Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations
by Clay Shirky · 28 Feb 2008 · 313pp · 95,077 words
CHAPTER 9 - FITTING OUR TOOLS TO A SMALL WORLD CHAPTER 10 - FAILURE FOR FREE CHAPTER 11 - PROMISE, TOOL, BARGAIN EPILOGUE Acknowledgements BIBLIOGRAPHY INDEX Praise for Clay Shirky’s Here Comes Everybody “A fascinating survey of the digital age . . . [Shirky has] a knack for converting sociological concepts into easy-to-understand prose. . . . An
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Twitter, each new wave of digital communications generates more upheaval for businesses. In his recent book, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations, Clay Shirky explores the ramifications of a world in which people can find each other and collaborate with increasing ease.” —The Wall Street Journal “Shirky convincingly argues
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provocative it stays with you for a while.” —The Atlantic Monthly “Amateur circles of ordinary people are wresting power and creativity back from the oligarchs. . . . [Clay Shirky] offer[s] incisive analysis of the new day as it dawns. . . . Precise and intellectually fresh . . . Here Comes Everybody is more than a simple celebration of
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’s ‘gatekeeper’ structure.” —Columbia Journalism Review “I don’t think you’ll find a smarter, more articulate writer on the topic of internet community than Clay Shirky. . . . If you’re developing social software of any kind, this book should be required reading.” —D: All Things Digital “Meat and potatoes anecdotes about communication
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tools.” —statesman.com “Seriously, Clay Shirky’s new book is really good. (For once, no irony or snark: it’s just very well done.) Each time someone as insightful as
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Clay Shirky starts writing for the Web, the internet will get 1 percent better. Send 99 more Shirkys.” —hotdogsladies.com “Remarkable.” —politico.com “Terrifically clever.” —Stuart Jeffries,
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(UK) “Shirky astutely discerns the implications of people acting on their own. . . . A perceptive appraisal of the contemporary technology-society interface.” —Booklist ABOUT THE AUTHOR Clay Shirky writes, teaches, and consults on the social and economic effects of the internet, and especially on those places where our social and technological networks overlap
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America by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. 2008 Published in Penguin Books 2009 Copyright © Clay Shirky, 2008 All rights reserved Here comes everybody: the power of organizing without organizations / Clay Shirky. p. cm. eISBN : 978-1-440-63224-2 1. Information technology—Social aspects. 2. Computer networks—Social aspects
Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age
by Clay Shirky · 9 Jun 2010 · 236pp · 66,081 words
4 - Opportunity Chapter 5 - Culture Chapter 6 - Personal, Communal, Public, Civic Chapter 7 - Looking for the Mouse Acknowledgements NOTES INDEX ABOUT THE AUTHOR ALSO BY CLAY SHIRKY Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations THE PENGUIN PRESS Published by the Penguin Group Penguin Group (USA) Inc., 375 Hudson Street, New
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Ltd, Registered Offices: 80 Strand, London WC2R 0RL, England First published in 2010 by The Penguin Press, a member of Penguin Group (USA) Inc. Copyright © Clay Shirky, 2010 All rights reserved LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA Shirky, Clay. Cognitive surplus : creativity and generosity in a connected age / by
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Clay Shirky. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. eISBN : 978-1-101-43472-7 1. Information society. 2. Social media. 3. Mass media—Social aspects. I.
