ChatGPT

Code Dependent: Living in the Shadow of AI
by Madhumita Murgia
Published 20 Mar 2024

I had heard of ChatGPT . . . Judge Castel: Alright – what did it produce for you? Schwartz: I asked it questions. ChatGPT obliged Schwartz with the answers he needed, just as it was designed to do. It provided him half a dozen cases that supported his exact argument for why the case should go ahead. Judge Castel: Did you ask ChatGPT what the law was, or only for a case to support you? It wrote a case for you. Do you cite cases without reading them? Schwartz: No. Judge Castel: What caused your departure here? Schwartz: I thought ChatGPT was a search engine. The cases ChatGPT spit out had names like Martinez v.

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When the judge asked why he didn’t look for the cases it threw up before citing them, Schwartz said he had ‘no idea ChatGPT made up cases. I was operating under a misperception . . . I thought there were cases that could not be found on Google.’ Then, Schwartz’s lawyer spoke up, he said that the cases had seemed real even though they weren’t. There were no clear disclaimers about ChatGPT’s veracity. When the opposing counsel had challenged the cases cited, Schwartz went back to ChatGPT, but it doubled down and ‘lied’ to him, his lawyer said. Schwartz, his voice breaking, told the judge that he was ‘embarrassed, humiliated and extremely remorseful.’ ChatGPT and all other conversational AI chatbots have a disclaimer that warns users about the hallucination problem, pointing out that large language models sometimes make up facts.

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She wanted to invite dialogue between human and computer, spark a natural conversation that intuitively probed the software’s limits – just as human conversations allowed people to learn from, and about, one another. So when it launched on 30 November 2022, ChatGPT was a clean, simple thing: a box with a blinking cursor, ready to type. Inside it, in greyed-out font, it just said, ‘Send a message’. Within three days of launch, ChatGPT had crossed the threshold of a million users that its creators had predicted would be its peak. A few weeks later, that number was somewhere in the tens of millions. Six months in, estimates put its monthly user numbers at well over 100 million people. ChatGPT had burst out of its controlled lab environment and become one of the largest-ever social experiments.

On the Edge: The Art of Risking Everything
by Nate Silver
Published 12 Aug 2024

I asked ChatGPT for a metaphor for how its transformers work, vetted its answer with some human AI experts, and then workshopped it further with ChatGPT. Will this be a perfect comparison? No. But ChatGPT is good at metaphors and analogies. When you transform words and concepts into a big bag of numbers, you can essentially do math with them (e.g., cat + ferocious = tiger) to better understand how they relate. Ready? ChatGPT, somewhat conceitedly, thinks of its transformers as being like a symphony orchestra. The bolded passages reflect what ChatGPT said verbatim from my “interview” with it; I’ll then provide some further context. 1. Input Layer—Receiving Instructions and Initial Interpretation.

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In quizzing Ryder about the inner workings of ChatGPT, we got to talking about Kahneman and his distinction between System 1 and System 2. “The place [ChatGPT] struggles the most is in places where humans require really thorough and longform decomposition and reasoning,” Ryder said—for instance, solving a mathematical proof. “Type 2 thinking is very foreign to language models, because it’s not how they’re trained at all.” Conversely, “when it comes to Type 1 thinking, they just completely ace it.” The “G” in GPT stands for “generative”—this just means that ChatGPT generates new output rather than merely classify data.

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In the next section, I’m going to share some further intuitions that were helpful for me in understanding how ChatGPT works. But treat them with caution, because I don’t want to overstate ChatGPT’s legibility. We know relatively little about what’s happening inside that big bag of numbers. Transformers: More Than Meets the Eye If you think of AI transformers as being similar to the 1980s children’s toy and now movie megafranchise of the same name, it’s not the worst comparison. Somewhat like how Optimus Prime can transform from a robot into a semitruck, transformers turn words into numbers and back again. But let’s go for a more elaborate analogy. I asked ChatGPT for a metaphor for how its transformers work, vetted its answer with some human AI experts, and then workshopped it further with ChatGPT.

