Edward Said

The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowledge
by Ilan Pappe
Published 30 Apr 2012

Harely, ‘Deconstructing the Map’, Cartographica, 26:2 (Summer 1989), p. 1. 11 Martin Gilbert, The Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 12 Ibid. 13 See the Palestinian point of view in Ilan Pappe, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 105–7. 14 The British Government in Palestine, The Palestine Survey, prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for UNSCOP. 15 Salman Abu-Sitta, Atlas of Palestine, 1948, London: Palestine Land Society, 2004. 2 The Alien Who Became a Terrorist: The Palestinian in Zionist Thought 1 Edward Said and Jean Mohr, After the Last Sky, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 4. 2 Directed by Michael Parzan, Israel First Channel co-production with Doc en Stock, January 2012. 3 Barbara Smith, Roots of Separatism in Palestine: The British Economic Policy, 1920–1948, London and New York: I.

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The most important impact on their work came from postcolonial studies, especially the work of Edward Said. The Orientalist Jewish State and Its Jewish Orientals The impact of Said as a Palestinian and as someone who confronted Western Orientalism head-on was quite significant during Israel’s post-Zionist moment. Said himself did not always move easily between his general critique of Orientalism and his commitment to the Palestine issue, and this open-ended twin interest explains also the nature of the post-Zionist engagement with his work and thoughts. It was possible to engage with him as a universalist when convenient but not as a Palestinian nationalist if that posed a problem.

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See also Yaakov Katz, ‘Explaining the Term the “Heralders of Zion,” ’ Shivat Zion, 1 (1950), p. 93 (Hebrew). 5 Shmuel Almog, ‘Pluralism in the History of the Yishuv and Zionism’, in Moshe Zimmermann et al., ed., Studies in Historiography, Jerusalem: Zalman Shazar Centre, 1978, p. 202 (Hebrew). 6 Israel Kolatt, ‘On Research and the Researcher of the History of the Yishuv and Zionism’, Cathedra, 1 (1976), pp. 3–35 (Hebrew). 7 Almog, ‘Pluralism in the History of the Yishuv and Zionism’. 8 See Norman Finkelstein, ‘Disinformation and the Palestine Question: The Not-So-Strange Case of Joan Peters’ From Time Immemorial’, in Edward Said and Christopher Hitchens, ed., Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question, London: Verso, 1988, pp. 33–70. 9 D. F. Merriam, ‘Kansas Nineteenth-Century Geologic Maps’, Transactions of the Kansas Academy of Science, 99 (1996), pp. 95–114. 10 J. B. Harely, ‘Deconstructing the Map’, Cartographica, 26:2 (Summer 1989), p. 1. 11 Martin Gilbert, The Atlas of the Arab–Israeli Conflict, New York: Oxford University Press, 1993. 12 Ibid. 13 See the Palestinian point of view in Ilan Pappe, A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2003, pp. 105–7. 14 The British Government in Palestine, The Palestine Survey, prepared in December 1945 and January 1946 for UNSCOP. 15 Salman Abu-Sitta, Atlas of Palestine, 1948, London: Palestine Land Society, 2004. 2 The Alien Who Became a Terrorist: The Palestinian in Zionist Thought 1 Edward Said and Jean Mohr, After the Last Sky, New York: Columbia University Press, 1998, p. 4. 2 Directed by Michael Parzan, Israel First Channel co-production with Doc en Stock, January 2012. 3 Barbara Smith, Roots of Separatism in Palestine: The British Economic Policy, 1920–1948, London and New York: I.

The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017
by Rashid Khalidi
Published 28 Jan 2020

See also Nakba; War of 1948 Palestine Arab congresses Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) Palestine Liberation Front (PLF) Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Beirut evacuated by bilateralism and Camp David summit of 2000 and death of ‘Arafat and declaration of 1988 and Declaration of Principles and diplomacy and Egypt-Israel treaty and Executive Committee Fatah mutiny and First Intifada and founded Gulf War and Hamas and Jordan expels leaders assassinated Lebanese civil war and Lebanon War of 1982 and Madrid-Washington talks and National Charter Occupied Territories and Oslo and Political Department Saudi Arabia and Second Intifada and statehood options and Syria and US and Palestine National Council (PNC) Palestinian Americans Palestinian Arab Office Palestinian Authority (PA) ‘Abbas as president elections of 2005 elections of 2006 Fatah vs. Hamas and future of Palestinian-Israeli talks of 2009 and US and Palestinian commando groups Palestinian Communist Party Palestinian Declaration of Independence (1988) Palestinian foreign ministry Palestinian Interim Self-Governing Authority (PISGA) Palestinian Legislative Assembly Palestinian National Charter Palestinian NGOs Palestinian Red Crescent Palestinian refugees. See also Nakba; and specific camps; individuals; locations; organizations; and wars camps and dispersal of right of return and travel documents and US proposals on Palestinians.

…

There, the PLO ultimately failed to overcome a more effective competing narrative generated by Israel and its supporters that equated “Palestinian” with “terrorist.”39 The PLO’s incapacity to understand the importance of these two vital arenas started with its top leadership. Respected Palestinian-American academics in the United States, notably Edward Said, Ibrahim Abu-Lughod, Walid Khalidi, Hisham Sharabi, Fouad Moughrabi, and Samih Farsoun, repeatedly tried to impress on Palestinian leaders that they needed to take American public opinion into account and devote to it sufficient resources and energy, but to no avail. At a 1984 meeting in Amman of the Palestine National Council (PNC), the PLO’s governing body, a US-based group in which I participated strove to make this point to Yasser ‘Arafat.

…

Indeed, as with most other US policymakers since Roosevelt, these men were closely tied to the Arab petro-monarchies, but this did not translate into sympathy for the Arabs generally or for the Palestinians in particular, or into a critical attitude toward Israel. These flawed understandings were at the root of the PLO’s failure to engage seriously with US public opinion and become involved in peace negotiations through the late 1980s. However, in 1988, buoyed by the international impact of the intifada, the organization redoubled its efforts, culminating in the Palestinian Declaration of Independence adopted at a meeting of the Palestine National Council in Algiers on November 15. Drafted largely by Mahmoud Darwish, who was aided by Edward Said and the respected intellectual Shafiq al-Hout, the document formally abandoned the PLO’s claim to the entirety of Palestine, accepting the principles of partition, a two-state solution, and a peaceful resolution to the conflict.

The Case for Israel
by Alan Dershowitz
Published 31 Jul 2003

Arafat also boasted of being “one of his troops,” even though he knew he was “considered an ally of Nazis.”10 (If a German today were to call Hitler “our hero,” he would appropriately be labeled a neo-Nazi!) Even Professor Edward Said believes that “Hajj Amin al-Hussaini represented the Palestinian Arab national consensus, had the backing of the Palestinian political parties that functioned in Palestine, and was recognized in some form by Arab governments as the voice of the Palestinian people.”11 He was “Palestine’s national leader”12 when he made his alliance with Hitler and played an active role in the Holocaust. Although it would be unfair to hold the Palestinian people responsible c07.qxd 6/25/03 8:17 AM Page 57 THE CASE FOR ISRAEL 57 for the murder of European Jewry, its official leadership was certainly far from blameless in the Holocaust.

…

Since Arafat walked away from the Barak-Clinton peace offers at Camp David and Taba in 2000–2001, Morris has written more critically of the Palestinians, while still criticizing many Israeli policies, actions, and decisions. See Benny Morris, “The Rejection,” New Republic, April 21–28, 2003. 8. Morris, p. 123. 9. Quoted in Morris, p. 111. 10. Abraham Granott, The Land System in Palestine: History and Structure (London: Eyre & Spottiswoode, 1952), p. 278. 11. Edward Said and Christopher Hitchens, eds., Blaming the Victims (London: Verso, 2001). 12. Shabtai Teveth, David Ben Gurion and the Palestinian Arabs (New York: Oxford University Press, 1985), p. 32. 13. Jamal Husseini, February 9, 1939, quoted in Arieh Avneri, The Claim of Dispossession (New Brunswick: Transaction Books, 1984), p. 11. 14.

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See United Nations Partition Plan of 1947 victim mentality of, 122 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 72–73, 99, 105–108, 109 Palestine National Charter, 4 PalestineRemembered.com, 54, 68 Palestinian Authority and Camp David-Taba negotiations, 9 Gaza cities controlled by, 88 human rights violations by, 183 Islam as established religion of, 155, 156 and Israeli occupation, 98 rejection of Israel by, 71 two-state solution and, 3 West Bank controlled by, 88, 98 Palestinian National Charter, 97–98 Palestinian-Israeli conflict. See Arab-Palestinian-Israeli conflict Palestinian refugees, 4–5. See also Arab refugees Palestinians displaced by European Jews, 8, 22–28 Hitler and Nazis supported by, 7, 40–41, 54–58 “marginalization” of, 77 terrorism supported by, 162, 234 war for destruction of Israel, 242 Pappe, Ilan, 64, 95 partition plans Peel Commission, 47–52 United Nations.

Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel's War Against the Palestinians
by Ilan Pappé , Noam Chomsky and Frank Barat
Published 9 Nov 2010

. • ISBN 9781931859004 The Palestine Communist Party 1919-1948: Arab and Jew in the Struggle for Internationalism Musa Budeiri • This history of the Palestinian Communist Party shows how the complex history of the Palestinian Left before the Zionist destruction of historic Palestine was defined by secularism and solidarity between Arab and Jewish workers. With a new introduction and afterword by the author. • ISBN 9781608460724 The Pen and the Sword: Conversations with Edward Said David Barsamian, introductions by Eqbal Ahmad and Nubar Hovsepian • Gathered here are five wide-ranging interviews with the internationally renowned Palestinian scholar and critic Edward Said, covering the Israeli-Palestinian conflict; Said’s groundbreaking work of literary scholarship, Orientalism; music; and much more. • ISBN 9781931859950 Boycott, Divestment, Sanctions: The Civil Struggle for Palestinian Rights Omar Barghouti • International boycott, divestment, and sanctions (BDS) efforts helped topple South Africa’s brutal apartheid regime.

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See Negev National Carrier Project Near East Policy Negev Netanyahu, Binyamin passim Neumann, Michael New America Foundation New York Review of Books New York Times Newton, Massachusetts Nixon, Richard O Obama, Barack passimpassim Obeid, Sheikh Oberlin College Olmert, Ehud Olsen, Norman Operation Autumn Clouds Operation Cast Lead Operation Litani Operation First Rains Operation Summer Rains Oren, Amir Organization of Islamic States Orient Housepassim Oslo Accordpassim P PLO. See Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Pakistan Palestine Communist Party Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO)passim passim Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (Carter) Palestinian Agricultural Relief Committees Palestinian Authority (PA) passim passim. See also Fatah Palestinian Center for Human Rights Palestinian National Council Pastor, Robert Peace Now Penhaul, Karl Percy, Charles Peres, Shimon Perle, Richard Petraeus, David Philippines Pilger, John Politics Among Nations (Morgenthau) Pollard, Jonathan Porath, Yehoshua Powell, Colin Prince Turki al-Faisal Protestant Convention of 1891 Putin, Vladimir Q Quartet on the Middle East R Rabbani, Mouin Rabin, Yitzhak Rafah Ramallah Reagan, Ronald Red Crescent Remnick, David Republican Party Rice, Condoleezza Roberts College Roosevelt, Franklin Rose, David Rosen, Steve Ross, Dennis Roy, Sara Rumsfeld, Donald Russia S Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal Sabra Sacut Sadat, Anwar Safuria Said, Edward Salah, Sheikh Raid Saudi Arabiapassim Schiff, Zeev Scofield, Cyrus Sderot Serbia Shalit, Gilad Shamir, Yitzhak Shany, Yuval Sharon, Ariel Sharvit-Baruch, Pnina Shatila Shavit, Ari Sheikh Obeid.

…

itemNo=297230. 6 Quoted in Helene Cooper, “Blair to Tackle Economics but Not Peace Efforts, a Task Reserved for Rice,” New York Times, June 28, 2007. 7 Michael MccGwire, “The Rise and Fall of the NPT: an Opportunity for Britain,” International Affairs 81, no. 1 (2005): 115-40. 8 Edward Said, “Palestinians under Siege,” London Review of Books 22, no. 24 (December 14, 2000). 9 Marvin Kalb and Carol Saivetz, “The Israeli-Hezbollah War of 2006: The Media as a Weapon in Asymmetrical Conflict,” Harvard International Journal of Press/Politics 12, no. 3 (2007): 43-66, quote on p. 44. 10 See, for example, Aviv Lavie, “Inside Israel’s Secret Prison,” Haaretz, August 23, 2003. 11 Gilbert Achcar, Eastern Cauldron: Islam, Afghanistan and Palestine in the Mirror of Marxism (London: Pluto, 2004), 264. CHAPTER TWO: CLUSTERS OF HISTORY U.S.

On Palestine
by Noam Chomsky , Ilan Pappé and Frank Barat
Published 18 Mar 2015

The problem is that not one Palestinian can live with this, hence the continuation of the conflict. FB: Edward Said died ten years ago. He was one of the last Palestinians, with Mahmoud Darwish, that the majority of the Palestinians looked up to. I know you knew him well. Can you end by giving us a few words on Edward Said and the role he played during his life? IP: We miss him very much. I don’t think only Palestinians looked up to him for inspiration. He was one of the greatest intellectuals of the second half of the last century. We all looked at him for inspiration. On questions of knowledge, morality, inspiration, activism, not only on Palestine. We are missing his holistic approach.

