the Franks from 768 to 814. The difficulty was that by the time Charlemagne was crowned Imperator Augustus in 800, there was a chronic shortage of silver in Western Europe. Demand for money was greater in the much more developed commercial centres of the Islamic Empire that dominated the southern Mediterranean and the Near East, so that precious metal tended to drain away from backward Europe. So rare was the denarius in Charlemagne’s time that twenty-four of them sufficed to buy a Carolingian cow. In some parts of Europe, peppers and squirrel skins served as substitutes for currency; in others pecunia came to mean land rather than money.

…

Among the many remnants of the defunct Roman Empire was a numerical system (i, ii, iii, iv . . .) singularly ill-suited to complex mathematical calculation, let alone the needs of commerce. Nowhere was this more of a problem than in Pisa, where merchants also had to contend with seven different forms of coinage in circulation. By comparison, economic life in the Eastern world - in the Abassid caliphate or in Sung China - was far more advanced, just as it had been in the time of Charlemagne. To discover modern finance, Europe needed to import it. In this, a crucial role was played by a young mathematician called Leonardo of Pisa, or Fibonacci. The son of a Pisan customs official based in what is now Bejaia in Algeria, the young Fibonacci had immersed himself in what he called the ‘Indian method’ of mathematics, a combination of Indian and Arab insights.

…

budget deficit and federal debt 117-18 and Enron 170-71 and home ownership 267 businesses see companies; entrepreneurs Business Week 122-3 Calais 73 Calancha, Fray Antonio de la 23 Californian energy deregulation 170 California Public Employees’ fund 222 call options 12 Cambi, Bernardo 187 Cambodia 278 Camdessus, Michel 312 Canada 147 cancer 184 Canetti, Elias 105 Cantillon, Richard 145 Canton see Guangzhou capital: adequacy see banks appreciation 125 controls 303 ‘dead’ 275 export/mobility 122 market see capital market Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) 323 capitalism: and accumulation 17 and the company 119-20 evolutionary processes in 348-9 and hyperinflation 106 and money 17 and war 297-8 and welfare state 211 capital market: alleged improvement 6 liberalization 310-12 Capital One 353 CAPM see Capital Asset Pricing Model Capra, Frank 247 Caribbean countries 99 Carlyle 337 Carnegie, Andrew 297 Carter, Jimmy 254 Carville, James 65 Case-Shiller index 261 cash: absence of see electronic money; moneyless societies ‘nexus’ 17 in people’s hands 29 see also coins; paper money Castile 20. see also Spain Castlemilk 280 Castlereagh, Lord 83 Castro, Fidel 213 Castro, Sergio de 214 catastrophes see disasters cat bonds 227 Cato Institute 276 Cauas, Jorge 214 Cavallo, Domingo 114-15 CDOs see collateralized obligations CDS see credit default swaps census (contract) 73 Center for Responsible Lending 270-71 Central America 99 central banks 49-50 and Black Monday (1987) 166 and bubbles 122 establishment of 57 explicit targets 116 independence of 116 and irrational markets 174 monarchs and 141 monopolies on note issue 49 and oil price rises 308 and subprime crisis 9 and war 100 see also Bank of England etc. central planning 19 Cerro Rico 21-3 certainty 188-189. see also probability charity 199 Charlemagne 24 Charles the Bold, Duke of Burgundy 47 Charles II, King 75 cheques 48 Chewco Investments 172 Chicago: Chicago Boys 214 economic theories 214 futures market in 226-8 Chicago Mercantile Exchange 226 Chile 98 ‘Chimerica’ 12 China 32 as America’s banker 4 banknotes and coinage 24 bankruptcy and default (1921) 303 cotton trade 96 and currency crisis (1997-8) 333 decline after 1700 285-6 demographic and environmental challenges 284 employment 334 enterprise zones 332 export prohibitions 338 exports 333 financial constraints 286 foreign exchange reserves 334 foreign investment in 287 and globalization 287 gold and silk 135 history 284-7 imperialist undertones 339 incomes 333-5 industrialization and urbanization 332-3 inflationary pressures 284 liberalization of economy 333 millionaires 333 natural resources scramble 338-9 opium wars 289-92 price controls 338 private enterprise 332-3 property price boom 233 railways 292 renminbi 333 repression 214n.

Unhappy Union: How the Euro Crisis - and Europe - Can Be Fixed
by John Peet , Anton La Guardia and The Economist
Published 15 Feb 2014

UNHAPPY UNION JOHN PEET is Europe editor and a former Brussels correspondent of The Economist. He was previously Washington correspondent and business affairs editor. ANTON LA GUARDIA is Brussels correspondent of The Economist and writes the Charlemagne column. He was previously The Economist’s defence correspondent, after working for two decades as a foreign correspondent in the Middle East and Africa. He is the author of Holy Land, Unholy War: Israelis and Palestinians (Penguin, 2006). OTHER ECONOMIST BOOKS Guide to Analysing Companies Guide to Business Modelling Guide to Business Planning Guide to Cash Management Guide to Commodities Guide to Decision Making Guide to Economic Indicators Guide to Emerging Markets Guide to the European Union Guide to Financial Management Guide to Financial Markets Guide to Hedge Funds Guide to Investment Strategy Guide to Management Ideas and Gurus Guide to Managing Growth Guide to Organisation Design Guide to Project Management Guide to Supply Chain Management Numbers Guide Style Guide Book of Business Quotations Book of Isms Book of Obituaries Brands and Branding Business Consulting Business Strategy Buying Professional Services Doing Business in China Economics Managing Talent Managing Uncertainty Marketing Marketing for Growth Megachange – the world in 2050 Modern Warfare, Intelligence and Deterrence Organisation Culture Successful Strategy Execution The World of Business Directors: an A–Z Guide Economics: an A–Z Guide Investment: an A–Z Guide Negotiation: an A–Z Guide Pocket World in Figures UNHAPPY UNION How the euro crisis – and Europe – can be fixed John Peet and Anton La Guardia THE ECONOMIST IN ASSOCIATION WITH PROFILE BOOKS LTD AND PUBLIC AFFAIRS Copyright © The Economist Newspaper Ltd, 2014 Text copyright © John Peet and Anton La Guardia, 2014 First published in 2014 by Profile Books Ltd. in Great Britain.

…

Library of Congress Control Number: 2014936676 HC ISBN: 978-1-61039-449-9 e-book ISBN: 978-1-61039-450-5 First Edition Contents List of figures Acknowledgements Preface 1“If the euro fails, Europe fails” 2From the origins to Maastricht 3How it all works 4Build-up to a crisis 5Trichet’s test 6Super Mario 7The changing balance of power 8In, out, shake it all about 9Democracy and its discontents 10How the euro spoilt any other business 11Europe’s place in the world 12After the storm Notes Appendices 1Timeline 2Treaties, regulations and pacts 3Further reading 4How The Economist saw it at the time Index List of figures 4.1GDP, 1999–2014 4.2Ten-year bond yields, 1995–2010 5.1Ten-year bond yields, 2010–2012 6.1Spain: five-year CDS premiums on sovereign and bank debt, 2007–12 6.2Ten-year bond yields, July 2011–December 2013 6.3Interest on loans to non-financial corporations up to €1m, 2007–14 9.1Positive opinions of the EU, 2003–13 12.1Euro zone and US GDP at constant prices, 2007–14 12.2Public debt, 1999–2014 12.3Unemployment rate, 1999–2014 12.4Current-account balance, 2004–14 Acknowledgements MANY POLITICIANS, OFFICIALS, diplomats, academics, think-tankers and fellow journalists have helped us to form our ideas and write this book, some without realising it. A large number of people gave generously of their time and shared their insights (and often their personal notes of events), but wish to remain anonymous. We would like to thank them all. For the Charlemagne columnist covering the twists and turns of the crisis from Brussels, the press corps has been a source of good cheer and comradeship, and a forum for the exchange of information, through endless late-night meetings of European leaders and finance ministers. The colleagues and guests of the “Toucan” dinner club have produced many enlightening and enjoyable evenings.

…

id=1585 10 How the euro spoilt any other business 1The Commission proposals can be found at: ec.europa.eu/energy/doc/2030/com_2014_15_en.pdf 2The eventual text of the Bolkestein directive is available at: eur-lex.europa.eu/LexUriServ/LexUriServ.do?uri=CELEX:32006L0123:EN:HTML 3The Monti report can be found at: ec.europa.eu/bepa/pdf/monti_report_final_10_05_2010_en.pdf 4Quoted in the Charlemagne column, October 20th 2012, see: www.economist.com/news/europe/21564851-euro-was-meant-underpin-single-market-it-may-end-up-undermining-it 5See Pascouau, Y., The Future of the Area of Freedom, Security And Justice, European Policy Centre, Brussels, January 2014, available at: www.epc.eu/pub_details.php?

The Last President of Europe: Emmanuel Macron's Race to Revive France and Save the World
by William Drozdiak
Published 27 Apr 2020

In fact, she was getting cold feet and shying away from Macron’s demands for big-bang reforms that would inject new energy into the European project. Macron’s frustrations began to boil over as he sensed that Merkel was reneging on her earlier commitments. When he was informed that he would be awarded the prestigious Charlemagne Prize—named after the “father of Europe” who, from his hometown in Aachen, Germany, managed to unify much of the continent in the early ninth century—Macron decided to use the event to make a powerful appeal to the German public. With Merkel and other previous laureates seated behind him in the lavish Coronation Room of Aachen’s town hall, Macron implored Germans to get over their obsession with budget discipline, which was inflicting serious damage on the European project.

…

“A Conservative German Response to Macron’s EU Vision” (editorial), Financial Times, March 11, 2019. 24. Jürgen Habermas, “What Macron Means for Europe,” Der Spiegel, October 26, 2017. 6. EUROPE IN PIECES 1. Author’s interview with Emmanuel Macron, Élysée Palace, Paris, September 12, 2019. 2. Ibid. 3. Charlemagne, “Europe’s Gaseous Political Alliances,” Economist, June 22, 2019. 4. Jim Brunsden, “European Union’s System Failure,” Financial Times, July 2, 2019. 5. Jim Brunsden and Ben Hall, “How Emmanuel Macron Won the Battle over the EU’s Top Jobs,” Financial Times, July 5, 2019. 6. David M. Herszenhorn and Jakob Hanke, “Macron Warns of ‘Institutional Dysfunction’ if EU Can’t Fill Top Jobs,” Politico, June 27, 2019. 7.

…

Vernon,” Politico, April 10, 2019. 9. “French President Emmanuel Macron Addresses US Congress,” April 25, 2019, transcript provided by French embassy, Washington, DC. 10. Author’s background conversations with French diplomats, Paris, April 2018. 11. President Emmanuel Macron, speech at the awarding of the Charlemagne Prize, Aachen, Germany, May 9, 2018, transcript provided by Élysée Palace. 12. Author’s background interviews at the Chancellery and Foreign Ministry in Berlin, November 2018. 13. Author’s interview with François Delattre, New York, June 2018. 14. Gabriela Galindo, “Trump: EU Was Set Up to Take Advantage of the United States,” Politico, June 28, 2018. 15.

Worth Dying For: The Power and Politics of Flags
by Tim Marshall
Published 21 Sep 2016

This system became an important way of identifying or displaying rank and lineage, particularly in regard to royal houses. There is thus an easy path in tracing the what and the why of the French flag, and it is worth following. We start with the blue of St Martin’s cloak, going all the way back to the fourth century, move on to the red of Charlemagne in the eighth, and reach the white of Joan of Arc in the fifteenth. But that does not tell the whole story, with its twist and turns, of the route to the iconic flag of the Fifth Republic, and the detail within that broad brush sweep is fascinating. St Martin was a conscripted Roman soldier from what is now Hungary who converted to Christianity, pulled off the odd miracle or two, became Bishop of Tours and is best known for cutting a rather expensive blue lamb’s wool cloak in two in order to give half to a beggar.

…

It is thought the symbol of the fleur-de-lis, traditionally associated with French kings from around the thirteenth century, may also have originated with Clovis, as a sign of his divine right to rule. The blue cloak of St Martin became a blue flag, which continued to be carried into battle all the way up to the Battle of Poitiers in 1356, when the English gave the French such a beating that they lost faith in the blue. By this time they were also carrying the red of Charlemagne, but this was curtailed following another catastrophic defeat at the hands of the English, this time at Agincourt in 1415. Nevertheless, the blue and the red were established as recognized symbols, as was the royal-blue banner of France first used in the twelfth century. White then became popular due to Joan of Arc, who flew the colour during the Siege of Orléans, which stopped the English in their tracks in 1429.

…

Writing sixty years after the Battle of Tannenberg (1410), the Polish chronicler Jan Długosz recorded the banners captured from the defeated Teutonic Knights, a Germanic order that had grown out of the Crusades, which hung in the Wawel Cathedral of Kraków until 1603. Of the fifty-six flags noted, most were red or white, the next most popular colour being black. The red was partially the influence of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, who united much of Europe, including the Germanic lands. Later, the Holy Roman Empire adopted a gold heraldic shield with a black eagle; and when it was disbanded in 1806, the popularity of the colours lived on in the German regions. In 1813, as people began to agitate for German unification, Prussia’s Lützow Free Corps, which had been formed to fight Napoleon, took black and red with gold fringes as its uniform.

The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Life
by Robert Wright
Published 1 Jan 1994

Consider the Franks, in modern-day France and Germany. Of all the barbarian “kingdoms” that emerged with the fall of the western Roman Empire, the Frankish kingdom had proved the most vibrant. In A.D. 800, after aggressive expansion, its leader, Charlemagne, was declared by the pope to be emperor of a newborn Roman Empire. But the empire’s coherence depended on Charlemagne’s savvy and charisma (which in turn seems to have rested partly on his much-remarked-upon height, impressive enough to compensate for his also-remarked-upon squeaky voice). So his death in 814 boded ill for the continued unity of the empire.

…

But of course, the Vikings were not the sort to discuss their self-esteem problems, and, anyway, the northwestern Europeans had now reached a higher social station; to them the Vikings, in their wild-eyed savagery, seemed like members of a lower species, notwithstanding their ethnic affinity. (Just goes to show: it’s all in the memes.) In any event, the Franks now faced double trouble—hordes of pillaging Vikings on the one hand, and, on the other, the crumbling of Carolingian leadership as Charlemagne’s heir evinced their various shortcomings. Yet feudalism’s links basically held. In northern France, counts—the second-to-highest ranking lords in the land—ceased to feel obligation to the highest ranking lord, the king. But they mostly retained the loyalty of their own vassals and set about expanding their domains by allying with or conquering other counts (thus fusing “counties”).

…

Lutheran, Calvinist, and Catholic armies were poised within a few decades to lacerate each other on the battlefields of central Europe. —Euan Cameron In the eighteenth century, Voltaire described the Holy Roman Empire as “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.” This was not the first time the empire had failed to live up to its billing. Since the day in A.D. 800 when the pope crowned Charlemagne, emperors had sometimes differed with popes over who was in charge, and the ensuing dustups typically left neither party looking very holy. And, holiness aside, the emperor’s authority was often less than imperial, thanks to uppity feudal lords. By Voltaire’s time, what clout the emperor did possess was confined to German lands.

The Musical Human: A History of Life on Earth
by Michael Spitzer
Published 31 Mar 2021

Sylvester Syropoulos, Grand Ecclesiarch of the Hagia Sophia in Constantinople, then the biggest church in the world, heard some Dufay motets sung at the Council of Ferrara-Florence in 1439 and found them ‘incomprehensible’.30 Commensurate with its size, Hagia Sophia employed 160 singers, who would have made a tremendous sound. It is said that what prompted Charlemagne to order the roll-out of the Octoechos (the eight modes) throughout his dominions was that he heard some Byzantine chant.31 The modes, of course, were Greek. All the treasures of Greek music theory were housed at Byzantium, and when a little of this (much more was to come via the Arabs) was handed down to the West via Charlemagne, a great line of transmission was laid down from ancient to modern music. Thereafter, this conservative tradition drifted increasingly eastward, first to the Greek and then to the Russian Orthodox Church, where it can still be heard today.

…

She had returned in the guise of the Christian Church. Chapter 7 Superpowers The Holy Roman Empire had become a laughing stock long before Napoleon dissolved it in 1806. By its end, it was neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire, as Voltaire famously quipped.1 But the title was fit for purpose when Pope Leo III crowned the Frankish king Charlemagne ‘Emperor of the Romans’ on Christmas Day, ad 800. Modern historians tend to stress the persistence of the Roman polity after its official demise in ad 476, when the barbarian Odovacar deposed Romulus Augustulus.2 Ceding political power to the Franks, Rome itself slipped seamlessly into being a capital of the Western Church, and of the music which glorified that Church.

…

• Language. Perhaps most odd was the exclusion of the people’s common tongue in favour of Latin. The music of the other great faiths reached out to the populace in their own spoken language, the beautiful Arabic of the Quran being the most striking example. Latin erected a stony barrier. • Freedom. Charlemagne clamps down on the freedom of monks to chant pretty much any note they liked. He orders all chant to be composed and sung in one of eight modes, the so-called Octoechos, throughout the Carolingian empire.16 This was music’s original lingua franca: Frankish muscle imposing Roman law. These strictures pave the way for Western music’s most powerful tool, invented by an eleventh-century Italian monk called Guido d’Arezzo (991–1033).

Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny
by Robert Wright
Published 28 Dec 2010

Consider the Franks, in modern-day France and Germany. Of all the barbarian “kingdoms” that emerged with the fall of the western Roman Empire, the Frankish kingdom had proved the most vibrant. In A.D. 800, after aggressive expansion, its leader, Charlemagne, was declared by the pope to be emperor of a newborn Roman Empire. But the empire’s coherence depended on Charlemagne’s savvy and charisma (which in turn seems to have rested partly on his much-remarked-upon height, impressive enough to compensate for his also-remarked-upon squeaky voice). So his death in 814 boded ill for the continued unity of the empire.

…

But of course, the Vikings were not the sort to discuss their self-esteem problems, and, anyway, the northwestern Europeans had now reached a higher social station; to them the Vikings, in their wild-eyed savagery, seemed like members of a lower species, notwithstanding their ethnic affinity. (Just goes to show: it’s all in the memes.) In any event, the Franks now faced double trouble—hordes of pillaging Vikings on the one hand, and, on the other, the crumbling of Carolingian leadership as Charlemagne’s heir evinced their various shortcomings. Yet feudalism’s links basically held. In northern France, counts—the second-to-highest ranking lords in the land—ceased to feel obligation to the highest ranking lord, the king. But they mostly retained the loyalty of their own vassals and set about expanding their domains by allying with or conquering other counts (thus fusing “counties”).

…

Lutheran, Calvinist, and Catholic armies were poised within a few decades to lacerate each other on the battlefields of central Europe. —Euan Cameron In the eighteenth century, Voltaire described the Holy Roman Empire as “neither holy, nor Roman, nor an empire.” This was not the first time the empire had failed to live up to its billing. Since the day in A.D. 800 when the pope crowned Charlemagne, emperors had sometimes differed with popes over who was in charge, and the ensuing dustups typically left neither party looking very holy. And, holiness aside, the emperor’s authority was often less than imperial, thanks to uppity feudal lords. By Voltaire’s time, what clout the emperor did possess was confined to German lands.

Europe old and new: transnationalism, belonging, xenophobia
by Ray Taras
Published 15 Dec 2009

Official discourse on European integration reflects an imaginary model of Europe. Successive presidents of the European Commission have engaged in discursive practices that also imagine a future Europe. For example, while serving as EU president, Romano Prodi envisaged a united Europe linked historically to the times of Charlemagne. The pronouncements of individual state leaders on the idea of Europe are acts of social construction. Their expectations and imaginaries of Europe, expressed on the occasion of EU enlargement in 2004, then again on the fiftieth anniversary of the Treaty of Rome in 2007, are indicators of whether elites from old and new Europe speak with one voice.

…

By 2007, the EU had nearly 500 million citizens, functioned in twenty-three official languages, used three different alphabets (Latin, Greek, and Cyrillic) and sprawled from the Atlantic to the borders Europe’s Institutions and Millennial Expansion 15 of Russia. Prodi consciously associated his vision of European unification with that carried out—by force of arms—during the reign of Charles the Great (768–814). Known as Charlemagne, Charles the Great expanded the Carolingian empire from what is today France to Bavaria and Saxony in the north, and to Italy and parts of Spain in the south. Even as today there are those who insist on Europe’s “unique” and “historically determined” road to political integration, many centuries ago what seemed unique about Europe was just the opposite—its uncanny ability to create divisions of all kinds.

…

See Common Customs Tariffs CDU. See Christian Democratic Union Ceaus, escu, Nicolae, 35 CEE. See central and eastern Europe central and eastern Europe (CEE), 97, 98, 98; military action in, 108; Russian attitudes of, 111 Index CFSP. See Common Foreign and Security Policy Chaadaev, Peter, 204 chalga, 200 Charlemagne, 8, 15 Charter of Fundamental Freedoms of the European Union, 127 Charter of Fundamental Rights, 24, 45; Britain on, 32; countries opting out of, 49; with Lisbon Treaty, 32, 49; Poland on, 32 Chechens, 128 “Chen case,” 133 Chirac, Jacques, 2 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 109 Christians: ratings of, 161, 162; transnationalism and, 71.

The Reckoning: Financial Accountability and the Rise and Fall of Nations
by Jacob Soll
Published 28 Apr 2014

Later emperors considered the treasury sacred, and by the time of Constantine (325 CE) and his new Roman capital on the Bosporus, the chief of the treasury was an aristocratic count rather than a professional bureaucratic officer.15 With the fall of Rome in 476 CE, the state was shifting into the personal fiefdom of emperors, kings, and lords, which meant that it could not be audited, as these noble personages supplanted the bureaucratic state and answered only to God. Yet even as the Western Empire crumbled, its heir, the Catholic Church and its massive monasteries, continued to administer land, goods, and payments through basic accounting and auditing. And with the invasion of Goths, Franks, and Vikings, new kings from Charlemagne (742–814 CE) and Emperor Otto (912–973 CE) to William the Conqueror (1028–1087 CE) sought again to establish a rule of law to better to extract wealth and manage their conquered lands. One of the great paradoxes of feudalism—the ever-shifting system of lords, vassals, and serfs that emerged out of the fusion of Germanic kingdoms, counties, and old Roman estate systems—is that the personal holding of public land brought about a slow but steady rise in paperwork and accounting.

…

One of the great paradoxes of feudalism—the ever-shifting system of lords, vassals, and serfs that emerged out of the fusion of Germanic kingdoms, counties, and old Roman estate systems—is that the personal holding of public land brought about a slow but steady rise in paperwork and accounting. The backbone of the Middle Ages was not only the Christianity born of the Fathers of the Church and its monastic tradition but also the concept of taxes and property enshrined in Charlemagne’s Capitularies, his administrative records. Accounting remained a central tool of government, but for wealthy monasteries, Frankish kings, and lords, there would be no Augustan financial revelations. At the turn of the millennium, as trade increased, so did writing, records, legal transactions, and the importance of accounting.

…

See debt bailouts Balance sheets, 171, 186, 193 Balanced books, concept of, xvi Balzac, Honoré de, 178–179 Bank of England, 108, 111, 165 Bank of the United States (first National), 163 Banker (or Moneylender) and His Wife, The (art) (Matsys), 58 Banking development of, 9 Dutch, 72–73 Glass-Steagall Act and, 192, 200 Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act and, 200 laws of the church and, 20–22 Medici family and, 30, 33–34 papacy and, 16–17, 33 Bankruptcy Act of 1831 (England), 172–173 Banque Générale, 134 Baring Brothers bank, 123 Barlaeus, Caspar, 79 Basilica of San Lorenzo, 35 Bastille, 144 Bear Stearns, 202–203 Beaumarchais, Pierre-Augustin de, 154 Beeckman, Isaac, 74 Benci, Giovanni di Amerigo, 37–38 Benson, Sir Henry, 194 Bentham, Jeremy, 117, 130, 167 Bentley, Richard, 120 Bentley, Thomas, 122, 125 Bernardino of Siena, 27 Bevis, Herman, 197 Bewindhebbers, 79, 81–82 Bill of Rights of 1689 (England), 103 Black Death, 25 Blunt, John, 106 Boccaccio, Giovanni, 25 Book of Revelation (Bible), 24 Book-keeper, The, 165, 176 Book-keeping methodiz’d (Mair), 118, 150 Borgia, Cesare, 56 Boston & Worcester Railroad, 169 Botticelli, 39 Boulton, Matthew, 124 Boulton and Watt (firm), 124 Bowring, John, 167–168 Braams, Daniël, 84 British Enlightenment Protestantism, 119–122 Brodrick, Thomas, 109 Brown, Obadiah, 150 Brown University, 150 Brunelleschi, 35 Bubbles French Mississippi scheme as, 106, 107 risky mortgages and, 202–203 South Sea Company, 107–112 Bureau of Accountability (France), 145 Burgundy, Duke of (Charles the Bold), 44–45 Bush, George W., 201, 202, 239n28 Business Education and Accountancy (Haskins), 176 Byzantium, 9–10, 12 Caligula (emperor), 6 Calonne, Vicomte de, Charles Alexandre, 142–143 Calvinists. See Puritans Capitalism accountants as regulators of, 172–177 accounting breakdown and, xii–xiv culture of accountability and, xvi–xvii essential tools of, 51 expansion of across continents, 169–171 successes of, xii–xvi, 9–14 work ethic and, 19, 151 Capitularies (Charlemagne), 7 Casa de la Contratación (House of Trade), 60–62, 66 Casa del Ceppo dei Poveri di Francesco di Marco, 27–28 Cash-Book and Accounting Manual for Merchants and Other People (Solórzano), 67 Cassette (Fouquet), 93 Castiglione, Baldassare, 56–57 Catasto tax, 34–35 Catholic Church, 7 banking and, 16–17, 33 culture of accounting of, 22–28 Medici and, 33 ursury laws of, 20–22 CDOs.

In the Devil's Garden: A Sinful History of Forbidden Food
by Stewart Lee Allen
Published 1 Jan 2002

Early medieval Europe made cannibalism punishable with fines of not more than 200 shillings—the same fine levied if you killed another person’s cow—indicating the act was too common for serious punishment to be practical. Holy Roman emperor Charlemagne soon upped the ante by making cannibalism punishable by death. His law, however, is something of a puzzle, because it bans not only man eating, but also the belief in it. Historians have hypothesized that this second clause indicated that Charlemagne wanted to curb superstitious rumors. An equally logical interpretation is that the Christian king was not outlawing belief in cannibalism but the beliefs of cannibalism, i.e., the rituals and religious ceremonies associated with the act. Charlemagne might as well have banned prayer itself, at least judging from the writings of some scholars who imply that man eating, or at least sacrifice, was as common a religious practice as saying amen.

…

If you want to get the real thing, there are still moonshiners in Switzerland and France who follow the same recipes used a century ago. Just head up to the hills and ask around. Greed THE MAGIC CANNIBAL Much of the information on various aspects of medieval law on cannibalism comes from Tannahill. There are, however, different interpretations of the sixth-century Salic and eighth-century Charlemagne laws in other works. The translation of Castillo’s man-feast is by A. Maudslay in “The Discovery and Conquest of Mexico 1517–1521.” Innocent’s concern about the Arthurian cult is detailed in The Catholic Encyclopedia, which also quotes eighth-century chronicler Helinandus on the grail, “called Gradalis or Gradale, means a dish [scutella], wide and somewhat deep, in which precious viands [meat] are wont to be served to the rich in degrees [gradatim], one morsel after another.”

Pandora's Star
by Peter F. Hamilton
Published 2 Mar 2004

Fat iron bolts had been driven through the tough shield ridges of bone that protected the neck and underbelly, and straps of leather and silicon threaded through hoops in the bolts to hold the saddle in place. The Charlemagnes had been designed by the Barsoomians in their lands away to the east of the Oak Sea. Not for money—an emblem of the culture to which the radical ecogeneticists were fiercely aversive—but for the challenge of engendering an animal that in symbiosis with humans had only one purpose: carnage. The Barsoomians probably even delved into the forbidden field of psychoneural profiling, for no clan fighter had ever known a Charlemagne to shy away skittishly in the heat of battle like an ordinary horse would. With their tough skin, triple hearts, and multiple stress loading pathway skeleton, the great beasts were inordinately difficult to kill even with modern weapons.

…

Five were bringing the missile launchers and medium-caliber plasma cannon, bulky titanium-cased units hanging from their Charlemagnes, which didn’t even seem to notice the extra weight. The remaining two operated electronic warfare systems intended to neutralize the Institute communications and throw in as much confusion and false data as possible. Walking up to his own warhorse, Kraken, Kazimir felt the gooseflesh rising as the prospect of the coming raid grew more real. The Charlemagne snorted like a small thunderstorm, lifting and turning its head slightly so it could watch him walk around to its flank.

…

The squad they’d sent were wearing their nightguard blue and vermilion kilts, along with dark leather travel jackets; ion pistol holster and harmonic blade knife sheaths hung from their belts. The McMixons, who were charged with the keeping of Rock Dee and other forts in the countryside surrounding the Institute, were tending to the Charlemagnes, the warhorses they would all ride to the raid. The gene-modified beasts were fully twenty-one hands, carried by legs like small tree trunks. They had no mane or tail; their thick leather hide was tougher than rhino skin, and a similar dull slate-gray in color. A short unicorn spike rose out of their heads, tipped with carbon-bonded titanium blades by the Rock Dee smithy.

The Rough Guide to Vienna
by Humphreys, Rob

The centrepiece is the octagonal imperial crown itself, a superb piece of Byzantine jewellery, smothered with pearls, large precious stones and enamel plaques. Although legend has it that the crown was used in the coronation of Charlemagne in 800, it dates back only to Otto I in 962. Similarly encrusted with jewels are the eleventh-century imperial cross, the twelfth-century imperial orb, and the very venerable ninth-century Purse of St Stephen, which belonged to Charlemagne himself and, so the story goes, contained earth soaked in the blood of the first Christian martyr. 75 THE HOF BURG | Alte Burg Also on display in room 11 is the legendary Holy Lance (aka the Spear of Destiny), with which Longinus, a Roman centurion, pierced the side of Christ on the cross; the central pin at the end of the lance is supposed to be a nail from the cross.

…

However, it’s interesting to note that even at this early stage in its history, during the great migrations that followed the collapse of Roman power, the area of modern-day Vienna stood on one of the main ethnic crossroads of Europe: pressed from the east by first the Huns, later the Avars, from the north and south by the Slavs, and from the west by Germanic tribes. The coronation of Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 marked the end of the Dark Ages in Europe. Parts of modern-day Austria, meanwhile, became a military colony – referred to by nineteenth-century historians as the “Ostmark” – of Charlemagne’s Frankish Empire. With the collapse of the empire in 888, it was the Saxon king, Otto the Great, who succeeded in subduing the German lands. His successor, Otto II, went on to hand the “Ostmark” to the Babenberg dynasty in 976, whose job it was to protect the empire’s eastern frontiers, once more formed by the Danube.

…

Heimwehr Right-wing militia whose origins lay in the local armed groups formed after the collapse of the empire in 1918. After 1927, these regional militias joined together and created a political wing, the Heimatblock, which supported the onset of Austro-fascism in 1933. Holy Roman Empire Revived title of the Roman Empire, first bestowed by the pope on Charlemagne in 800. The emperor was chosen by the seven electors and passed around between the Hohenstaufen, Luxembourg and Habsburg families until 1438, when the Habsburgs made the title hereditary. It was dissolved on the orders of Napoleon in 1806. Josephine Of or pertaining to the reign of Emperor Josef II (1780–90).

The Hero With a Thousand Faces
by Joseph Campbell
Published 14 Apr 2004

After discovery of this second incest, Gregory remained seventeen years in penance, chained to a rock in the middle of the sea. The keys to the chains were tossed to the waters, but when at the end of the long period they were discovered in the belly of a fish, this was taken to be a providential sign: the penitent was conducted to Rome, where in due course he was elected Pope.1 Charlemagne (742—814) was persecuted as a child by his elder brothers, and took flight to Saracen Spain. There, under the name of Mainet, he rendered signal services to the king. He converted the king's daughter to the Christian faith, and the two secretly arranged to marry. After further deeds, the royal youth returned to France, where he overthrew his former persecutors ' These three legends appear in the excellent psychological study by Dr.

…

They answered, and said: 'Our unanimous advice is that thou shouldst build a great house, station a guard at the entrance thereof, and make known in the whole of thy realm that all pregnant women shall repair thither together with their midwives, who are to remain with them when they are delivered. When the days of a woman to be delivered are fulfilled, and the child is born, it shall be the duty of the midwife to kill it, if it be a boy. 6 Actually Charles the Great was beardless and bald. 1 The Charlemagne cycles are exhaustively discussed by Joseph Bedier, I,e. legendes epiques (3rd edition; Paris, 1926). But if the child be a girl, it shall be kept alive, and the mother shall receive gifts and costly garments, and a herald shall proclaim, "Thus is done unto the woman who bears a daughter!"' "The king was pleased with this counsel, and he had a proclamation published throughout his whole kingdom, summoning all the architects to build a great house for him, sixty ells high and eighty wide.

…

1 I thought. A young peasant came along the road and took me by the hand. 'Do you want to come home," he said, 'and drink coffee?' 'Let me go! You are holding too tight!' I cried, and awoke."3' The hero, who in his life represented the dual perspective, after his death is still a synthesizing image: like Charlemagne, he sleeps only and will arise in the hour of destiny, or he is among us under another form. The Aztecs tell of the feathered serpent, Quetzalcoatl, monarch of the ancient city of Tollan in the golden age of its prosperity. He was the teacher of the arts, originator of the calendar, and the giver of maize.

The Rough Guide to Brussels 4 (Rough Guide Travel Guides)
by Dunford, Martin.; Lee, Phil; Summer, Suzy.; Dal Molin, Loik
Published 26 Jul 2010

The 27 Commissioners are political appointees, nominated by their home country, but once they’re in office they are accountable to the European Parliament. The president of the Commission is elected by the European Parliament for a five-year period of office. Over 25,000 civil servants work for the Commission, whose headquarters are in Brussels, in the Berlaymont and adjacent Charlemagne building on rue de la Loi. In an attempt to simplify the whole EU system, members drew up a proposed EU treaty, but this was rejected in a referendum in Ireland in June 2008, and at time of writing radical changes to the EU look unlikely to proceed. 109 &

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…

To its credit, the building is also kitted out with a string of environmentally friendly features: the glass panels of the exterior can be moved by computer to take account of the weather and the toilets are fed by rainwater. It remains probably the best-known symbol of the EU, and has recently been acquired from the Belgian state by the EU for around €550 million. Next door, the huge Charlemagne building houses the rest of the Commission’s bloated bureaucracy, while opposite, housing the Council of the European Union, is the boxy, cream-coloured Justus Lipsius building, constructed in the mid-Nineties and almost as bland and nondescript as the Berlaymont is flamboyant. 113 Le Cinquantenaire and around THE E U QUARTE R AND AROUND | Le Cinquantenaire and around 114 The wide and leafy lawns of the Parc du Cinquantenaire slope up towards a gargantuan triumphal arch surmounted by a huge and bombastic bronze entitled Brabant Raising the National Flag.

…

Hairy Canary rue Archimède 12. This Victorian pub in the heart of the EU area has a daily happy hour (5–7pm), and on Sun mornings they offer the full, heart-stopping English/ Irish breakfast. Métro Schuman. EATING AND DRINKING See the “EU Quarter & around” map at the back of this book. Kitty O’Shea’s blvd Charlemagne 42 T02 230 78 75. This large Irish bar behind the Berlaymont building, part of an international chain, is a popular place to come for Irish food and draught Guinness. Although it gets a bit rowdy when there’s a football or rugby international on, it’s one of the more palatable bars in the area.

Scots and Catalans: Union and Disunion
by J. H. Elliott
Published 20 Aug 2018

But had the inhabitants of the region freed themselves from Moorish domination, as some alleged, or had freedom come as a consequence of their appeal to the Franks for help, in return for which they became part of the empire of Charlemagne and his successors? And if indeed they made a voluntary submission of sovereignty in return for Frankish protection, on what terms did they make it? Were the compacts then negotiated the true origin of Catalonia’s famed liberties, as some argued, or did the compacts come later? In any event Barcelona and the surrounding region became part of Charlemagne’s empire, but in the long run the Emperor’s descendants proved unable to guarantee its protection, and at the end of the tenth century the counts of Barcelona renounced their vassalage.

…

At the heart of the Crown of Castile were the medieval kingdoms of Castile and León, permanently united from 1230. 2 The Crown of Aragon, for its part, was made up of a complex of territories, joined together in the course of the long southward advance of the Reconquista – the great movement to recover the Iberian lands from Moorish domination. 3 The region of the eastern Pyrenees that was later to be known as Catalonia began its life as a Christian frontier region confronting the Muslims. The Franks under Charlemagne recaptured Barcelona in 801, and the county of Barcelona, as it developed under its ninth- and tenth-century counts, became the core territory of ‘Old Catalonia’, the marchland known by the Franks as the Spanish March, which would in due course stretch from the Pyrenees to the river Ebro. The mountain passes served as a passageway for generations of warriors and settlers as they streamed south from France into lands that were being reconquered from the Moors.

…

A meeting of the Estates on 16 January 1641 approved the transformation of Catalonia into an independent republic, but the French remained justifiably sceptical about the degree of Catalan commitment to a permanent dissolution of the ties that bound the principality to Philip IV and the House of Austria, and wanted something more. On 23 January 1641, with the Spanish army almost at the gates of Barcelona, Claris formally proposed to the Estates that the principality should place itself under the government of the King of France ‘as in the time of Charlemagne, with a contract to observe our Constitutions’. The republic had lasted exactly a week. Just three days later the Catalan-French defending force defeated the royal army on the hill of Montjuïc overlooking Barcelona. Catalonia was saved, but at the price of its transformation into a French protectorate.

The Rough Guide to France (Travel Guide eBook)
by Rough Guides
Published 1 Aug 2019

This is one of the most tranquil and beautiful parts of the Dordogne, best savoured at a gentle pace, perhaps by bike, on a boat trip, or even by canoeing along the river. The abbey Bd Charlemagne, north bank of the river • Caves & museum Feb, March & Oct–Dec daily except Tues 10am–noon & 2–5pm; April–May & Sept daily 10am–6pm; July & Aug daily 10am–7pm • €6 Brantôme’s former Benedictine abbey has been the town’s focus ever since it was founded, possibly by Charlemagne. Its most notorious abbot, Pierre de Bourdeilles, was the sixteenth-century author of scurrilous tales of life at the royal court. The first monastery on the site is thought to have been troglodytic in origin, and the caves against which the later abbey was built were initially very important for worship, but over time were relegated to outhouses and storage.

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. €65 Notre-Dame 15 av de la Libération 04 94 48 07 13, hotel-notre-dame.eu. Surprisingly chic for the deeply rural location, this boutique-style hotel has ten individually decorated rooms with huge bathrooms, a lovely patio restaurant by the river and a pool. There’s limited parking – reserve in advance. €98 GRIMAUD Camping Charlemagne Le Pont de Bois, rte de Collobrières 04 94 43 22 90, camping-charlemagne.com. Four-star campsite on the road to Collobrières. Facilities include a restaurant, pizzeria, barbecue, bakery and games room, and there’s wi-fi too. €31 LA GARDE-FREINET Camping de Bérard 5km along the RD558 to Grimaud 04 94 43 21 23, campingberard.com.

…

In 754 Charles’s son, Pépin, had himself crowned king by the pope, thus inaugurating the Carolingian dynasty and establishing for the first time the principle of the divine right of kings. His son was Charlemagne, who extended Frankish control over the whole of what had been Roman Gaul, and far beyond. On Christmas Day in 800, he was crowned emperor of the Holy Roman Empire, though the kingdom again fell apart following his death in squabbles over who was to inherit various parts of his empire. At the Treaty of Verdun in 843, his grandsons agreed on a division of territory that corresponded roughly with the extent of modern France and Germany. Charlemagne’s administrative system had involved the royal appointment of counts and bishops to govern the various provinces of the empire.

The Map of Knowledge: How Classical Ideas Were Lost and Found: A History in Seven Cities
by Violet Moller
Published 21 Feb 2019

The most obvious place in the vicinity was the monastery of Bobbio,* just eighty kilometres to the south-west of Cremona, whose library housed one of the only collections of astronomical manuscripts in Western Europe at that time. In the ninth century, Bobbio had been home to a monk from Ireland, called Dungal, who, in a letter to Charlemagne, was – remarkably – able to explain the science behind the two great solar eclipses of 810. And it was Dungal who amassed a considerable collection of manuscripts for the monastery library. By Gerard’s time, the collection had expanded to include several works on astronomy by the brilliant eleventh-century monk Hermannus Contractus, who also wrote a treatise on the astrolabe and its uses.

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The general story was one of turbulence and instability. Like much of Southern Italy, the city of Salerno had been a pawn in the wars between the Ostrogoths and the Byzantines in the fifth and sixth centuries, and, when the Lombards arrived in the seventh century, the city was beset by plague and famine. In 774, Charlemagne invaded, deposing the Lombard king. From this moment on, Salerno’s fortunes began to improve. As the second city of the Duchy of Benevento, it was fortified in the late eighth century and became the capital of the western half of the Duchy. The city walls were expanded to encompass a new palace and a large residential area with houses, fields and orchards, while a defensive castle behind the city, on Monte Stella, provided a vital lookout post and refuge in times of attack.

…

The Roman state was bilingual, with Greek and Latin spoken by the majority of the elite. * As Peter Frankopan discusses in his book The Silk Roads, the demand for slaves in this period was enormous, with huge numbers of people being captured, transported and then sold into servitude. * There was, of course, cultural and scribal activity at the court of Charlemagne and at certain monasteries in this period, but no scientific study of any significance. * Nestorian Christians split from the Eastern Church (Orthodox) over doctrinal differences and migrated to Persia and Syria in the fifth and sixth centuries to escape persecution in the Byzantine Empire. They founded monasteries and churches all over the region, many of which remained under Arab rule from the seventh century onwards.

After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405
by John Darwin
Published 5 Feb 2008

For a time it seemed as if the whole of Mediterranean Europe would be annexed as part of the Islamic world. Charlemagne’s attempt to build a neo-Roman regime in the West had fallen apart by 843. It was the astonishing recovery of the Byzantine Empire in the ninth century, and the gradual consolidation of a feudal order in Western Europe in the eleventh, that marked the beginnings of Europe’s emergence as a viable, separate world civilization. The double-headed nature of medieval Europe was of profound importance. Historians have often written as though modern Europe descends from the empire of Charlemagne. In fact it was shaped by the impact of immigrant peoples in the European East (like Magyars and Bulgars), cultural imports (like Near Eastern monasticism), and the commercial stimulus of the Islamic Near East with its insatiable appetite for furs and other northern commodities.28 But at the height of Islamic expansion before AD 1000 it had been the Byzantine Empire (‘Romania’) with its great fortified capital that had played the most important part in preserving a Christian Europe and defining its scope.

…

At its simplest, it meant the exchange of labour service for physical protection by a warrior class of nobles and their retinues. It may have derived from the freedom of great landowners to control their localities once imperial government caved in, taxation went with it, and the monetized economy contracted sharply. The age of invasions (by Hungarians, Norsemen and Muslims) that followed the collapse of Charlemagne’s short-lived imperium may have strengthened the trend. By AD 1000 this seigneurial system had hardened into an elaborate structure of obligations and overlordship, and had become a powerful engine for exploiting land and labour to produce military power – in the characteristic form of the mounted knight.

…

Lombard, ‘La Chasse et les produits de chasse dans le monde musulman VIIIe–XIe siècles’, in M. Lombard, Espaces et réseaux du Haut Moyen Age (Paris, 1972), pp. 176–204. When that demand was reduced by disruption in the Near East, the effects were felt severely. See R. Hodges and D. Whitehouse, Mahomet, Charlemagne and the Origins of Europe (London, 1983). 29. See A. Lewis, The Sea and Mediaeval Civilisation (London, 1978), ch. 14; K. Leyser, ‘Theophanus divina gratia imperatrix Augusta’, in his Communications and Power in Medieval Europe: The Carolingian and Ottoman Centuries, ed. Timothy Reuter (London, 1994). 30.

The Rough Guide to Barcelona 8
by Jules Brown and Rough Guides
Published 2 Feb 2009

In the power vacuum of southern France, Moorish raiding parties continued beyond the Pyrenees and reached as far north as Poitiers in 732, where Charles Martel, the de facto ruler of Merovingian France, dealt them a minor defeat, which convinced them to withdraw. Martel’s son Pepin, and his famous grandson Charlemagne (768–814), both strove to restore order in the south and push back the invaders, with Charlemagne’s empire including the southern slopes of the Pyrenees and much of Catalunya. After being ambushed and defeated by the Basques at Roncesvalles in 778, Charlemagne switched his attention to the Mediterranean side of the Pyrenees, attempting to defend his empire against the Muslims. He took Girona in 785 and his son Louis directed the successful siege of Barcelona in 801.

…

Also, and as happened across much of the former Roman Empire, spoken Latin had taken on geographical particularities, and the “Romance” languages, including Catalan, had begun to develop. A document from 839 recording the consecration of the cathedral at La Seu d’Urgell is seen as the first Catalan-language historical document. As the Frankish empire of Charlemagne disintegrated in the decades following his death, the counties of the Marches began to enjoy greater independence, which was formalized in 878 by Guifré el Pelós – known in English as Wilfred the Hairy. Wilfred was count of Urgell and the Cerdagne and, after adding Barcelona to his holdings, named himself its first count, founding a dynastic line that was to rule until the 1400s.

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(see Seu, La) cava .............................. 161 Cazalla, La...................... 51 CCCB ............................. 68 Cementiri de Poble Nou .............................. 93 Cementiri del Sud-Oest ................... 108 Centre Artesà Tradicionarius ............ 224 Centre d’Art de Santa Mònica .............. 51 Centre Civic Pati Llimona ........................ 58 Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB) ....... 68 Centre del Disseny ....... 130 Centre Excursionista de Catalunya..................... 58 Centre d’Informació de Catalunya..................... 31 Centre d’Interpretació del Call......................... 61 Centre d’Interpretació, Parc Güell .......................... 136 Centre del Modernisme.........31, 125 Cercle del Liceu.............. 51 Cerdà i Sunyer, Ildefons ...................... 111 market .............................. 249 cruises ............................ 30 cuisine .......... 202, 276–281 cultural centres............. 227 currency.......................... 38 Cursa, La ...................... 239 cycling ....................28, 237 INDEX architecture (see also the Gaudí and modernisme colour section) 130 art......................... 68, 99–101 autonomy ................ 266, 268, 270, 271, 272 cuisine.............. 202, 276–281 design ...................... 142, 247 golden age ....................... 260 government...................... 271 history .......................257–270 language ............. 5, 259, 261, 289–299 literature ........................... 284 national dance ... 57, 222, 223 parliament .......................... 81 popular music .................. 225 theatre companies ........... 227 writers .............................. 284 Charlemagne ................ 259 chemists...(see pharmacies) children’s Barcelona .......... 251–254 Christmas ..................... 235 in Barcelona ........... 25, 27, 28 to Barcelona....................... 23 drought ........................... 27 Duana ............................. 85 E Easter ........................... 233 eating.................... 188–209 economy....................... 272 Edifici Fòrum .................. 94 Eixample, The ..... 100–131 Eixample, The ...... 112–113 electricity ........................ 34 email services................. 36 embassies, foreign ......... 34 emergency services... 35, 40 Encants, Els..........126, 249 entertainment ....... 220–228 entry requirements ......... 35 Escola Industrial ........... 131 Església de Betlem......... 48 Església de la Concepció ................. 120 313 Església de la Mercé ...... 64 Església de Sant Miquel del Port.............................. 90 Església de Sant Pau del Camp........................... 71 Església de Santa María del Mar ........................ 80 Església de Santa María del Pi............................ 60 Església dels Sants Just i Pastor .......................... 62 Espai Liceu ..................... 50 España, Hotel .........71, 208 Esquerra de l’Eixample ......... 127–131 Esquerra de l’Eixample.......... 128–129 Estació de França .......... 25 Estació Marítima.......25, 86 Estadi Olímpic .............. 105 Estatut ..................270, 272 European Health Insurance Card............................. 35 exchange offices ............ 38 INDEX | F farmers’ market ......60, 249 fashion.................. 245–246 FC Barcelona............... 138, 237, 238 Ferdinand and Isabel, Catholic monarchs ..... 58, 262 ferries to Spain .........23, 25 Ferrocarrils de la Generalitat (FGC)......... 27 Festes de la Mercè....... 234 Festes de Santa Eulàlia ........................ 232 Festival de Barcelona Grec........................... 234 festivals (see also Festive Barcelona colour section) Barcelona ..................232–235 film ................................... 222 music........................ 221, 224 regional ............................ 150 314 Figueres............... 170–172 Figueres ....................... 170 film................................ 223 FilmoTeca ..................... 223 flamenco....................... 222 flea market............126, 249 flights to Barcelona ...19–21 flower market................ 249 FNAC ............220, 224, 247 Foment de les Artes Décoratives (FAD)........ 69 Font del Gat ................. 108 Font Màgica ................... 96 food and drink shops and markets .......... 248 menu reader..............293–298 football ................... 138, 237 Fortuny i Marsal, Marià.......................... 101 Fossar de les Moreres.... 80 Foster, Norman............. 130 Franco, Francisco........ 266, 267, 268 Fundació Antoni Tàpies ........................ 114 Fundació Francisco Godia ......................... 117 Fundació Joan Miró............................ 106 Funicular de Montjuïc..... 97 Funicular del Tibidabo... 146 funicular railways............ 27 G Gaixample ............127, 229 galleries Caixa Forum....................... 97 Centre d’Art de Santa Mònica............................ 51 Centre de Cultura Contemporània de Barcelona (CCCB) .......... 68 commercial art ......... 227, 228 Fundació Antoni Tàpies ... 114 Fundació Francisco Godia ............................ 117 Fundació Joan Miró ......... 106 Museu d’Art Contemporani de Barcelona (MACBA)........ 68 Museu Nacional d’Art de Catalunya (MNAC) ...99–101 Museu Picasso..............76–78 Sala Palau Moja ................. 48 Sala Pares .......................... 60 gardens...........

The Aristocracy of Talent: How Meritocracy Made the Modern World
by Adrian Wooldridge
Published 2 Jun 2021

THE THEORY OF INEQUALITY The pre-modern world conceived of itself as a hierarchy of social groups – estates, orders or corps – that were ordained by God and defined by their relationship to two great verities: their social function (those who prayed, those who fought and those who worked) and their position in a hierarchy of status that stretched downward from the heavens (the word état is derived from the Latin for ‘status’). Charlemagne instructed his subjects in the early 800s to ‘serve God faithfully in that order in which he is placed’. The 843 Treaty of Verdun, which divided Charlemagne’s empire between his three sons, proclaimed the principle that ‘every man should have a lord’ with the same certainty that the United Nations proclaimed, in 1948, that human rights are universal. In 1079 Pope Gregory VII declared that ‘the dispensation of divine providence ordered there should be distinct grades and orders’.

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Queen Victoria was so successful in marrying her numerous children into the other great houses of Europe that she was known as ‘the grandmother of Europe’: Elizabeth II and her husband, the Duke of Edinburgh, are themselves both third cousins, as a result of being direct descendants of Queen Victoria, and second cousins once removed, as a result of being directly descended from Christian IX of Denmark. Still, you could also have too much of a good thing. A large brood of sons might lead to the division of a territory: Charlemagne divided his kingdom between three powerful sons. The arrival of a new son, born to an aged king who had taken on a young wife, could destabilize a family: Charles the Bald, son of the Carolingian emperor Louis the Pious, was born in 823, when the king’s other three sons had already been promised parts of the kingdom.

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In 1270, for example, 80 per cent of the 228 adult Jewish males in Perpignan, France, made their living lending money to their Christian neighbours.18 And European elites frequently courted Jews because they possessed such unique skills. In the early ninth century, for example, a group of Jews who were bound together by elaborate ties of kinship lived in Lucca in northern Italy. They uprooted themselves and moved to the Rhineland and northern France at the invitation of the Emperor Charlemagne, who offered them physical protection and the ability to adjudicate their own legal quarrels, as well as well-paid jobs. (A charter of Henry IV, dated 1090, included the assurance that ‘if anyone shall wound a Jew, but not mortally, he shall pay one pound of gold … If he is unable to pay the prescribed amount … his eyes will be put out and his right hand cut off.’)

Fodor's Dordogne & the Best of Southwest France With Paris
by Fodor's Travel Publications Inc.
Published 18 Apr 2011

At night the Abbaye Benedictine is romantically floodlighted. Possibly founded by Charlemagne in the 8th century, it has none of its original buildings left, but its bell tower has been hanging on since the 11th century (the secret of its success is that it’s attached to the cliff rather than the abbey, and so withstood waves of invaders). Fifth-century hermits carved out much of the abbey and some rooms have sculpted reliefs of the Last Judgment. Also here is a small museum devoted to the 19th-century painter Fernand-Desmoulin. | Bd. Charlemagne | 24310 | 05–53–05–80–63 | €4 | July and Aug., daily 10–7; Apr.–June and Sept., daily 10–12:30 and 2–6; Oct.

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You may be struck by similarities with the Byzantine-style Sacré-Coeur in Paris; that’s no coincidence—architect Paul Abadie (1812–84) had a hand in the design of both. Mandatory visit to the cathedral over, you can make for the cluster of tiny pedestrian-only streets that run through the heart of Périgueux. BRANTÔME 27 km (17 mi) north of Périgueux via D939. Visitor Information Brantôme Tourist Office. | Bd. Charlemagne | 24310 | 05–53–05–80–52 | www.ville-brantome.fr. EXPLORING BRANTÔME When the reclusive monks of the abbey of Brantôme decided the inhabitants of the village were getting too nosy, they dug a canal between themselves and the villagers, setting the brantômois adrift on an island in the middle of the River Dronne.

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If you decide to stick to the raw dishes, you won’t be disappointed: the “green plate,” variations on cucumber, displays the chef’s well-judged creativity, while silky veal carpaccio with preserved lemon has a lively flavor. Most of the desserts depart from the raw theme, which is not necessarily a bad thing. The restaurant doubles as a wine bar, so there are plenty of interesting bottles to choose from. | 7 rue Charlemagne,Le Marais | 75004 | 01–40–27–81–84 | www.restaurantcru.fr | MC, V | Closed Mon. and 2 wks in Aug. | Station: St-Paul. L’As du Fallafel. ¢–$ | ISRAELI | Look no further than the fantastic falafel stands on the newly pedestrian Rue de Rosiers for some of the cheapest and tastiest meals in Paris.

Free World: America, Europe, and the Surprising Future of the West
by Timothy Garton Ash
Published 30 Jun 2004

“The first step in the re-creation of the European family must be a partnership between France and Germany,” he declared at Zurich in 1946.57 As “ten ancient capitals of Europe” disappeared behind the Iron Curtain, those European peoples who could still unite in freedom should do so.58 He was feted like Charlemagne at the Hague Congress of Europe in 1948. He was a founding father of the Council of Europe, the original pan-European organization of democracies, and spent weeks actively involved in its debates. During its meeting at Strasbourg in 1949, he addressed—“Prenez garde! Je vais parler en français”—the largest, most enthusiastic outdoor rally that city had ever seen in the cause of European union.59 He was, however, grandly ambiguous and inconsistent about Britain’s role.

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Conversely, “Europeans” were also stalking-horses for American liberals. So, in effect, Clinton was a European? “Yes,” said Goldberg, “or at least, he thinks like a European.”41 This was not intended as a compliment. But it could be taken as such, especially if the president happened to be in Europe. At the end of his second term, Clinton was awarded the Charlemagne Prize in Aachen—the first American president ever to receive this most prestigious European political honor. In his acceptance speech, a summing-up of his European policy, he said, “[the] shining light of European Union is a matter of the utmost importance, not just to Europeans, but to everyone on this planet.”42 The E.U. could be a model for other parts of the earth.

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And one of the six refers to Uzbekistan’s desire to have immediate membership in NATO as its reward for supporting the war on terror. Bush at War, p. 172. 66. Richard Perle, in The Guardian, November 13, 2002. 67. I explore this at greater length in “Anti-Europeanism in America,” The New York Review of Books, March 27, 2003. 68. See Charlemagne, “Divide and Rule,” The Economist, April 26, 2003, quoting a senior administration official. Subsequently, when out of office, Richard Haass acknowledged that he was the source. E-mail to the author, March 6, 2004. 69. Richard Haass at a Ditchley Conference, June 27–29, 2003, quoted with his kind permission. 70.

Why the Dutch Are Different: A Journey Into the Hidden Heart of the Netherlands: From Amsterdam to Zwarte Piet, the Acclaimed Guide to Travel in Holland
by Ben Coates
Published 23 Sep 2015

Around the end of the fifth century, the Merovingian king Clovis converted to Christianity and the faith spread slowly northwards, overcoming sometimes bloody pagan resistance. Later still came the Carolingian Empire, best remembered for the extraordinary Emperor Charlemagne. Born not far from Maastricht, in present-day Belgium, Charlemagne oversaw a series of military campaigns that expanded his empire until it covered much of Western Europe, from Denmark to the Alps and the Pyrenees. Charlemagne built a palace at Nijmegen, some eighty miles north of Maastricht, and had his court in Aachen, thirty-five miles to the east. Maastricht’s location at the crossroads of these cities helped ensure its rise as a major trading hub.

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Also popular were the Anabaptists, perhaps because of their habit of encouraging their congregations to pray together naked. To the authorities, the fracturing of the established religious order was deeply worrying. The history of the Low Countries’ medieval rulers is rather too complicated to recount here, but suffice to say that after the death of the Emperor Charlemagne, his successors divided his empire into three parts, long strips of land that very roughly corresponded with the Low Countries, France and Germany. There followed a series of marvellously named leaders – Louis the Fair, Charles the Bald, Louis the Stammerer, Charles the Fat – each of whom ruled over various remnants of the empire.

The Lessons of History
by Will Durant and Ariel Durant
Published 1 Jan 1968

Nordic Englishmen colonized America and Australia, conquered India, and set their sentinels in every major Asiatic port. In our time (Grant mourned) this Nordic race is abandoning its mastery. It lost its footing in France in 1789; as Camille Desmoulins told his café audience, the Revolution was a revolt of the indigenous Gauls (“Alpines”) against the Teutonic Franks who had subjugated them under Clovis and Charlemagne. The Crusades, the Thirty Years’ War, the Napoleonic Wars, the First World War depleted the Nordic stock and left it too thin to resist the higher birth rate of Alpine and Mediterranean peoples in Europe and America. By the year 2000, Grant predicted, the Nordics will have fallen from power, and with their fall Western civilization will disappear in a new barbarism welling up everywhere from within and from without.

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Emperor of Rome (r. 37–41), 69 Calvin, John (1509–64), 20, 23 Canada, 22, 79 Canossa, 45 capitalism and capitalists, 47, 48, 54, 58–59, 65, 66, 67, 83 Carlyle, Thomas (1795–1881), 34 Carthage, 29 caste system, 27 Catholicism, 23, 24, 47, 49 see also ROMAN CATHOLIC CHURCH Catiline (Lucius Sergius Catilina 108?–62 B.C.), 56 Celts, 30 Central America, 15 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart (1855–1927), 26 character and history, 32–36 Charlemagne, King of the Franks (r. 768–814), Emperor of the West (r. 800–814), 28 Charles Martel (688?–741), 82 Chatham, William Pitt, Earl of (1708–1778), 100 Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard (1763–94), 49 Chephren (or Khafre), King of Egypt r. c. 2850 B.C.), 97 China, 15, 16, 28, 61, 62–63, 85 Christianity, 29, 46, 47, 50, 93 Churchill, Winston (1874–1965), 35 Cicero, Marcus Tullius (106–43 B.C.), 56 Cimmerians, 27 civilization, 13, 17, 20, 41, 54, 88, 97, 100, 101 climate and, 15 airplane’s effect on, 16 birth rate and, 21 race and, 25, 26, 28–31 growth and decay of, 41, 87, 88, 91–94 war and, 42, 81, 82 definition of, 87 Spengler’s view of, 89–90 classes, 34, 55–56 conflict between, 36, 43, 52–53, 62–63, 69, 73, 75, 79, 92 Cleland, John (fl. c. 1749), 40 Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt (r. 51–49, 48–30 B.C.), 52 climate and history, 14, 15, 30, 92 Clovis I, King of the Franks (r. 481–511), 28 Columbus, Christopher (1446?

Debt: The First 5,000 Years
by David Graeber
Published 1 Jan 2010

During the reign of the actual Henry II (1154–1189), just about everyone in Western Europe was still keeping their accounts using the monetary system established by Charlemagne some 350 years earlier—that is, using pounds, shillings, and pence—despite the fact that some of these coins had never existed (Charlemagne never actually struck a silver pound), none of Charlemagne’s actual shillings and pence remained in circulation, and those coins that did circulate tended to vary enormously in size, weight, purity, and value.12 According to the Chartalists, this doesn’t really matter. What matters is that there is a uniform system for measuring credits and debts, and that this system remains stable over time. The case of Charlemagne’s currency is particularly dramatic because his actual empire dissolved quite quickly, but the monetary system he created continued to be used, for keeping accounts, within his former territories for more than 800 years.

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Duyvendak, Jan Julius Lodewijk. 1928. The Book of Lord Shang. London: Arthur Probsthain. Dyer, Christopher. 1989. Standards of living in the later Middle Ages: social change in England, c. 1200-1520. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Einaudi, Luigi. 1936. “The Theory of Imaginary Money from Charlemagne to the French Revolution”, in F. C. Lane and J. C. Riemersma (eds.), Enterprise and Secular Change, London: Allen & Unwin, 1956. Einzig, Paul. 1949. Primitive Money in its Ethnological, Historical, and Ethnographic Aspects. New York: Pergamon Press. Eisenstadt, Shmuel N. 1982. “The Axial Age: The Emergence of Transcendental Visions and the Rise of Clerics.”

The Mini Rough Guide to Nice, Cannes & Monte Carlo (Travel Guide eBook)
by Rough Guides
Published 1 Apr 2023

Shutterstock Roman Ruins at the Musée Archéologique de Nice-Cimiez Christianity gradually spread along the coast, and in 410 a monastery was founded on the island of Lérina (now Ile Saint-Honorat), which acquired extensive influence and territory (including Cannes) on the mainland. With the fall of the Roman Empire in 476, the region was invaded first by Barbarians from the East, then Saracens from North Africa, but it was the Franks who triumphed, establishing the Carolingian Empire, which stretched from western Germany to northern Spain and Italy. When Charlemagne’s empire was divided in 843, Provence, nominally controlled by the Holy Roman Empire, was in effect an independent principality. Counts Versus Consulats In 972 Guillaume the Liberator drove the Saracens from their stronghold at La Garde Freinet in the Maures, bringing new prosperity to Provence, although the coast continued to suffer from marauding pirates.

The Year 1000: When Explorers Connected the World―and Globalization Began
by Valerie Hansen
Published 13 Apr 2020

Although the Byzantine army grew increasingly weaker, forcing the emperor to depend on mercenaries or foreign armies, Constantinople (modern Istanbul) was the most advanced city in Europe. When Western Europeans visited, they couldn’t believe the beauty of its promenades or the sophistication of its buildings, particularly the magnificent cathedral of Hagia Sophia. In Western Europe, Charlemagne had unified modern-day France and Germany, but after his death in 814, his kingdom split into three. In the 900s, King Otto I of Germany, his son Otto II, and grandson Otto III—the three are known as the Ottonians—were the most powerful rulers in Western Europe. Otto controlled the territory of Germany and Rome but not the entire Italian Peninsula, much of which belonged to the Byzantine empire.

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Believing that the asbestos handkerchief had “belonged to one of the Apostles,” Ferdinand presented it as a gift to the Byzantine emperor in Constantinople. Others, al-Bakri explains, reported that a different asbestos handkerchief had been seen in Baghdad, another example of African goods traveling on new pathways. (No asbestos handkerchiefs from the time survive today, but legend has it that Charlemagne wowed his guests by throwing a dirty asbestos tablecloth into the fire and pulling out a spotlessly white one.) Al-Bakri writes about such rare trade goods—as is standard for routes and realms writing—but acknowledges the greater importance of gold, saying “The gold of Awdaghust is better and purer than that of any other people on earth.”

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Monod, “Le «Macaden Ijāfen»: une épave caravanière ancienne dans la Majâbat al-Koubrâ,” Actes du 1er Colloque International d’Archéologie Africaine (1967): 286–320. West African demand for goods: A.C. Christie and Anne Haour, “The ‘Lost Caravan’ of the Ma’den Ijafen Revisited: Re-appraising Its Cargo of Cowries, a Medieval Global Commodity,” Journal of African Archaeology 16.2 (2018): 125–44. Charlemagne: James E. Alleman and Brooke T. Mossman, “Asbestos Revisited,” Scientific American 277.1 (1997): 70–75. Herodotus: Timothy F. Garrard, “Myth and Metrology: The Early Trans-Saharan Gold Trade,” Journal of African History 23.4 (1982): 443–61. “There is perfect honesty on both sides”: Herodotus, The Histories, trans.

The Secret Lives of Buildings: From the Ruins of the Parthenon to the Vegas Strip in Thirteen Stories
by Edward Hollis
Published 10 Nov 2009

The imperial throne of Constantinople had existed in name only ever since the Muslim sack of that city in 1453 (for which the conquest of Granada may be seen as the Western counteroffensive), but it was a title that could be traced all the way back to ancient Rome. Holy Roman Emperor, meanwhile, was a title invented by Charlemagne in the year 800, when he extended his rule over almost all the domains of the old Roman Empire. Karel wore the laurel on his brow; in the Netherlands his subjects called him keiser, in Germany kaiser, in Italy cesare, in Spain césar, all in emulation of the caesars of old. Karel had been born in the castle of Ghent, but it would be impossible to describe him as Flemish.

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And because the artists and scientists of Islam had continued the classical tradition, it was as flexible and expressive in their hands, as delightful and useful, as it had ever been in Hadrian’s villa. It was still alive. Keiser Karel’s pretensions to Roman gravitas, on the other hand, had been derived by a different route, northward and westward: from the Visigoths, whose chieftain Alaric sacked Rome and went on to occupy Spain; from the Franks, whose chieftain Karel became Charlemagne and revived the title of emperor; from the Italian princelings and merchants of the Middle Ages. Keiser Karel’s classical palace was a theoretical exercise, self-conscious, like a bourgeois newcomer at an aristocratic party that has been going on for centuries. The construction of the Palacio Real began in 1533; and in the same year Abu Abdallah Muhammad, the last emir of Granada, exhaled his last sigh and died.

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In this picture, the medieval carvings and traceries that would become the imagined haunt of Quasimodo and Esmeralda are invisible under a layer of baroque marble, green and red and white, and the apse resembles nothing so much as a gilded salon at Versailles or a scene at the opera. In the center of David’s painting, a diminutive man is gesturing before a golden throne. Napoleon Bonaparte, in deliberate imitation of Charlemagne, holds a laurel wreath aloft in his right arm; he is about to lower it onto the head of his wife, Josephine, to crown her as empress. The pope himself is visible at the high altar, and the aisles of the church are filled with the great and the good of France. David’s painting suppressed their expressions of horror and fascination at Napoleon’s shameless appropriation of the scenery and props of the ancien régime.

Lonely Planet Southern Italy
by Lonely Planet

Little would the pope suspect that Roger would go on to develop a territorial monarchy and become a ruler who saw himself as detached from the higher jurisdiction of both western and eastern emperor – and even the pope himself. The Wonder of the World Frederick II, king of Sicily and Holy Roman Emperor, presided over one of the most glamorous periods of southern history. The fact that he came to wield such power and wear Charlemagne’s crown at all is a quirk of history. He inadvertently inherited the crown of Sicily and the south from his mother, Constance (the posthumous daughter of Roger I), in 1208 after William II died childless; the crown of the Holy Roman Empire came to him through his father, Henry VI, the son of Frederick Barbarossa.

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It was a union that caused the popes much discomfort. For while they wanted and needed an emperor who would play the role of temporal sword, Frederick’s wide-reaching kingdom all but encircled the Papal States and his belief in the absolute power of the monarchy gave them grave cause for concern. Like Charlemagne before him, Frederick controlled a kingdom so vast that he could realistically dream of reviving the fallen Roman Empire – and dream he did. Under his rule, Sicily was transformed into a centralised state playing a key commercial and cultural role in European affairs, and Palermo gained a reputation as the continent’s most important city; most of the northern Italian city states were brought to heel.

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Robert agrees to rid southern Italy of Saracens and Byzantines. 1130 Norman invader Roger II is crowned king of Sicily, a century after the Normans landed in southern Italy; a united southern Italian kingdom is created. 1215 Frederick II is crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Aachen, where he symbolically re-inters Charlemagne’s body in a silver and gold reliquary. He takes the cross and vows of a crusader. 1224 The Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II is founded in Naples. The oldest state university in the world, its alumni include Catholic theologian and philosopher Thomas Aquinas. 1270–1500 The French Angevins and Spanish Aragonese spend the best part of two centuries fighting over southern Italy.

Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular Delusions and the Madness of Crowds - the Original Classic Edition
by Charles MacKay
Published 14 Jun 2012

After such prophets the almanac-makers hardly deserve to be mentioned; not even the renowned Partridge, whose prognostications set all England agog in 1708, and whose death while still alive was so pleasantly and satisfactorily proved by Isaac Bickerstaff. The anti-climax would be too palpable, and they and their doings must be left uncommemorated. Notes for this chapter 41. See Gibbon and Voltaire for further notice of this subject. 42. Charlemagne. Poëme épique, par Lucien Buonaparte. 43. This prophecy seems to have been that set forth at length in the popular Life of Mother Shipton: "When fate to England shall restore A king to reign as heretofore, Great death in London shall be though, And many houses be laid low." 13/10/2008 17:39 Printable format for Mackay, Charles, Memoirs of Extraordinary Popular ... 14 of 14 http://www.econlib.org/cgi-bin/printarticle.pl 44.

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The royal G or C [it is gamma in the Greek, intending C in the Latin, being the third letter in the alphabet] is Charles II, who for his extraction may be said to be of the best blood of the world." In France and Germany astrologers met even more encouragement than they received in England. In very early ages, Charlemagne and his successors fulminated their wrath against them in common with sorcerers. Louis XI, that most superstitious of men, entertained great numbers of them at his court; and Catherine de Medicis, that most superstitious of women, hardly ever took any affair of importance without consulting them.

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A monk had seen two gigantic warriors on horseback, the one representing a Christian and the other a Turk, fighting in the sky with flaming swords, the Christian of course overcoming the Paynim. Myriads of stars were said to have fallen from heaven, each representing the fall of a Pagan foe. It was believed at the same time that the Emperor Charlemagne would rise from the grave, and lead on to victory the embattled armies of the Lord. A singular feature of the popular madness was the enthusiasm of the women. Everywhere they encouraged their lovers and husbands to forsake all things for the holy war. Many of them burned the sign of the cross upon their breasts and arms, and coloured the wound with a red dye, as a lasting memorial of their zeal.

Half In, Half Out: Prime Ministers on Europe
by Andrew Adonis
Published 20 Jun 2018

His successor, the opportunistically pro-European Labour rising star, Harold Wilson, went on to win the 1954 election, and made his mark with the creation of the National Health Service and a welfare state to rival Churchill’s achievements in the fields of defence, trade and European unity. Shortly before the end of his first European term in 1953, Churchill suffered a stroke and retired. On his final day in office, Konrad Adenauer, a year younger than Churchill and now in his stride as first Chancellor of West Germany, presented the Charlemagne Prize to Europe’s victor of war and peace. ‘Why is it that you, Sir Winston, became the champion for the European ideal?’ he asked rhetorically. ‘I believe this can be explained from two human qualities that also are the requisite qualities for statesmanship: greatness of thought, depth of feeling

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The historian Jacqueline Tratt states that Lee’s memorandum ‘The Six and the Seven’ ‘stands out as the definitive document that was to set Britain on a new course, not only in terms of trade but also in terms of Britain’s political role and outlook’. In July 1960, Macmillan summed up in his diary the growing danger, as he saw it, of Britain remaining outside the EEC: Shall we be caught between a hostile (or at least less and less friendly) America and a boastful, powerful ‘Empire of Charlemagne’– now under French but later bound to come under German control. Is this the real reason for ‘joining’ the Common Market (if we are acceptable) and for abandoning (a) the Seven (b) British agriculture (c) the Commonwealth? It’s a grim choice. In July 1961, the Cabinet decided to apply to join the EEC, a momentous decision and one of Macmillan’s most important initiatives that was to define the remaining years of his premiership.

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It rained solidly, and they were on the next Ryanair to Carcassonne. When Tony says in his memoirs, ‘I regarded anti-European feeling as hopelessly, absurdly out of date and unrealistic,’ this is from the heart and soul. He could and still does express his Europeanism with extraordinary passion – as when he received the Charlemagne Prize in Aachen Cathedral in 1999 – and it is part of the reason why so many of us admire him so much. Tony had another advantage: a united pro-European party. John Major had been torn limb from limb by right-wing Eurosceptics he called ‘bastards’. By the 1990s, there were few overt Eurosceptics in the Labour Party, and none in the leadership, thanks to the Social Chapter and the seminal speech by Jacques Delors to the TUC conference in 1988 – a speech that Charles Powell, in his chapter on Margaret Thatcher, identified as the turning point in her attitude to the EU.

