Computing Machinery and Intelligence

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Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology

by Howard Rheingold  · 14 May 2000  · 352pp  · 120,202 words

investigation beyond the horizons of mathematics -- computer science. In 1950, Turing published another article that was to have profound impact; the piece, more simply titled "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," was published in the philosophical journal Mind. In relatively few words, using tools no more esoteric than common sense, and absolutely no mathematical formulas, Turing

). [3] Turing, "Computable Numbers." [4] Andrew Hodges, Alan Turing: The Enigma (New York: Simon and Schuster, 1983), 396. [5]Ibid., 326. [6] Alan M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and intelligence," Mind, vol. 59, no. 236 (1950). [7] Ibid. [8] Hodges, Turing, 488. Chapter Four: Johnny Builds Bombs and Johnny Builds Brains [1] Steve J. Heims

Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach

by Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig  · 14 Jul 2019  · 2,466pp  · 668,761 words

influential. He gave lectures on the topic as early as 1947 at the London Mathematical Society and articulated a persuasive agenda in his 1950 article “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Therein, he introduced the Turing test, machine learning, genetic algorithms, and reinforcement learning. He dealt with many of the objections raised to the possibility of

hardware; and it can change its decision-making processes with machine learning or software rewriting. 28.1.4Measuring AI Alan Turing, in his famous paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (1950), suggested that instead of asking whether machines can think, we should ask whether machines can pass a behavioral test, which has come to be

limit certainly could. In conclusion, AI has made great progress in its short history, but the final sentence of Alan Turing’s (1950) essay on Computing Machinery and Intelligence is still valid today: We can see only a short distance ahead, but we can see that much remains to be done. 1We gloss over

. London Mathematical Society, 2nd series, 42, 230–265. Turing, A. (1948). Intelligent machinery. Tech. rep., National Physical Laboratory. reprinted in (Ince, 1992). Turing, A. (1950). Computing machinery and intelligence. Mind, 59, 433–460. Turing, A., Strachey, C., Bates, M. A., and Bowden, B. V. (1953). Digital computers applied to games. In Bowden, B. V

Superminds: The Surprising Power of People and Computers Thinking Together

by Thomas W. Malone  · 14 May 2018  · 344pp  · 104,077 words

:10.1126/science.aaa5417. CHAPTER 4 1. Stuart Russell and Peter Norvig, Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach (New York: Prentice Hall, 1995). 2. Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59 (1950): 433–60. 3. Wikipedia, s.v. “artificial intelligence,” accessed August 8, 2016, https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Artificial_intelligence. 4. Rodney Brooks

The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal

by M. Mitchell Waldrop  · 14 Apr 2001

, far more impor- tant-he was also continuing his struggle to understand the fundamental nature of intelligence. That effort culminated in 1950 with his paper "Computing Machinery and Intelligence,"14 in which he addressed the fundamental question: Can a machine think? Instead of trying to answer that directly, however-an exercise that had al

. Norbert Wiener, Cybernetics, or Control and CommunicatiOn in the Animal and the Machine, 2d ed. (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1961), vii. 14. Alan M. Turing, "Computing Machinery and Intelligence," Mind 59, no. 236 (1950). Repnnted In The Mind's I: Fantasies and ReflectiOns on Self & Soul, ed. Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C. Den

6 (1984). Turing, Alan M. "On Computable Numbers, with an ApplIcation to the Entschldungsproblem." Pro- ceedzngs of the London Mathematical Soczety 2, no. 42 (1937). -. "Computing Machinery and Intelligence." Mind 59, no. 236 (1950). Reprinted In The Mznd's I: Fantaszes and ReflectIOns on Self & Soul, edited by Douglas R. Hofstadter and Daniel C

SCience, 86 Computer SCIences Laboratory (CSL), 340, 344-45, 351-55, 363,368,370,387,401,444, 450-51 computer utIlities, 292-93, 343, 433 "Computing Machinery and Intelligence" (Tunng), 122 concept manIpulation, 215 Connection Machine, 419 control, Wiener's theory of, 23, 56, 82 Control Data Corporation, 249 Conway, Lynn, 419 Cooper, Robert

Work in the Future The Automation Revolution-Palgrave MacMillan (2019)

by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig  · 15 Mar 2020

Philosopher John Searle. Library of Congress, March 3. Retrieved from https:// blogs.loc.gov/kluge/2015/03/conversation-with-john-searle/ Turing, A. M. (1950). Computing Machinery and Intelligence. Mind, New Series, 59(236), 433–460. 12 Possibilities and Limitations for AI: What Can’t Machines Do? Simon Colton I will talk here about