…

These paradoxes at times have frustrated, understandably, the solidarity movement with Palestine. It is indeed difficult to challenge established powers and interests when they refuse to yield to the moral voice of civil societies and their agendas. But there is always a need to think hard about whether more can be done in those spaces and areas in which non-elite groups have the power to impact and change the conversation in effective ways. In 1982, in the wake of Israel’s first invasion of Lebanon, Edward Said wrote an article titled “Permission to Narrate” in which he called upon the Palestinians to extend their struggle into the realm of representation and historical versions or narratives.

…

What we should not succumb to is the Zionist version of the two states that limits the idea of a Jewish Palestine with few Palestinians in it to “just” 80 percent of Palestine. I still think the principal motive behind Israelis’ support for the two-state solution is not reconciliation with the Palestinians but a wish to control as much of the land with as few Palestinians in it as possible. NC: It is a different scenario and perspective. Let me go back to your distinction between what can be done in the inside and what can be done on the outside. What I think about the issue, concentrating on the work that can be done on the outside, I can’t do anything about what Palestinians will decide and you, quite properly, are asking what can be done from the inside.

The Iron Cage: The Story of the Palestinian Struggle for Statehood
by Rashid Khalidi
Published 31 Aug 2006

Behind the scenes, where most decisions were made, ‘Arafat and the others played their role.28 The new approach was first put forward in embryonic form at the June 1974 PNC held in Cairo as a proposal for a “national authority” (ironically, the same term used for the entity created by the Madrid/Oslo process two decades later) on any area of Palestine that might be liberated. In subsequent meetings of the PNC, this two-state solution was further refined and clarified. It was formally and explicitly adopted by a meeting of the PNC held in Algiers in 1988, in the form of the Palestinian Declaration of Independence. This document was drafted in its Arabic version by the preeminent Palestinian poet Mahmud Darwish, and in its English version by the distinguished Palestinian literary and cultural critic Edward Said. The declaration rhetorically proclaimed the establishment of an independent Palestinian state alongside Israel on the basis of UN General Assembly Resolution 181 of 1947, which had called for the partition of Palestine into an Arab and Jewish state.

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This right is enshrined in UN General Assembly Resolution 194 of December 11, 1948, which states in part that “refugees wishing to return to their homes and live at peace with their neighbors should be permitted to do so at the earliest practicable date, and that compensation should be paid for the property of those choosing not to return.” Full text in Tomeh, ed., United Nations Resolutions, I, 1947–1974, 15–17. 46. One outspoken advocate of such a view is Salman Abu Sitta, author of Palestinian Right to Return: Sacred, Legal and Possible (London: Palestinian Return Centre, 1999), and Atlas of Palestine, 1948 (London: Palestine Land Society, 2004). 47. This, as well as moral considerations, seems to be the basis for the views of the late Edward Said, and of Tony Judt. 48. Among the exceptions are the book by Tilley, cited in n. 43, and some of the writings of Said and Judt, cited in n. 42, above. 49. See the essays in Beshara Doumani, ed., Academic Freedom after September 11 (New York: Zone Books, 2006), especially those by Judith Butler, Joel Beinin, and Doumani himself. 50.

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This period only ended a decade later in the wake of the 1948 war, when the Palestinians found themselves dispersed, divided, and caught between the new state of Israel and the Arab states, which between them controlled the entire territory of former mandatory Palestine. The name Palestine appeared to have disappeared from the map, and the Palestinians from the political arena. This new stage lasted for nearly two decades after 1948, until the rise of the PLO at the end of the 1960s returned the Palestinians, if not Palestine, to the map, and restored some measure of control over Palestinian affairs to Palestinians. War, al-Nakba, and Arab Tutelage The decade from 1939 until 1949 marks a new low point in the story of the Palestinians’ effort to achieve their national objectives of independence and statehood, low even by comparison with what preceded it.

Legacy of Empire
by Gardner Thompson

‘The demolition of man’; ‘non-human deeds’: what happened to the Jews involved all mankind. The sufferings of the inhabitants of Palestine before, during and after 1948 are not equivalent. Echoing Edward Said’s advice that it would be foolish morally to equate mass dispossession with mass extermination, the Lebanese-born professor Gilbert Achcar argues persuasively that ‘the Palestinians cannot … advisedly and legitimately apply to their own case the superlatives appropriate to the Jewish genocide’.2 A different lens is required. The Palestinian experience is to be compared, rather, to the more mundane phenomena of nineteenth- and twentieth-century colonialism.