Dangerous Ideas: A Brief History of Censorship in the West, From the Ancients to Fake News
by Eric Berkowitz
Published 3 May 2021

In the centuries after Justinian, few pre-Christian texts were copied in Europe outside of monasteries, and while such books were reviewed by scholars (mainly to refute their contents), the pressure not to teach their contents could be heavy. In 601, Pope Gregory the Great demanded that Christians avoid studies related to classical traditions, even grammar. This sentiment became the law of much of Europe when Charlemagne, in his Admonitio Generalis of 789, ruled that “only . . . the words of the holy authors are to be read and expounded” in the Frankish domains.14 FROM CHURCH SUPPRESSION OF DRAMA TO DRAMA IN CHURCHES As the written word was suppressed, so, eventually, were pagan forms of drama. There was little room in Christian thinking for the staged entertainment that had been woven into Roman life.15 Leaving aside gladiatorial and beast-fighting spectacles, theatrical performances during the early Christian period stressed sex and sensationalism, and often mirrored what went on in brothels.

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(Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1939), bk. 29, 211, para. 40. 12. Ammianus, History, 217. 13. Saint John Chrysostom, “Homily 38,” in The Homilies of Saint John Chrysostom . . . on the Acts of the Apostles, Part II: Hom. XXIX–LV (Oxford, UK: John Henry Parker; London: F. and J. Rivington, 1852), 526. 14. Charlemagne, quoted in Peter Brown, The Rise of Western Christendom, 2nd ed. (Cambridge, MA: Blackwell, 2003), 429. 15. Saint Augustine appeared open to the use of reading “high” dramatic texts, while Saint Jerome admitted no exceptions in his condemnation of the stage. 16. Eric Berkowitz, Sex and Punishment: Four Thousand Years of Judging Desire (Berkeley, CA: Counterpoint, 2012), 102–3; see also John Wesley Harris, Medieval Theatre in Context: An Introduction (London: Routledge, 1992), 23–28. 17.

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George Orwell, “The Freedom of the Press,” New York Times, October 8, 1972, https://www.nytimes.com/1972/10/08/archives/the-freedom-of-the-press-orwell.html. INDEX Abelard, Peter, 60 abolitionist literature, 153–55, 239 abortion, censorship of literature on, 152, 162–63. See also birth control, censorship of literature on Abrams v. U.S., 181 Acosta, Jim, 214 Acta Diurna (publication), 32 Adams, John, 9, 116, 117 Admonitio Generalis (Charlemagne), 51 Aereopagitica (Milton), 16 Afghanistan, 77, 241 Age of Reason (Paine), 126–28 Akiva, Rabbi, 20 Albert, Nicole, 161 Alcibiades, 25–26 Alexander, Philip, 18 Alexander VI (pope), 71 Algeria, 204 Alice’s Adventures in Wonderland (Carroll), 159 Allatini, Rose, 169 Allende, Salvador, 203 All Quiet on the Western Front (book and film), 184, 185, 186 Amazon, 214, 228.

The Rough Guide to Paris
by Rough Guides
Published 1 May 2023

The endlessly warring, fratricidally minded Merovingians were gradually supplanted by the hereditary Mayors of the Palace, the process finally confirmed by the coronation of Pépin III, ‘the Short’, in Saint-Denis, in 754. Pépin’s heir, Carolus Magnus or ‘Charlemagne’, who gave his name to the new Carolingian dynasty, conquered half of Europe and sparked a mini-Renaissance in the early ninth century. Unfortunately for Paris, he chose to live far from the city. Paris’s fortunes further plummeted after the break-up of Charlemagne’s empire, being repeatedly sacked and pillaged by the Vikings from the mid-840s onwards. Finally, in the 880s, Eudes, the Comte de Paris, built strong fortifications on the Île de la Cité, and the Vikings were definitively repulsed.

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Decorative arts The vast Decorative arts section (not to be confused with the separate Les Arts Décoratifs museum in the Louvre’s westernmost wing; (see page 75), on the first floor of the Richelieu wing, presents the finest tapestries, ceramics, jewellery and furniture commissioned by France’s most wealthy and influential patrons, beginning with an exquisite little equestrian sculpture of Charlemagne (or possibly Charles the Bald) and continuing through 81 relentlessly superb rooms to a salon decorated in the style of Louis-Philippe, the last king of France. Walking through the entire chronology gives a powerful sense of the evolution of aesthetic taste at its most refined and opulent, and numerous rooms have been partially recreated in the style of a particular epoch, so it’s not hard to imagine yourself strutting through a Renaissance chamber or gracing an eighteenth-century salon, especially as whole suites are often devoid of other visitors.

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c. 53 BC Julius Caesar’s conquering armies find a thriving settlement of some eight thousand people. c. 275 St Denis is martyred for his beliefs at Montmartre. 486 The city falls to Clovis the Frank. His dynasty, the feuding Merovingians, governs Paris for the next two hundred odd-years. 768 Charlemagne is proclaimed king at Saint-Denis. Over the next forty years he conquers half of Europe – but spends little time in Paris. 845–85 Vikings repeatedly sack Paris. 987 Hugues Capet, one of the counts of Paris, is elected king of Francia and makes Paris his capital. 1200s Paris experiences an economic boom; its university becomes the centre of European learning and King Philippe-Auguste constructs a vast city wall. 1337 - 1453 The French and English nobility struggle for power in the Hundred Years’ War.

Top 10 Brussels, Bruges, Antwerp & Ghent
by Antony Mason

< Top 10 of Everything Moments in Belgian History 50s BC: Julius Caesar The Roman army suffered repeated setbacks in its struggle against the courageous “Belgae”, but in the end Rome won out, and Belgium flourished under the Pax Romana of provincial rule for 400 years. AD 843: Treaty of Verdun After the Romans came the Franks, whose empire reached its apogee under Charlemagne. After his death, his homeland was split by treaty along the River Scheldt – the division from which Flanders and Wallonia would evolve. 1302: Battle of the Golden Spurs France dominated Flanders for much of the medieval period, eventually resulting in popular revolt. At the Battle of the Golden Spurs, a Flemish rebel force humiliated the cream of the French army. 1384: Burgundy takes over Philip the Good after Rogier van der Weyden When Louis de Male, Count of Flanders, died in 1384, his title was inherited by his son-in-law Philip the Bold (1342–1404), Duke of Burgundy.

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Place Jourdan 1, 1040 BRU 02 235 51 00 www.accorhotels.com over €250 Silken Berlaymont Close to the heart of European government, this eco-friendly hotel is favoured by diplomats, politicians and journalists. They make full use of its state-of-the-art communication systems, fitness centre, Turkish baths and sauna. Boulevard Charlemagne 11–19, 1000 BRU 02 231 09 09 www.hoteles-silken.com over €250 Thon Hotel EU The Thon offers functional, modern rooms, free Wi-Fi, conference rooms, a fitness centre, a restaurant, and even a shopping mall. Rue de la Loi 75, 1040 BRU 02 204 39 11 www.thonhotels.com €175–€250 Radisson Blu EU Hotel A deluxe hotel with spacious designer bedrooms, premier meeting rooms and Willards bar/ restaurant.

Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States
by James C. Scott
Published 21 Aug 2017

If, then, we locate the era of definitive state hegemony as beginning about 1600 CE, the state can be said to dominate only the last two-tenths of one percent of our species’ political life. In focusing our attention on the exceptional places where the earliest states appeared, we risk missing the key fact that in much of the world there was no state at all until quite recently. The classical states of Southeast Asia are roughly contemporaneous with Charlemagne’s reign, more than six thousand years after the “invention” of farming. Those of the New World, with the exception of the Mayan Empire, are even more recent creations. They too were territorially quite small. Outside their reach were great congeries of “unadministered” peoples assembled in what historians might call tribes, chiefdoms, and bands.

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See also hunting and gathering; nomadism, nomads; pastoralism, pastoralists Barbary pirates, 254 Barfield, Thomas J., 249 bark-ringing, 70 barley, 12, 17, 23, 55, 71, 110, 206 fermentation of, 65 genetic changes in, 73 in Mesopotamia, 71, 128 nutritional value of, 109, 129 records of, 142, 143–144 salt tolerance of, 200 seasonality of, 90, 91 taxation of, 131 transport of, 134 for unfree labor, 29, 132 vulnerability of, 74, 111 baskets, 11, 41, 89 Basra, xiii Battle of Kadesh, 171 Battle of Teutoburg Forest, 229 bears, 68 beavers, 38, 40, 68 Beckwith, Christopher, 232–233, 234, 244, 247 bedbugs, 19 beechnuts, 90 beer, 29, 65, 120, 144 bees, 69 beeswax, 246, 247 Berbers, 33–34, 223, 237 beriberi, 109 berries, 17, 38, 90 bird flu, 105 birds, 43, 70, 75, 78, 94, 112 crops and grain consumed by, 74, 96, 111, 221 diseases of, 100–101, 105 domestication of, 100–101 hunting of, 37, 41, 49, 50, 53–54, 64, 65, 88 migration of, 10, 54, 63, 64, 65, 88, 101 in wetlands, 10, 49, 50, 53, 56 bison, 50 bitter vetch, 44 bitumen, 246 Black Death, 21 blood types, 262–263 n. 19 “booty capitalism,” 172 Borneo, 246–247 Borobudur, 202 Boserup, Esther, 20, 71–72, 153 bow and arrow, 39 brain size, 17, 42, 80–81 Brasidas (Spartan general), 154 Brazil nuts, 69 Brecht, Bertolt, 171 Bronson, Bennett, 225, 227 Broodbank, Cyprian, 185, 214 browse, 17, 38, 70 bubonic plague, 99 bulrush, 50 Caesar, Julius, 9, 227, 236, 250, 251 camels, 77, 104 canals: for irrigation, 121, 122 in Mesopotamia, 56 siltation of, 195, 199 state formation and, 23, 128, 204 for transportation, 117, 122, 147 unfree labor used for, 29, 46, 157, 170, 181 carbohydrates, 109, 114 carbon dioxide, 39 caribou, 50, 53 Carneiro, Robert, 267 n. 16 carrying capacity, 72, 95, 198, 201, 223 cassava, 130 cattle, 44, 77, 83, 87–88, 103, 104 Celts, 9, 35, 225, 230, 242, 245 Chandra Gupta, 225 charcoal, 42, 54, 170, 176, 192, 198, 205 Charlemagne, Emperor, 15 Chayanov, A. V., 152 chickenpox, 102 chickens, 18, 100–101, 103, 105 chickpeas, 12, 44, 132, 133 Childe, V. Gordon, 166–167 chimpanzee, 40–41 China, xiv, 5, 44, 186, 190, 219 barbarians in, 30, 134–135, 138, 221–222, 225, 227, 229, 230, 233, 236, 241, 250–251 chronology of, 28 crop domestication in, 129 flooding in, 199 forced resettlement in, 166 Great Wall of, 30, 138, 233 infectious diseases in, 105 political rivalries in, 140 rationing in, 210 self-nomadization in, 233 slavery in, 166–167 Southeast Asian trade links with, 246–247 state formation in, 14, 24, 124, 128 taxation in, 131, 134–135, 138, 146–147, 221–222, 233 Warring States in, 140, 144–145, 203 wetlands reengineered in, 56 written records in, 144–146 Xiongnu raids in, 241–242 chokepoints, 266 n. 14 cholera, 102, 193 Cimbri, 236 Cissians, 242 Clastres, Pierre, 232 climate change, 16, 31, 97, 120–121, 184, 188 club rush, 50 Code of Hammurabi, 162 coercion: calibration of, 152–153 record keeping underlying, 139–140 state formation dependent on, 25, 27, 29, 179 Weberian view of, 118.

The Abandonment of the West
by Michael Kimmage
Published 21 Apr 2020

The West is the empire upon which the sun is always setting. Geopolitical meaning came slowly to the West. Athens saw in itself a West opposed to the despotic Persian East. This was followed by the Western half of the Roman Empire positioned against the empire’s eastern half and then the territories that would become Charlemagne’s Europe (parts of today’s France, Germany, Holland, Belgium and Italy). The West could also connote Latin Christianity—the Protestant and Catholic territories—as opposed to those of the Eastern Orthodox churches. After the eastern half of the Roman Empire and its capital Constantinople fell to the Ottomans in 1453, the West might also have been Christian Europe versus the East of Islam: Christendom in the west and an Islamic Caliphate in the east.

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It is conscious, willed, and its wounds can only be self-inflicted.9 Burnham’s The Suicide of the West traces the rise of the West and its imminent suicide. Burnham concludes by speculating about the possible survival of the West. He moves quickly through the rise of the West, the origins of which lay not in classical antiquity but in Charlemagne’s Europe. “Liberty, Freedom and Justice are the three primary social values or goals that have been approved or at least professed by nearly everybody… in Western civilization, whatever the philosophy or program, since the Renaissance,” Burnham writes. Like McNeill, he has no doubt that “the United States is both offspring and organic part of Western civilization.”

Fodor's Barcelona
by Fodor's
Published 5 Apr 2011

Previous Chapter | Beginning of Chapter | Next Chapter | Contents Previous Chapter | Next Chapter | Contents Catalan First, Spanish Second | Barcelona’s Lovers’ Day | Barcelona: An Architectural Toy Box Catalan First, Spanish Second Throughout a history of political ups and downs, prosperity rarely abandoned Barcelona, as the city continued to generate energy and creativity no matter who imposed authority from afar: Romans, Visigoths, Franks, Moors, Aragonese, French, or Castilians. Catalonia’s early history hinges on five key dates: the 801 Frankish conquest by Charlemagne that wrested Catalonia away from the encroaching Moors; the 988 independence from the Franks; the 1137 alliance through marriage with Aragón; the 1474 unification (through the marriage of Fernando of Aragón and Isabella of Castile) of Aragón with the Castilian realms of León and Castile; and the 1714 defeat by Felipe V, who abolished Catalan rights and privileges.

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Ataulf, assassinated in Barcelona in 415, was succeeded by Visigothic rulers who moved their capital to Toledo, leaving Barcelona to a secondary role through the 6th and 7th centuries. The Moors invaded in the 8th century; and in 801, in what was to be a decisive moment in Catalonia’s history, the Franks under Charlemagne captured the city and made it a buffer zone at the edge of Al-Andalus, the Moors’ empire on the Iberian Peninsula. Moorish rule extended to the Garraf Massif just south of Barcelona, while Catalonia became the Marca Hispánica (Spanish March or, really, “edge”) of the Frankish empire. Over the next two centuries the Catalonian counties, ruled by counts appointed by the Franks, gained increasing autonomy.

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. | Carrer Ferran el Catòlic s/n | 17004 | 972/213262 | www.banysarabs.org | €2.50 | Apr–Sept., Tues.–Sat. 10–2 and 4–7, Sun. 10–2; Nov.–Apr., Tues.–Sun. 10–1. Fodor’s Choice | Cathedral. At the heart of the Old City, this cathedral looms above 90 steps and is famous for its nave—at 75 feet, the widest in the world and the epitome of the spatial ideal of Catalan Gothic architects. Since Charlemagne founded the original church in the 8th century, it has been through many fires, changes, and renovations, so you are greeted by a rococo-era facade—“eloquent as organ music” and impressively set off by a spectacular flight of 17th-century stairs, which rises from its own plaça. Inside, three smaller naves were compressed into one gigantic hall by the famed architect Guillermo Bofill in 1416.

Berlin: Life and Death in the City at the Center of the World
by Sinclair McKay
Published 22 Aug 2022

The boat ‘had been a refuge for new and old friends’ in that April of 1945; fugitives not from bombs, or from the Red Army, but rather from a newly resurgent and vengeful Gestapo meting out deadly punishment to anyone guilty of damaging morale. There were citizens still being captured and tortured. Frau Keller herself recalled that she represented a subliminal object of suspicion to some: a fine ancestry that she claimed she could date back to Charlemagne, combined with the kind of intense red hair that in other times could have led to her being ‘persecuted as a witch’.12 A combination of oversight and favours granted years earlier meant that she, her husband and two assistant technicians were still, at that point, deemed key workers; she was in ‘an officially recognized professional niche’, as she recalled.13 In Werder, Frau Keller and her team had set up ‘our own research laboratory for radio and sound technology’, a ‘mini operation’ comprising just her, the assistants and a ‘glass washer’ to deal with the chemical equipment for film processing, at a sufficient distance from the vulnerable city.14 They established a laboratory in a partly disused brewery; an historic structure of sturdy dark brick with an impressive view over the lakes and woods towards Berlin, reached by means of an epic outdoor stairway that trailed up the hill.

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But that fantasy of board-game order was countered by the often frantic anarchic reality; the windows of apartment blocks breathing bright fire, the small bands of men within beaten back, sometimes scorched to death, after targeting Soviet troops in the street with sniper bullets. The current Berlin Defence Area HQ lay on Hohenzollerndamm, in the south-west of the city; on the morning of the 25th, General Weidling was met by the commander of the SS Charlemagne Division, Gustav Krukenberg (he was born in Bonn, and this command of SS collaborationists from France fell to him by dint of his fluent French). Krukenberg and his men had been summoned back to the city especially; their ferocity and intense belief in their cause were undiminished. Throughout the course of the day, Krukenberg was to make his way across the city to Hermannplatz, close to the monumental Karstadt department store.

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‘We run out, fall into smoking holes, scramble across to the ruins, stumble over rubble, trip over the machine gun – the hand grenades, dear God, don’t let them explode.’51 Yet the extemporized defences of the city were not wholly ineffective; small platoons such as these, sometimes led by regular soldiers, others commanded by branches of the SS, and many containing teenaged boys, were creating many Soviet casualties. Some 300 men of the SS Charlemagne Division – those French collaborationists who had joined the German forces months earlier – were, in tiny bands and briefly, holding up the progress of Soviet vehicles with machine guns, destroying Soviet tanks with Panzerfausts. Large apartment blocks in outlying districts had been transformed into warrens, with an abundance of rooms and attics and cellars from which to launch surprise attacks; into these labyrinths, the Soviets deployed flamethrowers.

Rick Steves Florence & Tuscany 2017
by Rick Steves
Published 8 Nov 2016

Large parking lots are in the field near the abbey. A bus runs from Montalcino (see “Montalcino Connections,” earlier). Background: Legends suggest that Sant’Antimo was founded by Charlemagne, who passed through here around the year 781, following the Via Francigena on his way back north from Rome (for more on this route, see the sidebar on here). His army, suffering from illness, convalesced near here, and in appreciation Charlemagne presented the local religious community with relics of St. Anthimus (Sant’Antimo). Most of its current structure dates from the 11th and 12th centuries, when Sant’Antimo Abbey became a highly important center both for local aristocrats and for pilgrims walking the Via Francigena.

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Finally, starting in the late 19th century, it was restored, and in 1992 a small number of Augustinian monks moved in, reconnecting Sant’Antimo with its medieval importance. And today, once again, Sant’Antimo is a functioning abbey. Visiting the Abbey: Before going inside, circle the building to see its faded but evocative decorations. At the back end of the church is the Charlemagne-era round apse (dwarfed by the Romanesque apse). Examine the varied carvings at the tops of the pillars under the roofline: geometrical patterns, heads of monsters, and pagan symbols. The stout rectangular bell tower is echoed by a strategically planted cypress tree. On the back side of the tower (next to the big tree), look up to find the sphinx, the small Madonna and Bambino, and the four evangelists.

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During the Napoleonic Age, the occupying French built this balcony (and the scenic little park behind the adjacent San Domenico Church) simply to enjoy a commanding view of the Tuscan countryside. With Umbria about a mile away, Cortona marks the end of Tuscany. This is a major cultural divide, as Cortona was the last town in Charlemagne’s empire and the last under Medici rule. Umbria, just to the south, was papal territory for centuries. These deep-seated cultural disparities were a great challenge for the visionaries who unified the fractured region to create the modern nation of Italy during the 1860s. An obelisk in the center of this square honors one of the heroes of the struggle for Italian unification—the brilliant revolutionary general, Giuseppe Garibaldi.

The Rough Guide to Prague
by Humphreys, Rob

In 1634, Waldstein openly rebelled against Ferdinand, who immediately hatched a plot to murder him, sending a motley posse including English, Irish and Scottish mercenaries to the border town of Cheb (Eger), where they cut the general down in his nightshirt as he tried to rise from his sickbed. Some see him as the first man to unify Germany since Charlemagne, others see him as a wily Czech hero. In reality he was probably just another ambitious, violent man, as his stars had predicted. Pedagogické muzeum Letenská and sv Tomáš Walking southwest along Letenská from the Valdštejnský palace gardens back towards Malostranské náměstí, takes you past U svatého Tomáše, the oldest pivnice in Prague, established in 1352 by Augustinian monks who brewed their own lethal dark beer on the premises until the Communists kicked them out.

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Sadly, there’s not much information in English, but it’s still mildly diverting, in particular the exhibits on the Iron Curtain, the display of Czech police motorbikes through the ages, the parade of European police uniforms and the gruesome section on forensic science. For the kids, there’s a mini road layout for go-karts (dětské dopravní hřiště; Thurs 1–3pm, Sat & Sun 10am–noon & 2–4pm; 10Kč). Na Karlově church Attached to the museum is the monastic church of Na Karlově, founded by Charles IV (of course), designed in imitation of Charlemagne’s tomb in Aachen and quite unlike any other church in Prague. If it’s open, you should take a look at the musty interior, which was remodelled in the sixteenth century by Bonifaz Wohlmut. The stellar vault has no central supporting pillars – a remarkable feat of engineering for its time, and one which gave rise to numerous legends about the architect being in league with the devil.

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The Great Moravian Empire The next written record of the Slavs in the region isn’t until the eighth century, when East Frankish (Germanic) chroniclers report a people known as the Moravians as having established themselves around the River Morava, a tributary of the Danube. It was an alliance of Moravians and Franks (under Charlemagne) which finally expelled the Avars from central Europe in 796 AD. This cleared the way for the establishment of the Great Moravian Empire, which at its peak included Slovakia, Bohemia and parts of Hungary and Poland. Its significance in political terms is that it was the first and last time (until the establishment of Czechoslovakia, for which it served as a useful precedent) that the Czechs and Slovaks were united under one ruler.

Stamping Butterflies
by Jon Courtenay Grimwood
Published 1 Jan 2004

It was only on his way home, early next morning, with AMERICAN PRESIDENT REFUSES TO SIGN SPACE ACCORD WITH CHINA, BEIJING OUTRAGED clutched almost forgotten beneath one arm, that the darkness finally gave the tramp his orders. He was passing Rue Charlemagne at the time, with its blue sign, "Roi de France, Empereur." And maybe this was what nudged the darkness into naming its price. The tramp must kill again. And the person he should kill was the occupant of the White House, Charlemagne's heir, the new Emperor of the West. CHAPTER 1 Marrakech, Saturday 12 May [Now] President Gene Newman liked visiting new cities. In fact, he liked it so much he took the trouble to have one of his interns write up brief histories for each city he was about to visit.

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Outside, on the pavement, the tramp regretted that no one resembling Jake now rented a room at the Arts Hotel, although a New York poet had lived there for years. Unfortunately he'd died. "Did you get a description?" The tramp shook his head. "Before her time." They stopped to look at the opium pipes in the window of the Buddha shop, crossed the road to cut down Rue Charlemagne, with its blue plaque naming Charles as "Emperor of the West" and rejoined Rue St. Paul via a passage, old buildings rising six storeys on either side of the narrow walk-through. A black woman at the only free till in Monoprix looked briefly at Bill Hagsteen's old photograph and shook her head, her attention already on a man waiting impatiently behind them.

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The suit smiled at Lieutenant Ashcroft as if he were a child and a particularly simple one at that. "I'd have thought that was obvious," he said. "We're making it easier to attach electrodes." Lieutenant Ashcroft wasn't the only one to hope the man was joking. -=*=- The first reference to Lampedusa occurred in a letter from Pope Leon III to Charlemagne, Emperor of the West, informing him of a battle between the Byzantines and an Arab army. In 1436 Alfonso of Aragon presented the island to Giovanni de Caro. In 1661, its owner, Ferdinand Tommasi, received the title of prince from the King of Spain. Seventy-five years later, when the English Earl of Sandwich visited the island, he found only one inhabitant.

The Habsburgs: To Rule the World
by Martyn Rady
Published 24 Aug 2020

When asked in 1912 to provide a trophy for a Swiss rifle club, Emperor Franz Joseph sent a figurine of Rudolf dismounting from his horse to speed the priest’s journey.9 The Habsburgs were intermittently rulers of the Holy Roman Empire after 1273 and almost continuously so from 1438 until the empire’s demise in 1806. The Holy Roman Empire had been founded by Charlemagne in 800 CE but was considered the continuation of the Roman Empire of classical antiquity. To begin with, it was known simply as ‘the Roman Empire’—the adjective ‘Holy’ was added in the thirteenth century, but there was never much consistency in usage. The Holy Roman Empire was reconstituted in the tenth century as a largely German empire, but this did not diminish the prestige attaching to the imperial title.

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Ferdinand also had his own vote as king of Bohemia, which he cast for himself, not wanting, as he explained, to do himself an injustice. Seeing themselves outnumbered, the Protestant electors of Brandenburg and the Palatinate concurred, rendering Ferdinand’s election unanimous. Early the next month he was crowned with Charlemagne’s diadem in Frankfurt cathedral.11 Over the course of 1618–1619, two decisions were made that widened and, indeed, ‘internationalized’ the revolt, but neither of them was Ferdinand’s doing. Philip III of Spain (1598–1621) had watched with alarm the progress of the Bohemian Revolt. His immediate thought was to send a fleet against the rebels, for like Shakespeare he imagined Bohemia to have a coast, but he prudently left it to his Council of State to recommend policy.

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Because the present execution of this idea is, to put it diplomatically, not altogether harmonious, it does not mean that the idea itself is wrong.’2 The Habsburg Empire collapsed in 1918, but the Habsburg idea was always about more than territory and politics. The Habsburg idea was complex. At its heart lay the inheritance of Rome and of the Roman Empire, renewed by Charlemagne and the Staufen emperors, whose heirs the first Habsburg rulers imagined themselves to be. The Holy Roman Empire embodied one aspect of this idea, hence the Habsburg ambition to fill the supreme office of emperor. So too did Austria, which under the Babenbergs had developed its own myth of exceptionalism.

Devil Take the Hindmost: A History of Financial Speculation
by Edward Chancellor
Published 31 May 2000

The sense of history in the church is compelling. Brief history After its foundation by Charlemagne in the ninth century on a site of long-established religious significance (excavations suggest the existence of a Roman cemetery), the church was constructed in its present form between 1100 and 1230. At that time, the north tower was higher than its twin, since it held, and still holds, the bells. In the fifteenth century, the south tower was brought up to the same height and adorned on its south side with a statue of a seated Charlemagne. After a fire in 1763, the spires and upper sections of the towers were demolished, and reconstruction shortly after produced the Gothic belfries, watchrooms and octagonal cupolae, which survive today.

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The interior Inside, the overriding impression is of the loftiness of the galleried space and its austerity; aside from some capitals decorated with battle scenes – and, on the third pillar on the north side, Charlemagne’s discovery of the graves of Felix and Regula – almost no decoration survives. The altar paintings were removed in 1524 at Zwingli’s behest, as were the church treasures. Most decorative elements which survive today are replacements, including the pulpit (1851) and the organ (1960). The stained-glass windows were made in 1933 by Augusto Giacometti. It’s worth ducking into the crypt, a long triple-aisled hall, the largest of its kind in Switzerland, dominated by the fifteenth-century statue of Charlemagne taken from the South Tower (the one up there now is a replica) and also featuring some well-preserved brush wall drawings dating from 1500.

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Kloster St Johann Beside the main road on the eastern edge of Müstair village • Church Daily • Free Holy Cross Chapel May–Oct Mon–Sat 9am–5pm, Sun 1.30–5pm; Nov–April 10am–noon & 1.30–4.30pm, Sun 1.30–4.30pm by guided tour only • Free Museum May–Oct Mon–Sat 9am–5pm, Sun 1.30–5pm; Nov–April Mon–Sat 10am–noon & 1.30–4.30pm, Sun 1.30–4.30pm • Charge • muestair.ch This functioning Benedictine convent – the community currently numbers nine nuns – was reputedly founded by Charlemagne himself around 800 AD, and has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site for the array of brilliantly coloured Romanesque frescoes adorning the interior of its monastery church. The style and detail of the frescoes, which depict stories such as the stoning of St Stephen and the Dance of Salome, are breathtaking, and the atmosphere of the church, its adjacent cemetery and cobbled courtyard make the journey well worthwhile.

The Rough Guide to Switzerland (Travel Guide eBook)
by Rough Guides
Published 24 May 2022

The sense of history in the church is compelling. Brief history After its foundation by Charlemagne in the ninth century on a site of long-established religious significance (excavations suggest the existence of a Roman cemetery), the church was constructed in its present form between 1100 and 1230. At that time, the north tower was higher than its twin, since it held, and still holds, the bells. In the fifteenth century, the south tower was brought up to the same height and adorned on its south side with a statue of a seated Charlemagne. After a fire in 1763, the spires and upper sections of the towers were demolished, and reconstruction shortly after produced the Gothic belfries, watchrooms and octagonal cupolae, which survive today.

…

The interior Inside, the overriding impression is of the loftiness of the galleried space and its austerity; aside from some capitals decorated with battle scenes – and, on the third pillar on the north side, Charlemagne’s discovery of the graves of Felix and Regula – almost no decoration survives. The altar paintings were removed in 1524 at Zwingli’s behest, as were the church treasures. Most decorative elements which survive today are replacements, including the pulpit (1851) and the organ (1960). The stained-glass windows were made in 1933 by Augusto Giacometti. It’s worth ducking into the crypt, a long triple-aisled hall, the largest of its kind in Switzerland, dominated by the fifteenth-century statue of Charlemagne taken from the South Tower (the one up there now is a replica) and also featuring some well-preserved brush wall drawings dating from 1500.

…

Kloster St Johann Beside the main road on the eastern edge of Müstair village • Church Daily • Free Holy Cross Chapel May–Oct Mon–Sat 9am–5pm, Sun 1.30–5pm; Nov–April 10am–noon & 1.30–4.30pm, Sun 1.30–4.30pm by guided tour only • Free Museum May–Oct Mon–Sat 9am–5pm, Sun 1.30–5pm; Nov–April Mon–Sat 10am–noon & 1.30–4.30pm, Sun 1.30–4.30pm • Charge • muestair.ch This functioning Benedictine convent – the community currently numbers nine nuns – was reputedly founded by Charlemagne himself around 800 AD, and has been named a UNESCO World Heritage Site for the array of brilliantly coloured Romanesque frescoes adorning the interior of its monastery church. The style and detail of the frescoes, which depict stories such as the stoning of St Stephen and the Dance of Salome, are breathtaking, and the atmosphere of the church, its adjacent cemetery and cobbled courtyard make the journey well worthwhile.

Central Europe Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

The small, Byzantine-inspired octagon at the building’s heart dates from 805 but its ceiling mosaics still glitter and its marble columns still gleam. The building’s historical significance is twofold: not only did Charlemagne order it built, but 30 Holy Roman emperors were crowned here from 936 to 1531. The brass chandelier hanging in the centre was donated by Emperor Friedrich Barbarossa in 1165. Standing at the main altar and looking back towards the door, it’s just possible to glimpse Charlemagne’s simple marble throne. The man himself lies in the golden shrine behind the altar. The cathedral became a site of pilgrimage after his death. Carolus Thermal Baths BATHS ( 182 740; www.carolus-thermen.de; Stadtgarten/Passstrasse 79; admission with/without sauna from €22/11; 9am-11pm) The 8th-century Franks were first lured to Aachen for its thermal springs.

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The hasty thief hasn’t noticed one of his stolen chickens is a rooster that’s about to unmask him by crowing. From here, Aachen’s main Markt is visible just to the northeast. The 14th-century Rathaus (adult/concession €2/1; 10am-5pm Mon-Fri, 10am-1pm & 2-5pm Sat & Sun) overlooks the Markt, while a fountain statue of Charlemagne is in the middle. Head back down the hill along Krämerstrasse until you come to the Puppenbrunnen (Puppet fountain), where you’re allowed to play with the movable bronze figures. Continuing in the same direction for 50m, you’ll arrive at Aachen’s famous Dom. Dom CATHEDRAL (Kaiserdom or Münster; www.aachendom.de; 7am-7pm Apr-Oct, 7am-6pm Nov-Mar) While Cologne’s cathedral wows you with its size and atmosphere, Aachen’s similarly Unesco-listed Dom impresses with its shiny neatness.

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Their appeal crosses borders: they won MTV’s music award for Best Group in 2009. Architecture The scope of German architecture is such that it could easily be the focus of an entire visit. The first great wave of buildings came with the Romanesque period (800–1200), examples of which can be found at Trier cathedral, the churches of Cologne and the chapel of Charlemagne’s palace in Aachen. The Gothic style (1200–1500) is best viewed at Freiburg’s Münster cathedral, Cologne’s cathedral and the Marienkirche in Lübeck. Red-brick Gothic structures are common in the north of Germany, with buildings such as Schwerin’s Dom and Stralsund’s Nikoliakirche. For classic baroque, Balthasar Neumann’s superb Residenz in Würzburg, the magnificent cathedral in Passau and the many classics of Dresden’s old centre are must-sees.

Pale Rider: The Spanish Flu of 1918 and How It Changed the World
by Laura Spinney
Published 31 May 2017

Treading carefully, aware of the traps that time inserts between words, historians have nevertheless speculated that it was flu that devastated the armies of Rome and Syracuse in Sicily in 212 BC. ‘Deaths and funerals were a daily spectacle,’ wrote Livy in his History of Rome. ‘On all sides, day and night, were heard the wailings for the dead.’3 It may have been the respiratory disease that raged through Charlemagne’s troops in the ninth century AD, that he knew as febris Italica (Italian fever). Probable flu epidemics were documented in Europe in the twelfth century, but the first really reliable description of one doesn’t appear until the sixteenth century. In 1557, in the brief interlude when Mary I was on the English throne, an epidemic eliminated 6 per cent of her subjects–more Protestants than ‘Bloody Mary’, as she became known, could dream of burning at the stake.

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Aboriginals, Australian 21, 62, 100 acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) 19, 208 Adams, Harriet Chalmers 52–3 Addis Ababa, Ethiopia 41 AEF see American Expeditionary Forces AFIP see Armed Forces Institute of Pathology Afkhami, Amir 206 Africa 5, 38, 40, 41, 49, 64–5, 244 Christian missionaries 237 Ebola 17, 18, 61, 90, 231, 275, 292 flu mortality rates 201, 202 Pentecostal movement 236–7 see also South Africa; Tanzania African Americans 203–4 African National Congress (ANC) 225, 226 Afrikaners 225, 226 Ahmedabad, India 254, 255, 256, 257, 258 Ahwa, India: Church of the Brethren mission 215 AIDS/HIV 25, 61, 78, 198, 231, 283, 292 AIR Worldwide 278 Akhmatova, Anna 262 Alaska 140, 143, 144, 190, 207, 232–3 see also Brevig Mission; Bristol Bay; Dillingham; Yupik, the Alaska Natives Commission 232–3 Alaska Packers’ Association (APA) 142, 143, 144, 149 Albright, Frederick 208 alcohol: as protection against flu 123–4 Aldershot, England 162 Aleuts/Aleutian Islands 140, 142 see also Unalaska Island Alfonso XIII, of Spain 38, 235–6, 252 alternative medicine 8, 121, 125, 235, 236, 238 Álvaro y Ballano, Antonio, Bishop of Zamora 79–80, 82–3, 84, 85 Alzheimer’s disease 209 America see United States of America American Expeditionary Forces (AEF) 37, 40, 43 American Indian Wars 29–30 American Medical Association 98 Amerindians 20–21 amino acids 185 ammonia, manufacture of 247 Amritsar, India: massacre (1919) 259–60 anaemia 206, 207 ANC see African National Congress Andrade, Mário de: Macunaíma 268–9 Andrés, Sister Dositea 83 Andrews, Father Charles 258 Anglo American mining company, Zambia 230 Anglo-Boer Wars (1899–1902) 225, 245 Antarctica 7, 44 anthrax 62, 128 Anthropocene epoch 277 antibiotics 31, 121, 243 antibodies 181–2, 192, 195, 209 antigens 182, 184 see also haemagglutinin Antilles, the 21 anti-Semitism 128, 245 antiviral drugs 121 APA see Alaska Packers’ Association Apollinaire, Guillaume 3–4, 47 Apollinaire, Jacqueline 47 Archangel 43 architecture, post-flu 123–4, 261 ARDS see acute respiratory distress syndrome Argentina 100, 197 Arlen, Michael: The Green Hat 265 Armed Forces Institute of Pathology (AFIP), Washington DC 190, 191–3 arsenic preparations 123 art, post-flu 261 Ashkhabad, Turkmenistan 114 Asia 244 flu mortality rates 170–71, 201, 202 see also China; India; Japan ‘Asian’ flu (1957) 199 aspirin 76, 122 Asquith, Herbert Henry 247 astrologers, Persian 119 Atilano, Bishop of Zamora 85 Atlanta, Georgia see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Auckland, New Zealand 205 Audubon Society of America 277 Australia/Australians 38, 44, 93, 293 Aboriginals 21, 62, 100 flu mortality rates 44, 201 Austria/Austrians 40, 44, 130, 133, 249 music 261 tuberculosis 250 see also Freud, Sigmund; Kafka, Franz; Vienna Austro-Hungarian Empire 42, 249, 250 Azevedo, Aluísio: O Cortiço (The Slum) 26, 27, 52 Aztec Empire 21 Babel, Isaac: Odessa Tales 127, 135 back-to-nature movements 236 bacteria 25, 26, 27, 176–7, 184 Mycobacterium tuberculosis 25, 209 Yersinia pestis 31, 73, 155–6 see also ‘Pfeiffer’s bacillus’ Baden, Germany 138, 240 Baden, Max von 267 badgers 89, 126 Baker, Josephine 104 Bal Gangadhar Tilak (independence movement) 257, 258 Ballets Russes: Cleopatra 41–2 Baltimore Afro-American (newspaper) 203–4 Bandeaux, Father 102 Bangkok, Thailand 75 Bangladesh 202 Bardakh, Henrietta 129 Bardakh, Yakov 128, 129, 130–31, 132, 133, 135, 168, 175 Barry, John M. 163–4 Bartók, Béla 218 bats 197 Bayer’s aspirin 76 Bazalgette, Joseph 28 Beckett, Samuel: Murphy 266 bees 89 Beethoven, Ludwig van 218 Beijing see Peking Belgium 158, 159, 160 Benedict XV, Pope 238 Benjamin, Walter 292 Bergen-Belsen concentration camp 67 Bergensfjord (ship) 103 Bergman, Ingmar 30 Berlin 31, 48 Bevan, Aneurin 243 biowarfare 76 bird flu 18, 188–9, 191, 193, 194, 197, 198–9, 276, 277 birth rates, post-flu 216–17, 231 Bismarck, Otto von 240 Black Death, the 4, 8, 31, 75, 139–40, 228, 290, 291 bloodletting 123 Boccaccio, Giovanni: The Decameron 139–40 Bohr, Niels 237 Bokhara, Uzbekistan 23 Bombay (Mumbai) 10–11, 38, 49, 107, 256, 258, 260 Boston, Massachusetts 40, 41 Psychopathic Hospital 220 Boxer Rebellion, China (1900) 71 Brainerd, Elizabeth and Siegler, Mark: ‘The Economic Effects of the 1918 Influenza Epidemic’ 231–2 Brandt, Johanna 225 Brazil 26, 41, 45, 64, 100, 268 writers 268–9 see also Rio de Janeiro Breslau, Germany (Wrocław, Poland) 38 Brest, France 40, 41, 47 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918) 38–9, 113, 127 Brevig Mission, Alaska: mass grave 190–91, 232 Bristol Bay, Alaska 140–42, 143–4, 148, 207 orphans 212–13 see also Dillingham; Yupik, the Britain/the British 20, 38, 63, 264 adoption 231 in China 157, 158, 159 flu mortality rates 169, 293–4 health insurance 240 National Health Service 242–3 and Palestine 267 and Persia 43, 113, 114–15, 116, 117 writers 263, 264, 265 see also British Army British Army 39, 160, 177 deaths 6, 248, 293 at Étaples 150–51, 160–63 Étaples mutiny 247 Persians in 206 Brittain, Vera 218, 293 ‘bronchitis, purulent’ 161–2, 221 Buber, Martin 267 bubonic plague 8, 21, 31, 73, 292, 293 Bulgaria 26 Bulhoek, South Africa 225–6 burials 54–5, 74, 109, 116, 117, 118, 156 see also coffins By the Fireside (film) 134 Calcutta, India 260 Caldwell, John Lawrence 114 Cambridge University 237 Camp Funston, Kansas 34–5, 37, 153, 163, 164 camphor oil 123 Canada/Canadians 159, 198, 202 cancers 242 Canetti, Elias: Party in the Blitz 289 Cape Town 41, 77, 204, 231 Spanish flu summit (1998) 6 Cardoso Sales Rodrigues, Nair 49, 55–6 Carella, Corporal Cesare 110 Careta (magazine) 53 Caribbean, the 21, 41 Caribbean spiny lobster 89 Caruso, Enrico 106 Casanova, Jean-Laurent 208–9 castor oil 123 Catherine II, of Russia (‘the Great’) 127 Catholic Church/Catholicism 79–80, 82–5, 102, 138, 238 Caulfield, Sueann: In Defense of Honor… 140 CDC see Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Ceau¸sescu, Nicolae 30 Céline, Louis-Ferdinand: Journey to the End of the Night 175 Cendrars, Blaise 3, 47 censorship 49, 63, 102, 282 Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), Atlanta, Georgia 187, 191–2, 279, 281–2 Chagas, Carlos 268 Chapekar brothers 100 Chaplin, Charlie 105 Charlemagne 20 Chen Tu-hsi (Chen Duxiu) 69 Cheyenne Bottoms, Kansas 189 Chiang Kai-shek 242 Chicago, Illinois 202 Chile 45, 67–8 chimpanzees 89 China 38, 43, 62, 153, 154, 164, 165 An Lushan Rebellion (8th century) 290 Boxer Rebellion (1900) 71 British in 157, 158, 159 carrier pigeons 30 Confucianism 70, 71 ducks 199 flu ‘cures’ 125 flu mortality rates 71, 73, 167, 169–70 foot-binding 70 literature 269–70 missionaries 7, 71, 72, 74, 156, 158, 169 National Medical Association 242 National Quarantine Service 242 New Culture movement 69, 269, 270 Qing dynasty 69, 73, 125, 154, 156, 157 revolution (1911) 69, 70 and World War I 157 see also Harbin; Peking; Shansi; Shantung; Wu Lien-teh Chinese Labour Corps (CLC) 157–9, 161, 164 chiropractic 235 cholera 27–8, 29, 62, 67, 70, 92, 107, 114, 115, 116, 117, 128, 130, 131, 132, 135, 168, 179, 256 Chopin, Frédéric 28, 209 Christakis, Nicholas and Fowler, James H.: ‘Social network sensors for early detection of contagious outbreaks’ 279–80 Christian Scientists 236 Christianity/Christians 115–16, 117, 134, 137, 205, 215, 224, 237, 258 see also Catholic Church; ‘Israelites, the’ chronic fatigue syndrome, post-flu 219 see also post-viral fatigue Churchill, Winston 243 cities: vulnerability to infection 202, 205 CLC see Chinese Labour Corps Clemenceau, Georges 250 Coffin, Eugene 144, 145, 147 coffins 47, 55–6, 73, 84, 110, 136, 227 ‘collective’ v. individual 98–9 ‘collective resilience’ 136, 137, 139 Collier, Richard 39, 77, 138, 230 The Plague of the Spanish Lady… 75 Columbus, Christopher 20–21 Commission on Creating a Global Health Risk Framework for the Future (GHRF) 275 Report (2016) 279 concentration camps 67, 245–6 Concepción, Chile 68 Connecticut, USA 202 Connelly, Mayme 146–7 conquistadors 21, 64 Constantinople: Hamidiye Children’s Hospital 67 Cook, Captain James 141 Cooper, John Milton, Jr 251 Copeland, Royal S. 86, 103–5, 108–9, 110, 111–12, 130, 235 Copeland, Royal S., Jr 87, 108–9 Corbusier, Le (Charles-Édouard Jeanneret) 123–4 Cordeiro, José Luís (Jamanta) 54 cordons sanitaires see ‘sanitary cordons’ Correio de Manh (newspaper) 54 Correo de Zamora, El (newspaper) 79, 81, 82, 83 Corriere della Sera (newspaper) 102 Cortés, Hernán 21, 22 cowpox vaccine 98 Crazy Horse, Chief 145 crime 100, 106, 127, 130, 136, 138, 139–40, 153, 155, 231, 233 Crosby, Alfred: America’s Forgotten Pandemic 43, 99, 262 ‘crowd diseases’ 16, 18–19, 23, 25 Cruz, Oswaldo 53, 268 Cuba 80 Cunard, Nancy 265 cytokines 192–3, 195, 217 Czechoslovakia 42, 267 Dakar, Senegal 49, 50 Dangs, the 203 Darwin, Charles: On the Origin of Species 28–9 De Beers Company 77 Defoe, Daniel: Journal of the Plague Year 136 dementia 220, 226, 242 Demerara, SS 41, 49–50 dengue fever 20, 67 Denmark 64, 201–2 depression 24, 264, 265 post-flu/post-viral 24, 218–20, 264, 265, 283 Desai, Dayalji 257, 259 De Simone, Raffaele 109–10 Diaghilev, Sergei 41 digitalis 123 Dillingham, Alaska 142, 143, 144, 146, 149, 190 disease surveillance systems 92–3, 96, 278, 279, 283 ‘disgust response’ 89–90 disinfectant, use of 97, 100 DNA 31, 184, 185, 201 Doane, Lt Philip S. 76 doctors 137–8, 240, 241, 243 Dodge, Captain Frederick 144, 145, 148 dogs 197 Don Juan 267–8 Don Juan Tenorio 267 Dos Passos, John 262 Downton Abbey (TV) 291 Doyle, Sir Arthur Conan 237 ‘drift’ 185, 196 ‘Dr Kilmer’s Swamp-Root’ 124 drugs 76, 121–3, 124 see also antibiotics Dublin 43 Duchamp, Marcel 3 ducks 18, 188–9, 199 Dujarric de la Rivière, René 172–3, 176, 177–9, 180, 181 Durban, South Africa 77, 204 Dyer, Brigadier General Reginald 259–60 dysentery 168, 169 Earhart, Amelia 218 Ebey, Adam 215 Ebey, Alice 215 Ebola 17, 18, 61, 90, 231, 275, 292 EC see European Commission Edel, Harold 105 Edgar, Robert 227 Egypt 19, 254 Einstein, Alfred 237 EL see encephalitis lethargica El Niño-Southern oscillation (ENSO) 276–7 electron microscopes 184, 190 micrograph of flu virus 272–3 electrons 184 elephants 89–90 Eliot, T.

The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium
by Martin Gurri
Published 13 Nov 2018

[262] Joe Parkinson, Sam Schechner, and Emre Peker, “Turkey’s Erdogan: One of the World’s Most Determined Internet Censors,” Wall Street Journal, May 2, 2014, http://online.wsj.com/news/articles/SB10001424052702304626304579505912518706936. [263] Charlemagne, “Another summer of unrest for Turkey?” The Economist, May 3,2014, http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2014/05/turkeys-may-day-protests. [264] “Egypt’s Al-Sisi: Muslim Brotherhood Is ‘Finished,’” Sky News, May 6, 2014, http://news.sky.com/story/1255779/egypts-al-sisi-muslim-brotherhood-is-finished. [265] Robert Mackey, “For Egypt’s Rulers, Familiar Scapegoats,” New York Times, November 29, 2014, http://thelede.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/11/29/for-egypts-new-rulers-familiar-scapegoats/

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Many historians have scoffed at the idea that any year, or any cluster of years, could comprise a meaningful causal unit. I was taught at school that everything flows: the Italian Renaissance, with its love of the classical form, represented a moment in a series of classical rebirths going back to Charlemagne and forward to Franklin Roosevelt’s Lincoln Memorial. History, I was assured, advances in a stately procession, not in leaps and bounds. When it comes to the behavior of complex systems, I now believe this is flat wrong. Let me explain why. Social and political arrangements tend to accumulate noise.

Florence & Tuscany
by Lonely Planet

AD 476 German king Odovacar snatches Rome out from under Romulus Augustulus, and becomes the first of many foreign kings of Italy. 570–774 The Lombards rule Italy as far south as Florence, and manage to turn the tiny duchy of Spoleto into a booming trade empire. 773–74 Charlemagne crosses the Alps into Italy, fighting the Lombards and having his ownership of Tuscany, Emilia, Venice and Corsica confirmed by Pope Hadrian I. 800 Pope Leo III crowns Charlemagne Holy Roman Emperor on Christmas Day. 1080 Henry IV deposes Pope Gregory VII for the second time, installing Clement III in his place and marching against Gregory’s supporter Matilda of Tuscany, confiscating her territory. 1082 Florence picks a fight with Siena over ownership of the Chianti region, starting a bitter rivalry that will last the next 400 years. 1136 Scrappy, seafaring Pisa adds Amalfi to its list of conquests, which included Jerusalem, Valencia, Tripoli and Mallorca, and colonies in Constantinople and Cairo, among others. 1167 Siena’s comune (town council) establishes a written constitution, declaring that elected terms should be short and money should be pretty; it’s soon amended to guarantee Sienese public boxing matches. 1314–21 Dante Alighieri writes his Divina Commedia, told in the first person, using Tuscan dialect instead of the usual formal Latin, and peppered with political satire, pathos, adventure and light humour. 1348–50 Black Death ravages Tuscany, wiping out approximately two-thirds of the population in dense urban areas, and it doesn’t stop there: further outbreaks are recorded until 1500. 1375–1406 Colluccio Salutati serves as chancellor of Florence, promoting a secular civic identity to trump old feudal tendencies; it’s a bold, new model of citizenship for Europe that occasionally even works. 1378 The Florentine signoria (city council) ignores a petition from the city’s ciompi ( wool carders), who want guild representation: cue the Revolt of Ciompi, an ultimately unsuccessful democratic uprising. 1469–92 Lorenzo de’ Medici unofficially rules Florence, despite the 1478 Pazzi Conspiracy, an attempted overthrow that left his brother Giuliano torn to shreds in the duomo . 1478–80 A confusing set of overlapping wars break out among the papacy, Siena, Florence, Venice, Milan and Naples, as individual families broker secret pacts and the dwindling Tuscan population pays the price. 1494 The Medici are expelled by Charles VIII of France, and Savonarola declares a theocratic republic with his Consiglia di Cinquecento. 1498 To test Savonarola’s beliefs, rival Franciscans invite him to a trial by fire.

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ABBAZIA DI SANT’ANTIMO This beautiful Romanesque church (www.antimo.it; Castelnuovo dell’Abate; admission free; 10.30am-12.30pm & 3-6.30pm Mon-Sat, 9.15-10.45am & 3-6pm Sun) lies in an isolated valley just below the village of Castelnuovo dell’Abate, 10.5km from Montalcino. It’s best visited in the morning, when the sun, streaming through the east windows, creates an almost surreal atmosphere. At night, too, it’s impressive, lit up like a beacon. Tradition tells us that Charlemagne founded the original monastery here in 781. The exterior, built in pale travertine stone, is simple but for the stone carvings, which include various fantastical animals. Inside, study the capitals of the columns lining the nave, especially the one representing Daniel in the lion’s den (second on the right as you enter).

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After that Rome took a more hands-off approach with the Etruscans, granting them citizenship in 88 BC to manage their own affairs in the new province of Tuscia (Tuscany) and in return securing safe passage along the major inland Roman trade route via the Via Flaminia. Little did the Romans realise when they paved the road that they were also paving the way for their own replacements in the 5th to 8th centuries AD: first came German emperor Theodoric, then Byzantine emperor Justinian, then the Lombards and finally Charlemagne in 800. MEDIEVAL SCANDAL Best Etruscan Ruins » Vie Cave, Pitigliano » Parco Archeologico di Baratti e Populonia, Golfi di Baratti » Necropoli, Sovana Political power constantly changed hands in medieval Tuscany. Nevertheless, two notorious women wielded power effectively against a shifting backdrop of kings and popes.

Money: 5,000 Years of Debt and Power
by Michel Aglietta
Published 23 Oct 2018

Cailleux shows that it is possible to adjust to these data an exponential-hyperbolic law of the type where p is the price of gold and t is time. Table 3.1 From antiquity to Charlemagne, and from Charlemagne to the franc30 Era Unit of account (1) Fine gold content (mg) Price per kg of fine gold (franc equivalent) (2) Croesus (560 BC) Sulla (87 BC) Caesar (45 BC) Augustus (0) Nero (52 AD) Diocletian (295 AD) Constantine (312 AD) Salic law (620 AD) Charlemagne (805 AD) Libra (by weight) 20 as, libral 20 aureus 20 aureus 20 aureus 20 aureus 20 solidus 20 solidus Livre 450,000 218,800 162,700 156,000 145,000 109,000 90,000 76,000 24,000 0.022 0.046 0.061 0.064 0.069 0.092 0.111 0.132 0.42 Louis IX (1266) Philip IV (1311) Louis XI (1480) Henri IV (1600) Louis XIII (1640) Louis XIV (1700) Louis XVI (1789) Livre tournois Livre tournois Livre tournois Livre tournois Livre tournois Livre tournois Livre tournois 8,270 4,200 2,040 1,080 621 400 300 1.20 2.38 4.90 9.26 16.1 25.0 33.3 Bonaparte (1803) Poincaré (1928) Daladier (1938) Pinay (1958) D’Estaing (1972) Barre (1979) Franc Franc Franc Franc Centime Centime 290 58.9 24.75 1.88 1.08 0.23 34.2 170 404 5,320 9,290 43,000 (1)The nominal correspondence between units of account is: 20 aurens ~ 20 solidus ~ 1 livre 1 livre tournois ~ 1 franc = 100 centimes (2)The nominal continuity of the franc was broken in 1960 with the creation of the nouveau franc (equal to 100 old francs), which became the franc in 1963.

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The symbol of the king’s allegiance to the Church was the coronation, which made the king the intercessor of the divine order within the social order. In return, the king committed to protect the Holy See. This was the birth of what was called the Christian West, starting with Pepin in 760. In 800, Charlemagne received the imperial crown and restored social order by putting an end to centuries of discord among the clans and reanimating commercial exchange. The sovereign decreed his monopoly on the creation of the markets, from which he drew tax receipts. A guilds code was drafted. But the Carolingian restoration, which had sought to re-establish the Roman Empire, was a failure.

Breakfast of Champions
by Kurt Vonnegut
Published 15 Mar 1999

This wasn’t compassion on his part. He was being machinery again. Trout was, like so many Earthlings, a fully automatic boob when a pathological personality like Elgin Washington told him what to want, what to do. Both men, incidentally, were descendants of the Emperor Charlemagne. Anybody with any European blood in him was a descendant of the Emperor Charlemagne. Elgin Washington perceived that he had caught yet another human being without really meaning to. It was not in his nature to let one go without making him feel in some way diminished, in some way a fool. Sometimes he actually killed a man in order to diminish him, but he was gentle with Trout.

Nonviolence: The History of a Dangerous Idea
by Mark Kurlansky
Published 7 Apr 2008

Eleventh-century chroniclers drastically revised early medieval history to demonize Muslims. A famous example is the beautiful eleventh-century poem Le Chanson de Roland, which depicts a 778 engagement in the Pyrenees between Charlemagne and the evil Saracens, describing an ambush by the deceitful Muslims in which the Christians valiantly defended themselves. Like the Muslims, the Christians, too, could write poetic war propaganda. In truth, Charlemagne had already made a deal with competing Muslim leaders and easily took Spanish cities by a prearranged collaboration. But then, having not fought any real battles, on his way back to France he sacked Pamplona, a Basque city.

A Place for Everything: The Curious History of Alphabetical Order
by Judith Flanders
Published 6 Feb 2020

The first, and most important, group consisted of copies of the Bible; then came the writings of the Church Fathers;* then theology more generally; followed by homilies or sermons; the lives of the saints; and finally secular works, a category that was sometimes further subdivided into works by Christian authors, who were given precedence over works by pagan writers. One notable exception to the religious dominance of libraries was the palace library in Aachen, at the court of Charlemagne, although even this princely library was overseen by a member of the clergy. In 782, Alcuin (735–804), an English cleric, writer and teacher who had been educated in York by students of the Venerable Bede, was installed as master of the palace school, and there he oversaw an expansion of the court library, turning it into a renowned centre from which learning, and manuscripts, were disseminated widely.

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Even later German institutional libraries, which were generally substantially larger than their English counterparts, often held little more.2 It was the ninth century before half a dozen Benedictine monastery libraries in the German-speaking world contained more than a couple of hundred volumes: the Abbey of Lorsch, under the patronage of Charlemagne, possessed nearly six hundred manuscripts; St Gallen, founded under Irish influence, had over four hundred, as did Reichenau, near Lake Constance, but there were few others.3 By the tenth century, these and other Benedictine monasteries had become the centres of education in Western Europe, followed in the coming century by hundreds of other monasteries, many of them Benedictine houses, others established by orders such as the Carthusians (founded 1084) and the Cistercians (1098) that were springing up as part of a new wave of religious and missionary fervour.

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S. ref1 Byzantium ref1, ref2 cabinets of curiosities ref1, ref2 Cai Lun ref1fn Callimachus ref1, ref2, ref3n carbon paper see paper card indexes and catalogues ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Carroll, Lewis ref1 Catalogue of Women ref1 catalogues ref1; see also inventories booksellers’ catalogues ref1 for cabinets of curiosities ref1, ref1 card catalogues ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 slips for ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 for Great Library of Alexandria ref1 idealized catalogues ref1 library inventories ref1, ref2 national libraries ref1, ref2fn, ref3 online catalogues ref1fn private libraries ref1 union catalogues ref1, ref2 university libraries ref1, ref2 categorization see sorting systems Cathars ref1 cathedral schools ref1 cathedral libraries see libraries Cato, Dionysius ref1 Cawdrey, Robert ref1fn censorship see books Chambers, Ephraim ref1, ref2, ref3 chapters see books, layouts and organization Charlemagne ref1, ref2 Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor ref1 charters see bureaucracy Chaucer, Geoffrey ref1, ref2 Cheng Ju ref1 chests see furniture children’s picture books see books China ref1, ref2fn, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Chinese script see writing chronicles ref1, ref2 chronological order see sorting systems Church Fathers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Cicero, Marcus Tullius ref1 Cistercians ref1, ref2, ref3 Civil War (English, 1642) ref1 classification ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 arbitrariness of ref1, ref1fn Dewey decimal system ref1fn, ref1, ref3 Linnaean classification ref1, ref2 thesauri ref1 clay tablets ref1 clocks ref1 Codex Cumanicus ref1 codices see books Cogswell, Joseph ref1 Coke, Sir Edward ref1 Colbert de Torcy, Jean-Baptiste ref1 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor ref1 Colón, Hernando ref1 colophons see books, layouts and organization Comenius, Jan ref1 commonplace books ref1, ref2, ref3fn, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10fn; see also education computers ref1 hypertext ref1 keyboards ref1, ref2 pinyin and keyboards ref1 punch cards ref1fn concordances see Bible Constantine the African ref1 convents, as centres of learning ref1fn copybooks (letterpress books) ref1, ref2 Coronelli, Vincenzo Maria ref1 Cotton, Sir Robert ref1 Coy, George ref1 cross-references see indexes Crosswell, William ref1 Cuman language ref1 cuneiform script see writing cupboards see furniture Daly, W.

The Golden Thread: How Fabric Changed History
by Kassia St Clair
Published 3 Oct 2018

At each and every stage of production, wool was a money-spinner.13 White Gold I praise God, and ever shall, It is the sheep hath paid for all. Motto engraved into the windows of a wool merchant’s house, fifteenth century In AD 796 Charlemagne, the first holy Roman emperor, wrote to King Offa of Mercia regarding a kind of large woollen cloak peculiar to the north of England. ‘With regard to the length of cloaks,’ he wrote, ‘you may order them to be as they used to come to us in old times.’ Offa’s reply sadly hasn’t survived, but Charlemagne’s confident expectation of high quality reflects the reputation of English wool. The legendary king was far from the only one who admired the quality of England’s wool, although he was unusual in his mention of a finished product rather than the raw one.

Queens of Jerusalem: The Women Who Dared to Rule
by Katherine Pangonis
Published 17 Feb 2021

Not only was it the day of Christ’s birth and thus one of the holiest days in the Christian calendar, but it was also the day which Baldwin I had chosen for his coronation, and the day when Charlemagne had himself been crowned Holy Roman Emperor in Rome in the year 800. Not only was Bethlehem the place of Christ’s birth, but it was also the site where David had been anointed King of Israel. In choosing Christmas Day for their coronation, the new king and queen were symbolically associating themselves with the three most important kings of both the sacred and the secular worlds: Jesus Christ, King David and the Emperor Charlemagne. Coronations were events of unparalleled importance in the Middle Ages and in the newly formed Kingdom of Jerusalem in particular.

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Then, in front of the great altar, Abbot Suger ceremonially bestowed upon Louis the Oriflamme or Vexillum, the ceremonial standard of the County of the Vexin, the standard that the kings of France carried to war. This banner had much mythology associated with it, having been mentioned in the Song of Roland, and purportedly carried to war in the Holy Land by Charlemagne himself. Legend had it that from the tip of the banner flames would spring to drive out the Saracens. When Louis received this banner, the Second Crusade had begun. There have long been myths, spurred on in no small part by Katharine Hepburn’s portrayal of Eleanor in the 1968 film The Lion in Winter, that Eleanor dressed her women as Amazons and ‘rode bare-breasted halfway to Damascus’.

Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea
by Charles Seife
Published 31 Aug 2000

Better yet, the term ayin is an anagram of (and has the same numerical value as) the word aniy, the Hebrew “I.” It could scarcely be clearer: God was saying, in code, “I am nothing.” And at the same time, infinity. As the Jews pitted their Western sensibilities against their Eastern Bible, the same battle was under way in the Christian world. Even as the Christians battled the Muslims—during Charlemagne’s reign in the ninth century and during the Crusades in the eleventh, twelfth, and thirteenth centuries—warrior-monks, scholars, and traders began to bring Islamic ideas back to the West. Monks discovered that the astrolabe, an Arabic invention, was a handy tool for keeping track of time in the evening, helping them keep their prayers on schedule.

Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain
by Fintan O'Toole
Published 22 Jan 2018

Let us now have enough sense to accept the position of a small country and try to show the world how to preserve some elements of civilisation and decency that the large ones are rapidly stamping out.’9 Nancy Mitford, contemplating the prospect of Britain helping to build a new European empire asked (half-facetiously) ‘What about Prince Charles as Emperor? The name is auspicious and the person very suitable.’10 (The frustration of being still only poor Prince Charles almost fifty years after this was written must be deepened by the knowledge that he could have been Charlemagne.) The great violinist Yehudi Menuhin suggested (not at all facetiously) that Britain’s ruling class, now that it was no longer running half the world, should offer itself for hire to lesser polities: ‘I must confess to a bias. I have often thought, now that the days of Empire are changed, that Britain… with her great administrative experience and remarkable achievement in the Civil Service should offer a world-wide service called “Rent-a-Government” which would take its place among the enormous combines which build dams or cities, or provide insurance or advice on investment.’

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Rhetorically, it was a commonplace among British anti-Europeans that the EU was a continuation in another, more insidious form, of previous attempts at domination from the continent. In 1989, for example, the Bruges Group of anti-European Tories heard Professor Kenneth Minogue of the London School of Economics tell them that ‘the European institutions were attempting to create a European Union, in the tradition of the mediaeval popes, Charlemagne, Napoleon, the Kaiser and Adolf Hitler’.11 The sleight of hand was not subtle: Hitler tried to unite Europe, so does the EU, therefore the EU is a Hitlerian project. But the lack of subtlety did not stop the trope from being used in the Brexit campaign: ‘Napoleon, Hitler, various people tried this [unifying Europe], and it ends tragically.

Now I Sit Me Down: From Klismos to Plastic Chair: A Natural History
by Witold Rybczynski
Published 22 Aug 2016

The scissors chair was a replica of the medieval faldstool. Meaning literally “folding chair,” this X-frame portable throne accompanied kings, bishops, and other dignitaries on their frequent travels. Faldstools are mentioned several times in the Song of Roland; one of ivory, another—belonging to Charlemagne—of solid gold. The oldest surviving faldstool, which belonged to the seventh-century Merovingian king Dagobert, is made of cast bronze. The faldstool was a replica of the ancient Roman sella curulis, a ceremonial folding stool used by consuls, senators, and high magistrates. The curule was elaborately decorated and carved and was sometimes provided with arms, but it must have been uncomfortable if used for long periods for it had no back, a feature said to be intended to discourage overlong deliberation.

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Cabinet and Chair Maker’s Real Friend and Companion, The (Manwaring) Cabinetmaker Day School (Copenhagen) Cabinet-maker and Upholsterers Guide, The (Hepplewhite) cabriole chairs; design influence of Cairo Museum café chairs; bentwood Cambridge University camp stools Canada canapés, see sofas caned seats and/or backs; café chairs with; modernist designs using; rocking chairs with; side chairs with cantilever chairs; see also Cesca Chair Caplan, Ralph Carl Hansen & Søn Carpenter Hall (Philadelphia) Catherine of Braganza, Queen Cesca Chair Chadwick, Don; Aeron Chair; Sarah Chair chaises longues; variants of Chandler Industries Chapuis, Jean-Joseph Chardin, Jean-Baptiste-Simeon Charlemagne Charles II, King of England Charles VII, King of France Châtelet, Émilie, Marquise du chauffeuse (warming chair) Cheops (pharaoh) Chicago Chieftain’s Chair China; ancient; dynastic Chinese Household Furniture (Kates) Chippendale, Thomas; design influence of Choppra, Kusum Christy, Howard Chandler Churchill, Winston Cirey, Château de Civil War club chairs Collins, Lauren Collins, Peter Congress Voting Independence (Pine) Consumer’s Chair Coolidge, Calvin Cooper Union Copenhagen Cabinetmakers Guild Court of Gonzaga, The (Mantegna) Craftsman style Cram, John Cranbook Academy of Art Cranz, Galen Crete Crystal Palace curule Cycladic civilization Czechoslovakia Dagobert I, Merovingian king of the Franks Danish Modern design movement Darly, Matthew David, Jacques-Louis Day, Robin: Polyprop Chair daybeds deck chairs Déjuner, Le (Boucher) Denmark; see also Danish Modern design movement dental chairs desk chairs De Stijl art group Dickens, Charles Deutsche Stahlmöbel (DESTA) Diderot, Denis Diffrient, Niels; World Chair dining chairs director’s chairs Douro Chair Dragon Throne Dream Chair Drexel, Anthony Dreyfuss, Henry Dublin Dunnigan, John “Dutch matted chair,” see rustic side chairs Eames, Charles; Dining Chair Metal (DCM); lounge chair; potato-chip chair; reading chair; shell chairs Eames, Ray easy chairs; modern versions of; variants of (see also recliners) ébénistes Edinburgh Egyptian Chair Egyptians, ancient; folding stools of Egyptian Stool Elastic Chair Encyclopédie (Diderot) England; Chippendale furniture in; Georgian; origin of Windsor chair in; see also Britain; London Ergon Chair ergonomic chairs, see task chairs Esherick, Wharton Etruscans Evans, Arthur Everest, Herbert Ezekiel, Jacob Faisal, Prince faldstools Fan Chair fauteuils; fauteuil de malade Fenby Chair Finland Fireplace Chair Flag Halyard Chair Flagg, Josiah, Jr.

Frommer's Paris 2013
by Kate van Der Boogert
Published 24 Sep 2012

He decided to build a basilica to house the relics, which eventually became known as St-Germain-des-Prés. Over the following centuries it became the Left Bank’s most powerful abbey. The Merovingians were succeeded by the militaristic Carolingian dynasty, which ruled from 752 to 987. The most famous of the Carolingians was Charlemagne, who conquered half of Europe but chose Aix-la-Chapelle (in present-day Germany), rather than Paris, as his capital. Exposed and badly defended, Paris was vulnerable to invasion and was repeatedly sacked and pillaged by the Normans in the 9th century. Many of the churches that had been built in the 6th century were destroyed.

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The turreted medieval gateway at the Musée de l’Histoire de France (Musée des Archives Nationales). © Markel Redondo In the early 1800s, the site was designated by Napoleon as the repository for his archives, and it has served that function ever since. The archives contain documents that predate Charlemagne. But depending on the policies of the curator, only some of them are on display at any given moment, and usually as part of an ongoing series of temporary exhibitions that sometimes spill out into the Hôtel de Rohan, just around the corner on the rue Vieille du Temple. Within these exhibitions, you’re likely to see the facsimiles of the penmanship of Marie Antoinette in a farewell letter she composed just before her execution; Louis XVI’s last will and testament; and documents from Danton, Robespierre, Napoleon I, and Joan of Arc.

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Riding a bike around Paris is lovely, but for some well-informed commentary on what you’re seeing, Bike About Tours ( 06-18-80-84-92; www.bikeabouttours.com) has a staff of friendly, knowledgeable, fluent-English speakers. The 31⁄2-hour tours cost 30€ per person and includes helmet, bicycle, and insurance. All tours, which range from the big monuments to personalized “hidden Paris” adventures, leave from the statue of Charlemagne in front of Notre-Dame at 10am (and 3pm during the summer). You can also organize private tours and rent bikes at a reasonable 15€ per day rate. With small groups (12 people maximum) you won’t get lost in the crowd, or worse, left behind in the often-confusing maze of boulevards. Fitness Centers You may be shocked to see Parisians taking cigarette breaks outside gym entrances, but the fitness trend has found a foot here and is moving toward a serious approach to le gym.

Fodor's Venice and Northern Italy
by Fodor's
Published 22 Mar 2011

. | Corso Castelvecchio 2 | 37100 | 045/8062611 | €6, free with Chiese Vive and VeronaCard, free 1st Sun. of month | Mon. 1:45–7:30, Tues.–Sun. 8:30–7:30. Last entry 6:45. Duomo. The present church was begun in the 12th century in the Romanesque style; its later additions are mostly Gothic. On pilasters guarding the main entrance are 12th-century carvings thought to represent Oliver and Roland, two of Charlemagne’s knights and heroes of several medieval epic poems. Inside, Titian’s Assumption (1532) graces the first chapel on the left. | Via Duomo | 37100 | 045/592813 | www.chieseverona.it | €2.50, free with Chiese Vive and VeronaCard | Nov.–Feb., Tues.–Sat. 10–1 and 1:30–4, Sun. 10–5; Mar.–Oct., Mon.–Sat. 10–5:30, Sun. 1:30–5:30.

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The resort itself is a modest 5,000 feet above sea level, but the downhill runs, summer hiking paths, and mountain-biking trails venture high up into the surrounding peaks (including Pietra Grande at 9,700 feet). Madonna’s cachet is evident in its well-organized lodging, skiing, and trekking facilities. The stunning pass at Campo Carlo Magno (5,500 feet) is 3 km (2 mi) north of Madonna di Campiglio. This is where Charlemagne is said to have stopped in ad 800 on his way to Rome to be crowned emperor. Stop here to glance over the whole of northern Italy. If you continue north, take the descent with caution—in the space of a mile or so, hairpin turns and switchbacks deliver you down more than 2,000 feet. Where to Eat and Stay in Madonna di Campiglio Cascina Zeledria. $$ | NORTHERN ITALIAN | This remote, rustic mountain restaurant near Campo Carlo Magno is not accessible by car; in winter, you’ll be collected on a motorized Sno-Cat and ferried up the slopes.

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The region was known as Cisalpine Gaul (“Gaul this side of the Alps”), and under the rule of Augustus became a Roman province. The decline of the Roman Empire was followed by invasion by Attila of the Huns and Theodoric of the Goths. These conquerors gave way to the Lombards, who then ceded to Charlemagne their iron crown, which became the emblem of his vast, unstable empire. Even before the bonds of the empire had begun to snap, the cities of Lombardy were erecting walls in defense against the Hungarians, and against each other. These city-states formed the Lombard League, which in the 12th century finally defeated the German ruler Frederick Barbarossa.

Croatia
by Anja Mutic and Vesna Maric
Published 1 Apr 2013

The Croats settled in Pannonia and Dalmatia, forming communities around the Dalmatian towns of Jadera, Aeona (Nin) and Tragurium (Trogir), while the Serbs settled the central Balkans. By the 8th century, the Dalmatian and Pannonian Croats had formed two powerful tribal entities, each led by a knez (duke). Christianity & the Croat Kings Charlemagne’s Franks gradually encroached on Central Europe and in AD 800 they seized Dalmatia, baptising the previously pagan Croats en masse. After Charlemagne’s death in AD 814, the Pannonian Croats revolted unsuccessfully against Frankish rule, without the support of the Dalmatian Croats, whose major coastal cities remained under the influence of the Byzantine Empire. The big breakthrough for the Croats happened when Branimir revolted against Byzantine control and won recognition from Pope John VIII.