The Great Wave: The Era of Radical Disruption and the Rise of the Outsider
by Michiko Kakutani
Published 20 Feb 2024

GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT writing a biblical verse: Kevin Roose, “The Brilliance and Weirdness of ChatGPT,” The New York Times, Dec. 5, 2022, nytimes.com/​2022/​12/​05/​technology/​chatgpt-ai-twitter.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT only a few of the technology’s possible side effects: Nico Grant and Cade Metz, “A New Chat Bot Is a ‘Code Red’ for Google’s Search Business,” The New York Times, Dec. 21, 2022, nytimes.com/​2022/​12/​21/​technology/​ai-chatgpt-google-search.html; Megan Cerullo, “These Jobs Are Most Likely to Be Replaced by Chatbots Like ChatGPT,” CBS News, Feb. 1, 2023, cbsnews.com/​news/​chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-jobs-most-likely-to-be-replaced/; Jonathan Vanian, “Why Tech Insiders Are So Excited About ChatGPT, a Chatbot That Answers Questions and Writes Essays,” CNBC, Dec. 13, 2022, cnbc.com/​2022/​12/​13/​chatgpt-is-a-new-ai-chatbot-that-can-answer-questions-and-write-essays.html; Gary Marcus, “AI Platforms Like ChatGPT Are Easy to Use but Also Potentially Dangerous,” Scientific American, Dec. 19, 2022, scientificamerican.com/​article/​ai-platforms-like-chatgpt-are-easy-to-use-but-also-potentially-dangerous/.

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GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT only a few of the technology’s possible side effects: Nico Grant and Cade Metz, “A New Chat Bot Is a ‘Code Red’ for Google’s Search Business,” The New York Times, Dec. 21, 2022, nytimes.com/​2022/​12/​21/​technology/​ai-chatgpt-google-search.html; Megan Cerullo, “These Jobs Are Most Likely to Be Replaced by Chatbots Like ChatGPT,” CBS News, Feb. 1, 2023, cbsnews.com/​news/​chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-chatbot-jobs-most-likely-to-be-replaced/; Jonathan Vanian, “Why Tech Insiders Are So Excited About ChatGPT, a Chatbot That Answers Questions and Writes Essays,” CNBC, Dec. 13, 2022, cnbc.com/​2022/​12/​13/​chatgpt-is-a-new-ai-chatbot-that-can-answer-questions-and-write-essays.html; Gary Marcus, “AI Platforms Like ChatGPT Are Easy to Use but Also Potentially Dangerous,” Scientific American, Dec. 19, 2022, scientificamerican.com/​article/​ai-platforms-like-chatgpt-are-easy-to-use-but-also-potentially-dangerous/. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “pocket nuclear bomb”: Connie Loizos, “Is ChatGPT a ‘Virus That Has Been Released into the Wild’?

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The result is an increasingly fragmented and fractious world in which opinions are replacing facts, and a tribal craving to belong trumps knowledge and reason. * * * — In late 2022, a San Francisco–based company named OpenAI released an experimental chatbot called ChatGPT. Some early users hailed it as an innovation as consequential as the smartphone. Others nervously described it as “AI’s Jurassic Park moment” or compared it to HAL 9000, the computer that goes rogue in the movie 2001: A Space Odyssey. ChatGPT doesn’t just imitate human conversation. It can also write code, solve equations, generate legal documents, debug computer programs, and create poems, jokes, and stories in any style requested—like writing a biblical verse in the style of the King James Bible explaining how to remove a peanut butter sandwich from a VCR (“And it came to pass that a man was troubled by a peanut butter sandwich, for it had been placed within his VCR, and he knew not how to remove it”).

The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI
by Ray Kurzweil
Published 25 Jun 2024

BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 115 OpenAI, “Introducing ChatGPT,” OpenAI, November 30, 2022, https://openai.com/blog/chatgpt#OpenAI. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 116 Krystal Hu, “ChatGPT Sets Record for Fastest-Growing User Base—Analyst Note,” Reuters, February 2, 2023, https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 117 Kalley Huang, “Alarmed by A.I. Chatbots, Universities Start Revamping How They Teach,” New York Times, January 16, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/technology/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-universities.html; Emma Bowman, “A College Student Created an App That Can Tell Whether AI Wrote an Essay,” NPR, January 9, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/01/09/1147549845/gptzero-ai-chatgpt-edward-tian-plagiarism; Patrick Wood and Mary Louise Kelly, “ ‘Everybody Is Cheating’: Why This Teacher Has Adopted an Open ChatGPT Policy,” NPR, January 26, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151499213/chatgpt-ai-education-cheating-classroom-wharton-school; Matt O’Brien and Jocelyn Gecker, “Cheaters Beware: ChatGPT Maker Releases AI Detection Tool,” Associated Press, January 31, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/technology-education-colleges-and-universities-france-a0ab654549de387316404a7be019116b; Geoffrey A.