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INDEX Page numbers in bold refer to tables; page numbers in italics refer to illustrations; ‘n’ after a page number indicates the endnote number. 1929 violence and disturbances, 159, 161, 184, 195, 203, 215–16, 223 1930 Hope-Simpson Report, 183, 186, 187, 297 1930 Passfield White Paper, 76, 187–90 1930 Shaw Report, 186, 187, 197, 202, 297 casualties, 185 Hebron, 184–5 inter-communal antagonism, 211 land issue, 186, 209–10 racial character of, 185 Western Wall, Jerusalem, 184, 185, 186 1933 protests and rioting, 215 1936 Arab Revolt/Great Revolt, 126, 161, 203, 208, 218–21, 223 British army, 220–1 casualties, 221 Hebron, 220 Jaffa, 218, 220–1 Peel Commission and Report, 221, 222, 233 strikes and boycotts of Jewish businesses, 221 truce, 220, 221 see also Peel Commission and Report 1938 Arab Revolt, 126, 207, 228–33, 249 Arab-on-Arab violence, 230–1 British army, 228, 230, 230 casualties, 230 destruction, 231, 232 Haganah, 229 Irgun militia, 229 Jenin, 231, 232 Jewish Agency, 229 partnership of British and Jewish authorities, 228–9 repression and group/village punishments, 228, 229 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 264–72, 294–5, 333n6 1st stage/‘civil war’, 265–9, 270, 272 2nd stage/inter-state stage, 269–72 1948 invasion of Israel by Arab League forces, 269 1949 Armistice lines, 261 Abdullah I, King of Transjordan, 266, 268–9, 270 armistices, 270 Ben-Gurion, David, 264–5, 270 Deir Yassin, 332n4 Haganah, 265–6, 271 Haifa, 266 IDF 266, 270, 271 Israeli victory, 271, 274 Palestinian refugees, 274, 276 terrorism, 265 truce, 270 yishuv, 264–6 1956 Suez Crisis (Second Arab–Israeli War), 272, 332n9 1967 Six Day War (Third Arab-Israeli War), 272–3, 274, 284 Palestinian refugees, 274 settlement programme, 274 UN 242 Resolution, 275 1973 Yom Kippur, 273 nuclear exchange, 273 Aaronovitch, David, 289 Abbas, Mahmoud, 279 Abdul Hamid II, Ottoman Sultan, 34–5 Abdullah I, King of Transjordan, 266, 332n6 Arab Legion/Royal Jordanian Army, 268, 270 Peel Report, 268–9 Achcar, Gilbert, 294, 300 Ahad Ha’am (Asher Ginsberg), 14, 15, 16, 29, 36, 80, 116, 241, 286 AHC (Arab Higher Committee), 218–20, 219, 238, 244, 262 banning of, 230 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 220 partition of Palestine, opposition to, 227–8 UNSCOP, 260 Alexander II, Tsar of Russia, 4 aliyah (wave of Jewish immigration into Palestine), 316n30 1st aliyah, 22–3, 28, 39, 42 2nd aliyah, 16, 21, 23, 25, 26, 28, 39 see also Jewish immigration to Palestine Allenby, Edmund Henry Hynman, Field Marshal, 71, 101 American Council of Judaism, 253–4, 331n11 American Zionist Federation, 296 Amery, Leo, 87, 93 Andrews, Lewis, 228 anti-Semitism, 264, 298 1905 Aliens Act, 84–5 anti-Zionism/anti-Semitism distinction, ix, 22, 39, 123, 304, 318n6 Balfour Declaration, xi–xii, 85–6, 88, 89 Britain, xi–xii, 85–6 British Mandate for Palestine, 141 as conspiracy theory, 87–8, 322n59 Europe, xi, xii, 4 Evian Conference, 247–8, 299 France, 315n11 Jewish Question, x, 3, 6 Nazi Germany and state-sponsored anti-Semitism, 161, 247, 296 Poland, 161, 247 USA, xi, 86, 298 see also discrimination; persecution Arab Agency, 168, 170, 180, 199, 327n15 Arab opposition to, 164, 168–9, 303 Arab-Israeli conflict, ix, 163, 280, 289, 304 Arab-Israeli reconciliation, xv, 280, 304 Arab-Jewish rapprochement in Palestine, 22 Arab League, 266, 267, 269, 275, 332n5 Arabic, 21, 29, 109, 112, 149, 181, 209 as official language of Palestine, 133, 158 Arabs, 182 anti-British feeling, 118–19 Arab Agency, opposition to, 164, 168–9, 303 ‘Arab Jews’, 21–2 Arab kingdom in Palestine, 170–1 Balfour Declaration, Arab population in, 97–8, 99, 100, 101, 121 Balfour Declaration, opposition to, 55, 65, 105, 108–109, 119, 121, 125–6, 129, 136, 153, 177, 197 British Mandate for Palestine, 133, 135, 141–2, 197, 264 Chancellor, John and, 195–201 Christian Arabs, 30–1, 32, 33, 39, 55, 109, 214, 224, 284 destruction of Arab property, 228 disillusionment with the British, 115 disregard for, 141–2, 172, 213, 250–1 eviction from Palestinian land, 24, 183, 186, 209, 210, 271, 278 exclusion from Palestinian land, 26, 30, 200, 271 as indigenous Palestinian population, xi, 12, 17–18, 23, 36–7, 39, 44, 49, 58–9, 89–90, 91, 116, 149, 151, 152, 262, 271, 295, 302–303 Jewish Agency and, 168 Legislative Council, opposition to, 164, 165–6, 169, 177, 199 Palestine as Jewish national home, opposition to, 217, 223, 228, 240 Peel Commission and Report, opposition to, 161, 221, 227–8 self-determination, 131–2, 140 unemployment, 192, 197, 210, 285 Zionist excess against, 163 Arafat, Yasser, 275, 277 arms, 112, 140, 154 armed Arab resistance, 215, 220, 241 armed Jews in Palestine, 30, 118, 171 death penalty for unauthorised possession of, 228 Haganah, 121, 216 intifadas, 279 PLO armed struggle, 275 Zionism and, 121, 147, 264, 284, 297 Ashkenazi Jews, 21–2, 41, 155 Asquith, Herbert Henry, xii, 58, 59, 61, 68, 69, 77, 100 replaced as Prime Minister by Lloyd George, 70 assimilation, 20, 42, 43, 162 criticism of, 7–10 intermarriage and, 9 Jewish identity and, 9–10 Jewish Question and, 5, 6–8 Montagu, Edwin, 88–9 reverse assimilation, 28 secularism and, 5 support for, 12 USA, 42, 48–9 Weizmann, Chaim, 8–9, 49 Zionism and, 7–10 see also identity Atatürk, Kemal, 136 Attlee, Clement, 243, 256–7 Australia, 12, 248 Azouri, Najib, 31 Babylonia, 44, 45 Baldwin, Stanley, 169 Balfour, Arthur, 85, 142, 147, 148–9, 258, 300 1905 Aliens Act, xi, 41, 84–5 Balfour Declaration, 72, 73, 74, 76, 93, 97, 101, 110, 148 death, 233, 331n15 Ireland, 125 Zionism and, 84 Balfour Declaration (1917), 36, 57–8, 72–4, 116, 148, 188, 263, 294, 300, 301, 304 1st anniversary, 108 4th anniversary, 122 100th anniversary of, xiii–xv, 324n15 Balfour, Arthur, 72, 73, 74, 76, 93, 97, 101, 110, 148 Black Letter, 190, 191, 193 British Mandate for Palestine and, 105, 115, 127, 132, 134, 135, 138, 146, 148 Chancellor, John, Sir, 195–6, 197, 199, 200, 201 Christian Zionism and, 55, 74, 92–4 Jewish state in Palestine, 96–7, 99 League of Nations Mandate and, 105, 115, 127, 132, 134, 135, 138, 146, 148, 170, 199 legitimacy, 263 Lloyd George, David, x–xi, 58, 73, 74–80, 93, 97, 100, 101, 105, 148 Montagu, Edwin, 74, 88–91, 92 Palestine as Jewish national home, 72, 95, 189, 197 policy review, 105, 113, 137, 170 self-determination, 77, 105, 110, 115, 263 text of, 72, 95–8 Weizmann, Chaim, 36, 74, 75, 80–3, 90–1, 94, 96, 97, 98, 116, 117, 134, 321n43 World War I, 73, 76–7, 83–4, 98, 101, 105, 148 Zionism and, xi, xiii, 95–6, 98, 99, 194, 251 as Zionism’s ‘Magna Carta’, 98, 317n74 see also Balfour Declaration, criticism and opposition to Balfour Declaration, criticism and opposition to, xiv, 88–92, 98–101, 106, 108, 113, 148, 159 1919 King-Crane Commission Report, 110–13, 114, 115, 142, 233 1920 disturbances of Nabi Musa, Jerusalem, 113–17, 174 1921 Deedes Letter, 121–3 1921 disturbances in Jaffa, 118–20, 121, 127, 148, 174 1921 Haycraft Report, 118–20, 123, 144 anti-Semitism and, xi–xii, 85–6, 88, 89 Arab opposition to, 55, 65, 105, 108–109, 119, 121, 125–6, 129, 136, 153, 177, 197 Arab population in the Declaration, 97–8, 99, 100, 101, 121 Christian Arabs, 109 colonialism, 95, 142 consequences, xiii, 64, 99, 102, 120, 125, 138, 148–9, 185–6, 195, 198 contradictions, x–xi, 18, 99–100, 105, 106, 115, 138, 161, 162, 195–6, 200, 297 failure of, 58, 100–102, 139, 189, 195, 233 Ireland, 105, 125–7 London, 105, 122, 127 nimbyism, xi, 74, 86–8 Palestine, 108–15 as short-term appeal for help, 74 suspension of Jewish immigration, 120, 177, 203 violence, 105, 113, 118, 122 Zionism, opposition to, 108, 111–13, 115, 118–19, 122 Bar Kokhba revolt (132 AD), 45 Barbour, Nevill, 149 Barr, James, 69, 140 Basel (Switzerland), 1, 2 1st Zionist Congress (1897), 15, 34, 42, 251, 314n6 Basel Programme, 2, 29, 33, 38, 251, 285, 287, 289, 296 full text, 3 Bedouins, 24, 153 Begin, Menachem, 246 Bell, Gertrude, 108 Ben-Ami, Shlomo, 289, 296 Ben-Gurion, David, 24, 26, 27, 30, 37, 50, 80, 109–10, 152–3, 229, 238, 257, 326n5 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 264–5, 270 Biltmore Programme, 251–2 Declaration of Independence, 267 as first Prime Minister of Israel, 326n5 Histadrut, 180 IDF 333n25 Judaism, 52 transfer of population, 226 World War II, 245, 249 Zionism, 180, 289–90, 295–6 Bentwich, Herbert, 17 Bentwich, Norman, 163 Betar, 173, 185 Bethlehem, 45, 225 Bevin, Ernest, 255–6, 257–8, 297 Bible/Hebrew Bible, 11, 48, 53, 75, 94, 229, 285, 314n8 Old Testament, 51, 52, 53, 84, 93 Zionism and, 50–2, 93 Biltmore Conference (New York, 1942), 247, 251, 254 Biltmore Programme, 251–3 Birnbaum, Nathan, 41 Black Letter, 190–4, 204, 206, 213 see also MacDonald, Ramsay Bloudan Conference (1937, Syria), 231 Blum, Leon, 48 Bols, General, 117 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 92, 302 Borochov, Ber, 25–6, 28, 293, 316n48, 333n1 Brandeis, Louis, 84, 86 Bren, Josef Chaim, 148 Breuer, Isaac, 19 Brezhnev, Leonid, 273 Britain 1905 Aliens Act, xi, 41, 84–5 anti-Semitism, xi–xii, 85–6 colonialism, xii, xiii, 124, 300–301 endorsement of Zionism, x, 38, 52, 53, 57, 72, 74, 296, 302 fascism, 48 France and, 63–4, 68, 69–70, 77, 100, 139–40 ‘indirect rule’, 327n15 Jewish characters in English novels, 54, 319n44 Jews in, 35, 41, 48, 89, 237 legacy for Palestine, xiii, 239, 300 Middle East, 68, 70, 72, 234 nimbyism, 141, 254, 298, 300, 334n10 Ottoman Empire and, 61–2, 64, 71, 72 Palestine and, xii, 57, 58–9, 66, 68–9, 148, 239–40 responsibility for Palestine, xv, 298–300, 304 USA and, 243, 255–6 War Cabinet, 70, 87, 93, 95 World War I, 70–1, 72, 76–7, 87, 123, 139 see also the entries below related to Britain; Balfour Declaration; House of Commons; House of Lords; Sykes-Picot Agreement British army, 138, 139, 142, 255 1929 Manual of Military Law, 228 1936 Arab Revolt, 220–1 1938 Arab Revolt, 228, 230, 230 British military administration in Palestine, 146–7 British Mandate for Palestine, x, xi, xii, 17, 74, 103, 104, 105, 127 1923: 164, 169–71, 173, 215 1945 onwards, 255 1947 British abdication, x, xi, 222, 243, 244, 255, 257–8, 264, 297, 298 anti-Semitism, 141 Arab opposition to, 135, 197, 264 Arab population in, 133, 141–2 Balfour Declaration, 105, 115, 127, 132, 134, 135, 138, 146, 148 British government in London, 135, 136–42 British personnel in Palestine, 138–9 case against keeping Palestine, 139 colonialism, 135, 138, 174, 240 contradictions, 223, 224, 226 criticism of, 234–5, 240–1, 263 ‘divide and rule’, 174, 175, 231 failure of, 240, 258, 297, 302 ‘indirect rule’, 174, 179, 327n15 Jewish Agency, 121, 123, 132, 133, 143, 167, 168, 180 Jewish capital and enterprise, 135, 142–4, 158, 262 legitimacy of, 131, 197, 262–3 nimbyism, 141, 254 notables/eminent families, 174–5, 241 Palestinian underdevelopment/backwardness, 150, 151, 153, 154 UNSCOP, 263–4 violence against British targets, 246, 255 Weizmann, Chaim, 134, 146, 147, 149, 158 Wilson’s Fourteen Points and origins of the mandate, 106–107 World War II, 234, 239, 254, 257 Zionism, 115, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 142–7, 149, 158, 161, 167, 173–4, 190, 194, 211, 217, 241, 254, 297–8 see also ‘Handbook of Palestine’; League of Nations Mandate British White Paper (1922), 49, 127–30, 134, 188 Arab reply to, 129, 141, 199 Balfour Declaration and, 128, 130 ‘economic absorptive capacity’, 128–9, 167, 188 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 128 Legislative Council, 128, 129, 164 Palestine as Jewish national home, 127, 130 self-government in Palestine, 128 Zionism, 127–8, 129, 130 British White Paper (1930, Passfield White Paper), 76, 187–90, 191, 192, 203–204 annulled by Zionists, 190, 194 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 188, 203–204, 206 Palestine as Jewish national home, 188, 189, 193, 194 British White Paper (1939), 161, 171, 233–9, 240, 242, 244, 251, 260, 266, 297 criticism and opposition to, 238–9, 245 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 254 Jewish state in Palestine, 238 nimbyism, 237 Palestine as Jewish national home, 235–6, 240, 255 Palestine as unitary state, 234 Zionism, 236, 243, 245 the Bund, 20 Cable, J.E., 269 Cambon, Jules, 78 Camp David, 278 Canaan, 11, 51, 53–4 Canaanites, 44, 155 Canada, 12, 248, 299 Carson, Edward, Sir, 70, 87 Carter, Morris, Sir, 330n82 Cassius Dio, 45 Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 4 Cecil, Robert, Lord, 93, 95–6 Chamberlain, Joseph, 79 Chancellor, John, Sir, 194, 195, 212, 257, 302 Arabs and, 195–201 Balfour Declaration, 195–6, 197, 199, 200, 201 as British High Commissioner of Palestine, 159, 161, 185, 187, 189, 194–203 despatch of January 1930: 197–200 League of Nations Mandate, 199–200 ‘Reasons for Retiring’, 201 Channing, William Ellery, 286 Childers, Erskine, 301 children of Israel, 51, 75, 318n15 Chomsky, Noam, 281, 289 Christian Zionism, 51, 53–5, 75, 229, 253 anti-Semitism, 88 Balfour Declaration, 55, 74, 92–4 Britain, 82, 142 Christian Zionism/Jewish Zionism comparison, 55 Christianity, 6, 46 Christian Arabs, 30–1, 32, 33, 39, 55, 109, 214, 224, 284 Christian-Muslim associations, 214 Jesus Christ, 46, 54 Protestantism, 54, 123, 152, 285–6 Roman Catholicism, 40, 77, 123, 315n11, 330n85 see also Christian Zionism Churchill, Winston, 123 1922 British White Paper, 127 as Colonial Secretary, 136, 143 Irgun militia and, 332n6 Palestine and, 136–8 Zionism, 69, 87, 136 Clayton, General, 109 Clemenceau, Georges, 70, 139 Cohen, Hillel, 183, 281, 284, 290 Cohen, Michael J., 34, 39, 193, 236 Cold War, 243, 256, 264, 272, 273, 280 colonialism, 33, 147, 259, 281, 283 Balfour Declaration, 95, 142 Britain, xii, xiii, 124, 300–301 British Mandate for Palestine, 135, 138, 174, 240 European colonialism, 283, 284 hybrid colonialism in Palestine, xiii, 142, 159, 218, 297–8 nationalism and, 289–90, 301 Zionism and, 281, 283–7, 289–90 Zionist colonisation of Palestine, xiii, 3, 15, 16–18, 22, 23, 31, 171, 173, 193, 198, 211, 216, 289, 294, 295, 299 Congreve, General, 49, 125–6, 139, 145–6 conversion, 5–6, 40, 41, 54 Cook, Thomas, 54 Coupland, Reginald, 330n82 Crane, Charles, 110–13 see also King-Crane Commission Report Crimean War, 63, 70 Crossman, Richard, 82 Curzon, Lord, 91–2, 109, 148–9 Cushing, Caleb, 286–7 Cyrus the Great, 44 Daily Mail (newspaper), 66, 95 The Daily Telegraph (newspaper), 233 Dalton, Hugh, 257 Dayan, Moshe, 273, 281 De Bunsen, Maurice, Sir: 1915 Report of the de Bunsen Committee, 61–4, 67, 68, 69, 70 Deedes, Wyndham, Sir, 121–3 diaspora (Jewish diaspora), 10, 24, 41, 53, 185, 265, 275, 280 70 AD diaspora, 45–6 discrimination, 5, 40, 43, 48, 117 Dominican Republic, 247 Dreyfus Affair, 4, 48, 315n11 Drummond Shiels, Thomas, Sir, 186 Dubnow, Ze’ev, 23, 50 East Africa, 11, 36, 75, 84, 107, 137 Eastern Mediterranean, xvi–xvii, 11, 45, 62, 66, 79, 94 The Economist (newspaper), 101 Eder, David, 119–20 Egypt, 45, 274 1936 demonstrations and strikes, 218 1956 Suez Crisis, 272, 332n9 1967 Six Day War, 272–3 1973 Yom Kippur, 273 Britain and, 11, 63, 