Lonely Planet France
by Lonely Planet Publications
Published 31 Mar 2013

Unsold seats are sometimes available 45 minutes before the curtain goes up to people aged under 28 or over 60. SECRET SHOPPING IN THE MARAIS Some of the Marais’ sweetest boutique shopping is hidden down peaceful alley ways and courtyards, free of cars, as they were centuries ago. Don’t miss Village St-Paul Offline map Google map ( rue St-Paul, des rue Jardins St-Paul & rue Charlemagne, 4e; St-Paul) , a designer set of five vintage courtyards, refashioned in the 1970s from the 14th-century walled gardens of King Charles V, with tiny artisan boutiques, galleries and antique shops. Shopping The most exclusive designer boutiques require customers to buzz to get in – don’t be shy about ringing that bell.

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The stained glass and the Renaissance Chapelle de St-Michel date from the 16th and 17th centuries. HOLY VEIL The most venerated object in Chartres cathedral is the Sainte Voile, the ‘Holy Veil’ said to have been worn by the Virgin Mary when she gave birth to Jesus. It originally formed part of the imperial treasury of Constantinople but was offered to Charlemagne by the Empress Irene when the Holy Roman Emperor proposed marriage to her in 802. Charles the Bald presented it to the town in 876; the cathedral was built because the veil survived the 1194 fire. Centre International du Vitrail MUSEUM Offline map Google map (www.centre-vitrail.org; 5 rue du Cardinal Pie; adult/child €4/free; 9.30am-12.30pm & 1.30-6pm Mon-Fri, 10am-12.30pm & 2.30-6pm Sat, 2.30-6pm Sun) After viewing stained glass in Chartres’ cathedral, nip into the town’s International Stained-Glass Centre, in a half-timbered former granary, to see superb examples close up.

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Wissant boasts a vast fine-sand beach where you can admire England from afar – in 55 BC Julius Caesar launched his invasion of Britain from here. Hôtel Le Vivier ( 03 21 35 93 61; www.levivier.com; place de l’Église; d incl breakfast €60-90; ) , opposite Wissant’s church and a couple of blocks from the beach, has 39 nicely appointed rooms. Nearby are several other hotels and a pair of delightfully down-to-earth restaurants: Le Charlemagne ( 03 21 35 90 67; rue Gambetta; menus €15; lunch & dinner daily) , with its bustling bar and homey back dining room, and Chez Nicole ( 03 21 35 90 42; rue Gambetta; mussels & frites €9; lunch & dinner daily) , which serves ridiculously large and reasonably priced heaps of local mussels and frites (chips).

Britain's Europe: A Thousand Years of Conflict and Cooperation
by Brendan Simms
Published 27 Apr 2016

In the War of the Third Coalition, he forced Austria to submit, drove off the Russians and, shortly after, crushed Prussia. Another Austrian attempt to escape his domination was beaten down in 1809. By then, Napoleon had crowned himself ‘emperor’, and Britain noted with anxiety that he named two of his battleships Charlemagne and Louis XIV, after two iconic continental hegemons. His ambition to appropriate the legacy of the Holy Roman Empire was also underlined by his insistence in taking an Austrian princess as his second wife. ‘I wished to found a European system,’ Napoleon famously said, which would include ‘a European code of laws, a European judiciary: there would be but one people in Europe.’12 At the height of his power, Bonaparte controlled most of the continent, from the Atlantic to the Russian border, from the Baltic to the heel of the Italian boot.

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Only by joining the European Economic Community, Macmillan felt, could the nation hope to regain the weight she had lost on the international stage. It was also the best hope of containing Germany. ‘Shall we be caught between a hostile (or at least less and less friendly) America,’ he remarked in July 1960, ‘and a boastful, powerful “Empire of Charlemagne” – now under French but later bound to come under German control’.52 Besides, ever since the collapse of the European Defence Community and the ascendancy of President de Gaulle in France, the European project had changed from a threateningly supranational concept to a much more congenial intergovernmental arrangement,53 or so it seemed.

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Edward Heath, the chief British negotiator, dubbed ‘Mr Europe’ by the press, responded with a heartfelt reaffirmation of the continentalist creed. ‘We in Britain,’ he said, ‘are not going to turn our backs on the mainland of Europe or on the countries of the community. We are a part of Europe: by geography, tradition, history, culture and civilization.’59 In April 1963, he was consoled with the award of the prestigious Charlemagne Prize. The new Labour government geared up to make a second attempt, this time meeting Gaitskell’s charge of the loss of sovereignty head on. ‘Nations are not free at the moment to take their own decisions,’ the chancellor of the exchequer Jim Callaghan claimed. ‘The argument about sovereignty is rapidly becoming outdated.’60 Prime Minister Harold Wilson warned de Gaulle that if he did not admit Britain to the Common Market London would review its commitment to the Army of the Rhine, and perhaps even to NATO.

The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon Created the Information Age
by Paul J. Nahin
Published 27 Oct 2012

In fact, you’ll see how the state concept predates Newton by even more centuries. This first example of the state concept comes from a late ninth century A D. manuscript of recreational math problems attributed to the English Catholic monk and scholar/educator Alcuin of York (735–804), who in 781 became head of Charlemagne’s Palace School at Aachen, France. Alcuin’s math text—Propositiones ad acuendos juvenes (Problems to Sharpen the Young)—includes the following puzzle. On one side of a very wide river are two adults of equal weight, their two children who each weigh half as much as an adult, and one small boat.

A History of the World in 6 Glasses
by Tom Standage
Published 1 Jan 2005

The advance of Islam into Europe was halted in 732 CE at the Battle of Tours, in central France, where the Arab troops were defeated by Charles Martel, the most charismatic of the princes of the Frankish kingdom that roughly corresponds with modern France. This battle, one of the turning points in world history, marked the high-water mark of Arab influence in Europe. The subsequent crowning of Martel's grandson, Charlemagne, as Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE heralded the start of a period of consolidation and eventual reinvigoration of European culture. The King of Drinks "Woe is me!" wrote Alcuin, a scholar who was one of Charlemagne's advisers, to a friend during a visit to England in the early ninth century CE. "The wine is gone from our wineskins and bitter beer rages in our bellies. And because we have it not, drink in our name and lead a joyful day."

Progress: Ten Reasons to Look Forward to the Future
by Johan Norberg
Published 31 Aug 2016

The causes of human progress are firmly entrenched – the growth of science and knowledge, the expansion of co-operation and trade, and the freedom to act on this. But historically this has been blocked and destroyed by forces that do not accept change, because they fear it or because it threatens their position. One thousand years ago, few would have guessed that Europe would be the place where the scientific and Industrial Revolution started. When Charlemagne was given an elaborate clock by the Caliph of Baghdad in 797, he did not understand what it was. At this time the Arabs were far ahead of Europe in science and technology, and kept Greek philosophy alive when it was all but forgotten in the West. At the same time, the Song dynasty ruled over an economically and culturally flourishing China.

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Index abolitionism 146–7 abortion 176–7 acid rain 111 adultery 171–2, 176 Afghanistan 83, 101, 102, 136, 156 Africa 25, 52, 154 and child labour 193, 195 and education 133–4 and HIV/AIDS 59, 60 and homosexuality 187 and malnutrition 21, 23–4 and poverty 79–80, 81 and slavery 140, 142, 143–4, 145 and water 38–40 and women 179 African Americans 162, 163, 167–9 agriculture 13, 14–16, 17–19, 20, 21, 89 and children 190–1 and China 27–9 and land use 22–3, 112 and water 38 Albert, Prince Consort 32 alcohol 31 algae 15 Algerian War of Independence 94 Amazon rainforest 112 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) 182–3, 185 American Revolution 149 ammonia 14, 15 An Lushan Revolt 95 Ancient Greece 31–2, 44, 84, 140–1, 183 Angell, Norman 103 Angola 21, 83 anti-Semitism 162 antibiotics 2, 50 apartheid 153 Arab Spring 155, 156 Argentina 133 artificial fertilizers 14–15, 18, 22–3, 108 Asal, Victor 170 Asia 67–70, 133, 187, 195 Auld, Hugh 137, 138 Australia 114 Ausubel, Jesse 112 authoritarianism 156 Bacon, Francis 217 bad news 207–12 Bailey, Ronald 205 Bales, Kevin 148–9 Bangladesh 37, 81, 117 Barbary States 143–4 Basu, Kaushik 135 bathing 34, 47 Beccaria, Cesare 93 Bentham, Jeremy 172, 184 Berg, Lasse 68–9, 129, 130, 202–3, 214–15 Berlin Wall 152 Bible, the 84–5, 86, 140, 183 bigotry 188 bio-fuels 125 birth weight 11 Black Death 42 Blackstone, William 184 bloodletting 44, 47 Boko Haram 148 Bolling, Anders 211 Borlaug, Norman 17–19, 23–4 Bosch, Carl 14 Boschwitz, Rudy 23 Bosnia 102 Botswana 27 Brandt, Willy 151 Braudel, Fernand 9, 10, 63 Brazil 153 Britain, see Great Britain Buggery Act (1533) 184 Bure, Anders 132 bureaucracy 216 Burger, Oskar 45 Bush, George W. 187 Caesar, Julius 141 calories 12, 16, 19–20 Cambodia 38 Cameroon 21 Canada 105 cancer 58, 115 cannibalism 8, 10 capital punishment 93–4, 185, 197–8 capitalism 66–7 carbon dioxide 119, 120, 123–4, 127 cardiovascular disease 58 Carter, Jimmy 24 caste system 72–3 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 153 censorship 157 Chad 83 Charlemagne 216 Charta 77: 151 chemical warfare 15 childbirth 4, 48, 49, 53–4, 197 children 11, 12 and education 133–4 and labour 189–96 and malnutrition 22 and mortality 32, 39–40, 45–6, 51, 53, 56 Chile 132, 153 China 27–9, 112, 200, 216–17 and child labour 193 and governance 153, 158 and homosexuality 187 and pollution 117, 119 and poverty 67–8, 69–71, 81 and slavery 148 and war 95, 104 and women 171, 177 chlorine 36–7 cholera 32, 35–6, 45, 55, 197 Churchill, Winston 163 civil rights movement 167–9 civilians 100–1 Clean Air Act (1956) 114 climate change 108, 119–21 Club of Rome 110, 115, 116 codes of honour 91–2 Cold War 99, 182 colonialism 103, 163 combine harvesters 16 communism 25, 26, 28, 102, 151–3, 182 Condorcet, Marquis de 172 Congress of Vienna (1815) 145 contraception 176, 177 crime 93, 207–8, 211 Cronin, Audrey 103 crop failure 7–8, 18 Cuba 132 Czechoslovakia 151, 152 dalits 72–3, 129 Darwin, Charles 45 De Gaulle, Gen Charles 161 ‘dead zones’ 15 death penalty 93–4, 185 Deaton, Angus 12, 52, 61 Declaration of Independence 144–5 Defoe, Daniel 192 deforestation 111–12 dehydration 54–5 democracy 26–7, 104–5, 150–7 Democratic Republic of Congo 26, 81 Dempsey, Gen Martin 2 Denmark 105 diarrhoea 32, 37–8, 54–5 Dickens, Charles 173 dictatorships 150–1, 153, 154, 155, 158 Diderot, Denis 143 discrimination 167–70, 173 Disraeli, Benjamin 36 Divine Comedy (Dante) 183–4 divorce 176 domestic violence 179 Douglass, Frederick 137–8, 139–40, 174 Dublin, Louis 60 dysentery 40 East Germany 152 Ebola 53, 209–10 Economic Freedom of the World 157–8 economics 67–9, 79, 165–6 education 17, 38–9, 135–7, 173, 197; see also literacy Egypt 133, 155, 156 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 168, 182 Eisner, Manuel 90 Ekman, Freddie 208 Elizabeth I, Queen 33, 34 energy 123–8 Engels, Friedrich 165–6 Enlightenment, the 4, 13, 66, 93, 184 and slavery 142–3 and women 172 environment, the 23–4, 108–12, 113–17 and climate 119–20 and energy 123–8 and poverty 117–19, 120–3 equality 143, 178–9, 188; see also inequality Equatorial Guinea 37 Ethiopia 24 ethnic minorities 161–71 Europe 216, 217–18 extinctions 112–13 extreme poverty 75–8, 79, 80–1 Factory Acts 193 famine 7–10, 13, 14, 17, 25–7, 46, 197 farming, see agriculture fascism 102 female genital mutilation 179 feminism 173 fertility rates 16–17, 24–5, 56 First World War 14, 15, 99, 104 fish stocks 112 Fitzhugh, George 147 Fleming, Alexander 50 flying toilets 39–40 Flynn Effect 164–5 food 2, 10–14, 13, 16, 17, 19; see also famine Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO) 20–1 forests 111–12 fossil fuels 108 France 9–10, 11–2, 42–3, 63–4, 161–2, 184 Francis, Pope 2 Frederick II, Emperor 32 Free the Slaves 148 freedom 138, 157–9 Friedan, Betty 183 Friedman, Benjamin 166 Friedman, Milton 158–9 Gandhi, Mahatma 168 Garrison, William Lloyd 146 Gates Foundation 52, 125 Gay Pride 185–6 gay rights 181–8 GDP (gross domestic product) 22, 56–7, 64, 67, 74–5 gender gap 178–9 genetically modified crops 23 genocide 101–2 George V, King 104 germ theory 48–9 Germany 114, 152, 183 Gini coefficient 82 globalization 4, 5, 45, 57, 74–5, 82, 218 Glorious Revolution 149 Golden Bull 149 Gorbachev, Mikhail 151 governance 90–1, 92; see also democracy graphene 126 Gray, John 2 Great Ascent 67 Great Britain 12, 114, 145, 192–4 and homosexuality 184, 185, 186 Great Powers 98–9 Great Smog 107–8, 114 ‘Great Stink, The’ 36 Green Revolution 17–20, 22, 23, 24 greenhouse gases 119 Guan Youjiang 29 Guangdong 70–1 H1N1 virus 59 Haber, Fritz 14, 15 Hagerup, Ulrik 208 Haiti 38, 57, 81, 114 Hans Island 105 happiness 199 Harrington, Sir John 33 Harrison, Dick 140 hate crimes 170 Havel, Václav 151, 152 height 16, 21–2 Helvétius, Claude Adrien 172 Hesiod 213–14 Hilleman, Maurice 54 Hitler, Adolf 94, 95 HIV/AIDS 52–3, 59, 60 Hobbes, Thomas 213 Holocaust, the 102, 170 homicide 85, 89, 90 homosexuality 181–8 Honecker, Erich 152 Hong Kong 67, 70 hookworm 40 human rights 142 human sacrifice 88–9 humanitarianism 93 Hungary 149, 151–2 hunter-gatherers 88 Hutcheson, Francis 143 hygiene 48, 49 India 10, 18–19, 27, 37, 38, 67–9 and child labour 193, 195 and governance 151, 154 and literacy 129–30, 133, 135 and pollution 117, 119 and poverty 71–3, 81 and slavery 145 and war 104 individualism 92 Industrial Revolution 2, 4, 66, 82 inequality 81–2, 178–9 influenza 58–9 Inglehart, Ronald 166–7 inoculation 47–8 intelligence 164–5 International Labour Organization (ILO) 195–6 International Union for the Conservation of Nature 112–13 Iraq 83, 102 irrigation 18, 22, 38 IS 148 Islamists 216 Italy 184, 193 Jang Jin-sung 25–6 Japan 21, 68, 180–1 Japanese Americans 163 Jefferson, Thomas 144, 145, 147 Jenner, Edward 48 Jews 162 Jim Crow laws 162 John, King 149 Johnson, Lyndon B. 169 Kant, Immanuel 201 Karlsson, Stig 68–9, 129, 202–3, 214–15 Kenny, Charles 134 Kenya 39–40 Kibera 39–40 King, Martin Luther, Jr. 168, 181 Klein, Naomi 2 knights 88 knowledge 200–2, 216–18 Korean War 94, 98 Ku Klux Klan 163, 169 land use 22 Las Casas, Bartolomé de 142–3 Latin America 150, 177, 187 law, the 90–1, 92 Lecky, William E.

The Politics of Pain
by Fintan O'Toole
Published 2 Oct 2019

Let us now have enough sense to accept the position of a small country and try to show the world how to preserve some elements of civilisation and decency that the large ones are rapidly stamping out.’9 Nancy Mitford, contemplating the prospect of Britain helping to build a new European empire asked (half-facetiously) ‘What about Prince Charles as Emperor? The name is auspicious and the person very suitable.’10 (The frustration of being still only poor Prince Charles almost fifty years after this was written must be deepened by the knowledge that he could have been Charlemagne.) The great violinist Yehudi Menuhin suggested (not at all facetiously) that Britain’s ruling class, now that it was no longer running half the world, should offer itself for hire to lesser polities: ‘I must confess to a bias. I have often thought, now that the days of Empire are changed, that Britain… with her great administrative experience and remarkable achievement in the Civil Service should offer a world-wide service called “Rent-a-Government” which would take its place among the enormous combines which build dams or cities, or provide insurance or advice on investment.’

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Rhetorically, it was a commonplace among British anti-Europeans that the EU was a continuation in another, more insidious form, of previous attempts at domination from the continent. In 1989, for example, the Bruges Group of anti-European Tories heard Professor Kenneth Minogue of the London School of Economics tell them that ‘the European institutions were attempting to create a European Union, in the tradition of the mediaeval popes, Charlemagne, Napoleon, the Kaiser and Adolf Hitler’.11 The sleight of hand was not subtle: Hitler tried to unite Europe, so does the EU, therefore the EU is a Hitlerian project. But the lack of subtlety did not stop the trope from being used in the Brexit campaign: ‘Napoleon, Hitler, various people tried this [unifying Europe], and it ends tragically.

Shadow of the Silk Road
by Colin Thubron
Published 1 Jan 2006

The earliest silk–the Indians called it ‘woven wind’–was sometimes sheer as gauze. Lucan described Cleopatra shining before Caesar in transparent lawn silk, and even in later ages a mystique hovered about the finest fabrics, which might be sent abroad only as state gifts, like the precious cope sent by Haroun al-Rashid to Charlemagne. In Baghdad a gold-threaded tunic costing a thousand gold dinars was spun regularly for the caliph alone. In the West, silk was believed woven by fairies, and was sovereign against lightning and rats. But it was in China still that the most delicate cloth was spun–often for the emperor alone–and sometimes it reached the West only as hearsay.

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Arabs defeat the Chinese c 840 The Uighur migrate west to the Tarim 1220–7 Mongols invade under Genghis Khan 1260–1368 The ‘Pax Mongolica’ c. 1300 The Kyrgyz migrate from Siberia into the Tian Shan 1381 Tamerlane invades Afghanistan 1405 Tamerlane dies 1405–1530 Timurids rule at Herat 1500 Uzbek Shaybanids seize Samarkand 1504 Kabul captured by Babur 1747 Foundation of Afghan state 1885 Russians complete the conquest of Central Asia 1917 Soviet power established in Kyrgyz territory 1920 Bolsheviks seize Bukhara; Uzbek and Tajik refugees flee to Afghanistan 1924–7 Stalin defines the borders of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan 1979–80 USSR invades Afghanistan 1989 USSR retreats from Afghanistan 1991 The Central Asian states gain independence from USSR 1994 Rise of the Taliban 1997 Taliban seize Mazar-e-Sharif, then are massacred 2001 US-led invasion of Afghanistan 2004 First free Afghan elections Iran 765 Birth of the Ismaili sect 874 Occultation of the 12th Shia Imam 1020 Death of Firdausi 1037–1220 Seljuk Turkish dynasty 1256–7 Mongols under Hulagu extirpate the Assassins 1256–1335 Ilkhanid Mongol dynasty 1258 The Mongols sack Baghdad 1304–1316 Reign of Oljeitu 1500–1736 Safavid dynasty 1925–1979 Pahlevi dynasty 1979 Islamic revolution under Ayatollah Khomeini. The Shah flees 1980–88 Iran–Iraq war 1989 Death of Ayatollah Khomeini The West 680 Battle of Kerbela 800 Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1099 First Crusade captures Jerusalem 1260 Mamelukes turn back the Mongols 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople 1498 Portuguese pioneer the seaway round Africa 1914–18 First World War 1917 The Russian Revolution 1939–45 Second World War 1984–97 Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 2001 World Trade Center attack 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq Searchable Terms Abbasid Caliphate Abdullah (Kurdish driver) Abdurahman, King Afghanistan journey in Afrasiab Africa, seaway round Aga Khan Ahmadjan Ahuramazda (god) Aimaq (nomads) Ain Jalut, battle of Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan Akbar Khan al- for names beginning al- see under following element of name Alamut Alamut river Alaric Alexander the Great Alexandria Ali (statistician) Ali, Caliph Alik (ex-policeman) Aloban (Nestorian priest) Altun mountains Amanullah, King America see United States of America Amin, Hafezullah Amirali (artist and poet) Amithaba (Buddha of Infinite Light) Amu Darya/Oxus river Anatolia Ancestors, claimed see also Manas Andijan Andkvoi Annar (Kyrgyz) Ansari Antioch Antiochus IV, King Antoninus Pius, emperor Apak Hoja mausoleum, Kashgar Apollo Arabian Incense Road Arabs Aral Sea Arhun (watchman) Armenia Armenians Aryans Asmu, Imam: tomb Assassins Assyria Assyrian church At-Bashy Athens Ata, Mohammed Attar Augustus Caesar, emperor Aurelian, emperor Azerbaijan Iranian Azeris Babur, emperor Babylon Bacon, Francis Bactria Bactrians Badakshan Baghdad Baisanghur, prince Balkh Barnabas, St Basra ‘Beauty of Kroran, The’ Behesht-e Zahra Beijing see also Tiananmen Square Bethlehem Bibi Khanum mosque Samarkand Bihzad bin Laden, Osama Birecik Bishkek Black Jade river, Khotan Black Mountains Bodh Gaya Bolsheviks Bombyx mori (silk moth) Book of Changes Book of Odes Book of Rites Borders Brazil British, the Buddhism in China Bukhara Byron, Robert Byzantine empire Caesar, Julius Canada Carrhae, battle of (53 BC) Caspian Sea Caucasus, the Central Asia time line see also names of countrie Chaldean Church Changan (Xian) palace ruins see also Xian chariots Charklik (Ruoqiang) Charlemagne, emperor Chatyr lake Chechens Chechnya Cherchen (Qiemo) salt plateau of Chiang Kai-shek Chilamachin China journey in time line Chinese (outside China) Chingiz (builder) Chinon Christianity in Antioch in China in modern Iran and Mongols Chrysostom, St John Chychkan river Cicero Cizre Cleopatra Cologne cathedral Columbus, Christopher Communism compass, the magnetic Confucianism Confucius Conrad of Montferrat Constantine the Great, emperor Constantinople Crassus, triumvir Crete crossbows Crusades Cultural Revolution Cyrus, King of Persia Czechoslovakia Da Qin Dalai Lama Damascus Damghan Daniar (Kyrgyz) Daniel (builder) Daphne, groves of (near Antioch) Dasht-e-Laili Demavend, Mount Deng Xiaoping Deobandi schools, Pakistan Dharamsala Dokuz Khatun Dolkon (Uighur) Dost Mohammed, King Dostum, Abdul Rashid Dowlatabad drugs Dubs, Homer Dudayev, General Dunhuang East Turkestan Islamic Movement Edward I, King of England Egypt Eighth Imam (Shia) Elburz mountains Eleanor of Castile, queen Elnura (Kyrgyz) England English language Euclid Euphrates Europe Fatima (daughter of Mohammed) Feng (Hui) Fergana Fergana valley Firdausi Shahnama tomb First Pass under Heaven, The Fitzgerald, Edward Flanders Fraser, James (British traveller) Friendship Bridge Friday Mosque, Herat Gang of Four Gansu corridor Gate of Sorrows, Jiayuguan Gawhar Shad, queen mausoleum of Gawhad Shah mosque and college, Herat Gawhar Shad mosque, Meshed Gazargah Gazur Khan Gelia (artist’s wife) Genghis Khan Germans Germany al-Ghazali Ghorid dynasty Gobi desert Goes, Bento de Golden Horde ‘Golden House’, Antioch Golmud Goths Great Game Great Leap Forward Great Wall Greece Gromov, General Guanyin (goddess) Guarong (Song Guorong) Gul (Uighur) Gulag Gulja Guma Gumbaz mosque, Namangan gunpowder Gutenberg Gwelin Hafizullah (Afghan) Hairatan Hakkari Hamed Han Hangzhou Hari river Haroun al-Rashid Hasan-i-Sabah Hazara Hazrat Ali shrine, Mazar-e- Sharif Heavenly mountains see Tian Shan mountains Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin Helena, St Herat Herodotus Hindu Kush Hinduism Homs Hongming (film-maker) Horses Hu Ji (historian) Huang Huangling Huatuguo Hui Hulagu, emperor Hunan Huns 70 134 Husain Baiqara, sultan Hussein (Iranian acquaintance) Hussein (son of Caliph Ali) Hussein, Saddam Ibn BattutaId Kah mosque, Kashgar Ilkhanid dynasty India Indians Innocent IV, Pope Inventions, Chinese see also crossbows, stirrups Iran journey in time line see also Iran-Iraq war Iran-Iraq war Iranian Azerbaijan Iraq see also Iran-Iraq war Isfahan, Qadi of Islam/Muslims in China see also Mevlevi sect; Naqshbandi sect; Shia; Sunni Ismail, 281, 282 Ismailis see also Assassins Israelis Italy see also Romans; Rome jade Jade Gate Jade Road Jafar (trainee doctor) Japan Jaxartes (Syr Darya) river Jelaleddin Rumi Jerusalem Crusader king of Patriarch of Jesuit missionaries Jesus Christ Jews Jiahuang (painter) Jiayuguan Jielu Jiuquan Jumgal valley Justinian, emperor Juvenal Kabul Kalan minaret, Bukhara Kanikay Karakoram Karakoram mountains Karakoram Highway Karimov, President of Uzbekistan Karzai, President of Afghanistan Kashgar Kazakhs Kazakhstan Kekemeren river Kenkol ravine Kerbela, battle of (AD 680) Keriya Khameini, Supreme Leader, Iran Khan, Ismail Khan family, Bukhara Khatami, President of Iran Khoja Parsa shrine, Balkh Khomeini, Ayatollah tomb of Khorasan Khotan Kitbogha Kizilkum desert Kiziltepe Kochkor mazar near Kochoi, tomb of Kokand Koran Korea Koreans Kublai Khan, emperor Kuchi Kun Lun mountains Kunduz Kurds Kushans Kyanizyak-khatun, princess Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan journey in Labrang Living Buddha of Lady of the Silk Worms (Lei-tzu) Lanchou University Lanzhou Lao-tzu Lattimore, Owen Lei-tzu see Lady of the Silk Worms Lenin (village) Lenin, V.I.

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The Shah flees 1980–88 Iran–Iraq war 1989 Death of Ayatollah Khomeini The West 680 Battle of Kerbela 800 Charlemagne crowned Holy Roman Emperor 1099 First Crusade captures Jerusalem 1260 Mamelukes turn back the Mongols 1453 Ottoman Turks capture Constantinople 1498 Portuguese pioneer the seaway round Africa 1914–18 First World War 1917 The Russian Revolution 1939–45 Second World War 1984–97 Kurdish rebellions in Turkey 2001 World Trade Center attack 2003 US-led invasion of Iraq Searchable Terms Abbasid Caliphate Abdullah (Kurdish driver) Abdurahman, King Afghanistan journey in Afrasiab Africa, seaway round Aga Khan Ahmadjan Ahuramazda (god) Aimaq (nomads) Ain Jalut, battle of Akayev, President of Kyrgyzstan Akbar Khan al- for names beginning al- see under following element of name Alamut Alamut river Alaric Alexander the Great Alexandria Ali (statistician) Ali, Caliph Alik (ex-policeman) Aloban (Nestorian priest) Altun mountains Amanullah, King America see United States of America Amin, Hafezullah Amirali (artist and poet) Amithaba (Buddha of Infinite Light) Amu Darya/Oxus river Anatolia Ancestors, claimed see also Manas Andijan Andkvoi Annar (Kyrgyz) Ansari Antioch Antiochus IV, King Antoninus Pius, emperor Apak Hoja mausoleum, Kashgar Apollo Arabian Incense Road Arabs Aral Sea Arhun (watchman) Armenia Armenians Aryans Asmu, Imam: tomb Assassins Assyria Assyrian church At-Bashy Athens Ata, Mohammed Attar Augustus Caesar, emperor Aurelian, emperor Azerbaijan Iranian Azeris Babur, emperor Babylon Bacon, Francis Bactria Bactrians Badakshan Baghdad Baisanghur, prince Balkh Barnabas, St Basra ‘Beauty of Kroran, The’ Behesht-e Zahra Beijing see also Tiananmen Square Bethlehem Bibi Khanum mosque Samarkand Bihzad bin Laden, Osama Birecik Bishkek Black Jade river, Khotan Black Mountains Bodh Gaya Bolsheviks Bombyx mori (silk moth) Book of Changes Book of Odes Book of Rites Borders Brazil British, the Buddhism in China Bukhara Byron, Robert Byzantine empire Caesar, Julius Canada Carrhae, battle of (53 BC) Caspian Sea Caucasus, the Central Asia time line see also names of countrie Chaldean Church Changan (Xian) palace ruins see also Xian chariots Charklik (Ruoqiang) Charlemagne, emperor Chatyr lake Chechens Chechnya Cherchen (Qiemo) salt plateau of Chiang Kai-shek Chilamachin China journey in time line Chinese (outside China) Chingiz (builder) Chinon Christianity in Antioch in China in modern Iran and Mongols Chrysostom, St John Chychkan river Cicero Cizre Cleopatra Cologne cathedral Columbus, Christopher Communism compass, the magnetic Confucianism Confucius Conrad of Montferrat Constantine the Great, emperor Constantinople Crassus, triumvir Crete crossbows Crusades Cultural Revolution Cyrus, King of Persia Czechoslovakia Da Qin Dalai Lama Damascus Damghan Daniar (Kyrgyz) Daniel (builder) Daphne, groves of (near Antioch) Dasht-e-Laili Demavend, Mount Deng Xiaoping Deobandi schools, Pakistan Dharamsala Dokuz Khatun Dolkon (Uighur) Dost Mohammed, King Dostum, Abdul Rashid Dowlatabad drugs Dubs, Homer Dudayev, General Dunhuang East Turkestan Islamic Movement Edward I, King of England Egypt Eighth Imam (Shia) Elburz mountains Eleanor of Castile, queen Elnura (Kyrgyz) England English language Euclid Euphrates Europe Fatima (daughter of Mohammed) Feng (Hui) Fergana Fergana valley Firdausi Shahnama tomb First Pass under Heaven, The Fitzgerald, Edward Flanders Fraser, James (British traveller) Friendship Bridge Friday Mosque, Herat Gang of Four Gansu corridor Gate of Sorrows, Jiayuguan Gawhar Shad, queen mausoleum of Gawhad Shah mosque and college, Herat Gawhar Shad mosque, Meshed Gazargah Gazur Khan Gelia (artist’s wife) Genghis Khan Germans Germany al-Ghazali Ghorid dynasty Gobi desert Goes, Bento de Golden Horde ‘Golden House’, Antioch Golmud Goths Great Game Great Leap Forward Great Wall Greece Gromov, General Guanyin (goddess) Guarong (Song Guorong) Gul (Uighur) Gulag Gulja Guma Gumbaz mosque, Namangan gunpowder Gutenberg Gwelin Hafizullah (Afghan) Hairatan Hakkari Hamed Han Hangzhou Hari river Haroun al-Rashid Hasan-i-Sabah Hazara Hazrat Ali shrine, Mazar-e- Sharif Heavenly mountains see Tian Shan mountains Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin Helena, St Herat Herodotus Hindu Kush Hinduism Homs Hongming (film-maker) Horses Hu Ji (historian) Huang Huangling Huatuguo Hui Hulagu, emperor Hunan Huns 70 134 Husain Baiqara, sultan Hussein (Iranian acquaintance) Hussein (son of Caliph Ali) Hussein, Saddam Ibn BattutaId Kah mosque, Kashgar Ilkhanid dynasty India Indians Innocent IV, Pope Inventions, Chinese see also crossbows, stirrups Iran journey in time line see also Iran-Iraq war Iran-Iraq war Iranian Azerbaijan Iraq see also Iran-Iraq war Isfahan, Qadi of Islam/Muslims in China see also Mevlevi sect; Naqshbandi sect; Shia; Sunni Ismail, 281, 282 Ismailis see also Assassins Israelis Italy see also Romans; Rome jade Jade Gate Jade Road Jafar (trainee doctor) Japan Jaxartes (Syr Darya) river Jelaleddin Rumi Jerusalem Crusader king of Patriarch of Jesuit missionaries Jesus Christ Jews Jiahuang (painter) Jiayuguan Jielu Jiuquan Jumgal valley Justinian, emperor Juvenal Kabul Kalan minaret, Bukhara Kanikay Karakoram Karakoram mountains Karakoram Highway Karimov, President of Uzbekistan Karzai, President of Afghanistan Kashgar Kazakhs Kazakhstan Kekemeren river Kenkol ravine Kerbela, battle of (AD 680) Keriya Khameini, Supreme Leader, Iran Khan, Ismail Khan family, Bukhara Khatami, President of Iran Khoja Parsa shrine, Balkh Khomeini, Ayatollah tomb of Khorasan Khotan Kitbogha Kizilkum desert Kiziltepe Kochkor mazar near Kochoi, tomb of Kokand Koran Korea Koreans Kublai Khan, emperor Kuchi Kun Lun mountains Kunduz Kurds Kushans Kyanizyak-khatun, princess Kyrgyz Kyrgyzstan journey in Labrang Living Buddha of Lady of the Silk Worms (Lei-tzu) Lanchou University Lanzhou Lao-tzu Lattimore, Owen Lei-tzu see Lady of the Silk Worms Lenin (village) Lenin, V.I.

Salt: A World History
by Mark Kurlansky
Published 28 Jan 2003

But it has one thing in common with almost every important city in Italy: It is near a source of salt. Veleia was built over underground brine springs, which is why it came to be known as the big salt place, Salsomaggiore. The earliest record of salt production in Veleia dates from the second century B.C. Like many other saltworks, it was abandoned after the fall of the Roman Empire. Charlemagne, the conquering Holy Roman emperor who, like the Romans before him, had an army that needed salt, started it up again. The name Salso first appears on an 877 document. In ancient times the brine wells had a huge wheel with slats inside and out for footing. Two men, chained at the neck, walked inside on the bottom, stepping from slat to slat, and two other men, also chained at the neck, did the same on the outside on top.

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The event was considered important enough to be recorded in a fresco in the city palace. He who controlled the brine wells at Salsomaggiore controlled the region, and the takeover of these thirty-one brine wells marked the transfer of power from feudal lord to city government. IN THE SEVENTH and eighth centuries, before Charlemagne restarted the wells at Salsomaggiore, sailors brought salt from the Adriatic to Parma. For this labor they could receive either money or goods, including Parma’s most famous salt product, ham—prosciutto di Parma. A fresco on a wall of the Parma city palace that recorded the city’s acquisition of thirty-one wells.

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The cheese made in the Aveyron, a mountainous area of dramatic rock outcropping and thin topsoil, is as old as its famous salt source. Pliny praised a cheese from these mountains above the Mediterranean coast that was probably a forerunner of the now famous Roquefort. According to a widely believed, though not well-documented, legend, Charlemagne passed through the area after his disastrous Spanish campaign of 778. The monks of the nearby monastery of St.-Gall served the emperor Roquefort cheese, and he immediately busied himself cutting out the moldy blue parts, which he found disgusting. The monks convinced him that the blue was the best part of the cheese—an effort for which they were rewarded with the costly task of providing him with two wheels of Roquefort a year until his death in 814.

Feral: Rewilding the Land, the Sea, and Human Life
by George Monbiot
Published 13 May 2013

Perhaps these payments–and the rules which govern them–reflect a deep-rooted fear of losing control over nature. We have not wholly shed our sense of a sacred duty to proclaim ‘dominion over the fish of the sea, and over the fowl of the air, and over the cattle, and over all the earth, and over every creeping thing that creepeth upon the earth’.38 But that may not be the only explanation. ‘Charlemagne’, writing in the Economist, has coined what he or she calls the ‘Richard Scarry rule’: ‘Politicians will rarely challenge interests that feature in children’s books.’39 It is an appealing idea, though it does not seem to apply to other sectors: they willingly do battle with train drivers, for example.

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European Commission, 2011, ‘Common Agricultural Policy towards 2020: Assessment of Alternative Policy Options’, http://ec.europa.eu/agriculture/analysis/perspec/cap-2020/impact-assessment/full-text_en.pdf 34. Welsh Assembly government, 2010, Glastir: A Guide to Frequently Asked Questions. 35. Ibid. 36. Welsh Assembly government, 2010, Glastir Targeted Element: An Explanation of the Selection Process. 37. See http://maps.forestry.gov.uk/imf/imf.jsp?site=fcwales_ext& 38. Genesis 1, 26. 39. Charlemagne, 30 October 2008, ‘Europe’s baleful bail-outs’, http://www.economist.com/node/12510261 40. http://maps.forestry.gov.uk/imf/imf.jsp?site=fcwales_ext 41. Scottish Executive, Environment and Rural Affairs Department, 2007, ECOSSE: Estimating Carbon in Organic Soils Sequestration and Emissions, http://www.scotland.gov.uk/Publications/2007/03/16170508/16 42.

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E. 71 bats 82, 113n, 151 bears 69, 85, 108, 110, 127, 141, 192, 195 —hunted by Habsburgs 192–3 —short-faced bear (Arctodus simus) 137 Beasts (big cats) of Britain 49–60 beaver 69, 78–83, 85, 86, 105–6, 108, 112, 124 —Castoroides ohioensis (extinct) 137 beech 91, 190, 192 beetles 151, 219n, 222 Belarus 109, 112 Belgium 110 Bengal tiger 222 Beringia 86–7 Białowieża Forest 95, 109, 110–12, 200, 208 big cat sightings/reports in Britain 49–60 Big Cat Sightings Unit, Welsh Assembly 51, 55 bilberry 211 biodiversity 108, 159, 185, 213–14 birch 38, 62, 66, 74, 75, 77, 92, 95, 103–4, 105, 143, 147, 151, 215 —dwarf 105, 122 Bird, Dennis 198 birds 71–2, 85, 166, 221 —farmland 158 —see also specific species bison 85, 87 —Bison latifrons (extinct giant) 137 —European (wisent) 108, 110–12, 126 Black Book of Carmarthen 51 Black Sea 240–41 blackthorn 92 Blaeneinion 79, 80 blue stag beetle 130 bluebells 95 bluefin tuna 232, 233, 246–7, 257 bluefish 240 boar 69, 93–6, 108, 111, 124, 195 Bodmin Moor, Beast of Bodmin 53–4 Bohemian Forest 110 bonito 240 Borth beach 77 Botswana 208 bottlenose dolphin 253 Bouldner Cliff excavations 245 box 92 Brazil, invasion of Roraima 3, 5–6 Bronze Age 67, 76, 206–7 Brüne, Martin 203 Bryn Brith 63 Bulgaria 109, 112, 162 burdock, greater 144 bustard, great 133 Buthelezi, Mangosuthu 205 butterflies 108, 211, 213, 219, 222 Butterworth, Jez: Jerusalem 47–8 Caesar, Julius 145 Cahill, Kevin 181 Cairngorms 120, 220 and n Caledonian Forest 98–9, 100, 148–52 Cambrian Mountains 62–7, 69, 73–7, 159, 164n, 165, 170–78, 210–16 camels 140, 141 Canada 154, 170 cane toad 142–3 Canney, Susan 219n, 225n Cantre’r Gwaelod myth 38 capercaillie 132 carbofuran 217 carbon 236–7 carbon dioxide 164–5, 198, 199 Cardigan Bay 19–21, 37, 158, 241–2, 252–5, 257 —Special Area of Conservation 252–4 Caribbean monk seal 248 Carpathian Mountains 108, 109 Carvajal, Gaspar de 196–7 Casblaidd 49 Cass, Caroline 205, 206 Castoroides ohioensis 137 catfish, walking 142 Cath Palug 51 cattle 156, 159n, 173, 201, 211, 212, 215, 219, 223, 224 —aurochs 35, 36, 38, 91, 206, 207–8, 224 —Bronze Age 206–7 —of the Heck brothers 207–8 cave lion 127 Ceauşescu, Nicolae 107 CEFAS (Centre for Environment, Fisheries and Aquaculture Science) 254 ceremonies 42–3, 168 Cervus canadensis (American elk) 84n, 149 chameleon 40–41 chamois 108, 120, 196 ‘Charlemagne’ (Economist columnist) 163 Chatwin, Bruce: The Songlines 58n cheetah 139, 140 Cheruscans 199–200 Chesapeake Bay 237, 240 children, play in wild places 167–70 Claerwen nature reserve 69 Clare, John 71, 72 Clearances, Highland 99, 101, 152, 155 climate change 125, 133, 136, 141, 160, 164–5, 198–9, 224, 236, 243 —see also global warming Clover, Charles: The End of the Line 245 Clwydian Hills 66–7 coastal ecosystem 239 cockchafer larva 1 cockles 39 cod 232, 234, 237–8, 250 Common Agricultural Policy 161–3, 181–2 common vetch 144 conservation movement 209–26 —and ‘assemblages of key species’ 216–18 —and eviction 201 —positive changing attitudes 226–7 —and the preservation of former farming systems 214–15, 224–6 —questionable/inappropriate policies 8, 83, 209–10, 214–25 —see also game reserves; national parks; nature reserves Cooke, Jay 202 copper 173 coppicing 91–2n, 92, 222 corn 154 corncockle 144 corncrake 264–5 cornflower 144 Corsica 161 Countryside Council for Wales 69, 215–16, 226, 253–4 County Times 51 cownose ray 237 crab apple 157–8 crabs 237, 251 —hermit 231 —masked 231 —shore 231 —spider 228, 229–30, 231–32 crack willow 144 cranes 35–6, 226 —common crane 133 crayfish 142, 145 crested tit 151 Crèvecoeur, Hector St John de 45–6 Croatia 107, 188, 189, 193 Cronon, William 177 crows 172 cruel sports 139 Culloden, battle of 99, 152 curlew 158 cypermethrin 158 Czech Republic 110 Daily Mail 56–7 Dale, Thomas 45 Dalmatian pelican 135 Dangerous Wild Animals Act 94 Danube delta 107 Dark Mountain 197–8 dead wood/trees 83, 111, 151, 192, 222, 225 deadnettle 144 deer —red see red deer —roe 120 —sika 120 —stalking 100, 101, 102, 116–17, 149, 155 deforestation 66–7, 68, 69, 130, 152, 197 —conservation management and the clearing of trees 210 Denmark 112 Dinaric Mountains 110, 190 Dinofelis 58n ‘Dinogad’s Shift’ 119 Disney, Michael 50–51 Doedicurus 137 dog bites 89 dolphins 18, 25, 232, 240, 241, 253, 268 Drefursennaidd 27 dry rot 144 Dundreggan estate, Glenmoriston 99–101, 103–6, 121–4 dunnock 95 Dutch elm disease 72 eagle owl 131 eagles —golden 121, 123–4, 217 —white-tailed sea 102–3, 131, 146, 217 Eagleton, Terry: The English Novel 204 and n East Africa 201, 208 ecological corridors 109 ecological damage see environmental/ecological damage ecosystems —American 139–40 —‘assemblages of key species’ 216–18 —bacterially dominated 240 —coastal 239 —‘damage’ by native species 96 —damage by sheep 70 see also grazing —damage by soil depletion see soil depletion —elephant-adapted 9, 91–3 —and the emptiness of the Cambrians 62–7, 76–7, 210–12 —and extinctions see extinction of animal species —favoured by the conservation movement 216–20 —and the Gaia hypothesis 243 —German 208 —and inappropriate conservation policies 8, 83, 209–10, 214–25 —intensive management of 82, 130, 209–10, 214–21, 222 —and invasive/non-native species 142–6, 178 —keystone species see keystone species —marine 232–4, 235–43 —monocultures 95, 153–4, 168, 242 —palaeocology 93, 136 —revival through rewilding see rewilding —and the Shifting Baseline Syndrome 69, 92, 142, 243, 244 —Siberian 141–2 —as spectral relics 93 —trophic cascades see trophic cascades —see also environmental/ecological damage Eelmoor Marsh, Hampshire 125 eels 37 eland 139 Elasmotherium caucasicum 90 Elasmotherium sibiricum 90 elephant 90–92, 137, 139, 140, 141, 142 —and coppicing 91–2 —straight-tusked 9, 90, 91, 92n, 128, 141, 219n Eliot, T.

The Life and Death of Ancient Cities: A Natural History
by Greg Woolf
Published 14 May 2020

Yet few wanted to seem new, because ancient analogies conveyed some legitimacy. As a result, when they wanted a way to describe what they were doing, they often turned to the classics. Many chose some version of the Latin term imperium (empire), which in Europe had survived as a label for various mediaeval kingdoms.13 Their new empires were as different from those of Charlemagne and Rome as they could have been. The empires created in the Industrial Age, strongly shaped by the hunt for raw materials and markets, were another thing entirely. It is confusing that we use this same basic Latin terminology to describe the global economic networks of the Victorian Age, the results of mediaeval and early modern competition for European primacy, and the Roman and pre-Roman domination of the Mediterranean.

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Malden, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Hodder, Ian. 2018. Where Are We Heading? The Evolution of Humans and Things. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Hodder, Ian, and Mark Hassall. 1971. “The Non-Random Spacing of Romano-British Walled Towns.” Man 6 (3): 391–407. Hodges, Richard, and David Whitehouse. 1983. Mohammed, Charlemagne, and the Origins of Europe: Archaeology and the Pirenne Thesis. London: Duckworth. Hodos, Tamar. 2006. Local Responses to Colonization in the Iron Age Mediterranean. Abingdon: Routledge. Hodos, Tamar. 2009. “Colonial Engagements in the Global Mediterranean Iron Age.” Cambridge Archaeological Journal 19 (2): 221–241.

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Roman Republican Colonization: New Perspectives from Archaeology and Ancient History, Papers of the Royal Dutch Institute in Rome. Rome: Palombi Editori. Petit, Jean-Paul, and Michel Mangan, eds. 1994. Les agglomérations secondaires: La Gaule Belgique, les Germanies et l’Occident romain. Paris: Errance. Pirenne, Henri. 1937. Mahomet et Charlemagne. Paris: F. Alcan. Pitts, Martin. 2010. “Re-Thinking the Southern British Oppida: Networks, Kingdoms and Material Culture.” European Journal of Archaeology 13 (1): 32–63. Pitts, Martin, and Miguel John Versluys, eds. 2015. Globalisation and the Roman World: World History, Connectivity and Material Culture.

Lonely Planet Switzerland
by Lonely Planet

To see short videos of the most creative pieces in action (Moses striking a rock with his staff to bring forth water, and a magician who lifts cups to reveal ever-changing geometric shapes), ask staff for a loaner iPad. GrossmünsterCHURCH ( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; www.grossmuenster.ch; Grossmünsterplatz; h10am-6pm Mar-Oct, to 5pm Nov-Feb; j4, 15 to Helmhaus) Founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century (but heavily reworked since), Zürich's twin-towered landmark cathedral sits directly across the river from Fraumünster. The interior showcases stained-glass work by Augusto Giacometti. For far-reaching city views, climb the southern tower, the Karlsturm ( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; adult/child Sfr4/2; h10am-5pm Mon-Sat, 12.30-5.30pm Sun Mar-Oct, to 4.30pm daily Nov-Feb; j4, 15 to Helmhaus).

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If you're driving, buy petrol in the duty-free zone as it's incredibly cheap. Müstair Pop 764 / Elev 1273m In a remote corner of Switzerland, at the country's most easterly point, Müstair sits barely a kilometre from the Italian border. It is one of Europe's early Christian treasures and a Unesco World Heritage Site to boot. When Charlemagne supposedly founded a monastery and a church here in the 8th century, it was a strategically placed spot below the Ofen (or Fuorn) Pass (2149m), separating northern Europe from Italy and the heart of Christendom. The Müstair Valley follows the Rom River, which flows out into Italy. You'll need to head southeast from Zernez, through the Swiss National Park and over the Ofen Pass.

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The Alemanni groups settled in eastern Switzerland and were later joined by another Germanic tribe, the Burgundians, in the western part of the country. The latter adopted Christianity and the Latin language, sowing the seeds of division between French- and German-speaking Switzerland. The Franks conquered both tribes in the 6th century, but the two areas were torn apart again when Charlemagne’s empire was partitioned in 870. When it was reunited under the pan-European Holy Roman Empire in 1032, Switzerland initially was left to its own devices. Local nobles wielded the most influence: the Zähringen family, who founded Fribourg, Bern and Murten, and built a fairy-tale castle with soaring towers and red turrets in Thun in the Bernese Oberland; and the Savoy clan, who established a ring of castles around Lake Geneva, most notably Château de Morges and the magnificent Château de Chillon, right on the water’s edge near Montreux.

Italy
by Damien Simonis
Published 31 Jul 2010

In the middle of the 8th century AD, Pope Stephen II decided to call upon foreigners to oust the ungodly Lombards. The first to lead the charge of the Frankish army was Pepin the Short, but it was his rather tall son Charlemagne who finally took back control from the Lombards for good. On Christmas Day AD 800, Pope Leo III crowned him Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. However, he was never recognised as such by the Eastern Byzantine church, which had control of much of Le Marche’s Adriatic coast at the time. After Charlemagne’s death, Le Marche entered into centuries of war, anarchy and general Dark Ages mayhem. In central Italy, two factions developed, that of the Guelphs – who backed papal rule – and the Ghibellines – who backed rule by the emperor.

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Click on ‘popes’, ‘list of’, and there they all are, from St Peter to Benedict XVI. * * * In return for formal recognition of the popes’ control of Rome and surrounding Byzantine-held territories henceforth to be known as the Papal States, the popes granted the Carolingian Franks a leading if ill-defined role in Italy and their king, Charlemagne, the title of Holy Roman Emperor. He was crowned by Leo III on Christmas Day 800. The bond between the papacy and the Byzantine Empire was thus broken and political power in what had been the Western Roman Empire shifted north of the Alps, where it would remain for more than 1000 years. The stage was set for a future of seemingly endless struggles.

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Christianity had been spreading since the 1st century AD thanks to the underground efforts of apostles Peter and Paul, and under Constantine it received official recognition. Pope Gregory I (590–604) did much to strengthen the Church’s grip over the city and, in 774, Rome’s place as centre of the Christian world was cemented when Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne as Holy Roman Emperor. The medieval period was marked by continuous fighting by just about anyone capable of raising an army. In the thick of things, the Papal States fought for their corner as ruthlessly as anyone. In 1309, however, Pope Clement V decided enough was enough and upped sticks to Avignon, leaving the powerful Colonna and Orsini families to contest control of the city.

Design for Hackers: Reverse Engineering Beauty
by David Kadavy
Published 5 Sep 2011

Reprinted with permission of John Wiley & Sons, Inc. > Carolingian minuscule: Throughout the Middle Ages, which followed the fall of the Roman Empire, scripture fell into disarray. There was no standardization of lettering, so books were produced with varying degrees of quality in their letterforms. After Charlemagne once again unified Europe, he standardized lettering that should be done by the scribes. The resulting Carolingian minuscule was the birth of what we today consider “lowercase.” It could be scribed relatively quickly and used less paper. > Textura: In Northern Europe, textura (or Gothic or blackletter) became popular among the scribes.

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(Categorization: sans-serif, display) The Type That Has Lived On Although the lettering from Trajan’s Column is available for use in electronic form, most of us have enough typographic sensibility not to use it for all the body copy of our blogs. Some form of these perfect capitals live on today in most serif typefaces, but the lowercase portion of our alphabet comes from the Carolingian minuscule. The Carolingian minuscule was established in approximately ad 800 as a standard script to be used throughout Europe by Emperor Charlemagne. The script was eventually replaced throughout Europe by the Gothic blackletter, only to be revived during the Italian Renaissance. The invention and spread of printing The first printed book in history, which is widely regarded to be the most significant single invention ever, was Johannes Gutenberg’s so-called “42-line Bible.”

The Sport and Prey of Capitalists
by Linda McQuaig
Published 30 Aug 2019

Vancouver-based journalist Mitchell Anderson pursued this theme in a lively series of articles on Norway’s oil development, describing how Norway channelled “its inner Viking” to take on Big Oil.12 The famously fearless Vikings mounted raids during the eighth and ninth centuries aimed at warding off invasion and occupation by the legendary Charlemagne as he expanded the Holy Roman Empire through Western Europe. The Vikings’ reputation as brutal, uncompromising warriors apparently paid off, and Charlemagne bypassed Scandinavia in search of easier conquests. As a result, Norwegians never experienced the top-down system of feudal domination that prevailed elsewhere in Europe. Instead of being serfs working for a landed gentry, Norwegians became yeoman farmers managing their own small homesteads, drawing freely on local water and timber resources.

City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age
by P. D. Smith
Published 19 Jun 2012

The great European cathedrals became ‘the figure of Jerusalem’.104 With their jewel-like stained-glass windows and typically three entrances in the west front – which, as at Chartres, sometimes bore no relation to the layout of nave and aisles – cathedrals echoed the design of the New Jerusalem, with its three gates in each wall. The Holy Roman Emperor, Charlemagne, kept St Augustine’s City of God beside his bed and sought to realise the Holy City in the architecture of his religious buildings. His abbeys, such as Saint-Denis, north of Paris, were miniature holy cities, symbolising his divine right to rule, in the same way as the imperial cities of China. Charlemagne’s abbeys became the models for the Gothic churches of the High Middle Ages, their stained-glass windows evoking the jewel-encrusted walls of the New Jerusalem.

To Explain the World: The Discovery of Modern Science
by Steven Weinberg
Published 17 Feb 2015

Mathematical works of Euclid, Ptolemy, and others were also translated into Arabic at Baghdad, some through Syriac intermediaries. The historian Philip Hitti has nicely contrasted the state of learning at this time at Baghdad with the illiteracy of Europe in the early Middle Ages: “For while in the East al-Rashid and al-Mamun were delving into Greek and Persian philosophy, their contemporaries in the West, Charlemagne and his lords, were dabbling in the art of writing their names.”2 It is sometimes said that the greatest contribution to science of the Abbasid caliphs was the foundation of an institute for translation and original research, the Bayt al-Hikmah, or House of Wisdom. This institute is supposed to have served for the Arabs somewhat the same function that the Museum and Library of Alexandria served for the Greeks.

…

These schools trained the clergy not only in religion but also in a secular liberal arts curriculum left over from Roman times, based in part on the writings of Boethius and Martianus: the trivium of grammar, logic, and rhetoric; and, especially at Chartres, the quadrivium of arithmetic, geometry, astronomy, and music. Some of these schools went back to the time of Charlemagne, but in the eleventh century they began to attract schoolmasters of intellectual distinction, and at some schools there was a renewed interest in reconciling Christianity with knowledge of the natural world. As remarked by the historian Peter Dear,2 “Learning about God by learning what He had made, and understanding the whys and wherefores of its fabric, was seen by many as an eminently pious enterprise.”

…

See Christianity; Roman Catholic church Catoptrics (Hero), 36 Catoptrics (Pseudo-Euclidian), 35–36 Cavendish, Henry, 240 celestial equator, 57–58 celestial latitude and longitude, 73–74 centrifugal force, 226–27 centripetal acceleration, 227–30, 233, 235, 237–39, 242, 359–62, 364 Cesarini, Virginio, 40n Chaeronea, battle of, 22 Chalcidius (Calcidius), 86 changelessness, 9, 23, 56 Charlemagne, 105, 125 Charles II, king of England, 218 Charles VII, king of France, 253 Châtelet, Émilie du, 248 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 27 chemistry, xiii–xiv, 11, 110–11, 115, 213, 218n, 256–57, 259 alchemy vs., 110–11 biology and, 266–68 quantum mechanics and, 262 China, xiv, 1, 257 chords, sines and, 107, 309–11 Christianity, 26–27, 116, 118–19.

Au Contraire: Figuring Out the French
by Gilles Asselin and Ruth Mastron
Published 1 Dec 2000

Public education—“gratuite, obligatoire, et laïque” (“free, compulsory, and secular”) in the words of the great nineteenth-century educational reformer Jules Ferry— is the key to advancement and acculturation in French society and the keystone in the edifice of French culture. French pupils are reminded that the basic notion of sending children to school was developed by Charlemagne, the famous eighthcentury king of the Franks. Some of those children may not be overwhelmed with gratitude, as the French school system is notorious for its rigor, inflexibility, and competitiveness, particularly from the sixth grade to le baccalauréat, or le bac (secondary school degree). In fact one’s academic results and grades in secondary school virtually determine one’s options in higher education and career; doors that remain open in the U.S. system are slammed shut early on in France.

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See also religion centralization of state power, 15–16, 26, 111, 115 decentralization trends, 14, 28, 160–61 Champollion, Jean-François, 27 change, 241 attitudes toward, 24, 30, 36, 182, 222, 236 as effect of historical events, 158, 159, 162 status quo vs. personal initiative, 205. See also competitive drive; status quo vs. empowerment Charlemagne, 16 Charles Martel, 48 child-rearing practices, 64–69. See also family; school system: expectations and goals; socialization Chirac, Jacques, 29, 114, 118 church and state, separation of, 123–25 Civil Pact of Solidarity (PACS), 99 cleanliness, personal, 39–40 Clinton, William J. (Bill), 104, 120, 154 Clovis, 25, 124 cohabitation (political), 115 communication, nonverbal, 188–89, 192 communication styles, 187–91, 192, 230, 242, 244 high context, 189–91, 197, 198, 210, 211, 234, 242 low context, 189–91, 193 Communist Party (P.C.), 114 competitive drive: status quo vs. personal initiative, 204–05, 225 conflict resolution: in workplace, 186–87 288 confrontation.

The Truth About Lies: The Illusion of Honesty and the Evolution of Deceit
by Aja Raden
Published 10 May 2021

Posing as pilgrims or traveling traders, they would sell the artifacts to the town or village in need. Often they sold them to the local clergy. Sometimes the clergy were even the ones doing the selling. It was kind of a five-hundred- to one-thousand-year-long ethical free-for-all. In at least one case, the actual pope (Eugenius II) had an “arrangement” with Charlemagne’s grandson, King Lothar, which allowed wealthy and elite Carolingian nobles and high-placed clergy to place bespoke orders for precious relics, including whole bodies, like the bones of Saint Sebastian in A.D. 826. Producing or manufacturing Catholic relics—which could mean anything from standard grave robbing to far more interesting and creative arts and crafts—became, during the Middle Ages, an entire cottage industry.

The Journey of Humanity: The Origins of Wealth and Inequality
by Oded Galor
Published 22 Mar 2022

One theory, advanced by the German American historian Karl Wittfogel, known as the hydraulic hypothesis, suggests that these differences may have resulted from the fact that European agriculture depended largely on rainfall, while the regions around the great rivers of China freed themselves from that dependency by developing a complex network of dams and canals, whose operation required a considerable degree of political centralisation.[15] Other theories appeal directly to the landscapes of these regions. Fearsome leaders such as Julius Caesar, Charlemagne and Napoleon seized large portions of Europe, but their success in maintaining control of the continent paled in comparison to that of their contemporaries in China, partly because of their respective geographies: while the Yangtze and Yellow rivers provided Chinese emperors with transport links between their fertile heartlands, the great rivers of Europe – the Rhine and Danube – were much smaller and only partially allowed aspiring hegemons to travel rapidly between different sections of the continent.

