Donald Davies Concepts

The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

by Walter Isaacson · 6 Oct 2014 · 720pp · 197,129 words

in power each year or so. 1966 Stewart Brand hosts Trips Festival with Ken Kesey. Bob Taylor convinces ARPA chief Charles Herzfeld to fund ARPANET. Donald Davies coins the term packet switching. 1967 ARPANET design discussions in Ann Arbor and Gatlinburg. 1968 Larry Roberts sends out request for bids to build the

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at the Pentagon. That is when a young engineer from England, Roger Scantlebury, got up to present a paper describing the research of his boss, Donald Davies of Britain’s National Physical Laboratory. It provided an answer: a method of breaking messages into small units that Davies had dubbed “packets.” Scantlebury added

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and others gathered around Scantlebury to learn more, then moved on to the bar to discuss it late into the night. PACKET SWITCHING: PAUL BARAN, DONALD DAVIES, AND LEONARD KLEINROCK There are many ways of sending data through a network. The simplest, known as circuit switching, is the way a phone system

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to launch a preemptive first strike when tensions mounted. With survivable communications systems, nations would not feel the need to adopt a hair-trigger posture. Donald Davies (1924–2000). Paul Baran (1926–2011). Leonard Kleinrock (1934– ). Vint Cerf (1943– ) and Bob Kahn (1938– ). Baran came up with two key ideas, which he

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he returned to Washington, Roberts unearthed Baran’s reports, dusted them off, and began to read. Roberts also got hold of the papers written by Donald Davies’s group in England, which Scantlebury had summarized in Gatlinburg. Davies was the son of a Welsh coal mine clerk who died a few months

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he has been guilty of from day one.”68 (Countered Kleinrock, “Taylor is disgruntled because he never got the recognition he thought he deserved.”69) Donald Davies, the British researcher who coined the term packet, was a gentle and reticent researcher who never boasted of his accomplishments. People called him humble to

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: “In the early 1960’s, Paul Baran had described some of the properties of data networks in a series of RAND Corporation papers. . . . In 1968 Donald Davies at the National Physical Laboratories in England was beginning to write about packet-switched networks.”73 Likewise, in a 1979 paper describing the development of

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center to serve as the routers, or Interface Message Processors, of the proposed ARPANET. His plan incorporated the packet-switching concept of Paul Baran and Donald Davies, the suggestion for standardized IMPs proposed by Wes Clark, the theoretical insights of J. C. R. Licklider, Les Earnest, and Leonard Kleinrock, and the contributions

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, Mar. 2001; Paul Baran oral history, conducted by David Hochfelder, Oct. 24, 1999, IEEE History Center; Clayton Christensen, The Innovator’s Dilemma (Harper, 1997). 58. Donald Davies, “A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching,” Computer Journal, British Computer Society, 2001; Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 558; author’s interview with Larry

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Roberts; Trevor Harris, “Who Is the Father of the Internet? The Case for Donald Davies,” http://www.academia.edu. 59. Author’s interview with Leonard Kleinrock; Leonard Kleinrock oral history, conducted by John Vardalas, IEEE History Center, Feb. 21, 2004

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first to discuss the performance gains to be had by packet switching.” 68. Author’s interview with Taylor. 69. Author’s interview with Kleinrock. 70. Donald Davies, “A Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching,” Computer Journal, British Computer Society, 2001. 71. Alex McKenzie, “Comments on Dr. Leonard Kleinrock’s Claim

Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet

by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon · 1 Jan 1996 · 352pp · 96,532 words

transmitting information. In the early 1960s, before Larry Roberts had even set to work creating a new computer network, two other researchers, Paul Baran and Donald Davies—completely unknown to each other and working continents apart toward different goals—arrived at virtually the same revolutionary idea for a new kind of communications

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that had been circulated in the American defense community by a man named Paul Baran. Davies had never heard of Baran or his RAND studies. Donald Davies was the son of working-class parents. His father, a clerk at a coal mine in Wales, died the year after Donald and his twin

