Edward Lloyd's coffeehouse Concepts

Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol

by Iain Gately · 30 Jun 2008 · 686pp · 201,972 words

and as unfruitful, as the Deserts of Africk.” Despite the grave threat posed by coffee to the sex lives of English men and women, new coffeehouses kept appearing. From 1663 onward, the sale of coffee was regulated for the first time, alongside that of other new beverages, viz., tea, chocolate, and

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sherbet, and coffeehouses were licensed in a similar manner to alehouses. By modern standards the Java that they served was filthy stuff. Its active ingredient had spent months

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take the next fit seat that he can find: Nor need any, if Finer Persons come, Rise up for to assigne to them his Room. Coffeehouses tended to specialize in different sorts of clientele. While some drew clergymen, others attracted scientists, artists, or lawyers. Each was like a little court, where

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,” as coffee cost a penny a cup 18 and newspapers and debate came free of charge. Groups of businessmen with similar interests gathered at specific coffeehouses to transact their affairs. Indeed, some such in the City of London quickly became the foci of both the domestic capital markets and international trade

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. From 1697 onward, most of the business of the London Stocks Exchange was carried out in a pair of coffeehouses—Jonathan’s and Garraway’s. London’s shipowners, meanwhile, met at Lloyd’s Coffee House, whose proprietor published a daily paper listing news of interest to the shipping world, held auctions of prize

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to play the goodfellows [with] this wakeful and civil drink.” 12 RUM Sugar and slave trading were among the principal topics of conversation at Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House in London. Europeans had been found to have an insatiable appetite for the former substance, whose manufacture relied upon cheap labor supplied by the latter

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Gilbert had 218 gallons of rum, 319 of wine, and 982 of cider in his Boston tavern; and in 1725, Thomas Selby of the Crown Coffee House had nearly 700 gallons of rum and more than 6,000 gallons of wine to hand, which equated to almost a half gallon of wine

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. 139 “a simple innocent thing”: The Social Life of Coffee: The Emergence of the British Coffeehouse, Brian Cowan, Yale University Press, New Haven, 2005, p. 95. 140 “thick as puddle water”: “A Character of Coffee and Coffee Houses” 1661, London, electronic edition prepared and edited by Emily Clark. 140 “First, Gentry, Tradesmen, all

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, David Lewis, Dioclesian Lewis and Clark expedition Lexington Gazette Liberty Ale Liberty Bowl Lightner, Candy Lincoln, Abraham Lindisfame Little Ice Age Livesey, Joseph Lloyd’s Coffee House Locke, John London, England London, Jack London Company of Distillers London Stock Exchange Longfellow, Henry Longworth, Nicholas Los Angeles, California Los ías de Muertos Lost

How the City Really Works: The Definitive Guide to Money and Investing in London's Square Mile

by Alexander Davidson · 1 Apr 2008 · 368pp · 32,950 words

). Lloyd’s is a specialist insurance market, and business comes into it from more than 200 countries and territories worldwide. It started as Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House, a 17th-century coffee house where timely shipping news was made available and marine insurance could be obtained. Shipping and insurance were closely connected, and ship owners would

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percentage of risk they would bear in return for a pro rata cut of the premium. In 1769, the shipping insurance community moved to another coffee house, separating itself from other business, and kept the Lloyd’s name. In _____________________________ INSURANCE: LLOYD’S OF LONDON 247  1811, Lloyd’s gained a constitution, regulating

Other People's Money: Masters of the Universe or Servants of the People?

by John Kay · 2 Sep 2015 · 478pp · 126,416 words

turned insurance company boss, offered an entertaining account of the development of the global insurance market in the eighteenth century. He explained how, in Edward Lloyd’s coffee house in London, leisured English gentlemen gathered to gamble on the fate of ships at sea. The value of these positions ebbed and flowed with the

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– designed by Richard Rogers and perhaps the most striking of all City of London office buildings – is barely a hundred yards from the place where Edward Lloyd’s customers first smelt the coffee. And Lloyd’s is still the principal global location for marine insurance. In the twentieth century both Lloyd’s

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losses. Munich Re and Swiss Re were financial behemoths, pooling risks globally and maintaining large capital reserves to meet future losses. At Lloyd’s the coffee-house tradition continued with business conducted in ‘the Room’. The Lutine Bell at its centre reflected the maritime history. (The bell had been salvaged from a

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families; because uncontrolled gambling will increase society’s exposure to risk. And so it is with wagering in financial markets. The occupants of Lloyd’s coffee house did not just gamble on tides and ships. In a manner that anticipated the future extension of the scope of derivatives securities they would gamble

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its interpretation for transactions based on differences in preferences and capabilities. Policymakers thought traders were in an alpine village when they were in Lloyd’s coffee house. Credit-scoring and carefully formulated accounting rules are valuable tools for financial intermediaries. The ability to compile, access and analyse large databases can, if properly

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G8 and G20 economic summits 220 Galbraith, J.K. 127, 201 Galton, Francis xi gambling 130–31, 289 close regulation of 71, 72 Lloyd’s coffee house 71–2 lottery 65, 66, 68, 72 Gates, Bill 174, 268 Gaussian copula 22 GEC 48, 51 GEICO 107 Geithner, Timothy 57–8, 73, 75

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92 supplying or reducing 244 ticket touts 94–5 Litton Industries 45 Lloyd, Edward 61, 62 Lloyds Bank 24, 38, 138, 139, 268 Lloyd’s coffee house, London 61, 62, 71, 87, 258 Lloyd’s of London and Equitas 107 Lloyd’s building 62 Lutine Bell 62 ‘names’ 62, 63, 100 ‘the

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, 103, 131, 255 Volcker, Paul 150, 181 Volcker Rule 194 voluntary agencies 258 W wagers and credit default swaps 119 defined 61 at Lloyd’s coffee house 71–2 lottery tickets 65 Wall Street, New York 1, 16, 312n2 careers in 15 rivalry with London 13 staffing of 217 Wall Street Crash

I Never Knew That About London

by Christopher Winn · 3 Oct 2007 · 395pp · 94,764 words

of rest of the building. Lloyd’s of London is the world’s leading insurance market. It all began in 1688 in a coffee-house in Tower Street, run by Edward Lloyd and frequented by sailors, merchants and shipowners who would exchange information about their ships and cargoes and arrange insurance. Individuals would each

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a premium and write their names on the policy, one under the other. Hence they were known as ‘underwriters’. A few years later, around 1696, Edward Lloyd began to publish a news sheet containing all the shipping information he had gathered. Called Lloyd’s News, this was the forerunner of Lloyd’s