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A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Abbasid Caliphate (750–1258), 176, 184 abortion, 87–8 Aeneid (Virgil), 59 aeroplanes, 111 Africa agriculture in, 21, 179–80, 188–9 colonialism in, 157, 158, 187 diversity in, 220–32 emigration from, 127 fertility rates in, 112 Homo sapiens emergence in, 5, 18–20, 30, 119, 120, 124, 218–32, 221, 222, 237 income per capita in, 106 industrialisation in, 241 institutions in, 157, 187 livestock in, 179–80 living standards in, 7 malaria in, 180 marriage in, 87 Neolithic Revolution in, 202, 203, 204, 207 poverty in, 113 slave trade in, 173–4, 187 trade in, 136 trust in, 173–4 tsetse flies, 180 African Americans, 130–31, 155, 156, 215–17 Afrobarometer 173–4 Age of Enlightenment (c.1637–1800), 27, 58, 66, 170–71, 182, 212 agriculture climate and, 13, 15, 20, 21, 25, 155, 181, 186–7, 193–5, 203–4 comparative advantage in, 181, 211–12, 237 cooperation and, 168–9 diseases and, 8, 180 education and, 77, 81–3, 109, 140 future orientation and, 187–90, 213 gender roles and, 191–2 Green Revolution, 111, 117 hydraulic hypothesis, 184 innovations in, 61, 64, 181 institutions and, 208–10 irrigation, 22, 23, 120, 141–2, 160, 168, 184, 190 labour productivity, 131–2 livestock, 179–80, 203 Neolithic Revolution, see Neolithic Revolution soil and, 8, 21, 30, 141, 155, 186, 187, 191, 198, 204, 209, 236 Akkadian Empire (c.2334–2154 BCE), 23 algebra, 69 altitude, 51 American Civil War (1861–5), 62 Amsterdam, Netherlands, 40 Anatolia, 23, 40, 206 Angola, 154 antibiotics, 111 Aquinas, Thomas, 163 Arabian Nights, 59 Arctic region, 195 Argentina, 77, 154 Arkwright, Richard, 59, 72 Arrow, Kenneth, 172 art, 20, 22, 58, 62, 120, 216 Asia agriculture in, 188, 192 East–West orientation, 203 fertility rates in, 112 income per capita in, 106 industrialisation in, 241 living standards in, 7 marriage in, 87 Neolithic Revolution in, 202, 203 trade in, 136 see also Middle East Assyrian Empire (2500–609 BCE), 40 Athens, 40 Atlantic triangular trade, 136 Australia, 49, 106, 153, 154, 157 Austronesians, 206–7 automobiles, 61, 97, 101, 107, 111 Aztec civilisation, 154, 205 B Bab-el-Mandeb Strait, 19 Babylonian Empire (1895–539 BCE), 40 Bandy, Robert, 217 Banfield, Edward, 172 Bantu people, 207 Battle of the Books, The (Swift), 169 Belgium, 37, 64, 65, 72, 75, 138 Bell, Alexander Graham, 104 Berry, Charles ‘Chuck’, 216 Bessemer, Henry, 60 bicycles, 61 bifurcation theory, 46 Bill of Rights (1689), 148 biodiversity, 9, 29, 33, 202, 210, 236 Black Death (1346–53), 34–5, 36, 149–50, 159, 212 Blake, William, 57 Boas, Franz, 168 Bolivia, 131, 154, 229 Boserup, Ester, 191 brain, 14–17 Brazil, 103, 154, 216 Brexit (2016–20), 110 Brown, Moses, 72 Brown University, 1, 72, 239 Buddhism, 63 Byzantine Empire (395–1453), 48 C Caesar, Julius, 184 caloric yields, 189 Calvinism, 164 Cameroon, 207 Canada, 77, 108, 138, 154 canals, 61 Card, Addie, 78 cargo cults, 233–4 Caribbean, 113, 154, 155, 157, 186 Carthage, 23 Cartwright, Edmund, 59 Çatalhöyük, 23, 40 Catholicism, 148, 163, 217 Central America, see under Meso-America central heating, 101 centralised civilisations, 182–7 cephalopods, 14 de Cervantes, Miguel, 59 Chaplin, Charles, 105 Charlemagne, Emperor of the Romans, 184 Charles II, King of England and Scotland, 148 chemistry, 61, 69 Chicago, Illinois, 60 childbirth, 2, 41, 83 children education of, 8, 52–5, 62–83, 88–91, 94–8, 122, 129, 175 labour of, 57, 67, 78–83, 89, 93, 99, 122 mortality of, 2, 29, 41, 57, 89, 98, 121, 127, 128, 180 quantity–quality trade-off, 52–5, 88–91 Chile, 77, 146, 154 China agricultural productivity, 131 Black Death in (c. 1331–54), 34 centralised authority in, 182, 183, 184–6 coal mining in, 181 collectivism in, 190 dictatorship in, 146 diversity and, 226–9 education in, 64, 91 fertility rates in, 91 geography of, 182 growth in, 115 gunpowder, development of, 47, 61 income per capita in, 210 industrial regions, 108 naval exploration, 213 Neolithic Revolution in, 3, 21, 23, 122, 206, 210 New World crops in, 37–9 one-child policy (1979–2015), 112 Opium War, First (1839–42), 61 poverty in, 113, 114 printing, development of, 48 technological development in, 121, 176, 184 writing development of, 24 cholera, 205 Christianity, 63 Catholicism, 148, 163, 217 Protestantism, 63, 90, 163–4, 175, 184, 217 wealth, views on, 163 civil law systems, 154 civil liberties, 127 civilisations, dawn of, 22–5, 208–10, 236 class conflict, 73, 74, 78 climate, 13, 15, 20, 21, 25, 155, 181, 186–7, 193–5, 203–4 climate change, 116–18, 123, 241 coal mining, 59, 60, 71, 181 Cobbett, William, 86 Collapse (Diamond), 33 Colombia, 154 colonialism, 135–7, 140, 147, 152–9, 168, 175, 205, 235 Columbia, 103 Columbian Exchange, 35–9, 94–6, 195 Columbus, Christopher, 35, 47, 182–3 Comenius, John Amos, 65 common law systems, 154 Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 62, 73 comparative advantage, 71, 137, 140, 141, 211–12 competition, 182–6, 198 concrete, 61 de Condorcet, Nicolas, 27 Confucianism, 63 consumption vs investment strategy, 188–90, 213 contraception, 85–6, 118 convergent evolution, 14–15 cooking, 15, 17 cooperation, 8, 168–9, 175, 236 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 44 Corinth, 40 Cortés, Hernán, 205 Covid-19 pandemic, 115, 130, 240 Crime and Punishment (Dostoevsky), 59 critical junctures, 212 Crompton, Samuel, 59 Cuba, 216 Cuitláhuac, Emperor of Tenochtitlan, 205 cultural traits, 51–5, 141, 161, 163–77, 187–98, 213 collectivism, 190–91 cooperation, 8, 168–9, 175, 236 entrepreneurship, 52, 72, 165, 182, 184, 193, 197 future orientation, 52, 141, 165, 169–71, 175, 187–90, 197–8, 213, 238 gender equality, see gender equality geography and, 181, 187–90, 208–10, 236 growth and, 169–71 human capital investment, 52–5, 80, 88–91, 94–8, 122, 165, 175 immigration and, 174 individualism, 165, 176, 190–91, 197 institutions and, 182 language and, 195–8 loss aversion, 192–5 prosperity and, 174–7 Protestant ethic, 164–5, 175, 184 racism and, 168 social hierarchies, 197 survival advantage of, 168 technology and, 52–5, 121, 169–70, 176, 231 transmission of, 171 trust, 8, 165, 172–4, 175, 236 Cyprus, 40 D Dante, 59 Darby, Abraham, 60 Darwin, Charles, 27, 50 decline of generations, 169 deindustrialisation, 107–10, 139, 140 democracy, 78, 151–2, 155, 160, 172–3 social capital and, 172–3 demographic dividend, 117 demographic transition, 6, 85–100, 106, 112–18, 175, 176, 198, 240 human capital and, 88–91, 112, 175, 211 Denmark, 104 Detroit, Michigan, 107–8, 217 Diamond, Jared, 21, 29, 32–3, 202, 203 Dickens, Charles, 57 dictatorships, 146 see also extractive institutions diet, 2, 25, 28, 30, 33, 95, 101, 107 diphtheria, 102 diseases, 2, 8, 40, 94, 102, 204–5, 236 agriculture and, 8, 180 Black Death (1346–53), 34–5, 36, 149–50, 159, 212 colonialism and, 156–7 germ theory, 102 immunity to, 51, 205 malaria, 156, 180, 205 sleeping sickness, 180 Spanish flu pandemic (1918–20), 106, 240 vaccinations, 102 diversity, 6, 9, 19, 142, 160, 215–32, 227–8, 237 innovation and, 9, 215–16, 226–30 measurement of, 223–4 origins of, 219–22 prosperity and, 217–18, 222, 224–32 Divine Comedy (Dante), 59 division of labour, 22, 191–2, 196–7, 204 Domino, Fats, 216 Don Quixote (Cervantes), 59 Dostoevsky, Fyodor, 59 double-entry bookkeeping, 65 E East Germany (1949–90), 144 Easter Island, 32, 207 economic ice age, 39–41 Edison, Thomas, 60, 104 Education Act (UK, 1902), 76 education, 8, 52–5, 62–83, 88–98, 99, 118, 129, 238 agriculture and, 77, 81–3, 109, 140 child labour and, 57, 67, 78–83, 122 fertility rates and, 89–98, 99, 113, 122 human capital, see human capital industrialisation and, 64, 67–83, 89, 99, 109, 140 inequality and, 127, 140 investment in, 52–5, 80, 88–91, 94–8, 122, 165 land ownership and, 77, 155 technology and, 62–83, 99, 109, 110, 111–12 trade and, 137 universal public, 73–9 women and, 91, 92, 112 Egypt, 3, 20, 23, 24, 40, 63, 87, 88, 121, 207 Einstein, Albert, 44 electricity, 61, 101, 129, 130, 144 elevators, 61 Elizabeth I, Queen of England, 147 Engels, Friedrich, 27, 62, 73 England, 3, 35, 37, 91, 147 Enlightenment (c.1637–1800), 27, 58, 66, 170–71, 182, 212 entrepreneurship, 52, 72, 165, 182, 184, 197 environmental degradation, 116–18, 241 Epic of Gilgamesh, 59 Ethiopia, 131, 229 Euphrates River, 20, 23, 206, 236 Europe income per capita, 106 industrialisation, see industrialisation institutions see institutions living standards in, 7, 41 Neolithic agriculture in, 35–7, 94–6, 188, 190, 192 Black Death (1346–53), 34–5, 36, 149–50, 159, 212 colonialism, 135–7, 140, 147, 152–9, 168, 175 competition in, 182–3, 184 East–West orientation, 203 economic growth in, 115 education in, 64–7 Enlightenment (c.1637–1800), 27, 58, 66, 170–71, 182, 212 fertility rates in, 85–6, 122 future orientation in, 190, 213 gender equality in, 92 geography of, 184–5 immigration to, 127, 192 Revolution in, 202, 203 New World crops in, 35–7, 94–6, 190 Protestant ethic in, 164–5, 175, 184 technological development in, 58, 61–2, 97, 212 trade in, 135–7 European Marriage Pattern, 86 European Miracle, 182, 213 European Social Survey, 189, 194 European Union (EU), 110 extinctions, 32, 88, 116, 167, 193, 203 extractive vs inclusive institutions, 145–61, 172, 186–7, 198, 209, 236 eye, evolution of, 14, 51 eyeglasses, 64 F Factory Acts (UK), 80 famines, 29, 40, 102, 193 Irish Famine (1845–9), 37, 96 Faust (Goethe), 59 feedback loops, 17, 48 feminism, 97 Ferdinand II, King of Aragon, 183 Fertile Crescent, 20, 21, 23, 33, 40, 48, 122, 202–4, 206, 210, 214, 226 fertility rates, 6, 85–98, 87, 112, 113, 117–18, 122, 123, 232 trade and, 137–8 feudalism, 62, 73, 147, 149–50, 159, 172 film, 105 financial crisis (2008), 115 Finland, 40 Florence, Italy, 34 food surpluses, 4, 28–41, 85, 94, 95 Ford, Henry, 107 France Black Death in, 34 colonialism, 153, 154 education in, 64, 67, 68, 70–71, 72, 75, 147 fertility rates in, 90 geography of, 185 guilds in, 150 industrialisation in, 109, 110, 138 late blight in, 37 life expectancy in, 40 living standards in, 147 Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), 62, 146, 153 Protestantism in, 164 trade in, 137 Fresnes-sur-Escaut, France, 70 future orientation, 52, 141, 165, 168–71, 175, 187–90, 197–8, 213, 236, 238 G Ganges River, 236 Gates, William ‘Bill’, 118 gender equality, 8, 91–4, 99, 106, 118, 122, 236 geography and, 191–2 language and, 196–7 wage gap, 91–4, 99, 122 general relativity, theory of, 44 General Social Survey, 194 Genoa, Republic of (c. 1000–1797), 183 geography, 179–99, 236 competition and, 182–6 future orientation and, 187–90, 197–8, 213 gender equality and, 191–2 individualism in, 190–91 institutions and, 181, 182, 186–7, 207, 208–10 language and, 195–8 loss aversion and, 192–5 Neolithic Revolution and, 203–4, 208–10, 212–14 geometry, 69 germ theory, 102 Germany, 64, 67, 75, 93, 110, 112, 137, 138, 164, 197 glass, 61 global warming, 116–18, 123 globalisation, 115, 137, 235 Godwin, William, 27 Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, 59 Goldin, Claudia, 111 grass analogy, 140–42 Great Depression (1929–39), 106, 115, 240 Great Fire of London (1666), 150 Great Migration (1916–70), 215 Great Pyramid, Giza, 24 Greece, 3, 18, 23, 40, 48, 58, 63, 88, 121, 160, 170, 213 Green Revolution, 111, 117 Greenland, 33, 49 guilds, 150 gunpowder, 47, 61 Guns, Germs and Steel (Diamond), 21 Gutenberg, Johannes, 48–9, 64, 104 H Habsburg Empire (1282–1918), 173 Hamburg, Germany, 34 Hamlet (Shakespeare), 59 hands, evolution of, 17 Hargreaves, James, 59 Hawaii, 48 head starts, 29, 34, 48, 146, 181, 185, 201–2, 204, 206, 210–12, 236–7 agricultural comparative advantage and, 181, 211–12, 237 Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, 9 Henry IV, King of France, 147 Henry VII King of England, 183 hierarchical societies, 98, 172, 197, 207, 208–10 high-yield crops, 111, 190, 213 Hill, Rowland, 104 Hine, Lewis, 78 Hobbes, Thomas, 2 Hofstede, Geert, 188 Holy Roman Empire (800–1806), 165, 172, 173 Homo erectus, 18 Homo technologicus, 119 Hong Kong, 154 hookworm, 90 hot-air balloons, 61 Huayna Capac, Incan Emperor, 205 Hugo, Victor, 59, 62 human capital, 6, 52–5, 66–73, 88–91, 93, 103, 111–12, 232 child labour and, 80, 81, 83, 122 colonialism and, 158 demographic transition and, 88–91, 112, 175, 232 dictatorships and, 146 industrialisation and, 66–73, 74, 76, 80, 81, 83, 109, 110, 140, 211 investment in, 52–5, 80, 88–91, 94–8, 122, 165, 175 resource curse and, 181 technology and, 62–83, 99, 109, 110, 111–12 human rights, 127 humanism, 170 Hume, David, 182 hunter-gatherer societies, 6, 17, 18, 20, 21–2, 30, 33–4, 203, 206, 207 hydraulic hypothesis, 184 I Ice Age, 18, 19 immigration, see migration Inca civilisation, 154, 205 inclusive vs extractive institutions, 145–61, 172, 186–7, 198, 209, 236 income effect, 89, 93 income per capita, 4, 8, 31, 102, 106, 109, 117, 122, 130, 131–5 diversity and, 229 future orientation and, 198 inequality, 131–5, 132, 134, 210 institutions and, 155, 160 trade and, 137 India, 23, 111, 112, 113, 131, 138, 154, 210 individualism, 165, 176, 190–91, 197 Indonesia, 154, 207 Industrial Revolution (1760–1840), see industrialisation industrialisation, 6, 45–7, 55, 57–62, 85, 86, 109, 121, 124, 139, 181, 198–9, 240 agriculture and, 181, 202 decline of, 107–10, 139, 140 education and, 64, 66–83, 89, 99, 109, 110, 140, 211 environment and, 116, 123, 241 institutions and, 147–51 skilled labour and, 67, 71, 137 trade and, 136, 138 inequality, 7, 9–10, 44, 74, 106 climate and, 155, 203–4 colonialism and, 135, 137, 140, 152–9, 235 cultural traits and, 163–77 diversity and, 215–32 education and, 127, 140 geography and, 179–99, 203–4 institutions and, 147–61, 172 legal systems and, 154–5 Neolithic Revolution and, 201–14, 236–7 trade and, 135–40 infant mortality, 2, 29, 41, 57, 89, 98, 121, 127, 128, 180 influenza, 205 innovation, 6, 58, 59, 111 age of growth, 111 climate change and, 118, 123 competition and, 184, 186, 198 cooking and, 17 diversity and, 9, 215–16, 226–30 education and, 53, 91, 99 food surpluses and, 4 industrialisation and, 58, 61–2, 65, 83 institutions and, 144, 161 literacy and, 72 Malthusian epoch, 4, 47, 48 Neolithic Revolution, 23, 120, 204 population size and, 47, 48, 120, 204 institutions, 147–61, 172, 175, 182–7, 198, 204, 213 climate and, 155–6 colonialism and, 152—9, 175 competition and, 182–6 democracy, 151–2, 172 geography and, 181, 182, 186–7, 198, 207, 208–10 technology and, 147–51, 176, 231 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 234 International Organization for Standardization, 111 Internet, 101, 111, 130 Inuit, 49, 195—6 invertebrates, 14 investment vs consumption strategy, 188–90, 213 Ireland, 36–7, 91, 94–6, 175 iron ore, 60 irrigation, 22, 23, 120, 141–2, 160, 168, 184, 190 Isabella I, Queen of Castile, 183 Islam, 63 Israel, 2, 13, 18, 201 Italy, 112, 127, 137, 147, 160, 171–3, 185 J Jacquard, Joseph-Marie, 150 James II and VII, King of England and Scotland, 148, 159 Japan, 62, 77, 112, 146, 210, 213, 226, 233 Jericho, 3, 22–3, 24 Jerusalem, 1–2 Jewish people; Judaism, 63, 88–9, 166–7, 169 João II, King of Portugal, 182–3 Joshua ben Gamla, 166 Judaean Revolt (66–70 CE), 166 Judah ha-Nasi, 166 K Kahneman, Daniel, 192 Kant, Immanuel, 170 Karataş, 40 Kay, John, 59 Kenya, 131 kettle analogy, 43, 46, 100 Keynes, John Maynard, 115 Khirokitia, 40 Khoisan, 207 Kitson, James, 75 Korea, 77, 91, 143, 144, 146, 151, 159, 171, 177, 185, 212, 226, 231 L labour productivity, 131 lactase persistence, 24–5 land ownership of, 77, 155 strategies of use, 188–90 see also agriculture landlocked countries, 181 language, 195–8, 221–2 Latin America, see Central America; South America law of diminishing marginal productivity, 133 Lee, William, 147 legal systems, 154–5 Leo X, Pope, 163 Lerna, 40 life expectancy, 2, 41, 57, 89, 99, 102–3, 103, 114, 121, 127, 128, 130 light bulbs, 60 linguistic niche hypothesis, 196 literacy, 2, 63–8, 66, 70–71, 72, 88, 92, 95, 107, 112 Judaism and, 166, 167 Ottoman Empire and, 184 Protestant Reformation and, 90, 164, 165, 167 literature, 58, 59, 62, 216 livestock, 179–80 living standards, 1–10, 28, 94, 99, 101–7, 114, 121–4, 127–31, 240 diversity and, 217–18, 222, 224–32 hunter-gatherer societies, 30, 33 Malthusian thesis and, 3–5, 6, 28–41, 240 London, England, 34, 150 long-term orientation, see future orientation loss aversion, 192–5 lost paradise myth, 34 Lumière brothers, 105 Luther, Martin, 90, 163 Luxembourg, 160 M Madagascar, 207 Madrid, Spain, 40 Mahabharata, 59 maize, 21, 35, 37–9, 190, 203 malaria, 156, 180, 205 Malthus, Thomas, 3–5, 27–30, 50 Malthusian epoch, 3–5, 6, 27–41, 45–7, 83, 85, 99–100, 102, 112, 151, 156, 232 cultural traits and, 52, 54, 89, 94, 95, 97, 98, 188, 193 economic ice age, 39–41 geography and, 181, 188, 193 population composition, 50, 54 population swings, 6, 33–9 poverty trap, 5, 25, 45, 121, 235, 240 Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517), 48 manufacturing, 107–10 Marconi, Guglielmo, 104 marriage, 86–7, 87 Marx, Karl, 9, 27, 62, 73, 74, 78 Mary II, King of England and Scotland, 148 Massachusetts, United States, 81 Mayan civilisation, 3, 33, 46, 121, 154 McCloskey, Deirdre, 57–8 McLean, Malcolm, 111 measles, 205 mechanical drawing, 69 Mediterranean Sea, 13, 19, 20, 127, 213 Meiji Restoration (1868), 62, 146, 213 Memphis, Egypt, 23 Meso-America colonialism in, 154, 155, 156, 157, 158, 186–7, 205–6 diversity in, 220–21 emigration from, 127 fertility rates in, 112 income per capita in, 106 industrialisation in, 241 institutions in, 156, 157, 158, 160, 186–7, 236 land ownership in, 77, 155 living conditions in, 7 Malthusian crises in, 33 Neolithic Revolution in, 21, 202, 203, 204, 205–6 population density in, 154, 156 poverty in, 113 trade in, 136 writing, development of, 24 Mesolithic period, 40 Mesopotamia, 23, 24, 40, 59 see also Fertile Crescent Methodism, 164 Mexico, 103, 108, 111, 154, 205 microscopes, 64 middle class, 62, 152 Middle East agriculture in, 20, 21, 23, 192, 202–4, 206, 210, 214 emigration from, 127 hunter-gatherer societies in, 33 life expectancy in, 40 marriage in, 87 Neolithic Revolution in, 20, 21, 23, 40, 48, 122, 192, 202–4, 206, 210, 214 migration, 127, 174, 217, 218 Mill, John Stuart, 27 mining, 59, 60, 61, 70, 71 Misérables, Les (Hugo), 59 mita system, 152–3 Mitochondrial Eve, 18 Modernisation Hypothesis, 152 Mokyr, Joel, 170 Mongol Empire (1206–1368), 34 Morse, Samuel, 60 mosquitoes, 180 moths, 51 Mount Carmel, Israel, 13, 18 multicultural societies, 218 Murasaki Shikibu, 59 music, 58, 215–16 N nanotechnology, 119 Naples, Italy, 40 Napoleon, Emperor of the French, 184 Napoleonic Wars (1803–15), 62, 146, 153 Native Americans, 33, 155 Natufian culture (13,000–9500 BCE), 20 Nea Nikomedeia, 40 Neanderthals, 13 Neolithic Revolution, 6, 9, 20–25, 29–41, 46, 48, 51, 120, 122, 199, 201–14, 210, 236–7 diseases and, 204–5 geography and, 199, 203–4 head start and, 29, 34, 48, 202, 204, 206, 210–12, 236–7 technology and, 29–30, 48, 120, 201–2, 204, 206, 207, 209–12 Netherlands, 37, 40, 64, 65, 75, 147, 148, 164, 213 New Guinea, 21, 207 New World crops, 35–9, 94–6, 195 New York City, 23, 60, 61, 217 New Zealand, 106, 153, 154, 157, 207 Newcomen, Thomas, 59 Nigeria, 207 Nile River, 18, 20, 23, 206, 207, 236 North America, 7, 41, 58, 62, 98 colonialism in, 37, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158 economic growth in, 115 fertility rates in, 85 industrialisation, 60, 72, 107, 241 institutions in, 153, 154, 155, 157, 158, 160, 175 land ownership in, 77, 155 Malthusian crises in, 33 Neolithic Revolution in, 202, 203, 204 technological development in, 58, 61–2 North Korea, 143, 144, 146, 151, 159, 171, 177, 212, 231 North, Douglass, 145 Norway, 104 nuclear energy, 44, 111 numeracy, 63, 67, 88 nurturing strategy, 53 O obesity, 171, 198 Oceania, 7, 32, 87, 105, 202, 203, 207 Ohalo II site, Israel, 201 oil crisis (1973), 115 Opium War, First (1839–42), 61 opportunity cost, 89, 93 Ottoman Empire (1299–1922), 1–2, 64, 173, 182, 183–4 Out of Africa hypothesis, 5, 18–20, 30, 119, 120, 124, 218–32, 221, 222, 237 outsourcing, 115 Owen, Robert, 75 P Pakistan, 111 Palmer, Robert, 215 paper, 61 Paraguay, 103 Paris, France, 34, 40, 150 Pasteur, Louis, 102 Paul the Apostle, 163 Pawtucket, Rhode Island, 72 pendulum clocks, 64 per capita income, see income per capita Perry, Matthew, 62 Persia, 48, 63, 121, 213 Peru, 152–3, 205 Pharisees, 166 phase transition, 43–6, 50, 83, 98, 99–100, 122, 151 Philippines, 207 phonographs, 104 Pickford, Mary, 105 Pitcairn Islands, 33 Pizarro, Francisco, 205 Plato, 9 Pleistocene period, 19 ploughing, 191–2 pneumonia, 205 politeness distinctions, 197 political extremism, 106 political fragmentation, 182–7, 207 pollution, 116–18 Polynesia, 32, 48 population, 46–55, 47 composition of, 50–55 demographic transition, 6, 85–100, 106, 112–18, 175 diseases and, 204–5 diversity of, 9, 142, 160, 177, 214, 215–32, 237 institutions and, 208 labour and, 34–5 Malthusian thesis, 3–5, 6, 28–41, 46, 50, 156 technology and, 5, 29–30, 31, 47–55, 89, 120–24, 156, 179, 181, 202, 211 unified growth theory, 46–55 Portugal, 38, 153, 154, 182–3 positive feedback loops, 17, 48 postal services, 104 potatoes, 36–7, 94–6 poverty, 113–14, 114 poverty trap, 5, 25, 45, 121, 235, 240 Presley, Elvis, 216 printing, 48–9, 64–5, 104, 183–4, 213 production lines, 61 property rights, 92, 144–6, 148, 154, 155, 167, 197, 198, 204, 234 Protestantism, 217 cultural traits, 164–5, 175, 184 Reformation (1517–1648), 63, 90, 163–4, 184 proximate vs ultimate factors, 9, 140–42, 198 Prussia (1525–1918), 68–9, 72, 90, 146, 153, 165 Puritans, 175 Putnam, Robert, 172 Pygmies, 207 Q Qing Empire (1636–1912), 61 Quakers, 175 quantity–quality trade-off, 52–5, 88–91 quantum mechanics, 44 quasi-natural historical experiments, 38–9, 70, 90 Quebec, 54 R racism, 106, 168, 198, 215, 216, 217 radio, 101, 104–5, 111 Rational Optimist, The (Ridley), 216 Red Sea, 19 Reformation (1517–1648), 63, 90, 163 refrigerators, 101 Renaissance (c. 1400–1600), 64, 170 resource curse, 181 Ricardo, David, 27, 144 rice, 190 Ridley, Matt, 216 Roberts, Richard, 80 rock ’n’ roll music, 215–16 Rockefeller Sanitary Commission, 90 Rome, ancient, 1–2, 40, 46, 63, 88, 121, 166, 170, 212 Rome, city of, 23 Roosevelt, Franklin, 217 Royal African Company, 148 rule of law, 144, 186, 204 running water, 101 Russian Empire (1721–1917), 73, 77 Russian Revolution (1917), 73 Rust Belt, 108, 110 S Sadducees, 166 Sahara Desert, 21, 179, 204, 214, 236 Sámi, 195–6 Scandinavia, 185, 211 science, 20, 22, 58, 69, 75, 120, 216 Scotland, 175 Scramble for Africa (1884–1914), 158 Sea of Galilee, 201 serial founder effect, 219–22 Seven Years War (1756–63), 154 sewerage, 101 Shakespeare, William, 59 Shimon ben Shetach, 166 Siberia, 236 silk, 81 Silk Road, 34 Sinai Peninsula, 18 Singapore, 146, 154 skin pigmentation, 51 skyscrapers, 60, 61 Slater, Samuel, 72 slavery, 8, 106, 136, 148–9, 154, 155, 168, 198, 236 sleeping sickness, 180 smallpox, 96, 102, 205 Smith, Adam, 144 smoking, 198 social capital, 172–3, 175 social cohesion, 9, 160, 167, 175, 186, 197, 218, 226, 229–31, 234, 237 social hierarchies, 98, 172, 197, 207, 208–10 soil, 8, 21, 30, 141, 155, 186, 187, 191, 198, 204, 209, 236 Solow, Robert, 132–3 Song Empire (960–1279), 176, 184 South America agricultural productivity in, 131 colonialism in, 154, 156, 157, 158, 186–7, 205 diversity in, 220–21 emigration from, 127 fertility rates in, 112 geography of, 186–7 income per capita in, 106 industrialisation in, 241 institutions in, 154, 156, 157, 158, 160, 186–7 land ownership in, 77, 155 living standards in, 7 Neolithic Revolution in, 202, 203, 204, 205–6 population density in, 154, 156 poverty in, 113 trade in, 136 South East Asia, 19, 20, 21, 131, 180, 184, 202 South Korea, 77, 91, 144, 146, 151, 159, 171, 177, 210, 212, 231 Soviet Union (1922–91), 59 Spaichi, Hans, 150 Spain, 40, 148–9, 152–3, 154, 183, 185, 205 Spanish flu pandemic (1918–20), 106, 240 Sputnik 1 launch (1957), 59 squirrels, 1, 239 Sri Lanka, 103 state formation, 208–10 steam engines, 59, 60, 70–71, 97 steam locomotives, 60, 97 steel, 60, 61 Stockholm, Sweden, 97–8 subsistence, 1, 4–5, 20, 32, 33, 36–7, 39, 94–6 substitution effect, 89, 93 Sumer (c. 4500–1900 BCE), 23, 24, 59 Sweden, 40, 93, 97–8, 104, 137, 138, 160 Swift, Jonathan, 169 Switzerland, 72, 104, 138, 160, 164, 185 T Taiwan, 77, 146, 206 Tale of Genji, The (Shikibu), 59 Tanna, Vanuatu, 233–4, 237–8 Tasmania, 49 taxation, 175, 208, 209, 211, 234 technology, 3, 20, 22, 24, 25, 111–12, 120–24, 147, 240 accelerations, 58–62 agricultural comparative advantage and, 181, 211–12, 237 competition and, 182–6 cultural traits and, 52–5, 121, 169–70, 176, 231 diversity and, 215–16, 226–30 education and, 62–83, 99, 109, 110, 111–12 hands, evolution of, 17 head starts, 29, 34, 48, 146, 181, 185, 201–2, 204, 206, 210–12, 236–7 institutions and, 147–51, 176, 231 living standards and, 104 Neolithic Revolution and, 29–30, 48, 120, 201–2, 204, 206, 207, 209–12 population and, 5, 29–30, 31, 47–55, 89, 120–24, 156, 179, 181, 202, 211 regressions in, 49 Tel Aswad, Syria, 201 Tel Jericho, West Bank, 201 telegraph, 60, 104 telephones, 104 telescopes, 64 television, 101, 111 textiles, 72, 79, 80, 93, 138, 147 Theory of Everything, 44 theory of general relativity, 44 thrifty gene hypothesis, 171 Tigris River, 20, 23, 206, 236 Titanic, 105 toilets, 101 Tonga, 48 trade, 135–40, 144, 185, 235 fertility rates and, 137–8 geography and, 181, 185 Transcaucasia, 21 Trump, Donald, 109–10 trust, 8, 165, 172–4, 175, 236 tsetse flies, 180 Turkey, 23, 40, 210 Tversky, Amos, 192 typhus, 37 U Uganda, 131 ultimate vs proximate factors, 9, 140–42, 198 unified growth theory, 44–55 United Kingdom Brexit (2016–20), 110 child labour in, 80–81 colonialism, 61, 138, 147, 153–5 education in, 67–8, 71–2, 75–6, 78, 91, 96–7 fertility rates in, 91, 83, 97 gender wage gap in, 93 geography of, 185 income per capita in, 210 industrial decline in, 108, 110 industrialisation in, 59, 67–8, 71–2, 75, 96–7, 138, 147, 148, 181 institutions in, 147–51, 154–5, 159 literacy in, 65 Neolithic Revolution in, 210 Opium War, First (1839–42), 61 postal service in, 104 Protestantism in, 164 trade in, 136–7 United Nations, 13 United States African Americans, 130–31, 155, 156, 215–17 agricultural productivity, 131 Apollo program (1961–72), 59 child labour in, 78, 81–3 Civil War (1861–5), 62 education in, 75, 77, 90 fertility rates in, 85, 92, 93 future orientation, 190 gender wage gap in, 93 Great Migration (1916–70), 215 hookworm in, 90 immigration to, 127, 192, 217 income per capita in, 106 industrial decline in, 107–8, 109–10 industrialisation in, 60–61, 67, 69, 71, 72, 138 infant mortality in, 130–31 institutions in, 155, 157, 175 land ownership in, 77 life expectancy in, 130 living standards in, 101, 103, 105, 106, 130 Pacific War (1941–5), 233 Ur, 23 urbanisation, 149, 153, 167, 211–12, 237 Uruguay, 77 Uruk, 23 V vaccinations, 102 Vanuatu, 48, 233–4, 237–8 Venice, Republic of (697–1797), 183 vertebrates, 14 Vietnam, 146 Vikings, 47 Virgil, 59 vitamin D, 51 Voltaire, 154 W wages, 39, 40 Black Death and, 34–5, 36, 149 fertility rates and, 89, 93 women, 91–4, 99, 122 Wallace, Alfred Russel, 27 War of the Worlds, The (Wells), 105 war, 39, 102, 123, 149, 154 washing machines, 101 Washington Consensus, 234 Watt, James, 59 Weber, Max, 164 welfare state, 74 Wells, Herbert George, 105 Wesley, John, 164 wheat, 21, 23, 28, 34, 36, 40, 94, 111, 133, 136, 190, 201, 202, 203 whooping cough, 102 Why Nations Fail (Acemoglu and Robinson), 145–6 William III and II, King of England and Scotland, 148, 159 Wittfogel, Karl, 184 Wizard of Oz, The (1939 film), 105 women childbirth, 2, 41, 83 education of, 91, 92, 112 gender wage gap, 91–4, 99, 122 woodwork, 61 World Bank, 112, 113, 234 World Values Survey, 189, 192, 194 World War I (1914–18), 105, 106, 136, 240 World War II (1939–45), 106, 115, 233, 240 writing, 24, 59 Y Yangtze River, 122, 185, 236 yellow fever, 156 Z Zealots, 166 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z About the Author Oded Galor is Herbert H.

A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next
by Tom Standage
Published 16 Aug 2021

But in the centuries that followed, high-ranking European men aspired to the ideal of the valiant knight on horseback and came to see riding in a cart or wagon, rather than on a horse, as humiliating and shameful, and to be avoided at all costs. Einhard, a ninth-century scholar in the court of Charlemagne, mocked earlier Frankish kings for riding “in a cart, drawn by a yoke of oxen driven, peasant-fashion, by a plowman.” Charlemagne, he implied, was a proper king because he rode a horse. Similarly, Jordanus Ruffus, knight farrier to Holy Roman Emperor Frederick II, observed around 1250 that “no animal is more noble than the horse, since it is by horses that princes, magnates and knights are separated from lesser people.”

Au Contraire!: Figuring Out the French
by Gilles Asselin and Ruth Mastron
Published 14 Apr 2001

Public education—“gratuite, obligatoire, et laïque” (“free, compulsory, and secular”) in the words of the great nineteenth-century educational reformer Jules Ferry— is the key to advancement and acculturation in French society and the keystone in the edifice of French culture. French pupils are reminded that the basic notion of sending children to school was developed by Charlemagne, the famous eighthcentury king of the Franks. Some of those children may not be overwhelmed with gratitude, as the French school system is notorious for its rigor, inflexibility, and competitiveness, particularly from the sixth grade to le baccalauréat, or le bac (secondary school degree). In fact one’s academic results and grades in secondary school virtually determine one’s options in higher education and career; doors that remain open in the U.S. system are slammed shut early on in France.

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See also religion centralization of state power, 15–16, 26, 111, 115 decentralization trends, 14, 28, 160–61 Champollion, Jean-François, 27 change, 241 attitudes toward, 24, 30, 36, 182, 222, 236 as effect of historical events, 158, 159, 162 status quo vs. personal initiative, 205. See also competitive drive; status quo vs. empowerment Charlemagne, 16 Charles Martel, 48 child-rearing practices, 64–69. See also family; school system: expectations and goals; socialization Chirac, Jacques, 29, 114, 118 church and state, separation of, 123–25 Civil Pact of Solidarity (PACS), 99 cleanliness, personal, 39–40 Clinton, William J. (Bill), 104, 120, 154 Clovis, 25, 124 cohabitation (political), 115 communication, nonverbal, 188–89, 192 communication styles, 187–91, 192, 230, 242, 244 high context, 189–91, 197, 198, 210, 211, 234, 242 low context, 189–91, 193 Communist Party (P.C.), 114 competitive drive: status quo vs. personal initiative, 204–05, 225 conflict resolution: in workplace, 186–87 288 confrontation.

How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism
by Eric Hobsbawm
Published 5 Sep 2011

While it guaranteed that any system of lordship (which was necessarily based on the control of large estates or bodies of their cultivators) must ‘necessarily produce large ruling landowners and dependent petty peasants’, it also made it impossible to exploit such large estates either by the ancient 165 How to Change the World methods of slavery or by modern large-scale serf agriculture; as proved by the failure of Charlemagne’s imperial ‘villas’. The only exception were the monasteries, which were ‘abnormal social bodies’, being founded on celibacy, and consequently their exceptional economic performance must remain exceptional.52 While this analysis plainly somewhat underestimates the role of large-scale lay demesne agriculture in the high Middle Ages, it is exceedingly acute, especially in its distinction between the large estate as a social, political and fiscal unit, and as a unit of production, and in its emphasis on the predominance of peasant agriculture rather than demesne agriculture in feudalism.

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Hobsbawm 2000, 2011. 455 Index absolutist monarchies, 69 Aristotle, 345 acmeists, 256 Armenia, 234 Addresses of the General Council, 87 art nouveau, 249–50 Adler, Max, 230, 233 artisans, 26, 46–7, 249, 259 Adler, Victor, 188, 223, 227, 229, 252 Arts and Crafts movement, 246, affluence, 12, 412 249–50, 259 Africa, 142, 172, 214, 271, 352, 354, Asia, 74, 271–2, 352, 357, 412, 417 357, 412 associationism, 26, 44, 46 agriculture, 138–9, 143–4, 146, 148, Attali, Jacques, 3, 6, 12–14 150, 153, 155–7, 164–8 Attlee, Clement, 114 Albania, 357 Auden, W.H., 279 Alexander, Tsar, 33 Australia, 220–2 Althusser, Louis, 125, 334, 337, 339, Austria, 269, 278, 409, 415 366–7, 371–2 and Austro-Marxism, 227 Amendola, Giorgio, 279 and greater Germany, 228–9 American Civil War, 68, 79 and Jews, 228–30 American Revolution, 268, 403 and Marxism, 213, 227–32 Americas, discovery of, 146 Austro-Hungary, 81–2 Amsterdam, 216, 227, 250, 259–60 Austro-Marxists, 123, 230, 239, 373, Anabaptists, 17 375 anarchism, 105, 217–18, 222, 225, 251, Aveling, Edward, 181 359, 416 Aztecs, 173 anarchists, 45, 47, 61, 84, 119, 201, 218 and the arts, 251–3, 256 Babeuf, François-Noël, 22 anarcho-syndicalism, 190, 417 Bagehot, Walter, 243 Andersen Nexö, Martin, 266 Bahr, Hermann, 252 Anderson, Perry, 321 Bakunin, Mikhail, 46, 218, 251, 394 Anderson, Sherwood, 276 Balkans, 81, 235, 278 Anti-Dühring, 27, 39, 49, 53–4, 163, 165, banking, medieval, 139 178–9, 193, 380 Baran, Paul, 363, 371 antisemitism, 228–30, 397 Barbusse, Henri, 266 appeasement, 269 Barcelona, 250 Aragon, Louis, 282 Barmen, 89 architecture, 249–50, 259 Baroja, Pío, 223 Argentina, 124, 195, 271, 403, 411, 415 Barone, Enrico, 9, 240 456 Index Bastiat and Carey, 123 Braudel, Fernand, 374, 391–2 Bauer, Otto, 230, 289, 338, 371 Bray, John Francis, 35 Bauer, Stefan, 230 Brazil, 270, 368, 396, 411 Bazard, Amand, 28 Brecht, Bertolt, 257, 265, 360 Bebel, August, 50, 66, 71, 103, 114, Brentano, Lujo, 240 181, 188 Brissot, Jacques Pierre, 22 Belgian Labour Party, 225–6, 249, 251 Britain (England) Belgium, 114, 223, 225–6, 232, 241, appeasement and pacifism, 269, 248–9, 251, 258, 407, 409 274 Benét, Stephen Vincent, 276 bourgeois-aristocratic coexistence, Bengal, 214, 272, 278 71 Benjamin, Walter, 337, 371 and early socialism, 16, 35–6, 42–3, Bennett, Arnold, 223 46 Bentham, Jeremy, 21 economic crisis, 96–7 Berdyayev, Nikolai Aleksandrovich, Georgian, 345 213 labour movement, 44, 55, 59, Berlage, H.P., 250, 259 212–13, 220, 400, 402, 410 Berlin, 89, 103, 127, 407 market monopoly, 78–80, 95 Berlin Wall, fall of, 413–14 and markets, 145–6 Berlinguer, Enrico, 336 and Marx–Engels corpus, 192–4, Bernal, J.D., 275, 293, 295 384 Bernanos, Georges, 282 and Marxism, 220–1, 223–4, 237, Bernier, François, 138 259, 266, 276 Bernstein, Eduard, 9, 13, 54, 75, 81, and political refugees, 262–3 183, 188, 190, 370 and revolution, 63, 75–6, 80, 95–6 and Fabianism, 217–18, 406 scientists, 290–1, 381 and twentieth-century reformism, Victorian critics of Marx, 199–210 389, 401–2, 408, 411, 414 and war, 77–9 Bismarck, Otto von, 71–2, 79 working class, 14, 24, 63, 66, 90–1, Björnson, Bjørnstjerne Martinius, 248 97–100, 113–14, 116–17, 361–2, Blackett, Patrick Maynard Stuart, 275 378 Blanc, Louis, 26, 46 British Communist Party, 106, 262, Blanqui, Louis Auguste, 22–3, 46, 56 266–7, 291, 410 Bloch, Joseph, 135 British Museum, 3, 109 Bloch, Marc, 390 Brooke, Rupert, 221 Blum, Léon, 267 Brouckère, Henri de, 226 Blum theses, 299 Browderism, 302, 311 Blunt, Anthony, 279 Bruckner, Anton, 252 Bogdanov, Aleksandr, 257, 287 Brussels, 226, 250 Böhm-Bawerk, Eugen von, 213, 229, Bryce, James, 243 239 Bucharest, 77 Bolivia, 271 Buchez, Philippe, 46 Bolsheviks, 10, 104, 114, 183, 285, 306, Budapest, 228 312, 329, 386, 405, 410 Bukharin, Nikolai, 287, 371 Bonapartism, 52, 69–71 Bulgaria, 235–6 Bonar, J., 201, 205 Bund, 234 Bonger, W., 227 Buonarroti, Philippe, 22 Bosanquet, B., 204 Buret, Eugène, 42, 91 Bose, Subhas, 272 Burgess, Guy, 279 Bossuet, Jacques-Bénigne, 19 Burke, Peter, 342 Bradford, 98 Burns, Mary, 98 Branting, Hjalmar, 223 Buttigeig, Joseph, 338 457 How to Change the World Cabet, Etienne, 17, 19, 24, 27 civil society, 51, 320, 323, 338 Cafiero, Carlo, 181 Civil War in France, The, 103, 178–9, Calcutta, 339 189, 192–3 Calvin, John, 345 Class Struggles in France, 67, 87, 178–9, 193 Cambridge Apostles, 221 class-consciousness, 92, 95, 368, 401–2, Cambridge Scientists’ Anti-War Group, 408, 411–12 275, 291 classical antiquity, 137, 142, 146 Cambridge University, 206–8, 266, 291 Clausewitz, Carl von, 77 Cammett, John M., 340 Cohen, G.A., 372 Campanella, Tommaso, 17, 21 Cold War, 97, 106, 297, 302, 372, 393, Capital, 3, 13, 36, 83, 109, 156, 219, 397–8 367, 380, 394 Cole, G.D.H., 218–19, 226 and Grundrisse, 121–2, 125–8, 136, Colette, 282 187 Colletti, Lucio, 371 and history, 138–9, 141–2 Colman, Henry, 99 and primitive communalism, 162–3 colonial countries, 74, 81, 270–1, 352, publication, 178–81, 185–6, 189, 356–7, 406 193–5, 235 communism and Victorian critics, 202–4, 207–8 ascetic, 22 capitalism, 5–8, 12, 14 babouvist and neo-babouvist, 23, and Communist Manifesto, 110–18 46 and economic crises, 65, 79, 94, 96, Christian, 17–18 117, 414–16 primitive, 19–20 and nations, 73–4 proletarian character of, 23–4 and world market, 354–5 Communist International, see Third Carey, F.S., 207 International, Seventh World Carlyle, Thomas, 28 Congress Carpenter, Edward, 246 Communist League, 22, 50, 60, 64, Cassidy, John, 385 101–3, 109 Castro, Fidel, 356 Communist Manifesto, 5, 22, 36–8, 40, 55, Caudwell, Christopher, 292–3 59, 61, 101–20, 146, 352 Cavour, Count, 71, 318 and communist parties, 108–9 Chamson, André, 282 and interdependence of nations, 73–4 Chaplin, Charlie, 266 and labour movements, 399, 403–4 Charlemagne, 166 language and vocabulary, 107–8 Chartism and Chartists, 42, 78, 95, prefaces, 103–4 97–8, 108 publication, 103–6, 178–9, 185, Chayanov, Alexander, 358 192, 194 Chervenkov, Vulko, 310 and revolutions of 1848, 102–3, 107 Chile, 270, 327 rhetorical style, 110 China, 4, 125, 138, 173, 332, 344, 370, communist parties, 4, 191, 261–2, 386, 411 307–8, 329, 361, 366 Cultural Revolution, 351, 357 American, 106, 410 Japanese invasion, 269, 271 British, 106, 262, 266–7, 291, 410 and Marx–Engels corpus, 191, French, 218, 282–3, 288, 290, 308, 193–4 371, 388, 410 split with USSR, 191, 350, 356 inter-war and post-war, 407, 411 Christianity, 352, 377 Italian, 193, 279, 308, 314–15, 317, Churchill, Winston, 272, 280, 311, 401 326, 335–7, 384, 388, 410, 415 cities, medieval, 145, 147, 149, 153, Soviet, 106, 335, 350 155, 157, 165, 169 Spanish, 383 City College, New York, 280 Third World, 355 458 Index communist regimes, 8, 345–6, 350–2, democracy, 31, 43, 51–2, 72, 84–5, 119, 357–8, 386 345, 406 collapse of, 386, 393, 397 ‘new’ or ‘people’s’, 304, 306, 309–11 Comte, Auguste, 208, 241, 243, 245, Denis, Hector, 226 390 Denmark, 409 concentration camps, 268 Descartes, René, 205 Condition of the Working Class in England, de-Stalinisation, 174, 315, 348, 350 The, 89–100, 177–9 Destrée, Jules, 226, 251 Condorcet, Marquis de, 20 Deutsche Londoner Zeitung, 102 Confucius, 19 Deutsch-Französische Jahrbücher, 177 Congresses of Cultural Freedom, 393 Deville, Gabriel, 181 Considérant, Victor, 46 Dézamy, Théodore, 23 Constantinople, 77 Di Vittorio, Giuseppe, 317 cooperative movements, 46, 83–4 Dialectics of Nature, 187, 238, 291, 294 Coutinho, Carlos Nelson, 334 Die Neue Zeit, 105, 123, 127, 182, 239, Crane, Walter, 246, 250 244, 248, 255 ‘creative destruction’, 14 Dietzgen, Joseph, 221 credit reform, 36 Dimitrov, Georgi, 284, 310 Critique of Hegel’s Philosophy of Law, 194 Dirac, Paul, 294 Critique of Political Economy, 48, 127, Disraeli, Benjamin, 228 141–2, 178 dissidents, 351–2 preface (introduction), 123, 128–9, Dobb, Maurice H., 158, 353–4 135–6, 147, 150, 168, 182, 319 Dos Passos, John, 265, 276 Critique of the Gotha Programme, 8, 47, 58, Dostoyevsky, Fyodor, 248, 252 179, 193 Dreiser, Theodore, 266, 276 Croatia, 235 Dreyfus affair, 224, 300 Croce, Benedetto, 213, 232, 316 Ducpétiaux, Edouard, 42, 91 Cromwell, Oliver, 412 Dühring, Eugen, 202 Crosland, Anthony, 10 Durkheim, Emile, 11, 228, 242, 390 Crusades, 205, 297 Dutch Republic, 345 Cuba, 270, 351, 356–7 Cubists, 256 East Berlin, 123, 185, 190 Cunningham, Archdeacon, 203, 205 Eastern Question, 82 Curie, Marie, 238 Eckstein, Gustav, 230 Czechoslovakia, 125, 269, 328, 359, Economic Doctrines of Karl Marx, 181 407 Economic-Philosophical Manuscripts of Czechs, 75, 82, 228 1844, 127, 186 economics Darwin, Charles, 5, 212, 219, 347 Austrian school, 229 Darwinism, 211–12, 238, 284, 293, Chicago school, 413 352 and Marxism, 237, 239–41, 372–5, Das Kapital, see Capital 380, 384, 389 Dashnaks, 235 Wisconsin school, 240 Dawson, W.H., 202 Edgeworth, Francis Ysidro, 209 Day-Lewis, Cecil, 279 education, 12, 33, 222, 228, 277–8, De Amicis, Edmondo, 231 281, 286, 349, 360–1, 363–7, Deborin, Abram, 288 373, 390 Debray, Régis, 395 Eekhoud, Georges, 251 Debreczen, 77 Egypt, ancient, 137, 170 Declaration of the Rights of Man, 102 Ehrenberg, R., 243 decolonisation, 352, 357 18th Br umaire of Louis Bonaparte, The, 70, Della Volpe, Galvano, 366 178–9, 316, 326, 341 459 How to Change the World Einstein, Albert, 5, 238, 291, 294 feudalism, 55, 138–40, 143–4, 146–52, Eisenstein, Sergei, 265 155–60, 164–9, 171–3, 204 electrical industry, 9 and the Third World, 353–6 Elementarbücher des Kommunismus, 106 Feuerbach, Ludwig, 34, 40 Ellis, Havelock, 246 Finland, 407, 409 Ely, Richard, 202, 220, 240 Fiori, G., 315, 337 Enfantin, Barthélémy Prosper, 28 First International, 3–4, 50, 73, 80, Engels, Frederick 103, 178 biography, 287 Flanders, 145 his communism, 97 Flint, Robert, 205–6, 208 and Communist Manifesto, 101–20 folk music, 281 and Condition of the Working Class, Formen, see under Grundrisse 89–100 Forster, E.M., 221 corpus of works, 176–96, 385 Foster, Rev.

Lonely Planet Florence & Tuscany
by Lonely Planet , Virginia Maxwell and Nicola Williams
Published 1 Dec 2013

ABBAZIA DI SANT’ANTIMO This beautiful Romanesque Abbazia di Sant’Antimo (www.antimo.it; Castelnuovo dell’Abate; 10.30am-12.30pm & 3-6.30pm Mon-Sat, 9.15-10.45am & 3-6pm Sun) lies in an isolated valley just below the village of Castelnuovo dell’Abate, 10.5km from Montalcino. It’s best visited in the morning, when the sun, streaming through the east windows, creates an almost surreal atmosphere. At night, too, it’s impressive, lit up like a beacon. Tradition tells us that Charlemagne founded the original monastery here in 781. The exterior, built in pale travertine stone, is simple except for the stone carvings, which include various fantastical animals. Inside, study the capitals of the columns lining the nave, especially the one representing Daniel in the lion’s den (second on the right as you enter).

…

After that, Rome took a more hands-off approach with the Etruscans, granting them citizenship in 88 BC to manage their own affairs in the new province of Tuscia (Tuscany), and in return securing themselves safe passage along the major inland Roman trade route via the Via Flaminia. Little did the Romans realise when they paved the road that they were also paving the way for their own replacements in the 5th to 8th centuries AD: first came German emperor Theodoric, then Byzantine emperor Justinian, then the Lombards and finally Charlemagne in 800. Medieval Scandal Political power constantly changed hands in medieval Tuscany. Nevertheless, two notorious women wielded power effectively against a shifting backdrop of kings and popes. The daughter of a Roman senator and a notorious prostitute-turned-senatrix, Marozia already had one illegitimate son by her lover Pope Sergius III and was pregnant again when she married the Lombard duke of Spoleto, Alberic I, in 909 AD.

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Unfortunately they fail to invite the Romans and war ensues. 265 BC Etruria falls to Rome, but it remains unruly and conspires with Hannibal against Rome during the Punic Wars. 59 BC After emerging victorious from a corrupt election campaign for the position of Roman consul, Julius Caesar establishes a soldier-retiree resort called Florentia. 570–774 The Lombards rule Italy as far south as Florence, and manage to turn the tiny duchy of Spoleto into a booming trade empire. 773–74 Charlemagne crosses the Alps into Italy, fighting the Lombards and having his ownership of Tuscany, Emilia, Venice and Corsica confirmed by Pope Hadrian I. 1080 Henry IV deposes Pope Gregory VII for the second time, installing Clement III in his place and marching against Gregory’s supporter Matilda of Tuscany, confiscating her territory. 1082 Florence picks a fight with Siena over the ownership of the Chianti region, starting a bitter rivalry that will last the next 400 years. 1136 Scrappy, seafaring Pisa adds Amalfi to its list of conquests, which included Jerusalem, Valencia, Tripoli and Mallorca, plus colonies in Constantinople and Cairo, among others. 1167 Siena’s comune (town council) establishes a written constitution, declaring that elected terms should be short and money should be pretty; it’s soon amended to guarantee Sienese public boxing matches. 1314–21 Dante Alighieri writes his Divina Commedia, told in the first person, using Tuscan dialect instead of the usual formal Latin, and peppered with political satire, pathos, adventure and light humour. 1348–50 Black Death ravages Tuscany, wiping out approximately two-thirds of the population in dense urban areas.

The Sovereign Individual: How to Survive and Thrive During the Collapse of the Welfare State
by James Dale Davidson and William Rees-Mogg
Published 3 Feb 1997

In fact, it was a generation later before Count Marcellinus first suggested that "The Western Roman Empire perished with this Augustulus."6 Many more decades passed, perhaps centuries, before there was a common acknowledgment that the Roman Empire in the West no longer existed. Certainly Charlemagne believed that he was a legitimate Roman emperor in the year 800. The point is not that Charlemagne and all who thought in conventional terms about the Roman Empire after 476 were fools. To the contrary. The characterization of social developments is frequently ambiguous. When the power of predominant institutions is brought into the bargain to reinforce a convenient conclusion, even one based largely on pretense, only someone of strong character and strong opinions would dare contradict it.

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Metallurgy receded. Irrigation works in the Mediterranean region disintegrated through neglect.' 15 As historian Georges Duby observed, "At the end of the sixth century, Europe was a profoundly uncivilized place." 16 Although there was a brief renaissance of central authority under the rule of Charlemagne around the year 800, everything soon devolved again after his death. A surprising corollary to this dreary landscape was the fact that the collapse of the Roman state probably raised the living standards of small farmers for several centuries. The Germanic kingdoms that dominated Western Europe during the Dark Ages incorporated some of the relatively easygoing social features common to their ancestral tribes, such as the legal equality of freeholders.

More: The 10,000-Year Rise of the World Economy
by Philip Coggan
Published 6 Feb 2020

In 14CE, Italy had an average income of 2.2 times the subsistence level, almost twice as high as Britain’s; by the year 700CE, average income in Italy was only 20% above subsistence.31 Some kind of order was restored by Charles the Great (Charlemagne), a Frankish king who managed to unite much of western Europe, including Saxony, Bavaria and northern Italy. In 800CE, he was crowned as Holy Roman Emperor, a title that lasted a thousand years, and revealed a certain hankering for a previous era of stability. Charlemagne also established a uniform currency in which a pound of silver was divided into 240 pennies and 12 pennies were called a solidus or shilling, used as a unit of account.

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Tony Barber, “Greece condemned for falsifying data”, Financial Times, January 12th 2010 29. Reinhart, “Eight years later: post-crisis recovery and deleveraging”, op. cit. 30. An aggrieved Economist reader pointed out that the UK nations could be recast as “SWINE”, Scotland, Wales, Ireland (Northern) and England. 31. Charlemagne, “What Makes Germans So Very Cross About Greece?”, The Economist, February 23rd 2010 32. See, for example, Martin Wolf, “Germany is a weight on the world”, Financial Times, November 5th 2013. 33. The economies were Australia, Canada, China, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Mexico, the UK and the US.

The Origins of Political Order: From Prehuman Times to the French Revolution
by Francis Fukuyama
Published 11 Apr 2011

In beginning with China, I skip over other important early societies like Mesopotamia, Egypt, Greece and Rome, and the civilizations of Meso-and South America. The decision not to cover Greece and Rome at greater length in this volume requires further explanation. The ancient Mediterranean world set precedents that were extremely important to the subsequent development of European civilization, which from the time of Charlemagne on were self-consciously imitated by European rulers. The Greeks are commonly credited with having invented democracy, in which rulers were not hereditary but selected by ballot. Most tribal societies are also relatively egalitarian and elect their rulers (see chapter 4), but the Greeks went beyond this by introducing a concept of citizenship that was based on political criteria rather than kinship.

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One of the most interesting questions raised by the chaotic events taking place in the three hundred years between the fall of the Han and the rise of the Sui is not why China fell apart, but rather why it came together again. The issue of how to maintain political unity over so large a territory is hardly trivial. The Roman Empire was never reconstituted after its decline, despite the efforts of Charlemagne and various Holy Roman Emperors to bring this about in later years. It would have been perfectly conceivable for the multistate system of the post-Han period to have congealed into a quasi-permanent system of competing states as Europe eventually did. Part of the answer to this question has already come into view.

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(New York: Harper, 1993), pp. 86–87. 2 Berman, Law and Revolution, p. 91. 3 Ibid., p. 88. 4 Already in the late ninth century, Frankish ecclesiastics had begun to argue that Christian kingship was based on a delegation of the right to rule as a “vicar of God.” They sought to divest kingship of the religious authority it enjoyed under rulers like Charlemagne and to locate religious legitimacy in the church alone. The involvement of priests and bishops in politics was highly corrupting and provoked a series of reform movements in the tenth and eleventh centuries. The first of these was the Clunaic movement, named after the Abbey of Cluny in southern France, which for the first time united like-minded monasteries across Europe into a single, hierarchical order.

The Internationalists: How a Radical Plan to Outlaw War Remade the World
by Oona A. Hathaway and Scott J. Shapiro
Published 11 Sep 2017

The attraction of these stories derived from the implausibility of Napoleon’s achievements, whose invincibility seemed, at least to his detractors, unnatural. Napoleon appeared able to win battles at will and vanquish every coalition that formed to stop him. He defeated and dissolved the Holy Roman Empire, the thousand-year-old realm founded by Charlemagne, and convinced the pope to crown him emperor, just as Charlemagne had. Most incredible, he managed to conquer almost all of Europe, with only Britain, Russia, Scandinavia, and the Ottoman Empire remaining beyond his grasp. Tall tales of dark forces were not only testaments to the awe that Napoleon inspired; they spoke to the revulsion as well.

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Then the Visigoths conquered the City of Rome in AD 410, prompting Saint Jerome to lament: “My sobs stop me from dictating these words. Behold, the city that conquered the world has been conquered in its turn.”68 Pepin the Short, King of the Franks, conquered the Italian lands of the Lombards and donated them to the pope as the new “Papal States” in 756. Charlemagne conquered the Saxons of Northern Germany and was crowned “Roman Emperor” by the pope in 800. William, Duke of Normandy, conquered England in 1066. Mehmet the Great finally destroyed the Roman Empire when he conquered Constantinople in 1453. Ferdinand and Isabella completed the Reconquista of Spain from the Moors by annexing Granada in 1492.

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(Levinson), 115 Canton, 13 capital punishment (death penalty), 78–79, 141, 236, 251, 254–57, 262, 263–64, 288, 291–92 Capper, Arthur, 114 Carnap, Rudolf, 230 Carnegie Endowment for International Peace, 104n, 211, 246, 469n, 473n Carter, Ashton, 359 Casey, Edward “Ned,” 58–62, 76, 456n “cash and carry” provisions, 177, 190 Cassin, René, 249 Castle, William, 126 Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Viscount, 67–68 casus belli (“cause of war”), 10, 54, 88, 96, 251, 449n casus foederis (“duty to aid an ally”), 54 Catherine II (“the Great”), Empress of Russia, 84, 310 Catholic Church, xix, 8–9, 21, 73, 95, 220, 221, 222, 226, 231, 234, 236, 281 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 329 Central Powers, 169, 317 Chaco War, 323 Changchun, 154 “change in gauge,” 376 Chanler, Lewis Stuyvesant, 258 Chanler, William, 257–63, 266, 282, 283, 290 Charlemagne, 45, 65 Charles VIII, King of France, 38–39, 42–43, 54 Charles X, King of Sweden, 45 Charleston, S.C., 84–92 chemical weapons, 72, 80 Cheney, Dick, 371–72, 380 Chiang Kai-shek, 175, 324 Chicago Daily Tribune, 121 Chicago Herald-Tribune, 121 China, 5, 13, 15, 131–40, 145, 148–60, 164, 172, 180, 181, 313, 316, 318, 324, 349, 352, 358–63, 360, 387, 417–18, 422–23, 487n, 532n see also Manchuria Chinchow, 164 chivalry, 76 chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), 385–87 Christian Century, 165, 475n-76n Christianity, 22, 95, 116, 118n, 140, 156, 281, 413, 451n, 478n see also Catholic Church; Protestantism Churchill, Winston S., 189, 190–92, 203, 204–13, 250, 279, 283, 321, 345, 401, 516n Cicero, 10 civilians, 72, 74–77, 80, 154, 204, 256, 273, 281, 365, 417, 455n, 456n Civil War, U.S., 331 clarigatio (legal grievance), 35–36 Claudel, Paul, 124, 126 Clausewitz, Carl von, xv, 121 Clean Water Act (1972), 331–32 Clinton, Bill, 372 Clinton, George, 89 Coalition Provisional Authority (CPA), 330 Cohen, Benjamin V., 194 Cohen, David, 390, 395 Cohen, Felix, 50 Cold War, xii, 370n, 405 collective responsibility, 79, 269–71, 282, 283–84, 521n Cologne, University of, 230, 231–34, 235, 244 colonialism, 76, 96, 172–73, 192, 321–22, 323, 341–42, 345–47, 355–57, 364, 398, 404, 462n Columbia University, 108, 115–17, 121, 194, 469n Comité de l’Afrique Française, 398 communism, 228–30, 295, 324 comparative advantage, 343 competition, 4, 22, 50, 103, 224–25, 341–43, 420, 436n Comprehensive Iran Sanctions, Accountability, and Divestment Act (2010), 389 Comprehensive Peace Agreement (2005), 365 Conant, James, 245 “Concept of the Political, The” (Schmitt), 217–19, 226, 292 Congress, U.S., 34, 39, 51, 102–3, 105, 111, 112, 118, 121, 126, 171, 184, 337, 389, 475n conquests, 43, 48–49, 97, 304, 313–15, 316, 317, 319–23, 320, 328, 330 conquistadores, 43, 48–49 conscription, 114–15, 147–48 Conscription Act (1873), 147 Conservative Party, 118 Constitution, U.S., 44, 213–14, 331, 449n Constitution, Weimar, 226–30, 231, 417 Convention for the Amelioration of the Condition of the Wounded and Sick in Armies in the Field (1929), 496n Convention for the Reduction of Armaments (1932–1934), 162 Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) (1973), 377 Coolidge, Calvin, 187 cordon sanitaire (buffer zone), 32 “Correlates of War” dataset, 311–13, 323, 347–48, 367–68, 367, 530n, 531n Council of Europe, 384–85 Council of the League of Nations, 105–6, 131–33, 161–62, 465n–66n, 470n Council on Foreign Relations, 167 “countermeasures,” 375–76 Covenant of the League of Nations, 105, 106, 110–11, 119, 127, 128, 132–33, 155–56, 157, 161, 162, 168, 174–75, 195, 212, 330, 465n–66n, 470n, 490n–91n, 502n “Cow’s Tongue Line,” 359–63, 360 Crazy Horse, 51 Crimea, xiii, xvii, 202–3, 204, 309–11, 314, 328, 364, 390–94, 417, 418, 419, 422 “crimes against humanity,” 267, 290–92, 508n “crimes against peace,” 257, 508n criminal law, 80–81, 96, 109, 114–15, 248–49, 253–54, 257, 286–87, 288, 290–91 Cromwell, Oliver, 38, 45 Crusades, 96, 410 “cuartel general,” 78 Cuba, 43, 163, 387 Cushendun, Ronald McNeill, Lord, xi Custer, George Armstrong, 51, 58 Cyprus, 382–85 Cyrus the Great, 47 Czechoslovakia, 240, 241, 244, 318, 330 Dachau concentration camp, 279, 281–82 Daily Mail, 241 Daily Mirror, 178–79 daimyō (feudal lords), 139, 141 Dairen (Dalian), 152–53 Dallas, Alexander, 89 Darfur, 329, 365 Dar-ul-Islam (realm of Islam), 410 Davies, Norman, 51 Dawes, John, 224 Dawes Plan, 224 death penalty (capital punishment), 78–79, 141, 236, 251, 254–57, 262, 263–64, 288, 291–92 Declaration of Independence, xiv “Declaration of the Rights of Man,” 85 “Declaration of the United Nations” (1942), 191–93, 197, 210–12, 330, 345 Declaration of War on Spain (1719), 41 declarations of war, 34, 36, 40, 41, 63–64, 76, 102, 104, 151, 180–81, 190–93, 448n, 483n–84n, 487n “declinists,” 334–35 decolonialism, 76, 96, 172–73, 192, 321–22, 323, 341–42, 345–47, 355–57, 364, 398, 404, 462n defensive wars, 10, 32, 34, 43, 44, 62, 123, 126, 127, 156, 159–61, 199, 213, 253, 333, 341, 353, 370, 406, 416 de Gaulle, Charles, 249 De Jure Belli ac Pacis Libri Tres (Law of War and Peace, The) (Grotius), 20–28, 47–48, 94, 95, 145–47, 299–300, 409, 441n democracies, 85, 111–12, 225, 226, 228–34, 244, 332–33, 334, 336, 369, 391, 448n, 535n, 549n Democracy: A Religion (Maqdisi), 549n destroyers for bases program, 194 Detroit, USS, 128 Dewey, John, 108, 109, 113, 115, 119, 123, 125, 195, 415 dictatorships, 226–38, 244–45, 258–59 Dietrich, Marlene, 286 diplomacy, gunboat, xvii, 51, 96, 97, 134–38, 149, 181, 300, 301–3, 304, 332, 370, 460n, 478n–79n, 480n, 481n disarmament, 109, 116–17, 120, 162, 191, 196, 272–73, 287 Dispute Settlement Body, 379–80 divine law, 29–30, 48, 73–75, 136, 294, 409, 410, 413, 455n Dix, Rudolf, 273–75 Dominican Republic, 187, 242 Dönitz, Karl, 290 Doppō (Soldiers’ Rules), 148 Dorotić, Pavla (Cari), 220–21, 226 “Draft Constitution of International Organization,” 197 Drezner, Daniel, xiii Druze, 413 Dubats, 172 duelling, 109 due process, 256–57, 291–92 Dumbarton Oaks conference (1944), 199–201, 205, 207–8 Dutch East India Company, 4, 8, 13, 14–19, 22–23, 26, 51, 94, 153, 299, 462n Dutch Republic, 3–23, 26–27, 51, 436n–37n, 439n see also Netherlands Dutch West India Company, 17 “duty of war,” 106 East Indies, 4–6, 13, 17, 18, 22, 26, 51, 95–96, 136, 357, 358–59 East Prussia, 322 East Timor, 364 Ečer, Bohuslav, 252–54, 257, 259, 260, 266, 282, 283, 290, 291 Ečer-Chanler theory, 266, 282, 283, 290 economic sanctions, 91, 105–6, 114, 118, 119, 121, 125, 127, 164, 165, 170, 172–75, 179–82, 208, 223, 238, 239, 253, 272, 273, 282, 289, 304, 316, 332, 374, 381, 387–94, 415, 418, 421, 422, 470n, 492n, 522n economies: mercantile, 340 protectionism in (import quotas) in, 342, 371–72, 379, 535n tariffs in, 371–72, 380, 385, 480n Ecuador, 323, 358 Eden, Anthony, 185–86, 207 Eden, Garden of, 375 Edo, 135–37, 138, 141, 147 see also Tokyo Edward III, King of England, 41 “Effect of the Briand-Kellogg Pact of Paris in International Law” report (1934), 170–71 Egypt, 75, 329, 356, 402–8, 531n Eight Books on the Law of Nature and Nations (Pufendorf), 27–28 Eighty Years’ War, 78 Eisenhower, Dwight D., 264 Elba, 65–66, 67, 68–69, 251 Eldon, John Scott, Lord Chancellor, 68 Elements of International Law (Wheaton), 144 Elgin, James Bruce, Earl of, 140 Eliot, Charles W., 107–8 Elsje (Grotius’s chambermaid), 21 Embuscade, 84–85 emergency decrees, 228–33 Encyclopaedia Britannica, 116 “End of Sykes-Pikot” video, 396–97, 413 English Channel, 37n Enlightenment, 29, 75 environmental issues, 341, 377, 382, 385–87, 421 Erasmus, 6 Eric XIV, King of Sweden, 83–84 Eritrea, 172–74, 321 Estado da Índia, 46 Estonia, 318–19, 506n Ethiopia, 172–74, 238, 258, 259, 273, 319, 357, 531n etiamsi daremus (“even if we should concede”) passage, 29–30, 409 Eucharist, 116, 118n “Euromaidan” protests (2010), 310 Europe, 15, 45, 169, 240–43, 286, 317–19, 322, 339–40, 343, 344, 417, see also specific countries European Convention of Human Rights (1950), 384 European Court of Human Rights, 45, 384 European Union (EU), 45, 343, 372, 380, 385, 390, 391, 392, 393, 394, 418–19 exile, 65–66 Exner, Franz, 286, 524n ExxonMobil, 393 failed states, 364–68, 366, 367 Faisal I, King of Iraq, 399 false flags, 80 Farouk, King of Egypt, 405 fascism, 238, 244–45, 258–59 Feilchenfeld, Ernst, 260 Fernando, Cardinal-Infante Ferdinand of Austria, Don, 36 Fiery Cross Reef, 359–63, 360 Fifteenth Amendment, 331 financial crisis (2008), 391 Finland, 177, 322 Fisuserinku-shi Bankoku Kōhō (“Vissering’s International Law”) (Nishi), 144 428, 482n Flechtheim, Ossip, 295 Fleming, Ian, 61 Flick, Friedrich, 216–17, 271–75, 286 Fontaine, Arthur, 120 Fontainebleau, Treaty of (1814), 65, 67, 68, 251 Fordow nuclear facility, 394 Fort Meade, 60 Fourteen Points, 105–6 Fourteenth Amendment, 331 France, ix–xi, 32, 36–39, 41, 65–67, 78, 82–92, 102, 176, 184, 208, 267–68, 317, 319, 321, 322, 349, 355, 376, 396–402, 401 Franconia, 279 Franco-Prussian War, 45–46, 47, 221 Franco-Russian Alliance Military Convention (1892), 102 Frank, Hans, 235–36, 238, 242, 285, 290 Frankfurter, Felix, 167–68 Franklin, Benjamin, 83 Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of Austria, 101–2 Franz Joseph I, Emperor of Austria, 102–3 Frederick II (“the Great”), King of Prussia, 32, 45, 445n-46n “freedom of the seas,” 18, 22–23, 26, 82–92, 95, 104, 105, 118 free trade, 18, 223–24, 332–33, 341–43, 344, 345, 346, 368, 371, 378–80, 419–20 French Revolution, 76, 82–92, 458n Freud, Sigmund, 231 Frick, Wilhelm, 290 “friend-enemy” distinction, 218–19, 220, 222, 223 Fritzsche, Hans, 285, 290, 296, 526n Fruin, Robert, 95, 434n, 435n, 439n, 443n, 461n Fulgosius, Raphael, 24–25, 442n Funk, Walther, 285, 290 Furtado de Mendonça, André, 4–5 Galicia, 239 ganbaru attitude, 151–53 Ganghwa Island, Treaty of (1876), 149–50 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), 372, 378–80, 381 General Treaty for the Renunciation of War (1928), 129, 249, 283, 302 see also Peace Pact (1928) Genêt, Edmond-Charles, 82–92, 460n Geneva, 62–63, 244 Geneva Convention (First) (1864), 77 “Geneva Protocol,” 117–19, 120, 125, 126, 217, 470n genocide, xi, 256, 274, 352, 365 see also Holocaust gens de guerre (combatants), 63 Gentili, Alberico, 49 George III, King of England, 50 Germany, Imperial, 45–46, 249, 251–52, 323 Germany, Nazi, 162, 176, 184, 185, 191, 204, 218, 224–36, 254, 278–80, 286, 318–19, 403, 508n–9n, 526n Germany, Weimar, 225, 226–33, 295 Gerry, Peter, 186–87 Gestapo, 255, 274 Gheyn, Jacques de, 6–7 Ghost Dance, 56–58 “ghost shirts,” 57 Gibraltar, 17–18 Gilbert, Gustave, 256–57, 280 Girondins, 84, 88, 89 global economy, xvi, 14, 16, 17, 28, 55, 96, 133, 173–74, 224, 226, 240, 332–34, 339–43, 346, 368, 371–73, 378–79, 381, 391, 392–93, 395, 419, 420–21, 481n–82n Goa, 324 God, 29–30, 48, 73–75, 136, 294, 409, 410, 413, 455n see also Allah Goebbels, Joseph, 225, 229, 263, 264, 519n Goebbels, Magda, 519n Good Neighbor Policy, 187, 242–43 Gore, Al, 371–72 Göring, Edda, 279 Göring, Hermann, 225, 229, 232–33, 235, 237, 242, 256, 263, 264, 270, 277, 278–80, 281, 284–85, 290, 523n government: democratic, 85, 111–12, 225, 226, 228–34, 244, 332–33, 334, 336, 369, 391, 448n, 535n, 549n fascist, 238, 244–45, 258–59 imperialist, xx, 52, 95–96, 341, 345–46, 355, 369, 410–11, 462n; see also colonialism parliamentary, 228–30, 231, 233–34 social contract and, 11, 29–30, 143, 409 totalitarian, 226–38, 244–45, 258–59; see also Nazism Gragas law code, 379 Grande Armée, 65 Grange, 85 Great Britain, 22, 40, 67–69, 82–92, 102–6, 120, 133, 159–60, 165, 176–82, 184, 189, 191–94, 246, 247, 267–68, 312, 343, 348–49, 396–402, 401, 407, 463n, 500n, 531n Great Depression, 164 Great Mosque (Mosul), 411–12 Great Purges, 257 Greece, 90, 382–85 “Green Line” (Cyprus), 383–85 Grey, Edward, Lord, 474n Gromyko, Andrei, 199, 200, 201, 206 Groot, Cornet de, 95 Gros, André, 267 Grossraum (“Great Space”), 240–43, 286, 289–90, 293, 295–96 Grotius, Hugo, xix–xx, 6–30, 35, 37, 44, 47–49, 53, 54, 61, 62, 69–72, 77, 80, 91, 93–98, 104, 136, 141, 143, 147, 153, 159, 239, 294, 299–300, 303–5, 314, 324, 358, 409, 410, 417, 437n, 441n, 442n, 443n, 449n, 454n, 455n, 460n, 462n, 481n, 527n Group of 8 (G-8), 390–91 Gulf War, 332, 387 gunboat diplomacy, xvii, 51, 96, 97, 134–38, 149, 181, 300, 301–3, 304, 332, 370, 460n, 478n–79n, 480n, 481n Gunjin chokuyu (Imperial Rescript to Soldiers and Sailors) (1882), 148 Gunjin kunkai (Admonition to Soldiers) (1878), 147–48 Gustavus Adolphus, King of Sweden, 42 Gutachten (expert legal opinion), 227, 247, 272, 274, 286–87 Hackworth, Green, 194 Haggenmacher, Peter, 438n, 441n Hague Convention (First) (1899), 77, 79, 93, 97, 109, 445n Hague Convention (Second) (1907), 77, 79, 90, 109 Haile Selassie I, Emperor of Ethiopia, 172–74 Hamilton, Alexander, 86 Hammond, George, 85 Handelshochschule, 226, 229 Hannibal, 449n Hard, William, 118 Harding, Warren G., 112 Harriman, Averell, 207 Harris, Townsend, 133–34, 136, 138–40, 480n Harvard University, 245 Hearst, William Randolph, 164 Heath, Edward, 82 Heemskerck, Jacob van, 3–18, 23–30, 94–95, 143, 144, 358, 436n–37n Heinsius, Daniel, 7 Henry IV, King of France, 6 Henry V (Shakespeare), 37 heralds, 36–37 Hess, Rudolf, 278–79, 285, 290 Hezbollah, 368, 388 Himmler, Heinrich, 225, 237, 263, 264 Hindenburg, Paul von, 227, 229, 232 Hirohito, Emperor of Japan, 148, 159, 180 Hiroshima, bombing of (1945), 213 Hitler, Adolf, 162, 179, 185, 193, 213, 215, 225, 228, 232–38, 240–43, 249, 250, 251, 252, 257–64, 274, 279–80, 289–90, 506n Hitlerite Responsibility Under the Criminal Law (Trainin), 257 Hobbes, Thomas, 294, 381 Hoffmann, Johann Joseph, 142–43 Holocaust, xxi, 264–66, 274, 275, 279, 281, 285, 291–92, 298, 356 Holy Roman Empire, xix, 38–39, 42–43, 45, 65, 73 Hong Kong, 133–34 Honjō Shigeru, 155, 488n Hoover, Herbert, 163–65, 168, 178, 492n Hopkins, Harry, 189–90, 192 Hotta Masayoshi, 140 “House of German Justice,” 238 “How Lovely Are the Messengers That Bring Us Good Tidings of Peace” (Mendelssohn), 94 How Russia Betrayed Germany’s Confidence and Thereby Caused the European War and How the Franco-German Conflict Might Have Been Avoided, 102 Hughes, Charles Evans, 117 Hugo, Victor, 25 Hull, Cordell, 168, 173, 175, 176, 180–81, 185, 193, 197–98, 211, 247, 254–55, 268, 499n Human Nature and Conduct (Dewey), 115 human rights, xv, 22, 294, 346, 377, 382–85, 387, 389, 395 see also “crimes against humanity,” European Convention of Human Rights, European Court of Human Rights, genocide, torture Humboldt University, 220 Hungarian Revolution (1956), 330 Hungary, 318, 330 Husayn ibn Ali, Sharif of Mecca, 399 Hussein, Saddam, 330, 332, 388 Hussein, Uday, 387–88 “hygienic wars,” 96, 240 Hymans, Paul, xi hyperinflation, 221, 224, 226 Iceland, 373–75, 379 Ii Naosuke, 140–41 immunity from prosecution, xvi, 61–63, 71, 77, 80–81, 96, 97, 260n, 454n, 460n impartiality, 87–92, 96, 97, 103, 165, 167, 169–70, 177–78, 182, 246–47, 304, 459n, 460n imperialism, xx, 52, 95–96, 341, 345–46, 355, 369, 410–11, 462n see also colonialism import quotas, 342, 371–72, 379, 535n “independences,” 346–48, 348, 537n India, 328, 352, 357, 383 individual responsibility, 270–71 Indonesia, 4–5, 328, 329, 346, 358 “Inquiry, The,” 116 Inter-Allied Peace Council, 250 Inter-American Bar Association, 247 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA), 394 International Coffee Organization, 344, 377 International Court of Justice (World Court), 196, 305, 363, 415 international institutions, xxi, 112, 114, 315, 344–46, 378, 418, 419, 420 see also specific institutions Internationalists, xxi, 94, 95, 106–7, 316, 331, 332, 419–24 International Labor Organization (ILO), 116 international law, xv, xvii, xix, xx, 27–30, 44–45, 47, 52, 61, 87–88, 90, 94, 96, 109–10, 118, 141, 143, 144–50, 153, 159, 167–68, 170–71, 212, 233, 238–39, 246, 248, 249, 251, 257–62, 266–74, 282–90, 299–304, 329, 353, 359, 363, 370–77, 382, 389, 391–92, 394, 406, 415, 420–22, 463n, 521n, 528n International Law (Oppenheim) (Oppenheim), 239, 246–47, 248, 260, 268, 377, 465n-66n International Law Commission, 301–2 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 343, 378, 393 International Olive Oil Council, 344 International Organization for the Maintenance of International Peace and Security, 198 International Whaling Commission, 344 interstate wars, xviii–xix, 214, 312, 332–35, 353, 368–70, 368, 418 interventionist policies, xx–xxi, 29, 43, 48–49, 96, 97, 177, 187, 222–23, 294, 312–13, 369–70, 383, 417–18, 450n–51n, 499n Interventionists, xx–xxi, 96, 97, 294, 417 intrastate wars, xix, 367–69, 367, 539n–40n Iran, 329, 388–90, 392, 394–95, 417 Iran Nuclear Deal, 394–95 Iraq, 330, 332, 367, 387–88, 397–402, 401, 419 Iraq War, 372, 387–88 Islamic fundamentalism, xiii, xx–xxi, 368, 396–415, 416, 417, 549n, 550n Islamic State, xiii, 368, 396–97, 400–402, 411–15, 416, 418–19 islands, legal status of, 358–59 isolationism, 111, 134, 164–65, 173–74, 175, 188, 246 Israel, 322, 355–57, 394–95, 399, 400, 410 Israelites, 74–75 Italian Socialist Republic, 259 Italy, xii–xiii, 172–74, 249, 258–59, 263–64, 329, 357 172–74, 238, 258, 259, 273, 319, 329, 357, 531n ius publicum europaeum (European Public Law), 294 Ivanov, Sergei, 392 Jabhat Fateh al-Sham, 414 Jackson, Andrew, 33, 444n Jackson, Robert H., 179, 248–49, 261–64, 266–68, 271–72, 276–77, 280–83, 291, 295, 298, 304, 377, 521n Jacobins, 89 Jahiliyyah (spiritual ignorance), 406–11, 550n Jahrreiss, Hermann, 234, 285, 286–90, 295, 297n James I, King of England, 19 James Bond, 61, 62 Japan, xiv, 15, 120, 131–84, 192, 193, 205, 213, 214, 250, 289, 302–3, 313, 316–22, 329, 330, 354, 361, 391, 422, 478n–79n, 480n, 490n, 492n, 496n, 505n–6n, 532n Java, 4–5, 346 Jay, John, 449n Jefferson, Thomas, 28, 49, 83, 85–92, 460n Jerome, St., 45 Jerusalem, 356 Jesus Christ, 57, 156, 294 “Jewish Spirit in German Law” conference (1936), 237 Jews, xxi, 21, 106–7, 216, 222, 229, 230, 231, 233–34, 235, 236, 237, 241, 255, 256, 264–66, 274, 275, 279, 281, 285–86, 291–92, 295, 298, 305, 355–57, 399, 403 jihad (holy war), 396, 398, 402, 404–15, 416 Jodl, Alfred, 285, 286, 290 Jodl, Luise, 286, 524n Johnson v.

The Ghosts of Berlin: Confronting German History in the Urban Landscape
by Brian Ladd
Published 1 Jan 1997

Its identity in later times (unlike Cologne's or Nuremberg's) was thus rarely linked to its medieval past, permitting that past to be neglected. The major cities of medieval Germany lay mainly to the south and west. The vast plain of northeastern Germany was on the margins of the Roman-influenced Christian civilization defined by Charlemagne's empire. Only in the twelfth century did most of the territory of the later GDR forge permanent links to Germany and the West. Under the sponsorship of various princes, ethnic German colonists began settling the area. They founded towns and conquered, assimilated, or drove out the Slavic inhabitants of the area, who were for the most part neither < previous page page_43 file:///Volumes/My%20Book/arg/ladd-Ghosts_Berlin/files/page_43.html [24/03/2011 13:47:43] next page > page_44 < previous page page_44 next page > Page 44 Christians nor town-dwellers.

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See also Germany, Federal Republic of book burning, memorial to, 53 Borsig, Albert, 128 file:///Volumes/My%20Book/arg/ladd-Ghosts_Berlin/files/page_262.html (1 of 3) [24/03/2011 13:51:32] page_262 Borsig firm, 97 Borsig palace, 128-29 Brandenburg, 37, 48, 50 Brandenburg Gate, 8, 22, 72-81, 239; vicinity of, 85, 136, 170 Brandt, Willy, 94, 243, 244 Braun, Otto, 212 Brecht, Bertolt, 110 Briefs, Ulrich, 94 Britz horseshoe estate, 104 Broniatowski, Karol, 152 Bubis, Ignaz, 220 Budapest, 193 Buddensieg, Tilmann, 64, 233 Bundesrat, 227 Bundestag, 90-91, 92-95, 224-25, 227, 245 bunkers, 148; at chancellery, 128, 130-33, 170; Führerbunker, 127-28, 130, 133-34, 227 C Cagney, James, 76 Calatrava, Santiago, 92 Canetti, Elias, 140 Carstens, Karl, 92 cathedral, Berlin, 54-55, 59, 86 Central Memorial to the Victims of War and Tyranny, 217 chancellery, federal, 227 chancellery, Reich, 38, 125, 129-30, 153, 168 Charlemagne, 43 file:///Volumes/My%20Book/arg/ladd-Ghosts_Berlin/files/page_262.html (2 of 3) [24/03/2011 13:51:32] page_262 Charlottenburg, 97, 138 Charlottenburger Chaussee. See Strasse des 17. Juni Charlottenburg palace, 52, 68, 238 Checkpoint Charlie, 8, 10, 15, 24 Chemnitz, 208 Christian Democratic Union (CDU), 66-67, 92-93, 171, 234, 243, 244, 245; and legacy of GDR, 69, 193, 197, 209-10, 213-14 Christo, 82, 83, 84, 91-96, 245 Churchill, Winston, 130 Clara-Zetkin-Strasse, 211 Clinton, Bill, 78 Cold War, 57, 61, 91, 178-80, 194, 214-15; and Berlin Wall, 8, 10, 20-23, 27, 29-30; and planning in Berlin, 158, 186 Cölln, 44, 47, 48, 51, 54, 63, 229, 237 Columbus Haus, 123-25 Communist Party: in Weimar Republic, 58, 89, 111, 114, 201, < previous page page_262 file:///Volumes/My%20Book/arg/ladd-Ghosts_Berlin/files/page_262.html (3 of 3) [24/03/2011 13:51:32] next page > page_263 < previous page page_263 next page > Page 263 211; in GDR, 56, 61, 148, 182-83, 198, 243.

Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age
by Alex Wright
Published 6 Jun 2014

And when the Spanish conquistadors arrived in the Aztec kingdom in the fifteenth century, they promptly burned nearly all of the Aztecs’ glyph-laden deerskin books—including treatises on law, mathematics, and herbalism (this destruction likely came as no great surprise to the Aztecs, who themselves had destroyed all the books of a previous conquered regime just a century earlier). The fortunes of the great European powers have also ebbed and flowed along with their libraries. In 781, Charlemagne built a library at his court in Aachen, largely with books acquired from the Imperial Library at Constantinople. In the centuries that followed, generations of powerful popes would shore up the Vatican Library as they consolidated power across all of Christendom. More recent European empires—British, French, and Prussian among them—also erected enormous libraries commensurate with their imperial ambitions.5 A similar dream of cultural supremacy had led Krüss and his delegation to Paul Otlet.

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See also Mechanical collective brain; “World brain” concept of Wells Brand, Stewart, 258, 260, 261 Branford, Victor, 113 The Bridge (Die Brücke), 205–208 Brin, Sergey, 298 British Empire in Africa, 51 British Museum, 186 Brockman, John, 276 Brook, Daniel, 303 Bryce, James W., 209, 217 Buckland, Michael, 35, 217 Bührer, Karl Wilhelm, 205 Bush, Vannevar, 15, 209, 217–218, 248, 254–258, 262, 285, 290 Cailliau, Robert, 15, 252–253 Calvin, John, 25–26 Camera Obscura, 108–110, 302 Capart, Jean, 203–204 Carlier, Alfred, 194 Carnegie, Andrew, 40, 116, 118, 119, 133, 135, 306–307 Carnegie Foundation, 118, 178, 199 Carrier pigeons, 100 338 INDEX Casement, Richard, 146 The Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge (fictional Chinese encyclopedia), 220 Central Office of International Institutions, 98–99, 135 Cerf, Vinton G., 15, 252 CERN particle physics research center (Switzerland), 252–253, 268–271, 269 Chabard, Pierre, 121 Chambers, Ephraim, 29 Channeling, 227 Charlemagne, 6 Chirac, Jacques, 299 Chronicles of England (Holinshed), 27 Cinema, possibilities of, 228–229 Cities in Evolution (Geddes), 110 Citizendium, 284 Classification schemes. See also Dewey Decimal System; Universal Decimal Classification (UDC) Bacon’s, 27–28 Bush’s dislike for, 257 The Celestial Emporium of Benevolent Knowledge (fictional Chinese encyclopedia), 220 crowdsourced classification, 279 Encyclopedia Universalis Mundaneum (EUM), 191–193, 192, 230 Geddes and, 112–114, 113 inherent flaws in, 221 Nelson’s eschewing of, 265–267 Ostwald’s, 206 Otlet’s final categorization of documents, 226–230, 230, 257 Otlet’s library classification scheme (as student in Jesuit school), 47, 47–50 Science of the Book, 222 in Web environment, 279 Client-server architecture, 252, 292 Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, 264 Collective consciousness/intelligence, 287, 288, 293–294.

Lonely Planet Pocket Hamburg
by Lonely Planet
Published 1 Mar 2019

Walk Facts Start Hansaplatz; X Hauptbahnhof-Nord End Bar M&V; X Hauptbahnhof-Nord Length 1km 1Hansaplatz The general gentrification of St Georg has even affected its somewhat seedy central square, the Hansaplatz. Completely renovated in 2011 and fully pedestrianised, the square’s centrepiece is its fountain. Completed in 1878, it shows important figures in Hamburg’s past, including Emperor Constantine the Great and Charlemagne, and is surmounted by a figure showing the might of the Hanseatic League. 2Café Gnosa With its abstract art and in-house bakery, Café Gnosa (%040-243 034; www.gnosa.de; Lange Reihe 93; mains €7-14; h10am-1am) draws an affable gay and straight crowd. The curved glass windows give it an art-deco vibe.

Lonely Planet Pocket Hamburg
by Anthony Ham
Published 15 Nov 2022

Walk Facts Start Hansaplatz; X Hauptbahnhof-Nord End Bar M&V; X Hauptbahnhof-Nord Length 1km 1Hansaplatz The general gentrification of St Georg has even affected its somewhat seedy central square, the Hansaplatz. Completely renovated in 2011 and fully pedestrianised, the square’s centrepiece is its fountain. Completed in 1878, it shows important figures in Hamburg’s past, including Emperor Constantine the Great and Charlemagne, and is surmounted by a figure showing the might of the Hanseatic League. 2Café Gnosa With its abstract art and in-house bakery, Café Gnosa (%040-243 034; www.gnosa.de; Lange Reihe 93; mains €7-14; h10am-1am) draws an affable gay and straight crowd. The curved glass windows give it an art-deco vibe.

A History of the Bible: The Story of the World's Most Influential Book
by John Barton
Published 3 Jun 2019

It is part of the price which both Judaism and Christianity pay for having such a long, complex and internally inconsistent set of Scriptures. 15 The Middle Ages THE BIBLE AS A BOOK1 When Charlemagne was enthroned as emperor in Aachen in 800 CE, Alcuin of York (735–804), his chief adviser on matters educational, presented him with a copy of the Latin Bible that he had revised at Charlemagne’s direction.2 The gift was a symbol of the emperor’s commitment to the revival of learning. The choice of the Bible, rather than, say, a code of laws is an indication of the importance it was to have throughout the succeeding centuries.

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A. 419 Berlin Codex, Papyrus Berolinensis 275 Beza, Theodore (Théodore de Bèze) 288, 407, 444 Bezae, Codex (D) 288, 294, 298, 407, 444 Biberli, Marchwart 447 Bible academic studies see biblical scholarship/studies and advent of printing 404, 407–8 Apocrypha see Apocrypha authority: circular defences 418; and the Psalms 139–41; and relation of Scripture to Christian Tradition 483–5; sola scriptura principle 396, 401–4, 483; and textual fluidity 479–83 biblical literacy 5 Bomberg Bible 404, 406 Byzantine empire’s demand for Bibles 288 ‘canon within the canon’ 10, 187, 238, 395 and Catholics see Roman Catholicism: and the Bible centrality to western cultural heritage 1 chapter division/numbering 362–3 and Christian Tradition 483–5 Christian view of two-part Bible 246–8, 474–6 see also Old Testament: Christian readings as a ‘Christian book’; and misleading treatment as a single book 13, 311–26, 486; and sola scriptura principle 396, 401–4 codices see manuscripts and codices commentaries see commentaries on the Bible; midrashim conservative Christian reading approaches to Bible 7–12 see also fundamentalism; Christian vs Jewish readings of the Psalms 139–41, 315; as important and profound 10; as relevant 8–10; with the ‘rule of faith’ 11–12, 326–9, 330, 392; as self-consistent 10–11; as true/inerrant 7–8, 478 Constantine’s commissioning of copies 354 contextual reading 2 dating biblical material: NT see New Testament: dating of books; OT 21–2, 25, 32–4, 51, 78, 85, 127, 223, 431–2, 473 faith’s relationship to 4–5, 6–12, 88, 469–89; and belief in scriptural inspiration see inspiration of Scripture; fundamentalist faith see fundamentalism; held alongside critical studies 416–17, 429–30; and indifferent matters (adiaphora) 401, 402, 487–8; as indispensable 485–9; Jewish faith see Judaism: and Hebrew Bible; and sola scriptura principle 396, 401–4, 483; a spectrum of attitudes 469–70; and ‘sufficiency of Scripture’ 478–9; and textual fluidity/uncertainty 479–83; and Tradition 483–5 fundamentalist approaches see fundamentalism genres 2, 4, 33, 351, 414, 472–3 see also Old Testament: Hebrew narrative; poetry, Old Testament; Prophets (OT books); Torah/Jewish Law; wisdom teachings; and Antiochenes 351, 414; Gospels and biographical genre 207–8, 243, 283; identifying underlying oral tradition see form criticism; and Spinoza 413–14 Gloss see Gloss Hebrew Bible see Old Testament as a holy object 358 inspiration see inspiration of Scripture interpretation see interpretation, biblical Jewish and Christian perceptions of its structure, and order of books 230–35, 239–40 see also Judaism: and Hebrew Bible legends 33 manuscripts see manuscripts and codices in Middle Ages 358–86; Atlantic Bibles 361; bible moralisée 361–2, 360; biblia pauperum 362; and Christian approaches to interpretation 363–70; and Christian commentaries 370–71; decorated/illuminated 359, 361; and the Gloss see Gloss; illustrated 361–2; and Jewish commentaries 376–85; scrolls and codices 300, 378 see also Leningrad Codex (L) miracles in see miracles, biblical in the modern world: as a best-seller 5, 6; conservative reading approaches see Bible: conservative Christian reading approaches to Bible; at edges of popular and literate culture 5–6; within faith communities 6–12 monastic reading, lectio divina 372, 374 New Testament see New Testament nomina sacra 260–61 Old Testament see Old Testament and ‘orthodox corruption of Scripture’ theory 291–2, 407, 480–81 pandects 359 problematic elements to belief 1–2, 481–2 see also miracles, biblical; Old Testament: morally objectionable features and Protestants see Protestantism: and the Bible Red Letter Bibles 508n6 scholarship see biblical scholarship/studies and science see science, and the Bible source criticism see source criticism as source of religious insight 2, 4 study: Catholic 6–7; groups 9–10; Jewish 6; liberal 7 see also biblical scholarship/studies textual fluidity/uncertainty 479–83; and ‘orthodox corruption of Scripture’ theory 291–2, 407, 480–81; and Synoptic discrepancies 190–94, 200–201, 479 textual sources: amulets 289; ancient translations 289; citations in early Christian writers 289; manuscripts see manuscripts and codices translations see translations of the Bible verse-numbering 363 Bible Society 454, 530n24 biblical scholarship/studies American 52, 57, 175, 179, 432–3, 435 authorship/attribution challenges in Renaissance and Enlightenment: blasphemy charges against 419; Origen 184, 411; Semler’s rebuttal of blasphemy 419–20; Spinoza 16, 409, 410–11, 525n5; Valla 411 Baur and individual tendencies of the Gospels 423–4 British NT scholarship 208 with Calvinist roots 400 and the canonical approach 110, 432–3 critical studies and retention of faith 416–17, 429–30 current state 2, 432–5 and development of oral tradition into text 33, 57 developments since early twentieth century 429–35 dissimilarity principle in Gospel studies 193, 196, 290, 503n7 distinguishing between meaning and truth of texts 414–17 and the editing process in the Prophets 107–9 and Enlightenment scepticism 409–10, 417 see also Spinoza, Baruch and ‘final form of the text’ 110, 432–4 form criticism see form criticism freed from control of religious authorities 486 and genre of biblical texts 413–14 German 46, 50, 51, 57, 107–8, 123, 195; free enquiry into Bible 420; Göttingen school 52; Tübingen school 526n34 and Hebrew vocalization 37 higher criticism 418–19 historical criticism 421–2, 425 in Israel (modern) 57, 324, 435 and the ‘Jewish novels’ 56–7 and life of Jesus: quests for the historical Jesus 421, 422, 430, 503n7; Schweitzer 430; Strauss 421–2 with Lutheran roots 400 as a major industry 15, 418, 434 medieval studies in the west 385 minimalist 25 and modern reconstructions of history of Israel 25–34 neo-documentarians 50–51 New Perspective on Paul 179–81 of Origen 348–51, 353 and ‘orthodox corruption of Scripture’ theory 291–2, 407, 480–81 Orthodox Jewish complaints about biblical criticism 474 and parallelism 114–16 post-critical 432, 434–5 post-Enlightenment 421–7 redaction criticism see redaction criticism Renaissance 411–12, 418 Semler and free enquiry into origins and authorship questions 419–20 and separation of faith from criticism 419–20 source criticism see source criticism Spinoza: and authorship of Pentateuch 16, 409, 410–11; distinguishing between meaning and truth of texts 414–17; and genre of biblical texts 413 and story element of historical books 58–9 textual criticism see textual criticism and ‘theological interpretation of Scripture’ 433 Bildad 66 bishops 173, 265, 402, 425–6, 471 churches with see Episcopalian churches Bishops’ Bible 450 Black Obelisk 28–9 blasphemy charges against higher criticism 419 Blenkinsopp, Joseph 156, 158 Bodmer papyri 245 Bomberg, Daniel 404, 406 Bomberg Bible 404, 406 Bonhoeffer, Dietrich 324 Book of Common Prayer 401, 451–2 Breck, John 484 Bright, John: A History of Israel 431 British and Foreign Bible Society 454, 530n24 Brown, Dan: The Da Vinci Code 264, 286, 510n1 Buber, Martin 459–60, 465 Bultmann, Rudolf 203, 328, 503n6 Burridge, Richard 207 Byron, Lord: ‘The Destruction of Sennacherib’ 101 Byzantine Empire 288 Caesarea 339, 354, 446 Caiaphas, Joseph 148 Cairo Codex 379 Caligula (Caius) 152 Calvin, John 390, 398–400, 411 Campbell, Douglas A. 184 Canaan 28, 493n10, 494n1 see also Israel: Promised Land of Canaanites 27–8, 132, 378, 410, 486 Caspar 281 Cassiodorus, Flavius 359–61 Institutes 359 casuistry 83–4 Catechism of the Catholic Church 428 Catholicism see Roman Catholicism Celsus 346 Ceolfrith 359 Chadwick, Owen 428 Chalcedon, Council of 483 Charlemagne 358 Chaucer, Geoffrey: The Canterbury Tales 389 Chester-Beatty papyri 244, 245 Childs, Brevard S. 432–3 Chillingworth, William 397 Chouraqui, André 460, 465 Christian Fathers see Church Fathers Christian Zionism 9 Christianity and the Church in Africa 7 allegiance to Christ 488 Anglican Church see Anglican Church Assyrian Church 36 beginnings 145–63; first gentile converts 158–60; as a Galilean movement 158; Jewish followers 145; Roman Empire and historical context 146–56; as a ‘sect’ 156, 158–60 and ‘body’ of Christ 174 Catholicism see Roman Catholicism central doctrines absent from NT 3 Christian fundamentalism see fundamentalism Christian Hebraists 385, 404–6 Christian Zionism 9 Church of the East 444 Church order 425–7, 471; Didache provisions for prophets 276–7; and leadership see Christianity and the Church: leaders of the Church; and women 183, 187 Church seen as ‘true Israel’ 158 collection of OT texts for anti-Jewish polemic 278 and commissioning of disciples by risen Jesus 327, 425 creeds see creeds disciples of Jesus see disciples of Jesus early churches: Antioch 176, 177; Jerusalem 175, 176–7; Rome 160 Episcopalians see Episcopalian churches Ethiopian Church 507n32 God and the ‘specialness’ of the Church 132 growth: with admission of gentiles 158–60; with Hellenism 150–51; through Roman Empire 146–56 Hussite church 388 indifferent matters (adiaphora) 401, 402, 487–8 Jewish and Christian perceptions of biblical structure, and order of books 230–35, 239–40 Johannine church 206 ‘judaizers’ 278, 351, 382 in Latin America 7 leaders of the Church 173, 425–7, 471; apostles 173, 426 see also individual apostles by name; bishops 173, 265, 402, 425–6, 471; deacons 173, 402, 471 liturgy see liturgy, Christian Marcionite churches and doctrine 254, 255, 325, 329, 476 Maronite Church 444 official recognition under Constantine 354 Orthodox see Orthodox Church ‘parting of the ways’ from Judaism 247–8, 318, 325 Pentecostalism 7 Presbyterian 402, 426 Protestant see Protestantism Reformation see Reformation in South Korea 7 supersessionist beliefs 34, 247, 249, 320, 343 theology see theology Tradition’s relation to Scripture 483–5 Christology and the Gloss 372 and the new covenant 34 OT meaning seen as Christological 256 relationship of Jesus to God: and Arian controversy 353; debates during patristic age 252–3; and language of personified Wisdom 71–2, 353; Paul and Jesus’ divine sonship 169–72; resurrection as time of adoption as God’s Son 171; subordinationist position 424; as Word of God/logos of Fourth Gospel 152–3, 206, 290–91, 423, 505n23 Chronicles, books of 31, 39, 46, 55–6, 58, 315 Chrysostom, John 313–14, 399, 517n32 Church see Christianity and the Church Church Fathers approach to biblical interpretation 356–7; and supersessionism 343 and canonicity 228, 283 florilegia (‘bouquets’ of quotations) 371 Church of England see Anglican Church Church of the East 444 Church Times 324 Cicero, letters of 165 Claromontanus, Codex 407 Clement of Alexandria 243, 277, 517n29 on the Fourth Gospel 205 Philo’s influence on 152 Clement of Rome 249, 516n6 Clement, First Letter of 249 Cohen, Naomi 507n26 Collins, Anthony 418 Colossians, letter to 161, 162, 184, 186 Comestor, Peter 371 commentaries on the Bible in Bomberg Bible 404, 406 Calvin 399 Fortunatianus of Aquileia, on the Gospels 529n12 glosses see Gloss Ibn Ezra on Deuteronomy 410 medieval 370–71; and the Gloss see Gloss; Jewish commentaries 376–85; Skeireins 447 midrashim see midrashim Origen 246 Philo 152, 231, 341–2, 507n26 Common Bible (ecumenical edition of RSV) 455–6 ‘Community Rule’, Qumran 159, 160 Complutensian Polyglot 405, 406 Constantine I 145, 354 Corinthians, letters to 167 1 Corinthians 160, 166 2 Corinthians 160, 166 Cosgrove, C.

Secret Houses of the Cotswolds
by Jeremy Musson and Hugo Rittson Thomas
Published 1 Mar 2018

It forms part of an exceptional ensemble; the manor house (adapted originally from an abbot’s lodging), a handsome 1620s gate lodge, a medieval church and tithe barn and a handful of cottages, all in stone and surrounded by trees, form a group which Lord Wemyss feels is ‘in almost magical harmony with its surroundings’. He also thinks that the Tracys, who built the house, were ‘really just squires and knights, but they also claimed descent via Ralph de Sudeley, who came to England with Edward the Confessor, back to Charlemagne. This gave them a quiet self-confidence in their position which I always feel is reflected in the house they built.’ Looking south into the great hall of Stanway, with its vast shuffleboard table to the right. The towering oriel window ‘mellowed by time’ which allows light to flood into the high end of the great hall, with its stone mullions and transoms creating an almost ‘honeycomb’ effect.

The Shipwrecked Mind: On Political Reaction
by Mark Lilla
Published 19 Oct 2015

As a former Islam specialist for the secret services also tells François, Ben Abbes is no radical Islamist dreaming of restoring a backward caliphate in the sands of the Levant. He is a modern European without the faults of one, which is why he is successful. His ambition is equal to that of the emperor Augustus: to unify the great continent again and expand into North Africa, creating a formidable cultural and economic force. After Charlemagne and Napoleon (and Hitler), Ben Abbes would be written into European history as its first peaceful conqueror. The Roman Empire lasted centuries, the Christian one a millennium and a half. In the distant future, historians will see that European modernity was just an insignificant, two-century-long deviation from the eternal ebb and flow of religiously grounded civilizations.

Is That a Fish in Your Ear?: Translation and the Meaning of Everything
by David Bellos
Published 10 Oct 2011

Commonly treasured as the source of the clues that led to the decipherment of hieroglyphic script, the Rosetta stone should also be taken as proof that the founders of the EU were not seeking the impossible when they adopted the language-parity rule. The written history of the two main languages of the original EU also began with a bilingual edict. The Oath of Strasbourg was sworn in 842 C.E. by two grandsons of Charlemagne who ganged up on a cousin they suspected of trying to elbow them out of their inheritance. Charles and Louis spoke different languages—the one having an early dialect of German, the other an early dialect of what would become French. Each swore allegiance to the other in the language of his ally.

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Austro-Hungarian Empire Avatar (film) axioms: of effability; of grammaticality Azeri Babelfish Babel story Babylon bailo Balzac, Honoré de, Le Père Goriot Bar-Hillel, Yehoshua Bash, Matsuo Basque Batum Worker, The Baudelaire, Charles BBC Beckett, Samuel behavior, linguistic Belgium Bell, Anthea belles infidèles, les Bengali Benjamin, Walter Bergman, Ingmar Berlin Berman, Antoine Berne Convention Berr, Hélène Bible; Babel story; English; German; Hebrew; Spanish; translation bilingualism; dictionaries Bismarck, Otto von Bloomfield, Leonard book reviews book trade; growth of Borges, Jorge Luis Bosavi Breton Browning, Robert Buber, Martin Buddhism Buffon, Georges-Louis Leclerc, Comte de; “Discourse on Style,” Bulgakov, Mikhail, The Master and Margarita Byka, Vasil Byrne, Gabriel calque Cameron, James Camus, Albert, The Outsider cartoons Casanova, Pascale category term Catholicism Cawdrey, Robert; A Table Alphabeticall of hard usual English wordes … Celentano, Adriano Cervantes, Miguel de; Don Quixote Chabon, Michael, The Yiddish Policemen’s Union Champollion, Jean-François Chaplin, Charlie Chapman, George Charlemagne Chatterjee, Upamanyu, English, August Chaucer, Geoffrey cheval children; language acquisition China Chinese ; dictionaries ; poetry; shunkouliu; as UN language Chomsky, Noam; Syntactic Structures Christianity; missionaries chuchotage Churchill, Winston Chuvash Cicero Clifford, James CNN code; breakers; switching Coghill, Neville Colbert Report, The Cold War colonialism color terms Columbus, Christopher commentary, translation computer-aided translation (CAT) computer(s); Google Translate; translation concrete languages Condé, Maryse conference interpreting; simultaneous confidentiality agreements contact language context; meaning and Coptic copyright Council of Europe Coverdale, Miles cribs Crimean War Cuba cultural substitution cuneiform script Cyprian Czech Daghestani d’Alembert, Jean Dangerous Liaisons Danish Dante Danticat, Edwidge Dari Derrida, Jacques Descartes, René DG Translation dialect; translation as; variation dialogue Díaz, Junot Dickens, Charles diction, variety of dictionaries; bilingual; Chinese; French; general purpose; history of; multilingual; pocket; rhyme; size of; special purpose Dictionnaire de l’Académie Diderot, Denis, Encyclopédie diversity of language Doctor Zhivago (film) dog language Dostoyevsky, FyodorThe Brothers Karamazov; Crime and Punishment dragomania dragomans drama Dr.

Paper Promises
by Philip Coggan
Published 1 Dec 2011

These were the ‘money changers’ that Jesus threw out of the temple. Another historic term, ‘touchstone’, derives from a method of assessing a coin’s metallic value. Just as the QWERTY keyboard outlasted the manual typewriter, initial choices of names and weights have had long-lasting consequences. Pepin the Short, the father of Charlemagne, the first Holy Roman Emperor, lived from c.715 to 768. He established that a livre or pound of silver was worth 240 denarii or pennies, while the solidus was worth 12 denarii.15 This was the basis for the British monetary system for centuries until 1971. Sums in my primary school maths book had to be calculated under the headings l s d (livre, solidus, denarius) to signify pounds, shillings and pence.

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Business Week Butler, Eamonn Calder, Lendol California Callaghan, Jim Calvin, John Canada Canadian Tar Sands capital controls capital economics capital flows capital ratios carried interest carry trade Carville, James Cassano, Joseph Cato Institute Cayne, Jimmy CDU Party ‘Celtic tiger’ central bank reserves Cesarino, Filippo ‘Chapter’ Charlemagne Charles I, King of England cheques/checks chief executive pay Chile China Churchill, Winston civil war (English) civil war (US) Citigroup clearing union Clientilism Clinton, Bill CNBC collateralized debt obligations commerical banks commercial property commodity prices Compagnie D’Occident comparative advantage conduits confederacy Congdon, Tim Congress, US Connally, John Conservative Party Consols Constantine, Emperor of Rome consumer price inflation continental bonds convergence trade convertibility of gold suspended Coolidge, Calvin copper Cottarelli, Carlo Council of Nicea Cowen, Brian cowrie shells Credit Anstalt credit cards credit crisis of 2007 – 8 credit crunch credit default swaps ‘cross of gold’ speech Cunliffe committee Currency Board currency wars Dante Alighieri David Copperfield Davies, Glyn debasing the currency debit cards debt ceiling debt clock debt deflation spiral debt trap debtors vs creditors, battle defaults defined contribution pension deflation Defoe, Daniel Delors, Jacques Democratic convention of 1896 Democratic Party Democratic Republic of Congo demographics denarii Denmark deposit insurance depreciation of currencies derivatives Deutsche Bank Deutschmark devaluation Dickens, Charles Dionysius of Syracuse Dodd – Frank bill dollar, US Dow Jones Industrial Average drachma Duke, Elizabeth Dumas, Charles Duncan, Richard Durst, Seymour Dutch Republic East Germany East Indies companies Economist Edward III, King of England Edwards, Albert efficient-market theory Egypt Eichengreen, Barry electronic money embedded energy energy efficiency estate agents Estates General Ethelred the Unready euro eurobonds eurodollar market European Central Bank European Commission European Financial Stability Facility European Monetary System European Union eurozone Exchange Rate Mechanism, European exorbitant privilege farmers Federal Reserve Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia Federalist party fertility rate ‘fiat money’ Fiji final salary pension Financial Services Authority Financial Times Finland First Bank of the United States First World War fiscal policy fiscal union Fisher, Irving fixed exchange rates floating currencies florin Florio, Jim Ford, Gerald Ford, Henry Ford Motor Company Foreign & Colonial Trust foreign direct investment foreign exchange reserves Forni, Lorenzo Forsyte Saga France Francis I, King of France Franco-Prussian War Franklin, Benjamin French Revolution Friedman, Milton Fuld, Dick futures markets Galbraith, John Kenneth Galsworthy, John GATT Gaulle, Charles de Geithner, Tim General Electric General Motors general strike of 1926 Genghis Khan Genoa conference George V, King of England Germany gilts Gladstone, William Glass – Steagall Act Gleneagles summit Glorious Revolution GMO Gokhale, Jagadeesh gold gold exchange standard gold pool gold standard Goldman Sachs goldsmiths Goodhart, Charles Goodhart’s Law Goschen, George Gottschalk, Jan government bonds government debt Graham, Frank Granada Grantham, Jeremy Great Compression Great Depression Great Moderation Great Society Greece Greenspan, Alan Gresham, Sir Thomas Gresham’s Law Gross, Bill G7 nations G20 meeting Guinea Habsburgs Haiti Haldane, Andrew Hamilton, Alexander Hammurabi of Babylon Havenstein, Rudolf von Hayek, Friedrich Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative hedge funds Henderson, Arthur Henry VIII, King of England Hien Tsung, Chinese emperor Hitler, Adolf Hoar, George Frisbie Hohenzollern monarchy Holy Roman Empire Homer, Sydney Hoover, Herbert House of Representatives houses Hume, David Hussein, Saddam Hutchinson, Thomas Hyde, H.

Predictably Irrational, Revised and Expanded Edition: The Hidden Forces That Shape Our Decisions
by Dan Ariely
Published 19 Feb 2007

Suppose you found a placebo substance or a placebo procedure that not only made you feel better but actually made you physically better. Would you still use it? What if you were a physician? Would you prescribe medications that were only placebos? Let me tell you a story that helps explain what I’m suggesting. In AD 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, thus establishing a direct link between church and state. From then on the Holy Roman emperors, followed by the kings of Europe, were imbued with the glow of divinity. Out of this came what was called the “royal touch”—the practice of healing people. Throughout the Middle Ages, as one historian after another chronicled, the great kings would regularly pass through the crowds, dispensing the royal touch.

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Pepsi and, 166–68 bread-making machines, 14–15 Brooks, David, xviii Brouillet, Jean-Claude, 23–24 budgets, planning fallacy and, 298 Buffett, Warren, 17 bundling of services, 120–21 Burning Man, Black Rock Desert, Nev., 86–88 Burrows, Lara, 170 Bush, George W., 280 C cable television, “trial” promotions and, 136–37 “Can’t Buy Me Love,” 85 Carmon, Ziv, 129, 130, 181, 336 Carolina Brewery, Chapel Hill, N.C., 231–37 cash, see money caudate nucleus, 203 cause and effect, incomprehensible relationships between, 313–14 CEOs, compensation of, 16–17, 18, 310 Charlemagne, 188 Charles II, king of England, 188 cheating on tests, 198–202 conflicts of interest and, 292–93, 294 extreme cheating and, 221–22 honor code statements and, 212–13 moral benchmarks and, 206–8, 213 with nonmonetary currency rather than cash, 219–22, 294 self-restraint in, 201–2, 208, 213 checking accounts: FREE!

Rewriting the Rules of the European Economy: An Agenda for Growth and Shared Prosperity
by Joseph E. Stiglitz
Published 28 Jan 2020

But even in the United States, where in effect the national debt was monetized in quantitative easing, there was not inflation, largely because there was so much excess supply of goods and labor. Chapter 2 Monetary Policy: Prioritizing Employment Before the euro, Europe had not shared a single currency since Emperor Charlemagne’s coinage around the end of the eighth century. It is unsurprising, then, that the euro became a symbol of modern European integration. However, the currency—more particularly the way the Eurozone has been managed—now threatens to discredit or even destroy the European project that birthed it. The fateful 1992 decision to create the euro was not wholly wrong, but the failure to create institutions that would make it work most certainly was.

Life Is Simple: How Occam's Razor Set Science Free and Shapes the Universe
by Johnjoe McFadden
Published 27 Sep 2021

The Roman Church took a very different path. After Emperor Constantine accepted Christianity as the official religion of the Empire the Christian Church became irrevocably linked with the Roman State. This relationship between Church and State was weakened by the fall of Rome but was re-established in the year 800 when Charlemagne was crowned Holy Roman Emperor by Pope Leo III on Christmas Day in Rome. Thereafter, kings and emperors of western Europe came to Rome to be crowned by the Pope, effectively welding the kingdoms and empires of western Europe, together with its feudal system, to the authority of the Catholic Church.

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As Karl Marx noted, ‘Nominalism was one of the principal elements of English materialism, and in general is the first expression of materialism.’15 Footnotes i The phrase identified the hunchback Salvatore in The Name of the Rose, written by Umberto Eco, as a former member of the Dulcinites. ii The successor of Charlemagne who had been crowned Emperor in 814 by the Pope. In late medieval times the title was held by a monarch elected by a committee of Prince-Electors. The empire ruled mostly over the German-speaking people but it waxed and waned over the years to encompass other lands, such as Italy. iii Also called Ludwig. 5 The Kindling We will return to Oxford where William’s ideas are providing the kindling to ignite a brief though brilliant blaze of science in the college cloisters.

Unfinished Business
by Tamim Bayoumi

Such support would be particularly necessary in the transition phase as the monetary union evolved from a region with limited economic integration into a smoothly functioning currency area. These differences stymied earlier attempts at a single currency, most notably the 1970 Werner Report. Irreconcilable Differences: The Werner Report Plans for European monetary union can be traced back to around 800 AD, although the early concepts were linked with imperial ambitions (of Charlemagne or Napoleon, for example) or utopian visions of a United States of Europe (Victor Hugo).5 Somewhat more relevant are the multi-country currency unions created during the late nineteenth century. The 1865 Latin League, comprising France, Italy, Belgium, Switzerland and (later) Greece, created francs and liras of a standard weight and purity of silver that circulated freely across the members.6 Indeed, in 1869 there was talk of joining this system with the gold-based monetary standards of Britain and the United States, but the British parliament baulked at the implied devaluation in the gold value of the British sovereign (the coin, not the monarch).

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INDEX Abe, Shinzo, (i) ABM AMRO (Dutch bank), (i) accounting standards, (i) Alaska (US state), (i) Amalienborg castle, Denmark, (i) Andreotti, Giulio, (i) Anglo-Irish Bank, (i) Argentina, (i) Asia financial crisis (1990s), (i), (ii), (iii) inflows, (i) asset prices and bubbles, (i), (ii), (iii) Australia banking system, (i) seeks to revive MAP, (i) Austria expansion in assets, (i) trade boost, (i) Baer, Gunter, (i) Bagehot, Walter, (i) Baker, James, (i) Balladur, Edouard, (i) Baltic region: banking crashes, (i) Banco Nazionale di Lavoro, (i) Banco Português de Negócios, (i) Bank of America (US bank) assets, (i) as national bank, (i), (ii) as regulated bank, (i) strongly capitalized, (i) Bank Brussels Lambert, (i) Bank of England handles government finances, (i) stabilizes failing banks, (i) Bank Holding Company Act (US, 1956), (i) Bank for International Settlements, (i), (ii) Bank One Corporation (US bank), (i) Bankers Trust (US bank), (i), (ii) Bangkok International Banking Facility, (i) Bankia (Spanish bank), (i) Banking Act (US, 1933), (i) Bankruptcy Abuse and Consumer Protection Act (US, 2005), (i) banks accounting standards and practices, (i) borrowing rates, (i) capital buffers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) capital standards, (i), (ii), (iii) collateral in repo deals, (i) commercial and investment separated, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) deposits and loans, (i) dual system (US), (i) equity and total assets, (i) European interest rates, (i) failures and corrective action (US), (i) government support for, (i) herding, (i) internal discipline, (i), (ii), (iii) liquidity standards redefined, (i), (ii) market opportunities, (i) and North Atlantic crisis, (i), (ii) proposed union in Europe, (i) regulation in Europe, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) risk models, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) shadow (US), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix) system reformed after North Atlantic crisis, (i) US national (interstate), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) see also central banks Banque de France, (i) Barclays (UK bank) acquires Lehman Brothers post-bankruptcy remnants, (i) backing, (i) competes with major US banks, (i) as LTCM creditor, (i) Baring Brothers (UK bank), (i), (ii) Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and banking regulation, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) and creation of Euro mega-banks, (i) on internal risk models and capital buffers, (i) and market risk, (i) and measures of capital buffers, (i) membership, (i) and repo market, (i) rules upgraded, (i) and US housing market collapse, (i) and voluntary regulation, (i), (ii) Basel 1 Accord, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Basel 2 Accord, (i), (ii), (iii) Basel 2.5 system, (i) Basel 3 agreement, (i), (ii) Basel (i), (ii) BBVA (Spanish bank), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Bear Stearns (US investment bank) assets, (i) bankruptcy, (i) and European competition, (i), (ii) as investement bank, (i), (ii) lightly capitalized, (i), (ii) merges, (i) as regulated bank, (i) rescued, (i), (ii) and upgrading of Basel (i), (ii) Belgium bank assets, (i) banking expansion, (i), (ii), (iii) banking system (2002), (i), (ii) close economic ties with Germany, (i) debt ratio, (i) in European Coal and Steel Community, (i) and financial crisis, (i) and investment banking, (i) and monetary union, (i), (ii) trade boost, (i) Benelux countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Luxembourg), (i) benign neglect, (i), (ii), (iii) Berlin Wall: falls (1989), (i), (ii), (iii) Bernanke, Ben, (i) Better Regulation Action Plan (UK, 2005), (i) BIS, see Bank for International Settlements Bismarck, Prince Otto von, (i) Black Wednesday (Europe, September 16, 1992), (i) BNP Paribas (French bank) assets reduced, (i) competes with major US banks, (i) expansion, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) suspends Net Asset Value calculation, (i) BNP Paribas ABS EONIA, (i) BNP Paribas ABS EURIBOR, (i) Brandt, Willy, (i) Brazil debts, (i) exchange rate collapse (1999), (i) Bretton Woods break-up of system, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) conference, (i), (ii), (iii) fixed exchange rate system, (i), (ii), (iii) and monetary policy, (i) Brexit, (i) broker-dealers, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) see also investment banking; USA: shadow banks Brown, Gordon, (i) Bryan, William Jennings, (i) budgets: planning, (i) Buffet, Warren, (i) Bundesbank ceases support for pound and lira, (i), (ii) on cooperation of fiscal and monetary policy, (i) and European exchange rate system, (i), (ii) and European integration, (i), (ii) and European monetary union, (i) and formation of European Central Bank, (i) Frankfurt location, (i) and German reunification, (i) on independence of European Central Bank, (i) raises interest rates, (i) Burns, Arthur, (i) Bush, George W., (i) business cycle, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) California: house price fall, (i) Canada banking system, (i) in Basel Committee, (i) and Louvre Accord, (i) Case Shiller house price index, (i) central banks and effect of inflation, (i), (ii) failure to apologise for crisis, (i) and fiscal expansion, (i) independence, (i), (ii) and inflation targeting, (i) and monetary policy, (i), (ii) and quantitative easing, (i) responsibility for controlling macroeconomic fluctuations, (i) responsibility for delivering low inflation, (i) revive growth and inflation, (i) role, (i) see also European Central Bank Centre for Economic Policy Decisions, (i) Chaebol (South Korea), (i) Charlemagne, Emperor, (i) Chase Manhattan Bank (US bank), (i) Chemical Bank (US bank), (i) China currency depreciation, (i) Euro area trade with, (i) in G20 group, (i) investments in US, (i) joins World Trade Organization, (i), (ii) rise as economic power, (i) Citigroup (US bank), (i), (ii), (iii) assets, (i) banking model, (i) low capital buffer, (i) as national bank, (i) rescued, (i) strongly capitalized, (i) collateralized debt obligations (CDOs), (i), (ii) Collins amendment (US), (i) see also Dodd–Frank Act Commerzbank (German bank), (i), (ii), (iii) Commodity Futures Trading Commission (US), (i) Comptroller of the Currency (US) see Office of the Comptroller of the Currency Congressional Research Service (US), (i) Consolidated Supervision Entities (CSE), (i) Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (US), (i), (ii) Consumer Protection Act (US, 2010), (i) Continental Illinois Bank and Trust Company (US bank) Bank of America acquires, (i) failure (1984), (i), (ii) Copenhagen European leaders summit (1978), (i) copyright, (i) Council of Governors (Committee of Governors of the Central Banks; Europe), (i), (ii) Cox, Christopher, (i) Credit Agricole (French bank), (i), (ii) Credit Suisse First Boston (Swiss/US bank), (i), (ii) Cummings, Christine, (i) currency unions, (i), (ii) see also European Monetary Union Cyprus, (i) dealers see broker-dealers debt flows (international), (i), (ii) debts: repayment, (i) Declaration of Strengthening the Financial System (G20, 2009), (i) Delors, Jacques advocates strong franc, (i) Committee and Report, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) and common currency, (i) as President of European Commission, (i) Denmark accepts Basel capital rules, (i) and currency fluctuations, (i) invited to join European Economic Community, (i) rejects European Monetary Union, (i), (ii) in Scandinavian monetary union, (i) Depository Institutions Deregulation and Monetary Control Act (US, 1980), (i) deposits: uninsured, (i) derivatives, (i), (ii) Deutsche Bank (German bank) assets reduced, (i) backing, (i) branches abroad, (i) and capital buffers, (i) capital ratios, (i) competes with US major banks, (i) expansion, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) international scope, (i) power, (i), (ii) under pressure to accept reform, (i) Deutsche mark appreciates against dollar, (i) dominance, (i), (ii) revalued, (i) Dexia (French/Belgian bank), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Dodd–Frank Act (US, 2010), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Doha round of trade talks (2001), (i) dollar appreciates (early 1980s), (i) devalued, (i) and fixed exchange rate system, (i), (ii) as central currency, (i) oil priced in, (i) value pegged to gold, (i) Draghi, Mario, (i), (ii), (iii) Duisenberg, Wim, (i), (ii) dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models (DSGE models), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) East Germany: Ostmarks converted to Deutsche marks, (i), (ii) eastern Europe and labor market, (i) trade with Euro area, (i) economic models distort policymaking, (i), (ii) see also dynamic stochastic general equilibrium models ‘Economists’ (Euro area): differences from ‘Monetarists’, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) efficient market hypothesis, (i), (ii) Eichengreen, Barry, (i) Emergency Home Finance Act (US, 1970), (i) Emminger, Otmar, (i) employment: and fiscal and monetary policy, (i) Euro area (and Europe) accepts Basel 3 framework, (i) bank assets reduced since 2008, (i) bank internal risk models, (i), (ii) bank lending expansion, (i) bank resolution system (2014), (i) banking system expansion and transformation (1985–2002), (i), (ii), (iii) banking system in 2002, (i), (ii) banking system shrinks since 2009, (i) and banking union, (i) banks fund US housing bubble, (i) banks under ECB supervision, (i) banks’ overseas expansion, (i), (ii), (iii) bond yields, (i), (ii) borrowing rates converge, (i) business cycles, (i) capital gains, (i) causes of financial crisis, (i) causes of regional separation, (i) centralized bank regulation and support, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) core and periphery banks, (i), (ii), (iii) debt breaks, (i) depression, (i) domestic (national) banking, (i) early national banking system (1980), (i) effect of post-crisis changes on banks, (i), (ii) and exchange rate instability, (i) failure to achieve integrated banking, (i) financial reform in, (i) fiscal deficits limited, (i), (ii), (iii) fiscal policies tightened, (i) foreign banks in, (i) foreign trade, (i) growth forecasts, (i) house prices, (i), (ii) inadequate fiscal buffers, (i), (ii) inflation rates, (i) institutional changes, (i) internal exchange rates, (i) investment spending, (i) labor markets and migration, (i) lends to US, (i), (ii) limited support for troubled banks, (i) mega-banks, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi) member countries, (i) monetary (currency) union, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) move to banking union, (i), (ii), (iii) move to economic integration, (i) need for area-wide bank support system, (i) and origins of World War I, (i) outflows, (i), (ii) output losses, (i), (ii) overbanked, (i) political divisions, (i) post 2002 financial boom, (i) product market, (i) and proposed leverage ratios, (i) residential spending, (i) resolution fund for insolvent banks, (i) responsibility for macroprudential policies, (i) single currency, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) spending boom, (i) stock market fall from 2007, (i), (ii) surveillance of members reduced, (i) trade balance, (i) universal bank expansion in US, (i), (ii) unprepared for crisis, (i) Euro (currency) as boost to integrated economy, (i), (ii) introduced (1999), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) European Banking Authority (EBA), (i) European Central Bank (ECB) agreed by Delors Committee, (i) aided by expansion, (i) and bank supervision, (i), (ii), (iii) committed to low inflation, (i) effect of, (i) financial supervision centralized in, (i) and Greek debt crisis, (i) guiding principles, (i) ignores US financial problems, (i) injects liquidity into markets, (i) Joint Supervisory Team, (i) and Maastricht Treaty, (i) and move to banking union, (i) non-adoption of leverage ratio, (i) policy rate, (i) raises rates, (i) vets European Stability Mechanism, (i) weakness, (i) European Coal and Steel Community, (i) European Commission Brussels location, (i) confederated structure, (i) created, (i) European Capital Adequacy Directive, (i) and European integration, (i) Monetary Committee, (i) plans for integrated banking system, (i) and proposed monetary union, (i), (ii) rules on excessive debts, (i) Second Banking Directive, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and Stability and Growth Pact, (i) vets European Stability Mechanism, (i) European Community Council of Ministers (ECOFIN), (i) European Council, (i), (ii) European Currency Unit (ECU), (i), (ii) see also Euro European Economic Community Common Agricultural Policy, (i) currency fluctuations, (i) customs union, (i) fixed exchange rates, (i) formed, (i), (ii) and free movement of capital, (i) see also European Union European Financial Stabilisation Mechanism, (i) see also European Stability Mechanism European Financial Stability Facility, (i) see also European Stability Mechanism European Monetary Cooperation Fund, (i), (ii) European Monetary Fund, (i), (ii) European Monetary Union (EMU) and bank deposit insurance, (i) design, (i) and fall of interest rates, (i), (ii), (iii) future, (i), (ii) and increasing economic integration, (i) initial members, (i) long-term expectation, (i) Maastricht Treaty initiates, (i) positive effects, (i), (ii) principles and flaws, (i) reduces risk premiums, (i) trade and single currency, (i) European Reserve Fund, (i) European Stability Mechanism (ESM), (i), (ii) European System of Central Banks (ESCB), (i), (ii), (iii) European Union alterations at times of distress, (i) and banking regulation, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) commitment to closer (federated) union, (i) economy contracts, (i) and free movement of goods, services, labor and capital, (i) implements Basel (i), (ii) integrated banking system, (i), (ii) name adopted, (i), (ii) single currency (Euro), (i), (ii) on supervision of investment banking groups, (i) see also European Economic Community Evian, Switzerland, (i) Exchange Rate Mechanism (ERM) Balladur proposes reforms, (i) and Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) crisis (1992-3), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) and Delors Committee, (i), (ii) and German reunification, (i) introduced, (i), (ii), (iii) suffers from speculative attacks, (i) exchange rates determined by private markets, (i) Europe introduces, (i) and floating exchange rate system, (i) and international debt flows, (i) Fannie Mae (government-sponsored enterprise, US) capital buffers, (i) collapses, (i) dominates securitization market, (i) expansion, (i) formed, (i) issues mortgage-backed securities, (i), (ii), (iii) nationalized, (i), (ii) profits squeezed, (i) upper loan limits, (i) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (FDIC, US), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation Improvement Act (US, 1991), (i) Federal Home Loans Banks (US), (i) Federal Reserve Bank see United States Federal Reserve Bank financial crises causes and effects, (i) and regulation reform, (i) see also North Atlantic crisis financial markets see markets (financial) Finançial Services Agency (UK), (i) Financial Stability Board (earlier Forum), (i) Financial Stability Oversight Council (FSOC, US), (i), (ii) Finland escapes crisis, (i) expansion in assets, (i) trade boost, (i) fiscal policy, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) FleetBoston Financial Corporation (US bank), (i) Ford, Gerald, (i) Fortis (Belgium/Netherlands bank), (i), (ii) France agricultural lobby, (i) aims for integrated Europe, (i) bank assets, (i) bank branches in other countries, (i) banking expansion, (i), (ii), (iii) banking system (2002), (i) banking system nationalized under President Mitterrand, (i), (ii) close economic ties with Germany, (i) differences with Germany over monetary union, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) and ERM crisis (1992), (i) in European Coal and Steel Community, (i) and European exchange rate system, (i), (ii) favours political control of central bank, (i) and financial crisis, (i) franc fort policy, (i) high inflation, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) interest rates, (i) internal risk models, (i) leaves and rejoins snake, (i) and investment banking, (i) outflows, (i) reduces fiscal deficit, (i) and single currency, (i), (ii), (iii) status in European Commission, (i) suspends sanctions for high fiscal deficits, (i) Freddie Mac (government-sponsored enterprise, US) capital buffers, (i) dominates securitization market, (i) expansion, (i) mortgage-backed securities, (i), (ii) nationalized, (i), (ii) profitability, (i) upper loan limits, (i) Friedman, Milton, (i) funding corporations, (i) G7 leaders’ summits, (i) Hokkaido Toyako (2008), (i) Venice (1987), (i) G20 group Chengdu (2016), (i) London (2009), (i), (ii) Pittsburg (2009), (i) and fiscal stimulus, (i), (ii) and Financial Stability Board, (i) and policy cooperation, (i), (ii) and reform of banking system, (i) regular meetings, (i) Geithner, Timothy, (i) General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT), (i) General Motors: share value, (i) Genscher, Hans-Dietrich, (i), (ii) Germany accepts monetary union, (i) aims for integrated Europe, (i) bank assets, (i) bank branches in other countries, (i) banking expansion, (i), (ii), (iii) banking system (2002), (i) controls inflation, (i) debts move to, (i) differences with France over monetary union, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) dominance in monetary union, (i) Dutch exports to, (i) empire founded (1871), (i) enforces rules, (i) and European exchange rate system, (i) export-led economy, (i) favours independent central bank, (i) favours national bank supervision, (i) and financial crisis, (i) foreign banks in, (i) interest rates, (i), (ii), (iii) internal risk models, (i), (ii) Landesbanken, (i) and ERM crisis, (i) and investment banking, (i) reluctance to support periphery countries, (i) response to financial crisis, (i) reunification following fall of Berlin Wall, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) and single currency, (i), (ii) small banks, (i) and snake, (i) status in European Commission, (i) strength of currency, (i) supply chain with eastern Europe, (i) suspends sanctions for high fiscal deficits, (i) tax reforms under Louvre Accord, (i) and value of currency, (i) warns of effect of Greek debt, (i) Giscard d’Estaing, Valérie, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Glass–Steagall Act (US, 1933), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) Glicenstein, Gilles, (i) globalization, (i), (ii), (iii) gold and Long Depression, (i) standard, (i), (ii) and US dollar, (i), (ii) Gold Pool, (i) Goldman Sachs (US investment bank) applies for bank holding company status, (i) assets, (i) becomes regulated bank, (i) competes as investment bank, (i) and competition with European banks, (i) lightly capitalized, (i) as LTCM creditor, (i) as shadow bank, (i) government borrowing, (i) government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs, US), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Graham–Leach–Bliley Act (US, 1999), (i) Great Depression (1930s), (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) great moderation, the, (i), (ii) Greece accepts Basel capital rules, (i) adopts Euro, (i) fall in interest rate, (i) in currency union periphery, (i) economic recovery program, (i) in Euro area, (i) European aid to, (i), (ii) excessive borrowing and debts, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) expansion in assets, (i) financial crisis in, (i), (ii), (iii) fiscal mismanagement, (i) high interest rates, (i) joins Euro area, (i) loans from other countries, (i) product market improvements, (i) reduces fiscal deficit, (i) role of central government, (i) Greenspan, Alan on bank supervision and regulation, (i), (ii) on bank regulation, (i) favors reform of Basel (i), (ii) and predictability of policies, (i) on risks posed by investment banks, (i) The Age of Turbulence, (i) Group of Ten, (i) GSEs, see government-sponsored enterprises Hawaii, (i) HBV (German bank), (i) hedge funds, (i), (ii) helicopter money, (i) Hoechst (corporation), (i) homo economicus, (i), (ii) Hong Kong: and Asian crisis, (i) house purchases and prices, (i), (ii) see also United States of America households: in economic theory, (i) houses: investment value, (i) Housing and Urban Development Act (US, 1968), (i) HSBC (UK bank): in US, (i) Hugo, Victor, (i) human beings fads and crazes, (i) sociability, (i), (ii) IFRB (accounting standards), (i) IKB Deutsche Industriebank AG (German bank), (i), (ii) Illinois (US state): state banking regulations, (i) incomes: stagnation, (i) Indonesia, (i), (ii), (iii) inflation rates, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) information technology and financial procedures, (i) and investment banks, (i) ING (Netherlands bank) accepts government capital injection, (i) expansion, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Institute for International Finance, (i) insurance: and mortgage-backed assets, (i) interest rates and borrowing costs, (i) capped in US, (i), (ii), (iii) and exchange rate, (i) and inflation, (i) reduced to zero, (i) International Monetary Fund (IMF) and perceived anti-China measures, (i) on benefits from open capital markets, (i) and European Stability Mechanism loans, (i) and exchange rate, (i) funds increased, (i) support in Asia crisis, (i) loans available, (i) as model for European Monetary Fund, (i) output gaps, (i) resources fall behind increase in world trade, (i) on size of global economy, (i) international monetary system debt flows, (i) history of crises, (i) International Swaps and Derivatives Association, (i) Intesa Sanpaolo (Italian bank), (i), (ii), (iii) investment banking see also shadow banking benefit from nontraditional cash deposits, (i) funding, (i) and hedge funds, (i) and information technology, (i) regulation, (i) role and conduct, (i) Ireland accepts Basel capital rules, (i) bankers in, (i) banking expansion, (i), (ii) borrowing excesses, (i) as ‘Celtic tiger’, (i) and currency fluctuations, (i) in currency union periphery, (i) in Euro area, (i) European aid to, (i) invited to join European Economic Community, (i) expansion in bank assets, (i) financial crisis in, (i), (ii), (iii) foreign investments in, (i) ‘light touch’ regulation, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) reduces fiscal deficit, (i) successful effect of reforms, (i) Italy borrowing interest rate, (i) commercial loans, (i) connected firms in, (i) in currency union periphery, (i) debt ratio, (i) in Exchange Rate Mechanism, (i) expansion in bank assets, (i) financial crisis in, (i), (ii) high interest rates, (i) housing boom, (i) inflation rises, (i), (ii) joins European Coal and Steel Community, (i) large outflows, (i) leaves Exchange Rate Mechanism, (i) low growth, (i) and monetary union, (i) product market improvements, (i) reduces fiscal deficit, (i) supports suspension of sanctions for high fiscal deficits, (i) ten-year bonds, (i) see also lira ITT (corporation), (i) Japan banking system, (i) in Basel Committee, (i) controls inflation, (i) debts outflow to, (i), (ii) depression, (i) economic growth, (i) floating exchange rates, (i) and Louvre Accord, (i) Prime Minister Abe’s economic reforms (‘Abenomics’), (i), (ii), (iii) JP Morgan Chase (US bank), (i) acquires Bear Sterns, (i) assets, (i) banking model, (i) as national bank, (i), (ii) Keynes, John Maynard, (i), (ii) King, Mervyn, (i), (ii), (iii) Kohl, Helmut, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Kohn, Donald L., (i) labor markets: Euro area versus US, (i) Lamfalussy, Alexandre, (i) Larosière, Jacques de, (i) Latin America: debt crisis, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Latin League (1865), (i), (ii) Lawrence, T.E.

Under the Knife: A History of Surgery in 28 Remarkable Operations
by Arnold van de Laar Laproscopic Surgeon
Published 1 Oct 2018

After the small town of Charroux in France claimed to possess the foreskin of Christ, this mother of all relics turned up in a dozen other places in Europe. Even Antwerp had it. The last remaining foreskin was stolen from the small Italian village of Calcata in 1983. Legend has it that the French royal family is directly descended via Charlemagne from Jesus of Nazareth, and therefore from Abraham as well. Christ’s last royal descendant was therefore Louis XVI. It can be argued that Louis’s foreskin played a decisive role in the advent of the French Revolution, which – as is well known – was to cost him his life. Louis also probably suffered from phimosis.

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.; Lenin, Vladimir; Oswald, Lee Harvey; Pope John Paul II; Prince William (son of George II) burns buttocks Byzantines cachexia Caesianus, Lucius Apronius callus Cambyses, King cameras; see also laparoscopy cancer: bacteria; barriers; colon; definition; development course; electric eel; melanoma; metastasis; modern growth in; non-Hodgkin lymphoma; pancreas; prostate; stages; stomach; surgery; terminology; tobacco; treatment; see also tumours carbolic acid carbon dioxide carcinoma cardiac arrest cardiac surgery cardiac tamponade cardiogenic shock cardiologists cardiology: definition cardiosurgery: definition cardiovascular diseases Caroline, Queen of England carotid artery Carpenter, John Carrel, Alexis Carrico, Charles James Carter, Jimmy cartilage Castiglione, Giancarlo castration Cathedral of St John, ’sHertogenbosch, Netherlands Cato cause cauterisation CCD chip Celestine IV, Pope Çelik, Oral cell membranes cellophane cellulitis Celsus, Aulus Cornelius cerebrovascular accident (CVA) see stroke Charlemagne Chauliac, Guy de chemotherapy childbirth chimney sweeps chimpanzees China chirurgeons: etymology; sixteenth century; see also surgeons chloroform cholecystectomy cholecystitis cholera cholesterol chondrocytes Christianity; see also popes Christie, Agatha chronic: definition cigarettes circulating assistant circulation: ABC of emergency medicine circulatory system: components; definition; lungs; metastasis; process; shock; see also arteries; heart; veins circumcision clamps Clark, William Kemp cleft palates Clement XII, Pope Clostridium perfringens co-morbidities coagulation; see also electrocoagulation cocaine coccyx codes of practice colon: cancer; obstruction colostomy Columbus, Christopher coma complaints complications; see also morbidity computerisation conductors (musical) Connally, John consciousness: anaesthesia; shock consent constipation contagion contour operation contraception corpses: dissection and hand-washing; exhumed for trial corsets cosmetic surgery coughing blood CPR Craik, James Cronos crossectomy Crucitti, Francseco cryogenics curare curative: definition cure: compared to healing; definition; see also healing Cushing, Harvey cystoscope cysts, pilonidal cytomegalovirus infection (CMV) Darius the Great d’Arsonval, Jacques-Arsène Darth Vader DeBakey, Michael deduction defecation defibrillation dehydration Democede of Croton depression, post-natal Desormeaux, Antonin Jean detectives diabetes diagnosis diaphragm Diba, Farah Dick, Elisha Cullen Dickens, Charles Dietrich, Marlène digestive system; see also gastrointestinal tract; pancreas Dinah dis-: meaning disinfectant see antisepsis dislocation; see also reposition dissection dissemination diuretics divide: definition Doot, Jan de Dotter, Charles double-blind trials Douglas, John Doyle, Arthur Conan drain (noun) drain (verb) Drew, Charles Dubost, Charles duodenum duty of care Duval, Peter dys-: meaning dysphagia dysuria ‘e causa ignota’ (e.c.i.)

Because Internet: Understanding the New Rules of Language
by Gretchen McCulloch
Published 22 Jul 2019

Naturally, we’re as intimidated by the blank page as we are by public speaking. That is, we were until very recently. The internet and mobile devices have brought us an explosion of writing by normal people. Writing has become a vital, conversational part of our ordinary lives. In the year 800, Charlemagne managed to get himself crowned as Holy Roman Emperor without being able to sign his own name. Sure, he had scribes to write up his charters, but illiterately running an empire? Today it’s hard to imagine even organizing a birthday party without writing. One type of writing hasn’t replaced the other: the “Happy Birthday” text message hasn’t killed the diplomatic treaty.

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L., 187 authorship, shared, 261–62 avatars, 156 “b4” (before), 72 “bae” (babe; before anyone else), 22, 51, 135–36 Baron, Naomi, 204 Bashwiner, Meg, 64 Bazin, Hervé, 133 BeerAdvocate, 31 Behold the Field meme needlework of author, 252–54, 259 Bell, Alexander Graham, 201 birthday emoji, 166–68, 173 blackface, 165 Blinkenlights, 255–56 blogs, 34–35, 73, 224–25 book metaphor for language, 265–69, 273–74 boyd, danah, 81–82, 102, 103, 232 “brb” (be right back), 72 Brennan, Amanda, 260 Brennan, Susan, 121–22 British English spellings, 46–47 Brown, Kara, 172 “btw” (by the way), 72, 74 Bulletin Board Systems (BBSes), 68 Cambridge Analytica, 22–23 Canadian spellings and pronunciations, 40–41, 48 Carpenter, Nicole, 79 Carroll, Lewis, 175 case in formal language, 152 initial caps, 145 Ironic Capitals, 134, 138, 147 and minimalist typography, 139–50 for social/internet acronyms, 11, 48 cat videos/pictures, 190, 241–44, 246 Cedergren, Henrietta, 28–29 chain emails, 77, 255 Chambers, J. K., 40 Charlemagne, Emperor, 2 chat messaging CB Simulator model in, 211–12 Internet Relay Chat model in, 68, 212 at intersection of written and informal language, 214–15 overlap in, 209–10, 212–14, 215 polite fictions in management of, 219 in professional contexts, 217 as pure informal writing, 215–16 real-time aspects of, 217–18 social norms surrounding, 219 status messages on, 226–27 as third place, 228 turn-taking in, 211, 212 utterances in, 110–11 children and the internet, 82–83, 100.

On Grand Strategy
by John Lewis Gaddis
Published 3 Apr 2018

Rome didn’t “fall” until 476. The Byzantine empire, founded by Constantine, would last for another thousand years; and his role in Christianizing the Roman empire would be at least as consequential as that of Augustus in establishing it. The Holy Roman empire, a European remnant of Roman rule, originated in 800 with Charlemagne—one of whose titles was “most serene Augustus”—and held itself together for its own thousand years, until Napoleon swept it aside. Even he knew better than to try that with the Roman Catholic Church, founded in the age of Augustus, which seems likely to endure for as far into our future as anyone can foresee, under the rule of a pontifex maximus, a position dating back to the ancient kings of Rome some six centuries before Octavian was born.

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-fox concept of, 4–6 on Machiavelli, 117–19 on Marxism and fascism, 305–6 on negative vs. positive liberty, 310–11 on 1945 trip to Moscow, 302–3 pluralism as understood by, 311 on reconciling hedgehog and fox thinking, 14–16, 17–19 on Soviet suppression of artists and writers, 304–5 U.S. political summaries of, during World War II, 297–302 Bezukhov, Pierre (char.), 185–86 Bismarck, Otto von, 115, 257, 262, 263, 305 Bolingbroke (char.), 217, 223 Bolívar, Simón, 181–82 Bolkonsky, Prince Andrei (char.), 185–86, 206–7, 209 Bolsheviks, 3, 271–72, 276 Book of Common Prayer (Cranmer), 124, 148 Borgia, Cesare, 110–11, 118 Borodino, battle of (1812), 18, 185–89, 198, 204, 215 Brands, Hal, 288 Brest-Litovsk, Treaty of (1918), 272, 277 British navy, 260, 268 Bromwich, David, 161 Brundisium, 68, 70, 77 Brutus, Marcus, 72, 73–74 Buchan, John, 84 Buchanan, James, 233–34 Bullitt, William C., 283 Bunker Hill, battle of (1775), 163 Burgess, Guy, 296 Burghley, Lord, 141 Burke, Edmund, 158, 160–61, 166, 312 Caesar, Julius, 67–69, 91 Caesarion, 80, 81, 82, 88 Cameron, Simon, 233 Canada, 256, 257, 259 Canning, George, 179, 180–81, 258, 265, 266 capabilities, see means, alignment of ends with Carwardine, Richard, 241–42 Cassius, 72, 73–74 Catholic Counter-Reformation, 110, 141 Catholics, Catholicism, English, 118, 126, 127, 138–41 see also Roman Catholic Church Cecil, Georgina, 255 Cesena, 110–11 chance, Clausewitz on, 210–11 Charlemagne, 89–90 Charles I, king of England, 156 Charles II, king of England, 157 Charles V, Holy Roman emperor, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130 Chase, Salmon P., 233 checklists, 117 commandments vs., 102–3, 109 checks and balances, 115 China, ancient, 63, 91 China, modern, 54, 59, 273 Chiron, 67 choice, 26–27 Augustine on, 100 Berlin on, 14–15 liberty and, 15, 310–11 unpredictability of, 17 see also free will Christianity, Christians, 95–97 Churchill, Winston, 180–81, 285–88, 297 Cicero, 69, 71, 72, 73 City of God, City of Man vs., 101, 103, 104, 105–6, 112, 118, 123, 150 City of God, The (Augustine), 98, 99, 192 Civil War, U.S., 93, 264, 273 border states in, 238 causes of, 175–77, 179–80 costs of, 249 Lincoln’s strategy in, 236–37, 240, 249, 251 onset of, 234–35 Clausewitz, Carl von, 23–24, 55, 185–86, 194, 217, 237, 304, 308, 309, 312 on chance, 210–11 on friction vs. strategy, 202–3, 204, 216 on gap between theory and practice of war, 24, 186–87, 190, 195–96, 201–2, 208–9 on genius, 200–201, 205, 308 on interconnectedness of causes, 214–15 Lincoln’s intuiting of, 237, 240, 249, 252 on link between strategy and imagination, 201, 203 on Napoleon’s defeat in Russia, 189 on reconciling opposing ideas, 196 on theories vs. laws, 191, 210–11 training as defined by, 24, 25, 208 war as defined by, 195, 237 on war as instrument of policy, 197, 215, 264, 273 Clay, Henry, 182, 218, 223, 243–45 Cleon, 51 Cleopatra, queen of Egypt, 75, 80–81, 82 Cleveland, Grover, 256 Cold War, 61, 93, 260, 267, 304, 305 commanders, see leaders, leadership commandments, checklists vs., 102–3, 109 common sense, 91, 100, 111, 204, 232, 239, 250, 275, 309 grand strategy as underpinned by, 22 leadership and, 19, 20–21 of Lincoln, 19, 20, 239, 250 as reconciliation of hedgehog and fox thinking, 19–20 teaching of, 25 Common Sense (Paine), 161–63 Communist Manifesto, The (Marx and Engels), 245 Communists, 118, 279, 280 compasses, 17, 24, 77, 211, 224, 230, 249, 277, 309, 310 complexity, simplicity as coexisting with, 65–66 compromise, 160–61, 164 Compromise of 1820 (Missouri Compromise), 179, 220, 225, 226 Compromise of 1850, 225, 226 Confederate States of America, 235, 236, 245, 248, 255 Confederation Congress, 166 Confessions (Augustine), 96–97, 98, 99, 102 Constantine, emperor of Rome, 89, 97, 105 Constitution, U.S., 170, 173–74, 218, 221, 229, 234, 278 slavery and, 175–76, 179–80, 225, 243–44 Constitutional Convention (1787), 169–70 constraints, 47–49, 77, 82 see also means, alignment of ends with; obstacles Coolidge, Calvin, 277 Corcyra, 41, 56 Corinth, Corinthians, 41–42, 56, 58 cotton, international trade in, 245 Counter-Reformation, 110, 141 coup d’oeil, 203, 210, 214, 242, 304 of FDR, 289–90, 307 of Lincoln, 239–40, 243, 249 Cranmer, Thomas, 124, 126, 148 credibility, loss of, 46, 53–57, 59–60 Cripps, Stafford, 296 Crittenden, John, 234 Cromwell, Oliver, 156–57 Crowe, Eyre, 260–61, 264, 265, 267, 274, 281 Crowe memorandum, 260–61, 274 cultivation, leadership as, 48–49, 84, 86, 90–91 Davies, Joseph E., 282–83, 286–87 Declaration of Independence, 161, 163, 220, 230 equality and, 16, 164, 175, 221, 228 Declaratory Act (1766), 160 Decline and Fall of the Roman Empire, The (Gibbon), 161, 168 democracy, 38–39, 292 Democrats, Democratic Party, 223, 225, 229, 232, 247 determinism, free will vs., 191, 211–13, 252–53 DeVoto, Bernard, 291–93 Dickens, Charles, 112 Diodotus, 51–52 Discourses on the First Ten Books of Titus Livius (Machiavelli), 106, 115 dogmatism, 119 Douglas, Stephen A., 225, 227, 234, 244 in debates with Lincoln, 229–30, 231–32 popular sovereignty doctrine of, 226, 228 Drake, Francis, 140, 142–44, 153 dramatizations (narratives), history and, 16, 18–19, 62 Dred Scott v.

Antwerp: The Glory Years
by Michael Pye
Published 4 Aug 2021

It was also making the connections which made it possible to manoeuvre between the great rival powers of Eurasia, the Hapsburgs in the west and the Ottomans in the east. Ottomans in Istanbul talked of a Muslim caliphate, a holy purpose, and also of being heirs to Timur of Persia or Genghis Khan. Hapsburgs in Madrid talked of the Holy Roman Empire, the one true Church, and remembered Charlemagne. Each wanted the role of God’s will on earth. Charles V had himself crowned as Caesar, but Sultan Suleiman could dispute that from what had once been the capital of the Roman Empire in Istanbul. In the campaigns of 1532 Ibrahim Pasha told Hapsburg envoys that there could be only one true sovereign in the world, either emperor or sultan.12 He showed as well as told, in terms the Hapsburgs would understand.

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The city has to do this in the language of the Hapsburgs, which is all theatre in the streets, rather like ancient Rome after a satisfactory war. The show lacks some conviction. The triumphal arch outside the gates was supposed to have two façades, a second one on the hidden side, to show the city made an effort; but it is not finished. It was meant to have four square columns that would have carried the names of emperors back to Charlemagne, weather permitting, which the weather does not. There is a little round church, also unfinished, where grand citizens and foreign merchants all in their ceremonial clothes, gaudy velvet and gold and silver thread, make a procession out of the city along with a ‘huge multitude of priests’. The Emperor takes official possession of the city there.

Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator
by Keith Houston
Published 22 Aug 2023

Rome was sacked in 410 and then again in 455 before the teenage emperor Romulus Augustulus was finally deposed in 476 by the Germanic troops of a general named Odoacer. For the most part, life was not markedly different under the Germanic tribes that replaced Rome’s old elite. The incomers were drawn to Christianity, by then Rome’s state religion, and picked up Latin to help govern their new lands.76 When the storied King Charlemagne was crowned in the year 800, ushering in a minor renaissance of the intellectual arts, Pope Leo III named him “most serene Augustus” and emperor of the “Holy Roman Empire.”77 Everything old was new again. Two things did not flourish under the new regime: neither the counting board nor the Roman hand abacus were anywhere to be seen.

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abacus ancient Rome, 41–43, 41 calculator combined with, 236 China, 34, 37–39, 38 Japan, 39–40, 130 name origin, 32–33 operation of, 24–26, 25, 26 precursors of, 26–29, 30–33 ABLE calculator, 246, 247 Acosta, José de, 41–42n Adcock, Willis, 181, 182 Affair of the Spanish Blanks, 53 Aiken, Howard, 137–39, 140, 143, 153 Airy, George, 118 alchemy, 55–56 Aldrin, Buzz, 77, 175, 233 Alex (parrot), 2 algorithms, 47, 218–22, 221 Algoritmi de numero Indorum (al-Khwārizmī), 46 American Micro-systems, 201 American Nautical Almanac Office, 117 androids, 80 ANITA calculator, 145, 157–60, 157, 167, 186 Apollo 11 mission, 174–75 Apollonius, 56–57 Apple II, 262–64, 263, 265, 266, 267–68, 274 Arabic finger-counting systems, 19 Arabic numerals, 44, 46–48 Archimedes, 54, 79 Aristotle, 56 arithmaurel, 103 Arithmetica logarithmica (Briggs), 220 arithmetic progressions, 59, 60 arithmometer, 95, 99, 101 construction of, 100–102 debut of, 103–4, 173 Friden STW-10, 126 stepped drum and, 97–98, 100, 123 success of, 104–5 technology skepticism and, 243 total manufactured, 111–12 Armstrong, Neil, 175 artificial intelligence, 114 astrology, 56–57 astronomy, 57n, 81, 115–16, 118–19 Astron wristwatch, 229 AT&T, 119, 134, 168 Atanasoff, John Vincent, 153–55, 156 Atari, 275 atomic bomb, 75–76, 126, 139 Automatic Sequence Controlled Calculator (ASCC) (Harvard Mark I), 137, 138–40, 139, 143 aviation, 75 Babbage, Charles, 94, 137, 140 Backus, Alan, 258 Badoglio, Pietro, 163 Banks, Iain M., 277 Bardeen, John, 167, 181 bases, 11–12, 218 Beaumont, Peter, 5 Bede, 16–20, 18 Bel Geddes, Norman, 138, 139 Bell, Alexander Graham, 134, 148, 243 Bellini, Marco, 164n, 169, 170–71 Bell Labs, 134, 137, 143, 146, 167, 180–81, 185, 277 Bergey, John, 229 Berry, Clifford, 155 binary values, 135–36, 136, 153, 154, 205–6 Blanch, Gertrude, 119, 120 body parts, 9–20, 18 Book of Ingenious Mechanical Devices, 79 Boole, George, 135, 136 Boolean logic, 135–36, 136 Booth, Andrew, 156 Border Cave, 5 Bothwell, Adam, 55–56 Bowring, John, 159 Brahe, Tycho, 56 Brahmi numerals, 46 Brattain, Walter, 167, 181 Bricklin, Dan, 257–58, 259, 261, 262–64, 266, 270–71, 274 Briggs, Henry, 64–65, 66, 69, 220 Brunel, Henry, 104 bugs, 143 bullae, 11, 12–13, 12 Bulova Accutron wristwatch, 227–28 Busicom, 199–203, 202, 205–9, 208, 209, 210–11, 274 Busicom 141-PF calculator, 208–9, 209, 218 Calandri, Filippo, 18 “calculating clock” (Rechenuhr), 82–84, 82, 87, 94 Calculator and Computer Precalculus Project (C2PC), 248, 249 calculators input conventions for, 141–42, 164 loss of relevance, 271–72, 273–75 name origin, 32 survival of, 277–78 See also electronic calculators; mechanical calculators calculators in education, 243–56 benefits of, 255–56 Calculator and Computer Precalculus Project (C2PC), 248, 249 calculators designed for, 246–47 graphing calculators, 248–54, 249, 250, 252, 253 New Math and, 244–45, 247 technology skepticism and, 244, 248, 251 Waits-Demana curriculum, 245–46, 248 calculus, 99, 248, 251 calendars, 16–17 Cal Tech calculator prototype, 186–90, 189, 193, 194, 214 Campbell-Kelly, Martin, 259, 277 Canon Canola 130 calculator, 172n, 193 Canon Pocketronic calculator, 194–95, 194, 197, 201, 208 capacitor, 154 Cardin, Pierre, 236 cardinal numbers, 8 Carruccio, Ettore, 27 Carson, Johnny, 226 Casio, 197, 200 14-A calculator, 141–42, 141, 186, 237 calculator combinations, 237–39, 240 classroom calculators, 255 CQ-1 clock calculator, 238 fx-190 scientific calculator, 238 fx-7000G graphing calculator, 250, 250, 251, 253 LC-78 calculator, 257 Mini calculator, 232, 239 QD-100 Quick Dialer, 238 QL-10 calculator-cigarette lighter, 239, 240 SG-12 Soccer Game, 238–39 VL-1 calculator-synthesizer, 238 Charlemagne (Holy Roman emperor), 43 Charles I (king of England), 72 Charles II (king of England), 91–92 check calculators, 237 Chéng Dà-Wèi, 38, 38 Cherry, Lorinda, 277 China, 33–39, 35, 38, 46, 243 chips. See microchips chipsets, 203, 204–8, 208, 211 Christianity, 16 Christina (queen of Sweden), 87, 89, 90 circular slide rule, 71–72, 71, 75 Clairaut, Alexis, 115–16, 120 classical antiquity, 13–16, 15, 18, 19 clock-radios, 236 Cochran, Dave, 217, 219, 220–22, 223 Coggeshall, Henry, 72–73, 74 Cold War, 222 Colossus, 156 compilers, 139–40 complex numbers, 134–35 comptometer, 126, 146, 157 Compuchron calculator watch, 234 computus paschalis, 17 Comunità, 163–64 Copernicus, Nicolaus, 48, 50 CORDIC, 222–23 Cosimo III (duke of Tuscany), 94 cosines, 58 counting animal abilities, 2–3 defined, 7–8 fingers/body parts and, 9–20, 18 language and, 8–9 Mesopotamian systems, 10–13, 12, 23–24, 26–29 tally sticks, 5–7 tokens and, 21–23 counting boards ancient Greece, 30–32, 31, 33 European Middle Ages and Renaissance, 44–46, 47–48 Inca, 41–42n limitations of, 39 counting rods (suàn), 35–36, 35 CQ-1 clock calculator, 238 Cromwell, Oliver, 90, 91 cross-staff, 66 cube roots, 36 cuneiform writing, 11, 23–24, 26–27, 28 Curie, Pierre, 228 cursor, 73, 74 Curta calculator, 95, 105–12, 109, 113, 186 Darius Vase, 30 Datamath calculator (TI-2500), 210, 246 Davis, Charles Henry, 117 Davy, Edward, 132 dc (desk calculator), 277–78 De Arte Logistica (Napier), 57 De Benedetti, Carlo, 176 decimal fractions, 50 decimal system, 11–12, 19, 27–28, 159–60, 218 Dee, John, 56 de Forest, Lee, 150–51 Delamain, Richard, 72 delay lines, 170 Demana, Franklin, 245–46, 248, 249 Deming, W.