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Chatbots, Universities Start Revamping How They Teach,” New York Times, January 16, 2023, https://www.nytimes.com/2023/01/16/technology/chatgpt-artificial-intelligence-universities.html; Emma Bowman, “A College Student Created an App That Can Tell Whether AI Wrote an Essay,” NPR, January 9, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/01/09/1147549845/gptzero-ai-chatgpt-edward-tian-plagiarism; Patrick Wood and Mary Louise Kelly, “ ‘Everybody Is Cheating’: Why This Teacher Has Adopted an Open ChatGPT Policy,” NPR, January 26, 2023, https://www.npr.org/2023/01/26/1151499213/chatgpt-ai-education-cheating-classroom-wharton-school; Matt O’Brien and Jocelyn Gecker, “Cheaters Beware: ChatGPT Maker Releases AI Detection Tool,” Associated Press, January 31, 2023, https://apnews.com/article/technology-education-colleges-and-universities-france-a0ab654549de387316404a7be019116b; Geoffrey A. Fowler, “We Tested a New ChatGPT-Detector for Teachers.

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In November 2022, OpenAI launched an interface called ChatGPT, which allowed the general public for the first time to easily interact with an LLM—a model known as GPT-3.5.[116] Within two months, 100 million people had tried it, likely including you.[117] Because the system could generate many fresh and varied answers to a given question, it became a big disruptor in education as students used ChatGPT to write their essays, while teachers lacked a reliable way to detect cheating (though some promising tools exist).[118] Then, in March of 2023, GPT-4 was rolled out for public testing via ChatGPT. This model achieved outstanding performance on a wide range of academic tests such as the SAT, the LSAT, AP tests, and the bar exam.[119] But its most important advance was its ability to reason organically about hypothetical situations by understanding the relationships between objects and actions—a capability known as world modeling.

AI in Museums: Reflections, Perspectives and Applications
by Sonja Thiel and Johannes C. Bernhardt
Published 31 Dec 2023

Meet Pablo Bot, the first robot tour guide from Peru. Perú Reports, 21 July 2022. Available online at https://perureports.com/meet-pa blo-bot-the-first-robot-tour-guide-from-peru/9623/. Merritt, Elizabeth (2023). Chatting About Museums with ChatGPT. Center for the Future of Museums Blog. American Alliance of Museums. 25 January 2023. Available online at https://www.aam-us.org/2023/01/25/chatting-about-museumswith-chatgpt/. Mihailova, Mihaela (2021). To Dally with Dalí: Deepfake (Inter)faces in the Art Museum. Convergence 27 (4) (London, England), 882–98. https://doi.org/10.1177/13 548565211029401. Minyo, Lucy/Yang, Yunzhen (2016).

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Beyond prominent lighthouses, initial surveys of the international museum landscape list many hundreds of projects addressing issues of traditional museum work and the digitality debate by means of new approaches. The number is continually increasing, and it is not always easy to obtain an overview of all the developments. English- and German-speaking networks on artificial intelligence and museums were therefore established long before the current hype about ChatGPT—and the conference thus aimed to bring together experts and representatives of as many disciplines as possible and to discuss new perspectives for museums precisely in this direction. The conference emerged from a cooperation of the Badisches Landesmuseum with the Allard Pierson Museum in Amsterdam and the LINK funding program of the Stiftung Niedersachsen.

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Of course, this does not end with the art chat; during the event, there is an assassination attempt and a mysterious hunt unfolds around the globe, into which all clichés about the superiority of AIs and transhumanism are interwoven. But whatever one might think about Brown and the quality of his mystery thriller: What was still science fiction in his museum scene in 2017 now seems so much closer with the release of ChatGPT. The influence of AI is already pervasive as a technological and societal phenomenon. In fact, it permeates more or less every facet of human life, and its impact will surely intensify in the coming years. Its influence is spurring shifts in international markets and changing the shape of jobs and industries worldwide (Chui/Hazan/Roberts et al. 2023); creative fields like film, literature, and art are also evolving under its sway, producing new forms of expression, learning, and narratives as well as shifting our understanding of culture itself (Deutscher Kulturrat 2023).