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’s Hospital. He made much of his fortune by selling out of South Sea Stock before it collapsed in the South Sea Bubble of 1720. Coffee-Houses The First Information Superhighway BETWEEN CORNHILL AND Lombard Street there is a maze of narrow passageways and alleys created so that messengers could flit to

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fro between all the different businesses that were based around here. And they were also home in the 17th and 18th centuries to dozens of coffee-houses and taverns where merchants, bankers and traders would meet to exchange news and ideas. This area was the original ‘information superhighway’. Many of London’s

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and the world’s great institutions originated in the coffee-houses of these alleyways: institutions such as Lloyd’s of London, the Baltic Exchange and the Stock Exchange. Today the alleys are dark, featureless and rather

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the white tile walls tell something of the momentous events and ideas that went out from here to challenge and change the world. THE FIRST COFFEE-HOUSE IN LONDON was PASQUA ROSEE’S, opened in 1652 by Christopher Bowman and his Levantine partner Pasqua Rosee in St Michael’s Alley at the

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east end of Cornhill. It was burned down in the Great Fire and replaced by the Jamaica Coffee-House, now the Jamaica Wine House. In Castle Court is the GEORGE AND VULTURE, several times rebuilt on the site of a tavern first recorded here

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century the George and Vulture was a favourite haunt of the notorious Hellfire Club, led by Sir Francis Dashwood. In COWPER’S COURT the JERUSALEM COFFEE-HOUSE for a while rivalled Lloyd’s as a meeting place for those in the business of shipping. Employees from the East India Company, whose headquarters

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were nearby in Leadenhall Street, met here so often that it became known as the Jerusalem and East India coffee-house. The writer Charles Lamb (1775–1834), the philosopher and economist John Stuart Mill (1806–73) and the novelist Thomas Love Peacock (1785–1866) all worked

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building now stands. CHANGE ALLEY, which took its original name, Exchange Alley, from its position close to the Royal Exchange, was home to GARRAWAY’S coffee-house, opened in 1669 by THOMAS GARRAWAY, THE FIRST MAN TO IMPORT TEA INTO BRITAIN. A few years later JONATHAN’S

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COFFEE-HOUSE opened up in Change Alley and became a favourite meeting-place for the stock dealers who had been expelled from the Royal Exchange for rowdiness.

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abolished slavery throughout the British Empire. William Wilberforce declared his inspiration to be the sermons John Newton gave from the pulpit of St Mary Woolnoth. Edward Lloyd, whose coffee-house in Lombard Street was the origin of Lloyd’s of London insurance market, was buried here in 1713. In the west gallery is a

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Mills and Martin’s banks have all had their head offices in Lombard Street, which is still regarded as the banking centre of Britain. Edward Lloyd moved his coffee-house here from Tower Street in 1692. The poet ALEXANDER POPE was born in Plough Court, off Lombard Street, in 1688. 30 ST MARY AXE

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descended by marriage to the Berry and Rudd families who still own and operate it today. In the 18th century the store supplied the fashionable coffee-houses that were springing up in the area and started a tradition of weighing customers on giant coffee scales. They have records of the weights of

City: A Guidebook for the Urban Age

by P. D. Smith · 19 Jun 2012

; burned down 1818) was the first of its kind in New York, with seventy-three rooms on five floors. In Boston, the seven-storey Exchange Coffee House (1806–9, Asher Benjamin), which also housed the city’s merchant exchange, had a striking architectural feature which would become common in later hotels, including

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domed rotunda with balconies running around the inside. With its seventy-foot dining room and grand ballroom reached by a splendid curving staircase, the Exchange Coffee House was clearly a hotel and not an inn. Also in Boston, Tremont House (1827–30; demolished 1894), designed by the pioneering hotel architect Isaiah Rogers

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, Thailand. 5 Getting Around Walking On an autumn afternoon in London during the 1830s, a man sat alone in the large bow window of a coffee house, idly reading a newspaper and smoking a cigar. Bored with the printed news, he glanced first at the other occupants of the room and then

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out of the window. The coffee house was on one of London’s busiest streets. People had been hurrying past all afternoon and now, as the working day drew to a close

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the Duc d’Orléans had turned the gardens and arcades of the neo-classical Palais Royal into a public space full of shops, restaurants and coffee houses. It became popular both for shopping and as a promenade, a dynamic and fashionable space, one of those essentially urban focal points that emerge almost

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tunnels. One flusher said: ‘We couldn’t even access the sewer as it was blocked by a four-foot wall of solid fat.’35 Coffee Houses The coffee house has been part of city life in Western Europe for some 350 years. Coffee originated in Ethiopia, and it was first tasted by Europeans in

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of) in little China dishes, as hot as they can suffer it: blacke as soote, and tasting not much unlike it.’34 Constantinople’s first coffee house dated from 1554 and along with others quickly became a central part of Turkish Ottoman society, places where men gathered to talk, to listen to

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music and to play chess. Christendom’s first coffee house opened in London in about 1652. Located in St Michael’s Alley, just off Cornhill, near the Royal Exchange, it was little more than a

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Rosee, from the city of Smyrna in the Ottoman Empire. It proved such a success with the merchants and traders of the area that other coffee houses soon opened. By the 1670s, Paris had its first café, as did Venice by 1683, and Vienna a couple of years later. At the beginning

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of the eighteenth century, London had at least five hundred coffee houses. As in Constantinople, coffee houses became important spaces for socialising. Class distinctions were left in the street, as in a coffee house you took the first free seat (there were no reservations). Coffee houses were like today’s Facebook or Twitter: they were places to

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or news, places for networking and debate. Located as many of them were in the commercial heart of London, coffee houses played an important role as places where financial information was exchanged. Edward Lloyd’s coffee house in Lombard Street became the centre of the London shipping world after its owner began collecting and publishing details

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to this day, and out of this informal gathering of shipowners and insurers Lloyd’s of London insurance market was born. Café Dobner, a Viennese coffee house popular with writers and artists, c. 1900. By 1900, continental cities such as Budapest had several hundred cafés. Cafés were at the heart of the

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as Traveler: George Sandys’s Relation of a Journey begun An. Dom. 1610 (Rutherford: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press, 1986), 18, cited from Markman Ellis, The Coffee House: A Cultural History (London: Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 2004), 8. 35. Laura Roberts, ‘Fat cleared from London sewers will fill nine double-decker buses’, Daily Telegraph (13