69, 139 Gaza, 271, 272 Einstein, Albert, 47–8, 81, 159, 243 El Arish (Sinai), 11, 71, 75 Eliot, George: Daniel Deronda, 54, 142, 319n44 English (language), 133, 158, 181 Enlightenment, 3, 5 Haskalah/Jewish Enlightenment, 5, 19 Epstein, Yitzhak, 1, 14, 16–18, 25, 103, 241, 271–2, 286 equality, 8, 120, 190, 252 Eretz Yisrael (The Land of Israel), 13, 27, 28 Europe, xvi–xvii, 4 anti-Semitism, xi, xii, 4 Central Europe, xi, xii, 41 colonialism, 283, 284 Eastern Europe, 4, 7, 23, 47, 84, 240, 284 interest in Palestine, 152 Jewish Question, 3–4 Jews’ conversion to Christianity, 6 Exodus 1947 affair 259–60 Evian Conference (France, 1938), 246–9, 254 anti-Semitism, 247–8, 299 nimbyism, 299 Zionism, 248–9 Faisal I, King of Syria, 58–9, 71, 111, 117, 140, 170, 179, 263, 320n8 Emir, 110, 145 Fatah, 275, 278 fellahin (labourers), 22, 141, 209 Filastin (newspaper), 32, 221 Ford, Henry, 298 France, 4, 48, 58, 59, 218, 315n11 Britain and, 63–4, 68, 69–70, 77, 100, 139–40 Middle East, 68, 139 Palestine and, 140 Syria, 103, 104, 107 Zionism, 78 see also Sykes-Picot Agreement French Revolution, 3, 8 Galilee, 45, 46, 152, 168, 225, 229 Gandhi, Mahatma, 233 Gaza, 225, 259, 261, 273, 279, 280, 282 Egypt and, 271, 272 intifada, 278 Palestinian Arabs in, 280 Palestinian National Authority, 277 George V, King of the United Kingdom, 145 Germany, 70, 71, 73, 100, 139, 237 Jews in, 6–7, 8 see also Nazi Germany ghetto, 10, 14, 16, 89, 91 ghettoisation, 46 Golan Heights, 261, 273, 274–5, 282 Goldie, Annabel MacNicoll, Baroness, xiv–xv Great Powers, 13, 16, 29, 33, 34, 38, 40, 283 Greece, 78–80, 330n86 1919–22 Greco-Turkish War, 79 Grey, Lord, 73, 99–100, 101 Gruenbaum, Yitzhak, 249 Ha’aretz (newspaper), 182 Habash, George, 275 Haganah (Jewish militia), 167, 173, 216, 259, 267, 271, 290, 332n4, 333n25 1938 Arab Revolt, 229 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 265–6, 271 arms, 121, 216 IDF, 266, 271 Plan D, 266 World War II, 245 Haifa, 62, 64, 140, 152, 259, 260, 261, 282, 325n54 1933 protests and rioting, 215 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 266 Jewish population of, 207 Sykes-Picot agreement, 67, 68 terrorism, 229 Young Men’s Muslim Association, 215 Halevi, Chaim, 185 Halifax, Lord, 248 Hamas, 277–8, 329n74 Hammond, Laurie, Sir, 330n82 ‘Handbook of Palestine’ (1922), 150–1, 153–8, 159 see also Samuel, Herbert, Sir Hankey, Maurice, 77 Hapoel Hatzair (Young Worker) party, 26–7 Hashemites, 64, 65, 268 Haskalah (Jewish Enlightenment), 5, 19 Hattersley, Roy, 302 Haycraft, Thomas, Sir: Haycraft Report, 118–20, 123, 144, 297 Heath, Edward, 334n10 Hebrew, 26, 27, 167, 181, 209 as national language for Zionism in Palestine, 41, 50, 168, 316n36 as official language of Palestine, 133, 158, 168, 175 Hebron, 184–5, 220, 274 Hertzberg, Arthur, 14, 38, 50, 283, 291 The Zionist Idea, 14 Herzl, Theodor, 1, 2, 3, 4, 38, 47, 48, 88, 287, 288, 300, 317n74 alternatives to Palestine, 11 on anti-Semitism, 88 Arabs as indigenous Palestinian population, 36–7 assimilation, 7–8, 49, 162 death of, 34, 36, 37 diplomacy, 34–7, 80 on infiltration, 29, 34 Jewish Question, 1–2, 303 Judenstaat/The Jewish State, 1–2, 7–8, 10, 11, 29, 298 Political Zionism, 2, 15, 16, 50 World Zionist Organisation, 23, 34 Zionism, 2, 36–7, 55, 289, 314n5 Herzog, Chaim, ix Hess, Moses, 13, 314n5 Histadrut (labour federation), 167, 180, 181, 193, 267, 326n5 Hitler, Adolf, xi, 43, 107, 161, 207, 218, 237, 247, 293, 296, 300 al-Husayni, Amin and, 244 see also Nazi Germany; Nazism Hobsbawm, Eric, 48 Holocaust, xiv, 246, 265, 271, 293–4 Auschwitz, 49, 293 survivors of, 49, 254, 259, 294, 304 Holy Land, 11, 14, 21, 47, 54, 63, 93, 108, 112, 154, 198 Holy Places, 63, 64, 67, 75, 77, 175, 214, 216, 303, 320n10 Hope Simpson, John, Sir, 186–7 1930 Hope-Simpson Report, 183, 186, 187, 297 House of Commons (Britain), 76, 137, 190, 201, 258 House of Lords (Britain), 304 2017 debate on occasion of the Balfour Declaration centenary, xiii–xv, 300 Hovevei Zion (Lovers of Zion), 4, 7, 42 al-Husayni, Abd al-Qadir, 215, 267–8 al-Husayni, Amin, 33, 161, 175, 176, 177, 180, 212–14, 212, 215, 332n6 1937 Bloudan Conference, 231 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 266–8 AHC, 218, 219–20, 219 exile, 230, 244 Hitler, Adolf and, 244 Holy War Army, 267 radicalisation of 217, 244 SMC, 179, 213 al-Husayni, Jamal, 267 al-Husayni, Kamil, 175 al-Husayni, Musa Kazim, 136, 175, 176, 177, 179, 211–12, 212, 213 death, 215 al-Husayni, Tahir, 33, 175 Husayni dynasty, 175, 176, 177, 179, 218 Hussein, Abdullah, 170 Hussein, Faisal, see Faisal I Hussein bin Ali, Sharif of Mecca, 64–6, 67, 100, 320n8 Hussein bin Talal, King of Jordan, 276 identity, 4, 6 Arab-Jewish identity, 170 assimilation and Jewish identity, 9–10 Jewish identity, 15, 170 Jewishness, 10, 54 ‘melting-pot’ metaphor, 5–6 national identity, 32, 283 Palestinian national identity, 32 see also assimilation IDF (Israel Defense Forces), 272, 273, 276, 278, 290, 333n25 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 266, 270, 271 as army of occupation/instrument of colonial repression, 274 Haganah and, 266, 271 Lebanon, 276 Operation Thunderbolt, Entebbe, 276 PLO, 276 India, 62, 69, 92, 201, 256, 260 intermarriage, 5–6, 9, 40 intifada, 279 1987–1993 first intifada, 278 2000–2005 second intifada, 278–9 Iraq, 251, 280, 330n84 oil, 140 see also Mesopotamia Ireland, 105, 108, 123–7, 133, 255, 300–301 1916 Easter Rising, Dublin, 124, 324n31 independence from Britain, 124 Sinn Fein, 124 Irgun militia, 245, 246, 290, 332n6, 333n25 1938 Arab Revolt, 229 establishment of, 173 violence, 238, 255, 332n4, 332n6 World War II, 245, 246 al-‘Isa, Isa, 32 Islam, 47, 151, 180, 216 Islamic revivalism, 215 Israel (state of Israel), 227, 273–4, 282 1948 Declaration of the Establishment of the State of Israel, ix, 44, 266, 267, 294 the army and, 290–1 origins of, ix, xiii, 290–1, 300 Palestinian Arabs in, 280 settlement policy, 274 territorial limits, 274 UN 242 Resolution, 275 USA and, 280 Istiqlal (Arab Independence Party), 211, 214, 266 Italy, 49 Jabotinsky, Ze’ev (Vladimir), 143, 171, 172, 245, 271, 279, 284 Betar, 173, 185 The Iron Wall, 164, 171 Revisionist Party, 164, 167, 173, 185 Jaffa, 21, 25, 209, 228, 261 1921 disturbances, 118–20, 121, 127, 148, 174, 203 1932 National Congress of Arab Youth, 208 1933 protests and rioting, 215 1936 Arab Revolt, 218, 220–1 Arab population in, 182, 221 Jeffries, Joseph, 65–6, 113, 126, 143, 164, 168–9, 215, 303, 324n15 Balfour Declaration, 95, 96, 99, 101, 116 Palestine: The Reality, 324n15 Jerusalem, 23, 45, 63, 192, 228, 261, 278, 314–15n8 1920 disturbances of Nabi Musa, 113–17, 174, 175, 179, 203 Arab-Jewish relations, worsening of, 114 Britain and, 71 settlement programme, 274 status of, 280 Western Wall, 184, 185, 186, 328n24 Jewish Agency, 188 1938 Arab Revolt, 229 Biltmore Programme, 252 British Mandate for Palestine, 121, 123, 132, 133, 143, 167, 168, 180 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 203, 209 as parallel government alongside the mandatory government, 168 SMC/Jewish Agency comparison, 179–80 unique status of, 167 UNSCOP, 260 see also Zionist Commission Jewish history, 40, 44–50 British Mandate for Palestine and, 134, 146 ‘exile’ from Judea, 45–6 exile from Palestine, 44, 45, 46, 49, 53, 58, 271, 284 ‘return’ to Palestine as Jewish national homeland, 40, 44, 46, 49, 53, 271 Zionist version of, 44, 46, 47, 49–50, 127, 134, 271 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 39, 149, 205, 206, 239, 280, 302–303 1920s, 159, 205–206, 223 1922 White Paper, 128 1930 White Paper, 188, 203–204, 206 1930s, 161, 203, 204, 206–10, 211, 237, 295–6 1931 General Muslim Conference, 214 1939 White Paper, 234, 235, 236, 237, 238, 254 ‘absorptive capacity’, 128–9, 188, 203–204, 208, 239 AHC, 220 Balfour Declaration, 138 Black Letter, 192, 204, 206 illegal immigration, 76, 129, 204, 207–208, 245, 259, 263 impact on Arabs, 183, 197, 204, 206, 235, 264 Jewish Agency, 203, 209 Jewish/Palestinian clashes and bloodshed, ix, 28–9, 30, 105, 126, 148, 185, 195, 203, 206, 208, 223, 243 Jews leaving Palestine, 39, 42, 158, 205 League of Nations Mandate, 121, 132, 204 limitation/restriction of, 112, 186, 203, 220, 234, 235, 236, 254 Nazism and, 218, 237 Palestine as Jewish national home and, 120, 159, 218, 296 Russian Jews, 4, 21, 22, 25–6, 152 suspension of, 120, 136, 177, 201, 203, 220, 236, 237, 255 World War II, 243 Zionism, 172, 296 see also aliyah Jewish Legion, 41–2 Jewish Question, x, xii, 3–7, 38, 249, 298, 300 anti-Semitism, x, 3, 6 assimilation, 5, 6–8 colonisation of Palestine as answer to, xiii, 7 conversion, 6 Herzl, Theodor, 1–2, 303 identity, 4–5 ‘return’ to Palestine, 13, 94, 105, 208, 227, 237 Zionism as answer to, 3, 38, 43, 291, 322n64 Jewish Reform Movement, 5, 19 Jewish refugees, x, 36, 147, 243, 247, 254, 255, 256, 274, 299 Jewish state in Palestine, 92, 96, 229, 241, 294 1939 White Paper, 238 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 271 Abdullah I, King of Transjordan, 268 Balfour Declaration, 96–7, 99 Biltmore Programme, 252, 253, 254 Churchill, Winston, 69 establishment of, 271 Jewish national home as precursor to, 262 King-Crane Commission Report, 112 Lloyd George, David, 75 Peel Report, 160, 168, 221, 226, 227, 241 Samuel, Herbert, 163 UN, x, 227 Weizmann, Chaim, 97 World War II, 243 Zionism, 189, 202, 224, 252, 253, 254, 289–90 see also partition of Palestine; statehood jihad, 216 JNF (Jewish National Fund), 24, 167, 198, 210 Johnson, Albert, 298 Jordan, 261, 271, 279 Palestinian refugees in, 276 Jordan River, 11, 129, 152, 155, 170, 326n3 JTO (Jewish Territorial Organisation), 12, 46 Judaism, 4–5, 6–7, 13, 15, 46, 52 Judea, 45–6 Kalischer, Zvi, 50 Kalvarisky, Haim, 31 Kenya, 11, 142, 165, 183, 231, 283, 298 Khalidi, Rashid, 304 Khalidi, Walid, 303–04 al-Khalidi, Yusuf Diya, 30 Khalidi, Yusuf Zia, 288 King, Henry, 110–13 see also King-Crane Commission Report King-Crane Commission Report (1919), 110–13, 114, 115, 142, 233, 242, 264, 297 Kipling, Rudyard, 153 Klein, Menachem, 170 Klier, John D., 20 Koestler, Arthur, 297–8, 302–303 Krämer, Gudrun, 39, 138, 179 La Guardia, Anton, 290 Labour Party (Britain), ix Labour Zionism, 173 language, 40, 41 see also Arabic; English; Hebrew; Yiddish Laqueur, Walter, 301 Laski, Neville, 248 Law, Andrew Bonar, 70 Lawrence, T.E., 71 League of Nations, 100, 240, 326n69, 330n86 Covenant, 107, 130–1, 211 Covenant, Article 22: 131, 132, 134, 135, 197, 263, 294 dominated by Britain and France, 130 failure of, 232–3 Mandate Commission, 133, 168 mandates for Arabic-speaking Ottoman provinces, 104, 107 see also British Mandate for Palestine; League of Nations Mandate League of Nations Mandate (1922), 130–5, 170, 188 Article 2: 132, 134, 199–200 Article 4: 121, 122, 123, 132, 133, 167, 168, 199–200 Article 6: 121, 132, 167, 199–200, 204 Article 11: 133, 143, 167, 199–200 Article 22: 133 Balfour Declaration and, 105, 115, 127, 132, 134, 135, 138, 146, 148, 170, 199 draft of, 121, 146 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 121, 132, 204 League of Nations Covenant/Mandate comparison, 131–2, 134, 135 Palestine as Jewish national home, 132, 133, 134 preamble, 134 written by the British, 130, 263 see also British Mandate for Palestine Lebanon, 117, 269, 276, 320n12 1975–90 Lebanese Civil War, 276 Israel-Lebanon border/Blue Line, 282 Legislative Council, 122, 135, 158, 164–5 1922 British White Paper, 128, 129, 164 absence of, 164, 165–6, 169, 180, 326–7n6, 327n15 allocations for seats, 165 Arab opposition to, 164, 165–6, 169, 177, 199 Levi, Primo, 49, 293 Levin, Judah, 48 Likud Party, 274 Lloyd George, David, x, 56, 70, 190, 300 Balfour Declaration, x–xi, 58, 73, 74–80, 93, 97, 100, 101, 105, 148 death, 331n15 Ireland, 124–5 memoirs, 75, 76, 321n27 Palestine and, 71, 74–5, 79, 80, 136, 140, 218, 242, 301 Paris Peace Conference, 78 World War I, 71, 72–3, 76 Zionism and, xii–xiii, 57, 71, 75–6, 77, 79, 80, 93, 136, 142, 296 Lucas, F.L., 233 Luke, Harry, Sir, 195 MacDonald, Malcolm, 257, 331n13 MacDonald, Ramsay, 189–90, 200–201, 213 Black Letter, 190–4, 204, 206, 213 McMahon, Henry, Sir: 1915 McMahon letter, 64–6, 69, 100, 262 MacMichael, Harold (British High Commissioner of Palestine), 229, 246, 257 MacMillan, Margaret, 78–9, 84, 96, 124 Maisky, Ivan, 249–51, 253 Marx, Heinrich, 6 Marx, Karl, 6, 283 Marxism, 275 Marxist Zionism, 25–6, 28 Masalha, Nur, 287 Mattar, Philip, 219 Meir, Golda, 268, 269 Mesopotamia, 12, 60, 62, 63, 65, 67, 68, 137, 139, 140, 186 see also Iraq messianism, 14, 15, 52, 147, 285, 316n27 Middle Ages, 46, 47 Middle East, 273 Britain, 68, 70, 72, 234 France, 68, 139 Milner, Alfred, Lord, 93 Mizrahim/Mizrahi Jews, 21 Money, Major-General, 109 Monroe, Elizabeth, 101 Montagu, Edwin, xi, 40, 41, 74, 88, 90, 254, 274 1917 Montagu Memorandum, 57, 88–92 assimilation, 88–9 Balfour Declaration, 74, 88–91, 92 National Insurance Bill, 322n64 Zionism, 90, 299 Montgomery, Bernard, General, 228, 229 Morris, Benny, 26, 294 Morris, Harold, Sir, 330n82 Moses, 43, 51, 155, 318n15 Mosley, Oswald, 48 Mossessohn, Nehemia, 81 Motzkin, Leo, 287 Moyne, Lord, 246 mukhtars (village headmen), 157, 327n15 Mussolini, Benito, 232 al-Nashashibi, Raghib, 175–6, 177, 178, 212, 213, 217 AHC, 219 Nashashibi dynasty, 175, 177, 209, 218, 268 Nassar, Najib, 31 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, General, 272, 332n9 nation/nationhood, 10, 40 Jewish nationhood, 40–4, 53, 88, 92, 134, 149, 319n41 national identity, 32, 283 ‘nationalisation’ of the Jews, 43 Palestinian nationhood, 32 nationalism, 38, 288–90 Arab nationalism, 29–30, 31, 59, 83, 121, 152, 166, 169, 180, 211, 223, 262 colonialism and, 289–90, 301 Jewish nationalism, 19, 223 Palestinian nationalism, 33, 210, 211, 214, 265, 269, 289 secular nationalism, 9 Zionism as Jewish national movement, 289, 290 see also self-determination Nazi Germany, 203, 207, 295–6, 299 1938 Kristallnacht, 295 Jews in, 237, 238, 295–6 Nazi persecution, 211, 218 Nuremberg Laws, 218 state-sponsored anti-Semitism, 161, 247, 296 see also Germany; Hitler, Adolf; Nazism Nazism, xii, 47, 148, 162 extermination of Jews, 245, 252 Jewish immigration to Palestine, 218, 237 see also Hitler, Adolf; Nazi Germany Netanyahu, Benjamin, 277 Nicholas II, Tsar of Russia, 35 Nietzsche, Friedrich W., 285 nimbyism, 240, 298–300 1939 British White Paper, 237 Balfour Declaration, xi, 74, 86–8 Britain, 141, 254, 298, 300, 334n10 Evian Conference, 299 Peel Report, 226–7, 237 UNSCOP, 264 USA, 207, 299 Nixon, Richard, 273 Nordau, Max, 27 Northern Ireland, 124, 330n85 Occupied Territories, 278, 280, 282 OETA (Occupied Enemy Territory Administration), 109, 113, 116–17, 125, 138, 182 Ormsby-Gore, William, 93, 146 Orthodox Jews, 19, 39, 167 Oslo Accords (1993), 277, 278 Ottoman Empire, 13, 40, 58 1327 Press Law, 156 1858 Land Code, 24, 327–8n21 1916 Arab Revolt, 65, 66, 71 Arab/Jew co-existence, 47 Britain and, 61–2, 64, 71, 72 Herzl, Theodor, 34–5 Palestine and, 24–5, 26, 29, 30, 32, 58, 151–2 post-war partition of Ottoman lands, 