The Power of Geography: Ten Maps That Reveal the Future of Our World
by Tim Marshall
Published 14 Oct 2021

Martel believed the Muslims had to be kept in Iberia or Christian Europe would fall. A thousand years later the great British historian Edward Gibbon agreed: ‘The Rhine is not more impassable than the Nile or Euphrates, and the Arabian fleet might have sailed without a naval combat into the mouth of the Thames.’ Had Martel failed, there would have been no Charlemagne (Martel’s grandson). He established a buffer zone south of the Pyrenees in part of what is now Catalonia, and the region became the east flank of what would grow to become the Reconquista (reconquest) of Iberia. After Tours the Muslims eventually fell back, and from 756 to 1031 settled for the establishment of the Andalusian Umayyad dynasty consisting of about two-thirds of Iberia.

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Space ‘45 Years Ago: Historic Handshake in Space’, NASA, 17 July 2020 https://www.nasa.gov/feature/45-years-ago-historic-handshake-in-space ‘Challenges to Security in Space’, Defense Intelligence Agency: United States of America (2019) https://www.dia.mil/Portals/27/Documents/News/Military%20Power%20Publications/Space_Threat_V14_020119_sm.pdf Havercroft, Jonathan and Duvall, Raymond, ‘3 – Critical Astropolitics: The Geopolitics of Space Control and the Transformation of State Sovereignty’, in Securing Outer Space: International Relations Theory and the Politics of Space, edited by Natalie Bormann and Michael Sheehan (New York: Routledge, 2009), pp. 42–58 ‘International Space Station Facts and Figures’, NASA, 16 July 2020 https://www.nasa.gov/feature/facts-and-figures Pappalardo, Joe, ‘A 10-Year Odyssey: What Space Stations Will Look Like in 2030’, Popular Mechanics, 10 June 2019 https://www.popularmechanics.com/space/satellites/a27886809/future-of-iss-space-station/ Rader, Andrew, Beyond the Known: How Exploration Created the Modern World and Will Take Us to the Stars (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2019) Sagan, Carl, Pale Blue Dot: A Vision of the Human Future in Space (New York: Ballantine Books, 2011) Slann, Phillip A., ‘The Security of the European Union’s Critical Outer Space Infrastructures’ (thesis), Keele University (2015) https://core.ac.uk/download/pdf/43759498.pdf ‘Space Fence: How to Keep Space Safe’, Lockheed Martin https://www.lockheedmartin.com/en-us/products/space-fence.html ‘The Artemis Accords: Principles for Cooperation in the Civil Exploration and Use of the Moon, Mars, Comets, and Asteroids for Peaceful Purposes’, https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/926741/Artemis_Accords_signed_13Oct2020__002_.pdf INDEX A Abdoulahi, Alpha 213 Abdullah, Prince Miteb bin 96–7 Abdullah, Turki ibn 80 Abe, Shinzo 32–3 Aboriginal Australians 6–7, 10, 11–14 Achaemenid Persian Empire 45 Acropolis, Athens 146 Acts of Union (1707) 109, 117–18, 133 Aegean Sea 142, 143, 148, 159, 160, 172, 189 Afghanistan 48, 62, 64, 68, 87, 89, 151, 222 Africa xiv–xv, 28, 29, 121, 131, 173, 231 see also Ethiopia; Sahel, the; individual countries by name African Development Bank 219 African Union 225, 250 Afwerki, Isaias 253 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud 54, 55–6 Ahmed, Abiy 253 Ahmed, Munir 256 Aksum Empire 247 al-Hariri, Saad 93–4 Al Jazeera TV 92 Al-Mourabitoun 215 Al-Oraibi, Mina 102 Al-Otaybi, Juhayman 86 Al-Qaeda xv, 88–90, 204, 212, 213, 214 Al-Rasheed, Professor Madawi 82 Al-Shabab 242, 244 Alabaster, Rear Admiral Martin 135 Albania 143, 154 Alexander II, Pope 274 Alexander the Great 40, 46, 144, 148, 174 Alexander VI, Pope 277 Algeria 209, 212, 218–19 Allied forces 23–4, 83, 123, 152 Anangu people 13 Anatolia 172, 173, 174, 175, 191–3, 197 Andalusian Umayyad dynasty 274 Anders, William 305 Ángel Blanco, Miguel 291 Anglo-Persian Oil Company (later BP) 48 Anglo-Saxons 110, 114 Ansar Dine 212 anti-Semitism 52, 59–60, 153, 186, 276 Apollo space missions 303, 305–6 Arab-Israeli War (1967) 85 Arab League 85 Arab Uprisings (2011) 91, 185–6 Arabs, Iranian 42, 64 Areva 227, 228 Argus newspaper, Melbourne 12 Aristotle 147 Ark of the Covenant 246 Arlit, Niger 227–8 Armenia 42, 185, 191 Armenian genocide 164, 180, 188 arms deals 86, 91, 102, 164, 191, 198, 262 Armstrong, Neil 304, 305 Artemis Accords 302–3, 309 Ashura festival 47 Assad, Bashar al xii, 58, 61, 91–2, 187–8, 196 asateroid 3554 Amun 324 astropolitical theory 311–14 Atatürk Dam 192 Atatürk, General Kemal 152–3, 179–80, 196, 199 Auld Alliance 117, 118 Auschwitz concentration camp 154 Australia xvi Aboriginals 6–7, 10, 11–13 armed forces 5, 18, 22, 27, 28, 29, 31, 32 blockade repercussions 21–2, 31 Botany Bay 10–11 British settlement 4–5 climate change 19–20 climate 6 defence 21, 22–5, 27 first recorded landing 9–10 fossil fuels 19, 20, 31 Frontier Wars 11–12 geography of 4, 5–6, 14 gold rush 14 growth of colonies 15 independence 15 influence in South Pacific 27–8 intelligence network 30–1, 129 migrants and refugees 16–19 multicultural population 17–18 Murray-Darling River Basin 8–9 Outback 6–7, 14 penal colony 4–5, 10–11 politics 5, 15, 16, 18–19, 23, 28 population distribution 6–7 population size 8, 14, 15–16, 19 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 32 relationship with China 25–6, 27–30, 31, 33 relationship with Japan 31, 32 relationship with United Kingdom 22, 23 relationship with USA 23, 24–5, 30–1, 33 rivers 8–9, 15, 20 Second World War 23–4 trade 5, 9, 11, 15, 19, 21, 26, 29–30, 31 transport system 15 water scarcity 20 wildfires 19 wildlife 6 Ayers Rock/Uluru 13 Azawad state 212, 219 Azerbaijan 42, 191 Azeris, Iranian 41 B Baghdad xiv, 58 Baha’i faith 52 Bahrain 69, 76, 77, 80, 91, 102 Balearic Islands 270 Balkans 145, 149, 151–2, 154, 175, 186 Baltic States 131 Baluchistan province, Iran 64 Bambara people 211 Bandler, Faith 13 Banks, Sir Joseph 10 Basij militia 55, 65, 66, 67 Basque Country 269, 279, 284, 289–91 Basque Nationalist Party 291 Battle of Britain (1940) 123 Battle of Gallipoli (1915–16) 178 Battle of Karbala (680) 47 Battle of Manzikert (1071) 158 Battle of Marathon (490 BCE) 45 Battle of the Coral Sea (1942) 25 Battle of Thermopylae (480 BCE) 146 Battle of Tours (732) 273–4 Battle of Trafalgar (1805) 280 BBC (British Broadcasting Corporation) 89–90, 133 Persian Service 51 Belmokhtar, Mokhtar 215 Bezos, Jeff 308 Biden, Joe 25, 69, 103, 164, 199 Bin Laden, Osama 75, 87, 88, 89, 104 Black Sea 143, 165, 166, 182, 189, 190 Blue Homeland concept 189–90 Blue Mountains, Australia 14 Blue Nile 242, 244, 260 Blue Origin 308 Boko Haram 216–17, 221 Bolívar, Simón 281 Bosnia 185 Boudicca, Queen 113 BP (British Petroleum) 48 Brexit xv, 108, 127, 136 British Empire 118–22, 123–4, 148, 150–1, 161, 210, 308 see also United Kingdom Bulgaria 143, 151–2, 153, 178 Burkina Faso 211, 215, 216, 222, 224, 226, 228–9, 231 Bush, George W. 39, 57, 60 Byzantine Empire 46, 148–9, 150, 152, 158, 172, 173–5, 196 Byzantium 148–9 C Caesar, Julius 112 Calvo Sotelo, José 282 camels 206–7 Cameron, David 130 Canada 30, 129, 130 Canary Islands 270–1, 297 Carter, Jimmy 61 Castillo, José 282 Castro Veiga, José 285 Catalonia xv, 269, 270, 279–80, 282, 284, 287, 289, 291–6 Catholic Church 53, 116, 275–6, 281 Celtic Britain 112–13 Chad 216–17, 222, 225, 226, 230 Chanoine, Julien 209–10 Charlemagne, Emperor 274 Charles I, King 116 China x, xii, xv African Belt and Road Initiative 231 ‘area of denial’ 27 armed forces 25, 26–7, 29, 30, 231 control of the West Pacific/South China Sea 24–5, 26, 31–2 Djibouti naval base 231, 258 militarization of space 314, 315, 317–18 potential interest in Catalonia 293–4 presence in the Sahel 231 rare-earth supplies 230–1 relationship with Australia 26, 27–30, 31 relationship with Ethiopia 259, 262 relationship with Iran 64 relationship with Saudi Arabia 96, 102 relationship with Serbia 293–4 relationship with South Pacific 27–9 relationship with UK 128, 130, 134 space exploration 302–3, 309, 314 Chinese People’s Liberation Army 26–7, 30, 231 Christianity 47, 52, 116, 247, 248, 256, 273, 274 see also Catholic Church Church of England 47, 116 Church of our Lady Mary of Zion 246 Churchill, Winston 48 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 30–1, 49 Clarke, Arthur C. 325 Claudius, Emperor 112 climate change 19–20, 204, 211, 224, 306 coal industry 20 Cold War 25, 31, 49, 124, 128, 161, 181–2, 248, 250, 252, 285–6, 319 Columbus, Christopher 276–7 Committee on the Peaceful Uses of Outer Space (COPUOS) 310 Common Security and Defence Policy 131 Commonwealth 132 Commonwealth of Australia Constitution Act (1900) 15 communism x, 49–50, 67, 153, 154, 286 Confluence of the Two Seas, The (Dara Shikoh) 33 Cook, Captain James 9, 119 Cook Islands 29 Coral Sea Cable System 28 Corfu 143, 148, 150, 159, 160 Coulport Naval Base 134–5 Council of Guardians, Iranian 54, 56–7 Covid-19 global pandemic 28, 29, 30, 63, 99, 133, 293–4 Crassus, General 46 Crete 143, 159, 160 Crimea 190 Cromwell, Oliver 116 Cuban forces 251, 252 Cumbers, Simon 89–90 Curtin, John 23 cyberattacks 29, 30, 67 Cyprus 143, 160–2, 163, 164, 165, 198 Cyrus II 45 Czech government 218 D Daily Mail 133 Dalai Lama 130 Danakil Depression 242 Darius I 45 Daru Island 25 Darug people 11 Darwin naval base, Australia 24 Dasht-e Kavir 38 Dasht-e Lut 38 Davutoğlu, Professor Ahmet 184 de Gaulle, Charles 125 deGrasse Tyson, Neil 322–3 Denmark 126, 131, 218 Derg (Coordinating Committee of the Armed Forces, Police and Territorial Army) 250–1, 252 Djibouti 231, 242–3, 248, 257–8 Dolman, Professor Everett 311–12 Drake, Francis 278 Drake, Frank 323 Duyfken 10 E Earth Space/low Earth orbit 312–14 ‘Earthrise’ photograph 305 East African Rift system 241 East India Company 308 East Mediterranean Gas Forum 163 Economist 133 Egypt xii, xiv, 45, 85, 92, 94, 103, 143, 162, 163, 186, 198, 248, 258, 259, 260–3 Egyptian-Ethiopian War (1874-76) 248, 261 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 286 Elburz Mountains 40, 42, 43 Elizabeth I, Queen 116 Empty Quarter (Rub’ al-Khali), Saudi Arabia 76 Endeavour, HMS 10, 119 English Civil War (1642–1651) 116 Eora people 11 Erdoğan, Recep Tayyip 92, 158–9, 183–9, 191, 194, 195–7, 198–9, 258 Eritrea 210, 242, 249, 250, 251–2, 253, 259 Estonia 218 ETA (Euzkadi ta Askatasuna) 290–1 Ethiopia xiv, 210 Abiy Ahmed 253–4 Aksum Empire 247 athletics 255 Christianity 247, 248, 256 conflict with Eritrea 250, 251–2, 253 earliest hominids 240 East African Rift system 241 emergence of the country 246–8 Emperor Haile Selassie I 246, 248–51 Emperor Tewodros II 248 ‘Ethiopiawinet’ policy 255 famine (1980s) 225, 251 folklore and religion 246 geography 241–2 Grand Ethiopian Renaissance Dam 244, 259–63 hydroelectric power 244, 259–61, 263 internal tensions 244, 245–6, 250, 251–2, 253–7 Islam 247–8, 256 languages 245–6, 250 Major Mengistu and Derg 250–1, 252 Makeda/Queen of Sheba 246 Meles Zenawi 252 military coup (1974) 250–1 military forces 242, 247, 248, 249, 251–2, 262 murder of Hachalu Hundessa 255–6 population size 242 relationship with China 259 relationship with Egypt 248, 259, 260–2 relationship with Italy 248, 249 relationship with Saudi Arabia and UAE 259, 262 relationship with Soviet Union 251, 252 relationship with USA 249, 251 sea access 249, 257 trade 241, 257–8 water supplies 240–1, 244, 260–3 Euphrates River 192 Europe xii, xv, 61, 64, 119, 120, 121, 127, 128, 150, 152, 173 migrants and refugees 144, 156–8, 204, 217–18, 220, 234 see also European Union (EU); United Kingdom; individual countries by name European Economic Community (EEC) 125 European Free Trade Association 294–5 European Union (EU) x, xii, xv, 60, 126–7, 130, 131–2, 136, 144, 145, 162, 164, 183, 188, 219, 225, 270, 289, 293–4, 297 euros, introduction of 126, 156 Exclusive Economic Zones (EEZ) 143, 162–3, 164 extraterrestrial life forms 322–3 F Fahd of Saudi Arabia 87–8 Faisal I of Saudi Arabia 84–5 Faslane Naval Base 134–5 Fatah 185 fatwas 52, 84, 86, 88 Fédération Aéronautique Internationale 310 Feith, David 231 Ferdinand of Aragon 275 Fiji 28, 29 financial crash (2008) 127 Financial Times 291 Finland 131 First Balkan War 151, 178 First World War 23, 48, 108, 122, 152, 178–9, 180, 281 5G network 29, 102 Five Eyes intelligence network 30, 129, 135 Food and Agricultural Organization, UN 225 Fortson, Danny 227 fossil fuels 19, 20, 43, 75, 98 see also oil and gas supplies Fraga, Manuel 288 France 94, 119 Auld Alliance 117 La Guerra dels Segadors 279 Napoleonic wars 119–20 Normans and Plantagenets 114–15 relationship with Saudi Arabia 86 relationship with Spain 279–80 relationship with the UK 125, 130–1, 133 relationship with Turkey 164, 198 Sahel, the 209–10, 214–20, 227–8, 232–3, 234, 235 Franco, Francisco 282–7 Free Syrian Army 91 Frontier Wars, Australia 11–12 Fulani 205, 221–2, 223–4 G G5 Sahel 216, 219, 221 G7 132 G20 summits 95 Gaddafi, Muammar xii, 213 Gagarin, Yuri 304–5 Galilei, Galileo 322 Galileo satellite navigation system 132 Gardner, Frank 90 gas fields xv, 161–3 General Headquarters Line 123 General Motors 101 George I of Hellenes 150, 151 Georgia xi, 173 Germany 48, 84, 122, 131, 133, 136, 153, 164, 181, 218, 219, 303 Gibbon, Edward 273 Gibraltar 273, 274, 285, 286, 296 GIGN 86 Giscard d’Estaing, Valéry 86, 164 GIUK gap 135 Global Times 29 global warming see climate change gold mining the Sahel 228–9 Australia 14–15 Gorbachev, Mikhail 252 Government of National Accord (GNA) 92 Grand Ethiopian Resistance Dam 244, 259–63 Grand Mosque, Mecca 86 Great Green Wall tree-planting operation 225–6 Greece xv, 45, 142, 181–2 Aegean Sea 142, 143, 159, 160 Ancient 142, 144, 145–9 Athens 142, 145–8, 150 British Empire 150–1 Byzantium 148–9 civil war 154–5 defence 145, 159–60, 163, 165, 166 EEC and EU membership 155–7 financial crisis (2008) and fall-out 155–7, 159 First Balkan War 151 First World War 152 geography 142–5 George I of Hellenes 150, 151 historical invasions 146–8 maritime power 142, 143, 145 Mediterranean gas fields 142, 161–3, 166, 190 migrant/refugee crisis 156–8, 166 military coup (1967) 155 Olympic Games 150, 155 Orthodox refugees 153 Ottoman Empire 149 Peloponnesian Wars 147 Pindos mountain range 144 population distribution 159–60 relationship with Cyprus 143, 160–2, 190 relationship with North Macedonia 160 relationship with the USA 154, 165–6 relationship with Turkey 142, 143, 147, 152–3, 158–60, 161–3, 172, 179, 190, 198 Roman Empire 148 Second Balkan War 151–2 Second World War 153–4 Smyrna port city 152–3 Sparta 142, 146, 147 Thessalonika 151, 153, 154 trade 142, 144–5 Turkish War of Independence 152–3 unification and independence 149–51 Greek Resistance 153, 154 Greenpeace 227 Guantanamo Bay 89 Guardian 133 Gulf Cooperation Council 103 Gulf Coast 39, 42, 62, 74–5, 76, 81 Gulf States 44, 92, 93, 103, 233–4, 259 Gulf Stream 111 Gulf War, first 24 Gürdeniz, Rear Admiral Cem 190 Guterres, António 204 H Habsburg Empire 177 Hadrian’s Wall 109 Hagia Sophia 196–7 Haile Selassie, Emperor 246, 248–51 Hamas 92, 185 Hashem Bathaei-Golpaygani, Ayatollah 63 Hashemites 81, 84 Hejaz, the 81, 84 Henry VIII, King 47, 115–16 Herodotus 263 Hezbollah 58, 91–2, 94 Hippocrates 147 Hippodamus 147 History of the Peloponnesian War (Thucydides) 142 Hitler, Adolf 123, 282–3, 285 Holocaust 154 Hong Kong 30 Hope, Dennis 311 Horn of Africa 216, 232, 241, 243, 247, 258, 259, 263, 297 Houthi forces 44, 58, 61, 93 Huawei 29, 102 Hundessa, Hachalu 255 Hungarian revolution 17 Hussein ibn Ali 47 Hussein, Saddam xi, 53–4, 87–8, 182 hydroelectric power xiv, 20, 192–3, 244, 259–63 Hypatia 147 hypersonic missiles 316 I Iberia 274–5 Ibn Saud 80–4, 104 Iceland 131 Iceni 113 Igbo people 211 Ikhwan army 81 illegal gold mines 228–9 Immigration Restriction Act, Australia 16–17 India xii, 32, 120, 151, 317–18 Industrial Revolution 111, 281 Inmarsat 306 Intelsat 306 International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) 60 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 156 international sea lanes 5, 24, 32 International Space Station (ISS) 303, 306, 307–8, 319–20 Ionian islands 150 Ionian Sea 143, 160 Iran xi, xii, xiv, 38 2009 election riots 55–6 2019 protests 62–3 2020 election 56–7 American Embassy siege 60–1 Anglo-Persian Oil Company 48, 49 armed forces 44, 52, 57, 62, 63, 65–7 Ayatollah Khomeini 50–4, 86 Azeris 41, 42 Basij militia 55, 65, 66, 67 Council of Guardians 54, 56–7 Covid-19 63 ethnic groups 41–2, 64 geography 38–40, 41 government/regime 41, 42, 44–5, 48, 51, 54–69 historical invasions 40 influence in other Arab countries 58–9, 68, 69, 92 intelligentsia and the arts 64–5 Iraqi Shia militias 91 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps 52, 57, 62, 63, 65–7 Kurds 41–2, 64 languages 41 Majlis 48, 54, 56, 66 military coup (1953) 49–50 mountains 38, 39, 40, 41, 44–5, 53 nuclear programme 60, 61, 68, 69, 92, 131, 136 oil and gas supplies 43, 44, 48, 49, 50, 60, 64 Persian history 44–8, 146 relationship with Israel/anti-Semitism 59–60, 68 relationship with Saudi Arabia 91–2, 93, 94, 103, 219 relationship with the US and the West 44, 48, 49, 50, 57, 60–2, 63, 68–9 repercussions of invading 38–9, 40 Revolution (1979) 42, 47, 50–1 Reza Shah Pahlavi 48–9 Shatt al-Arab waterway 39–40 trade and sanctions against 43, 60, 61, 64 water supplies 42–3 Yemen civil war 57–8 Iran–Iraq War (1980–88) 43, 44, 53–4 Iraq xi, 24, 42, 44, 50, 53, 57, 61, 62, 63, 68, 76, 84, 87, 89, 91, 182, 192, 195 Ireland 109–10, 114, 119 see also Northern Ireland; Republic of Ireland Iron Dome missile defence system 103 Isabella I of Castile, Queen 275 ISIS xv, 61, 104, 195, 204, 214 Islam see Shia Islam; Sunni Islam Islam, early 46–7, 208–9 Islamic Maghreb (AQIM) 212, 213, 214, 215, 223, 233, 234 Islamic Revolution (1979) 42, 47, 50–1 Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps (IRGC) 52, 57, 62, 63, 65–7 Islamist Welfare Party 184–5 Ismail, King 47 Israel 45, 52, 59–60, 85, 102–3, 143, 162, 163, 185–6, 317–18 Israel–Gaza conflict (2008) 185–6 Italy 143, 153, 156, 163, 210, 219, 234, 248, 249, 297 J James I and James VI of Scotland, King 116 Janszoon, Willem 9–10 Japan 129 missile defence system 31 Quadrilateral Security Dialogue 32 relationship with Australia 31 Second World War 23–4, 27, 84, 181 SKY Perfect Corporation 318 Jews 41, 45, 59–60, 153, 154, 275 jihad/jihadists 51, 85, 87, 90, 211, 214–15, 216, 222, 223, 228–9, 234–5 Johanson, Donald 240 John, King 115 Johnson, Boris 218 Johnson, Paul 89 Jordan 76, 81, 84, 85, 163 Juan Carlos of Spain, King 287–9 Justice and Development Party 185 K Kebra Nagast 246 Kennedy, John F. 305 Kennedy Space Centre 303 Kenya 242, 243 Kepler, Johannes 322 Khalid of Saudi Arabia 85–7 Khamenei, Ayatollah Ali 54, 59 Khan, Reza 48 Khashoggi, Jamal 94–5 Khatam al-Anbia 66 Khatami, Mohammad 54 Khomeini, Ayatollah 50–4, 59, 86 Khuzestan Province, Iran 64 Kiribati 28 Korean War 24 Kosmos 2542 military satellite 316–17 Kosovo x–xi Koufa, Amadou 222–4 Kurdi, Alan 156 Kurdistan Regional Government 195 Kurds 41–2, 64, 175, 181, 182, 187, 192, 193–4 Kuwait 44, 57, 76, 80, 87–8 L Latin America x, 277, 280–1 Lausanne Treaty (1923) 189–90 League of Nations 137, 249 Lebanon xi, 47, 57, 58, 68, 93–5, 143, 162 Leichhardt, Ludwig 6 Leonidas, King 146 Leonov, Alexei 306 Lesbos 143 Libya xii, 45, 86, 131, 143, 162–3, 173, 187, 198, 297 Libyan civil war 92, 163, 164, 177, 212, 213 Libyan National Army 92 Lithuania 188 Louis, Spyridon 150 Lucky Country, The (D.

Firepower: How Weapons Shaped Warfare
by Paul Lockhart
Published 15 Mar 2021

Before the twentieth century, the siege was the principal kind of hostile interaction between opposing armies, and was far more common than the pitched battle. Sieges were also costlier, consuming more resources—men, materiel, and time—than pitched battles. In the Middle Ages, the principal locus of the siege was the castle. Castles made their first appearance in Europe in the ninth century, rising up amid the fragmented remains of Charlemagne’s empire. As the fortified residences of powerful lords, castles would become closely linked to, and emblematic of, the feudal system around which so much of Western European social and political life revolved. Castles functioned as seats of local authority and justice, a means of controlling and protecting the villages that sprang to life around them.

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IN MEDIEVAL EUROPE, and in those places where Europeans fought outside the Continent—like the Holy Land during the Crusades—the basic unit of any military force was the knight. The predominance of the mounted, armored heavy cavalryman was as much a matter of social and political necessity as it was military. The knight was the linchpin of feudal society, and since the time of Charlemagne it was the warrior aristocracy that enforced the law, governed the land, and in times of military emergency took up sword and lance when called to do so by their liege lords. A knight owed his lofty place in society to his service “in advice and deed,” as an administrator, magistrate, constable, and fighter.

Why the Allies Won
by Richard Overy
Published 29 Feb 2012

But there did exist an incontestable continuity from Hitler’s first angry scribbled notes in 1919, through Mein Kampf, written in 1924, to the memoranda, speeches and secret meetings of the 1930s. His warped view of the world was his reason for living. By marrying his fortunes to German destiny he ceased to be the humble, insecure veteran, the man who looked, according to one of his close friends, ‘like a waiter in a railway station restaurant’, and instead rubbed shoulders with Charlemagne, with Frederick Barbarossa, with Bismarck, the heroes of the German pantheon. Hitler was Jekyll and Hyde; at rest he appeared pallid and puffy, personally nondescript, socially inept, full of nervous small talk; but in his stride, eyes ablaze, theatrical, unstoppably articulate, intemperately self-absorbed, he imagined himself a real-life Siegfried.9 Hitler was astute enough politically to recognise that he could not transform the world order overnight.

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They cooperated loosely or not at all, a situation that helps to explain the poor economic effort and the failure to decide on priorities in the technological war. Hitler was, as he intended, the sole common denominator, the spider at the centre of the web. This suited his secretive nature, his intense dislike of committee work – the civilian cabinet ceased meeting in 1938 – and his distrust of military expertise. He was the first man ‘since Charlemagne’ to hold ‘unlimited power’, he told his commanders, and he ‘would know how to use it in a struggle for Germany’.101 The Polish invasion was the only campaign in which the armed forces had any degree of independence in planning operations, though they had no influence whatsoever on the broader strategic issues as they did in 1914.

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No one could pretend that the system worked perfectly, but it was designed around checks and balances that reduced the element of arbitrary will or personal misjudgement, even in the case of the Soviet dictatorship. Hitler’s system was almost the exact opposite in every respect. Military affairs were dominated by the will of one man who considered himself to be a modern Charlemagne. There was no central staff to run the war effort. There was no unity of command, no formal structure to oversee military operations that united army, navy and air force around the same table. The idea of a committee war flew in the face of everything Hitler understood by the term leader. As the war went on Hitler delegated less rather than more, while his personal role in the war effort was further enlarged; so many responsibilities were there that no one, not even a leader more rational and more discriminating than Hitler, could have mastered them.

The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor
by David S. Landes
Published 14 Sep 1999

The Mongol and Tartar could move easily across their empty inland sea, striking fast and hard against the sedentary populations round. The European horse, carrying an armored warrior, amounted to a living tank, irresistible in charges, unbeatable in set combat. The conflict between these two tactics gave rise to some of the greatest battles in history. In 732, Charles Martel, grandfather of Charlemagne and Frankish Mayor of the Palace, led an army of mounted knights against the Arab invaders near Tours and set a westward limit to what had seemed irresistible Muslim expansion.* Some four hundred fifty years later, in 1187, the Saracen troops of Saladin let the European knights charge down at them at the Horns of Hattin, stepping aside at the last moment to let them through.

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Not for want of interest: the Chinese imperial court and wealthy elites were wild about these machines; but because they were reluctant to acknowledge European technological superiority, they sought to trivialize them as toys. Big mistake. Islam might also have sought to possess and copy the clock, if only to fix prayers. And as in China, Muslim horologers made water clocks well in advance of anything known in Europe. Such was the legendary clock that Haroun-al-Raschid sent as a gift to Charlemagne around the year 800: no one at the Frankish court could do much with it, and it disappeared to ignorance and neglect. Like the Chinese, the Muslims were much taken with Western clocks and watches, doing their best to acquire them by purchase or tribute. But they never used them to create a public sense of time other than as a call to prayer.

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A country that follows its comparative advantage, then, will make those things that earn it most, and not just anything that it can sell for less than competitors can. * As corrected by Professor Bairoch * The importance of the region as a unit of production has long been noted. See, for example, the monographs of N. J. G. Pounds in the 1950s; Pounds and Parker, Coal and Steel; Wrigley, Industrial Growth (on what was once called Neustria, in Charlemagne’s time); and a long series of French studies of human geography going back to the beginning of the century. To argue from this, however, to a rejection of the nation-state as a useful, nay indispensable, unit of study is to throw the baby out with the bathwater. The one does not exclude the other.

The Linguist: A Personal Guide to Language Learning
by Steve Kaufmann
Published 15 Jan 2003

At other times, the French are proud of their Latin roots and sympathize more with Mediterranean people than with Northern Europeans. Certainly their literature is dominated by references to the Classics of Roman and Greek antiquity. Yet the early heroes of France, including Clovis, Pepin le Bref, Charles Martel, and Charlemagne, were Germanic Franks. A concern with food and drink is one of the dominant features of modern French culture, and the subject of conversation at all levels of society. The French recognize that elegantly and enthusiastically talking about a subject is a large part of the enjoyment. Long after my studies in France were over, I had the opportunity to lead a group of Japanese wood industry executives on a tour of wood processing plants in France.

The Last Lingua Franca: English Until the Return of Babel
by Nicholas Ostler
Published 23 Nov 2010

As Gregory of Tours, famous for his ropy Latin, wrote ca 575, “The rhetorician philosophizing is understood by few, the plain man talking by many.”6 This elite language of the Church became, in depen dently of the various vernaculars spoken around Europe (and whether or not the local language was derived from Latin), the leading medium of literacy in western Europe, especially after a common standard for Latin pronunciation was defined and propagated by Alcuin of York, the head of Charlemagne’s Palace School at Aachen in the late eighth century. Subsequently, intrepid Germanic missionaries and conquerors spread Roman Christianity (and with it Latin, as the language of all intellectual life) all round northern and central Europe (as far as Norway, Iceland, and Hungary), and somewhat later, the remaining countries bordering the Baltic Sea.

Brexit and Ireland: The Dangers, the Opportunities, and the Inside Story of the Irish Response
by Tony Connelly
Published 4 Oct 2017

Room 201, on the fifth floor of the European Commission headquarters in Brussels, looks out at eye-level to the glass-and-chrome citadels of the EU institutions: the Charlemagne and Lex buildings, and the newly opened Europa Building, now the headquarters of the European Council, with its pale-wood mullioned façade housing an enormous lantern-shaped centrepiece. Below is Kitty O’Shea’s, the legendary Irish pub on the corner of Boulevard Charlemagne and Rue Stevin, and, next to that, the Old Hack, frequented by UKIP MEPs and Irish Commission officials alike, especially if there is a rugby match on. Room 201 is on a stretch of corridor commandeered by Michel Barnier as the nerve centre of his Brexit Task Force.

The Idea of Decline in Western History
by Arthur Herman
Published 8 Jan 1997

Hitherto the whole earth from east to west had been rent asunder by continuous strife. To end this madness God has taught the nations to be obedient to the same laws and to all become Romans. Now we see mankind living in a single city…. This is the meaning of all the victories and triumphs of the Roman Empire: the Roman peace has prepared the way for the coming of Christ.11 Charlemagne and the German Holy Roman emperors all strove to build this single “Christian empire” during the Middle Ages, while in the age of absolutism a series of secular rulers, from England’s Elizabeth I to the “sun king” Louis XIV, appealed to the same expansive, irenic ideal.12 For the pagan world, the best that could be hoped for in a world governed by fate was a fixed stability in time.

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They left behind only their language (Gobineau’s one concession to the Indo-European linguists) and a certain higher biological strain in the peoples they conquered. This racial remnant became each civilization’s aristocracy, from the Brahmins of India, the Zoroastrian nobility of Persia, and the heroic Achaeans of Homeric Greece to the Frankish warriors of Charlemagne’s Europe. For Gobineau, it was not economics but race that created a ruling class. “A society is great and brilliant only so far as it preserves the blood of the noble group that created it.”28 In the end, the Aryan racist myth was for Gobineau the fantasy of his own aristocratic breeding writ large.

Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World
by Timothy Garton Ash
Published 23 May 2016

In 2001, for example, Japan’s ministry of education approved for use in junior high schools a so-called New History Textbook, which gave a highly sanitised account of the conduct of Japanese forces in World War II.29 Where two countries have a past of violent conflict, like Poland and Germany, there have been attempts to produce joint textbooks. Admirable though these are, they risk another kind of sanitisation: gliding over all the difficult subjects. The more that historical writing attempts not to offend anybody, the blander it becomes: witness the ‘from Charlemagne to the euro’ school of writing European history. Ideally, students will be presented with a solid core of established, significant facts and evidence, shown competing interpretations that lead them to think critically for themselves, and pointed to the galaxy of places beyond the classroom—most of them easily accessible online—where the knowledge-enhancing contestation continues without taboos.

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was itself a departure from a centuries-old European tradition of dealing with a difficult past by consigning it to oblivion. Just two days after the murder of Caesar, Cicero declared in the Roman Senate that all memory of the murderous discord should be consigned to eternal oblivion: oblivione sempiterna delendam. European peace treaties from one between the heirs of Charlemagne in 851 to the Lausanne Treaty of 1923 called specifically for an act of forgetting, as did the French constitutions of 1814 and 1830. The English Civil War ended with an Act of Indemnity and Oblivion. In practice, selective forgetting continued in much of post-1945 Europe, be it Austria revarnishing its past to make itself ‘Hitler’s first victim’, de Gaulle’s France suppressing the memory of Vichy collaboration or Spain after 1975, embracing what the writer Jorgé Semprun called ‘a collective and willed amnesia’.90 Nonetheless, the default setting was to the importance of remembering.

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Mustofa, 268 Black, Hugo, 342 Blackhurst, Chris, 320 Blackie the cat, 124 Blair, Tony, 139, 191, 270, 323, 328 Blue Coat Systems, 362 ‘body language,’ 17–18 Bollinger, Lee, 32, 78 Bond, David, 311 Bono, 136 bonobos, 7 ‘Book of Mormon, The’ (musical), 266 Borges, Jorge Luis, 305 Bosnia and Herzegovina, 126–27, 207, 242, 281; Sarajevo, 126–27, 242 Bottom Billion, The (Collier), 190 Bouvet, Joachim, 98 Bouyeri, Mohammed, 19, 273 ‘box,’ defined, 16 Bo Xilai, 99 Boyd, Danah, 287, 313 Brandeis, Louis, 286–87, 372 Brandenburg test, 32, 132–35, 137, 331 bras d’honneur gesture, 123–24 Brazil, 1, 46–48, 129, 174, 190, 221–22, 278, 353–55 Breivik, Anders Behring, 51, 134 Brettschneider, Corey, 84, 214, 232 Brin, Sergey, 52 Britain, 8, 25–26, 37, 48, 70, 76–77, 85, 97–98, 101, 108, 124, 129–30, 131–32, 138, 145–47, 153, 167, 175f, 182, 186, 191–92, 198f, 199, 201f, 204, 219–21, 225–28, 231–32, 245, 249, 260, 266–67, 270, 274–75, 281, 287, 292–93, 297–98, 300–301, 304, 306, 311, 320–21, 324, 328–29, 331, 338, 343, 349, 359–61, 372–73; Cornwall, 349; London, 92, 361; Weston-super-Mare, 132 British Board of Film Censors, 186, 272 Brooker, Charlie, 88 Broughton, John, 174 Brown, Donald, 8, 111–12 Brown, Ian, 312, 348 Brown, John, 340, 346 Brown, Judith, 251 Buddhism, 80–81, 100, 109, 177, 210, 258f, 272, 274 bullying, 215–16, 228, 289 Bunglawala, Inayat, 275 Burckhardt, Jacob, 265, 377 Burke, Edmund, 214 Burma/Myanmar, 80, 111, 142, 185, 203, 272, 316, 346 ‘Burton Pretty on Top,’ 112–13 Buruma, Ian, 264 Bush, George W., 52, 139, 174, 276, 323, 325–26, 328, 345 buttocks, ancient and modern, 412n1 BuzzFeed, 144 ‘California effect,’ 36–37 Cameron, David, 39, 191, 298, 361 Campbell, Naomi, 295 campus, 154 Canada, 34, 101, 106, 122, 130, 138, 182, 216, 220, 226, 232, 274, 289–90, 314, 351, 373; Toronto, 9, 10f, 92 Cara-Marguerite-Drusilla, 112–13 Caroline of Monaco, 291 Carr, Nicholas, 178 Carter, Jimmy, 341 Castells, Manuel, 24–25 Catalan, 189 CCTV, 45, 283, 287 censorship, 40–46, 52, 58, 90, 120, 143–48, 183–90. See also harm versus offensiveness Central African Republic, 272 Cerf, Vint, 50 Chafee, Zecharias, 80 Chalabi, Ahmed, 344 challenge principle, 320–24 Chambers, Paul, 135–36 Chaos Computer Club, 85 Charlemagne, 304 Charles (Prince), 293 Charlie Hebdo magazine, 19, 130, 142, 144, 129, 188, 274 Cheney, Dick, 345 Chen Yi, 291 children: online posts by, 306; and privacy, 287–88; protecting from hate speech, 161. See also paedophilia and child pornography Chile, 47, 334, 358 chillingeffects.org/lumendatabase.org, 53, 55, 168 China, 1–2, 11, 17, 26–27, 32, 38–48, 54–55, 58, 60, 78–79, 87, 96–106 (102f–104f), 110, 155, 157, 169, 176, 184–85, 189, 209, 239, 254, 278, 291–92, 300, 315–16, 321, 332, 349, 353–54, 362–63, 369, 373, 378; Beijing, 287; Macau, 105; Tibetan and Uighur in, 189; Wenzhou, 41.

The Master and His Emissary: The Divided Brain and the Making of the Western World
by Iain McGilchrist
Published 8 Oct 2012

He regretted that the modern consciousness did not allow him to give himself out as the son of Jupiter-Ammon, as Alexander had done. But we need not doubt that he confounded himself mythically with Alexander at the time of his expedition to the East, and later when he had decided on an empire in the West, he declared, ‘I am Charlemagne’. Be it noted that he did not say, ‘ I recall Charlemagne’, nor ‘My position is like Charlemagne’s’, nor even, ‘I am as Charlemagne’, but simply ‘I am he’. This is the mythical formula.25 I am reminded here of Bruno Snell, also speaking of the ancient world: ‘The warrior and the lion are activated by one and the same force … a man who walks “like a lion” betrays an actual kinship with the beast.’

Twisted Network Programming Essentials
by Jessica McKellar and Abe Fettig
Published 15 Mar 2013

Enter file in which to save the key (/home/jesstess/.ssh/id_rsa): Enter passphrase (empty for no passphrase): Enter same passphrase again: Your identification has been saved in /home/jesstess/.ssh/id_rsa. Your public key has been saved in /home/jesstess/.ssh/id_rsa.pub. The key fingerprint is: 6b:13:3a:6e:c3:76:50:c7:39:c2:e0:8b:06:68:b4:11 jesstess@kid-charlemagne Windows users that have installed Git Bash can also use ssh-keygen. You can also generate keys with PuTTYgen, which is distributed along with the popular free PuTTY SSH client. Example 14-1. sshserver.py from from from from from from from twisted.conch import avatar, recvline twisted.conch.interfaces import IConchUser, ISession twisted.conch.ssh import factory, keys, session twisted.conch.insults import insults twisted.cred import portal, checkers twisted.internet import reactor zope.interface import implements class SSHDemoProtocol(recvline.HistoricRecvLine): def __init__(self, user): self.user = user def connectionMade(self): recvline.HistoricRecvLine.connectionMade(self) self.terminal.write("Welcome to my test SSH server.") self.terminal.nextLine() self.do_help() self.showPrompt() 146 | Chapter 14: SSH def showPrompt(self): self.terminal.write("$ ") def getCommandFunc(self, cmd): return getattr(self, 'do_' + cmd, None) def lineReceived(self, line): line = line.strip() if line: cmdAndArgs = line.split() cmd = cmdAndArgs[0] args = cmdAndArgs[1:] func = self.getCommandFunc(cmd) if func: try: func(*args) except Exception, e: self.terminal.write("Error: %s" % e) self.terminal.nextLine() else: self.terminal.write("No such command.") self.terminal.nextLine() self.showPrompt() def do_help(self): publicMethods = filter( lambda funcname: funcname.startswith('do_'), dir(self)) commands = [cmd.replace('do_', '', 1) for cmd in publicMethods] self.terminal.write("Commands: " + " ".join(commands)) self.terminal.nextLine() def do_echo(self, *args): self.terminal.write(" ".join(args)) self.terminal.nextLine() def do_whoami(self): self.terminal.write(self.user.username) self.terminal.nextLine() def do_quit(self): self.terminal.write("Thanks for playing!")

France (Lonely Planet, 8th Edition)
by Nicola Williams
Published 14 Oct 2010

* * * Return to beginning of chapter DYNASTY The Frankish Merovingian and Carolingian dynasties ruled from the 5th to the 10th centuries, with the Carolingians wielding power from Laon in far northern France. The Frankish tradition, by which the king was succeeded by all of his sons, led to power struggles and the eventual disintegration of the kingdom into a collection of small feudal states. Charles Martel’s grandson, Charlemagne (742–814), extended the boundaries of the kingdom and was crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Emperor of the West) in 800. But during the 9th century Scandinavian Vikings (also called Norsemen, thus Normans) raided France’s western coast, settling in the lower Seine Valley and forming the duchy of Normandy a century later.

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c 455–70 France remains under Roman rule until the 5th century, when the Franks (hence the name ‘France’) and the Alemanii invade and overrun the country from the east. 732 Somewhere near Poitiers, midway along the Atlantic Coast, Charles Martel and his cavalry repel the Muslim Moors and stop them from conquering France and Spain. 800 Charles Martel’s grandson, Charlemagne (742–814) extends the boundaries of the kingdom and is crowned Holy Roman Emperor (Emperor of the West). 800–900 Scandinavian Vikings (also called Norsemen, thus Normans) raid France’s western coast. They settle in the lower Seine Valley and later form the Duchy of Normandy. 987 Five centuries of Merovingian and Carolingian rule ends with the crowning of Hugh Capet; a dynasty that will rule one of Europe’s most powerful countries for the next 800 years is born. 1066 Duke of Normandy William the Conqueror and his Norman forces occupy England, making Normandy and, later, Plantagenet-ruled England formidable rivals of the kingdom of France. 1095 Pope Urban II preaches the First Crusade in Clermont-Ferrand, prompting France to play a leading role in the Crusades and giving rise to some splendid cathedrals – Reims, Strasbourg, Metz and Chartres among them. 1152 Eleanor of Aquitaine weds Henry of Anjou, bringing a further third of France under the control of the English Crown and sparking a French–English rivalry that will last at least three centuries. 1309 French-born Pope Clément V moves the papal headquarters from Rome to the Provençal city of Avignon, where the Holy See remains until 1377; ‘home’ is the resplendent Palais des Papes built under Benoît XII (1334–42). 1337 Incessant struggles between the Capetians and England’s King Edward III, a Plantagenet, over the powerful French throne degenerate into the Hundred Years War, which will last until 1453. 1422 John Plantagenet, duke of Bedford, is made regent of France for England’s King Henry VI, then an infant.

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The grapes predominantly used are merlot, cabernet sauvignon and cabernet franc. Bordeaux’s foremost wine-growing areas are Médoc, Pomerol, Saint Émilion and Graves. The nectar-like sweet whites of the Sauternes area are the world’s finest dessert wines. Burgundy Burgundy developed its reputation for viticulture during the reign of Charlemagne, when monks first began to make wine here. The vignerons of Burgundy generally only have small vineyards (rarely more than 10 hectares) and produce small quantities of wine. Burgundy reds are produced with pinot noir grapes; the best vintages need 10 to 20 years to age. White wine is made from the chardonnay grape.

Why geography matters: three challenges facing America : climate change, the rise of China, and global terrorism
by Harm J. De Blij
Published 15 Nov 2007

According to a recent UN study, the Earth's total population by 2050 will approach 9 billion. The (anticipated) 27 countries of the European Union, however, will see their populations decline from 482 million to 454 million in 2050. Italy may drop from nearly 58 million to 45; Germany from 82 to 69 and, if things do not change, to a mere 25 million by 2100. As Charlemagne writes in the July 19, 2003, issue of the Economist, "Combine a shrinking population with rising life expectancy, and the economic and political consequences are alarming. In Europe there are currently 35 people of pensionable age per 100 people of working age. By 2050, on present demographic trends, there will be 75 pensioners for every 100 workers; in Spain and Italy the ratio of pensioners to workers is projected to be 1:1."

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Upper Saddle River: Prentice-Hall. Baker, J. H., 1996. Russia and the Post-Soviet Scene: A Geographical Perspective. Hobo-ken: John Wiley & Sons. Begun, D. R., 2003. "Planet of the Apes." Scientific American, 289: 2. Best, A. C. G., and H. J. de Blij, 1977. African Survey. New York: Wiley. Charlemagne, 2003. "Europe's Population Implosion." Economist, 7/19: 42. Clarke, R. A., 2004. Against All Enemies. New York: Free Press, 40. Cohen, J. E., 2003. "Human Population: The Next Half Century." Science, 302: 14, 1172. Curtin, P., 1969. The Atlantic Slave Trade. Madison: University of Wisconsin Press.

Dawn of the New Everything: Encounters With Reality and Virtual Reality
by Jaron Lanier
Published 21 Nov 2017

I loved crazy fast arpeggios, following Nancarrow, and had a trick where my hands would flip over to accomplish them. Whether what I remember is what other people heard at the time is hard to say. I played piano in the Ear Inn, an ancient, sagging riverside pub, recently reborn as a composers’ hangout. Another supercharged piano player, Charlemagne Palestine, would compete with me for the bench, occasionally pushing me off. There’s not much in the way of documentation from that time, no recording of how I used to play the piano. But I did have a score on the cover of Ear magazine, a notorious avant-garde music publication with that amazing art ’zine vibe that had spoken to me back in the library in New Mexico.

…

See also cephalopods Octopus Butler Robot Oculus Oculus Rift oil exploration olfaction Olympics Ono, Yoko open-source movement operating system, first commercial optical bench optical sensors optic nerve optimizing compiler options for action, biasing Oracle Organ Mountains organomania origami oscillators oscilloscope pain management Palestine, Charlemagne Palo Alto Paracomp paralyzed bodies paranoia Parrish, Maxfield Pascal’s Wager patents Patricof, Alan pattern recognition Patterson, Penny Pauline, Mark Pausch, Randy Pavlov, Ivan PDP-11 computer Peace Prize of the German Book Trade Pentland, Sandy perception pereiopods perfection peripheral vision Perlin, Ken Perry, Commodore personal computers personal data, commerce and personal thinking Pfizer Phantom device phantom limbs phenotropic programming Philco photography photons physical reality physical therapy physics Piaget, Jean piano Piestrup, Ann McCormick pinnae Pixar Pixel Planes pixels Plants as Inventors (book) Platonic images Platonic sizzle Platonic Solids Pleiades Pluto Pocket Big Brain pointing and selecting on screen Polhemus Porras Luraschi, Javier postsymbolic communication poverty Power Glove power relationships Prime Directive printers Prisoner’s Dilemma privacy productivity software Programmers at Work (book) programming.

The Joy of Clojure
by Michael Fogus and Chris Houser
Published 28 Nov 2010

To see the effects of these functions, execute the following: (meta (joy.gui.DynaFrame. "3rd")) ;=> {:joy.gui.DynaFrame/title "3rd"} (joy.gui.DynaFrame/version) ;=> "1.0" We’ve filled in most of the implementation of the DynaFrame class except for the display function, which you can implement as follows: (defn df-display [this pane] (doto this (-> .getContentPane .removeAll) (.setContentPane (doto (JPanel.) (.add pane BorderLayout/CENTER))) (.pack) (.setVisible true))) You can see df-display in action within the REPL by running the following: (def gui (joy.gui.DynaFrame. "4th")) (.display gui (doto (javax.swing.JPanel.) (.add (javax.swing.JLabel. "Charlemagne and Pippin")))) This will now display the GUI frame seen in figure 10.2. Figure 10.2. A simple use of DynaFrame: now that you’ve compiled the DynaFrame class, you can start using it to display simple GUIs. And because it’s a DynaFrame we should be able to change it on the fly, right? Right: (.display gui (doto (javax.swing.JPanel.) (.add (javax.swing.JLabel.

…

But you might be pleasantly surprised with the concise code used to describe it: (.display gui (splitter (button "Procrastinate" #(alert "Eat Cheetos"))genclass (button "Move It" #(alert "Couch to 5k")))) These widgets are adequate enough to create richer user interfaces, and to illustrate we’ll add one more widget builder for grid-like elements: (defn grid [x y f] (let [g (doto (JPanel.) (.setLayout (GridLayout. x y)))] (dotimes [i x] (dotimes [j y] (.add g (f)))) g)) With a small amount of code, we can build the richer user interface in figure 10.6. Figure 10.6. A much more elaborate DynaFrame GUI: there’s no limit to the complexity of this simple GUI model. Go ahead and experiment to your heart’s content. Listing 10.6. A more complex GUI example (.display gui (let [g1 (txt 10 "Charlemagne") g2 (txt 10 "Pippin") r (txt 3 "10") d (txt 3 "5")] (splitter (stack (shelf (label "Player 1") g1) (shelf (label "Player 2") g2) (shelf (label "Rounds ") r (label "Delay ") d)) (stack (grid 21 11 #(label "-")) (button "Go!" #(alert (str (.getText g1) " vs. " (.getText g2) " for " (.getText r) " rounds, every " (.getText d) " seconds.")))))))

The People vs. Democracy: Why Our Freedom Is in Danger and How to Save It
by Yascha Mounk
Published 15 Feb 2018

See “The Swiss Ban Minarets, ctd.,” Atlantic, November 30, 2009, https://www.theatlantic.com/daily-dish/archive/2009/11/the-swiss-ban-minarets-ctd/193550/; Ian Traynor, “Swiss Ban on Minarets Draws Widespread Condemnation,” Guardian, November 30, 2009, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2009/nov/30/switzerland-ban-minarets-reaction-islam; and Charlemagne, “The Swiss Minaret Ban,” Economist, November 30, 2009, http://www.economist.com/blogs/charlemagne/2009/11/_normal_0_false_false_6. 64. See Benjamin Shingler, “Ban on New Places of Worship Upheld in Montreal’s Outremont Borough,” CBC News, November 20, 2016, http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/outremont-places-of-worship-ban-hasidic-1.3859620. 65.

Giving the Devil His Due: Reflections of a Scientific Humanist
by Michael Shermer
Published 8 Apr 2020

Given all this, I felt it was time to examine with a skeptical eye Jordan Peterson’s ideas and, especially, the phenomenon surrounding him, so this was my introduction to a special issue of Skeptic we published in 2018 on the man.1 * * * When I was a lad, one of the most popular television series of the early 1960s was the western Have Gun – Will Travel, staring Richard Boone in the title role as Paladin, a mercenary gunslinger whose name echoes the knights in Charlemagne’s court (he was the “knight without armor”). The chivalrous Paladin wore custom-made suits, was schooled in philosophy, classical literature, opera, piano, poker, and chess, and was preternaturally gifted in fighting skills – from Chinese martial arts and western fisticuffs to swordsmanship and firearms.

Winds of Change
by Peter Hennessy
Published 27 Aug 2019

Recently, however, Adenauer’s feelings towards de Gaulle and France have not been so friendly. He may have heard reports of de Gaulle’s contemptuous references to ‘Les petits gens de Bonn’ … He may be genuinely alarmed at the effect on Britain of France’s rigid attitude on EEC and fear that Britain may not be so anxious to join in defence of the ‘Empire of Charlemagne’ and its outpost, Berlin. All the same I would judge that, unless very extreme pressures are put on him, Adenauer will do nothing effective to carry out his promises to us or be prepared to risk a quarrel with France.35 So the crux of the ‘Grand Design’ was to move France towards an accommodation with any UK application for EEC membership, which meant, in effect, shifting de Gaulle.

…

In a manner of speaking, they were men of destiny. He then changed his tone. If the negotiations failed over New Zealand or a few thousand tons of wheat, ‘people would think that the real cause of failure was that the United Kingdom was not wanted in Europe’. If the idea ‘was to set up a new empire of Charlemagne’ in a Europe without Britain, the UK would have to defend itself by withdrawing her troops from Europe, currently costing £100 million a year. Alluding to the two world wars, he told de Gaulle the UK ‘could not be called upon to help only when times were bad’. Finally, Macmillan turned classical scholar: if the solution was not found in 1962 the idea of the restoration of Europe would fail.

…

The real significance of Champs is that Macmillan succeeded in persuading de Gaulle that if only France and Britain had co-operated fully pre-1914 and pre-1939, some of the worst catastrophes might have been avoided; but failed to convince him that if the EEC admitted Britain to full membership, ‘the Community would then cease to be the empire of Charlemagne and would become the empire of Rome and therefore much stronger. Europe needed to be enlarged to the maximum extent in order to be equal to the United States and the Soviet Union.’223 De Gaulle persisted in his familiar Britain-the-unready line – the combination of state of mind, Commonwealth, American relationship, agricultural factors – allied to his conviction that a Britain-enhanced Europe would be an entirely different political and economic entity.

Aftershock: The Next Economy and America's Future
by Robert B. Reich
Published 21 Sep 2010

Once we have had our fill of anything, additional portions aren’t as attractive to us. (In some cases they can even make us sick.) How much additional bliss can one obtain from owning a fourth home or a fifth sports car or from sitting down, for the hundredth time, to a dinner of $80-an-ounce Beluga caviar and Corton-Charlemagne wine? Paul Allen’s first 757 jet may have lifted his spirits as well as his body, but it’s doubtful he experiences the same rush from having two. One ethical argument for redistributing income from rich to poor comes from this psychological truth. The nineteenth-century founder of a branch of ethics called “utilitarianism,” Jeremy Bentham, thought the purpose of all law should be to produce the greatest possible happiness, counting each person’s happiness equally.

Triumph of the City: How Our Greatest Invention Makes Us Richer, Smarter, Greener, Healthier, and Happier
by Edward L. Glaeser
Published 1 Jan 2011

The Roman cities prized skills, while the world of rural warriors and peasants rewarded a strong arm more than a trained mind. At the peak of Rome’s power, Europe was on the world’s technological frontier, a worthy competitor with the advanced societies of China and India. No such claims of European eminence could be made in the centuries after Rome fell. In the eighth century, Charlemagne, the master of Europe, connected with Hārūn ar-Rashīd, the caliph of the Islamic world. The Frank was a semi-literate warlord, while his Arab counterpart was the urbane overlord of a sophisticated civilization. In the great metropolises of Asia, urban proximity was pushing humanity forward while rural Europe stood still.

…

Thales: McNeill, Western Civilization, 58. 19 Hippodamus, whose gridlike plans: Cartledge, Ancient Greece, 54. 19 Athens grew by trading wine, olive oil, spices, and papyrus: Hall, Cities in Civilization, 49-50. 19 The city cemented its power . . . places like Miletus: Cartledge, Ancient Greece, 98. 19 Just as rich, ebullient . . . battle-scarred Asia Minor: Ibid., 104. 19 Hippodamus came from Miletus to plan the city’s harbor: Ibid., 54, 91. 19 This remarkable period . . . freedom to share their ideas: Ibid., 104. 20 Theodoric, saw the advantage of cities like Ravenna: “Theodoric (King of Italy)” Encyclopædia Britannica. 20 But while the Goths and Huns . . . deliver food and water: McNeill, Western Civilization, 207. 20 Charlemagne . . . sophisticated civilization: Pagden, Worlds at War. 20 A thousand years ago . . . Constantinople: Chandler, Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth, 538. 20 The other three . . . were all Islamic: Bairoch, Cities and Economic Development. 20 The Islamic caliphates . . . powerful emirs and caliphs: Lyons, House of Wisdom. 21 The Abbasid caliphs . . . physical and human marvels: Ibid., 59, 62. 21 They collected scholars . . . translate it into Arabic: Ibid., 63. 21 The scholars there translated . . . mathematical knowledge: Durant, Age of Faith, 240-41. 21 from the Sindhind to develop algebra: Lyons, House of Wisdom, 72-73. 21 Indian numerals . . . compatible with Islamic theology: Ibid., 73, 175; and Gari, “Arabic Treatises.” 21 Medical knowledge came to Baghdad from the Persians: Lyons, House of Wisdom, 86. 21 paper-making was brought there by Chinese prisoners of war: Ibid., 57. 21 Venice . . . ideas, as well as spices, throughout the Middle Ages: McNeill, Venice: The Hinge of Europe. 21 When the Spanish retook Toledo . . . its classics into Latin: Bakhit, History of Humanity, 115. 21 crusaders captured Antioch . . .

All the Light We Cannot See: A Novel
by Anthony Doerr
Published 6 May 2014

The assistant director says, “This is absurd, Sergeant Major.” Von Rumpel folds his napkin and places it back in the basket and sets the basket on the ground. He licks the tip of his finger and picks the crumbs off his tunic one by one. Then he looks directly at the assistant director. “The Lycée Charlemagne, is that right? On the rue Charlemagne?” The skin around the assistant director’s eyes stretches. “Where your daughter goes to school?” Von Rumpel turns in his chair. “And the College Stanislas, isn’t it, Dr. Hublin? Where your twin sons attend? On the rue Notre-Dame des Champs? Wouldn’t those handsome boys be preparing to walk home right now?”

Year 501
by Noam Chomsky
Published 19 Jan 2016

Major Smedley Butler recalled that his troops “hunted the Cacos like pigs.” His exploits impressed FDR, who ordered that he be awarded the Congressional Medal of Honor for an engagement in which 200 Cacos were killed and no prisoners taken, while one Marine was struck by a rock and lost two teeth. The leader of the revolt, Charlemagne Péralte, was killed by Marines who sneaked into his camp at night in disguise. In an attempt at psywar that prefigured some of Colonel Edward Lansdale’s later exploits in the Philippines, the Marines circulated photos of his body in the hope of demoralizing the guerrillas. The tactic backfired, however; the photo resembled Christ on the cross, and became a nationalist symbol.

…

See Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) Otis, John, 266 Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah, 48, 252 Pakistan, 48 Pal, Radhabinod, 328 Palestine, 53, 367 Palmer, Thomas, 320 Panama, 97, 121, 242, 245, 283 US invasion of, 80, 117–19, 125, 127, 206, 349 Pan-American conference, 214–15 Panamericanism, 196 Paraguay, 231 Paris Club, 115 Parker, Geoffrey, viii, 9–10, 313 Pastor, Robert, 59 Pauker, Guy, 169–70 Pear, Robert, 320 Pearson, M.N., 7, 11, 13, 20 Pentagon system, 22–23, 72, 147, 149, 156 Pepper, Claude, 101 Pequots, 30, 361, 363 Péralte, Charlemagne, 278–79 Pérez, Carlos Andrés, 235–37 Pérez Jiménez, Marcos, 139, 234 Perot, Ross, 347 Persia, 18 See also Iran Peru, ix, 5, 121, 208, 242 Petras, James, 257, 261, 268 Philippines, 32, 279 colonialism in, 211, 253, 277, 329, 337 in New World Order, 81, 250, 286 Phillips, William, 276 Pinochet, Augusto, 254, 260–62 Pisani, Sallie, 57–58 Pizarro, Francisco, 9 Poinsett, Joel, 36–37 Point Four program, 219 Poland, 275 in New World Order, 68, 87, 91, 107–114 Polanyi, Karl, 110 political correctness, 29–30, 35, 51, 53, 57, 73–74, 81, 105, 131, 179, 181, 297, 316, 338–41, 358, 363–66 Polk, James K., 35–36, 38 Pollin, Robert, 156 Pol Pot, 140, 180, 186–87, 251, 348, 350–51, 369 Pool, Ithiel, 52 Porter, Bernard, vii Portes, Richard, 113 Portugal, 187 in New World Order, 66, 181, 188 Portuguese colonialism, 6–7, 6–9, 11, 19, 180 Posey, Darrell, 162 postcolonialism decolonization period, 54–62 Pozzi, Pablo, 257 Prescott, Paul, 364 Preston, Lewis, 86 prisons, 153–154, 177, 224, 392–93 colonialism and, 16, 27, 272 role in New World Order, 83, 153–54, 168, 238 Puebla Institute, 289 Puerto Rico, 272, 336 Puette, Walter, 385 Putin, Vladimir, xii Qaddafi, Muammar, 29, 164 Rabe, Stephen, 215, 234–35 Rabin, Yitzhak, 53 Rabinowitz, Dorothy, 344 race, 38, 217, 275, 277, 281 in colonialism, ix, 27, 36, 274, 281, 307 See also blackness; Noirisme; whiteness racism, 6, 31–32, 48, 74, 195, 275, 277–78, 281, 292, 307, 396, 398 See also colonialism; imperialism; slavery Ramírez, Ivan, 249 RAND Corporation, 169–70, 308, 331 Reagan, Ronald, xii, 89, 112, 114, 268–69, 350, 372, 382 Cold War policy, 157 economic policy, 54, 68, 70–71, 85, 109, 144, 146, 149–50, 155, 228, 385–87 Grenada policy, 117 Guatemala policy, 238 Haiti policy, 284, 286 Korea policy, 141 Nicaragua policy, 206 South Africa policy, 39 Reding, Andrew, 82 refugees, 33, 346 Cuban refugees, 284 Haitian refugees, 284, 293, 296, 298, 302 Indonesian refugees, 181, 187 Salvadoran refugees, 249 from US slavery, 194 Reston, James, 178–79 Reuter, Edzard, 77–78 Rivera, Brooklyn, 120 Roberts, Brad, 257 Robinson, Anthony, 107–09 Röling, Bert, 327 Romania, 81, 111–12, 141 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 59, 96, 197–98, 277, 328, 339–40 Roosevelt, Theodore, 31, 277 Root, Elihu, 215 Rosenfeld, Stephen, 183–84 Rostow, Walt, 174, 176 Roth, Kenneth, 290, 292 Rubinstein, Danny, 53 Rumsfeld, Donald, x Rusk, Dean, 171–73, 183, 225 Russell, Bertrand, 50 Russia, xii, xiii, 92–94, 127, 332 in post–Cold War era, 77, 81, 108, 111–13, 113–15, 151 See also Soviet Union Ryan, Hewson, 283 Sachs, Jeffrey, 107 Sandel, Michael, 253 Sandinistas, 49, 105, 121–22, 201, 205, 263–67, 300 Sarney, José, 260 Saudi Arabia, 52, 56, 235 Savimbi, Jonas, 129 Scanlan, Christopher, 245 Schlesinger, Arthur, xi, 38, 200 Schmidt, Hans, 274, 276–77, 280–81, 303 Schoultz, Lars, 42, 166 Schweid, Barry, 148 Scott, Peter Dale, 171 Seabrook, Jeremy, 237 Serrano, Jorge, 240–41 sexism, 74, 398 Sexton, Patricia, 389, 396 sexual violence, 227, 239, 243 forced sterilization, 277–78 Shamir, Yitzhak, 53 Shawcross, William, 186–87 Shenon, Philip, 180, 333 Sheppar, Nathaniel, 118 Shlaudeman, Harry, 119 Shorrock, Tim, 140 Shultz, George, 141, 286 Sihanouk Norodom, 350–51 Simes, Dimitri, 123, 125 Simpson, John, 257 Singapore, 83–84, 257, 350 Sioux, 32, 363 Skidmore, Thomas, 225–227, 229–30 slavery, x, 43–44, 311–12, 319 in Bolivia, 195 in Brazil, 231–32 in Cuba, 196–97 global slave trade, 6–7, 9, 19, 28–29 in Haiti, 271, 275–76 in India, 241 in US, 33, 36–37, 193–94, 361 Slim, T-Bone, 380 Sloan, Alfred, 309 Smith, Adam, viii, 318 on colonialism, 4–5, 9–11, 20–22, 379 on economics, 13–17, 24–25, 390 legacy of, 77, 79 Smith, Joseph, 214 Smith, Stephen, 143 Smith, Wayne, 203 Smucker, Philip, 354 Somoza García, Anastasio, 140, 263, 265–66, 299 South Africa, 4, 134, 320, 386 actions in Angola, 39, 100, 129–30, 206–07 South Commission, 61 South Korea, 13, 55, 358 in New World Order, 84, 140–42, 145, 256 South-North Human Genome Conference, 159 Soviet Union, 73, 150, 169, 185–86, 220, 325, 360 in Cold War, xii, 62–66, 96–107, 129–30, 157, 167, 199, 210 collapse of, 72, 77, 84, 122–23, 125, 127, 131, 157, 251–52, 395 dissidents, 43 role in Third World, 60, 93–94, 123 See also Cuban missile crisis; Russia Spaatz, Carl Andrew, 326 Spain, 13, 101, 337 Spanish colonialism, 6–7, 9–10, 17, 29, 42–44, 195, 196, 271, 273–274 Stackhouse, John, 353–54 Stavrianos, Leften, 92 Stein, Herbert, 157, 410n15 Stephens, Uriah, 319 Stevens, John, 336 Stewart, Allan, 234–35 Stigler, George, 14, 22 Stimson, Henry, 58, 97 Stivers, William, 279 Story, Joseph, viii Strange, Susan, 70 Strauss, Robert, 115 structural adjustment policies, 4, 85–87, 117, 134, 149, 209, 224, 235–37, 249, 269, 273, 354 Sued-Badillo, Jalil, 272, 420n49 Suharto, 170, 174, 176, 178, 180–81, 185–87, 190, 209, 253 Sukarno, 168–69, 168–70, 173–75, 178, 184 Summers, Lawrence, 151–52 Suskind, Ron, 117 Sweden, 86, 94 Swift, Jonathan, 357 Switzerland, 211, 275 Taft, William Howard, 217 Taiwan, 83, 257, 285 Taylor, Humphrey, 383 Taylor, Lance, 147 Taylor, Maxwell, 165, 421n62 Thailand, 187, 231, 241–42, 349–50 Thatcher, Margaret, 76–77 Thomasson, Gordon, 305–07 Thompson, Edward, 15 Thompson, E.P., 382 Thompson, John, 105 Tibbets, Paul, 327 Tibet, 331 Times Literary Supplement, vii Timor, 140, 180–81, 185–90, 349, 369 Togo, 86 Tojo, Hideki, 340 Torricelli, Robert, 296 Toussaint L’Ouverture, François-Dominique, 271–72, 279, 302 Tracy, James, 10–11 transnational corporations (TNCs), 62, 144, 150, 162, 164, 181 in New World Order, 70, 83–84, 88, 132–33, 146 Tran Viet Cuong, 353 Trevelyan, Charles, 16 Trilateral Commission, 52, 367 Trinidad-Tobago, 86 Trotsky, Leon, 95 Trouillot, Michel-Rolph, 281 Truman, Harry, 47, 63, 96, 99, 218, 221, 328, 405n16 Turkey, 13, 48, 52, 150, 203, 229 Twain, Mark, 43, 202, 253 Tyler, John, 35, 334–36 Tyler, Patrick, 67–68, 347 Ubico, Jorge, 239 Uchitelle, Louis, 157 Ukraine, 114 UN Committee of Economic, Social and Cultural Rights, 118 UN Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD), 73, 85 Underhill, John, 30 UN Economic Commission for Africa, 76 UN Economic Commission for Europe, 112 UNESCO, 73, 231 UN Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), 231 UN High Commission on Refugees (UNCHR), 298 UN Human Development Program, 85 United Arab Emirates, 148–149 United Nations (UN), 100, 127–28, 243, 352 US role in, 73, 100, 185–87, 211, 350 universities, 73–75, 169, 175 under neoliberalism, 74–75 UN Report on Human Development, 231 UN Security Council, 73, 127, 350 UN World Economic Survey, 269 Uruguay, 244 USAID, 117, 119, 248, 284, 290, 305, 307 US International Trade Commission, 162 US-Japan semiconductor agreement, 132 Vandenberg, Arthur, 101 Venezuela, 134, 139, 214, 233–37 Vickery, Michael, 241–42, 369–70 Vidal, Gore, 74 Vietnam, 308, 330 French policy toward, 95 invasion of Cambodia, 349–51, 369 in New World Order, 345–58, 369–71 Phoenix program, 182 US policy toward, 39–40, 65, 242, 279 Vietnam war, 70, 165, 174–78, 184, 235, 332–34, 344, 355–59, 369–77, 398 critics of, 165–66, 339, 380 MIAs, 365–68 My Lai massacre, 357–60, 363 Vieux, Steve, 261, 268 Voluntary Export Arrangements, 132 Vries, David de, 362 Wain, Barry, 181 Wall Street Journal, 68, 82, 117, 134, 154–55, 158, 181, 214, 296, 338, 386 Walters, Vernon, 224 War of 1812, 33, 366 Warsaw Pact, 63, 104 Washington, George, 30, 193, 315 Washington Post, 41, 98, 183, 211, 213, 250, 297, 326, 334, 358, 371 Watanabe, Michio, 326, 328 Watergate, 29 Watkins, Kevin, 162–63 Webster, Daniel, 33 Weisman, Steven, 326, 328, 338–44 Welles, Sumner, 197–98 Whipple, H.B., 43 whiteness, 10, 48, 308 in colonialism, 37, 130, 195, 197, 274, 317, 335 honorary whiteness, 4 in transnational adoption, 110 See also race Whitman, Walt, 36 Whitney, Craig, 359 Wilensky, Gail, 320 Wilentz, Amy, 285, 290, 304 Williams, Roger, 30 Wilson, Horace, 18 Wilson, Woodrow, 95, 104, 217, 252–53, 276, 277–79, 307, 394, 396 Wimer, Javier, 118 Wines, Michael, 183 Wintle, Justin, 358 Wohlstetter, Albert, 166 Wolfowitz, Paul, 68 women targets of advertising, 80, 314 targets of environmental toxins, 356 targets of violence, 28, 31, 265, 361 women’s equality, 382 women’s political groups, 182 women’s work, 306 See also sexism Wood, Leonard, 211 Woodward, Robert, 59 World Bank, 82–83, 103, 107–08, 149–52, 195, 228, 248, 284–85, 288 role in New World Order, 85–86, 115, 143, 176, 226, 254, 370 World Court, 29, 128, 188, 211, 349 World Health Organization, 208, 240, 245, 307 World War I, 54, 98, 215, 394 World War II, 34, 45, 58–59, 102, 188, 221, 234, 245, 331 aftermath of, 42, 69, 94, 142–43, 146, 15­­­6–57, 215–17, 303, 365 economic impact of, 54 Pearl harbor bombing, 326 Tokyo Tribunal, 327 ­­See also Nuremberg Tribunal Wortzel, Lawrence, 308 Wouk, Walter, 365 Wrong, Dennis, 257 464 Yamashita Tomoyuki, 328, 360 Yarbro, Stan, 237 Yugoslavia, 81 Zaire.