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alone and World of Warcraft Yahoo.com young people beef protests of opportunities and television viewing and YouTube Zagat Z-Boys Zeroprestige ABOUT THE AUTHOR Clay Shirky teaches at the Interactive Telecommunications Program at New York University, where he researches the interrelated effects of our social and technological networks. He has consulted
To Save Everything, Click Here: The Folly of Technological Solutionism
by Evgeny Morozov · 15 Nov 2013 · 606pp · 157,120 words
a field of inquiry, combined with the irresistible pull of Internet-centrism, renders the highly problematic areas of the underlying theoretical frameworks almost invisible. Take Clay Shirky’s Here Comes Everybody, which enjoys a cult status in geek circles as a seemingly original argument about the falling costs of collaboration. For much
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to explain any kind of behavior, no matter complex or culturally specific, using the dry talk of incentives and opportunities. It’s no wonder that Clay Shirky can explain the behavior of anorexic girls, open-source communities, revolutionaries in East Germany, and rebellious teenagers in Belarus through one clean theory of information
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least because Coase is a Nobel Prize–winning economist. References to Coase pop up regularly in the work of our Internet theorists; in addition to Clay Shirky, Yochai Benkler also draws heavily on Coase to discuss the open-source movement. There is nothing wrong with Coase’s theories per se; in the
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condition as well as their lack of empathy for industries and institutions that are currently in crisis. Ruptures, after all, often involve sacrifices—or, as Clay Shirky likes to say, “it’s not a revolution if nobody loses.” In order to be valid, any declaration of yet another technological revolution must meet
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attends to and the questions it formulates—is constructed in revolutionary terms? No one exemplifies the temptations and limitations of the rupture talk better than Clay Shirky, so perhaps it’s worthwhile to return to his theories. Shirky sees the digital revolution everywhere, but it’s especially pronounced in the media business
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the new printing press seems to have hijacked the public imagination. It’s one of the core precepts of Internet-centrism. Thanks, in part, to Clay Shirky, Gutenberg’s invention has now become one of the original myths of “the Internet”—never mind the more than five hundred years in between. Two
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Boorstin makes this dubious statement—have you watched television lately?—the rest follows quite naturally, with the kind of bombast that one could expect from Clay Shirky or Jeff Jarvis: “The era when television became a universal engrossing American experience, the first era when Americans everywhere could witness in living colors the
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attack, with many Internet renegades gearing up to replace it with nimble, Internet-based organizing. Much of this new rhetoric can be traced back to Clay Shirky’s populist and anti-organizational thinking in Here Comes Everybody; the book carries the telling subtitle “The Power of Organizing without Organizations.” Cue the Shirky
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” everywhere they see it, not to engage in analysis of what kinds of organizational structures would be more appropriate for a given reform agenda. Cue Clay Shirky deploying his trademark lingo of rational-choice theory in Here Comes Everybody: “Newly capable groups are assembling, and they are working . . . outside the previous strictures
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WikiLeaks conversation took place outside of it.” Groups win; nation-states lose. Networks good; hierarchies bad. Global good; local bad. The problem here is that Clay Shirky believes that global affairs now work according to the demands of “the Internet,” while, in reality, the story is much more complicated. A conversation about
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is patently ridiculous to rank it ahead of a dozen other places, and in particular such world-class restaurants as Lespinasse, Jean Georges, and Daniel.” Clay Shirky tells the same story in Cognitive Surplus, and his version brims with populist, antiestablishment rage against professional critics and promises that, thanks to “the Internet
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-truly-open-knowledge/252516 . 39 “At the very same time [that “the Internet” is blamed]”: Weinberger, Too Big to Know, xii. 40 Here Comes Everybody: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2009). 40 Susanne Lohmann’s explanation of the 1989 protests in East Germany
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and the Implosion of the Communist Establishment (New York: Random House Digital, Inc., 2009), 147. 41 “behavior is motivation that has been filtered through opportunity”: Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaborators, reprint ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), 195. 41 “share a propensity to engage in method-driven