64, 66–7, 103, 104, 110, 146 Tanzimat/Reorganisation, 151 Young Turks, 30, 31 Oz, Amos, 9, 41 PAE (Palestinian Arab Executive), 176–8, 183, 194, 199, 208 1929–1930 delegation to London, 211, 212, 212–13 1931 General Muslim Conference, 211, 213–14 demise of, 211 shortcomings, 177 Pakistan, 256, 260 Palestine, 45, 282 1920s, x, 159 1922, 150–1, 153–8 1930s, x, 161, 167 Arabs/Muslims and Christians as indigenous population of, xi, 12, 17–18, 23, 36–7, 39, 44, 49, 58–9, 89–90, 91, 116, 149, 151, 152, 262, 271, 295, 302–303 cultural clash, 29 economy, 154–5, 180–1, 244 education, 181, 209 health issues, 153, 157 independence of, 277 infiltration, 29, 34 internationalisation of the Palestine problem, 231 Islam, 151 national consciousness, 22, 28, 32–3 national identity, 32 Ottoman government and, 24–5, 26, 29, 30, 32, 58, 151–2 population, 39, 152–3, 155, 157, 206, 236, 280 the Promised Land, 52, 58 rights of Palestinians, xii, 72, 95, 96, 97, 100, 121, 132, 134, 169, 183, 196, 197, 289 Sykes-Picot Agreement, 67–8, 69 transfer/population transfer, 37, 137, 162, 186, 226, 251, 253, 285, 287–8 World War I, 32, 49, 58, 59, 83 World War II, 162, 243–6 Zionism and, 3, 10–13, 24, 40, 153, 314–15n8 see also the entries below related to Palestine; British mandate for Palestine; colonialism; Jewish immigration to Palestine; Jewish state in Palestine; partition of Palestine Palestine, territory of, 151, 156, 170, 282, 326n1 1922 British White Paper, 129 coasts, 154, 156 geography, 155 Syria and, 58–9, 65, 174, 214 Palestine Arab Party, 267 Palestine as Jewish national home, 10, 12, 101, 147, 159, 166, 223, 268, 297 1922 League of Nations Mandate, 132, 133, 134 1922 White Paper, 127, 130 1930 White Paper, 188, 189, 193, 194 1931 Black Letter, 191, 213 1939 White Paper, 235–6, 240, 255 Abdullah I, King of Transjordan, 268 alternatives to Palestine as Jewish homeland, 11, 12, 36, 248, 287, 295–6 Arab opposition to, 217, 223, 228, 240 Balfour Declaration, 72, 95, 189, 197 Biltmore Programme, 252 British support for, 57–8, 89, 105, 140, 146, 174, 177, 182, 198, 204, 217, 224, 235, 239, 297 Jewish immigration and, 120, 159, 218, 296 as precursor to a Jewish state, 262 ‘return’ to Palestine as Jewish national homeland, 40, 44, 46, 49, 53, 147, 271 ‘the shutting down’ of, 223 USA, 207 Weizmann, Chaim, 13, 82, 98, 158, 169 World War II, 244, 255, 296 Zionism, 249 Palestine National Congress, 176, 177 Palestinian Arab politics, 211–18, 240–1, 244 radicalisation of Arab politics, 216–17 weakness of, 217 Palestinian land, 33, 148 1858 Land Code, 24, 327–8n21 1920s, 159, 182–4, 186, 198 1929 violence and disturbances, 186, 209–10 1930 Hope-Simpson Report, 183, 186, 187 1930s, 161, 206–207, 209–10 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 271 absentee landlords, 24, 31, 182–3, 328n21 eviction of Arabs from, 24, 183, 186, 209, 210, 271, 278 exclusion of Arabs from, 26, 30, 200, 271 farming, 28 inter-communal antagonism, 210 Jewish Agency, 209 Jewish agricultural colonies, 155 Jewish national territory, 210 Jews/Palestinian clashes over, 29, 223 Jezreel valley, 183 JNF, 210 kibbutz movement, 28 partition proposal and, 225 tenant farmers, 24, 25, 209 uncultivated land, 25 Zionist land reserves, 198 Zionist purchase of, 24–6, 31, 35, 159, 174, 182, 209, 210, 225, 284 Palestinian National Authority, 277, 279 Palestinian refugees, 274, 276, 278 Palin, Philip, Major-General Sir: Palin Report, 114–16, 297 Pappé, Ilan, 93 Paris Peace Conference (1919), 75, 78, 88, 96, 110, 112, 113, 124, 146, 263 League of Nations Covenant, 130 Parthian Empire, 45, 318n20 partition of Palestine, 182, 244, 256, 294 1937 Peel Commission Partition Proposal, 160, 221, 223–6, 288, 302 1947 UN Partition of Palestine, 261, 263, 299 1949 Armistice lines, 261 AHC, 227–8 cantonisation/federalism, 225, 256 Jewish/Palestinian segregation, 180–2, 221, 279, 287, 294 Palestine as unitary state, 224, 234, 254, 260, 301 ‘two-state solution’, xiii, 227, 263, 271, 277, 280 Zionism, 227 see also Jewish state in Palestine; UNSCOP Passfield, Lord (Sidney Webb), 197–200 see also British White Paper (1930, Passfield White Paper) Peel, Robert, Sir, 222 Peel, William, Lord, 222 see also Peel Commission and Report Peel Commission and Report (1937), 158, 161, 166, 168, 207, 231, 233, 240, 295, 297 1936 Arab revolt, 221, 222, 233 Abdullah I, King of Transjordan, 268–9 Arab opposition to, 161, 221, 227–8 British Mandate, abdication, 222 historic significance of, 221 Jewish state in Palestine, 160, 168, 221, 226, 227, 241 members of the Commission, 222, 330n82 nimbyism, 226–7, 237 Partition Proposal, 160, 221, 223–6, 288, 302 population transfer, 226, 288, 330n86 Report extracts, 222–3 ‘two-state solution’, xiii, 271 UNSCOP, 227, 262, 263 PEF (Palestine Exploration Fund), 54 Peres, Shimon, 27, 50, 52 persecution, 5, 35, 40, 43, 209, 295, 298 ghettoisation, 46 Nazi persecution, 211, 218 Zionism and, 46–7, 52, 108 Persian Gulf, 62, 66, 68 PFLP (Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine), 275, 276 Picot, François Georges-, 66 see also Sykes-Picot Agreement Pinsker, Leo, 7, 15, 28, 42, 315n15 PLO (Palestine Liberation Organisation), 275–7 Black September, 276 IDF, 276 Palestinian National Covenant, 275 ‘two-state solution’, 277 UN observer status, 276 Plumer, Herbert, Field Marshal (British High Commissioner of Palestine), 196 Poale Zion (Workers of Zion), 25–6 pogrom, 38, 46, 47, 87, 107, 252, 255 Russia, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 35, 46, 47, 294 see also anti-Semitism; violence Poland, 4, 248, 251, 255 anti-Semitism, 161, 247 Jewish Question, x Jews in, x, 43, 207 Pollock, James, Captain, 117 al-Qassam, Izz ad-din, 215–16, 329n74 death, 216, 218 jihad, 216 Rabbinical Council, 155 Rabin, Yitzhak, 277 race, 41, 83, 87, 132, 185, 248 Jewish race, 61 rationalism, 5 Reagan, Ronald, 280 regeneration, 13, 14, 22, 27–8, 144, 205, 286 Revisionist Party, 164, 167, 172, 173, 185, 245 return ‘return’ to Palestine as answer to the Jewish Question, 13, 94, 105, 208, 227, 237 ‘return’ to Palestine as Jewish national homeland, 40, 44, 46, 49, 53, 94, 147, 271 ‘right of return’, 271, 280, 319n42 Rogan, Eugene, 64–5 Roman Empire, 45 Romans, 44, 45, 49, 53, 315n8 Roosevelt, Franklin, 247, 253 Rose, Norman, 39, 47, 193, 285 Rothschild, Edmond de, Baron, 24, 118, 144 Rothschild, Nathan, 2nd Baronet and Lord, 72, 76, 81, 83, 95, 96, 190 Rumbold, Horace, Sir, 330n82 Ruppin, Arthur, 25 Russia, 35, 70 Jewish Question, x, 4 Jews in, x, 4, 20, 42, 57, 73–4 Jews’ conversion to Christianity, 6 Pale of Settlement, 4, 8–9, 20, 47 pogrom, 4, 7, 9, 11, 12, 35, 46, 47, 294 see also USSR Rutenberg, Pinhas, 143 1921 Rutenberg affair, 143–4 Said, Edward, 98–9, 284, 285, 294, 302 al-Sakakini, Khalil, 30 Samaria, 45 Samuel, Herbert, Sir, 59, 60, 75, 80, 95, 115–16, 150, 303 1915 ‘The Future of Palestine’, 59–61, 63, 69 1922 British White Paper, 127 assimilation, 162 Balfour Declaration, 120–1 as British High Commissioner of Palestine, 117, 120, 122, 126, 150, 162–9, 170, 175, 179, 182, 196 gradualism, 163 Peel Report, 226 Zionism, 162, 196 see also ‘Handbook of Palestine’ San Remo Conference (1920), 103, 116, 146, 147, 162 Sand, Shlomo, 42, 44, 45, 46, 50, 318n21 Schneer, Jonathan, 69, 83, 91 Scott, C.P., 75, 77, 83, 326n64 secularism/secularisation, 5, 10, 14, 43 secular nationalism, 9 Zionism, 14, 19, 39, 40, 50, 52, 55, 149 self-determination, 43, 79, 106, 107, 260, 263 Arab self-determination, 131–2, 140 Balfour Declaration, 77, 105, 110, 115, 263 Zionism, 14, 32, 43, 52, 77, 105, 147, 285 see also nationalism Sephardi Jews, 21–2, 23, 41, 155 Seychelles, 267, 330–1n93 Shaftesbury, Lord, 54, 88, 92–3 Shamir, Yitzhak, 246 Sharon, Ariel, 278, 279 Shavit, Ari, 10, 17, 47, 141, 144 Shaw, Walter, Sir, 186, 187, 197, 202, 297 Shertok, Moshe, 229–30 Shlaim, Avi, 32, 173, 288–9, 318n6 Shuckburgh, John, Sir, 122, 123, 127, 139 Simms, William Gilmore, 288 Sinai, 11, 71, 272, 273, 274 SMC (Supreme Muslim Council), 178–80, 213, 215 Jewish Agency/SMC comparison, 179–80 Smuts, Jan, 93 socialism/socialist Zionism, 25, 26, 28, 31, 39, 48, 180, 181, 284, 286 inter-communal socialism, 246 Sokolow, Nahum, 78, 96, 146 South America, 23, 237 sovereignty, 88, 106, 124, 275, 283 Jewish sovereignty, 1, 10, 29, 34 Stalin, Joseph, 264, 293 Stanislawski, Michael, 73 statehood, 15, 40, 44, 52, 173, 294 Palestinian statehood, 269, 280 Zionism and, 294 see also Jewish state in Palestine Stein, Kenneth, 25, 163, 210 Stern, Avraham, 245 Stern Gang, 245–6, 332n4 Storrs, Ronald, 175 Suez Canal, 61, 63, 69, 77, 82, 83, 94, 139, 140, 256 1956 Suez Crisis, 272, 332n9 Sykes, Mark, Sir, 66, 87, 93, 95, 109 anti-Semitism, 87 Zionism, 140 see also Sykes-Picot Agreement Sykes-Picot Agreement (1916), 64, 66–8, 87, 107 Palestine, 67–8, 69, 140 partition plan, 66–7, 320n12 synagogue, 47, 184, 289 Syria, 63, 218 Greater Syria, 58, 65, 69, 174, 179, 214, 320n8 Palestine and, 58–9, 65, 174, 179, 214 Syrkin, Nahman, 287 Tel Aviv, 144, 184, 261, 270, 282 population, 207 as separate ‘Jewish’ port, 221 as separate municipality, 182 settlement programme, 274 territorialism, 12, 287 terrorism, 220, 229, 255, 265, 274, 276, 277 suicide bombing, 278–9 see also Haganah; Hamas; Irgun militia; PLO; Stern Gang The Times (newspaper), 72, 92, 96 Tolstoy, Leo, 302 Torah, 19 trade union issues 181 see also Histadrut Transjordan, 170, 186, 197, 220, 221, 266, 268 Truman, Harry, 256, 264 Turkey, 136–7, 140, 330n86 UN (United Nations), xiii, 257, 258, 259–60, 280 Jewish state in Palestine, x, 227 ‘Palestine’, observer status, 278 PLO, observer status, 276 Resolution 242, 275, 277 UN General Assembly’s vote on partition proposals, 265, 277 UNSCOP (UN Special Committee on Palestine), 260–4 1947 UN Partition of Palestine, 261, 263, 299 Arab case, 262–3 awarding 55% of Palestinian land to a Jewish state, x, 274 British Mandate for Palestine, 263–4 nimbyism, 264 Peel Report, 227, 262, 263 ‘two-state solution’, xiii, 227, 263, 271 USA (United States of America), 304, 332n9 1924 Johnson-Reed Act, 207, 237, 298–9, 329n62 as alternative to Palestine as Jewish homeland, 12, 23 annual quota of Jewish immigration, 237–8, 248, 254, 329n62 anti-Semitism and, xi, 86, 298 assimilation, 42, 48–9 Great Depression, 237 Israel and, 280 Jewish population in, 23, 237–8, 315n10 Jews in, xii, 23, 43, 57, 73–4, 107–108, 207, 295 Manifest Destiny, 286–7 ‘melting-pot’ metaphor, 5–6 nimbyism, 207, 299 Palestine as Jewish national home, 207 Protestantism and native Americans, 285–7 restrictions on immigration, 207, 237–8, 298–9 Statue of Liberty, 23 Zionism and, xi, 74, 86, 100, 145, 253, 285–7 Ussishkin, Menachem, 81, 288 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics), 256, 264, 273, 280, 300, 332n9 see also Russia Venizelos, Eleutherios, 78–80 Victor Emmanuel II, King of Italy, 35 Vienna (Austria), 1–2, 4 Vital, David, 6, 247 Viton, Albert, 208 Von Plehve, Vyacheslav Konstantinovich, 35, 88 Wasserstein, Bernard, 274 Wauchope, Arthur, General Sir (British High Commissioner of Palestine), 194, 196, 220 Weinstock, Nathan, 259, 314n5 Weizmann, Chaim, 20, 25, 36, 38, 52, 72–3, 78–83, 81, 147, 177, 182, 201, 285 1941 London meeting with Maisky, 247, 249–51 on Arab nationalism, 29–30 Arabs, disregard of, 141, 250–1 assimilation, 8–9, 49 Balfour Declaration, 36, 74, 75, 80–3, 90–1, 94, 96, 97, 98, 116, 117, 134, 321n43 Black Letter, 190 British Mandate for Palestine, 134, 146, 147, 149, 158 Deedes letter, answer to, 122–3 Jews as nation, 40, 42, 43 Palestine as Jewish national home, 13, 82, 98, 158, 169 Peel Report, 227 as President of World Zionist Organisation, 314n6 ‘transfer’/population transfer, 186, 251, 253 What is Zionism, 8, 12, 43 World War II, 246, 249–50 Zionism, 80, 82, 254, 289, 321n43 Zionist Commission, 145 West Bank, 261, 268, 270, 271, 275, 278, 282, 320n13 1967 Six Day War, 272, 273 Palestinian Arabs in, 280 Palestinian National Authority, 277 settlement programme, 274 West Bank Barrier, 279 Wilhelm II, German Emperor, 35 Wilson, Henry, Field Marshal Sir, 125 Wilson, Thomas Woodrow, 73, 77, 100, 130–1, 146, 326n69 Fourteen Points, 106–107, 131, 135 Wingate, Orde, 229 World War I, 41–2, 49, 57, 70–1 Allies, 76–7 Balfour Declaration, 73, 76–7, 83–4, 98, 101, 105, 148 Britain, 70–1, 72, 76–7, 87, 123, 139 Israel, origins of the state of, ix Palestine, 32, 49, 58, 59, 83 Zionism, 73, 83 World War II Axis powers, 244 British Mandate for Palestine, 234, 239, 254, 257 Haganah, 245 Irgun militia, 245, 246 Israel, origins of the state of, ix Jewish immigration to Palestine, 243 Jewish state in Palestine, 243 Palestine, 162, 243–6 Palestine as Jewish national home, 244, 255, 296 Zionism, 245–6, 252–3 see also Holocaust World Zionist Organisation, 23, 24, 34, 39, 122, 167, 314n6 Yiddish, 20, 41, 47, 316n36 yishuv (Jewish community in Palestine) 39, 119, 166, 167, 180, 221, 241, 252, 296, 327n15 1920s, 205 1947–1949 First Arab-Israeli War, 264–6 British administration and, 217 revenue from, 144 Zionist Commission and, 145 Young Turks, 30, 31, 40 Zangwill, Israel, 12, 46, 287 The Melting Pot, 12 Zionism, 13, 171–4, 257, 288, 297 aim of, 3, 14, 24, 55 alternatives to, 19, 21–2 anachronism, 47, 48 anti-Zionism, 22, 123, 169, 304, 318n6 arms and violence, 121, 147, 264, 284, 288, 297 assimilation and, 7–10 Balfour Declaration, xi, xiii, 95–6, 98, 99, 194, 251, 317n74 birth of modern Zionism, 1–3, 47, 314n5 British Mandate for Palestine, 115, 132, 133, 134, 135, 138, 140, 142–7, 149, 158, 161, 167, 173–4, 190, 194, 211, 217, 241, 254, 297–8 colonialism, 281, 283–7, 289–90 colonisation of Palestine, xiii, 3, 15, 16–18, 22, 23, 31, 171, 173, 193, 198, 211, 216, 289, 294, 295, 299 criticism of, 17, 19–20, 22, 30, 38, 90, 93, 254, 280, 286 different notions of, 13–18 diplomacy for Palestine, 33–7, 40 hybridity, 52 industrialisation of Palestine, 144 as ideology, 22, 37, 38, 40–53, 55, 130, 281, 288 as Jewish national movement, 289, 290 Jewish opposition to, 19–22 Jewish Question and, 3, 38, 43, 291, 322n64 lack of appeal to Jews, 39, 42–3, 48, 74 messianism, 14–15, 52 as movement, 22, 130, 281, 289 Political Zionism, 15, 16, 22, 38, 43, 46 secularism, 14, 19, 39, 40, 50, 52, 55, 149 self-determination, 14, 32, 43, 52, 77, 105, 147, 285 Spiritual/Cultural Zionism, 15–16, 286 the term, 314–15n8 transfer/population transfer, 37, 137, 186, 226, 251, 285, 287–8 World War I, 73, 83 World War II, 245–6, 252–3 see also Christian Zionism Zionist Commission, 108, 117, 119, 122, 126, 163, 324n21 criticism of, 144, 145–6 establishment of, 145 organisational structure, 167–8 see also Jewish Agency; Zionist Executive Zionist Congress, 27, 251 1st Zionist Congress (1897), 15, 34, 42, 251, 314n6 7th Zionist Congress (1905), 11 12th Zionist Congress (1921), 128 16th Zionist Congress (1929), 198 17th Zionist Congress (1931), 227 18th Zionist Congress (1933), 296 see also Biltmore Conference Zionist Executive, 167, 171 Zionist organisation, registering fee, 42–3 see also World Zionist Organisation