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: Penguin, 1975) Cruickshank, Dan, The Secret History of Georgian London: How the Wages of Sin Shaped the Capital (London: Random House, 2009) Ellis, Markman, The Coffee House: A Cultural History (London: Weidenfield & Nicolson, 2004) Girouard, Mark, Cities and People: A Social and Architectural History (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1985) Hall, Peter

The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World

by Niall Ferguson · 13 Nov 2007 · 471pp · 124,585 words

Fourteen years later Nicholas Barbon established the first fire insurance company. At around the same time, a specialized marine insurance market began to coalesce in Edward Lloyd’s coffee house in London’s Tower Street (later in Lombard Street). Between the 1730s and the 1760s, the practice of exchanging information at Lloyd’s became

Empty Vessel: The Story of the Global Economy in One Barge

by Ian Kumekawa · 6 May 2025 · 422pp · 112,638 words

on—in the seventeenth century—spreading around the risk of such ventures happened fairly informally. In London, investors, merchants, and sailors would meet at Edward Lloyd’s Coffee House in the heart of what is now the city’s financial district to swap news, secure funding, and negotiate insurance.[55] In 1760, a group

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Norske Veritas in LiG, F2A:375. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 54 Charles Ernest Fayle, A History of Lloyd’s from the Founding of Lloyd’s Coffee House to the Present Day (London: Macmillan, 1928). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 55 Frederick Martin, The History of Lloyd’s and of Marine Insurance in Great

A History of the World in 6 Glasses

by Tom Standage · 1 Jan 2005 · 231pp · 72,656 words

drinks, and became centers of commercial, political, and intellectual exchange. Coffee promoted clarity of thought, making it the ideal drink for scientists, businessmen, and philosophers. Coffeehouse discussions led to the establishment of scientific societies, the founding of newspapers, the establishment of financial institutions, and provided fertile ground for revolutionary thought, particularly

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was actually being broken, so attempts to ban coffee ultimately failed. By the early seventeenth century, visiting Europeans were commenting on the widespread popularity of coffeehouses in the Arab world, and their role as meeting places and sources of news. William Biddulph, an English traveler, noted in 1609 that "their

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coffee, the drink's opponents included medical men who believed the new drink was poisonous and commentators who, echoing Arab critics of coffee, worried that coffeehouses encouraged time-wasting and trivial discussion at the expense of more important activities. Others simply objected to the taste of coffee, which was disparaged as

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the debate, with such titles as A Coffee Scuffle (1662), A Broadside Against Coffee (1672), In Defence of Coffee (1674), and Coffee Houses Vindicated (1675). One notable attack on London's coffeehouses came from a group of women, who published The Women's Petition Against Coffee, representing to public consideration the grand inconveniences

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their suitability for hatching plots. Charles was particularly aware of this, since coffeehouse machinations had played a small part in his own accession to the throne. On December 29, 1675, the king issued a "Proclamation for the suppression of Coffee-houses," declaring that since such establishments "have produced very evil and dangerous effects

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the Peace and Quiet of the Realm; His Majesty hath thought it fit and necessary, That the said Coffee-Houses be (for the future) Put down and Suppressed." The result was a public outcry, for coffeehouses had by this time become central to social, commercial, and political life in London. When it became

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exchange. 8 The Coffeehouse Internet You that delight in Wit and Mirth, and long to hear such News, As comes from all parts of the Earth, Dutch, Danes, and Turksand Jews, I'le send you a Rendezvous, where it is smoaking new: Go hear it at a Coffee-house—it cannot but be

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. . . There's nothing done in all the World, From Monarch to the Mouse, But every Day or Night 'tis hurl'd into the Coffee-house. —from "News from the Coffee-House" by Thomas Jordan (1667) A Coffee-Powered Network WHEN A SEVENTEENTH-CENTURY European businessman wanted to hear the latest business news, follow commodity

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he could read the latest pamphlets and newsletters, chat with other patrons, strike business deals, or take part in literary or political discussions. Europe's coffeehouses functioned as information exchanges for scientists, businessmen, writers, and politicians. Like modern Web sites, they were vibrant and often unreliable sources of information, typically specializing

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topic or political viewpoint. They became the natural outlets for a stream of newsletters, pamphlets, advertising free-sheets, and broadsides. One contemporary observer noted: "The Coffee-houses particularly are very commodious for a free Conversation, and for reading at an easie Rate all manner of printed News, the Votes of Parliament when

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London magazine founded in 1709, used the names of coffeehouses as subject headings for its articles. Its first issue declared: "All accounts of Gallantry, Pleasure, and Entertainment shall be under the Article of White's Chocolate-house; Poetry, under that of Will's Coffee-house; Learning, under the title of Grecian; Foreign and

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Domestick News, you will have from St. James's Coffee-house." Richard Steele, the Tatler's editor, gave its postal address as the Grecian coffeehouse, the preferred haunt of the scientific community. This was another

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coffeehouse innovation: After the establishment of the London penny post in 1680, it became a

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a mailing address. Regulars at a particular coffeehouse could pop in once or twice a day, drink a dish of coffee, hear the latest news, and check to see if there was any new mail waiting for them. "Foreigners remarked that the coffee-house was that which especially distinguished London from all

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his History of England. "The coffee-house was the Londoner's home, and that those who wished to find a gentleman commonly asked, not whether he lived in Fleet Street or Chancery Lane, but whether he frequented the Grecian or the Rainbow." Some people frequented multiple coffeehouses, the choice of which depended on

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that, between 1680 and 1730, consumed more coffee than anywhere else on Earth. The diaries of intellectuals of the time are littered with coffeehouse references: "Thence to the coffee-house" appears frequently in the celebrated diary of Samuel Pepys, an English public official. His entry for January 11, 1664, gives a flavor of

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the cosmopolitan, serendipitous atmosphere that prevailed within the coffeehouses of the period, where matters both profound and trivial were discussed, and you never knew

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who you might meet, or what you might hear: "Thence to the Coffee-house, whither comes Sir W. Petty and Captain Grant, and we fell

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the prodigious height of palm trees; and "the extreme deliciousness of the queen pine apple," then a new and exotic fruit from the West Indies. Coffeehouses were centers of self-education, literary and philosophical speculation, commercial innovation, and, in some cases, political fermentation. But above all they were clearinghouses for news

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decline, and few or none follow it now in the university?" he asked. "Answer: Because of coffee-houses, where they spend all their time." But coffee's opponents could not have been more wrong, for coffeehouses became popular venues for academic discussion, particularly among those who took an interest in the progress of