The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-First Century's Greatest Dilemma
by Mustafa Suleyman
Published 4 Sep 2023

AUTOCOMPLETE EVERYTHING: THE RISE OF LARGE LANGUAGE MODELS It wasn’t long ago that processing natural language seemed too complex, too varied, too nuanced for modern AI. Then, in November 2022, the AI research company OpenAI released ChatGPT. Within a week it had more than a million users and was being talked about in rapturous terms, a technology so seamlessly useful it might eclipse Google Search in short order. ChatGPT is, in simple terms, a chatbot. But it is so much more powerful and polymathic than anything that had previously been made public. Ask it a question and it replies instantaneously in fluent prose. Ask it to write an essay, a press release, or a business plan in the style of the King James Bible or a 1980s rapper, and it does so in seconds.

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Back in 2017 a small group of researchers at Google was focused on a narrower version of this problem: how to get an AI system to focus only on the most important parts of a data series in order to make accurate and efficient predictions about what comes next. Their work laid the foundation for what has been nothing short of a revolution in the field of large language models (LLMs)—including ChatGPT. LLMs take advantage of the fact that language data comes in a sequential order. Each unit of information is in some way related to data earlier in a series. The model reads very large numbers of sentences, learns an abstract representation of the information contained within them, and then, based on this, generates a prediction about what should come next.

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Within weeks they’d created add-ons so that GPT-4 could accomplish complex tasks like creating mobile apps or researching and writing detailed market reports. All of this is just the start. We are only beginning to scratch at the profound impact large language models are about to have. If DQN and AlphaGo were the early signs of something lapping at the shore, ChatGPT and LLMs are the first signs of the wave beginning to crash around us. In 1996, thirty-six million people used the internet; this year it will be well over five billion. That’s the kind of trajectory we should expect for these tools, only much faster. Over the next few years, I believe, AI will become as ubiquitous as the internet itself: just as available, and yet even more consequential.

Elon Musk
by Walter Isaacson
Published 11 Sep 2023

A chess prodigy at age four, he became the five-time champion of an international Mind Sports Olympiad that includes competition in chess, poker, Mastermind, and backgammon. In his modern London office is an original edition of Alan Turing’s seminal 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” which proposed an “imitation game” that would pit a human against a ChatGPT–like machine. If the responses of the two were indistinguishable, he wrote, then it would be reasonable to say that machines could “think.” Influenced by Turing’s argument, Hassabis cofounded a company called DeepMind that sought to design computer-based neural networks that could achieve artificial general intelligence.

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For Musk, this was the reason to make OpenAI truly open, so that lots of people could build systems based on its source code. “I think the best defense against the misuse of AI is to empower as many people as possible to have AI,” he told Wired’s Steven Levy at the time. One goal that Musk and Altman discussed at length, which would become a hot topic in 2023 after OpenAI launched a chatbot called ChatGPT, was known as “AI alignment.” It aims to make sure that AI systems are aligned with human goals and values, just as Isaac Asimov set forth rules to prevent the robots in his novels from harming humanity. Think of the computer Hal that runs amok and battles its human creators in 2001: A Space Odyssey.

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His friends knew not to interrupt when he was in such a trance, but finally Christiana put her hand on his back and asked if everything was okay. He stayed silent for another minute. “Got to get Starship into orbit,” he finally said. “We’ve got to get Starship into orbit.” 93 AI for Cars Tesla, 2022–2023 Dhaval Shroff and his Tesla desk Cars that learn from humans “It’s like ChatGPT, but for cars,” Dhaval Shroff told Musk. He was comparing his project at Tesla to the artificial intelligence chatbot that had just been released by OpenAI, the lab that Musk had cofounded with Sam Altman in 2015. For almost a decade, Musk had been working on various forms of artificial intelligence, including self-driving cars, Optimus the robot, and the Neuralink brain-machine interface.