Lost Kingdom: The Quest for Empire and the Making of the Russian Nation
by Serhii Plokhy
Published 9 Oct 2017

From the rise of the independent Muscovite state on the ruins of the Mongol Empire to the reinvention of Russian nationhood after the fall of the USSR, my book follows the efforts of the Russian elites to restore the territorial unity of the “lost kingdom”—the medieval Kyivan state that provided all Eastern Slavs with much of their cultural legacy. The search for a “lost kingdom” as a phenomenon of European history is hardly unique to Russia. Charlemagne sought to reconstitute the Roman Empire in medieval times, as did the Habsburgs in the early modern era. But a particular feature of the Russian story is that its search for the “lost kingdom,” coupled with its longing for imperial expansion and great-power status, is still going on. It is in the pursuit of that vision that Russia has lost its way to modern nationhood, and in that sense has become a “lost kingdom” in its own right.

…

See Napoleon I Book of Royal Degrees, 15 Boretskaia, Marfa, 8, 10 Boretsky, Dmitrii, 9 Borotbists, 216 Brezhnev, Leonid, 243, 283–284, 290, 293–294, 299, 303 Brief Compendium of Teachings on the Articles of Faith, 31 Briullov, Kirill, 109 Brotherhood of Saints Cyril and Methodius, 107, 108, 111–112, 114, 116, 120, 133, 139, 146 Brzezinski, Zbigniew, 349 Budilovich, Anton, 171 Bukharin, Nikolai, 251–252, 287 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 253 Buriat-Mongolia, 245–247, 257 Bush, George W., 336 Bykaŭ, Vasil, 294–295 Byzantine Empire, 3 Carew, Richard, 50 Casimir IV (King of Poland), 8, 10–11, 12, 13 Catherine II “the Great” (Empress), 58, 71, 81 expansion and, 60–66 with intellectual elite, 59–60 legacy, 69–70, 100 Orthodox Church and, 66–69 rise to power, 55–57 censorship culture, 252–253 in language, 130–131, 137–146, 150, 162–163, 173, 179–180, 207–208 of literature, 115 Central Intelligence Agency. See CIA Chaadaev, Petr, 107, 125 Charlemagne (King of Franks, Holy Roman Emperor), xii Charles X (King of France), 81 Charles XII (King of Sweden), 42–43, 172 chauvinism, 224, 248, 250 Chechens, 314–315 Chechnia, 320 Chernenko, Konstantin, 299 Chernyshev, Zakhar, 60, 63–64 Chersonesus, viii Chicherin, Georgii, 217–218 Chizhov, Fedor, 116 chronicle writing, 5 Chubais, Anatolii, 322 Chubar, Vlas, 232 Chubynsky, Pavlo, 146 Church of the Dormition (Kyiv), 5–6 Church of Dormition (Moscow), 20, 27 Church Slavonic language, 48–51, 89, 118 Churchill, Winston, 270, 273 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 299 citizenship, 56, 164, 201, 315, 319 dual, 315, 319 Russian, 290, 314–315, 319, 349 Cold War, 300, 327 collectivization, 239, 241, 243, 246, 269, 291 Columbus, Christopher, 23 Committee on the Western Provinces (Western Committee), 86–87 common citizenship, 290 Commonwealth of Independent States, 313, 318–319, 336 communism, 249, 306 Khrushchev and, 285, 295, 300 nationalism and, 308–309 The Communist Manifesto (Marx and Engels), 249 Communist Party, 243 See also Russian Communist Party; Bolshevik Party Congress of Vienna (1814–1815), 76 Constantine (Grand Duke), 78 Constantine IX Monomachos (Byzantine emperor), 5, 14 Constantine XI Palaiologos (Byzantine emperor), 3, 22 Constitutional Democratic Party, 166–168, 173, 182, 190, 194 A Conversation Between Great Russia and Little Russia (Divovych), 57–58 conversion, religious, 66–69, 96–97, 160, 180 Cossacks, 32–34, 38, 39, 110 Council for Foreign and Defense Policy, 321–322 Council of Brest (1596), 29 Council of Florence (1431–1449), 21 Council of Trent (1545–1563), 31 coups Brezhnev and, 290 Catherine II and, 55–56 Kornilov and, 199–200 Lenin and, 193–194 Nicholas II and, 187–190 Yeltsin, B., and, 310–311 Crimea annexation of, viii, 335, 337–341, 349–350 Ukraine and, 283, 284, 319 Crimean War of 1853–1856, 121–122 culture, 6, 91–92, 130, 207, 288, 347–348 attacks on, 279–281 censorship, 252–253 Edict of Ems influencing, 145–146, 151–152, 161, 167 with history as inspiration, 271–272 indigenization campaign and, 229, 231–232, 234, 236–237, 241 language and, 165–167, 229, 231–232, 234, 236–237, 241, 287, 307, 340–341 revival, 254–255, 263, 265–266 Russification and, 87, 290 Ukrainization and, 233, 265 Cyrillic, 131 Cyrillo-Methodian Brotherhood.

Worn: A People's History of Clothing
by Sofi Thanhauser
Published 25 Jan 2022

The Romans had a well-organized wool textile industry in Britain, and poet and historian Dionysius Periegetes made reference, about AD 300, to British wool so fine that it was comparable to a spider’s web. A letter from Charlemagne to Offa, king of Mercia—a kingdom of Anglo-Saxon England—in 796 suggested a revival, or continuance, of the Roman export trade in wool goods. Charlemagne wrote that his subjects wanted cloaks of the same pattern “as used to come to us in the old times.” Saxon place names like Shepley, Shepton Mallet, Shipley, and Skipton point to the ubiquity of sheep in the period. After the Norman Conquest, Britain contained more sheep than all other livestock put together, and their most important product was milk.

Victorian Internet
by Tom Standage
Published 1 Jan 1998

At the time, sending a message to someone a hundred miles away took the best part of a day—the time it took a messenger traveling on horseback to cover the distance. This unavoidable delay had remained constant for thousands of years; it was as much a fact of life for George Washington as it was for Henry VIII, Charlemagne, and Julius Caesar. As a result, the pace of life was slow. Rulers dispatched armies to distant lands and waited months for news of victory or defeat; ships sailed over the horizon on epic voyages, and those on board were not seen or heard from again for years. News of an event spread outward in a slowly growing circle, like a ripple in a pond, whose edge moved no faster than a galloping horse or a swift-sailing ship.

Tuscany Road Trips
by Duncan Garwood , Paula Hardy , Robert Landon and Nicola Williams
Published 2 Jun 2016

Montalcino wine shop DANITA DELIMON/GETTY IMAGES © DETOUR: ABBAZIA DI SANT’ANTIMO Start: 7 Montalcino The striking Romanesque Abbazia di Sant’Antimo (www.antimo.it; Castelnuovo dell’Abate; admission free; 10.15am-12.30pm & 3-6.30pm Mon-Sat, 9.15-10.45am & 3-6pm Sun) lies in an isolated valley just below the village of Castelnuovo dell’Abate, 10.5km from Montalcino. According to tradition, Charlemagne founded the original monastery in 781. The exterior, built in pale travertine stone, is simple but for the stone carvings, which include various fantastical animals. Inside, study the capitals of the columns lining the nave, especially the one representing Daniel in the lions’ den. Music lovers should try to time their visit to coincide with the daily services, which include Gregorian chants.

The Story of Work: A New History of Humankind
by Jan Lucassen
Published 26 Jul 2021

In contrast to what one might think, it was not light work, as a Spanish monk sighed at the eighth hour of 27 July 970 after three solid months of continuous copying, ‘bowed down and racked in every limb by the copying’.145 In spite of the fact that all Germanic peoples, who had assumed power after the Romans, were slaveholders, slavery was in considerable decline due to the deterioration of the economy.146 Perhaps that is why, in 782, Charlemagne executed no less than 4,500 Saxons in Verden. They had been handed over to him by other Saxons, but, apparently, he had no use for them.147 Crucial for the expansion of slave-taking operations was a sufficient demand – not the supply or the (lack of) moral virtues of suppliers. That is why between around 800 and 1000 the medieval slave trade in Europe was at its peak, when massive demand for slaves from the Muslim world met the Viking raiding network in north-western and eastern Europe.

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‘Wage Labor, Free Labor, and Vagrancy Laws: The Transition to Capitalism in Guatemala, 1920–1945’, in Tom Brass & Marcel van der Linden (eds), Free and Unfree Labour: The Debate Continues (Bern: Peter Lang, 1997), pp. 303–24. McCreery, David J. The Sweat of Their Brow: A History of Work in Latin America (New York/London: Sharpe, 2000). McKitterick, Rosamond. Charlemagne: The Formation of a European Identity (Cambridge: CUP, 2008). McNeill, William. Keeping Together in Time: Dance and Drill in Human History (Cambridge, MA: Harvard UP, 1995). Meisenzahl, Ralf R. ‘How Britain Lost its Competitive Edge’, in Avner Greif, Lynne Kiesling & John V.C. Nye (eds), Institutions, Innovation, and Industrialization: Essays in Economic History and Development (Princeton/Oxford: Princeton UP, 2015), pp. 307–35.

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(i) anthropology (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii)n6, (xviii)n23, (xix)n21 antiquity, classical (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)nn2&20, (xii)n146, (xiii)n200 see also Greece; Roman Empire Appianus (i) Arctic (i), (ii), (iii) Aristophanes (i) Arkwright, Richard (i) Armenia (i) Arabian world (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv)n116 Abbasid caliphate (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n200 Fatimid caliphate (i) Gulf states (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n22 Mecca (i), (ii) Medina (i) Saudi Arabia (i), (ii), (iii) Arendt, Hannah (i), (ii) Argentina (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n77 Gran Chaco (i) Santa Fé (i) Tucumán (i) Aristotle (i) Ashoka (i), (ii) Ashurnasirpal II (i) Asia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix)n5, (xxx)n205, (xxxi)n84, (xxxii)n32 Asian despotism (i) Central (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) China Sea (i) East (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) North (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)n74 Persian Gulf (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) South (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii)n74, (xxiv)n120, (xxv)n91 South East (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii)n120 West (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Zagros mountains (i) see also separate countries Asia, peoples and language groups Kurds (i), (ii) Mongols (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Natufians (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Turkic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) Australia, geographic (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) Cape York (Queensland) (i) Kimberley, Fitzroy Valley (Western Australia) (i) Melbourne (i) Queensland (i), (ii) Tasmania (i) Australia, peoples and language groups Aboriginals (i) Ngarrindjeri (i), (ii) Yir Yoront (i) Austria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Vienna (i), (ii) Aves, Ernest Harry (i), (ii) Baba al-Massufi, Ahmad (i) Babbage, Charles (i) Bactria (i) Bahamas (i) Baldwin, James (i) Ball, John (i) Ban Gu (i) Barbados (i), (ii) Barbieri-Low, Anthony (i) Barlow, Edward (i) Bar-Yosef, Ofer (i) Bavel, Bas van (i), (ii), (iii) Belgium (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Brussels (i) Ghent (i), (ii) Southern Netherlands (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Tournai (i) Wallonia (i) see also Low Countries Belize (i) Benin (i), (ii) Benz, Carl (i) Bermuda (i) Beveridge, William (i), (ii) Binford, Lewis (i), (ii) Bismarck, Otto von (i) Black Sea (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Blanton, Richard (i) Bloch, Marc (i) Blum, Léon (i) Boétie, Étienne de la (i) Bolívar, Simón (i) Bolivia (i), (ii), (iii) Potosí (i), (ii), (iii)n185 Booth, Charles (i), (ii), (iii)n92 Botswana (i), (ii), (iii) Boycott, Charles Cunningham (i) Brandeis, Louis Dembitz (i)n122 Brassey, Thomas (i), (ii) Braudel, Fernand (i) Braun, Adolf (i) Brazil (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix)n185, (xx)n67, (xxi)n55 Amazon River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n67 Minas Gerais (i) Palmares (i), (ii), (iii)n37 Pernambuco (i) Salvador de Bahía (i) São Paulo (i), (ii), (iii) Brewer, Douglas (i) Bücher, Karl (i), (ii)n17, (iii)n1 Bulgaria (i) Butler, Harold (i) Byzantine empire (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) Cabo Verde Islands (i), (ii) Caesar, Julius (i) Cambodia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Angkor (i) Khmer state (i) Cameroon (i) Beti people (i) Campanella, Tommaso (i) Canada (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) capital (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) credit (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)n113 debt (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii) debt bondage (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)n113, (vi)n57, (vii)n179, (viii)n67 investment (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi) loan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) see also market economy, capital market; wage payment, advance capitalism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)nn10&12, (x)nn23&1, (xi)n52, (xii)n85 Carmichael, Sarah (i) Carthage (i) Catherine II (i) Cautley, Proby T. (i) Chamberlain, Joseph (i) Chandragupta (i) Chang, Leslie T. (i), (ii) Charlemagne (i) Chaucer, Geoffrey (i) Chayanov, Alexander (i), (ii)n15 Chile (i), (ii) China (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx)n53, (xxxi)n245, (xxxii)n35, (xxxiii)n107, (xxxiv)n32 agriculture (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)n31, (xiv)nn61&70, (xv)n8, (xvi)n53 crafts (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)n49, (ix)n88 hunting-gathering (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n53 mining/industry (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)n70 monetization (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix)n32, (x)n109 communist (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii)n12, (xiv)n51, (xv)n70, (xvi)n136 China, geographic and dynasties Beijing (i), (ii), (iii) Chongquing (i) Dalian (i) Dapenkeng culture (i) Dongguan (i) Erlitou (i), (ii), (iii) Grand Canal (i) Guangdong (i), (ii) Han Chinese (i), (ii), (iii)n35 Han dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Hangzhou (i) Hankou (i) Henan (i) Hunan (i) Inner Mongolia (i) Jiangnan (i) Jingdezhen (i) Jinsha River (i) Kaifeng (i) Kuomintang (i)n51 Luzhou (i) Manchuria (i) Miao people (i) Ming dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi)n43, (vii)n107 Nanjing (i) Qianlong period (i) Qin state (i), (ii)n33 Qing dynasty (i), (ii)n109, (iii)n107 Shaanxi (i) Shang state (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n32 Shanghai (i) Shanxi (i) Shijiahe (i), (ii), (iii) Shimao (i), (ii), (iii) Song dynasty (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii)n109 Szechuan (i), (ii) Tang dynasty (i), (ii) Taosi (i), (ii), (iii) Warring States (i), (ii) Xia state (i)n56 Yangtze River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii) Yellow River (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Yizheng (i) Yuan dynasty (i)n43 Yunnan (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n36 Zhou state (i), (ii) Chunming (i), (ii), (iii) Cobo, Bernabé (i) collective strategy/action (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi) charivari (i) collective exit (i), (ii), (iii)nn56&58 compagnonnage (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) consumer boycott (i) co-operative (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) employers’ organization (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) go-slow (i)n58 guild (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii)n99, (xxiii)n188, (xxiv)n45, (xxv)nn99&108, (xxvi)n72 labour movement (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi)n38, (xii)n5 marronage (i), (ii) mutual benefit society (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) petition (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v)n56 protest (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii)n37 rebellion/revolt (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi)n76, (xxii)n37 sabotage (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n58 social movement 240, 244, 302, 312, 332x, (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) strike (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix)n56, (xx)n88 trade union (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv)n11, (xxv)nn87–88&91&96&101, (xxvi)n24 see also individual strategy; slavery, abolition Colombia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n185 Cartagena (i)n185 Columbus (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Confucius (i) Congo (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Ituri forest (i) Conrad, Joseph (i) Cornell, William F.

Pocket Rough Guide Barcelona (Travel Guide eBook)
by Rough Guides
Published 1 Mar 2019

c350 AD Roman city walls are built, as threat of invasion grows. 415 Visigoths sweep across Spain and establish ­temporary capital in Barcino (later ­“Barcelona”). 711 Moorish conquest of Spain. Barcelona eventually forced to surrender (719). 801 Barcelona retaken by Louis the Pious, son of Charlemagne. Frankish counties of Catalunya become a buffer zone, known as the Spanish Marches. 878 Guifré el Pelós (Wilfred the Hairy) declared first Count of Barcelona, founding a dynastic line that was to rule until 1410. 985 Moorish sacking of city. Sant Pau del Camp – the city’s oldest surviving church – built after this date. 1137 Dynastic union of Catalunya and Aragón established. 1213–76 Reign of Jaume I, “the Conqueror”, expansion of empire and beginning of Catalan golden age. 1282–1387 Barcelona at the centre of an aggressively mercantile Mediterranean empire.

The Secret World: A History of Intelligence
by Christopher Andrew
Published 27 Jun 2018

Report by unidentified Prussian agent, autumn 1852; McLellan (ed.), Karl Marx, Interviews and Reflections, pp. 32–4. 30. Sperber, Karl Marx, pp. 281–5. 31. Wheen, Karl Marx, pp. 271–2. 32. Vaillé, Cabinet noir, pp. 392–5. 33. Girard, Napoléon III. 34. Choisel, ‘Charlemagne de Maupas’. 35. Price, French Second Empire, p. 84. 36. Choisel, ‘Charlemagne de Maupas’. 37. Poncier, Procureurs généraux du Second Empire. 38. Porter, Refugee Question, ch. 6. 39. Ibid., p. 171. 40. Ibid., pp. 192–4. 41. Ibid., p. 151. 42. Marx, ‘Portents of the Day’, 11 March 1858 MECW, vol. 15. 43. Wheen, Karl Marx, pp. 238–43. 44.

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In 1846 he made a rather better-planned escape from the fortress of Ham in the department of the Somme, where he was imprisoned, shaving off his beard and moustache, donning a wig, dressing as a labourer and walking out of the fortress with a plank of wood balanced on his shoulder.33 As French ruler, Louis Napoleon shared his uncle’s fascination with intelligence reports on French public opinion but, unlike most autocrats, was preoccupied by the problems of ‘telling truth to power’. On 22 January 1852 he established a new Ministry of Police under Charlemagne de Maupas, who had played a leading role in his coup d’état on 2 December 1851. Maupas’s role, Louis Napoleon told him, was to ensure he was told ‘the truth which is too often kept from those in power’.34 Assessments of the prefects of the eighty-six French departments in the summer and autumn of 1852 by the Ministry of Police seem to have been as uninhibited as Louis Napoleon had intended.

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(ed.), The Papers of George Washington: Revolutionary War Series (Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1985) Chiharu, Inaba, ‘Franco-Russian Intelligence Collaboration against Japan during the Russo-Japanese War, 1904–05’, Japanese Slavic and East European Studies, vol. 19 (1998) Choisel, Francis, ‘Charlemagne de Maupas’, in B. Yvert, Le Dictionnaire des ministres, 1789–1989 (Paris: Perrin, 1990) Church, Clive H., Revolution and Red Tape: The French Ministerial Bureaucracy 1770–1850 (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1981) Churchill, W. S., The World Crisis, 5 vols., vol. I: 1911–1914; vol. II: 1915 (London: Thornton Butterworth, 1923) —, My Early Life (London: Eland, 2000 [first publ. 1930]) —, The Second World War, 6 vols., vol. 2: Their Finest Hour; vol. 5: Closing the Ring (London: Penguin Books, 2005 [first publ. 1949; 1951]) Clarendon, Edward Hyde, Earl of, The History of the Rebellion and Civil Wars in England, 2 vols.

Civilization: The West and the Rest
by Niall Ferguson
Published 28 Feb 2011

Felipe Fernández-Armesto When Kenneth Clark defined civilization in his television series of that name, he left viewers in no doubt that he meant the civilization of the West – and primarily the art and architecture of Western Europe from the Middle Ages until the nineteenth century. The first of the thirteen films he made for the BBC was politely but firmly dismissive of Byzantine Ravenna, the Celtic Hebrides, Viking Norway and even Charlemagne’s Aachen. The Dark Ages between the fall of Rome and the twelfth-century Renaissance simply did not qualify as civilization in Clark’s sense of the word. That only revived with the building of Chartres cathedral, dedicated though not completed in 1260, and was showing signs of fatigue with the Manhattan skyscrapers of his own time.

Rome
by Lonely Planet

Interior – Right Nave At the beginning of the right aisle, Michelangelo’s hauntingly beautiful Pietà sits in its own chapel behind a panel of bullet-proof glass. Sculpted when he was a little-known 25 year-old (in 1499), it’s the only work he ever signed – his signature is etched into the sash across the Madonna’s breast. Nearby, the red porphyry disk on the floor inside the main door marks the spot where Charlemagne and later Holy Roman emperors were crowned by the pope. Paying tribute to a woman whose reputation was far from holy, Carlo Fontana’s gilt and bronze monument to Queen Christina of Sweden is dedicated to the Swedish monarch who converted to Catholicism in 1655. You’ll see it on a pillar just beyond the Pietà.

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This had been on the cards for years: in 410 the Goths sacked Rome; in 455 the Vandals followed suit. 754 Pope Stephen II and Pepin, king of the Franks, cut a deal resulting in the creation of the Papal States. The papacy is to rule Rome until Italian unification. 800 Pope Leo III crowns Pepin’s son, Charlemagne, Holy Roman Emperor during Christmas mass at St Peter’s Basilica. A red disk in the basilica marks the spot where it happened. 1084 Rome is sacked by a Norman army after Pope Gregory VII invites them in to help him against the besieging forces of the Holy Roman Emperor Henry IV. 1300 Pope Boniface VIII proclaims Rome’s first ever Jubilee, offering a full pardon to anyone who makes the pilgrimage to the city.

Profiting Without Producing: How Finance Exploits Us All
by Costas Lapavitsas
Published 14 Aug 2013

Note that the search for historical evidence to support the view of money emerging as abstract unit of account long predates the recent preoccupation with Sumeria and Babylonia. Luigi Einaudi, whose views are strangely ignored by contemporary chartalists, has argued that medieval European money was originally an imaginary unit of account (‘The Theory of Imaginary Money from Charlemagne to the French Revolution’ in Enterprise and Secular Change, ed. Frederic Lane and Jelle Riemersma, 1953; and ‘The Medieval Practice of Managed Currency’, in The Lessons of Monetary Experience, ed. Arthur David Gayer, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1970). Unfortunately, this view holds no water for historians, who have shown that medieval money was a very real means of exchange; see Hans Van Werveke, ‘Monnaie de Compte et Monnaie Réelle’, Revue Belge de Philologie et d’ Histoire 13: 1–2, 1934.

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Eichengreen, Barry, and Ricardo Hausmann, ‘Exchange Rates and Financial Fragility’, from the proceedings of the symposium ‘New Challenges for Monetary Policy’, Federal Reserve Bank of Kansas City, 1999, pp. 329–68. Einaudi, Luigi, ‘The Medieval Practice of Managed Currency’, in The Lessons of Monetary Experience: Essays in Honor of Irving Fisher, ed. Arthur David Gayer, London: George Allen & Unwin, 1970. Einaudi, Luigi, ‘The Theory of Imaginary Money from Charlemagne to the French Revolution’ in Enterprise and Secular Change, ed. Frederic Lane and Jelle Riemersma, Homewood, IL: Richard Irwin, 1953. Translation of ‘Teoria della moneta immaginaria nel tempo del Carlomagno alla rivoluzione francese’, Rivista di storia economia I, 1936, pp. 1–35. Elkholy, Sherif Hesham, ‘Political Economy of Securitization and Development: The Case of Egypt’, unpublished PhD thesis, University of London, 2010.

Chaos Monkeys: Obscene Fortune and Random Failure in Silicon Valley
by Antonio Garcia Martinez
Published 27 Jun 2016

Zuck and the FB high command wanted to stage their assumption into the technological heavens from Facebook’s own courtyard. This was like Napoleon and his coronation, which he insisted take place in his Paris backyard rather than in Reims Cathedral, where they’d been held since the tenth century. Furthermore, similar to Napoleon snatching Charlemagne’s crown out of Pope Pius’s hands and crowning himself and Josephine, no outside blessing was required from NASDAQ or Wall Street. Zuck would stage the production, pushing the bell button himself right next to his beloved Aquarium. From that moment on, Facebook would have a public-facing share price, and employees who either were less fired with zealotry than Zuck or simply didn’t have three commas in their net worth like he did were apt to get soft and worry about that volatile number.

Investment: A History
by Norton Reamer and Jesse Downing
Published 19 Feb 2016

Shortly thereafter, at the Synod of Arles in 314, a similar decree was made.75 In 325, the Council of Nicea proclaimed usury by clergy forbidden on the basis of Psalm 15. Saint Ambrose, one of the four original doctors of the Catholic Church who lived in the fourth and fifth centuries, supposedly decreed that usury should be permitted only for borrowers so nefarious that it would not be a crime to kill them. Charlemagne in the early ninth century proscribed the practice for all people and defined it so widely as to include all lending transactions “where more is asked than is given.” There is even evidence of usurers being excommunicated in the ninth century.76 The outlawing of usury had not only economic but also cultural aspects, one of which was likely the fueling of anti-Semitic attitudes because Jews were often engaged in lending.77 Catholics, who were not permitted to lend so freely, were less willing and able to supply A Privilege of the Power Elite 35 loans than were the Jews, who were bound more by such provisions as those in Deuteronomy 23:19–20: “You shall not charge interest to your brother—interest on money or food or anything that is lent out at interest.

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See capital asset pricing model Carnegie, Andrew, 125–26, 239 Carnegie Corporation, 125–26 Carnegie Steel Corporation, 276 carried interest, 304, 308, 327 Cary, William, 191–93 Case-Shiller index, 214 castes, in India, 48–49 Casting, John, 86 Catholic Church, 34–36 CDs. See certificates of deposit Centre for Hedge Fund Research, 268 CEOs, resource allocation and, 6–7 certificates of deposit (CDs), 136, 154–55 Changshengku (long-life bank), 29 charities, 55 Charlemagne, 34 Chartism, 77–78 Chase National Bank, 190 Chiesi, Danielle, 187 China: interest rates in, 29; lending in, 28–31; trade and, 48; usury in, 39; venture capital and, 279 chora (countryside), 23 chreokoinonia investment framework, 52 Christianity, 34–37 Cicero, 20, 51 Cigar Excise Tax Extension bill, 280 cities: bankruptcies of, 111; construction and modernization of, 135; laborers relocation to, 77; trade and, 42–43 City Code on Takeovers and Mergers, 182 claim on debt (luoghe), 83 Clements, Robert Earl, 108 Clingston Co.

Paris 1919: Six Months That Changed the World
by Margaret Macmillan; Richard Holbrooke; Casey Hampton
Published 1 Jan 2001

While the government had been careful during the war, for propaganda reasons, not to talk publicly about annexing parts of Germany, private French citizens had set up committees and rushed into print with their aspirations (without the censors making any effort to stop them). The river had always been the boundary between Western civilization and something darker, more primitive. France had civilized the Rhineland, they wrote. Charlemagne’s capital had been there; Louis XIV had conquered it; and French revolutionary armies had conquered it again. (The much longer periods when the Rhineland was ruled by German-speaking princes were skipped over hastily.) The people of the Rhine were really French in their genes and their hearts. Their love of good wine, their joie de vivre, their Catholicism (as even anticlerical French writers pointed out) were proof of this.

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France had historically been the protector of the Christian communities throughout the Ottoman empire but it had particularly close ties to the Maronites, who probably formed a majority in the wild country around Mount Lebanon. In 1861 France had forced the Ottomans to set up an autonomous province there. Maronites had fought side by side with French Crusaders; they claimed, improbably, a family connection with Charlemagne; like French Catholics, they looked to the pope in Rome rather than to the Orthodox patriarch in Constantinople; and, most important perhaps, they admired French culture almost as much as the French themselves. When Maronite leaders outlined a greater Lebanon, to include the Bekáa Valley and most of the coast from Tripoli to Sidon, as well as a large number of Muslims, France was sympathetic.27 Although Clemenceau himself was mainly concerned at the Peace Conference with France’s security in Europe, he could not entirely ignore his own colonial lobby.

What Went Wrong? Western Impact and Middle Eastern Response
by Bernard Lewis
Published 1 Jan 2001

Cited in Michel Lesure, Lépante: la crise de l’empire ottoman (Paris: 1972), p. 180. 5. Ibrahim Peçevi, Tarih [History], vol. 1, Istanbul 1281/1864, pp. 498– 9. See Andrew C. Hess, “The Battle of Lepanto,” Past and Present, vol. 57 (November 1972): 53–73. 6. This word occurs in Hungarian and several Slavic languages, and apparently derived from Charlemagne in the same way that “Czar” and “Kaiser” derive from Caesar. 7. On the tradition that this title was conceded to the French King Francis I by the Ottoman Sultan Süleyman the Magnificent, see Bernard Lewis, The Political Language of Islam (Chicago: 1988), pp. 98, 153–4. 8. Lûtfi Pasha, Asafname, edited with a German translation by Rudolf Tschudi (Berlin: 1910), pp. 32–3; translation, pp. 26–7. 9.

Top 10 Prague
by Schwinke, Theodore.

considered the foremost German Renaissance artist, Albrecht Dürer is probably best known for woodcuts such as this series of 15 from 1498 (below), which retain a strong Gothic flavour. of * Martyrdom St Florian of Master $ Works Theodoricus Parts of an altar set on loan from Karlštejn Castle, are St Luke, St Charlemagne, St Catherine, St Matthew, St Ambrose and St Gregory. Altarpiece % Třeboň Only three of the five double-sided panels of the 14th-century Třebon Altarpiece (right) have survived to the present day. Albrecht Altdorfer created this painting as part of a multipanel altar featuring scenes from the legend of St Florian.

97 Things Every Programmer Should Know
by Kevlin Henney
Published 5 Feb 2010

If you talk to marketing or lawyers, some of their jargon and language (and thus, their minds) should be familiar to you. All these domain-specific languages need to be mastered by someone in the project—ideally, the programmers. Programmers are ultimately responsible for bringing the ideas to life via a computer. And, of course, life is more than software projects. As noted by Charlemagne, to know another language is to have another soul. For your contacts beyond the software industry, you will appreciate knowing foreign languages. To know when to listen rather than talk. To know that most language is without words. Whereof one cannot speak, thereof one must be silent. —Ludwig Wittgenstein Chapter 50.

Rough Guide DIRECTIONS Venice
by Jonathan Buckley

Note that many internet points offer international calls at a better rate than you’ll get from Telecom Italia’s public phones. 9/29/06 2:39:59 PM 05 VeniceChronology.indd 183 Places Chronology 9/29/06 2:40:33 PM 05 VeniceChronology.indd 184 9/29/06 2:40:33 PM 185 9^hedebe]o 05 VeniceChronology.indd 185 C H R O NO L O G Y 453  The first mass migration into the Venetian lagoon is provoked by the incursions of Attila the Hun’s hordes. 568  Permanent settlement is accelerated when the Germanic Lombards (or Longobards) sweep into northern Italy. The resulting confederation owes political allegiance to Byzantium. 726  The lagoon settlers choose their first doge, Orso Ipato. 810  After the Frankish army of Charlemagne has overrun the Lombards, the emperor’s son Pepin sails into action against the proto-Venetians and is defeated. The lagoon settlers withdraw to the better-protected islands of Rivoalto, the name by which the central cluster of islands was known until the late twelfth century, when it became generally known as Venice. 828  With control by Byzantium little more than nominal, the Venetians signal their independence through a great symbolic act – the theft of the body of St Mark from Alexandria.

Under a White Sky: The Nature of the Future
by Elizabeth Kolbert
Published 15 Mar 2021

As the sediment builds up, it impedes the flow, and so the river goes in search of faster routes to the sea. Its most dramatic leaps are called “avulsions.” Over the last seven thousand years, the river has avulsed six times, and each time it has set about laying down a new bulge of land. Lafourche Parish is what’s left of the lobe laid down during the reign of Charlemagne. Western Terrebonne Parish is the remains of a delta lobe built during the time of the Phoenicians. The city of New Orleans sits on a lobe—the St. Bernard—created around the time of the Pyramids. Many still-more-ancient lobes are now submerged. The Mississippi fan, an enormous cone of sediment deposited during the ice ages, now lies under the Gulf; it’s larger than the entire state of Louisiana and in some places ten thousand feet thick.

The Treason of the Intellectuals
by Julien Benda
Published 14 Oct 2006

To such an extent is it now impossible to be a patriot without flattering democratic passions. 17.See Note B at the end of the book. 18.See Brunot, Histoire de la Langue Française, t. v, liv. iii. 19.On this topic see some excellent remarks of Auguste Comte, Cours de Philosophie Positive, 57e lecon. 20.As a matter of fact, the peoples do not believe either that their ambitions go back to their ancestors; they are ignorant of history and do not believe it to be so even when it is true; they believe they believe, or, more exactly, they want to believe that they believe. However, that is enough to make them ferocious, perhaps more so than if they really believed it. 21.France is here in a position of manifest inferiority in regard to her neighbors. The modern French feel very slight inclinations to claim that they reincarnate the ambitions of Charlemagne or even of Louis XIV, despite the proclamations of certain men of letters. 22.For instance, the address of the “six great industrial and agricultural associations of Germany” to Herr von Bethmann-Hollweg in May, 1914, which was not very different from that drawn up in 1815 by the Prussian metallurgists to pointout to their government what annexations should be made in the interests of their industry.

The Passenger: Paris
by AA.VV.
Published 26 Jun 2021

So, of course, it’s natural we end up behaving like models of French society. ‘We don’t recognise ourselves in French history, which is one of the most important subjects at school, because this is a country that has a long and rich history. We absorb all the lessons on French heroes such as Jeanne d’Arc, Charlemagne, Clovis. It’s one single version of history, one story, which everyone, even children of immigrant families, is obliged to accept as their own. Even though I tried to feel that it was my story, I couldn’t help feeling a bit detached from it. To accept that version of history as my only heritage felt false – it was a story that rendered us invisible.

Why Nations Fail: The Origins of Power, Prosperity, and Poverty
by Daron Acemoglu and James Robinson
Published 20 Mar 2012

In the Middle Ages, Venice was possibly the richest place in the world, with the most advanced set of inclusive economic institutions underpinned by nascent political inclusiveness. It gained its independence in AD 810, at what turned out to be a fortuitous time. The economy of Europe was recovering from the decline it had suffered as the Roman Empire collapsed, and kings such as Charlemagne were reconstituting strong central political power. This led to stability, greater security, and an expansion of trade, which Venice was in a unique position to take advantage of. It was a nation of seafarers, placed right in the middle of the Mediterranean. From the East came spices, Byzantine-manufactured goods, and slaves.

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Finally, the emergence of Islam as a religion and political force in the century after the death of Mohammed in AD 632 led to the creation of new Islamic states in most of the Byzantine Empire, North Africa, and Spain. These common processes rocked Europe, and in their wake a particular type of society, commonly referred to as feudal, emerged. Feudal society was decentralized because strong central states had atrophied, even if some rulers such as Charlemagne attempted to reconstruct them. Feudal institutions, which relied on unfree, coerced labor (the serfs), were obviously extractive, and they formed the basis for a long period of extractive and slow growth in Europe during the Middle Ages. But they also were consequential for later developments.

The Euro and the Battle of Ideas
by Markus K. Brunnermeier , Harold James and Jean-Pierre Landau
Published 3 Aug 2016

While the EFSF had legally been a private agreement of the participating states, the ESM was a new international institution established through an amendment of Article 136 of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union. European institutions were being created, but the impetus was coming from the large countries. Chancellor Merkel’s speeches in the initial crisis debates are quite characteristic. In celebrating the Charlemagne Prize awarded to Donald Tusk on May 13, 2010, she warned, “If the euro collapses, then Europe and the idea of European union will fail.”9 A few days later, on May 19, 2010, she told the German Bundestag: “The rules must not be oriented toward the weak, but toward the strong. That is a hard message.

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(Italy, with great regional diversity of outlooks, social structures, and incomes, also—perhaps mistakenly—adopted the French centralized political model when it was built as a nation-state in the 1860s.) Indeed, historians have seen the centralizing urges of the French state as a long-term feature of continuity that spans deep divides between dynasties and even ideologies, from the missi dominici of Charlemagne and the Merovingians, to the intendants of the Bourbon Louis XIV, and then to the structure of departments with centrally appointed prefects after the Revolution and Napoleon, and back to the Restoration monarchy, the 1848 republic, the Second Empire, the Third Republic, and so on. According to analysts such as Alexis de Tocqueville and Albert Sorel, the historical function of the French Revolution was simply to finish or accomplish the task set by the ancien régime.

Getting Better: Why Global Development Is Succeeding--And How We Can Improve the World Even More
by Charles Kenny
Published 31 Jan 2011

Nor could the mere status of royalty ensure a cure to the fatal food poisoning acquired by Henry I after eating his surfeit of lampreys. And a note to republicans—Oliver Cromwell, despite a combination of absolute power and clean living, died with a case of malaria. Similarly, every modern head of state can surely read, yet Genghis Khan and Charlemagne ruled over considerable empires while illiterate. A number of slaves in the Roman Empire were rich enough to own slaves of their own, and slaves ran the whole bureaucracy of the Ottoman Empire, often living an extremely comfortable lifestyle in the process. Still, money rarely brought them freedom.

The Age of Illusions: How America Squandered Its Cold War Victory
by Andrew J. Bacevich
Published 7 Jan 2020

Taken as a whole, however, Blow’s obsession with Trump and his louche associates illustrates one of the most striking characteristics of the era: Simply by getting elected, Donald Trump prompted a large swath of the nation’s most prominent gatekeepers to take leave of their senses. And not only journalists; members of the American intelligentsia followed suit. Within months of his taking office, Trump’s most vociferous critics elevated him to the status of Caesar Augustus, Charlemagne, or Napoleon Bonaparte by declaring that a veritable “Age of Trump” had commenced. The president viewed himself as a world historical figure. Those who despised him most concurred. Much as Osama bin laden had hijacked U.S. national security policy in 2001, fifteen years later Donald Trump hijacked the principal organs of elite opinion, and with comparably unfortunate results.

Bourgeois Dignity: Why Economics Can't Explain the Modern World
by Deirdre N. McCloskey
Published 15 Nov 2011

Yet Clegg has argued about this and other Elizabethan cases that English censorship was clumsily unsystematic, and anyway was necessarily a novelty, like the Chinese or Singapore governments nowadays trying to keep ahead of an evolving technology of the Internet.12 The truth is that by comparison with effective censorships further east, the failure of the various projects of centralizing the European subcontinent, from Charlemagne through the medieval popes to Phillip II and at last Napoleon and Hitler, doomed European censorship to only sporadic success. From the Vatican’s Index of Forbidden Books in 1559 down to British prosecutions under the Official Secrets Act, censorship was undermined by publication in other jurisdictions in fragmented Europe, first Venice and then Basel and Holland, and by smuggling the resulting product.

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The Romance of the Three Kingdoms, one of the four great novels of the Chinese tradition, was written during the fourteenth century about the painful remaking of China into one from three in 280 CE. Its opening line asserts, “It is a general truism of this world that anything long divided will surely unite, and anything long united will surely divide.” No one, as many historians have noted, and I have repeated, was able to impose such unity on Europe, from Charlemagne to Hitler—and the notion of European citizenship is viewed with alarm or contempt by many Europeans even in the twenty-first century. In the sixteenth century the Dutch, for example, forcibly opted out of Charles V’s and Philip II’s vision of a Habsburg Europe, in a way that, say, Shanghai (as Pomeranz points out), which was similarly milked for the support of the rest of the empire, never succeeded in doing

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* The sociological historian and political scientist Erik Ringmar correctly insists, in accord with recent scholarship challenging nineteenth-century orientalizing clichés about the Mysterious East with its supposedly kowtowing populations and hydraulic civilizations, that “Chinese and European societies were always very similar to each other and this was still the case as comparatively late as in the early eighteenth century.”34 Still, the failures of Charlemagne and his successor-unifiers contrasts with the successes of long-lasting Chinese dynasties, with breakdowns startlingly rare by Europe’s tumultuous standard, repeatedly unifying an area the size of Western Europe from the first emperor of 212 BCE. Europe was odd politically because of its incompetence in making and holding empires within Europe itself, as also was South Asia and Africa.

But What if We're Wrong? Thinking About the Present as if It Were the Past
by Chuck Klosterman
Published 6 Jun 2016

Why would this matter? Yes, very old things would now be slightly less old, and distant human events (like the crucifixion of Christ) would be slightly less distant. And—sure—history books would require corrections, and Monty Python and the Holy Grail would be a little less funny, and the Steely Dan song “Kid Charlemagne” would have a weirder subtext. But the only real problem would be the subsequent domino effect: If we were wrong about something this fundamental, we could theoretically be wrong about anything. Proof of Phantom Time would validate every possible skeptic, including those skeptical about Phantom Time; almost certainly, a new conspiracy theory would instantly emerge, this time positing that the Dark Ages did happen and that the revisionists were trying to remove those 297 years for nefarious, self-interested motives.

How to Run the World: Charting a Course to the Next Renaissance
by Parag Khanna
Published 11 Jan 2011

Resource power and ideological power are as important as military and financial might. If the power you have is the wrong sort to get you what you want, then it is useless. The only correct answer, then, to the question of how much power someone has is “Over what?” Even under the nominal reign of Emperor Charlemagne in the late eighth century, bishops recruited their own vassals and knights, monasteries built up fortresses and ramparts, duchies and castellanies were run by military commanders, and barons had sovereignty over their manors. Today the similar fragmentation of societies from within is clear: from Miami to Bogotá to London to Bangalore, gated communities with private security are on the rise.

A Guide to the Good Life: The Ancient Art of Stoic Joy
by William Braxton Irvine
Published 14 Feb 2009

Translated by David Magie. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1921. Kekes, John. Moral Wisdom and Good Lives. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press, 1995. Lao Tzu. Tao Te Ching. Translated by D. C. Lau. New York: Penguin, 1963. Lecky, William Edward Hartpole. History of European Morals: From Augustus to Charlemagne. New York: George Braziller, 1955. Works Cited 299 Long, A. A. Epictetus: A Stoic and Socratic Guide to Life. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 2002. Lutz, Cora. Introduction to “Musonius Rufus: ‘The Roman Socrates.’ ” Yale Classical Studies. Vol. 10. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1947. Marcus Aurelius.

Fully Automated Luxury Communism
by Aaron Bastani
Published 10 Jun 2019

And while one can argue about distinct technological periods within even that – as Peter Drucker and Jeremy Rifkin do – even as recently as the nineteenth century, 60 per cent of the population in countries like Italy and France worked in agriculture. Whether it was the Roman Empire of the first century AD, Europe during Charlemagne or Eastern China under the Song Dynasty a millennium ago, the average person worked in farming, almost always cultivating land which wasn’t theirs. Today things look rather different. Just 4 per cent of Italy’s labour market is in agriculture, while the figure is less than 3 per cent for France, 2 per cent in the UK and 1 per cent in the United States – a nation which leads the world in the production of milk, corn, chicken and beef.

Buzz: The Nature and Necessity of Bees
by Thor Hanson
Published 1 Jul 2018

Just then the queen darted off, crossing the orchard and disappearing out over the pasture, straight into the brisk wind. But she returned moments later, as if testing her mental map, and continued to inspect the booted box. I grinned and gave Noah a high five. We were off to a good start. The roster of notable beekeepers begins with Aristotle and Pythagoras, picks up the likes of Augustus, Charlemagne, and George Washington along the way, and continues into modern times with a rash of celebrities, including Henry and Peter Fonda, Scarlett Johansson, and Martha Stewart. In the literary realm, Virgil kept bees, and so did Tolstoy, who spent two full pages of War and Peace comparing the evacuated city of Moscow that awaited Napoleon’s army to a “dying, queenless hive.”

Piracy : The Intellectual Property Wars from Gutenberg to Gates
by Adrian Johns
Published 5 Jan 2010

He refused to accept the Lords’ verdict – on the contrary, he continued to lay claim to the title – and he campaigned to have the case retried before a jury. At the same time he threw himself into prodigious genealogical researches. From these he emerged convinced not only that he was indeed a descendant of the original baron Chandos, but that his family line could be extended far further back. His real ancestors, he now concluded, were Charlemagne and the Merovingian kings. Brydges now laid claim to a descent from all but half a dozen of the 144 noblest houses of Europe (and although he did not draw attention to this, we may note that the Merovingians had claimed descent from Christ). He designed an extraordinary coat of arms for himself combining the emblems of every one of them.

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A knowledge of authorial heredity might not be essential to judge the worth of a poet’s work, but “if we are interested in his genius,” Brydges remarked, “we always desire to know his history.” A descent like his – which purportedly included Lord Chancellor Egerton, Princess Mary Tudor, William Cavendish, “the whole race of Plantagenets,” the Tudors, Charlemagne, the kings of Jerusalem, Sir George Ent, all the lords Chandos, Gibbon, Lord Chancellor Hardwicke, and many others – gave him a better chance than most of manifesting genius. His own love of literature, he conceded, was not solely a product of this “hereditary infusion.” But it had sprung from “the intrinsic qualities and colours of my mind and temper.”

Switzerland
by Damien Simonis , Sarah Johnstone and Nicola Williams
Published 31 May 2006

The window near the main exit of the church is by Augusto Giacometti. More of Augusto Giacometti’s work is on show across the river in the twin-towered Grossmünster (Map p202;h9am-6pm daily mid-Mar– Oct, 10am-5pm Nov–mid-Mar, tower closed Sun morning mid-Mar–Oct & all Sun Nov–mid-Mar). This landmark cathedral was founded by Charlemagne in the 9th century. But more importantly it’s where preacher Huldrych Zwingli (1484– 1531) began speaking out against the Catholic Church in the 16th century, and thus brought the Reformation and Protestantism’s sober lifestyle to Zürich. Today, you can climb the south tower (admission Sfr2;h9.15am-5pm Mar-Oct).

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In winter there is a little skiing but for the floods of local Swiss and Austrians who pour in, it’s the tax-free goods (from petrol and cigarettes to watches and clothes) that attracts the traffic. Müstair pop 830 / elevation 1375m It seems extraordinary that one of Europe’s great early Christian treasures should be tucked away in such a remote corner of central Europe. But when Charlemagne supposedly founded a monastery and a church here in the 9th century, this was a strategically placed spot below one of the mountain passes (Ofen Pass) that separate northern Europe from Italy and the heart of Christendom. Just before the Italian border at the end of Val Müstair, you could reach Müstair from Samnaun by dropping down through www.lonelyplanet.com a brief stretch of Austrian territory and a slice of Italy.

The Story of Philosophy
by Will Durant
Published 23 Jul 2012

That he had published in Berlin “the most ambitious, the most voluminous, the most characteristic, and the most daring of his works.”36 Its title was no small part of it: Essai sur les moeurs et l’esprit des Nations, et sur les principaux faits de l’histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu’à Louis XIII—an Essay on the Morals and the Spirit of the Nations from Charlemagne to Louis XIII. He had begun it at Cirey for Mme. du Chatelet, spurred on to the task by her denunciation of history as she is writ. It is “an old almanac,” she had said. “What does it matter to me, a Frenchwoman living on my estate, to know that Egil succeeded Haquin in Sweden, and that Ottoman was the son of Ortogrul?

Vegetable Literacy
by Deborah Madison
Published 19 Mar 2013

Cucumbers are botanically fruits, as are squash and melons, but we treat them as vegetables, which means in a savory way. Although they originated in India, cucumbers have been grown all over the world for centuries. According to Pliny the Elder, the Roman emperor Tiberius adored them so much that he had them grown in raised beds set on wheels so that they could be moved into the sun. Charlemagne grew cucumbers, too. They went to England in the fourteenth century, and the Spanish took them to Haiti in 1494. The Mandan Indians of the Dakotas learned to grow cucumbers and watermelons from the Spaniards, and colonists had them early on in their gardens. It seems that cucumbers have been everywhere.

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The names come from different languages and different parts of the world, and none of them refers to chicken of any kind. Although many beans are from the New World, chickpeas go back a long way to the Old World—to Turkey, Jericho, and Mesolithic France. In the Bronze Age, chickpeas were known in what is now Italy and Greece. Charlemagne mentions chickpeas. The Roman Apicius does as well and also provides us with recipes. Wild chickpeas, which are nearly extinct, date back to 6790 BCE (plus or minus a few years). Fresh chickpeas come two little peas to a short little pod. Occasionally, food writers ask me what I do with them, but I have to admit that I’ve scarcely seen them, and when I have, they are very, very pricey.

Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Explain Everything About the World (Politics of Place)
by Tim Marshall
Published 10 Oct 2016

The Europeans have begun doing some serious recalculation on their military spending, but there isn’t much money around, and they face difficult decisions. While they debate those decisions, the maps are being dusted off, and the diplomats and military strategists see that, while the threats of Charlemagne, Napoleon, Hitler, and the Soviets may have vanished, the North European Plain, the Carpathians, the Baltic, and the North Sea are still there. In his book Of Paradise and Power, the historian Robert Kagan argues that Western Europeans live in paradise but shouldn’t seek to operate by the rules of paradise once they move out into the world of power.

The Sellout: A Novel
by Paul Beatty
Published 2 Mar 2016

I can hear the cocker spaniel whimpering in the corridor, pawing at the door, as I blow an A-bomb mushroom-cloud-sized plume of smoke into the faces that line the giant friezes on the ceiling. Hammurabi, Moses, Solomon—these veined Spanish marble incantations of democracy and fair play—Muhammad, Napoleon, Charlemagne, and some buffed ancient Greek frat boy in a toga stand above me, casting their stony judgmental gazes down upon me. I wonder if they looked at the Scottsboro Boys and Al Gore, Jr., with the same disdain. Only Confucius looks chill. The sporty Chinese satin robe with the big sleeves, kung fu shoes, Shaolin sifu beard and mustache.

Empty Planet: The Shock of Global Population Decline
by Darrell Bricker and John Ibbitson
Published 5 Feb 2019

The plains of central Europe are open enough, if you can get across the rivers, but then you have the Alps isolating the Italian peninsula and the Pyrenees blocking easy access to Iberia. Both Scandinavia and the British Isles are protected by moats of water. The Romans came close to conquering the continent—in Britain, they made it as far as the English-Scottish border, marked by Hadrian’s Wall—but they met their match in the Teutonic forests and retreated to the Rhine. Charlemagne briefly unified much of Western Europe circa 800, but the victory proved ephemeral. Napoleon’s nineteenth-century conquests were even more ephemeral, and Hitler’s more ephemeral still. The greatest European imperial power was Britain, whose empire at its height held sway over a quarter of the world’s population.

Framers: Human Advantage in an Age of Technology and Turmoil
by Kenneth Cukier , Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Francis de Véricourt
Published 10 May 2021

Where China had a dominant language, Europe had many, often with their own alphabetical characters. Where China had central control, European lands were just far enough apart to allow independent thinking while close enough and porous enough to exchange ideas and share what worked. Italian city-states and German Länder flourished. Attempts to unify Europe, from Charlemagne to Napoleon, failed. At its height, the Roman Empire comprised less than half the area of Europe. Decentralization meant diversity, and that produced different frames for sizing up problems and trying out solutions. China was a homogenous state, centrally run. Europe was fragmented and teemed with a wide range of frames.

The Enablers: How the West Supports Kleptocrats and Corruption - Endangering Our Democracy
by Frank Vogl
Published 14 Jul 2021

Viktor Orban became prime minister of Hungary in 2010 and, as he gradu ally exerted ever more power, curbed opposition, captured the media, and developed many of the trappings of a kleptocracy, so an increasing number of journalists have detailed Hungary’s path. See, for example: Twilight of Democracy: The Seductive Lure of Authoritarianism by Anne Applebaum, published in 2020 by Doubleday. The “Charlemagne” column in The Economist, April 2, 2020: “How Hungary’s Leader, Viktor Orban, Gets Away with It: He Takes Near-Dictatorial Powers, While the EU Does Nothing.” The New York Times article “In Hungary, Viktor Orban Showers Money on Stadiums, Less So on Hospitals,” by Patrick Kingsley and Benjamin Novak, October 26, 2019. 7.

Werner Herzog - a Guide for the Perplexed: Conversations With Paul Cronin
by Paul Cronin
Published 4 Aug 2014

This wasn’t nostalgia or me trying to emulate a particular filmmaking tradition. I was just expressing my admiration for the heroic age of German cinema, one that gave birth to Nosferatu in 1922. Many of my generation shared a similar attitude to Murnau and his contemporaries: cinema as legitimate culture. Lotte Eisner gave you the support you needed. Just as Charlemagne had to travel to Rome to ask the Pope to anoint him, we couldn’t just issue a self-empowering decree. In the case of German film, we were fortunate to have Lotte, who could give her blessing. She was the missing link, our collective conscience, a fugitive from Nazism and for years the single living person in the world who knew everyone in cinema from its first hour onwards.

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(Bruno Schleinstein): background, 1, 2, 3, 4; casting, 1; character, 1, 2, 3, 4; death, 1; The Enigma of Kaspar Hauser, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; name, 1, 2; quality as an actor, 1, 2; relationship with Herzog, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; Stroszek, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Bruno the Black (Eisholz), 1 Brutalisation of Franz Blum, The (Driest), 1 Brutus, 1 Buba and Buka, 1 Bubb, Les, 1 Büchner, Georg, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Bulgakov, Mikhail, 1 Bundesfilmpreis, 1, 2 Buñuel, Luis, 1, 2, 3 Burden of Dreams (Blank), 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Burkett, Delbert, 1 Burkett, Jason, 1, 2, 3, 4 Burkett, Melyssa, 1, 2 Busoni, Ferruccio, 1 Cage, Nicolas, 1, 2, 3 California, 1, 2, 3, 4 Cameron, James, 1 Cameroon, 1, 2, 3 Camus, Albert, 1 Cannes Film Festival, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Caravaggio, 1 Cardinale, Claudia, 1, 2, 3, 4 Carissimi, Giacomo, 1 Carl Hanser Verlag, 1, 2 Carl Mayer Award, 1, 2 Carnac, 1, 2 Carney, Ray, 1 Caruso, Enrico, 1, 2, 3, 4 Casablanca (Curtiz), 1 Cave of Forgotten Dreams: access to cave, 1, 2; crocodiles, 1; filming in 1D, 2, 3; landscape, 1; music, 1; paintings, 1, 2; Palaeolithic hunting, 1; smells, 1; soundtrack, 1; vision of prehistory, 1, 2; voiceover, 1 Ceauşescu, Nicolae, 1 Central African Republic, 1, 2, 3, 4 Cerro Torre, 1, 2 Chandler, Raymond, 1 Chaplin, Charlie, 1 Charlemagne, 1 charreadas, 1 Chatwin, Bruce: dying, 1; on Aborigine singing, 1; on Herzog, 1, 2n; on travelling, 1; relationship with Herzog, 1; writings, 1, 2, 3, 4n Chauvet-Pont-d’Arc cave, 1 Cheers, 1 Chevalier, Maurice, 1 Chiarini, Claude, 1 Christianity: Bells from the Deep, 1; capital punishment, 1; Creation story, 1; early, 1; Icelandic, 1; iconography, 1; Jesus Christ, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; The Lord and the Laden, 1; Pilgrimage, 1, 2; relics, 1; televangelist, 1; varieties of, 1, 2 Chronicle of Anna Magdalena Bach, The (Straub), 1 Chumack, Alan, 1 Churchill, Winston, 1 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 1, 2, 3, 4 Ciconia, Johannes, 1 Cine Nõvo, 1 cinéma-vérité, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cinémathèque Française, 1, 2 Clemente, Jean, 1 Close-up (Kiarostami), 1 Clottes, Jean, 1 Clovis, King, 1 Cobra Verde, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Codax, Martim, 1, 2 Codex Florentino, 1, 2, 3 Codex Regius, 1, 2 Codex Telleriano-Remensis, 1 Cole, Joe, 1 Collected Works of Billy the Kid, The (Ondaatje), 1 Commynes, Philippe de, 1 Conrad, Joseph, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cooper, Gary, 1, 2 Copernicus, 1 Coppola, Francis, 1 Corman, Roger, 1 Coronation Mass (Mozart), 1 Cortés, Hernán, 1, 2, 3, 4 Couperin, François, 1 Crete, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Cruise, Tom, 1, 2 Cuénod, Hugues, 1 da Silva, Francisco Manoel, 1, 2, 3 Dahomey as It Is (Skertchly), 1 Dalai Lama, 1, 2 Danilov, Viktor, 1 Dante, 1, 2 Dark Glow of the Mountains, The, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Davies, Jeremy, 1 Death for Five Voices, 1, 2 Delft, 1, 2 Dengler, Dieter, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 Deutsche Kinemathek Museum für Film und Fernsehen (Berlin), 1 deuxième souffle, Le (Melville), 1 Dibble, Charles, 1, 2 DiCaprio, Leonardo, 1 Diehl, Roger, 1 Dinkelsbühl, 1n Dirty Harry (Siegel), 1 Dr Strangelove (Kubrick), 1 Doktor Faust (Busoni), 1 Domingo, Plácido, 1, 2 Dorrington, Graham, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 dos Santos, Nelson Pereira, 1 Dourif, Brad, 1, 2 Dovzhenko, Alexander, 1 Dreyer, Carl Theodor, 1, 2 Driest, Burkhard, 1 Dürer, Albrecht, 1 Dylan, Bob, 1 Earth (Dovzhenko), 1 Eastwood, Clint, 1 Eccentric Private Theatre of the Maharaja of Udaipur, The, 1 Echoes from a Sombre Empire, 1, 2 Eddas, 1, 2 Edols, Michael, 1 Eika Katappa (Schroeter), 1, 2 Einstein, Albert, 1, 2, 3, 4 Eisenstein, Sergei, 1, 2 Eisholz, Lutz, 1 Eisner, Lotte, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10 Elephant Man, The (Lynch), 1 Emshwiller, Ed, 1 Encounters at the End of the World, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9 Enfant sauvage, L’ (Truffaut), 1 English National Opera, 1 Enigma of Kaspar Hauser, The: Bruno S. in, 1, 2, 3, 4; budget, 1; cameraman, 1, 2; character of Kaspar Hauser, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; chickens in, 1, 2; death scene, 1, 2; distribution, 1; dream sequences, 1; editing, 1; elements of science fiction, 1; extras, 1; filming, 1, 2; German Romantic tradition, 1; music, 1, 2; opening, 1, 2; preproduction, 1; release, 1; story, 1, 2; title, 1; watching, 1, 2 Eraserhead (Lynch), 1 Escape from Laos (Dengler), 1, 2 Euripides, 1, 2, 3 Even Dwarfs Started Small: animals in, 1; cameraman, 1; characters, 1, 2; chickens, 1; compared to Freaks, 1; dwarfs in, 1; editing, 1; filming, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; humour, 1, 2; influence, 1, 2; influences on, 1, 2; landscape, 1; music, 1; nightmarish, 1; politics, 1, 2; responses to, 1; screenplay, 1; setting, 1; sound, 1 Fabius Maximus, 1 Faerie Queene, The (Spenser), 1 Fährer, Else, 1 Fallico, Dr Franc, 1 Fanck, Arnold, 1 Farouk, King of Egypt, 1 Fassbinder, Rainer Werner, 1, 2, 3, 4 Fata Morgana: cameraman, 1, 2, 3, 4; editing, 1; elements of science fiction, 1, 2, 3, 4; filming, 1, 2, 3, 4; filming problems, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; influences on, 1, 2; landscape, 1, 2, 3; mirages, 1; music, 1, 2, 3, 4; opening sequence, 1; people in, 1, 2, 3; release, 1; responses to, 1, 2, 3; voiceover, 1 Faulkner, William, 1, 2 Faust (Goethe), 1 Fellini, Federico, 1, 2 Ferrara, Abel, 1 Film as a Subversive Art (Vogel), 1 Film/Fernsehen Abkommen, 1 Film Lessons, 1, 2, 3; “Orientation in Film,” 1 film magazines, 1 film schools, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 Filmverlag der Autoren, 1 films about filmmakers, 1 Finkelstein, William, 1, 2 Finnegans Wake (Joyce), 1 Firdusi, 1 Fischer, Tony, 1 Fitzcarrald, Carlos Fermín, 1, 2 Fitzcarraldo: bell-tower sequence, 1; budget, 1, 2; Burden of Dreams, 1, 2; see also Burden of Dreams; casting, 1, 2, 3; character of Fitzcarraldo, 1, 2, 3; controversies, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; filming, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; filming problems, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11; Herzog’s journals, 1, 2, 3; independent production, 1; Indians in, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7; Kinski in, 1, 2, 3, 4; landscape, 1; language, 1; music, 1, 2; opening, 1; origins, 1; pre-production, 1, 2, 3; responses to, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6; script, 1, 2, 3; story, 1, 2; travelling in, 1 Flatow, Ira, 1 Fleischmann, Peter, 1, 2, 3, 4 Flying Doctors of East Africa, The, 1, 2, 3, 4 Ford, John, 1 Foreman, George, 1 Français vus par … Les Gauloises, Les, 1, 2 Franklin family, 1, 2 Freaks (Browning), 1 Freyse, Gunther, 1 Fricke, Florian (Popol Vuh): death, 1; friendship with Herzog, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5; music, 1; Popol Vuh, 1, 2; roles, 1, 2; view of Herzog, 1 Friedrich, Caspar David, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 From One Second to the Next, 1, 2, 3 Galileo, 1, 2 Galileo space probe, 1, 2 Gallardo, Alberto, 1 Game in the Sand, 1 García Márquez, Gabriel, 1 Gargantua and Pantagruel (Rabelais), 1 Gasherbrum, 1 Gates of Heaven (Morris), 1 Gein, Ed, 1 Genghis Khan, 1 genius, concept of, 1, 2, 3 Georgics (Virgil), 1, 2 German cinema, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8; see also New German Cinema German culture, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 German expressionism, 1 German language, 1, 2, 3, 4 German reunification, 1 Gert, Valeska, 1 Geschichten vom Kübelkind (Reitz), 1 Gesualdo, Carlo, 1, 2, 3, 4 Getty, Paul, 1 Ghana, 1, 2, 3, 4 Gibson, Mel, 1 Gierke, Henning von, 1 Giovanna d’Arco (Verdi), 1 Glowacz, Stefan, 1, 2 Godard, Jean-Luc, 1, 2 God’s Angry Man, 1 Goebbels, Joseph, 1 Goethe, Johann von, 1, 2 Golder, Herb: career, 1, 2n; Invincible, 1; memories of Herzog, 1, 2, 3; My Son, My Son, 1; on Herzog on Herzog, 1; relationship with Herzog, 1; “Shooting on the Lam,” 1, 2 Goldsmith, Michael, 1, 2, 3 Goldwyn, Sam, 1 Gospel According to St Matthew, The (Pasolini), 1 Gounod, Charles, 1 Goya, Francisco, 1, 2, 3, 4 Grand, The (Penn), 1 Grass, Günter, 1, 2 Graves, Robert, 1 Grayson, Jerry, 1 Great Ecstasy of Woodcarver Steiner, The, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 Greenberg, Alan, 1 Grenzstationen (TV series), 1 Griffith, D.

The Fabric of the Cosmos
by Brian Greene
Published 1 Jan 2003

As I type these words, my sense of what exists right now, my sense of reality, amounts to a list of all those things—the tick of midnight on my kitchen clock; my cat stretched out in flight between floor and windowsill; the first ray of morning sunshine illuminating Dublin; the hubbub on the floor of the Tokyo stock exchange; the fusion of two particular hydrogen atoms in the sun; the emission of a photon from the Orion nebula; the last moment of a dying star before it collapses into a black hole—that are, at this moment, in my freeze-frame mental image. These are the things happening right now, so they are the things that I declare exist right now. Does Charlemagne exist right now? No. Does Nero exist right now? No. Does Lincoln exist right now? No. Does Elvis exist right now? No. None of them are on my current now-list. Does anyone born in the year 2300 or 3500 or 57000 exist now? No. Again, none of them are in my mind’s-eye freeze-frame image, none of them are on my current time slice, and so, none of them are on my current now-list.

…

And if, instead of just walking, Chewie hopped into the MillenniumFalcon traveling at 1,000 miles per hour (less than the speed of a Concorde aircraft), his now would include events on earth that from your perspective took place 15,000 years ago or 15,000 years in the future, depending on whether he flew away or toward you. Given suitable choices of direction and speed of motion, Elvis or Nero or Charlemagne or Lincoln or someone born on earth way into what you call the future will belong on his new now-list. Figure 5.4 (a) Same as figure 5.3a, except when one observer moves toward the other, her now slice rotates into the future, not the past, of the other observer. (b) Same as 5.3b—a greater separation yields a greater deviation in conceptions of now, for the same relative velocity— with the rotation being toward the future instead of the past.

The 100 Best Vacations to Enrich Your Life
by Pam Grout
Published 14 May 2007

Saunas originated in Finland as early as 1000 A.D., including a healthy dose of beer and vodka. And the Ottoman were famous for their gorgeously mosaiced hammam, comprising steam rooms, massage platforms, and plenty of socializing. In Western Europe, natural hot springs drew the elite and wealthy as far back as the Middle Ages—Charlemagne’s Aachen and Bonaventura’s Poretta are prime examples, with such still famous sites as Spa, Belgium; Baden-Baden, Germany; and Bath, England, originating during the Renaissance. Spas first took root in the United States in the 1850s, at New York’s Saratoga Springs, a fashionable resort that drew Edgar Allan Poe, Franklin Roosevelt, and other elites.

The Perfect Thing: How the iPod Shuffles Commerce, Culture, and Coolness
by Steven Levy
Published 23 Oct 2006

By 2003, among the three thousand songs or so on my iTunes library I had about fifty Steely Dan tunes, mostly ripped from the boxed set Citizen, which I bought as a CD replacement of my vinyl collection of the terse, jazzy, and sometimes lyrically incomprehensible Donald Fagen/ Walter Becker collaboration. Yet every time I shuffled my entire music collection to "randomly" mix the tunes, it seemed that the Dan was weirdly overrepresented. Only two or three songs after "Rikki Don't Lose That Number," I'd hear "Kid Charlemagne." Then, twenty minutes later, there would be "Pretzel Logic." Where was the logic in this? I didn't keep track of every song that played every time 1 shuffled my tunes, but after a while I would keep a sharp ear out for what I came to call the LTBSD (Length of Time Before Steely Dan) Factor. The LTBSD Factor was always perplex-ingly short.

Machinery of Freedom: A Guide to Radical Capitalism
by David Friedman
Published 2 Jan 1978

Nor ought it to be less interesting to the student of politics and laws as having produced a Constitution unlike any other whereof records remain, and a body of law so elaborate and complex, that it is hard to believe that it existed among men whose chief occupation was to kill one another. JAMES BRYCE, STUDIES IN HISTORY AND JURISPRUDENCE (1901), P. 263. The traditional history of many nations starts with a strong ruler who put the country together — Arthur, Charlemagne, George Washington. The history of Iceland also starts with a strong ruler. His name was Harald, and he ruled over one of the small kingdoms making up what is now Norway. After being rejected by the woman he wanted to marry on the grounds that he was too small a king, Harald swore that he would neither wash nor comb his hair until he had made himself king over all of Norway; for some years they called him Shaggy Harald.

When the Money Runs Out: The End of Western Affluence
by Stephen D. King
Published 17 Jun 2013

It can be done in other ways – most obviously through conquest and empire building – but, in the modern world, cooperation is generally regarded as preferable to coercion. The eurozone offered a blueprint for such a move. Parts of Europe may have been temporarily united in the past – thanks to the Romans, Charlemagne, Napoleon and Hitler, among others – but such unity was hardly reached on a voluntary basis. The eurozone was different. Each of the member states had signed up to the single currency on a voluntary basis and each knew what the club rules were. With the establishment of the so-called Single Market in 1992 – designed to free up product, labour and capital markets within the European Union – a single currency seemed to be the natural next step.

The Hilarious World of Depression
by John Moe
Published 4 May 2020

I would edit for a while, get up and stretch, edit some more, go to the restroom, edit a bit, weep, edit, go for a walk, and so on. On those walks, I listened to music. Probably my favorite band to blast positivity and energy is the Hold Steady. One day, I was on their album Separation Sunday and the track “Charlemagne in Sweatpants” rolled around. A few minutes into the song, Craig Finn, a Minneapolis native, speculates on what kind of story he wants to tell. Boy meets girl? Murder mystery? In the end, he decides it’s best told as a comeback story. Craig’s talking about some drugged-up Minneapolis teens or maybe about Jesus—that’s how Craig rolls—and soon the song returns to something approximating despair, but the lines on their own struck me.

A World Without Email: Reimagining Work in an Age of Communication Overload
by Cal Newport
Published 2 Mar 2021

* * * — If you talk with a scholar of the history of technology, you’ll likely discover a fascination with a seemingly unlikely topic: the rise of medieval feudalism in the early Carolingian Empire. Historians trace the origins of this style of government to the reign of Charles Martel, grandfather to Charlemagne. In the eighth century CE, Martel kick-started feudalism by confiscating Church lands and redistributing them to his vassals. Why did Martel begin grabbing Church lands? This question was answered in a magisterial tract published in 1887 by the German historian Heinrich Brunner, who argued that granting land to loyal subjects was necessary for Martel to maintain horse-mounted warriors for his army.10 In later periods of history, rulers might simply tax their subjects and use the revenue to fund their military, but in the early medieval period, land was the primary source of capital.

Work! Consume! Die!
by Frankie Boyle
Published 12 Oct 2011

I thought she looked loved-up lately but just assumed her cleaner had done a particularly thorough job on the reflective surfaces in her flat. Ashley apparently missed Cheryl badly. He tried cheating on other women but it’s just wasn’t the same. Anyway, they didn’t sleep together, they just sat and talked about the old days, Cheryl apparently dwelling on the rise of Prussia under Frederick the Great, while Ashley focused on Charlemagne. Watch it, Cheryl. Ashley wants you to move back into a 12-bedroom house. He might still plan to pull women, safe in the knowledge anyone on a predominantly lettuce-based diet couldn’t hope to open more than three or so doors. I reckon he’s just turned on by the idea of that 25 per cent chance of getting caught … move back in and it could end up being like some giant, heartbreakingly pornographic version of Deal or No Deal.

The Coming Plague: Newly Emerging Diseases in a World Out of Balance
by Laurie Garrett
Published 31 Oct 1994

While the chances of the planet’s entire human population becoming immune to a rare virus such as Ebola were nil, it was possible that an easily transmitted, ubiquitous respiratory virus like influenza would infect billions of human beings in less than five years’ time, kill off all the susceptibles, and leave the world’s survivors completely immune. Global pandemics were, in fact, a hallmark of influenza that spanned recorded human history. Charlemagne’s conquest of Europe was slowed by an A.D. 876 flu epidemic that spread across the continent and claimed much of his army. Many suspected influenza epidemics followed, though history can only vaguely discriminate between ancient accounts of influenza and other respiratory diseases. In 1580, however, the world was clearly hit by a major pandemic that followed trade and early colonial routes across Africa, Europe, and the Americas.

…

Centers for Disease Control (CDC); and AIDS ; and antibiotic resistance; Center for Infectious Diseases; and chlorine exposure; and cholera; and dengue hemorrhagic fever; and Ebola virus ; emergency response capabilities of; Epidemic Intelligence Service; and hantaviruses; and Lassa fever; and Legionnaires’ Disease; and Machupo; and malaria; and measles; and sexually transmitted diseases; and smallpox; Special Pathogens and Bacteria Branch; and Swine Flu; and Toxic Shock Syndrome; and tuberculosis; Venereal Disease Control Division; and yellow fever Central African Republic; AIDS in; Lassa fever in Central Asian hemorrhagic fever Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) cephalosporins cephalothin Cercopithecus aethiops cervical carcinoma Chabner, Bruce Chad Chagas’s disease Chaika, Nikolai Chan, Roy chancroid Chapman, Louisa Charlemagne Charles VIII, King of France Charles River Primates Corporation Chazov, Yevgeny Cheek, Jim Cheikh Anta Diop University Chemotherapeutisches Forschunginstitut chemotherapy drugs Chen, Irvin Chernobyl nuclear accident Cherokee Indians Chicago, University of Chikungunya Children’s Defense Fund Childs, Jamie Chile: skin cancer in; yellow fever in Chin, Jim ChinaAIDS in; ancient; antibiotic resistance in; Black Death in; dengue fever in; Hantaan disease in; heroin in; malaria in; smallpox in; tuberculosis in chlamydia chloramphenicol chlorine chloroquine cholera cholesterol choriomeningitis Christian Broadcasting Network Christian fundamentalists chronic fatigue syndrome ciprofloaxin Citrobactr civil rights movement Civil War Clavel, François Clethrionomys glareolus voles clindamycin Clinton, Bill Close, William Clostridium cloxacillin Clumeck, Nathan cocaine coccidioidomycosis Cohen, Mitchell Cohen, Stanley cold sores Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Cold War Collas, René Collins, Joseph Colombia; cocaine production in; deforestation in; leishmaniasis in; malaria in; yellow fever in Colorado State University Columbia University; College of Physicians and Surgeons; Presbyterian Hospital Columbus, Christopher Colwell, Rita common cold viruses Commonwealth Conference Conant, Marcus condoms Congo; AIDS in; schistosomiasis in Congress, U.S.; and AIDS; and hantavirus; and hemophilia; and Legionnaires’ Disease; and Swine Flu Conn, Del Connecticut, University of, School of Medicine Conrad, Lyle Conservative Caucus contraceptive vaginal sponge Cooper, Theodore Cooperation Médicale Belge Corey, Lawrence Cortez, Hernando Costa Rica, yellow fever in Côte d’Ivoire; AIDS in; Lassa fever in; malaria in Courtois, Dennis Cox, Nancy coxiella crack cocaine Crick, Francis Crimean—Congo hemorrhagic fever criminal justice system Croft, Albert J.