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recorded in his diary that he demonstrated an improved form of astronomical quadrant at the Royal Society, and repeated his demonstration afterward at Garraway's coffeehouse, where he discussed it with John Flamsteed, an astronomer appointed by Charles II as the first astronomer royal the following year. In contrast with

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the formal atmosphere of the society's meetings, coffeehouses provided a more relaxed atmosphere which encouraged discussion, speculation, and exchange of ideas. Hooke's diary gives examples of how information could be exchanged in

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spring scales. . . . He told me his mechanick rope scale." On another occasion Hooke exchanged recipes for medical remedies with a friend at St. Dunstan's coffeehouse. Such discussions also allowed scientists to try out half-formed theories and ideas. Hooke, however, had a reputation for being boastful, argumentative, and overstating his

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however, and this prize went unclaimed. A few months later Halley went to Cambridge, where he visited another scientific colleague, Isaac Newton. Recalling his heated coffeehouse discussion with Wren and Hooke, Halley asked Newton the same question: Would an inverse-square law of gravity give rise to elliptical orbits? Like Hooke

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an idea in a coffeehouse and proving its correctness; Hooke had not published his ideas or formally presented them to the society; and he had a reputation for claiming to have thought of everything before anyone else (though, in many cases, he actually had). "Being adjourned to the coffee-house," Halley wrote to

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Despite Hooke's protestations, the coffeehouse had given its verdict, which still stands today. Toward the end of the seventeenth century, the dissemination of scientific knowledge through London's coffeehouses took on a new, more structured form. A series of lectures on mathematics was given at the Marine Coffee House, near St. Paul's

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, starting in 1698, after which coffeehouses became popular venues for lectures of increasing complexity. Equipped with the latest microscopes, telescopes, prisms, and pumps, James Hodgson, a former assistant of

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in astronomy and microscopy. Hodgson also gave private lessons and published a book about navigation. Similarly, the Swan Coffee-House in Threadneedle Street was the venue for lectures on mathematics and astronomy, while another coffeehouse, in Southwark, was owned by a family who taught mathematics, published books on navigation, and sold scientific instruments

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. Special lectures on astronomy were organized at both Button's coffeehouse and the Marine to coincide with an eclipse of the sun. These lectures served both commercial and scientific interests. Seamen and merchants realized that science

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scheme that collapsed in September 1720, ruining thousands of investors, was played out in coffeehouses such as Garraway's. But among the successful examples, the best known began in the coffeehouse opened in London in the late 1680s by Edward Lloyd. It became a meeting place for ship captains, shipowners, and merchants, who went

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the exchange. In protest, the stockbrokers abandoned the exchange and moved into the coffeehouses in the surrounding streets, and one in particular: Jonathan's, in Exchange Alley. One broker's advertisement from 1695 reads: "John Castaing at Jonathan's Coffee House on Exchange, buys and sells all Blank and Benefit Tickets; and all

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other Stocks and Shares." As the volume of trade grew, the drawbacks of the informal nature of coffeehouse trading became apparent. Brokers who defaulted on payment were prevented from

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today as the Financial Revolution. The need to fund expensive colonial wars made it necessary, and the fertile intellectual environment and speculative spirit of the coffeehouses made it possible. The financial equivalent of the Principia was The Wealth of Nations, written by the Scottish economist Adam Smith. It described and championed

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wrote much of his book in the British Coffee House, his base and postal address in London, and a popular meeting place for Scottish intellectuals, among whom he circulated chapters of his book for criticism and comment. So it was that London's coffeehouses were the crucibles of the scientific and financial

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he was "not yet convinced that any Access to men in Power gives a man more Truth or Light than the Politicks of a Coffee House." Miles's coffeehouse was the meeting place of a regular discussion group, founded in 1659 and known as the "Amateur Parliament." Pepys observed that its debates were

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, while the Cafe des Aveugles doubled as a brothel. Unlike the salons frequented by the aristocracy, the French coffeehouses were open to all, even to women. According to one eighteenth-century account, "The coffee-houses are visited by respectable persons of both sexes: we see among them many various types: men-about-town

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drinkers, gamesters, parasites, adventurers in the field of love or industry, young men of letters—in a word, an unending series of persons." Within a coffeehouse, the egalitarian society to which Enlightenment thinkers aspired might, on the surface, appear to have been brought to life. But the circulation of information in

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French coffeehouses, in both spoken and written form, was subject to strict government oversight. With tight curbs on freedom of the press and a bureaucratic system of

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a worse king; that the court and the ministers make the king do shameful things, which utterly disgust his people," reads another, from 1749. French coffeehouses highlighted the paradox that despite the intellectual advances of the Enlightenment, progress in the social and political spheres had been hindered by the dead hand

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meetings, it is still the drink that facilitates exchange and cooperation without the risk of the loss of self-control associated with alcohol. The original coffeehouse culture is echoed perhaps best in Internet cafes and wireless-Internet hot spots that facilitate the caffeine-fueled exchange of information, and in coffee-shop

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were increasingly difficult to distinguish from taverns. As the writer Daniel Defoe remarked, such establishments "are but ale houses, only they think that the name coffee-house gives a better air." For the poor, tea gradually became an affordable luxury and then a necessity; tricks such as stretching a small quantity of

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of Calculation"; Stewart, The Rise of Public Science; Ellis, The Penny Universities; Inwood, The Man Who Knew Too Much; Jacob, Coffee; and Waller, 1700. For coffeehouses in prerevolutionary Paris, see Darnton, "An Early Information Society"; Kors, ed., The Encyclopedia of the Enlightenment; and Weinberg and Bealer, The World of Caffeine. 9

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Germs and Steel. London: Jonathan Cape, 1997. Dunkling, Leslie. The Guinness Drinking Companion. Middlesex: Guinness, 1982. Ellis, Aytoun. The Penny Universities: A History of the Coffee-houses. London: Seeker & Warburg, 1956. Ellison, Rosemary. "Diet in Mesopotamia: The Evidence of the Barley Ration Texts (c. 3000-1400 BQ." Iraq 43 (1981): 35-45

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(December 1950). Hassan, Ahmad Y. al-, and Donald R. Hill. Islamic Technology: An Illustrated History. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1986. Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1985. Hawkes, Jacquetta. The First Great Civilizations: Life in

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of Drinking. Oxford: Social Issues Research Centre, 2000. Sommerville, C. John. "Surfing the Coffeehouse." History Today 47, no. 6 (June 1997): 8-10. Stewart, Larry. "Other Centres of Calculation, or, Where the Royal Society Didn't Count: Commerce, Coffee-houses and Natural Philosophy in Early Modern London." British Journal for the History of