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-Century Medicine?,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Biological and Biomedical Sciences 38, no. 1 (March 2007): 20–42. 48 “When someone demands to know”: Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” Shirky.com, March 13, 2009, http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable. 48 “the more
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serious you are about believing something is a revolution”: “Richard S. Salant Lecture on Freedom of the Press with Clay Shirky,” John Shorenstein Center, October 14, 2011, http://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/salant_lecture_2011_shirky.pdf. 49 “nothing will work, but everything
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Thinking the Unthinkable.” 49 “There is never going to be a moment”: Shirky, Here Comes Everybody, 73. 49 dedicates several pages of his Cognitive Surplus: Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaborators, reprint ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), 42–56. 49 “we’re collectively living through 1500”: Shirky
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, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable.” 49 “It is too early to tell”: Clay Shirky, “Tools and Transformations,” Penguin Group, March 11, 2008, http://us.penguingroup.com/static/html/blogs/tools-and-transformations-clay-shirky. 49 “It’s not much of an exaggeration”: Marshall Poe, “The Internet Changes Nothing,” History News
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, and Citizens More Powerful (Washington, DC: Brookings Institution Press, 2009), 44. 125 “democratic theory and the design”: ibid., 16. 125 “Newly capable groups are assembling”: Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations (New York: Penguin, 2009), 24. 126 “there was no way the State Department
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”: Clay Shirky, “Richard S. Salant Lecture on Freedom of the Press with Clay Shirky,” John Shorenstein Center, October 14, 2011, http://shorensteincenter.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/salant_lecture_2011_shirky.pdf. 126
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. 176 “if you want to know how good a restaurant is”: ibid. 176 “Union Square Café is, indeed”: ibid. 176 “nowhere does Shaw spell out”: Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: How Technology Makes Consumers into Collaborators, reprint ed. (New York: Penguin Books, 2011), 151. 177 “unwilling to condemn Union Square”: ibid. 177 “Back
Breaking News: The Remaking of Journalism and Why It Matters Now
by Alan Rusbridger · 14 Oct 2018 · 579pp · 160,351 words
the size of the more successful MySpace. The launch made a few hundred words in the Guardian. Looking back now I hear the words of Clay Shirky, the NYU academic and economist who has consistently and incisively blogged about the disruption of news. ‘That is what real revolutions are like. The old
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an investigative team. Advertising filled the void – not out of altruism, but because of the lack of alternatives. ‘Best Buy’, in the words of academic Clay Shirky, ‘was not willing to support the Baghdad bureau because Best Buy cared about news from Baghdad. They just didn’t have any other good choices
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models. So the choice for news organisation is whether to go back and become a private good for a producer class or address the public. Clay Shirky also believed that open models helped cultivate a civic sense of participation: a closed-off media organisation became a newsletter rather than a newspaper. ‘Openness
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of the comment threads. On the Sunday morning, I did a session on newspapers, the digital economy, open journalism and the future of digital with Clay Shirky. Shirky ended up describing various different ways of getting readers to part with money. It was a pivotal conversation in shaping the immediate relationship between
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be a tough introduction to the life of editing.27 But by mid-2018 conditions had eased again. Revenues were back up to £216 million. Clay Shirky’s little acorn idea of a membership scheme had grown to a three-tiered programme drawing in nearly a million contributions from readers (570,000
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the other external digital thinkers I came across in many contexts, all of whom tutored me in ways big and small. They include Jay Rosen, Clay Shirky, Jeff Jarvis, Dan Gillmor, Peter Barron, Madhav Chinnappa, Rasmus Kleis Nielsen, Louis Rossetto, Frederic Filloux, Nicholas Negroponte, Ricken Patel, Richard Gingras, Ethan Zuckerman, Jonathan Zittrain
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. 7. It was an entirely different challenge on the tabloids, where social class mattered less: ‘readers are weighed rather than counted’. 13 Bee Information 1. Clay Shirky, ‘Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable’, 13 March 2009. Available at: http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2009/03/newspapers-and-thinking-the-unthinkable/ 2. (b. 1984