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may have got there first, but I got the name.” Mapping It Out In December 1966, when Larry Roberts arrived at the Pentagon, he knew Donald Davies from his trip to London the previous year, but didn’t know about Davies’ subsequent work in packet switching. And he had never heard the

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of a network. Roberts’s presentation was generally well received, even greeted enthusiastically by some. Another paper was presented by Roger Scantlebury. It came from Donald Davies’ team at the National Physical Laboratory and discussed the work going on in England. His paper presented a detailed design study for a packet-switched

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transcontinental network of at least nineteen nodes. You could certainly build a network experiment in a single laboratory—if you wanted to. By this time Donald Davies had finally been given the go-ahead and some funding to do just that at the National Physical Laboratory in London, using short lines, each

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have destroyed almost all of the networking community in the U.S. at that point,” observed Kahn. Not to mention the international community, for even Donald Davies, father of the term “packet-switching,” had come over from England to see how this would all work out. “It was just an amazing experience

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had formed an International Network Working Group (INWG), with Vint Cerf in charge. Packet-switching network projects in France and England were producing favorable results. Donald Davies’s work at the U.K.’s National Physical Laboratory was coming along splendidly. In France, a computer scientist named Louis Pouzin was building Cyclades

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based on personal interviews with Baran, as well as various interviews conducted by the Babbage Institute. The description of Donald Davies’s early work on packet-switching is based on interviews and correspondence with Donald Davies, and on Martin Campbell-Kelly’s articles and interviews. Arthur Norberg and Judy O’Neill’s awesome report

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them at length: Wes Clark, Vint Cerf, Bob Kahn, Severo Ornstein, Bob Taylor, Larry Roberts, Jon Postel, Frank Heart, Alex McKenzie, Dave Walden, Ben Barker, Donald Davies, Paul Baran, Len Kleinrock, Steve Lukasik, Steve Crocker, and Bob Metcalfe. Louise Licklider, Bill McGill, John Swets, and Karl Kryter shared their memories of J

Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C

by Bruce Schneier · 10 Nov 1993

is correct. (5) Bob decrypts PA and verifies that it is correct. Alice and Bob see nothing different. However, Mallory knows both PA and PB. Donald Davies and Wyn Price describe how the interlock protocol (described in Section 3.1) can defeat this attack [435]. Steve Bellovin and Michael Merritt discuss ways

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on spectral tests [559]. Others analyzed sequences of linear factors, but their attack failed after eight rounds [1297,336,531]. A 1987 unpublished attack by Donald Davies exploited the way the expansion permutation repeats bits into adjacent S-boxes; this attack is also impractical after eight rounds [172,429]. 12.4 Differential

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dedicated for one purpose cannot accidentally be used for another. This concept of key control vectors is probably the most significant contribution of this system. Donald Davies and William Price discuss this key management protocol in detail [435]. A Variation A variation on this scheme of master and session keys can be

Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks (Cambridge Studies in the Emergence of Global Enterprise)

by Andrew L. Russell · 27 Apr 2014 · 675pp · 141,667 words

, a new method of transmitting data across telephone lines that had been invented independently in the mid-1960s by Paul Baran at RAND Corporation and Donald Davies at Britain’s National Physical Laboratory (NPL). Where traditional circuit-switched telephone networks required a direct, dedicated connection between users, packet-switched networks broke data

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, including two significant projects in France and Great Britain. Louis Pouzin, the computer scientist working for IRIA, was designing a packet-switched network called Cyclades; Donald Davies, the computer scientist at Great Britain’s NPL, had begun his packet-switching experiments in the mid-1960s. Additionally, several PTT national monopolies in Europe

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energized and emboldened the researchers in INWG. They sensed a real opportunity to influence international standards for packet switching because, as the British computer scientist Donald Davies noted to INWG members in late 1972, “almost all the [CCITT] work was, in fact, concerned with circuit switching.”34 As we will see, however

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-Wesley Publishing Company, 1995). 15 Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 7–42; Paul Baran, “On Distributed Communications Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Communications 12 (1964): 1–9; Donald Davies, “An Historical Study of the Beginnings of Packet Switching,” The Computer Journal 44 (2001): 152–162; Lawrence G. Roberts, “The Evolution of Packet Switching,” Proceedings