Vassal State
by Angus Hanton
Published 25 Mar 2024

, published by the think tank the Centre for the Study of Financial Innovation (CSFI) in 2010. 19 Antoine Gara and Ortenca Aliaj, ‘FIS sells majority stake in Worldpay to buyout group at $18.5bn valuation’, Financial Times (6 July 2023), https://www.ft.com/content/b133fa58-5ef2-4cc4-972b-8271f749779e. 20 Quoted in Wiggins and Borrelli, ‘How the private equity industry stole a march in European payments’. 21 ‘Alfred Kelly Jr net worth & insider trades’, Benzinga [website] (4 December 2023), https://www.benzinga.com/sec/insider-trades/v/ALFRED-KELLY%20JR; ‘Ajay Banga – net worth and insider trading’, GuruFocus [website], https://www.gurufocus.com/insider/3836/ajay-banga. 22 Charlotte Tobitt and Aisha Majid, ‘National press ABCs: FT stays steady while Evening Standard falls below 300,000 for first time since going free’, Press Gazette (15 November 2023), https://pressgazette.co.uk/media-audience-and-business-data/media_metrics/most-popular-newspapers-uk-abc-monthly-circulation-figures-2/. 23 ‘UK ad spend grew 8.8% in 2022 to reach £34.8bn’, Advertising Association [website] (27 April 2023), https://adassoc.org.uk/our-work/uk-ad-spend-grew-8-8-in-2022-to-reach-34-8bn-inflationary-pressures-persist-with-minimal-growth-forecast-for-2023/. 24 ‘Nobody reads terms and conditions: it’s official’, Pinsent Masons [website] (19 April 2010), https://www.pinsentmasons.com/out-law/news/nobody-reads-terms-and-conditions-its-official. 25 ‘It pays to read license agreements (7 years later)’, PC Matic [website] (12 June 2012), https://www.pcmatic.com/blog/it-pays-to-read-license-agreements-7-years-later/. 26 Gina Hall, ‘San Jose area has world’s third-highest GDP per capita, Brookings says’, The Business Journals [website] (23 January 2015), https://www.bizjournals.com/sanjose/news/2015/01/23/san-jose-has-worlds-third-highest-gdp-per-capita.html. 27 ‘Investing in American dynamism (with Katherine Boyle)’ [transcript of podcast interview with embedded video], Acquired [website] (5 June 2022), https://www.acquired.fm/episodes/american-dynamism-with-katherine-boyle. 28 David Curry, ‘Etsy revenue and usage statistics (2023)’, Business of Apps [website] (8 November 2023), https://www.businessofapps.com/data/etsy-statistics/. 29 Krystal Hu, ‘ChatGPT sets record for fastest-growing user base – analyst note’, Reuters [website] (2 February 2023), https://www.reuters.com/technology/chatgpt-sets-record-fastest-growing-user-base-analyst-note-2023-02-01/. 30 For ‘privacy zuckering’, ‘roach motel’ and ‘confirmshaming’, see ‘Dark pattern’, Wikipedia [website], https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dark_pattern. For WinRed, see ‘How Trump steered supporters into unwitting donations’, New York Times (7 August 2021), https://www.nytimes.com/2021/04/03/us/politics/trump-donations.html. 31 ‘The ultimate guide to Airbnb service fees (3%, 14%, 15%, 17%)’, Uplisting [website], https://www.uplisting.io/blog/guide-to-airbnb-service-fees. 32 Alex Baggott, ‘Every Apple App Store fee, explained: how much, for what, and when’, AppleInsider [website] (8 January 2023), https://appleinsider.com/articles/23/01/08/the-cost-of-doing-business-apples-app-store-fees-explained. 33 Simon Sinek, ‘How great leaders inspire action’ [video], TED [website] (September 2009), https://www.ted.com/talks/simon_sinek_how_great_leaders_inspire_action?

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Technology has enabled these platforms to grow exponentially: in just ten years Etsy increased the number of sellers on its platform from 600,000 to more than 7 million, with a million of these in the UK.28 Such growth could not have happened in the 1990s, even when the cost of digital copies dropped to just a few pence: it was still expensive to send out CDs by post and the programs were always out of date by the time they arrived. The internet eliminated these costs and meant platforms could be freely accessed from anywhere and updated instantaneously. This gave enterprises the potential to grow at lightning speed, as shown by the spread of ChatGPT: within just six weeks of its launch in late 2022, the AI chatbot already had more than 100 million users.29 The advocates for the platform companies paint a picture of organisations that promote sharing and creativity. From the outside it all looks frictionless, but under the surface is another story.

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Instagram subscribers can pay for exclusive content highlighted by a purple ring, and Facebook is introducing ‘Meta Verified’, where a ‘verified badge’ (also a blue tick) will cost over £140 a year, charged monthly through the app. Even Snapchat has adopted a similar scheme, claiming that ‘subscription will allow us to deliver new Snapchat features… and allow us to provide prioritised support.’28 Any services we currently use for free are potential treadmills and there are plenty of emerging ones: the AI tool ChatGPT was free to use in the three months after it was launched, but very soon a $20-a-month subscription was introduced for the premium version. Debt Being on the subscription treadmill leads many towards the second great treadmill: debt. And with debt you cannot simply unsubscribe. Fraser Sutherland of Citizens Advice in Scotland described the situation in his region: ‘Around 1 million Scots last year had reason to cancel a recurring payment… we know from the number of clients we help on the subject that many thousands are being duped into subscriptions they didn’t want.’29 One person receiving debt counselling told me: ‘I didn’t realise how much of my pay was going towards subscription services until I started budgeting and tracking my expenses.