Utopia Is Creepy: And Other Provocations
by Nicholas Carr · 5 Sep 2016 · 391pp · 105,382 words
-generated content found online. So imagine my bewilderment when, a few days ago, I read a transcript of a recent speech that new-media scholar Clay Shirky gave to a Web 2.0 conference in which he argued that Gilligan’s Island and Web 2.0 are actually opposing forces in the
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were unable to do anything “interesting” with our “cognitive surplus”—that the only option was watching TV? That is horseshit. It may well be that Clay Shirky spent all his time pre-1990 watching sitcoms in his cellar (though I very much doubt it), but I was also alive in those benighted
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OVERLOAD AND AMBIENT OVERLOAD March 7, 2011 “IT’S NOT INFORMATION OVERLOAD. It’s filter failure.” That was the theme of an influential talk that Clay Shirky gave at a technology conference in 2008. It’s an idea that’s easy to like both because it feels intuitively correct and because it
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printed books and broadsheets would undermine religious authority, demean the work of scholars and scribes, and spread sedition and debauchery. As New York University professor Clay Shirky notes, “Most of the arguments made against the printing press were correct, even prescient.” But, again, the doomsayers were unable to imagine the myriad blessings
Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet Against Democracy
by Robert W. McChesney · 5 Mar 2013 · 476pp · 125,219 words
the glorious world it is in the process of creating. No one has celebrated and championed the revolutionary Internet in recent years more furiously than Clay Shirky, who is somewhat of a digital Johnny Appleseed. In his 2010 Cognitive Surplus, Shirky writes that with the new digital media, “the kind of participation
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its present limitations.”8 All we need to do is get out of the way and let free markets work their magic on revolutionary technologies. Clay Shirky wrote in his influential 2009 essay, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” that “this is what real revolutions are like,” adding, “the old stuff gets broken
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Freedman, Misunderstanding the Internet (Routledge, 2012), 3. 16. Robin Mansell, Imagining the Internet: Communication, Innovation, and Governance (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2012), 1–2. 17. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (New York: Penguin, 2010), 213, 27. 18. Henry Jenkins, Convergence Culture: Where Old and New Media
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=all. 8. Jeff Jarvis, foreword to Elliott King, Free for All: The Internet’s Transformation of Journalism (Evanston, IL: Northwestern University Press, 2010), x. 9. Clay Shirky, “Newspapers and Thinking the Unthinkable,” in Robert W. McChesney and Victor Pickard, eds., Will the Last Reporter Please Turn Out the Lights: The Collapse of
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. 10. Yochai Benkler. “A New Era of Corruption?” New Republic, Mar. 4, 2009, tnr.com/story_print.html?id=c84d2eda-0e95-42fe-99a2-5400e7dd8eab. 11. Clay Shirky, Richard S. Salant Lecture on Freedom of the Press, Joan Shorenstein Center on Press and Politics, John F. Kennedy School of Government, Cambridge, MA, Oct
The People's Platform: Taking Back Power and Culture in the Digital Age
by Astra Taylor · 4 Mar 2014 · 283pp · 85,824 words
the costs of creating and distributing culture have plummeted. New tools not only have made cultural production more efficient but have equalized opportunity. NYU professor Clay Shirky, perhaps the leading proponent of this view, calls this process “social production.” Harvard’s Yochai Benkler uses the term “peer production,” business writer Jeff Howe
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one Wired cover story rehashing this old idea).18 New-media thinkers do not pretend this future has come to pass, but in Cognitive Surplus Clay Shirky presents what can be read as a contemporary variation on this old theme, explaining how the cumulative free time of the world’s educated population
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produced. The challenge is to understand how power and influence are distributed within this mongrel space where professional and amateur combine. Consider, for a moment, Clay Shirky, whose back-flap biography boasts corporate consulting gigs with Nokia, News Corp, BP, the U.S. Navy, Lego, and others. Shirky embodies the strange mix
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Now (blog), September 1, 2010, http://www.iftf.org/future-now/article-detail/aint-gonna-work-on-ariannas-farm-no-more/. 14. For example, both Clay Shirky (in Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age [New York: Penguin Press, 2010]) and Lawrence Lessig (in Remix: Making Art and Commerce Thrive