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity

by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson  · 15 May 2023  · 619pp  · 177,548 words

.’ This is a commonplace that is usually accepted without question. It will be the purpose of this paper to question it.” His seminal 1950 paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” defines one notion of what it means for a machine to be intelligent. Turing imagined an “imitation game” (now called a Turing test) in which

Science Quarterly 48, no. 3 (September): 331‒332. Tunzelmann, G. N. von. 1978. Steam Power and British Industrialization to 1860. Oxford: Clarendon. Turing, Alan. 1950. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind 59, no. 236: 433–460. Turing, Alan. 1951 [2004]. “Intelligent Machinery, a Heretical Theory.” In The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of

What Algorithms Want: Imagination in the Age of Computing

by Ed Finn  · 10 Mar 2017  · 285pp  · 86,853 words

gold medal and $100,000 “for the first computer whose responses [are] indistinguishable from a human’s.” “Home Page of the Loebner Prize.” 51. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 443. 52. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, XXV. 53. Plato, Symposium, 9:211d. 3 House of Cards: The Aesthetics of Abstraction There is no

through Deep Reinforcement Learning.” 2. Reese, “Google DeepMind.” 3. Metz, “Google’s AI Takes Historic Match against Go Champ with Third Straight Win.” 4. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 457. 5. Domingos, The Master Algorithm, 4. 6. Madrigal, “How Netflix Reverse Engineered Hollywood”; Strogatz, “The End of Insight.” 7. Lem, Solaris. 8. Ptolemy, Transcendent

., ed. ISPW ’88: Proceedings of the 4th International Software Process Workshop on Representing and Enacting the Software Process. New York: ACM, 1988. Turing, Alan M. “Computing Machinery and Intelligence.” Mind. New Series 59 (236) (October 1, 1950): 433–460. Turner, Fred. From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise

The Myth of Artificial Intelligence: Why Computers Can't Think the Way We Do

by Erik J. Larson  · 5 Apr 2021

artificial intelligence starts with the ideas of someone who had immense human intelligence: the computer pioneer Alan Turing. In 1950 Turing published a provocative paper, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” about the possibility of intelligent machines.1 The paper was bold, coming at a time when computers were new and unimpressive by today’s standards

turn, therefore, that Turing made from his early work in the 1930s to the more wide-ranging speculation about the possibility of intelligent computers in “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” published a little over a decade later. By 1950, discussion of intuition disappeared from Turing’s writings about the implications of Gödel. His interests turned

, and his great error, was in thinking that human intelligence reduces to problem-solving. Whether or not the ideas about intelligent machines in his 1950 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” became explicit in the war years, it is clear that his experience at Bletchley crystallized his later view of AI, and it is clear that

) the introduction of kitsch into the stream of complicated and difficult issues in life. Chapter 7 SIMPLIFICATIONS AND MYSTERIES Shortly before Turing published his 1950 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” the behavioral psychologist B. F. Skinner published a science fiction novel, Walden Two.1 In it, Skinner has his characters argue that free will is

, he was. But this doesn’t cancel it as an inference. It makes it an important kind. MORE ON TURING In his seminal 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” Turing dismissed questions about machines actually thinking, poking fun at his own title, claiming that “thinking” is hopelessly unscientific and subjective. Talking about computers thinking

a perceptron). Understandably, Turing thought perhaps we could escape Peirce’s and Lovelace’s objections by creating learning machines modeled on the human brain. Reading “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” one gets the impression that learning represented the only real escape from the inherent limitations of machines, and the only real hope for passing the

’t help us make progress in AI. I will explain all this in pages to come. Chapter 1: The Intelligence Error 1. A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950), 433–460. 2. A. M. Turing, “On Computable Numbers, with an Application to the Entscheidungsproblem,” Proceedings of the London

drinks are more likely ad placements, unfortunately. Sarcasm detection is (mostly) easy for people, but outside the realm of current AI. 2. A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 446. 3. This example also highlights contextual usage of the preposition on. We can be on a ship, but

Turing's Cathedral

by George Dyson  · 6 Mar 2012

the Neo-Darwinian Interpretation of Evolution: A Symposium Held at the Wistar Institute, April 25–26, 1966 (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute, 1966), p. 67; Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 456. 52. George Church, West Hollywood, Calif., July 26, 2009, EDGE Foundation, “A Short Course on Synthetic Genomics” (http

to the London Mathematical Society on 20 February 1947,” p. 2. 50. Turing, “Intelligent Machinery,” p. 6. 51. Ibid. 52. Ibid., p. 18. 53. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” p. 456; Turing, “Intelligent Machinery,” p. 17. 54. I. J. Good to Sara Turing, December 9, 1956, AMT; Lyn Newman to Antoinette Esher, June 24