The Europeans: Three Lives and the Making of a Cosmopolitan Culture
by Orlando Figes
Published 7 Oct 2019

Poetry was caught in the Romantic past, although some poets, such as Elizabeth Barrett Browning in Aurora Leigh (1856), called on it to deal with the commonplaces of the present day: Nay, if there’s room for poets in this world A little overgrown, (I think there is) Their sole work is to represent the age, Their age, not Charlemagne’s – this live, throbbing age, That brawls, cheats, maddens, calculates, aspires, And spends more passion, more heroic heat, Betwixt the mirrors of its drawing-rooms, Than Roland with his knights of Roncesvalles.95 For Champfleury the task of the artist to focus on the present arose from the new realities highlighted by the revolutions of 1848.

Extraterrestrial Civilizations
by Isaac Asimov
Published 2 Jan 1979

* It is an intriguing thought, but there is no evidence in its favor that is in the least convincing. Certainly, human beings need no visitors from outer space in order to be inspired to create legends. Elaborate legends with only the dimmest kernels of truth have been based on such people as Alexander the Great and Charlemagne, who were completely human actors in the historical drama. For that matter, even a fictional character such as Sherlock Holmes has been invested with life and reality by millions over the world, and an endless flood of tales is still invented concerning him. Secondly, the thought that any form of technology sprang up suddenly in human history, or that any artifact was too complex for the humans of the time, so that the intervention of a more sophisticated culture must be assumed is about as surely wrong as anything can be.

You Are What You Speak: Grammar Grouches, Language Laws, and the Politics of Identity
by Robert Lane Greene
Published 8 Mar 2011

The growing Spanish insistence on Castilian only has caused conflicts that still boil today, as we will see.) Meanwhile, two great European cultures still had no single state by the nineteenth century: the Germans and Italians. Germans were spread among dozens of states. The rickety Holy Roman Empire, created by the pope for Charlemagne in A.D. 800, was finally shoved into its grave by Napoleon in 1806. In the west, its successor states were multifarious free cities, duchies, and just two kingdoms of note, Bavaria and Prussia. In the east, the empire based in Vienna was hugely multilingual. Though dominated by Germans, it included Italians, Hungarians, Czechs, Slovaks, Poles, Hungarians, Romanians, various southern Slavs, Ukrainians, and Jews.

Fatherland
by Robert Harris
Published 5 Jun 1993

He called the headquarters of Lufthansa and asked the head of security—a former Kripo investigator he knew named Friedman—to check if the airline had carried a passenger by the name of Martin Luther on any of its Berlin-Zürich flights on Sunday or Monday. "Martin Luther, right?" Friedman was greatly amused. "Anyone else you want, March? Emperor Charlemagne? Herr von Goethe?" "It's important." "It's always important. Sure. I know." Friedman promised to find out the information at once. "Listen. When you get tired of chasing ambulances, there's always a job for you here if you want it." "Thanks. I may well." After he hung up, March took the dead plant down from the filing cabinet.

Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy
by Andrew Yang
Published 15 Nov 2021

Thank you to the journalists and individuals who gave my presidential campaign an objective look early and used your independent judgment to bring our ideas to the public. This list could go on for a long time, but Sam Harris, Kevin Roose, Kara Swisher, Stephen Dubner, Ali Velshi, Dana Bash, Van Jones, Anderson Cooper, Erin Burnett, Margaret Hoover, Joe Rogan, Ethan and Hila Klein, Don Lemon, Chris Cuomo, Chris Hayes, Stephanie Ruhle, Bari Weiss, Karen Hunter, Charlemagne and the Breakfast Club, Krystal Ball, Saagar Enjeti, Neil Cavuto, and others stick out in my mind. You all give me hope. Thank you to the folks at CNN who had me on and welcomed me as a colleague: Jeff Zucker, Rebecca Kutler, Ana Cabrera, Wolf Blitzer, Poppy Harlow, Jake Tapper, S. E. Cupp, Mark Preston, Chris Cilizza, John Avlon, Dan Merica, John King, David Axelrod, Lisa Ling, Gloria Borger, Scott Jennings, Bakari Sellers, Abdul El-Sayed, John Berman, Alisyn Camerota, Beth Marengo, and others.

The Temporal Void
by Peter F. Hamilton
Published 1 Jan 2008

The creature most closely resembled a terrestrial rhinoceros, except it was almost the size of an elephant, and had two flat tails that swept from side to side. Its long shaggy fur was bright scarlet, and the four horns curving from the side of its long head were devilishly sharp. Justine, who had once ridden on the Charlemagnes which the old Barsoomians had produced on Far Away, knew that this fearsome beast was a true warrior-animal. Her ancient body instinctively produced a flood of worry hormones just at the sight of it. The Silfen simply shouldn’t have been here. She’d never known one of their paths had led to this remote, desolate planet.

…

Harsh sunlight and dusty winds had abraded it down to the bare wood, though some flecks of green still persevered in the cracks between the oak boards. He knew that door. Knew it well. Knew what lay behind. The sun hung at the apex of the world’s sapphire sky, bleaching all colour out of the desert. It was always thus. He dismounted from the huge Charlemagne just short of the igloo, his plain white robes flowing around him. The deep hood protected his face from the sun’s penetrating rays. Somehow, those few steps to the door took forever. His limbs were fighting an unknown force that resisted every movement. He kept asking himself if he wanted to do this because he eventually realized that the force fighting him was fear.

A History of Judaism
by Martin Goodman
Published 25 Oct 2017

Some Jews from Germany moved east, settling in Poland, Lithuania and Russia, taking with them a distinctive Jewish German dialect which was to develop into Yiddish. Many Italian Jews emigrated in the last centuries of the first millennium CE, with some choosing to go north and others across the Mediterranean to North Africa. Charlemagne settled Italian Jews in Mainz in the eighth century. And Italian scholars took their learning to the rabbinic schools in Fustat (south of Cairo) and in Kairouan in the same period. Italian Jews themselves were in close contact with Palestine, acting as a conduit for the transfer of Palestinian religious traditions into northern Europe.

…

But the honour in which he was held as ‘the Light of Israel, the Great Prince and Head of the Academy of the Majesty of Jacob’, as he was called in the synagogue of the Palestinian Jewish community in Old Cairo, owed more to his birth than to the rabbinic learning and authority of his academy.13 The spread of rabbinic learning from Palestine to Italy and further north into Europe took place mostly after the end of the first millennium, but a story found in several medieval German Jewish sources, that in 917 CE a certain ‘King Karl’ (presumably a reference to Charlemagne, although by this date he was dead) brought the Kalonymus family, who were experts on rabbinic literature, to Mainz from Lucca in northern Italy, presupposes knowledge of rabbinic scholarship in Lucca itself at this period. Before settling in Lucca in the eleventh century, R. Kalonymus b. Moses was said to have taught in Rome, presumably in the local yeshivah which is first mentioned as a centre for talmudic scholarship in Rome at this time.

Lonely Planet Western Balkans
by Lonely Planet , Peter Dragicevich , Mark Baker , Stuart Butler , Anthony Ham , Jessica Lee , Vesna Maric , Kevin Raub and Brana Vladisavljevic
Published 1 Oct 2019

Whatever the case, the Slavs spread rapidly through the Balkans, reaching the Adriatic by the early 7th century. Two closely related Slavic tribal groups eventually came to the fore in the Western Balkans: the Croats and the Serbs. The Croats settled in an area roughly equivalent to present-day Croatia and western Bosnia. Charlemagne’s Franks gradually encroached from the west and in AD 800 they seized Dalmatia, baptising the previously pagan Croats en masse. In 925, Tomislav was crowned as the first Croatian king, ruling virtually all of modern Croatia as well as parts of Bosnia and the coast of Montenegro. In the meantime, a group of Serbian tribes came together near Novi Pazar to found Raška.

Were You Born on the Wrong Continent?
by Thomas Geoghegan
Published 20 Sep 2011

I’d just landed in Frankfurt to start my two months in Europe. (See page 1, supra.) And I was on a cinder path, jogging, when, at 6 P.M. on a Saturday night, with no warning, “The Bells” of the Dom—the great cathedral—all began to bong. They bonged, in the dark, from the cathedral, the Dom, and they bonged as if later, at midnight, Charlemagne would be crowned. Bong! I had to stop. Bong! Ah, I couldn’t hear myself jog. The Bells: they seemed to bong not just from the Dom, but from everywhere, as if the lights were about to go out in every store in Europe. They were bonging out: Stop! Stop running! Stop competing with each other! Stop buying and selling, for God’s sake!

The new village green: living light, living local, living large
by Stephen Morris
Published 1 Sep 2007

3066 www.azpermaculture.org www.sbpermaculturenetwork.org www.cityrepair.org www.uvm.edu/~bcmiles/vtfs2005/ www.hopedance.org/new/issues/55/article14.html www.earthcharter.org Permaculture Activist, Winter 2005-6 Issue, “Urban Permaculture” Reprinted with permission from HopeDance: Radical Solutions Inspiring Hope. www.hopedance.org When the Romans conquered Northern Europe, they introduced many vegetables new to Europe, such as the allium family: garlic, leeks, and onions. After the Roman Empire fell, the European Christian monasteries became the libraries that preserved the medical texts of plant remedies.The monks cultivated medicinal plants on the grounds of the cloisters and gained the attention of Charlemagne who decreed that garlic must be grown in the royal gardens. In Shakespeare’s Midsummer Night’s Dream, the character Bottom tells the other actors not to eat garlic or onion,“for we are to utter sweet breath.”When the British Admiralty learned that the French navy was giving its men garlic and brandy to keep them warm and prevent scurvy, the British also took up the practice.

Time Travelers Never Die
by Jack McDevitt
Published 10 Sep 2009

Then it was time to go. THE Vatican, even at that remote period, was an architectural marvel. Pilgrims filled its courts and streets. The sacred buildings clustered behind crenelated walls and the Tiber, a sacred camp besieged by worldly powers. Dave looked up at Old St. Peter’s, in which Pope Leo III had crowned Charlemagne; passed San Damaso Courtyard, which still hosted jousting tournaments; and paused near the library to get his bearings. The Borgia Tower was an ominous fortress guarding the western flank of the papal palace, paired with its military-appearing twin, the Sistine Chapel. Guards patrolled the entrance.

Flame Trees of Thika
by Elspeth Huxley
Published 15 Dec 1998

An ability to match my thanks to the gift was quite beyond me; I muttered a few disjointed words and patted the pony. His nostrils were soft and springy, like woodland moss, and his breath sweet. He cocked an ear as if to say that he accepted my advances, and understood that he had come to stay. ‘You’ll have to find a name for him,’ Lettice said. ‘Something very fine and grand like Charlemagne or Galahad. He came from a place called Moyale.’ That was the name that stuck to him, Moyale. I thought of several others but Njombo paid them no attention. Moyale did not mean anything, but he could pronounce it. Tilly and Robin were nearly as surprised and overcome as I was. Tilly grew pink with embarrassment and was almost grumpy, she did not like receiving presents on a scale much too lavish to reciprocate, yet of course Moyale could not be returned.

The Long Weekend: Life in the English Country House, 1918-1939
by Adrian Tinniswood
Published 2 May 2016

“Lady Wemyss [has] a very clear understanding of the things that matter in life,” wrote Lady Angela in her autobiography—an unnecessarily waspish comment, considering she was sleeping with the woman’s husband.8 As well as Gosford and Stanway, the Wemyss family, whose ancestors claimed descent from Charlemagne the Great, owned four other country houses as well as a town house in Knightsbridge. The Earl of Wemyss was unusual in the size of his property portfolio but not unique. The Duke of Bucchleuch also owned six country houses, and like Wemyss, five were in Scotland. As well as Wentworth Woodhouse near Rotherham, claimed as the largest private house in the United Kingdom by the Guinness Book of Records, William Charles De Meuron Wentworth-Fitzwilliam, 7th Earl Fitzwilliam, owned two estates near Doncaster, a Jacobean lodge on the outskirts of the Yorkshire town of Malton and two houses in County Wicklow, Ireland: Coolattin, built for his great-grandfather by Carr of York at the beginning of the nineteenth century, and nearby Carnew, a ruined castle, which was restored and reroofed in about 1817.

EuroTragedy: A Drama in Nine Acts
by Ashoka Mody
Published 7 May 2018

Zettelmeyer, Trebesch, and Gulati 2013, 35. Carroll 1899, 33; italics in original. Agence France-​ Presse 2012c; Papachristou and Graff 2012; Hope and Stevenson 2012. Hope and Stevenson 2012. Spiegel Online International 2012b; von Hammerstein and Pfister 2012. Von Hammerstein and Pfister 2012. Charlemagne 2012. International Monetary Fund 2013b, 30. International Monetary Fund 2012e; International Monetary Fund 2013b, 31. International Monetary Fund 2012e; Eurogroup 2012; International Monetary Fund 2013b, 84. Mody 2012. Ehlers 2011; Walker, Forelle, and Meichtry 2011. Barber 2011; Dinmore, Sanderson, and Spiegel 2011.

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Chang, Michael, and Carl Lantz. 2013. “Credit Suisse Basis Points: Cross-​ Currency Basis Swaps.” New York: Credit Suisse, April 19 https://​doc.research-​ and-​analytics.csfb.com/​docView?language=ENG&format=PDF&source_​ id=csplusresearchcp&document_​id=1014795411&serialid=mW557HA4UbeT 5Mrww553YSwfqEwZsxUA4zqNSkp5JUg%3D. Charlemagne. 2012. “Greek Debt: A Bail-​Out by Any Other Name.” Economist, November 27. Charrel, Marie. 2017. “Les mesures fiscales du gouvernement pourraient creuser les inégalités” [The Government’s Fiscal Measures Could Increase Inequality]. Le Monde Economie, July 12. Chassany, Anne-​Sylvaine. 2017. “Macron Pledges to Give Louder Voice to Smaller Parties.”

A History of Modern Britain
by Andrew Marr
Published 2 Jul 2009

Roy Jenkins, always an ardent pro-European, described it as ‘a foolish attempt to organise a weak periphery against a strong core’.48 By 1959 Macmillan was worrying that ‘for the first time since the Napoleonic era, the major continental powers are united in a positive economic grouping, with considerable political aspects’ which might cut Britain out of Europe’s main markets and decisions. Soon in his diaries he was sounding even more alarmed, talking of ‘a boastful, powerful “Empire of Charlemagne” – now under French, but bound to come under German, control’. There was much self-deception about the possible deal that could be struck. Macmillan’s team, centred on Edward Heath, hoped that somehow the trading system of the Commonwealth supporting English-speaking farmers across the world could be accommodated by the protectionist system of Europe.

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After apologizing to the gamekeeper, they exchanged blunt views. Macmillan argued that European civilization was threatened from all sides and that if Britain was not allowed to join the Common Market, he would have to review everything, including keeping British troops in Germany. If de Gaulle wanted an ‘empire of Charlemagne’ it would be on its own. The French President replied that he didn’t want Britain to bring in its ‘great escort’ of Commonwealth countries – the Canadians and Australians were no longer Europeans; Indian and African countries had no place in a European system; and he feared Europe being ‘drowned in the Atlantic’.

The Fallen Blade: Act One of the Assassini
by Jon Courtenay Grimwood
Published 27 Jan 2011

“And so would he, perhaps. So maybe he didn’t think his own life was a price worth paying to take yours. What’s your question?” “Why were you troubled when I mentioned fire?” “Ah, yes,” said King Janus, “the reason Prior Ignacio thinks I should execute you. Part of me fears he is right.” It was, Janus told him, how Charlemagne, the greatest of the Frankish emperors, sent reinforcements from the Rhine to Roncevaux. Though his loup garou arrived too late to save Count Roland. And Prior Ignacio had told King Janus the Four Horsemen of the Apocalypse would arrive through just such a circle. Tycho could see how the Prior might be worried.

Roads to Berlin
by Cees Nooteboom and Laura Watkinson
Published 2 Jan 1990

These culinary metaphors are not wasted on me as I drift, full of music, out into the wintery night in Berlin, on my way to find sausages and bacon. Sunday here starts on Saturday. Everything is closed, the streets are empty; on the day of rest itself the bells ring out as though all the dead from Charlemagne onwards need to be summoned. No one responds. An awful silence fills the wide streets; the hours stretch out, following some mysterious law: it is time to think about time. There are plenty of opportunities for meditation and reflection, including three photographic exhibitions extracting their black honey from the past.

The Diet Myth: The Real Science Behind What We Eat
by Tim Spector
Published 13 May 2015

According to our combined studies of over 50,000 European twins, height is over 80 per cent heritable (that is, 80 per cent of the variation between people is due to genes).13 Later, from studying 250,000 people, we and over sixty other research groups discovered over 697 definite height genes, showing that thousands of genes of tiny effect (perhaps a quarter) contribute to our height.14 So from this and from the traditional view of genetics you might think that there was little room for lifestyle factors like milk drinking to improve height further. Yet when you look carefully at historical records you see the enormous variation over time in this ‘most genetic of traits’. Height has dramatically changed at many other points in human history, possibly reaching a peak in the Middle Ages when many Europeans, like Charlemagne around AD 800, were allegedly six feet tall. Then, during the mini-ice age of the seventeenth century when we started moving into industrialised cities, we became much shorter again, the French misérables averaging just over five feet at the time of the French Revolution. We have slowly resumed growing, but some have done better than others.15 The Dutch have become the tallest nation in the world.

Remix
by John Courtenay Grimwood
Published 15 Nov 2001

Passing over the pedestrian-only Pont St-Louis, Lady Clare entered Île de la Cité and tramped her way through the mud of what had once been a huge rose garden. Even the spider’s-leg flying buttresses on the south side of Notre-Dame were almost lost to Lady Clare in the rain as she turned into the Place du Parvis ND, edging nervously round the granite plinth of Charlemagne. Puddles had spread to the size of small lakes, the river changed to a swollen slug of black water. Lady Clare navigated by instinct, stepping where years of being Parisian told her that roads, bridges and pavements should be, cutting between l’Hôtel Dieu and the Préfecture to reach the Quai de l’Horloge and finally Pont Neuf, the oldest bridge in the city.

Checkpoint Charlie
by Iain MacGregor
Published 5 Nov 2019

It even bisected cemeteries. General Peter Williams, who would serve with British Military Intelligence in Berlin during the 1970s, remembered, “At my [prep] school, for days afterwards, we discussed with both fear and incredulity, how could one possibly take a city the size of Berlin, which had existed since the days of Charlemagne, and simply park a wall through it?” American military police watched the Volkspolizei at work from their positions at what would become Checkpoint Charlie, where they were on duty monitoring activity in East Berlin. The East German workers used giant jackhammers to break up the road and install the first fence posts.

Pastwatch The Redemption of Christopher Colombus
by Orson Scott Card
Published 30 Jan 2012

All of this remained unsaid, however. Cristoforo’s rage against Pinzón, though it was every bit as justified as his anger toward Sees-in-the-Dark, had nothing to do with the reason God had sent him here. The royal officials might share Cristoforo’s contempt for Pinzón, but the seamen all looked at him as if he were Charlemagne or El Cid. If Cristoforo made an enemy of him, he would lose his control over the crew. Segovia and Arana and Gutierrez didn’t understand this. They believed that authority came from the King. But Cristoforo knew that authority came from obedience. In this place, among these men, Pinzón commanded much more obedience than the King.

Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British
by Jeremy Paxman
Published 6 Oct 2011

(London, 1841–4) Knight, Donald and Alan Sabey, The Lion Roars at Wembley (1984) Knox, Robert, The Races of Men: A Fragment (London, 1850) Kochanski, Halik, Sir Garnet Wolseley, Victorian Hero (London, 1999) Koenigsberger, Kurt, The Novel and the Menagerie: Totality, Englishness, and Empire (Columbus, Ohio, 2007) Kubicek, Robert V., The Administration of Imperialism: Joseph Chamberlain at the Colonial Office (Durham, North Carolina, 1969) Kyle, Keith, Suez: Britain’s End of Empire in the Middle East (London, 2011) Latimer, John, Buccaneers of the Caribbean: How Piracy Forged an Empire (London, 2009) Leadbeater, Tim, Britain and India, 1845–1947 (London, 2008) Lecky, W. E. H., A History of European Morals from Augustus to Charlemagne, 2 vols. (London, 1877) Leigh, Edward, ed., The Erotic Traveller: An Astonishing Exploration of Bizarre Sex Rites and Customs by the Great Adventurer Sir Richard Burton (New York, 1967) Lenman, Bruce and Philip Lawson, ‘Robert Clive, the Black Jagir and British Politics’, Historical Journal 26 (1983) Leslie, Charles, A New and Exact Account of Jamaica (Edinburgh, 1740) Levenberg, Haim, Military Preparations of the Arab Community in Palestine: 1945–1948 (London, 1993) Levine, Philippa, ‘ “A Multitude of Unchaste Women”: Prostitution in the British Empire’, Journal of Women’s History 15 (2004) Levinson, Alfred A., ‘Diamond Sources and their Discovery’, in George Harlow, ed., The Nature of Diamonds (Cambridge, 1998) Lieven, Anatol, Pakistan: A Hard Country (London, 2011) Lindsay, David, Earl of Crawford, The Crawford Papers: The Journals of David Lindsay, Twenty-Seventh Earl of Crawford and Tenth Earl of Balcarres (1871–1940), during the Years 1892 to 1940, ed.

Swindled: the dark history of food fraud, from poisoned candy to counterfeit coffee
by Bee Wilson
Published 15 Dec 2008

In Bordeaux in the 1850s, they might do this through chemical wizardry, distilling the bouquet of fine claret from various artificial potions.23 In the fi fteenth century, the chemicals were more basic—one source mentions “eggs, alum, gums and other horrible and unwholesome things,” but the fundamental aim was the same: to touch up undrinkable wine.24 How was such dishonesty policed? With endless, and endlessly evaded, punishments and prohibitions. There have been laws against wine adulteration ever since Charlemagne, who, in 802, issued what was probably the earliest edict against fraudulent wine in the post-classical age.25 Indeed, it has been said that “for there to be a wine fraud” in the first place, “there must be a wine law.”26 The fourteenth and fi fteenth centuries were particularly rich in wine laws, many of them local to certain cities.

How the Other Half Banks: Exclusion, Exploitation, and the Threat to Democracy
by Mehrsa Baradaran
Published 5 Oct 2015

He drove the point home with his parable of the unforgiving servant, in which a certain man owing a large amount of money to his master or king is forgiven his debt and then turns around and imprisons his servant for failing to pay him a debt much smaller than what he himself owed.9 “Forgive us our debts as we forgive our debtors,” Christ prayed. Early Christian codes reinforced this message and made it explicit. In 325 AD, the Council of Nicaea banned the practice of usury—charging any interest—among clerics. In 789 AD, Charlemagne forbid usury among all people, perpetuating St. Ambrose’s characterization of usury as a transaction in which “more is asked than is given.”10 Things escalated from there. In 1139, the second Lateran Council in Rome called usury “theft” and forced those who had demanded interest to pay it back.

Superpower Interrupted: The Chinese History of the World
by Michael Schuman
Published 8 Jun 2020

Homer, Aristotle, Socrates, Sophocles, and the gang. And the myths, of Zeus and the gods, Hercules, Perseus. Athens and the roots of democracy. The narrative moves rather effortlessly into Rome. Its law, its republic, Caesar and the empire, Constantine and the spread of Christianity. After that comes the ascent of the Church, Charlemagne and the Holy Roman Empire, the epoch of castles and knights. Next we enter the Age of Discovery, the Reformation, the Renaissance, the Enlightenment, the Industrial Revolution—the building blocks of the worldwide dominance of the West. The formation of nation-states and rights of man. Cervantes, Shakespeare, and Dickens, Rousseau, Adam Smith, and Locke.

Checkmate in Berlin: The Cold War Showdown That Shaped the Modern World
by Giles Milton
Published 26 May 2021

Everyone felt restless and frustrated. ‘So near to our German destination, yet so far,’ said Hays. ‘We began to think we should never get to Germany at all.’ But they soon received orders to continue their advance and it was a more cheerful Hays who led the team into Aachen, one-time imperial capital of Charlemagne. This was their first German city and thus a milestone of sorts. ‘We were elated and whistled jokingly the Horst Wessel,’ the Nazi party anthem. Hays’s comrade, Major Jeffrey, was so beside himself with excitement that he babbled away ‘in a mixture of French, German and Hindustani’. Their high spirits lasted until they reached the wrecked centre of Aachen.

Genghis Khan and the Making of the Modern World
by Jack Weatherford
Published 21 Mar 2005

From Korea to Armenia, they composed all manner of myths and fanciful stories about Genghis Khan’s life. In the absence of reliable information, they projected their own fears and phobias onto these accounts. With the passage of centuries, scholars weighed the atrocities and aggression committed by men such as Alexander, Caesar, Charlemagne, or Napoleon against their accomplishments or their special mission in history. For Genghis Khan and the Mongols, however, their achievements lay forgotten, while their alleged crimes and brutality became magnified. Genghis Khan became the stereotype of the barbarian, the bloody savage, the ruthless conqueror who enjoyed destruction for its own sake.

Karl Marx: Greatness and Illusion
by Gareth Stedman Jones
Published 24 Aug 2016

It went back to the writings of the eighteenth-century conservative patriot Justus Möser, who in his famous history of Osnabrück argued that the agrarian system in his native Westphalia, a pattern of isolated farmsteads, was ‘still like that of the earliest times’, by which he meant the times of Caesar and Tacitus.113 In Möser’s account, that early period was ‘a “golden” age of free German farmers, associated with each other for purposes of self-government under an elected magistrate’, an arrangement which lasted until the time of Charlemagne.114 Each separate homestead, Möser claimed, was privately owned, but the ‘common use of forest, pasture, moor, or mountain, where no one could fence off his own share, first united a few of these men in our part of the world. We call such common preserves Marks; and perhaps the earliest tribes who settled in isolated communities were members of a Mark-association (Markgenossen)’.115 The division of the countryside into Marken, it was claimed, was dictated by nature; the Mark was therefore the oldest form of association in Westphalia.

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Schwarz of the household communities (Gehöferschaften) of the Hunsrück district of Trier, claiming that these were survivals of the ancient communal system once existing among the German tribes.124 Hanssen’s approach was very close to that which had been employed in 1829 by August von Haxthausen, in On the Agrarian Constitution in the Principalities of Paderborn and Corvey.125 His study of this region’s common-fields (Gewannflur) system presented it as a relic of an agrarian community going back to the time of Charlemagne and ‘reaching back into mythical times’ with originally equal allocation of holdings between companions (Genossen) and periodic redivision of the land. Haxthausen was honoured for his work by the Prussian king, and went on to discover, or rather project the same basic system onto, the character of the Russian mir (peasant community).

The Rise and Fall of the Great Powers: Economic Change and Military Conflict From 1500 to 2000
by Paul Kennedy
Published 15 Jan 1989

Europe had always been politically fragmented, despite even the best efforts of the Romans, who had not managed to conquer much farther north of the Rhine and the Danube; and for a thousand years after the fall of Rome, the basic political power unit had been small and localized, in contrast to the steady expansion of the Christian religion and culture. Occasional concentrations of authority, like that of Charlemagne in the West or of Kievan Russia in the East, were but temporary affairs, terminated by a change of ruler, internal rebellion, or external invasions. For this political diversity Europe had largely to thank its geography. There were no enormous plains over which an empire of horsemen could impose its swift dominion; nor were there broad and fertile river zones like those around the Ganges, Nile, Tigris and Euphrates, Yellow, and Yangtze, providing the food for masses of toiling and easily conquerable peasants.

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The second reason for the much more widespread and interlinked pattern of warfare after 1500 was the creation of a dynastic combination, that of the Habsburgs, to form a network of territories which stretched from Gibraltar to Hungary and from Sicily to Amsterdam, exceeding in size anything which had been seen in Europe since the time of Charlemagne seven hundred years earlier. Stemming originally from Austria, Habsburg rulers had managed to get themselves regularly elected to the position of Holy Roman emperor—a title much diminished in real power since the high Middle Ages but still sought after by princes eager to play a larger role in German and general European affairs.

Microtrends: The Small Forces Behind Tomorrow's Big Changes
by Mark Penn and E. Kinney Zalesne
Published 5 Sep 2007

Perhaps unsurprisingly, people who are allowed to follow their left-handedness are also more likely to follow other instincts: In one study, gay participants were 39 percent more likely to be left-handed than heterosexual participants. More lefties could mean more military innovation: Famous military leaders, from Charlemagne to Alexander the Great to Julius Caesar to Napoleon—as well as Colin Powell and Norman Schwarzkopf—were left-handed. So were famous criminals Billy the Kid, Jack the Ripper, and the Boston Strangler. It could also mean more art and music greats—Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Pablo Picasso, Ludwig van Beethoven, and, yes, Jimi Hendrix and Paul McCartney were all lefties.

Fodor's Normandy, Brittany & the Best of the North With Paris
by Fodor's
Published 18 Apr 2011

If you decide to stick to the raw dishes, you won’t be disappointed: the “green plate,” variations on cucumber, displays the chef’s well-judged creativity, while silky veal carpaccio with preserved lemon has a lively flavor. Most of the desserts depart from the raw theme, which is not necessarily a bad thing. The restaurant doubles as a wine bar, so there are plenty of interesting bottles to choose from. | 7 rue Charlemagne, Le Marais | 75004 | 01–40–27–81–84 | www.restaurantcru.fr | MC, V | Closed Mon. and 2 wks in Aug. | Station: St-Paul. L’As du Fallafel. ¢–$ | ISRAELI | Look no further than the fantastic falafel stands on the newly pedestrian Rue de Rosiers for some of the cheapest and tastiest meals in Paris.

The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class
by Kees Van der Pijl
Published 2 Jun 2014

Stikker, NATO Secretary-General Spaak, Mrs and General Norstad, Adenauer’s daughter, Belgian NATO ambassador De Staercke, and German ambassador Blankenhorn. Source: Harper and Row 17. Ernest Bevin signs the Treaty of Brussels, 1948. Source: Popperfoto 18. Paul Hoffman Source: De Waarheid, Amsterdam 19. Jean Monnet and Robert Schuman Source: Camera Press 20. Charlemagne Award ceremony in 1956 with Jean Monnet (centre, frontrow), Count Coudenhove-Kalergi (back row, left), Adenauer and Churchill (back row, right). Source: Coudenhove 21. Postwar Atlantic liberalism showed strong elements of continuity with the interwar period. Schacht’s former collaborator, Central Bank President, Karl Blessing, receives the Federal Award medal from Ludwig Erhard.

God Is Back: How the Global Revival of Faith Is Changing the World
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge
Published 31 Mar 2009

The Catholic Church was one of the three pillars of the ancien régime, along with the aristocracy (which provided the church with many of its leading figures) and the monarchy. The church was one of the country’s wealthiest institutions, fattened on both tithes and its clerical estates. Religious functionaries were omnipresent at royal occasions. Religious orders all but controlled education. At their coronations French kings were girded with the sword of Charlemagne, with which they were supposed to protect the church as well as widows and orphans.11 The French Revolution became more anticlerical as it gathered strength. The révolutionnaires started off by attacking the church’s abuses, particularly its habit of siding with the monarch. Then they turned on the religious establishment and church functionaries.

Lonely Planet Barcelona
by Isabella Noble and Regis St Louis
Published 15 Nov 2022

In 1991 the remains of 25 corpses, dating from 4000 BCE, were found in Carrer de Sant Pau in El Raval. In those days much of El Raval was a bay and the hillock (Mont Tàber) next to Plaça de Sant Jaume may have been home to a Neolithic settlement. Guifré el Pelós & the Catalan Golden Age In the 9th century CE, when much of Spain was ruled by the Moors, Louis the Pious – the son of Charlemagne and the future Frankish ruler – conquered Barcelona and claimed it as part of his empire. Barcelona in those days was a frontier town in what was known as the Frankish or Spanish March – a rough-and-ready buffer zone between the Pyrenees and the Moors, who had conquered most of the lands to the south.

Eon
by Greg Bear
Published 2 Jan 1985

At least, it’s about twelve hundred years old.” “Oh,” she said. “Pull the other one.” “No, I’m serious.” “I don’t expect to be made fun of,” she said quietly, straightening in her seat. ‘i’m not making fun. Do you think we’d ship eight or nine kilometers of chain link?” ‘I’ll believe that before I believe Charlemagne or whoever had the Stone made to order.” “I didn’t say it came from our past. Before this goes any farther—please, Patricia, be patient. Wait and see.” She nodded, but inside she was furious. This was some sort of initiation. Take the young woman out on a ride, terrorize her, stick her hand into a spaghetti-worm mystery, bring her back and have a good laugh.

Barcelona
by Damien Simonis
Published 9 Dec 2010

With several interruptions, it remains so until the Visigoths move to Toledo (central Spain) in the 6th century. 718 • Only seven years after the Muslim invasion of Spain launched from Morocco at Gibraltar, Barcelona falls to Tariq’s mostly Arab and Berber troops on their blitzkrieg march north into France. 801 • After a year-long siege, the son of Charlemagne and future Frankish king Louis the Pious, wrests Barcelona from Muslims and establishes the Spanish March under local counts. 985 • Al-Mansur (the Victorious) rampages across Catalan territory and devastates Barcelona in a lightning campaign. The city is largely razed and much of its population marched off as slaves to Córdoba. 1137 • Count Ramon Berenguer IV is betrothed to one-year-old Petronilla, daughter of the king of Aragón, creating a new combined state that would be known as the Corona de Aragón. 1225–29 • At 18 years old, Jaume I takes command of the realm and four years later he conquers Muslim-held Mallorca, the first of several dazzling conquests that lead him to be called El Conqueridor (the Conqueror). 1283 • The Corts Catalanes, a legislative council for Catalonia, meets for the first time and begins to curtail unlimited powers of sovereigns in favour of the nobles and the powerful trading class in the cities. 1323 • Catalan forces land in Sardinia and launch a campaign of conquest that would only end in 1409.

Guns, germs, and steel: the fates of human societies
by Jared M. Diamond
Published 15 Jul 2005

Once China was finally unified, in 221 B.C., no other independent state ever had a chance of arising and persisting for long in China. Although periods of disunity returned several times after 221 B.C., they always ended in reunification. But the unification of Europe has resisted the efforts of such determined conquerors as Charlemagne, Napoleon, and Hitler; even the Roman Empire at its peak never controlled more than half of Europe's area. Thus, geographic connectedness and only modest internal barriers gave China an initial advantage. North China, South China, the coast, and the Comparison of the coastlines of China and of Europe, drawn to the same scale.

The Shifts and the Shocks: What We've Learned--And Have Still to Learn--From the Financial Crisis
by Martin Wolf
Published 24 Nov 2015

The term ‘Ordoliberalism’ was coined by Hero Möller in 1950. It was named after the name of the journal ORDO – Jahrbuch für die Ordnung von Wirtschaft und Gesellschaft (The Ordo Yearbook of Economic and Social Order). ‘Ordo’ is the Latin word for ‘order’. 22. On Ordoliberalism, see http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ordoliberalism. 23. Charlemagne, ‘The Driver and the Passenger’, The Economist, 15 October 2011, http://www.economist.com/node/21532283. 24. Ralph Atkins, ‘ECB Unveils New Support for Banks’, Financial Times, 8 December 2012. 25. See, on the LTRO, International Monetary Fund, ‘Euro Area Policies: 2012 Article IV Consultation’, IMF Country Report No. 12/181, July 2012, www.imf.org, Box 5, p. 18. 26.

1939: A People's History
by Frederick Taylor
Published 26 Jun 2019

Our hearts surround you loyally Like bronze-cast shields so bold. To us, it is as if through thee That God preserves his world.9* Reich Press Chief Otto Dietrich compared Hitler with Julius Caesar, who on his fiftieth birthday had crossed the Rubicon to seize power in Rome, as well as with Charlemagne and Frederick the Great (Hitler’s birthday present from the Party had been fifty original letters written by the eighteenth-century Prussian king). Dietrich put him above Alexander the Great and Napoleon ‘because the founder of the Greater German Reich did not have the luck of battle and the results of chance to thank for his success, but had proved himself to be a political master-builder of genius’.10 Erich Ebermayer, just back in Berlin from a spring visit to Venice, gave the event a cynical but oddly elegiac commentary: Today Hitler has his 50th birthday.

Seapower States: Maritime Culture, Continental Empires and the Conflict That Made the Modern World
by Andrew Lambert
Published 1 Oct 2018

Currently the People’s Republic of China aspires to that status, but lacks both the strategic reach and a constellation of allies necessary to achieve it. Universal monarchy: an imperial power seeking to dominate a large part of the relevant political world. Xerxes claimed it, Alexander the Great achieved it, if only briefly, Rome attempted it, and these examples inspired the projects of continental rulers from Charlemagne to Hitler. Seapowers invariably opposed this political model, whether political or spiritual, as incompatible with their existence and their political and economic freedom. NOTES Preface 1. J. Ruskin, The Stones of Venice, Vol. I: The Foundations, London: Smith, Elder, 1851, p. 1; A. D.

From Peoples into Nations
by John Connelly
Published 11 Nov 2019

Until 1871, Germany lacked a central state, but the multifarious Holy Roman Empire (and its successor, the German Confederation) nevertheless gave a sense of national unity. The Empire had had a coronation city and an emperor, a parliament, common laws and a central court, a history going back to Charlemagne, and a common high language, spread through publishing houses, reading societies, high schools, and universities. There were enduring disputes about precisely where Germany’s boundaries ran, for example, between it and Denmark or it and France, and these “fine points” could and did lead to wars, but there was no question that France, Germany, and Denmark had existed for a very long time and should continue to exist

…

See BANU Bulgarian Socialist Party, 738, 771, 778 Bulgaria’s Commissariat for the Jewish Question, 482 Bund, The (Jewish Socialist Party), 282 Burke, Edmund, 133 Călărași, 713 Čalfa, Marian, 732 Camp of National Unification (OZON, Poland), 420, 429–431 Čapek, Karel, 304 Čarnogurský, Jan, 781 Caro, Leopold, 286 Carol II of Romania, 370, 374, 398, 403, 485 Carpatho-Rusyns, 359 Carter, Jimmy, 621, 698 Catherine II ‘The Great’ of Russia, 133 Catholic University in Lublin, 547 CDU (Christian Democratic Union), 729 Ceaușescu, Nicolae, 618–620, 643, 660, 679, 710–712, 733–736 Čepička, Alexej, 623 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 435 Chamberlain, Neville, 4 Charlemagne, 61 Charles I of Austria, 335 Charles IV, 73 Charles VI (Austria), 63, 193 Charles of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 232 Charles University (Prague), 536, 634 Charter ‘77 (Czechoslovakia), 2, 696, 698, 731 Chernenko, Konstantin, 704, 713 Chervenkov, Valko 615 Chetniks, 452–455, 458–459 Chopin, Frédéric, 104, 140 Chotek, Sophie von, 319 Christian Socialism (Austria), 248, 258, 263, 265, 291–293 Christopher, Warren, 759 Chrobry, Bolesław, 38 Churchill, Winston, 298, 504, 533 Ciano, Count Galeazzo, 425 Cioran, Emile, 403 Cisleithania, 12, 187, 191, 196, 202, 205–208, 242–247, 251, 265–266, 272, 276, 277, 307, 317, 336 Civic Forum (Czechoslovakia), 697, 732 Clinton, Bill, 759 Clit, Radu, 679 Club of Seekers of Contradictions (Poland), 612 Cluj/Kolozsvár, 617 Codreanu, Corneliu, 210, 394, 396–399, 403–407, 432 COMECON (Committee of Mutual Economic Assistance), 596, 599, 619, 713 Comenius, Jan Amos, 301, 338, 715 Cominform, 534–535, 538, 563, 593 Comintern, 440, 491, 527, 547, 571 Commissariat for the Jewish Question (Bulgaria), 482 Committee for the Defense of Workers (KOR, Poland), 612, 690 Compromise of 1867 (Habsburg lands), 205, 211, 427, 594 Comte, Auguste, 310 Congress of Berlin (1878), 220, 229, 267 Connolly, James, 271 Constantinople, 33, 38, 143, 223 Convention of Novi Pazar (1879), 221 Copenhagen Council (1993), 776 Corfu Declaration (1917), 378 Ćosić, Dobrica, 747–748 Coward, Noel, 775 Crémieux, Adolphe, 234 Crimean War (1853–1856), 188, 317 Cristea, Miron, 348 Croat Central Committee of League of Communists, 744 Croatia: Croatian Spring (1970–71), 744–745, 751, 779; EU Accession of, 783; peasant movement, 308–315; problems of integration in Yugoslav state, 345, 349, 378; role in 1848/49 revolutions, 178; wars of Yugoslav Succession in, 19, 740–760.

The Making of the Atomic Bomb
by Richard Rhodes
Published 17 Sep 2012

Under systematic persecution only a small remnant of the Jewish people remained in Judea. The fantasy of Jews as a brotherhood of evil was invented during this era when Christianity fought its missionary way to dominance.654 In the disorder of the Dark Ages the Jews lost even their vestigial Roman citizenship. Those who sought protection won it from rulers like Charlemagne’s son Louis the Pious who knew their worth as merchants and craftsmen, but the price of protection was that they became the ruler’s property. Their rights were thus no longer inherent but chartered. Against that threatening insecurity Jews could count their gain of judicial autonomy: within their communities they were allowed to administer their own laws.

Lonely Planet Brazil
by Lonely Planet

zFestivals & Events oFesta do Divino Espírito SantoCULTURAL (As Cavalhadas; hMay or Jun) Pirenópolis is famous for performing the story of Festa do Divino Espírito Santo, a tradition begun in 1818 and more popularly known as As Cavalhadas. Starting 50 days after Easter, for three days the town looks like a scene from the Middle Ages as it celebrates Charlemagne’s victory over the Moors. The festival is a happy one, and more folkloric than religious. If you’re in the neighborhood, make a point of seeing this stunning and curious spectacle, one of Brazil’s most fascinating. 4Sleeping You can’t walk more than 100m without finding a pousada in Pirénopolis, but book ahead on weekends and during festivals (when prices can triple!).

The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism
by Joyce Appleby
Published 22 Dec 2009

At the beginning of the century the United States had fewer than four million people, almost all of whom lived on the Atlantic shelf on the North American continent. They had shared a common history for a very brief period. Germany, like the United States, was composed of disparate parts in 1776, but those disparate parts shared a history going back to the time of Charlemagne in the ninth century. Americans loved novelty; Germans feared it. The American practiced religious toleration; Germans had fought bitter wars over differences within the Christian faith. Germans accepted authoritarian politics; Americans celebrated the weakness of their political institutions. Still, Germany almost equaled the American economic record without its “exceptional” advantages.

A Splendid Exchange: How Trade Shaped the World
by William J. Bernstein
Published 5 May 2009

Had Omar been successful in saving the capable Abu Ubaydah from the plague, it is possible that Islam would not have suffered this tragic split. However much the "plague of Justinian" afflicted the newly triumphant warriors of Islam, it caused far greater damage to their Byzantine and Persian enemies. According to the historian Josiah Russell, "Neither Charlemagne, nor Harun, nor the great Isaurian and Macedonian dynasties could break the pattern set up by the flea, the rat, and the bacillus."16 To the sword of Ali and the wealth of Khadijah must be added the Black Death, which killed the young religion's enemies-the Byzantines and Persians-with far greater regularity than it killed Arabs.

The Power Elite
by C. Wright Mills and Alan Wolfe
Published 1 Jan 1956

Conger; Colombia—Charles Burdett Hart; Costa Rica, Nicaragua and Salvador—William L. Merry; France—Horace Porter; Germany—Andrew D. White; Great Britain—Joseph H. Choate; Guatemala and Honduras—W. Godfrey Hunter; Italy—William F. Draper; Japan—Alfred E. Buck; Mexico—Powell Clayton; Peru—Irving B. Dudley; Russia—Charlemagne Tower; Spain—Bellamy Storer; Turkey—Oscar S. Straus; Venezuela—Francis Loomis. I wish to thank Mr. Friedman for his research on this project. 16. Of the 53 British Ambassadors from 1893–1930, 76 per cent came from the Foreign Service. Cf. D. A. Hartman, ‘British and American Ambassadors: 1893–1930,’ Economica, vol.

Alcohol: A History
by Rod Phillips
Published 14 Oct 2014

It was generally brewed in small quantities in each household, usually by women as part of their responsibilities for baking bread and preparing food more generally. There are scattered references to brewing from all parts of Europe at this time—from England, Iceland, Spain, France, and elsewhere—but few provide much detail, probably because brewing was such a commonplace activity. In the eighth century, the emperor Charlemagne appointed a brewer to his court to maintain the quality of the ale, and he also enjoyed ale to celebrate military victories. Several English and Irish scholars complained about the poor quality of ale on the Continent, compared to what was available at home.32 The first large-scale brewing operations were set up in monasteries from the eighth century.

The Alchemists: Three Central Bankers and a World on Fire
by Neil Irwin
Published 4 Apr 2013

• • • In the first century AD, a merchant from Rome could travel to Londinium via Colonia Claudia Ara Agrippinensium and Lutetia Parisorum and use the same denarii to pay for goods at each stop on his way, the German economist Otmar Issing noted. That is, he could travel from Rome to London via Cologne and Paris and use the same currency. The twenty centuries since then, however, have been less kind to those who might benefit from a Europe under a single political and financial authority, the best efforts of Charlemagne and Napoleon notwithstanding. In the years after World War II, the leaders of Western Europe looked for a way to leave the strife of the first half of the twentieth century behind by creating a new economic union. Countries that are deeply intertwined economically tend not to go to war with one another, and the United States had become the most powerful nation on earth thanks to having a large, populous area in which people could trade freely with each other.

The Rough Guide to Jerusalem
by Daniel Jacobs
Published 10 Jan 2000

The area was once crowded with lodging houses for pilgrims and travellers which is how it gets its name – “Muristan” is Persian for hospital or hospice. Today you’ll find a number of churches and other religious institutions here, and in the Greek bazaar known as Souq Aftimos to its south, shops crammed with tourist paraphernalia – leather goods in particular. The Muristan was originally the main forum of Hadrian’s city, Aelia Capitolina. Charlemagne founded the pilgrims’ enclave here in the early ninth 02 Jerusalem Guide 45-160.indd 69 69 18/06/09 11:36 AM The V i a D o l oros a and t h e C hri sti a n Q ua rt e r century, and although it was damaged in 1009 when the Fatimid caliph Al-Hakim had the Church of the Holy Sepulchre demolished (see p.66), many of the buildings were restored in the eleventh century by a group of merchants from Amalfi in Italy (then an independent republic).

The Economic Weapon
by Nicholas Mulder
Published 15 Mar 2021

The immediate precursors to the modern German state had taken this form, both the German Federation (1815–1866), created by the Vienna Congress, and the short-lived North German Federation (1866–1870). As a loosely aligned group of states that had outlawed war among each other, the League also bore a strong functional similarity to the Holy Roman Empire, the Christian-constitutional super-federation that had existed in Central Europe for a millennium from Charlemagne to Napoleon.40 In fact, there was no country in the world whose domestic constitutional history so closely resembled that of the League, especially its sanctions procedures, as Germany itself. Just as the Covenant condemned aggression and prescribed conflict resolution by the Council, so under the imperial constitution the Holy Roman emperor had been charged with preserving the so-called perpetual peace of the land (Ewiger Landfrieden).

Countdown: Our Last, Best Hope for a Future on Earth?
by Alan Weisman
Published 23 Sep 2013

In the early years of his nearly thirty-two-year reign, the Academy’s founder, Pius IX, was a popular liberal reformer. He was also the last head of the Papal States—land that encompassed much of today’s central Italy, which the Church had acquired from wealthy adherents, including emperors Constantine and Charlemagne. Italian nationalists, however, eventually stripped the church-state of all its territory save 110 acres that comprise today’s Vatican City—and turned the populist pope into a reactionary. Pius IX is best recalled not for his enlightened incorporation of a scientific body within the Church, but for convoking the First Vatican Council in 1868 to bolster Catholicism against rising secular tides.

The Greatest Capitalist Who Ever Lived: Tom Watson Jr. And the Epic Story of How IBM Created the Digital Age
by Ralph Watson McElvenny and Marc Wortman
Published 14 Oct 2023

Family sources. 30. Jeannette Watson, It’s My Party: A Memoir (Brooklyn: Turtle Point Press, 2017), 61. 31. Family sources. 32. Family sources. Her genealogy chart, which Thomas Watson Sr. commissioned, showed a higher-born background than the Watsons, including her descent from the medieval French king Charlemagne. 33. Fredrik Logevall, JFK: Coming of Age in the American Century (New York: Random House, 2020), 111, 126–127, 669. 34. Family sources. 35. Jeannette Watson Sanger, interview; see also Watson, It’s My Party, 117. 36. Watson, It’s My Party, 65–70. For Olive’s eightieth birthday, her children presented her with a film of old clips from her movie scenes. 37.

The Rise of the Israeli Right: From Odessa to Hebron
by Colin Shindler
Published 29 Jul 2015

I would rather disappear and die than to agree to a worldview that sees my son and the son of my neighbour as being of different value, or my son and the cobbler’s son as unequal. I stand with all my strength by the democratic nature of our movement.66 He once more explained his understanding of leaders and leadership. Jabotinsky added that cattle have a leader, but people have a chairman. Leadership allows people to defer responsibility. He commented, ‘Look at Charlemagne. After Big Karl came Short Pepin’. The Attraction of Fascism The Maximalists were heavily defeated in the votes at the conference despite making their presence felt. Yet Jabotinsky wanted to keep the Maximalists within the Revisionist movement in almost a catalytic role to stoke the fires of activism in Palestine.

The autobiography of Malcolm X
by Malcolm X; Alex Haley
Published 15 Aug 1999

. *** When my brother Reginald visited, I would talk to him about new evidence I found to document the Muslim teachings. In either volume 43 or 44 of The Harvard Classics, I read Milton's _Paradise Lost_. The devil, kicked out of Paradise, was trying to regain possession. He was using the forces of Europe, personified by the Popes, Charlemagne, Richard the Lionhearted, and other knights. I interpreted this to show that the Europeans were motivated and led by the devil, or the personification of the devil. So Milton and Mr. Elijah Muhammad were actually saying the same thing. I couldn't believe it when Reginald began to speak ill of Elijah Muhammad.

Antifragile: Things That Gain From Disorder
by Nassim Nicholas Taleb
Published 27 Nov 2012

Pigeaud, Jackie, 2006, La maladie de l’âme. Les Belles Lettres. Pigolotti, S., A. Flammini, et al., 2005, “Species Lifetime Distribution for Simple Models of Ecologies.” Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 102(44): 15747. Pirenne, Henri, 2005, Mahomet et Charlemagne. Presses Universitaires de France. Pisano, G. P., 2006a, “Can Science Be a Business?” Harvard Business Review 10: 1–12. Pisano, G. P., 2006b, Science Business: The Promise, The Reality, and the Future of Biotech. Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard Business Press. Pischon, T., et al., 2008, “General and Abdominal Adiposity and Risk of Death in Europe.”

Flight of the WASP
by Michael Gross

* * * Sonny’s sister Flora was educated—sporadically—at Brearley and Foxcroft, and through travels with her mother (she had her own apartment in Paris at age fourteen). She was engaged to Theodore Roosevelt’s youngest son before he was shot down behind enemy lines in World War I. At twenty-three she married a friend of young Roosevelt, Roderick Tower, a Philadelphia stockbroker whose grandfather and father, both named Charlemagne, were respectively a coal, rail, and mining executive and America’s ambassador to Austria, Germany, and Russia. The marriage lasted four years and produced two children before Flora divorced Tower in Paris for desertion. A sculptor like her mother, Flora remarried, had two more children, and lived a very social life in Aiken, South Carolina.

Future Crimes: Everything Is Connected, Everyone Is Vulnerable and What We Can Do About It
by Marc Goodman
Published 24 Feb 2015

Drone Fleet,” Wired, Oct. 7, 2011. 52 The software, dubbed SkyJack: Dan Goodin, “Flying Hacker Contraption Hunts Other Drones, Turns Them into Zombies,” Ars Technica, Dec. 3, 2013. 53 Hackers have already created: Andy Greenberg, “PIN-Punching Robot Can Crack Your Phone’s Security Code in Less Than 24 Hours,” Forbes, July 22, 2013. 54 Robots can also be a criminal’s best friend: “Drug Dealer Arrested in Spite of Home Robotic Protection: Police,” China Post, Aug. 10, 2014. 55 As we saw in the opening: Charlemagne, “Afghanistan—the Biggest Bomb Yet,” Intel MSL, March 15, 2013, http://​intelmsl.​com/. 56 Moments later numerous rounds: Noah Shachtman, “Iraq Militants Brag: We’ve Got Robotic Weapons, Too,” Wired, Oct. 4, 2011. 57 Officials predicted that robotic conveyances: Harris, “FBI Warns Driverless Cars Could Be Used as ‘Lethal Weapons,’ ” Guardian, July 16, 2014. 58 Sure, others had beaten Bezos: Jathan Sadowski, “Delivered by Drones: Are Tacocopters and Burrito Bombers the Next Pony Express?

Frommer's Egypt
by Matthew Carrington
Published 8 Sep 2008

The last 60 years in Egypt have seen the flowering of what can only be described as the architecture of corruption: With planning permission for anything easily bought, and the pressure of explosive population growth driving builders to put up the cheapest and biggest buildings as quickly as possible, the city has almost vanished underneath shoddily built cement highrises that are stained with pollution and that flake and crumble starting the day after they’re built. Look a little more carefully, however, and you will start to see that, amongst the jumble and collapse, there are 1,000-year-old domes and minarets that have stood since before the days of Charlemagne. The best way to begin to make sense of the welter of styles around the city is to take a brief skim through the history of the city as it’s told by a few significant buildings. By picking out the details that make them unique and tying them with buildings from other periods, you can have a richer Cairo experience.

Mauritius, Réunion & Seychelles Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

Gîte Narcisse LibelleGîTE€ ( GOOGLE MAP ; %0692 09 18 86, 0262 43 86 38; Mafate; dm with half board €40) A welcoming venture on the outskirts of Aurère, on the way to Îlet à Malheur. Two four-bed dorms. Gîte Boyer Georget – Le PoinsettiaGîTE€ ( GOOGLE MAP ; %0692 08 92 20; Mafate; dm with half board €39, r per person with half board €42) Beds are in five- to 11-bed dorms. Also has three doubles and a small grocery store. Auberge Piton Cabris – Charlemagne LibelleGîTE€ ( GOOGLE MAP ; %0692 26 33 59, 0262 43 36 83; Mafate; dm €19) Four four-bed dorms. Good views from the terrace. Add €6 for breakfast and €19 for dinner. 8Getting There & Away Aurère can be reached on foot only. Most visitors start from Rivière des Galets, a three-hour hike to the west.

Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century
by Geoffrey Parker
Published 29 Apr 2013

The critical issues are not whether climate change occurs, but when; and whether it makes better sense for states and societies to invest money now to prepare for natural disasters that are inevitable – hurricanes in the Gulf and Atlantic coasts of North America; storm surges in the lands around the North Sea; droughts in Africa; prolonged heatwaves – or instead wait to pay the far higher costs of inaction. PART I THE PLACENTA OF THE CRISIS THE FRENCH PHILOSOPHER AND AUTHOR VOLTAIRE WAS THE FIRST to write about a Global Crisis in the seventeenth century. His Essay on the customs and character of nations, and on the principal facts of history from Charlemagne to Louis XIII, composed in the 1740s for his friend, the Marquise du Châtelet (who, although an eminent mathematician, found history boring), set the wars and rebellions a century earlier within a global framework. Thus, after describing the murder of an Ottoman sultan in 1648, Voltaire immediately noted: This unfortunate time for Ibrahim was unfortunate for all monarchs.

…

L. V.’], Brittish lightning, or, suddaine tumults in England, Scotland and Ireland to warne the United Provinces to understand the dangers and the causes thereof (Amsterdam, 1643) Voltaire, F. M. A. de, Essai sur les mœurs et l'esprit des nations et sur les principaux faits de l'histoire depuis Charlemagne jusqu'à Louis XIII (1741–2; first published 1756; Paris, 1963) Voltaire, F. M. A. de, Le siècle de Louis XIV (Berlin, 1751) Von Sandrart, Joachim, Der Teutschen Academie, Zweyter und letzter Haupt-Teil, von der edlen Bau- Bild und Mahlerey-Künsten, 3 vols (Nuremberg, 1679) Voorbeijtel Cannenburg, W., ed., De reis om de wereld van de Nassausche Vloot, 1623–1626 (The Hague, 1964: Werken uitgegeven van de Linschoten Vereeniging, LXV) Wallington, Nehemiah, see Seaver and Webb Wallis, John, A defence of the Royal Society, and the Philosophical Transactions (London, 1678) Wallis, John, ‘Autobiography’, see Scriba Walton, Izaak, The Compleat Angler, or the contemplative man's recreation (1653; 2nd edn, London, 1655) Wariston, Archibald Johnston of, see Paul and Fleming Webb, R., ed., Historical notices of events occurring chiefly in the reign of Charles I by Nehemiah Wallington, 2 vols (London, 1868–9) Weise, Christian, Von dem Neapolitanischen Haupt Rebellen Masaniello (Zittau, 1682) Wharton, Sir George, see Naworth Wharton, Henry, ed., The history of the troubles and tryal of the Most Reverend Father in God and blessed martyr, William Laud, Lord Arch-Bishop of Canterbury, wrote by himself during his imprisonment in the Tower; to which is prefixed the diary of his own life, 2 vols (London, 1695–1700) Whitelocke, Bulstrode, Memorials of the English affairs (1682: reprinted in 4 vols, Oxford, 1853) Whitelocke, Bulstrode, A journal of the Swedish embassy in the years 1653 and 1654, 2 vols (London, 1772) Whittaker, Jeremiah, Ejrenopojos: Christ the settlement of unsettled times (London, 1643) Wildman, John, A call to all the souldiers of the Army, by the free people of England (London, 1647) Wildman, John, Truths triumph, or treachery anatomized (London, 1648) Wilkins, John, Mathematical magick: or the wonders that may be performed by mechanicall geometry (London, 1648) Williams, E.

The Dreaming Void
by Peter F. Hamilton
Published 1 Jan 2007

Then the horses appeared, a whole cavalry squad riding up over a nearby ridge dressed in dark uniforms that trailed gold and scarlet heraldic streamers behind their shoulders. The horses were clad in metal mesh, with hems of gold tassels brushing the tips of the grass. He stared at the giant fearsome beasts with their metal-clad horns and sharp tusks, memories stirring. “I’ve seen one of those before,” he exclaimed excitedly. “On our drive to the mountains. A Charlemagne. Somebody guided us.” “Yes,” Tomansio said. “We still train to fight on them, but we’ve never actually ridden them into battle since the planet’s revenge. It’s all ceremonial now, part of our skill set. The riders are here to honor your arrival, as do the king eagles.” He gestured upward. Oscar just managed not to flinch; he did gasp, though.

Cuba: An American History
by Ada Ferrer
Published 6 Sep 2021

In the investigations into these incidents, authorities usually forced the accused to recount the conversations they had among themselves as they plotted their rebellions. That testimony allows us to listen in on conversations full of unexpected things. Thus, two enslaved conspirators born in Africa spoke about the success of the Haitians and wondered what had contributed to it. The same kind of faith, said one, that had motivated Charlemagne and his twelve peers during the reconquest of Christian Europe from the Muslims. Sometimes would-be rebels sought models closer to home. They invoked the example of the cobreros—the men and women near the mines of El Cobre and the shrine of the Virgin of Charity, who had resisted for centuries and secured their freedom in 1800.

Mastering the Art of French Cooking, Volume 1
by Julia Child
Published 4 Oct 2011

You can and should prepare the sauce well ahead of time so that when the duck is roasted, the dish is within 2 to 3 minutes of being done. VEGETABLE AND WINE SUGGESTIONS Nothing should interfere with the flavors of the duck, the sauce, and the oranges. Sautéed or shoestring potatoes, or homemade potato chips are your best choice. Serve a good red Bordeaux-Médoc, or a chilled white Burgundy—Meursault, Montrachet, or Corton-Charlemagne. For 5 or 6 people Note: Under the ingredients needed for the sauce are 2 cups of excellent duck stock. This should be prepared ahead of time, as it must simmer about 2 hours. Blanching the orange peel 4 brightly colored navel oranges Remove the orange part of the skin in strips with a vegetable peeler.

The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity
by David Graeber and David Wengrow
Published 18 Oct 2021

Here, kingship seems to have dramatically changed its character, becoming a more purely ceremonial or even theatrical affair – so hedged about by ritual that any serious political intervention was no longer possible – while day-to-day governance apparently passed largely into the hands of a coalition that formed among collectives of prominent warriors and priests.28 Indeed, some of what were once assumed to be royal palaces in this ‘Post-Classic’ period are now being reinterpreted as assembly halls (popolna) for local representatives.29 By the time the Spaniards arrived, six centuries after the collapse of cities in Petén, Mayan societies were thoroughly decentralized, parsed into a bewildering variety of townships and principalities, many without kings.30 The books of Chilam Balam, prophetic annals written down in the late sixteenth century, dwell endlessly on the disasters and miseries that befall oppressive rulers. In other words, there’s every reason to believe that the spirit of rebellion which has marked this particular region can be traced back to at least the time of Charlemagne (the eighth century ad); and that across the centuries, overbearing Maya rulers were quite regularly and repeatedly disposed of. Undoubtedly, the Classic Maya artistic tradition is magnificent, one of the greatest the world has ever seen. By comparison, artistic products from the ‘Post-Classic’ – as the period from roughly ad 900 to 1520 is known – often seem clumsy and less worthy of appreciation.

The Silk Roads: A New History of the World
by Peter Frankopan
Published 26 Aug 2015

Also Al-Muqaddasī, Land of Darkness, p. 170. 28al-Jāiẓ, Kitāb al-ayawān, cited in C. Verlinden, L’Esclavage dans l’Europe mediévale, 2 vols (Bruges, 1955–77), 1, p. 213. 29Ibid. 30Verlinden, Esclavage, 2, pp. 218–30, 731–2; W. Phillips, Slavery from Roman Times to the Early Transatlantic Trade (Manchester, 1985), p. 62. 31H. Loyn and R. Percival (eds), The Reign of Charlemagne: Documents on Carolingian Government and Administration (London, 1975), p. 129. 32In Germany, it used to be common to do the same, with ‘Servus’ a regular greeting. 33Adam of Bremen, Gesta Hammaburgensis ecclesiae pontificum, tr. T. Reuter, History of the Archbishops of Hamburg-Bremen (New York, 2002), I.39–41. 34Pactum Hlotharii I, in McCormick, ‘Carolingian Economy’, 47. 35G.

The Irrational Bundle
by Dan Ariely
Published 3 Apr 2013

Suppose you found a placebo substance or a placebo procedure that not only made you feel better but actually made you physically better. Would you still use it? What if you were a physician? Would you prescribe medications that were only placebos? Let me tell you a story that helps explain what I’m suggesting. In AD 800, Pope Leo III crowned Charlemagne emperor of the Romans, thus establishing a direct link between church and state. From then on the Holy Roman emperors, followed by the kings of Europe, were imbued with the glow of divinity. Out of this came what was called the “royal touch”—the practice of healing people. Throughout the Middle Ages, as one historian after another chronicled, the great kings would regularly pass through the crowds, dispensing the royal touch.

Blue Mars
by Kim Stanley Robinson
Published 23 Oct 2010

The enormity of recent events on Earth had included a partial fracturing of the media culture— or perhaps it was simply the passage of time; most of the population of France had been born after his disappearance, and the First Hundred were ancient history to them— not ancient enough, however, to be truly interesting. If Voltaire or Louis XIV or Charlemagne had appeared, there might be a bit of attention— perhaps— but a psychologist of the previous century who had emigrated to Mars, which was a sort of America when all was said and done? No, that was of very little interest to anyone. He got some calls, some people came by the Arlesian hotel to interview him down in the lobby or the courtyard, and after that one or two of the Paris shows came down as well; but they all were much more interested in what he could tell them about Nirgal than in anything about he himself.

The Second World Wars: How the First Global Conflict Was Fought and Won
by Victor Davis Hanson
Published 16 Oct 2017

The Allies were surprised that Hitler staged two invasions through the Ardennes in southeast Belgium. But in addition to the examples of World War I, the critically located rough terrain had been a nexus for passing armies since it was first mentioned in Caesar’s Gallic Wars and later became a favorite campaign ground of Charlemagne. Invading a united Britain historically had also usually proved a bad idea. Not since the Romans and William the Conqueror had any military seriously tried an amphibious landing on the British coasts. Far more easily, the British and their allies—from the Hundred Years’ War to World War I—landed troops on the Western European Atlantic coastline, which, being longer, was harder to defend and not often politically united.

Lawrence in Arabia: War, Deceit, Imperial Folly and the Making of the Modern Middle East
by Scott Anderson
Published 5 Aug 2013

In Oppenheim’s case, the hobby eventually paid off; in 1899, he discovered one of the most important lost settlements of the Neolithic period, Tell Halaf, in northern Syria. (It is presumably on the strength of that discovery that Oppenheim bears the odd distinction of having a Montblanc pen named after him, joining such luminaries as Charlemagne, Copernicus, and Alexander the Great in the company’s “patron of the arts” line.) The adventurer finally set up a semipermanent base of operations in Cairo in 1896, when he was given a vaguely defined attaché position in the consular section of the German embassy. There were several controversial aspects to the count—no one was quite sure of the title’s pedigree beyond its appearance on Oppenheim’s business card—that set him apart from his diplomatic colleagues in the Egyptian capital.

Dhalgren
by Samuel R. Delany
Published 31 Dec 1973

Now I've certainly read enough dreadful things by men and women who once wrote a work worth reading to know that the habit of putting words on paper must be tenacious as the devil—But you're making it very difficult for me to maintain my promised objectivity. You must have realized, if only from my euphuistic journalese, I harbor all sorts of literary theories—a failing I share with Caesar, Charlemagne, and Winston Churchill (not to mention Nero and Henry the Eighth): Now I want to read your poems from sheer desire to help! But that's just the point where politics, having convinced itself its motives are purely benevolent, should keep its hands off, off, off! Why are you dissatisfied?" I shrugged, realized he couldn't see it, and wondered how much of him I was losing behind the stonework.

Strategy: A History
by Lawrence Freedman
Published 31 Oct 2013

“To do aught good never will be our task, But ever to do ill our sole delight.” He used a parade, with accompanying brass band, to raise the spirits of his followers and demonstrate that they were still a force of great strength, greater “than the forces on both sides in the Trojan War, greater than any forces King Arthur or Charlemagne could command.” While this may have raised the morale of his followers against God, it could not serve as the basis of a credible strategy.13 A set of options was described that might have been put to any group trying to respond to a major setback. Anthony Jay noted that “in every important respect the situation is that of a corporation trying to formulate a new policy after taking a terrific beating from its chief competitor and being driven out of the market it had previously depended on.”14 Satan, who knew what he wanted, nonetheless followed good practice and opened proceedings by asking for proposals.

Fall; Or, Dodge in Hell
by Neal Stephenson
Published 3 Jun 2019

“Since Roman times,” Enoch said, “the boundary of Zelrijk-Aalberg has been litigated over in documents that, were they all stored in one location, would more than occupy all of the available space in the country. Many of those made references to landmarks such as trees that had died centuries ago, creeks that had changed their courses over time, or buildings that had not existed since the days of Charlemagne. Lacking modern conveniences such as GPS, the locals had fallen into the habit of using available landmarks to define the boundary. Every so often the count of Zelrijk-Aalberg would walk that boundary and beat said landmarks with a stick as an aid to memory, just as Anne-Solenne says. On one such occasion, this count—who happened to be mathematically inclined—was making his way across a tavern that straddled the boundary.

In Europe
by Geert Mak
Published 15 Sep 2004

Peaceful relations between these peoples is assured by means of an ad hoc league of states stretching out all over the world.’ What really has happened, in and around that once so auspicious year 2000? Some elements of Bellamy's utopia have actually been realised and more. European unification was – and is – above all a unique peace process. From Charlemagne to Adolf Hitler, leaders have tried to create a Europe unified as one people under one ruler. This time, however, the United Europe was a joint construct, and that changed everything. It brought to the heart of the continent – particularly to the two, eternal antipoles of France and Germany – a stability that had been lacking for centuries.

The Pursuit of Power: Europe, 1815-1914
by Richard J. Evans
Published 31 Aug 2016

Napoleon had redrawn the map of Europe several times, annexing large swathes of it to France, from the Hanseatic cities in the north through the Low Countries to north-west Italy in the south, creating a French Empire that at its height covered 290,000 square miles and counted 44 million people as its inhabitants. He had surrounded this with a ring of satellite states, often ruled by his relatives, including the Grand Duchy of Warsaw, the Kingdom of Italy and the Kingdom of Westphalia. The Holy Roman Empire of the German Nation, created by Charlemagne in 800, had come to an inglorious end in 1806. Many of these changes would have been reversed in 1815, but Napoleon had shown that borders were not immutable. There were other changes too. The power of the Church had been reduced, with vast swathes of land secularized and ecclesiastical states swept off the map.

Caribbean Islands
by Lonely Planet

When Haitian President Vilbrun Guillaume Sam was killed by a mob in 1915, the US sent in the marines, with the stated aim of stabilizing the country. During its nearly 20-year occupation of the country, the US replaced the Haitian constitution and built up the country’s infrastructure by instituting the hated corvée , labor gangs of conscripted peasants. The occupation brought predictable resistance, with the Caco peasant rebellion led by Charlemagne Péraulte from 1918 to 1920, in which thousands of Haitians were killed before the assassination of Péraulte effectively put an end to the uprising – an episode of Haitian history still bitterly remembered in the country today. The occupation proved costly and the US pulled out in 1934. The Duvaliers & Aristide Haiti’s string of tyrannical rulers reached its zenith in 1956 with the election of François ‘Papa Doc’ Duvalier, whose support came from the burgeoning black middle class and the politically isolated rural poor.

The Complete Novels Of George Orwell
by George Orwell
Published 3 Jun 2009

Comrade Ogilvy, unimagined an hour ago, was now a fact. It struck him as curious that you could create dead men but not living ones. Comrade Ogilvy, who had never existed in the present, now existed in the past, and when once the act of forgery was forgotten, he would exist just as authentically, and upon the same evidence, as Charlemagne or Julius Caesar. 5 In the low-ceilinged canteen, deep underground, the lunch queue jerked slowly forward. The room was already very full and deafeningly noisy. From the grille at the counter the steam of stew came pouring forth, with a sour metallic smell which did not quite overcome the fumes of Victory Gin.

The Codebreakers: The Comprehensive History of Secret Communication From Ancient Times to the Internet
by David Kahn
Published 1 Feb 1963

Göring replaced him with Prince Christoph of Hesse, younger brother of Prince Philip of Hesse, one of Göring’s friends since the late 1920s. Christoph, then in his mid-thirties, was the fourth and youngest son of the Landgrave of Hesse, former ruler of that principality and a member of one of the oldest traceable families in Christendom (to Charlemagne). Christoph became a ministerial director in the Air Ministry and also had the title of Oberführer of the S.S. on the staff of the S.S. Reichsführer, who was Himmler. He died in Italy in 1941. The Forschungsamt tapped telephones, opened letters, solved encoded telegrams. Its reports were called Braune Blätter (“Brown Sheets”).

Spain
by Lonely Planet Publications and Damien Simonis
Published 14 May 1997

Welcome to one of the biggest and most famous festivals in the world – if you hadn’t drunk so much it would be a week you’d remember forever! History The Romans called the city Pompaelo, after its founder Pompey the Great. They were succeeded by the Visigoths and then, briefly, by the Muslims. Navarra has been a melting pot of dynastic, political and cultural aspirations and tensions ever since Charlemagne rampaged across the Pyrenees from France in 778. The city achieved great things under Sancho III in the 11th century and its position on the Camino de Santiago ensured its prosperity. Twentieth-century affluence saw an expansion of the city. Orientation The compact old-city centre is marked off to the north and east by Río Arga and what remains of the old defensive wall.

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
by Robert Fisk
Published 2 Jan 2005

For the men turned out to be Arabs from Algeria, Morocco, Syria, Jordan, Palestine. Not an Iraqi was among them. The Baathist militiamen, the Republican Guard, the greasy Iraqi intelligence men, the so-called Saddam Fedayeen, had all left their posts and crept home. Only the foreign Arabs, like the Frenchmen of the Nazi Charlemagne Division in 1945 Berlin, fought on. At the end, many Iraqis had shunned these men; a group of them turned up to sit outside the lobby of the Palestine Hotel, pleading to journalists for help in returning home. “We left our wives and children and came here to die for these people and then they told us to go,” one of them said.