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As we shall see later, they too – including, crucially, the USA from 1924 – welcomed Zionism as an alternative to keeping their own doors open for any Jews fleeing persecution. They could go to Palestine instead. This approach did something to protect Britain and other states from politically unpopular Jewish immigration; it did nothing to recognise the rights of Palestinians in their homeland. British Prime Minister from 1908–1916 Herbert Asquith had scant interest in Palestine, and none in Zionism. If Palestine was of little or no strategic value, the case for adopting Zionism was, from the British imperial point of view, thin indeed. However, Lloyd George made his commitments, not only to Palestine but also to Zionism, many years before the rise to power in Germany of Adolf Hitler and the Nazis.

Enemies and Neighbours: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017
by Ian Black
Published 2 Nov 2017

Wesley, State Practices and Zionist Images, p. 29. 13 Ian Lustick, Arabs in the Jewish State, p. 123. 14 Adina Hoffman, My Happiness Bears No Relation to Happiness, p. 281. 15 Walter Schwartz, Arabs in Israel, p. 16. 16 Hillel Cohen, Good Arabs, p. 142. 17 Ilan Pappé, The Forgotten Palestinians, p. 83. 18 Sabri Jiryis, The Arabs in Israel, pp. 138–9; Tamir Sorek, Palestinian nationalism has left the field: a shortened history of Arab soccer in Israel, International Journal of Middle East Studies 35, 2003, pp. 417–37. 19 Nissim Rejwan, Outsider in the Promised Land, p. 213. 20 Yezid Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 39. 21 Adel Manna, The Palestinian Nakba and its continuous repercussions, Israel Studies 18 (2), 2013, pp. 86–99. 22 Avi Plascov, The Palestinian Refugees, p. 29. 23 Fawaz Turki, Disinherited, p. 41. 24 Rejwan, Outsider, p. 22. 25 Sayigh, Armed Struggle, pp. 39–52. 26 Colin Shindler, History of Modern Israel, p. 52; UNRWA, 1956, supplement no. 14, p. 13. 27 http://www.foia.cia.gov/sites/default/files/document_conversions/14/esau-49.pdf, declassified 2007. 28 Danny Rubinstein, The Mystery of Arafat, p. 41. 29 Abu Iyad and Eric Rouleau, My Home, My Land, p. 20; Helena Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation, pp. 21–2. 30 Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 84. 31 Helga Baumgarten, The three faces/phases of Palestinian nationalism, 1948–2005, Journal of Palestine Studies 34 (4), 2005, pp. 25–48. 32 Erskine Childers, The other exodus, Spectator, 12 May 1961. 33 Ethel Mannin, The Road to Beersheba. 34 Sari Nusseibeh, Once Upon a Country, p. 67. 35 Efrat Ben-Zeev, Remembering Palestine, p. 91. 36 Arabic/English text in http://www.barghouti.com/poets/darwish/bitaqa.asp. 37 Edward Said, The Question of Palestine, p. 155. 38 Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 88. 39 Andrew Gowers and Tony Walker, Behird the Myth, p. 45. 40 Ami Gluska, The Israeli Military, pp. 68–9. 41 Omri Shefer-Raviv, From enemies to lovers: the Israeli public debates about the use of force in the West Bank, 1965–1969, Cathedra 163, April 2017. 42 William Quandt et al., Politics of Palestinian Nationalism, p. 159. 43 Avi Shlaim, Iron Wall, p. 230. 44 Shaul Mishal, The PLO Under Arafat, p. 4. 45 Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation, p. 29. 46 Said Aburish, Arafat, p. 57. 47 Avi Shlaim, Lion of Jordan, p. 205; Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 97. 48 Shaul Mishal, West Bank, East Bank, pp. 111, 120. 49 http://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/jsource/Peace/cove1.html. 50 Shafiq al-Hout, My Life in the PLO, p. 53. 51 Rafi Sutton and Yitzhak Shoshan, Anshei haSod veHester, pp. 306–7. 52 Aburish, Arafat, p. 62. 53 http://www.palestine-studies.org/resources/special-focus/martyrdom-context-palestinian-national-struggle-0. 54 Haaretz, 15 January 1965, cited in Gluska, Israeli Military, p. 283. 55 Sayigh, Armed Struggle, p. 119. 56 Moshe Shemesh, Arab Politics, p. 94. 57 Cobban, The Palestinian Liberation Organisation, p. 34; http://blog.syracuse.com/opinion/2012/05/story_of_a_fathers_loss_of_hom.html. 58 Quandt et al., Politics of Palestinian Nationalism, p. 167. 59 Tom Segev, 1967, p. 147. 60 Ian Black and Benny Morris, Israel’s Secret Wars, pp. 237–8. 61 Michael Oren, Six Days of War, p. 32. 62 Shlaim, Iron Wall, p. 234. 63 Moshe Shemesh, The IDF raid on Samu: the turning point in Jordan’s relations with Israel and the West Bank Palestinians, Israel Studies Spring 2002. 11. 1967 1 Meron Benvenisti, Son of the Cypresses, p. 232. 2 Avi Raz, The Bride and the Dowry, p. 7; Walter Laqueur, The Road to War, p. 295. 3 Randolph S.