152, no. 3722 (April 29, 1966): 604. 23. Nathaniel Hawthorne, The House of the Seven Gables (Boston: Ticknor, Reed, and Fields, 1851), p. 283; Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” p. 433. 24. Alfvén, The Tale of the Big Computer, p. 116. 25. Ibid., pp. 117–18. 26. Eva Wisten, personal communication, October 25, 2005

The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

by Walter Isaacson  · 6 Oct 2014  · 720pp  · 197,129 words

a sonnet written by a machine will be better appreciated by another machine.”93 The ground was thus laid for Turing’s second seminal work, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” published in the journal Mind in October 1950.94 In it he devised what became known as the Turing Test. He began with a clear

Turing Test and the objections to it remain to this day the most debated topic in cognitive science. For a few years after he wrote “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Turing seemed to enjoy engaging in the fray that he provoked. With wry humor, he poked at the pretensions of those who prattled on about

Center Corporation (C-Cubed), ref1 Computer Quiz, ref1 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, ref1 computers (female calculators), ref1, ref2 Computer Space, ref1, ref2, ref3 “Computing Machinery and Intelligence” (Turing), ref1 Conant, James Bryant, ref1, ref2 condensers, ref1, ref2 conditional branching, ref1 Congregationalist, ref1 Congress, U.S., ref1 Congress of Italian Scientists, ref1 Constitution

Darwin Among the Machines

by George Dyson  · 28 Mar 2012  · 463pp  · 118,936 words

The Age of Spiritual Machines: When Computers Exceed Human Intelligence

by Ray Kurzweil  · 31 Dec 1998  · 696pp  · 143,736 words

Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions

by Temple Grandin, Ph.d.  · 11 Oct 2022

The Book of Why: The New Science of Cause and Effect

by Judea Pearl and Dana Mackenzie  · 1 Mar 2018

The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI

by Ray Kurzweil  · 25 Jun 2024

The Transhumanist Reader

by Max More and Natasha Vita-More  · 4 Mar 2013  · 798pp  · 240,182 words

The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood

by James Gleick  · 1 Mar 2011  · 855pp  · 178,507 words

How the Mind Works

by Steven Pinker  · 1 Jan 1997  · 913pp  · 265,787 words

From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds

by Daniel C. Dennett  · 7 Feb 2017  · 573pp  · 157,767 words

Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks From the Stone Age to AI

by Yuval Noah Harari  · 9 Sep 2024  · 566pp  · 169,013 words

Architects of Intelligence

by Martin Ford  · 16 Nov 2018  · 586pp  · 186,548 words

Darwin's Dangerous Idea: Evolution and the Meanings of Life

by Daniel C. Dennett  · 15 Jan 1995  · 846pp  · 232,630 words

The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language

by Steven Pinker  · 1 Jan 1994  · 661pp  · 187,613 words

Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control

by Stuart Russell  · 7 Oct 2019  · 416pp  · 112,268 words

Robot Rules: Regulating Artificial Intelligence

by Jacob Turner  · 29 Oct 2018  · 688pp  · 147,571 words

The Equality Machine: Harnessing Digital Technology for a Brighter, More Inclusive Future

by Orly Lobel  · 17 Oct 2022  · 370pp  · 112,809 words

MegaThreats: Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future, and How to Survive Them

by Nouriel Roubini  · 17 Oct 2022  · 328pp  · 96,678 words

The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone

by Brian Merchant  · 19 Jun 2017  · 416pp  · 129,308 words

The Extended Phenotype: The Long Reach of the Gene

by Richard Dawkins  · 1 Jan 1982  · 506pp  · 152,049 words

The Knowledge Illusion

by Steven Sloman  · 10 Feb 2017  · 313pp  · 91,098 words

Rule of the Robots: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Everything

by Martin Ford  · 13 Sep 2021  · 288pp  · 86,995 words

In Our Own Image: Savior or Destroyer? The History and Future of Artificial Intelligence

by George Zarkadakis  · 7 Mar 2016  · 405pp  · 117,219 words

The Alignment Problem: Machine Learning and Human Values

by Brian Christian  · 5 Oct 2020  · 625pp  · 167,349 words

Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Writing Science)

by Thierry Bardini  · 1 Dec 2000

Natural language processing with Python

by Steven Bird, Ewan Klein and Edward Loper  · 15 Dec 2009  · 504pp  · 89,238 words