Irresistible: How Cuteness Wired our Brains and Conquered the World
by Joshua Paul Dale
Published 15 Dec 2023

Kringelbach et al., ‘How cute things hijack our brains and drive behaviour’, The Conversation (4 July 2016), theconversation.com/how-cute-things-hijack-our-brains-and-drive-behaviour-61942 (accessed 31 October 2022). 47 Ibid. 48 Kringelbach et al., ‘On cuteness’, p. 9. 49 Tyler Colp and Nico Deyo, ‘The Vtuber Industry: Corporatization, Labor, and Kawaii’, Vice (23 December 2020), www.vice.com/en/article/akdj3z/the-vtuber-industry-corporatization-labor-and-kawaii. See also Lu et al., ‘More Kawaii than a Real-Person Live Streamer’. 50 Ethan Gach, ‘AI-Controlled VTuber Streams Games On Twitch, Denies Holocaust: Neuro-sama likes to play Minecraft and go off-script’, Kotaku (6 January 2023), kotaku.com/vtuber-twitch-holocaust-denial-minecraft-ai-chatgpt-1849960527 (accessed 23 January 2023). 51 R. O. Kwon, ‘Stop Calling Asian Women Adorable’, The New York Times (23 March 2019), www.nytimes.com/2019/03/23/opinion/sunday/calling-asian-women-adorable.html. 52 Noriko Murai, ‘The Genealogy of Kawaii’, in Noriko Murai et al., eds, Japan in the Heisei Era (1989–2019), (London: Routledge, 2022), p. 249. 53 Simon May, The Power of Cute (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2019), p. 127. 54 Leila Madge, ‘Capitalizing on “Cuteness”: The Aesthetics of Social Relations in a New Postwar Japanese Order’, Japanstudien 9, 1 (1998), p. 167. 55 Ibid., p. 164. 56 Slade, ‘Cute men in contemporary Japan’, p. 79.

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The Treasure Box All the Girls Want’, in Masami Toku, ed., International Perspectives on Shōjo and Shōjo Manga: The Influence of Girl Culture (London: Routledge Press, 2018). Gach, Ethan, ‘AI-Controlled VTuber Streams Games On Twitch, Denies Holocaust’, Kotaku (6 January 2023), kotaku.com/vtuber-twitch-holocaust-denial-minecraft-ai-chatgpt-1849960527 (accessed 23 January 2023). Galbraith, Patrick W., ‘Seeking an alternative: “male” shōjo fans since the 1970s’, Shōjo Across Media: Exploring ‘Girl’ Practices in Contemporary Japan, ed. Jaqueline Bernt, Kazumi Nagaike and Fusami Ogi (London: Palgrave Macmillan, 2019). Galbraith, Patrick W., Otaku and the Struggle for Imagination in Japan (Durham, NC: Duke University Press, 2019).

Your Face Belongs to Us: A Secretive Startup's Quest to End Privacy as We Know It
by Kashmir Hill
Published 19 Sep 2023

They made speech recognition better, image recognition more reliable, and facial recognition more accurate. Neural networks would be employed for all manner of tasks: recommending shows to watch on Netflix, populating playlists on Spotify, providing eyes to the autopilot in Tesla’s electric cars, and allowing ChatGPT to converse in a seemingly human way. Anywhere a lot of data exists, a neural network can theoretically crunch it. All of a sudden, that small cluster of renegade academics became the hottest commodity in technology. Google, Microsoft, Facebook, Baidu: All the biggest technology companies in the world threw money at them.