Uncommon Grounds: The History of Coffee and How It Transformed Our World

by Mark Pendergrast · 2 Jan 2000 · 564pp · 153,720 words

of Age Robusta or Bust Between Cancer and Capricorn Chapter 9 - Selling an Image in the Jazz Age Prohibition and the Roaring Twenties The Coffeehouse Resurgence Eight O’Clock Rocks and Jewel Shines The West Coast Brands Move East The Decline of Arbuckles’ The Corporate Monsters Swallow Coffee The Great

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Coup in Guatemala Suicide in Brazil Chapter 14 - Robusta Triumphant Out of Africa Hot Coffee, Cold War Regular Robusta The Chock-Full Miracle The Coffeehouse: A Saving Grace London Espresso European Coffee in the Fifties Japan Discovers Coffee Googie Coffee In Denial Scared into Agreement Stumbling Toward Ratification Boomer Bust

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his break, the gossip starter in middle-class kitchens, the romantic binder for wooing couples, and the sole, bitter companion of the lost soul. Coffeehouses have provided places to plan revolutions, write poetry, do business, and meet friends. The drink became such an intrinsic part of Western culture that it

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in tropical areas, sometimes with devastating environmental results. It promoted the enslavement and persecution of indigenous peoples and Africans. It sobered European workers, while coffeehouses provided a social venue that spawned new art and business enterprises as well as revolutions. Along with other commodities, it gave birth to international trade

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excessive state of brain-excitation which becomes manifest by a remarkable loquaciousness sometimes accompanied by accelerated association of ideas. It may also be observed in coffee house politicians who drink cup after cup . . . and by this abuse are inspired to profound wisdom on all earthly events. —Lewis Lewin, Phantastica: Narcotic and

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in irregular and criminally unorthodox sexual situations.” When Khair-Beg, the young governor of Mecca, discovered that satirical verses about him were emanating from the coffeehouses, he determined that coffee, like wine, must be outlawed by the Koran, and he induced his religious, legal, and medical advisers to agree. Thus,

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coffee during the course of the 1500s. The Grand Vizier Kuprili of Constantinople, for example, fearing sedition during a war, closed the city’s coffeehouses. Anyone caught drinking coffee was soundly cudgeled. Offenders found imbibing a second time were sewn into leather bags and thrown into the Bosporus. Even so

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of course; yet there is more to it. Coffee provided an intellectual stimulant, a pleasant way to feel increased energy without any apparent ill effects. Coffeehouses allowed people to get together for conversation, entertainment, and business, inspiring agreements, poetry, and irreverence in equal measure. So important did the brew become

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drink. By the 1650s coffee was sold on Italian streets by aquacedratajo, or lemonade vendors, who dispensed chocolate and liquor as well. Venice’s first coffeehouse opened in 1683. Named for the drink it served, the caffè (spelled café elsewhere in Europe) quickly became synonymous with relaxed companionship, animated conversation,

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and tasty food. Surprisingly, given their subsequent enthusiasm for coffee, the French lagged behind the Italians and British in adopting the coffeehouse. In 1669 a new Turkish ambassador, Soliman Aga, introduced coffee at his sumptuous Parisian parties, inspiring a craze for all things Turkish. Male guests,

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. It wasn’t until 1689 when François Procope, an Italian immigrant, opened his Café de Procope directly opposite the Comédie Française that the famous French coffeehouse took root. Soon French actors, authors, dramatists, and musicians were meeting there for coffee and literary conversations. In the next century the café attracted

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modified human temperament.” Certainly coffee lessened the intake of alcohol, while the cafés provided a wonderful intellectual stew that ultimately spawned the French Revolution. The coffeehouses of continental Europe were egalitarian meeting places where, as the food writer Margaret Visser notes, “men and women could, without impropriety, consort as they

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big dollop of milk.2 Within a few decades, coffee practically fueled the intellectual life of the city. “The city of Vienna is filled with coffee houses,” wrote a visitor early in the 1700s, “where the novelists or those who busy themselves with newspapers delight to meet.” Unlike rowdy beer halls,

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could purchase a cup of coffee and sit for hours listening to extraordinary conversations—or, as a 1657 newspaper advertisement put it, “PUBLICK INTERCOURSE.” Each coffeehouse specialized in a different type of clientele. In one, physicians could be consulted. Others served Protestants, Puritans, Catholics, Jews, literati, merchants, traders, fops, Whigs,

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Tories, army officers, actors, lawyers, clergy, or wits. The coffeehouses provided England’s first egalitarian meeting place, where a man was expected to chat with his tablemates whether he knew them or not. Edward Lloyd’s establishment catered primarily to seafarers and merchants, and he regularly prepared “ships’ lists

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” for underwriters who met there to offer insurance. Thus began Lloyd’s of London, the famous insurance company. Other coffeehouses spawned the Stock Exchange, the Bankers’ Clearing-house

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day involved spending the morning in a tavern “till every one of them is as Drunk as a Drum, and then back again to the Coffee-house to drink themselves sober.” Then they were off to the tavern again, only to “stagger back to Soberize themselves with Coffee.” In response, the

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Ejaculation more full, adds a spiritualescency to the Sperme.” On December 29, 1675, King Charles II issued A Proclamation for the Suppression of Coffee Houses. In it he banned coffeehouses as of January 10, 1676, since they had become “the great resort of Idle and disaffected persons” where tradesmen neglected their affairs.

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men rejoiced, assuming that their beverage would replace booze as the preferred pick-me-up on social occasions. “I believe there are great possibilities in coffeehouses succeeding the saloon as a community center,” one roaster said. Coffee consumption did climb slowly throughout the 1920s. “Prohibition has created a situation favorable

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to increased consumption of coffee,” wrote William Ukers in the Tea & Coffee Trade Journal. “While the coffeehouse idea has not expanded as rapidly as some anticipated, nevertheless coffee cafes and lunch counters have supplanted hundreds of saloons.”42 Changing eating habits also

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early 1940s, the vast Arbuckle fortune had disappeared. When the Depression hit, fewer carefree lovers sought the Italian atmosphere at Alice Foote MacDougall’s elaborate coffeehouses. In 1930 she relinquished active control, and two years later the chain went into receivership, dragged down by the million-dollar lease. MacDougall, then

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was that it hid all manner of inferior beans; in fact, cheap robusta blends made a richer crema. In sidewalk cafés, fine restaurants, smoky subterranean coffeehouses, dining rooms, and kitchens, Continentals enjoyed their coffee—either black or with varying amounts of milk, whipped cream, spices, sugar, or alcohol. From Vienna