…

I am an Arab And my identity card number is fifty thousand I have eight children And the ninth will come after a summer Will you be angry?36 The poem’s curious power, as Edward Said wrote later, ‘is that at the time it appeared … it did not represent as much as embody the Palestinian cause, whose political identity in the world had been pretty much reduced to a name on an identity card’.37 Fatah’s goal was ‘to liberate the whole of Palestine and destroy the foundations of what it terms a colonialist Zionist occupation state and society … and restore Palestine as it still existed in the mind of most Palestinians, the homeland that existed before 1948’. The Jewish community that pre-dated the British Mandate could remain but under Arab sovereignty.38 The key elements of its programme were revolution, armed struggle and readiness to establish a Palestinian entity.

…

Israeli soldiers overcome by their own tear gas at the Qalandiya checkpoint between Jerusalem and Ramallah, 2012. 35. Palestinians carrying on regardless amidst the rubble of the Gaza City neighbourhood of Shujaiya, destroyed by Israel during the 2014 war. 36. A Palestinian demonstrator throws a shoe at a poster of President Donald Trump during a protest in the occupied West Bank city of Hebron, February 2017. Notes LANGUAGE MATTERS 1 Yusif Sayigh, Arab Economist, Palestinian Patriot, p. 190. PREFACE 1 Edward Said, The Question of Palestine, p. 81. 2 Elia Etkin, The ingathering of (non-human) exiles: the creation of the Tel Aviv Zoological Garden animal collection, 1938–1948, Journal of Israeli History 35 (1), 2016.

Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Updated Edition) (South End Press Classics Series)
by Noam Chomsky
Published 1 Apr 1999

Naseer Aruri, The Obstruction of Peace (Common Courage, 1995). On 1993-95, see Edward Said, Peace and its Discontents (Vintage, 1995), Graham Usher, Palestine in Crisis (Pluto, 1995), and Nick Guyatt, The Absence of Peace (Zed, 1998). One recent standard source is Mark Classics in Politics: The Fateful Triangle Noam Chomsky Washington’s “Peace Process” 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 21. 22. 934 Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Indiana, 1994), one of the better histories, though not without serious flaws, particularly with regard to the topics considered here; see Powers and Prospects on one crucial case.

…

Classics in Politics: The Fateful Triangle Noam Chomsky 115 Rejectionism and Accomodation Similar views were expressed by Prime Minister Golda Meir of the Labor Party, much admired here as a grandmotherly humanitarian figure, in her remark that: It was not as though there was a Palestinian people in Palestine considering itself as a Palestinian people and we came and threw them out and took their country away from them. They did not exist.27 Elsewhere, she describes the Palestinian problem as merely an “invention of some Jews with distorted minds.”28 In accordance with these dominant views concerning the Palestinians, an Israeli court ruled in 1969 that the Palestinians “are not a party to the conflict between Israel and the Arab States,” and Foreign Minister Abba Eban of the Labor Party (a well-known dove) insisted that the Palestinians “have no role to play” in any peace settlement,29 a position that received no major challenge within the Labor Party when it governed or in opposition.

…

Another, for the earlier years, is Sykes, Crossroads to Israel. On interactions between Jews and Palestinians, see, among many others, Porath, Emergence of the Palestinian National Movement. The Palestinian National Movement; Flapan, Zionism and the Palestinians; Khalidi, ed., From Haven to Conquest; David Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch (Harcourt Brace Jovanovich, New York, 1977); Edward W. Said, The Question of Palestine (Times Books, New York, 1979); Barry Rubin, The Arab States & Palestine (Syracuse, 1981). On the earlier years, there is much valuable material in the ESCO Foundation Study, Palestine: a Study of Jewish, Arab, and British Policies (Yale, New Haven, 1947), with the collaboration of a distinguished group of scholars, generally liberal Zionist in complexion.

After Zionism: One State for Israel and Palestine
by Antony Loewenstein and Ahmed Moor
Published 14 Jun 2012

Contrition over a past blackened by imperialism and colonialism became widespread, and recognition of indigenous peoples’ right to independent life and self-determination developed similarly. But the Palestinians stayed the same – and so did their Zionist adversaries. Today, just as one hundred years ago, the denial of the existence of the Palestinian people is widespread amongst Zionists. Its superficial form has changed – instead of the Palestinians, it is Palestine that does not exist (the “Palestinians” can call themselves whatever they like). But the thrust is the same. The idea and the words used to produce the denial carry an emotional charge, a pugilistic readiness to fight over the “right of the Jewish people” to colonise and occupy all of Palestine. All the while, the denial wraps Israel in a plastic, impermeable sheath.

…

It will neither end the occupation nor create a viable state in the short term but rather create a new basis for negotiations, restoring the Palestine issue to a central position without violence and allow Palestine “to insist upon a relationship based on sovereign equality ... Moreover, Palestine’s status will be formally recognised without Palestine having to make any concessions on settlements, the Right of Return, or Jerusalem etc.”20 Perhaps one question that should be asked regarding the debate is this: Will the status of Palestine as a state enhance or diminish Palestinians’ ability to pursue a legal strategy? Legal parity would also suggest that the process of ending the occupation no longer depends solely on the United States; the fear of losing its monopoly over the process is a principal US concern.

…

This right is considered sacred by all Palestinians, not just Hamas; and any attempt by any Palestinian, official or otherwise, to renounce it (as the Palestine Papers revealed the PA was willing to do), especially before Israel has recognised it, is seen as treasonous. For many if not most Palestinians, the Right of Return does not amount to actual repatriation but a political acknowledgement of the crimes committed in 1948; it is also about reparations and the “restoration of their freedom of movement inside the entire country, regardless of whether it is called Israel or Palestine”.39 Palestinians are publicly demanding “a right that is recognised under international law and by UN resolutions but has not been implemented for sixty-three years”.40 They also are calling for elections for the Palestinian National Council (which meets every two years to decide the direction of the PLO should take and to elect its executive committee) in order to “reconstruct a Palestinian national programme based upon a comprehensive resistance platform” that rejects the concentration of power in the Occupied Territories (meaning Fatah and Hamas) and is based on a one man, one vote system that includes all Palestinians inside and outside the territories.

Interventions
by Noam Chomsky

“Israeli Cabinet Statement on Road Map and 14 Reservations,” May 25, 2003. Israel demanded that Palestinians must ensure full quiet and end of incitement, but “the Roadmap will not state that Israel must cease violence and incitement against the Palestinians.” “Israel’s right to exist as a Jewish state” must be affirmed and right of return waived, but UN affirmation of Palestinian rights is barred from discussion, along with Israel settlements and much else. With U.S. approval of such conditions, the Road Map was dead on arrival. The first mainstream reference appears to be Jimmy Carter, Palestine: Peace not Apartheid. 9/11 and the “Age of Terror” SEPTEMBER 2, 2003 Amid the aftershocks of suicide bombings in Baghdad, Jerusalem and Najaf, and countless other horrors since September 11, 2001, it is easy to understand why many believe that the world has entered a new and frightening “age of terror,” the title of a recent collection of essays by Yale University scholars and others.

…

The current “campaign of hatred” in the Arab world is, of course, also fueled by U.S. policies toward Israel-Palestine and Iraq. The United States has provided the crucial support for Israel’s harsh military occupation, now in its thirty-fifth year. One way to lessen Israeli-Palestinian tensions would be to stop increasing them, as we do, by not only refusing to join the long-standing international consensus that calls for recognition of the right of all states in the region to live in peace and security, including a Palestinian state in the currently occupied territories (perhaps with minor and mutual border adjustments), but also by providing the crucial economic, military, diplomatic and ideological support for Israel’s unremitting efforts to render such an outcome unattainable.

…

It is, incidentally, quite true that none of these proposals deals with the overwhelming imbalance in military and economic power between Israel and an eventual Palestinian state, or with other quite crucial issues. In the longer term, other arrangements might emerge, as more healthy interactions develop between the two countries. One possibility with earlier roots is a binational federation. From 1967 to 1973, such a binational state was quite feasible in Israel-Palestine. During those years, a full peace treaty between Israel and the Arab states was also feasible and, indeed, had been offered in 1971 by Egypt, then Jordan. By 1973 the opportunity was lost. What changed is the 1973 war and the shift in opinion among Palestinians, in the Arab world, and in the international arena in favor of Palestinian national rights, in a form that incorporated UN Security Council Resolution 242 (November 22, 1967) but added provisions for a Palestinian state in the occupied territories, which Israel would evacuate.

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
by Robert Fisk
Published 2 Jan 2005

Certainly, the name of Haj Amin rarely appeared in Yassir Arafat’s speeches in the last quarter of the twentieth century, and not only because of Haj Amin’s cooperation with the Nazis. Relaxing in a Beirut garden in July 1994, the Palestinian scholar Edward Said suggested to me another reason for this reticence. “I was sitting with Arafat in 1985 when he placed his hand on my knee, gripping it very tight. And Arafat said: ‘Edward, if there’s one thing I don’t want to be, it’s to be like Haj Amin. He was always right, and he got nothing and died in exile.’ ” But in 1990, Arafat was to follow a curiously similar destiny. Just as Haj Amin travelled to Baghdad and then to Berlin—believing that Hitler could guarantee Palestine’s independence from British rule and Jewish immigration—so the PLO leader travelled to Baghdad to embrace Saddam Hussein after Iraq’s invasion of Kuwait, convinced by Saddam’s promise to “liberate” the land he called Palestine.

…

Sitting to his left, they immediately interrupted the PLO leader—but Arafat repeated his earlier, unwise reply: “At least Palestinians can be buried in Palestine.” But could any Palestinian go and live in Palestine? I repeated again. Palestinians were interested, surely, in living in Palestine, not in dying there. What use was the land to them if they could only touch it when it became their grave? I tried a fourth time. Could the Palestinian diaspora go and live in Arafat’s West Bank state? There was muttered conversation with his aides. “Definite,” he boomed out. “It is his [ sic] right.” Which was both the correct reply and the wrong reply. Correct because it should be the right of any Palestinian to live in his or her country. Wrong because Arafat would never permit the millions of the Palestinian diaspora to enter the West Bank.

…

It took the Palestinian delegate Saeb Erekat, for example, months to persuade the Israeli delegation to stop calling the occupied West Bank by the biblical title of “Judaea and Samaria”—names that annulled the word “Palestine” from the Israeli narrative—and this was only achieved when Danny Rothschild, an Israeli delegate, leaned towards Erekat across a State Department table and said he would call them “territories” if the Palestinians would stop calling them “occupied.” Another compromise was reached: the Palestinians would refer to “Palestinian Occupied Territories” only by their acronym, “POT.” That it took a whole year of negotiations merely to reach this level of verbal horse-trading was an unhappy commentary on the talks. The Palestinians wanted to talk about land; the Israelis wanted to talk about “devolved functions.” The Palestinians wanted to talk about “transition autonomy”; the Israelis wanted to talk about “interim autonomy.” The Palestinians wanted to talk about a country called Palestine; the Israelis would not hear of it.

It's Easier to Reach Heaven Than the End of the Street: A Jerusalem Memoir
by Emma Williams
Published 7 Nov 2012

Often just a hut or trailer, and not always inhabited. PA Palestinian Authority Peace Now Israeli NGO advocating coexistence and justice Pey’ot Long sideburns worn by Hassidim PFLP Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine PHR-Israel Physicians for Human Rights-Israel PLO Palestine Liberation Organization PNC Palestine National Congress PRCS Palestine Red Crescent Society Quartet US, EU, Russia, and the UN, formed in 2001 as a diplomatic tool and forum for advancing the Middle East peace process. Qassam rocket Crude, inaccurate rockets put together by the Palestinians and fired at the Israelis. Hundreds have been fired from the Gaza Strip into Israel.

…

He had worked for the British during the Mandate. Palestine was governed by the British after the First World War until 1948, when partition (passed by the UN in November 1947) was intended to create two states with an economic union. The UN plan allocated 44 percent of the land for the majority Palestinian population and 56 percent of the land for the minority Jewish population (who owned 7 percent of the land). In the resulting war of 1948, the new Jewish state ended up with 78 percent of Palestine; the Palestinian state remains unfounded. “You gave Palestine away—not that it was yours to give,” said Maha’s husband Mohammed later, “—but we forgive you.”

…

For others, however, the events surrounding Israel’s birth in 1948 are to this day unfinished; Ariel Sharon himself declared that 1948 is not yet over.1 As many Palestinians see it, they were expelled, not allowed back, and the real aim of Israel—by making their lives as difficult as possible—is to “encourage” those remaining to quit. On the other hand, Israelis hold that Palestinians’ insistence on the Right of Return for the descendants of those refugees shows that they want to destroy the state of Israel, to “throw the Jews into the sea,” or at the very least set up a single binational state for Jews and Palestinians on the whole Land of Israel (or pre-1948 Palestine), which, owing to the higher demographic growth rate of the Palestinians, would ultimately negate the concept of a Jewish state.

