by Howard Rheingold · 14 May 2000 · 352pp · 120,202 words
investigation beyond the horizons of mathematics -- computer science. In 1950, Turing published another article that was to have profound impact; the piece, more simply titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," was published in the philosophical journal Mind. In relatively few words, using tools no more esoteric than common sense, and absolutely no mathematical formulas, Turing
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). [3] Turing, "Computable Numbers." [4] Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 396. [5]Ibid., 326. [6] Alan M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and intelligence," Mind, vol. 59, no. 236 (1950). [7] Ibid. [8] Hodges, Turing, 488. Chapter Four: Johnny Builds Bombs and Johnny Builds Brains [1] Steve J. Heims
by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig · 14 Jul 2019 · 2,466pp · 668,761 words
influential. He gave lectures on the topic as early as 1947 at the London Mathematical Society and articulated a persuasive agenda in his 1950 article “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Therein, he introduced the Turing test, machine learning, genetic algorithms, and reinforcement learning. He dealt with many of the objections raised to the possibility of
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hardware; and it can change its decision-making processes with machine learning or software rewriting. 28.1.4Measuring AI Alan Turing, in his famous paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950), suggested that instead of asking whether machines can think, we should ask whether machines can pass a behavioral test, which has come to be
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limit certainly could. In conclusion, AI has made great progress in its short history, but the final sentence of Alan Turing’s (1950) essay on Computing Machinery and Intelligence is still valid today: We can see only a short distance ahead, but we can see that much remains to be done. 1We gloss over
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. London Mathematical Society, 2nd series, 42, 230–265. Turing, A. (1948). Intelligent machinery. Tech. rep., National Physical Laboratory. reprinted in (Ince, 1992). Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433–460. Turing, A., Strachey, C., Bates, M. A., and Bowden, B. V. (1953). Digital computers applied to games. In Bowden, B. V
by Thomas W. Malone · 14 May 2018 · 344pp · 104,077 words
:10.1126/science.aaa5417. CHAPTER 4 1. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (New York: Prentice Hall, 1995). 2. Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59 (1950): 433–60. 3. Wikipedia, s.v. “artificial intelligence,” accessed August 8, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence. 4. Rodney Brooks
by M. Mitchell Waldrop · 14 Apr 2001
, far more impor- tant-he was also continuing his struggle to understand the fundamental nature of intelligence. That effort culminated in 1950 with his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence,"14 in which he addressed the fundamental question: Can a machine think? Instead of trying to answer that directly, however-an exercise that had al
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. Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics, or Control and CommunicatiOn in the Animal and the Machine, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1961), vii. 14. Alan M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," Mind 59, no. 236 (1950). Repnnted In The Mind's I: Fantasies and ReflectiOns on Self & Soul, ed. Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Den
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6 (1984). Turing, Alan M. "On Computable Numbers, with an ApplIcation to the Entschldungsproblem." Pro- ceedzngs of the London Mathematical Soczety 2, no. 42 (1937). -. "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." Mind 59, no. 236 (1950). Reprinted In The Mznd's I: Fantaszes and ReflectIOns on Self & Soul, edited by Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C
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SCience, 86 Computer SCIences Laboratory (CSL), 340, 344-45, 351-55, 363,368,370,387,401,444, 450-51 computer utIlities, 292-93, 343, 433 "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (Tunng), 122 concept manIpulation, 215 Connection Machine, 419 control, Wiener's theory of, 23, 56, 82 Control Data Corporation, 249 Conway, Lynn, 419 Cooper, Robert
by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig · 15 Mar 2020
Philosopher John Searle. Library of Congress, March 3. Retrieved from https:// blogs.loc.gov/kluge/2015/03/conversation-with-john-searle/ Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, New Series, 59(236), 433–460. 12 Possibilities and Limitations for AI: What Can’t Machines Do? Simon Colton I will talk here about
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson · 15 May 2023 · 619pp · 177,548 words
.’ This is a commonplace that is usually accepted without question. It will be the purpose of this paper to question it.” His seminal 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” defines one notion of what it means for a machine to be intelligent. Turing imagined an “imitation game” (now called a Turing test) in which
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Science Quarterly 48, no. 3 (September): 331‒332. Tunzelmann, G. N. von. 1978. Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860. Oxford: Clarendon. Turing, Alan. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59, no. 236: 433–460. Turing, Alan. 1951 [2004]. “Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory.” In The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of
by Ed Finn · 10 Mar 2017 · 285pp · 86,853 words
gold medal and $100,000 “for the first computer whose responses [are] indistinguishable from a human’s.” “Home Page of the Loebner Prize.” 51. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 443. 52. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, XXV. 53. Plato, Symposium, 9:211d. 3 House of Cards: The Aesthetics of Abstraction There is no