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allowed to vote. In the 1920s, Alice Foote MacDougall was inspired by a trip to Italy and replicated Italian decor in her elaborate New York coffeehouses. In this 1934 cartoon ad (only one panel shown here), Chase & Sanborn provides alarming evidence that wife-battering was apparently acceptable, understandable behavior during

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the troubles inherited wealth caused. “My children won’t be badly off,” he said, “but I’m not going to leave them millions.” The Coffeehouse: A Saving Grace A few other regional roasters also produced quality coffee during this period, particularly Graffeo and Freed, Teller & Freed in San Francisco,

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the faults of Eisenhower’s America, while the Italians in the front laughed at them, wondering aloud, “When are they gonna work?” Soon more coffeehouses appeared in San Francisco and other major cities. A small market sprang up for home espresso, and specialty and department stores offered stovetop steam-pressure

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or marijuana. A Think Drink did not appeal. A Thrill Pill did. The National Coffee Association, with an even smaller budget, promoted youth-oriented coffeehouses on college campuses and in churches and civic organizations. The Pan American Coffee Bureau proudly noted that it was connecting with the “all-important youth

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relinquished leadership in 1968, but over the next few years, with the support of Tom Hayden, Rennie Davis, and Jane Fonda, over two dozen GI coffeehouses sprang up outside army bases across the country. Drugs were banned. Fonda organized shows of “political vaudeville” and music—featuring Donald Sutherland, Country Joe

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MacDonald, and Dick Gregory—as a kind of mirror image of Bob Hope’s patriotic GI programs. By October 1971 the coffeehouses had attracted the attention of Congressman Richard Ichord, chairman of the House Committee on Internal Security, who told his colleagues, “At many major military

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, and after the 1968 elections, Richard Nixon. As in the past, the authorities tried to shut them down. In several cases, arsonists burned the coffeehouses. The Ku Klux Klan targeted one, while others were riddled with gunfire. The surviving establishments eventually disbanded, but not before leaving their mark on American

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opening Japanese plants to produce instant coffee. Determined to westernize, many Japanese embraced coffee—and Coca-Cola—as symbolic American beverages. The Japanese kissaten (coffeehouses) proliferated at the rate of 20 percent annually. By the mid-1970s there were 21,000 in Tokyo alone. The drinks were pricey by American

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us. They were like parched people coming out of a desert and finding an oasis.” Specialty Proliferates In the early 1970s specialty coffee roasters and coffeehouses began to appear with increasing frequency in the United States and Canada. In Juneau, Alaska, Grady Saunders opened Quaffs, later changing the name to

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books about coffee appeared around this time, testifying to the renewed public interest in fine coffee. For a year, English professor Kenneth Davids owned a coffeehouse in Berkeley, then wrote Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing & Enjoying, where readers could learn the fundamentals, including a country-by-country taste assessment,

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been sanitized as a demure New Age coffee maiden. Not everyone loved Starbucks. Critics accused the chain of using aggressive, predatory tactics to put smaller coffeehouses out of business, as in this 1996 cartoon. Inspired by a trip to Italy, Howard Schultz spread the espresso/cappuccino/ latte gospel through the

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term, christening Starbucks as a “third place” beyond home or work, “an extension of people’s front porch,” where people could gather informally. Modern coffeehouses such as Starbucks do provide a much-needed space for friends and strangers to meet, especially as our cultural ethos becomes more paranoid and fragmented

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for high-quality coffee. Yet their success will likely lead inexorably to expansion and another round of consolidations. Still, small independent roasters and retail coffeehouses have continued to pop up around the world. As of 2010, the Specialty Coffee Association of America estimated that there were some 24,000 special

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sell coffee in producing countries, perhaps the profits from coffee will be distributed somewhat more evenly. Café culture itself is apparently going global, with specialty coffeehouses popping up across the Pacific Rim, where tea traditionally has dominated. Winged for Posterity Only one thing is certain about coffee, though. Wherever it

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(2nd ed., 1962), by A. E. Haarer. British expert Edward Bramah offered Tea & Coffee (1972) and Coffee Makers (1989). Ulla Heise contributed Coffee and Coffeehouses (1987), while Gordon Wrigley wrote Coffee (1988), a technical treatise. Two members of the Illy family, famed for Italian espresso, wrote the lavishly illustrated The

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(1860), by “Multatuli,” Eduard Douwes Dekker; Decolonization and African Independence (1988), edited by Prosser Gifford; Out of Africa (1938), by Isak Dinesen; Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East (1985), by Ralph S. Hattox; Coffee, Co-operatives and Culture (1992), by Hans Hedlund

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Trust (1964), by Jack Simpson Mullins; Fighting Liberal (1945), by George W. Norris; The Great Good Place (1989), by Ray Oldenburg; The Early English Coffee House (1893), by Edward Robinson; We Say No to Your War (1994), by Jeff Richard Schutts; Hard Times (1970), by Studs Terkel; History and Reminiscences of

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. “Good Coffee” car: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, July 1905, 35. 1930s flight attendant: 1931 advertisement, author’s collection. Alice Foote MacDougall: MacDougall, Autobiography. 1920s Italian coffeehouse: MacDougall, Autobiography. 1934 cartoon ad: 1934 advertisement, author’s collection. “Mr. Coffee Nerves”: Tea & Coffee Trade Journal, May 1936, 390. “Golly, Mis’ Maria”: Hartman

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(see also Adulterants; Chicory; Postum) Sulawesi coffee tourist coffee transforming the world uses for surplus coffee visible supply of world production of See also Caffeine; Coffeehouses; Cupping Coffee Achievers campaign Coffee: A Guide to Buying, Brewing & Enjoying (Davids) Coffee and Power (Paige) Coffee: Authentic Ethiopia (Burhardt) Coffee Cantata (Bach) Coffee

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Into It (Schultz) Poverty Prager, Rollinde Pream Premiums Prescott, Samuel C. Price wars. See also Coffee: prices Private Estate Coffee Proclamation for the Suppression of Coffee Houses, A (Charles II) Procope, François Procter & Gamble Profits Public relations Puerto Rico Quinn, James Quota systems Racism Radio. See Advertising: by radio/television Railways

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same berry, smeared them with their blood, and thereby declared blood brotherhood. 42 A Chicago journalist wrote a satirical piece about “The Face on the Coffeehouse Floor” in which “the bartender . . . can tell by your trembling hand and your shaken nerves that you are after coffee.” 43 The Coffee Club