The Science of Language

by Noam Chomsky  · 24 Feb 2012

The Cultural Logic of Computation

by David Golumbia  · 31 Mar 2009  · 268pp  · 109,447 words

I, Warbot: The Dawn of Artificially Intelligent Conflict

by Kenneth Payne  · 16 Jun 2021  · 339pp  · 92,785 words

Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World

by Meredith Broussard  · 19 Apr 2018  · 245pp  · 83,272 words

Rage Inside the Machine: The Prejudice of Algorithms, and How to Stop the Internet Making Bigots of Us All

by Robert Elliott Smith  · 26 Jun 2019  · 370pp  · 107,983 words

When Computers Can Think: The Artificial Intelligence Singularity

by Anthony Berglas, William Black, Samantha Thalind, Max Scratchmann and Michelle Estes  · 28 Feb 2015

The Road to Conscious Machines

by Michael Wooldridge  · 2 Nov 2018  · 346pp  · 97,890 words

Superintelligence: Paths, Dangers, Strategies

by Nick Bostrom  · 3 Jun 2014  · 574pp  · 164,509 words

When Things Start to Think

by Neil A. Gershenfeld  · 15 Feb 1999  · 238pp  · 46 words

Thinking Machines: The Inside Story of Artificial Intelligence and Our Race to Build the Future

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Possible Minds: Twenty-Five Ways of Looking at AI

by John Brockman  · 19 Feb 2019  · 339pp  · 94,769 words

The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age

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AI in Museums: Reflections, Perspectives and Applications

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Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator

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The Man Who Invented the Computer

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Elon Musk

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Einstein's Fridge: How the Difference Between Hot and Cold Explains the Universe

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The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts

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The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined

by Steven Pinker  · 24 Sep 2012  · 1,351pp  · 385,579 words

The Most Human Human: What Talking With Computers Teaches Us About What It Means to Be Alive

by Brian Christian  · 1 Mar 2011  · 370pp  · 94,968 words

Wonderland: How Play Made the Modern World

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Being You: A New Science of Consciousness

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Artificial Intelligence: A Guide for Thinking Humans

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Life at the Speed of Light: From the Double Helix to the Dawn of Digital Life

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The Lights in the Tunnel

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Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era

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The Long History of the Future: Why Tomorrow's Technology Still Isn't Here

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Demystifying Smart Cities

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How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed

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The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity

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Turing's Vision: The Birth of Computer Science

by Chris Bernhardt  · 12 May 2016  · 210pp  · 62,771 words

Advances in Artificial General Intelligence: Concepts, Architectures and Algorithms: Proceedings of the Agi Workshop 2006

by Ben Goertzel and Pei Wang  · 1 Jan 2007  · 303pp  · 67,891 words

Total Recall: How the E-Memory Revolution Will Change Everything

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12 Bytes: How We Got Here. Where We Might Go Next

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Ways of Being: Beyond Human Intelligence

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The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot

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This Is for Everyone: The Captivating Memoir From the Inventor of the World Wide Web

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The Beginning of Infinity: Explanations That Transform the World

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Nine Algorithms That Changed the Future: The Ingenious Ideas That Drive Today's Computers

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Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence

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The Perfect Bet: How Science and Math Are Taking the Luck Out of Gambling

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On Intelligence

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Richard Dawkins: How a Scientist Changed the Way We Think

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Augmented: Life in the Smart Lane

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These Strange New Minds: How AI Learned to Talk and What It Means

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Co-Intelligence: Living and Working With AI

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The Seventh Sense: Power, Fortune, and Survival in the Age of Networks

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The Music of the Primes

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The Age of AI: And Our Human Future

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The Rationalist's Guide to the Galaxy: Superintelligent AI and the Geeks Who Are Trying to Save Humanity's Future

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Smart Machines: IBM's Watson and the Era of Cognitive Computing (Columbia Business School Publishing)

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New Horizons in the Study of Language and Mind

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Messy: The Power of Disorder to Transform Our Lives

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Outnumbered: From Facebook and Google to Fake News and Filter-Bubbles – the Algorithms That Control Our Lives

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Web Scraping With Python: Collecting Data From the Modern Web

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Social Life of Information

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Deep Medicine: How Artificial Intelligence Can Make Healthcare Human Again

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Heart of the Machine: Our Future in a World of Artificial Emotional Intelligence

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