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.hbs.edu/faculty/Publication%20Files/09-132.pdf. Dan Hunter and John Quiggin, “Money Ruins Everything,” Hastings Communications and Entertainment Law Journal 30 (2008). 15. Clay Shirky says it is not labor if people enjoy it. Jeffrey R. Young, “The Souls of the Machine,” Chronicle of Higher Education, June 13, 2010. 16
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, 2012. 19. Shirky fails to mention that many of these hours are inevitably spent filling out forms, looking at porn, watching TV online, etc. 20. Clay Shirky, Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age (New York: Penguin Press, 2010), 209. Also see “Cognitive Surplus: The Great Spare-Time Revolution,” Wired
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, May 24, 2010. 21. Clay Shirky has a blog post called “The Collapse of Complex Business Models” predicting as much, posted April 1, 2010, http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2010/04
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Haven, Conn.: Yale University, 2006), 242, on the conflict between possible policy interventions and liberal democratic theory. In a post about power laws and inequality, Clay Shirky makes a related point: “Because it arises naturally, changing this distribution would mean forcing hundreds of thousands of bloggers to link to certain blogs and
Curation Nation
by Rosenbaum, Steven · 27 Jan 2011 · 286pp · 82,065 words
in data, and our need to be able to find information in coherent, reasonably contextual groupings. No one doubts that we’re shifting, as author Clay Shirky says, from an era of content scarcity to one of content abundance. And while that seems on one hand bountiful, it’s also quite impossible
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and crafts fair, there’s a simple answer. Journalists who see themselves as victims of technology have the currently dominant media outlets to broadcast kvetching. Clay Shirky is the ideal observer of all this noisy change. An actual adult who’s almost preter-naturally youthful, he teaches at New York University’s
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see the linked economy as a bonanza waiting to be monetized by forward-thinking media companies. It’s hardly a balanced debate. But folks like Clay Shirky say that the shift toward collaborative content creation and sharing are more fundamental than just new technology and low-cost content creation. “Arguments about whether
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part, is motivation. Journalists and professionals curate for profit, to build audience. And the mission of their management is to monetize that audience. But as Clay Shirky explores in his book Cognitive Surplus, individual curators have a much more altruistic motivation: “When publication, the act of making something public—goes from being
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sharp knives and equally sharp rhetoric. I’m speaking of course of the world of foodies and the elite highbrow world of the food critic. Clay Shirky says the crowd-sourced reviews from actual patrons often provide more value than the expert restaurant critics who’ve made their livings and reputations making
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the real-time Web is that it’s a change that no one asked for, much like the advent of 24-hour cable news. As Clay Shirky explains it, news used to end with the 6 p.m. sign-off the air. No more news till tomorrow morning—sleep tight. And you
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Rosenbaum: “Is ‘Everyone’ the Media now?” huffingtonpost.com, April 8, 2010. http://www.huffingtonpost.com/steve-rosenbaum/is-everyone-the-media-now_b_530303.html Clay Shirky: Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing without Organizations. Penguin Press 2008 Chapter 8 David Sarno: “Twitter creator Jack Dorsey illuminates the site’s founding
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://blogmaverick.com/2010/02/10/seth-godin-should-read-his-own-book “Mark Cuban” retrieved from wikipedia.org. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark_Cuban Clay Shirky: Cognitive Surplus: Creativity and Generosity in a Connected Age. Penguin Press 2010 Chapter 16 Lucas Conley: “How Rapleaf Is Data-Mining Your Friend Lists to
The Revolt of the Public and the Crisis of Authority in the New Millennium
by Martin Gurri · 13 Nov 2018 · 379pp · 99,340 words
revolution, since it’s much too early for that. Thoughtful interpretations of the genesis and nature of the change have been written by Yochai Benkler, Clay Shirky, and Glenn Reynolds, among many others.[3] If you wish to understand the world being formed outside your windowpane, let me introduce you to this
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minor feats of collaboration – finding a donor for a bone marrow transplant, for example. But real politics happened among comrades and in the flesh.[24] Clay Shirky has noted that a committed activist with strong personal ties to others also can expand his reach by becoming a Facebook warrior. There’s no