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, where exorbitantly priced coffee also bought a female companion. Such cafés were forerunners of the expensive Ginza bars and should not be confused with Japanese coffeehouses. 92 Dunkin’ Donuts began as the Open Kettle in 1948, but two years later Bill Rosenberg changed the name of the Quincy, Massachusetts, store

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term for embezzling over $465,000 from the SCAA. 128 In Ground Up (2009), Michael Idov penned a funny autobiographical novel about his dismally unsuccessful coffeehouse venture in New York’s Lower East Side. 129 Exporters, importers, and brokers are usually necessary middlemen between growers and roasters, in contrast to

The World of Caffeine: The Science and Culture of the World's Most Popular Drug

by Bennett Alan Weinberg and Bonnie K. Bealer · 5 Dec 2000 · 559pp · 174,054 words

orders. Coffee shops, common in Egypt, Syria, and Turkey, were neighborhood fixtures, combining take-out and a small sitting area, frequently outdoors, for conversationalists. Coffeehouses were the top-of- the-line establishments, located in exclusive neighborhoods of larger cities and offering posh appointments, instrumentalists, singers, and dancers, often in gardenlike

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surroundings with fountains and tree-shaded tables. As these coffeehouses increased in popularity, they became more opulent. To these so-called schools of the wise flocked young men pursuing careers in law, ambitious civil servants

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. Other Persian rulers, deciding not to stanch the flow of seditious conversation, instead placed their spies in the coffee-houses to collect warnings of threats to the security of the regime. The coffeehouses brought with them certain unsettling innovations in Islamic society. Even those who counted themselves among the friends of coffee

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travelers, and we should keep in mind that they may not have been typical of the coffeehouses catering to a residential population. One of the earliest descriptions to reach Europe of the denizens of the coffee-houses of Constantinople was this dour assessment by Gianfrancesco Morosini, a Venetian traveler, in 1585: All

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exclusively with “Idle and Alehouse talke.” Although many sipped coffee at tiny stalls or in spare public rooms, an atmosphere of luxury pervaded the grand coffeehouses, which were invariably located, according to the French coffee merchant Sylvestre Dufour, in the swankiest neighborhoods.43 Pedro Teixeira (1575–1640), a Portuguese traveler

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ensuing century, for D’Ohsson confirmed the picture of coffeehouse leisure, writing, “Young idlers spend whole hours in them, smoking, playing draughts or chess and discussing affairs of the day.” Alexander Russel, in The Natural History of Aleppo (1756), describes the coffee-house use of hashish and opium in waterpipes, and other

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Commercial in 1858, “The Salon stood for privilege, the Café stands for equality.” A similar observation was made in an early-eighteenth-century broadside: The coffeehouses are visited by respectable persons of both sexes: we see among the many various types: men-about-town, coquettish women, abbés, country bumpkins, nouvellistes

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abroad, and it is no accident that the first German coffeehouse was founded by a Dutchman to serve the tastes of English merchants and sailors in Hamburg, and that the coffee used there was also an English import. Called the “English Coffee House,” it was opened in Hamburg by Dr. Cornelius Buntekuh

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of chocolate. (The Library Company of Philadelphia) The Muslims not only gave to Europe the secret of drinking coffee and the institution of the coffeehouse; their sophisticated culture and science provided the basis for the medical controversies attending coffee’s introduction and proliferation in Europe as well. Medieval medical learning

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pretentious pseudo-savants, their anticoffee blandishments won little regard from the public. Therefore, despite the reformatory admonitions of physicians such as Castillon and Fouqué, coffeehouses continued to increase in popularity, as did coffee drinking in the home, and the merchants imported green coffee from the East in ever increasing quantities

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meticulously documented compendium, London Coffee Houses (London, 1963), records more than fifty houses using the Sign of the Turk’s Head. A desire to evoke the splendor of Suleiman the Magnificent (r. 1520–86), the fourth emperor of the Turks, inspired the use of this emblem by coffeehouse keepers both on signs

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came in he was a great upholder of it, and hath ever since been a constant frequenter of Coffee houses, especially Mr. Farre at the Rainbowe, by Inner Temple Gate, and lately John’s coffeehouse, at Fuller’s rents.17 Though Aubrey praises the Rainbow as an asylum of sobriety, this early

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’s Proclamation of 1675, discussed below, “Farr’s Coffee-house the Rainbow near the Temple” and Blount appear in a list of suspicious houses and persons published in 1679.19 A good idea of how coffee was being enjoyed in these Restoration coffeehouses can be gotten from this London recipe from 1662

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roll, after the Spanish fashion.” Meanwhile, injured parties other than desolate wives were complaining against coffee’s increased popularity. One leaflet asserted that the coffeehouse seduced men into an idle life of dissipated conversation with people they hardly knew. Such promising, worthy gentlemen and merchants, once trustworthy, were lured

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their coffeehouse friends into a habit that took them away from their occupations “for six or even eight hours.”23 And, expressing even a greater alarm, a political economist, writing on behalf of established trade interests that were being injured by the popularity of coffee, asserted: The growth of coffee-houses has

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expanding as a center for business and politics. The rapid growth of the coffeehouse business is suggested by the French writer Sylvestre Dufour, who in 1683 relates claims by returning visitors that there were more than three thousand coffee-houses in London, a remarkable, even preposterous figure that has been widely repeated

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in such respected works as The Story of Civilization, by Will and Ariel Durant. Another testimonial comes from John Ray (1627–1705), a London botanist, who computed in 1688 that coffeehouses were nearly as

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general in London as in Cairo.27 Timbs, in his classic Clubs and Club Life in London (1872), quotes an early edition of the National Review to the effect that “Before 1715, the number of Coffee-houses in London was reckoned at two

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, trade, class, party, had its favorite Coffee-house.” However, Stella Margetson, in her incisive and entertaining book Leisure and Pleasure in the Eighteenth Century (1970), writing of the age of Addison, provides a considerably smaller estimate, stating that there were “more than 500 coffeehouses in London alone at this time.” Extrapolating from

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. Thus, taking even the most conservative estimates, London around 1700 had one coffeehouse for every thousand people, or nearly forty times the proportion of coffee-houses than New York today, in what are the early stages of the contemporary coffee-house revival. These exotic flowers of the East were not to thrive for long

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, for by 1815, however many there may once have been, there were fewer than twelve coffeehouses left in the entire city. In only one hundred and

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political opinions, the trademark of the new coffeehouses, engendered fear and suspicion, bolstering opposition to coffee and the establishments in which it was served. This opposition culminated in a proclamation by Charles II, made on December 23, and issued on December 29, 1675, banning coffee-houses from London after January 10, 1676:

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the stories of coffeehouse persecutions in the Islamic world, saw this concern as the king’s primary motive. “However strange it may appear at this time, Coffee had similar difficulties to encounter soon after its introduction into England;…it having been found an encourager of social meetings, Coffee-houses were shut up

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among the English.”46 By the 1760s and 1770s, however, the coffeehouses and chocolate houses yielded precedence to fashionable new clubs that showcased the aristocracy and had less and less to do with literature. One exception was a long-unnamed coffee-house club, later called “The Literary Club,” founded in 1764, that

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following Addison’s death and Steele’s retirement to Wales. Many other coffeehouses, in which some of the more memorable conversations in late-seventeenth- and early-eighteenth-century London undoubtedly transpired, figured in the traditions of London letters. Will’s Coffee-House, named for its proprietor, William Unwin, was frequented by poets and

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. It was designed by Hogarth and erected by Addison in 1713. (W.H.Ukers, All about Coffee) Lloyd’s Coffee-House, in Lombard Street, was founded by Edward Lloyd around 1688. There the captains and merchants of England’s burgeoning sea trade met and cut deals with underwriters and insurance brokers to protect

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of the members of the group, which had performed the same procedure while meeting at Tillyard’s. Certain coffeehouses seemed to hold special attraction for men in particular professions or “callings.” Child’s Coffee-House, a favorite of the Spectator crowd, was popular with the clergy and the members of the Royal

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the aristocrats, military officers, and important government officials. Among the intellectual and artistic vanguard, Augustan civility was losing favor to self-imposed Romantic rustication. Coffeehouse conversation, with its sophisticated urban and urbane banter, held little attraction for William Wordsworth (1770–1850) and his confederates, who affected to celebrate the

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the time of Hogarth (1697–1764), the coffeehouses were less centers of intellectual exchange than dens of the demimonde, where pimps not poets commanded the floor. An illustration of this transformation is found in Hogarth’s painting Morning (1738), depicting Tom King’s Coffee-House, which by then had become a bordello

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managed by King’s widow, Moll, before later becoming a fashionable club.59 Daniel Defoe, after visiting Shrewsbury in 1724, wrote: I found there the most coffeehouses around the Town Hall that ever I saw

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’s favorite. In 1717, Thomas Twining converted Tom’s Coffee-House into a tea shop, which he called the Golden Lion. By the middle of the eighteenth century, such tea shops were separated by a widening social gulf from the increasingly disreputable coffeehouses. Later, these teahouses were to become among the fashionable

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of “coffee powder,” the name for the ground roasted beans, or of the drink itself. It was also in Boston that the London Coffee House, the first coffeehouse in America, opened for business. It constitutes the earliest example in America of the now popular bookshop café, for it is reliably reported that

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The first coffeehouse in Philadelphia was opened by Samuel Carpenter around 1700 on the east side of Front Street, above Walnut Street. Because it remained the only such establishment in the city for some years, it was referred to in the old days simply as “Ye Coffee House.” The Coffee House was apparently used

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London Coffee House, at the southwest corner of Second and Market Streets. It became a thriving center for merchants, mariners, and travelers, and was used as a market for horses, food, and slaves, the last of which were displayed on a platform in the street in front of the coffeehouse. American coffeehouses, which

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continued the British coffeehouse traditions as “penny universities” and enhanced their feared and celebrated status as “seminaries of sedition,” soon opened in every colony. At

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breakfast table and the workplace ever after. The Bunch of Grapes, another of the earliest Boston coffeehouses, was the site of the first public reading of the Declaration of Independence. New York’s Merchants Coffee House, at the intersection of Wall and Water streets, hosted the Sons of Liberty on April 18

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by John Adams and many other dignitaries. Probably the largest and most expensive coffee-house ever seen in the world, before or since, the Exchange burned down in 1818. The Exchange Coffee House, Boston. This was the largest and most costly coffeehouse ever built. Erected in 1808, of stone, marble, and brick, it stood

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coffeehouse people sit at little tables, sip coffee, read the news, and meet and talk face to face. At the cybercafé, there are little monitors and keyboards, at which people sit, sip coffee, search the web and chat with people around the world. Thus the cybercafé carries forward the tradition of coffee-house

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restraints that might prevent disharmony and disorder and encourage conviviality, proprietors printed the following bill of regulations on large sheets, which they posted conspicuously on coffeehouse walls. The list, which encompasses rules of governing foul language, blasphemy, breaches of etiquette, gambling, paying for your fare, and treating others to a

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now called Turnbull Street, had been a red-light district since Elizabethan times. In his essay “London Coffee Houses in 1685,” Lord Thomas Babington Macaulay (1800–1859), English historian, essayist, and statesman, celebrates the coffeehouses of the Restoration, particularly Will’s, where the patrons converged from all quarters of English society, and

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of Austria and in 1688 sending troops against him just as he had done against the Turks. 19. Heise, Coffee and Coffee-Houses, p. 16. 20. Harold B. Segel, The Vienna Coffeehouse Wits: 1890–1938, pp. 8–9, citing Karl Teply, Die Einfuhrung des Kaffees in Wien: Georg Franz Kolschitzky, Johannes Diodato,

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Isaak de Luca (Vienna, Kommissionsverlag Jugend und Volk Wien-Munchen, 1980). 21. Heise, Coffee and Coffee-Houses, pp. 103–5 22. Manfred Hamm, Coffee Houses of Europe, p. 9

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his Head full of the Din of a Coffee House?” (Ibid., p. 27). Muddiman was an ex-schoolmaster turned journalist, a man with an unsavory reputation. In Cambridge, in 1659, he started Newsbook, a sixteen-page newspaper that was distributed at Kirk’s coffeehouse, and he was also employed by the Commonwealth

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Swift’s quip, spoken of the clergy but which could have been applied with equal justice to other groups of coffeehouse attendees of the day, “They have their particular Clubs, and particular Coffee-Houses, where they generally appear in Clusters.” We reply that, even if only in regard of their having been

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the places where the first newspapers were written and published, it is difficult to entertain an image of coffeehouse insularity. Further, London was small, and the

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Hattox, Ralph S. Coffee and Coffeehouses: The Origins of a Social Beverage in the Medieval Near East. Seattle: University of Washington Press, 1991. Hedrick, U.P, ed. Sturtevant’s Notes on Edible Plants. Albany, N.Y.: J.B.Lyons, State Printers, 1919. Heise, Ulla. Coffee and Coffee-Houses. West Chester, Pa.: Schiffer