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through Deep Reinforcement Learning.” 2. Reese, “Google DeepMind.” 3. Metz, “Google’s AI Takes Historic Match against Go Champ with Third Straight Win.” 4. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 457. 5. Domingos, The Master Algorithm, 4. 6. Madrigal, “How Netflix Reverse Engineered Hollywood”; Strogatz, “The End of Insight.” 7. Lem, Solaris. 8. Ptolemy, Transcendent
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., ed. ISPW ’88: Proceedings of the 4th International Software Process Workshop on Representing and Enacting the Software Process. New York: ACM, 1988. Turing, Alan M. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind. New Series 59 (236) (October 1, 1950): 433–460. Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise
by Erik J. Larson · 5 Apr 2021
artificial intelligence starts with the ideas of someone who had immense human intelligence: the computer pioneer Alan Turing. In 1950 Turing published a provocative paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” about the possibility of intelligent machines.1 The paper was bold, coming at a time when computers were new and unimpressive by today’s standards
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turn, therefore, that Turing made from his early work in the 1930s to the more wide-ranging speculation about the possibility of intelligent computers in “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” published a little over a decade later. By 1950, discussion of intuition disappeared from Turing’s writings about the implications of Gödel. His interests turned
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, and his great error, was in thinking that human intelligence reduces to problem-solving. Whether or not the ideas about intelligent machines in his 1950 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” became explicit in the war years, it is clear that his experience at Bletchley crystallized his later view of AI, and it is clear that
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) the introduction of kitsch into the stream of complicated and difficult issues in life. Chapter 7 SIMPLIFICATIONS AND MYSTERIES Shortly before Turing published his 1950 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” the behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner published a science fiction novel, Walden Two.1 In it, Skinner has his characters argue that free will is
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, he was. But this doesn’t cancel it as an inference. It makes it an important kind. MORE ON TURING In his seminal 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” Turing dismissed questions about machines actually thinking, poking fun at his own title, claiming that “thinking” is hopelessly unscientific and subjective. Talking about computers thinking
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a perceptron). Understandably, Turing thought perhaps we could escape Peirce’s and Lovelace’s objections by creating learning machines modeled on the human brain. Reading “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” one gets the impression that learning represented the only real escape from the inherent limitations of machines, and the only real hope for passing the
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’t help us make progress in AI. I will explain all this in pages to come. Chapter 1: The Intelligence Error 1. A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950), 433–460. 2. A. M. Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” Proceedings of the London
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drinks are more likely ad placements, unfortunately. Sarcasm detection is (mostly) easy for people, but outside the realm of current AI. 2. A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 446. 3. This example also highlights contextual usage of the preposition on. We can be on a ship, but
by George Dyson · 6 Mar 2012
the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution: A Symposium Held at the Wistar Institute, April 25–26, 1966 (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute, 1966), p. 67; Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 456. 52. George Church, West Hollywood, Calif., July 26, 2009, EDGE Foundation, “A Short Course on Synthetic Genomics” (http
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to the London Mathematical Society on 20 February 1947,” p. 2. 50. Turing, “Intelligent Machinery,” p. 6. 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid., p. 18. 53. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” p. 456; Turing, “Intelligent Machinery,” p. 17. 54. I. J. Good to Sara Turing, December 9, 1956, AMT; Lyn Newman to Antoinette Esher, June 24
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152, no. 3722 (April 29, 1966): 604. 23. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables (Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1851), p. 283; Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” p. 433. 24. Alfvén, The Tale of the Big Computer, p. 116. 25. Ibid., pp. 117–18. 26. Eva Wisten, personal communication, October 25, 2005
by Walter Isaacson · 6 Oct 2014 · 720pp · 197,129 words
a sonnet written by a machine will be better appreciated by another machine.”93 The ground was thus laid for Turing’s second seminal work, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” published in the journal Mind in October 1950.94 In it he devised what became known as the Turing Test. He began with a clear
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Turing Test and the objections to it remain to this day the most debated topic in cognitive science. For a few years after he wrote “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing seemed to enjoy engaging in the fray that he provoked. With wry humor, he poked at the pretensions of those who prattled on about
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Center Corporation (C-Cubed), ref1 Computer Quiz, ref1 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, ref1 computers (female calculators), ref1, ref2 Computer Space, ref1, ref2, ref3 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing), ref1 Conant, James Bryant, ref1, ref2 condensers, ref1, ref2 conditional branching, ref1 Congregationalist, ref1 Congress, U.S., ref1 Congress of Italian Scientists, ref1 Constitution
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