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loudest voices of cyber-pessimism. I have noted their cautions. Let’s move on. The favorite goat of cyber-skeptics and cyber-pessimists has been Clay Shirky, whose 2008 book, Here Comes Everybody, was described by Gladwell as “the bible of the social media movement” – that is, of the cyber-utopian crowd
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this book. And it was arrived at, in part, by pursuing threads of analysis about the nature and consequences of new media first spun by Clay Shirky. Homo Informaticus, Or How Choice Can Bring Down Governments There remains the question, central to my thesis, of how information can influence political power. The
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program and President Obama’s efforts to recover from the consequences. I have already noted the botched delivery of the health insurance website. Here is Clay Shirky’s take on the planning process followed by the government to develop the $400 million site: The management question, when trying anything new, is “When
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4, 2011. http://www.theguardian.com/world/2011/sep/04/israel-protests-social-justice. Shirky, Clay. “Healthcare.gov and the Gulf Between Planning and Reality.” Clay Shirky blog, November 19, 2013. http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2013/11/healthcare-gov-and-the-gulf-between-planning-and-reality/. Shirky, Clay. “The Political Power
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] Malcolm Gladwell, “Small Change: Why the Revolution Won’t Be Tweeted,” The New Yorker, September 27, 2010. [25] Clay Shirky, Here Comes Everybody: The Power of Organizing Without Organizations (Penguin Books, 2008). [26] Clay Shirky, “The Political Power of Social Media: Technology, the Public Sphere, and Political Change,” Foreign Affairs, Vol. 90 No. 1
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, 2014, http://www.economist.com/news/leaders/21592610-insurgent-parties-are-likely-do-better-2014-any-time-second-world. [270] Clay Shirky, “Healthcare.gov and the Gulf Between Planning and Reality,” Clay Shirky blog, November 19, 2013, http://www.shirky.com/weblog/2013/11/healthcare-gov-and-the-gulf-between-planning-and-reality/. [271
The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
by Yochai Benkler · 14 May 2006 · 678pp · 216,204 words
to Sam Bowles, Dave Clark, Dewayne Hendricks, Richard Jefferson, Natalie Jeremijenko, Tara Lemmey, Josh Lerner, Andy Lippman, David Reed, Chuck Sabel, Jerry Saltzer, Tim Shepard, Clay Shirky, and Eric von Hippel. In constitutional law and political theory, I benefited early and consistently from the insights of Ed Baker, with whom I spent
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are not easily manipulable by anyone. Significantly, the millions of Web sites that do not have high traffic do not "go out of business." As Clay Shirky puts it, while my thoughts about the weekend are unlikely to be interesting to three random users, they may well be interesting, and a basis
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an "Alist," a number of highly visible blogs that were beginning to seem more like mass media than like blogs. In two blog-based studies, Clay Shirky and then Jason Kottke published widely read explanations of how the blogosphere [pg 253] was simply exhibiting the power law characteristics common on the Web
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," Nature 393 (1998): 440-442; D. J. Watts, Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks Between Order and Randomness (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999). 89. Clay Shirky, "Power Law, Weblogs, and Inequality" (February 8, 2003), http:// www.shirky.com/writings/powerlaw_weblog.htm; Jason Kottke, "Weblogs and Power Laws" (February 9, 2003
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emergence of what is beginning to be called "social software." As a new design space, it is concerned with groups that are, as defined by Clay Shirky, who first articulated the concept, "Larger than a dozen, smaller than a few hundred, where people can actually have these conversational forms that can't
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(CHI 2004) (Vienna: ACM, April 24-29, 2004). 150. James W. Carrey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989). 151. Clay Shirky, "A Group Is Its Own Worst Enemy," published first in Networks, Economics and Culture mailing list July 1, 2003. 669 Part Three Policies of Freedom
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," Nature 393 (1998): 440-442; D. J. Watts, Small Worlds: The Dynamics of Networks Between Order and Randomness (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1999). 89. Clay Shirky, "Power Law, Weblogs, and Inequality" (February 8, 2003), http:// www.shirky.com/writings/powerlaw_weblog.htm; Jason Kottke, "Weblogs and Power Laws" (February 9, 2003
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(CHI 2004) (Vienna: ACM, April 24-29, 2004). 150. James W. Carrey, Communication as Culture: Essays on Media and Society (Boston: Unwin Hyman, 1989). 151. Clay Shirky, "A Group Is Its Own Worst Enemy," published first in Networks, Economics and Culture mailing list July 1, 2003. 152. For a review of the
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