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/Book/6/6.0-Overview.html (accessed September 25, 2013). 33 Hubert Zimmermann, interview by James Pelkey, May 25, 1988, courtesy of James Pelkey. 34 Donald Davies, “CCITT Documents – APV No. 21, 22, 23, 24,” December 1972, INWG 11, McKenzie Collection. 35 Rémi Déspres, oral history interview by Valérie Schafer, May 16

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Packet Network Intercommunication,” IEEE Transactions on Communications Com-22 (1974): 637–648. 37 Dave McLimont, “A CCITT Thinkpiece,” January 15, 1974, INWG 45, McKenzie Collection; Donald Davies, “CCITT Contribution by IFIP WG6.1,” August 1974, INWG 69, McKenzie Collection. 38 Vint Cerf, “INWG Meeting in Stockholm, August 10–11, 1974,” April 1

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competitive computer manufacturing industry that did not feature one national champion. As a result, packet-switching experiments flourished under the leadership of Derek Barber and Donald Davies in the prestigious National Physical Laboratory, and a variety of small companies scrambled to meet customer demand for time-sharing and other computer network products

Engineering Security

by Peter Gutmann

Computer and Communications Security (CCS 2000), November 2000, p.9. “Security for Computer Networks : An Introduction to Data Security in Teleprocessing and Electronic Funds Transfer”, Donald Davies and W.Price, John Wiley and Sons, 1984. “Beyond Identity: Warranty-Based Digital Signature Transactions”, Yair Frankel, David Kravitz, Charles Montgomery and Moti Yung, Proceedings

The Rise and Fall of the British Nation: A Twentieth-Century History

by David Edgerton · 27 Jun 2018

in Hong Kong and the United Kingdom, devised the fibre-optic cable, for which he much later won a Nobel Prize. Also in the 1960s Donald Davies of the National Physical Laboratory developed packet-switching, a key element of the internet. Sir Geoffrey Houndsfield of EMI developed the CT-scanner, introduced in

The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal

by M. Mitchell Waldrop · 14 Apr 2001

that had gone before. Except that shortly thereafter, an Englishman named Roger Scantlebury got up to give a paper on a system being developed by Donald Davies's telecommu- nications research group at the National Physical Laboratory (NPL) in Tedding- ton, outside London-and proceeded to describe essentially the same idea: packets

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. What the. . . ? The story, as Scantlebury would explain it to the disconcerted Roberts later that day, was both ironic and sad. The irony was that Donald Davies had got- ten his original inspiration when he was hosting a conference on time-sharing back in late 1965 and fell into an impromptu discussion

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at that point, the entire effort could eas- ily have been stopped right there, leaving Larry Roberts just as thoroughly stymied by the bureaucracy as Donald Davies and Paul Baran had been before him. And yet somehow it didn't happen. ARPA's computing program continued to lead its charmed life, rather

Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Writing Science)

by Thierry Bardini · 1 Dec 2000

et al. (1964), Roberts (1988,144). 5. Roberts reported that "some of the [RAND] reports were classified as not In the public domaIn. Therefore, neither Donald Davies nor I had seen anything of the work until we were deep into the design of our respective systems. The RAND work was very detailed

Darwin Among the Machines

by George Dyson · 28 Mar 2012 · 463pp · 118,936 words

-electronic world-wide communications system,” he wrote in 1964.54 Baran christened his technique “adaptive message block switching,” abbreviated to “packet switching” in 1966 by Donald Davies, working independently at the U.K. National Physical Laboratory. The first order of business was to take all forms of communicable information—text, data, graphics

Adriatic: A Concert of Civilizations at the End of the Modern Age

by Robert D. Kaplan · 11 Apr 2022 · 500pp · 115,119 words

on an inner journey whose terminus I cannot yet foresee. Skip Notes *1 Stokes’s book is in style and themes replete with Poundian spirit. Donald Davie, Ezra Pound: Poet as Sculptor (Oxford: Oxford University Press, [1964] 1968), pp. 127–31 and 155–56. *2 Some chroniclers believed that it was only