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See also photographs/photography Clearview AI Camera, 111 Eastman Kodak film camera, viii Insight Camera, 187 skin tone and, 179 speed cameras, 238 True Depth camera, 109 Capitol insurrection, 228–230 Carlo, Silkie, 215–217, 218, 220 Carlson, Tucker, 11 Cato Unbound, 261n15 Catsimatidis, Andrea, 114 Catsimatidis, John, 114 cease-and-desist letters, 165 census bureaus, 24–25 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 38, 125, 227, 268–269n38 Ceph, 79 Cernovich, Mike, 12, 53 Chaos Computer Club, 190 ChatGPT, 73 Chau, Ed, 186 Chicago Police Department, 155 child crimes investigators, 134–136 child sexual abuse material (CSAM), 135. See also pornography China scoring of citizens by, 34 surveillance in, 224–227 Churchill, Winston, 41 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency), 38, 125, 227, 268–269n38 Citizens United, 208, 306n206 Clarifai, 32–33 Clarium Capital, 14 ClassPass, 8 Clearview AI absence of headquarters for, x–xi, xii access requests and, 190–192 ACLU and, 202, 203–204, 205 AR glasses and, 249–250 attempts to shut down communication by, xv, xvii–xviii author’s contact with representatives of, 160–166 bans on, 165 capabilities of, ix–x Capitol insurrection and, 229–230 concerns regarding weaponization and, xv–xvii defense of, 157–159 effectiveness of, xii emergence of, 94 fines assessed to, 193–194, 230 growth of database for, 246–247 hit rate of, 133 international backlash against, 192–193 international expansion and, 137 investment efforts and, 111–120, 136. see also individual investors Johnson and, 95–96 law enforcement and, 128, 130–139 lawsuits against, 165, 204–206, 209–213, 248 Leone and, 113–114 NYT article on, 164–165, 187, 190, 194, 204, 230 opposition to, 237–238 pandemic and, 186–187 police reactions to, xii–xiv potential legal challenges to, 117 push for ethical use and, 239 results blocked by, xvii–xviii, 162–163 Scalzo and, 111–112, 113, 188–189 third-party testing of, 240 tip regarding, vii–viii, ix Ukraine invasion and, 237 wrongful arrests and, 183 Clearview AI Camera, 111 Clearview AI Check-In, 111–112 Clearview AI Search, 111 Clement, Paul attempts to contact, 160 on Clearview AI’s capabilities, ix–x lack of response from, xi legal memos from, 134, 157–158 Clinton, Bill, 209, 259n10 Clinton, Chelsea, 9–10, 259n10 Clinton, Hillary “deplorables” comment by, 50–51 election loss of, 88 facial recognition and, 104 false claims about, 94 Trump and, 16, 52 Cohen, Chuck, 133 Colatosti, Tom, 62, 65, 66, 71 Comet Ping Pong, 55 Computer Fraud and Abuse Act (1986), 117–118 computers early, 36 reliance on, 36 confirmation bias, 181 Constitution First Amendment, 15, 206–207, 208–209, 212–213, 306n206 Fourth Amendment, 141 consumer protection laws, 205 contact tracing, 186 Coolidge, Calvin, 11 Couchsurfing, 81 Coulson, Jennifer, 180–181 Coulter, Ann, 119 Covid-19, 185–187, 209, 214 Crime and the Man (Hooton), 25, 26 CrimeDex, xii, 134 criminal detectors, 31 “criminal face,” 31 Criminal Justice Information Services Division, 299n158 Criminal Man (Lombroso), 22–23, 38 crisis communications, 161 Cruise, Tom, 123 Crunchbase, 79 Cruz, Ted, 11 cryptocurrency, 81 CSAM (child sexual abuse material), 135.

Uncomfortably Off: Why the Top 10% of Earners Should Care About Inequality
by Marcos González Hernando and Gerry Mitchell
Published 23 May 2023

Mishra, C. and Rath, N. (2020) Social solidarity during a pandemic: Through and beyond Durkheimian lens. Social Sciences and Humanities Open, 2:1, 1–7. Mitchell, G. (2022) The clapping might have stopped, but our need for care is not going away. LabourList. 12 July. https:// labourlist.org/2022/07/the-clapping-might-have-stopped-butour-need-for-care-is-not-going-away Mok, A. and Zinkula, J. (2023) ChatGPT may be coming for our jobs. Here are the 10 roles that AI is most likely to replace. Business Insider. 2 February. www.businessinsider.com/chatgptjobs-at-risk-replacement-artificial-intelligence-ai-labor-trends2023-02?r=US&IR=T Monbiot, G. (2022) Putin exploits the lie machine but didn’t invent it.

Nobody's Fool: Why We Get Taken in and What We Can Do About It
by Daniel Simons and Christopher Chabris
Published 10 Jul 2023

Their expertise in developing sophisticated computational models is genuine, but it is not the expertise necessary to evaluate whether a model’s output constitutes generally intelligent behavior. People who make these predictions appear to be swayed by the most impressive examples of how well new machine learning models like ChatGPT and DALL-E do in producing realistic language and generating beautiful pictures. But these systems tend to work best only when given just the right prompts, and their boosters downplay or ignore the cases where similar prompts make them fail miserably. What seems like intelligent conversation often turns out to be a bull session with a bot whose cleverness comes from ingesting huge volumes of text and responding by accessing the statistically most relevant stuff in its dataset.

Filterworld: How Algorithms Flattened Culture
by Kyle Chayka
Published 15 Jan 2024

It requires the material to be translated into data that the machine can understand, such as text; it lacks serendipity because it can filter only by the terms that the user inputs; and it does not measure inherent quality. It is unable to “distinguish a well written [and] a badly written article if the two articles use the same terms.” The inability to evaluate quality brings to mind artificial intelligence: New tools like ChatGPT seem to be able to understand and generate meaningful language, but really, they only repeat patterns inherent in the preexisting data they are trained on. Quality is subjective; data alone, in the absence of human judgment, can go only so far in gauging it. Social information filtering bypasses those problems because it is instead driven by the actions of human users, who evaluate content on their own—using judgments both quantitative and qualitative.

Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World
by Naomi Klein
Published 11 Sep 2023

And now that the machines have devoured so much of us, gorged on so many of our ways and our quirks, they can make rather credible replicas of us near instantly. My friends who are visual artists and songwriters are terrified about what their futures hold when artificial intelligence programs can be instructed to make art “in the style of” them—and then churn out passable replicas within moments. Nick Cave, when confronted with a ChatGPT-generated version of a Nick Cave song, described the phenomenon as “replication as travesty … a grotesque mockery of what it is to be human.” There is something uniquely humiliating about confronting a bad replica of one’s self—and something utterly harrowing about confronting a good one. Both carry the unmistakable shudder of the doppelganger.

Blood in the Machine: The Origins of the Rebellion Against Big Tech
by Brian Merchant
Published 25 Sep 2023

And the boss is the algorithm; HR consists of a text box that workers can log complaints into, and which may or may not generate a response. The modern worker can sense the implications of this trend. It’s not just ride-hailing either—AI image-generators like DALL-E and neural net–based writing tools like ChatGPT threaten the livelihoods of illustrators, graphic designers, copywriters, and editorial assistants. Streaming platforms like Spotify have already radically degraded wages for musicians, who lost album sales as an income stream years ago. Much about Andrew Yang may be suspect, but he did predict correctly that anger would again spread like wildfire as skilled workers watched algorithms, AI, and tech platforms erode their earnings and status.

Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World
by Nick Bostrom
Published 26 Mar 2024

G., 30 Wireheading, 226, 419 Wolf, Susan, 460–63 Y Yudkowsky, Eliezer, 221, 225, 240, 502 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I am grateful to many more people than I can mention for enabling this work, by creating the material or intellectual preconditions for its coming into existence. But for their more direct contributions, I want to explicitly thank Guive Assadi, Emily Campbell, Richard Yetter Chappell, Will Hammond, Guy Kahane, Anton Korinek, Matthew van der Merwe, Thaddeus Metz, Geoffrey Miller, Toby Newberry, Carl Shulman, ChatGPT-4, Claude 2, Tanya Singh, and Jan-Erik Strasser for extensive comments on the manuscript; Gilbert N. Morris, Eric Neyman, Toby Ord, David Pearce, and Anders Sandberg for helping to answer some particular questions; Liz Hudson, Frances Key Phillips, Sam Blake, and Pascal Porcheron for help with copyediting; Gwen Bradford, Stephen Campbell, Dale Dorsey, Nick Fletcher, Thomas Hurka, Antti Kauppinen, Eden Lin, Michael Prinzing, Aaron Smuts, Michael Steger, Louise Sundararajan, Lars Svendsen, Valerie Tiberius, and Susan Wolf for in-depth expert conversations on specific topics that helped me learn and refine preliminary ideas; Matthew van der Merwe and Toby Newberry for project management; Guive Assadi for research assistance; and the team at Ideapress for their uncommon dispatch.

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson
Published 15 May 2023

From the Field of AI Dreams People are right to be excited about advances in digital technologies. New machine capabilities can massively expand the things we do and can transform many aspects of our lives for the better. And there have also been tremendous advances. For example, the Generative Pre-trained Transformer 3 (GPT-3), released in 2020 by OpenAI, and ChatGPT released in 2022 by the same company, are natural-language processing systems with remarkable capabilities. Already trained and optimized on massive amounts of text data from the internet, these programs can generate almost human-like articles, including poetry; communicate in typical human language; and, most impressively, turn natural-language instructions into computer code.