Lemon Tree: An Arab, a Jew, and the Heart of the Middle East
by Sandy Tolan
Published 1 Jan 2006

This was what led to the "land for peace" equation: a Palestinian state on a part of Palestine, in exchange for Palestinian acceptance of Israel. For many Palestinians, including Arafat, it was time to make hard political sacrifices. Some Palestinians, including Bashir, felt the sacrifices they had already made were on behalf of a national liberation for all of old Palestine; this compromise, if it meant giving up the right of refugees to return, represented capitulation. Worse for some Palestinians was that Oslo had placed the refugee question, along with key issues of East Jerusalem as the Palestinian capital, and control of water in the West Bank and Gaza, to final-status negotiations at some unknown future date, while Israel maintained control in the present.

…

Arafat condemned each suicide attack and, under pressure from Israel and the United States, ordered the arrest of suspected members of militant groups. Hundreds of young Palestinian men were in Palestinian jails, many by order of a secret Palestinian military court for state security established under the Oslo framework,. In the first year of the court, several men died during interrogations; many Palestinians accused Arafat of doing the dirty work for Israel. The chairman responded to criticism by closing several newspapers and detaining prominent Palestinian human rights advocates. Edward Said, the Columbia University professor and leading Palestinian intellectual, wrote that "Arafat and his Palestinian Authority have become a sort of Vichy government for Palestinians."

…

Journal of Palestine Studies 27 (1998): 60-105. Lebanese Center for Documentation and Research, ed. "Political Violence in the World: 1967-1987." Chronology Bibliography Documents, Vol. 1. Beirut: 1988. Lesch, Ann M. "Israeli Deportation of Palestinians from the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, 1967'-197'8." Journal of Palestine Studies 8 (1979): 101-31. Macpherson, Rev. James Rose, trans. Palestine Pilgrims Text Society 3 (1895). —. Palestine Pilgrims Text Society 5 (1895). —. Palestine Pilgrims Text Society 6 (1895). —. Palestine Pilgrims Text Society 8 (1895). Middle East International (various biweekly issues, 2003-2005).

Rethinking Islamism: The Ideology of the New Terror
by Meghnad Desai
Published 25 Apr 2008

฀It฀did฀after฀much฀struggle฀manage฀to฀sign฀the฀ Oslo฀Accords฀and฀win฀a฀recognition฀for฀the฀right฀of฀Palestinians฀to฀ exist฀as฀a฀state฀in฀their฀land.฀The฀PLO฀also฀conceded฀Israel’s฀right฀ to฀exist.฀Other฀groups฀such฀as฀Hezbollah฀and฀Hamas฀take฀a฀much฀ more฀militant฀line฀on฀that฀issue.฀Israel฀in฀turn฀resorts฀to฀military฀ attacks฀ on฀ Palestinian฀ settlements฀ as฀ a฀ counter-terrorist฀ measure.฀ Yet฀ there฀ is฀ progress฀ in฀ a฀ complex,฀ slow฀ and฀ zigzagging฀ way฀ towards฀ some฀ sort฀ of฀ living฀ together.฀ Democratic฀ elections฀ for฀ the฀ Palestine฀Legislative฀Authority฀have฀advanced฀the฀debate฀further.฀ The฀Palestine฀Authority฀has฀a฀democratically฀elected฀president฀in฀ Abu฀Mazan.฀ The฀democratic฀election฀of฀Hamas฀as฀the฀majority฀party฀in฀Palestinian฀Legislative฀Assembly฀in฀January฀฀was฀a฀step฀forward.฀ There฀was฀hope฀that฀Hamas฀would฀enter฀into฀the฀negotiating฀fold.฀ True,฀ Hamas฀ is฀ a฀ liberation/terrorist฀ organisation฀ and฀ did฀ not฀ concede฀ Israel’s฀ right฀ to฀ exist,฀ which฀ was฀ agreed฀ to฀ by฀ the฀ PLO฀ at฀Oslo.

…

฀Early฀Zionism฀was฀ a฀ part฀ of฀ a฀ broad฀ socialist฀ movement฀ in฀ Europe,฀ but฀ during฀ the฀ interwar฀period฀it฀became฀more฀nationalist฀and฀hostile฀to฀any฀accommodation฀with฀the฀Arab฀population.฀Later฀still฀in฀Israel,฀there฀ persisted฀the฀left/right฀split฀between฀the฀Labour฀Party฀and฀Likud,฀ or฀more฀religious฀parties,฀with฀two฀very฀different฀visions฀of฀Israel฀ as฀ coexisting฀ with฀ the฀ Palestinians฀ or฀ as฀ dominating฀ them฀ from฀ behind฀an฀‘Iron฀Wall’. Arab฀unrest฀in฀the฀late฀s฀led฀the฀British฀government,฀which฀ had฀the฀Palestine฀Mandate,฀to฀propose฀a฀partition฀of฀Palestine฀into฀ a฀ small฀ Jewish฀ state฀ of฀ ฀ square฀ kilometres฀ and฀ a฀ large฀ Arab฀ state฀with฀a฀British฀enclave,฀including฀Jerusalem.฀Within฀two฀years฀ Britain฀withdrew฀the฀partition฀plan฀and฀proposed฀an฀Arab฀state฀in฀ which฀ Jews฀ would฀ live฀ in฀ a฀ minority.฀ But฀ then฀ the฀ Second฀ World฀ War฀broke฀out.฀ A฀much฀stronger฀kind฀of฀Zionism฀was฀forged฀in฀the฀course฀of฀World฀ War฀II,฀and฀the฀commitment฀to฀Jewish฀statehood฀became฀deeper฀and฀ more฀desperate฀in฀the฀shadow฀of฀the฀Holocaust.

…

฀The฀Stern฀Gang฀and฀ Irgun฀wanted฀all฀of฀Palestine,฀especially฀Jerusalem,฀as฀part฀of฀the฀ Jewish฀ state.฀ This฀ is,฀ according฀ to฀ many฀ Jewish฀ religious฀ parties,฀ the฀ Biblical฀ promise.฀ The฀ Palestinians฀ denounced฀ the฀ proposal฀ as฀ ‘absurd,฀ impracticable฀ and฀ unjust’.฀ The฀ war฀ that฀ broke฀ out฀ upon฀ the฀ formation฀ of฀ Israel฀ on฀ ฀ May฀ ฀ resulted,฀ as฀ did฀ the฀ two฀ subsequent฀wars,฀in฀a฀defeat฀for฀the฀Arab฀armies฀and฀a฀victory฀for฀ Israel.฀The฀armistice฀signed฀at฀the฀end฀of฀the฀–฀war฀meant฀ that฀ Israel฀ had฀ expanded฀ its฀ territory฀ from฀ around฀ half฀ of฀ Palestine฀ to฀ around฀ ฀ per฀ cent,฀ and฀ what฀ should฀ have฀ been฀ Palestine฀ was฀ absorbed฀ by฀ King฀ Abdullah฀ of฀ Jordan฀ into฀ his฀ kingdom.฀ He฀ changed฀the฀name฀of฀his฀kingdom฀from฀Transjordan฀to฀Jordan,฀and฀ the฀newly฀grabbed฀part฀was฀called฀West฀Jordan฀or฀the฀West฀Bank,฀ as฀it฀subsequently฀came฀to฀be฀known.

Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World
by Naomi Klein
Published 11 Sep 2023

Karl Weber (New York: Public Affairs, 2006), 235. “There was no such thing as Palestinians”: Quoted in Rashid Khalidi, Palestinian Identity: The Construction of Modern National Consciousness (New York: Columbia University Press, 1997), 147. “present-absentee”: Mahmoud Darwish, In the Presence of Absence, trans. Sinan Antoon (New York: Archipelago Books, 2011). “Israeli settlers continue their unbated campaign”: Yousef Al Jamal, “JNF Greenwashing as a Means to Hide Ethnic Cleansing in Palestine,” Politics Today, February 14, 2022. “the victims of the victims”: Edward Said, The Pen and the Sword: Conversations with David Barsamian (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), 53; Bryan Cheyette, “A Glorious Achievement: Edward Said and the Last Jewish Intellectual,” in Edward Said’s Translocations, ed.

…

“the victims of the victims”: Edward Said, The Pen and the Sword: Conversations with David Barsamian (Monroe, Maine: Common Courage Press, 1994), 53; Bryan Cheyette, “A Glorious Achievement: Edward Said and the Last Jewish Intellectual,” in Edward Said’s Translocations, ed. Tobias Doring and Mark U. Stein (New York: Routledge, 2012), 78. “the new Jews”: Joseph Massad, “Affiliating with Edward Said,” in Edward Said: A Legacy of Emancipation and Representation, ed. Adel Iskandar and Hakem Rustom (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2010), 33. “doppelgänger politics is first of all”: Rooney, “Prison Israel-Palestine,” 134. “the Jewish people has an exclusive”: Natasha Roth-Rowland, “Land Grabs. Homophobia.

…

This wave of Jewish immigration was regarded by many Palestinians as a colonial imposition, a perception that was further cemented when British troops and local police put down the Arab uprising with tremendous force, fueling further resentment. When Palestine was partitioned in 1947, a move with overwhelming Arab opposition, and Israel declared statehood the next year, the first Arab-Israeli war was locked in. These were the years that Palestinians call the Nakba, or catastrophe: roughly 750,000 Palestinians were expelled, hundreds of Palestinian villages were destroyed, and thousands were killed, with many of the horrifying truths about these atrocities finally escaping Israel’s own Shadow Lands in recent years. Of course Palestinians would resist such ethnic cleaning with violence of their own.

Jerusalem: The Biography
by Simon Sebag-Montefiore
Published 27 Jan 2011

P., Jr., 423 Morganthau, Henry, 398n Morley, Edmund Parker, 4th Earl of, 388 Morley, John Parker, 6th Earl of, 393 Mormons, 338 Morocco, 180n, 255, 283 Morphia, Queen of Jerusalem, 218 Morris, Benny, 471 Moscow, 369, 386n, 444n, 454, 462n, 489, 492-3, 515 Moses, 17, 40, 86n, 110, 170, 276, 410, 520 Mosque of Omar, 264 mosque (the word), 171n Mossad, 488, 505 Mosul, 217, 427 Motol, 350n, 412 Mount Ararat, 389n Mount Gerizim, 53, 110, 509 Mount Gilboa, 20 Mount Hermon, 248 Mount Herzl, 487, 507 Mount Moriah, 3, 7, 16, 24-5, 27, 35n, 179, 182 Mount Nebo, 17 Mount of Olives, 86-7, 139, 195, 236, 240, 323, 409, 434, 517, 521 and Christianity, 99, 108, 117, 153 churches, 147, 162, 368 and crucifixions, 1-2 and Crusaders, 210-11 and European visitors, 332, 363n and Islamic sultanate, 260, 265 Jewish cemetery, 139, 338, 479 and Mamluk sultanate, 286 and Ottoman sultanate, 295 and Providence, 10, 132 and Second Coming, 500 see also Augusta Victoria fortress Mount Scopus, 3, 174, 394, 425, 434, 473, 481-83, 494, 496 Mount Zion, xxi - xxii, 69, 120n, 132, 139, 148, 156, 200, 211, 338, 379n, 449, 463 and Albanian conquest, 329 Cenacle (David's Tomb), 25n, 69, 103, 109, 239, 240n, 254, 255n, 260, 281, 286, 292n, 295, 327, 329, 400 and Islamic sultanate, 254, 255n and Israeli wars, 480, 495, 497 and Mamluk sultanate, 281, 286-7 and Ottoman sultanate, 292n, 299 synagogue, 139, 148 Mourners of Zion, 195 Moussaieff family, 375 Movement for the Establishment of the Temple, 503 Moyne, Walter Guinness, 1st Baron, 382n, 441, 459 Muawiya ibn Abi Sufayan, caliph, 177-81 Muazzam Isa, Sultan, 265-7 Mubarak, Hosne, 505 Mufti of Jerusalem, see Husseini, Amin Muhammad, Prince of Jordan, 488, 491 Muhammad, Prophet, 10, 44, 165, 174, 176, 184-5, 187, 246, 259, 291, 303, 403n, 520 his life, 169-72 his Night Journey, 169-70, 182, 200, 259, 437 relics of, 229 Muhammad, son of Farrukh, 297 Muhammad Ali, 326-7, 329, 333-4, 350 Muizz, Caliph, 193-4 Mujir al-Din, 288 mulberry trees, 295 Munich Agreement, 452 Munich Olympics, 502 Munster, 297n Munqidh, Usamah bin, see Usamah al-Muqaddasi, 182, 191n, 195-7 Muscovy, 340 Muslim Brotherhood, 445, 477, 506, 508 Muslim Quarter, 276, 281, 356, 357n, 438, 506, 507-8, 520 Mussolini, Benito, 430-1, 454 Mustansir, Caliph, 200n Mustasim, Caliph, 190 Mycenae, 14-15 Nabataea, 88n Nabataeans, 81 Nabi Daoud, 295 Nabi Musa festival, 276, 308n, 361, 388, 391-2 Nabi Musa riots, 429-31, 435 Nabi Samuel, 416-17 Nablus, 236, 246, 270, 318, 327, 329, 365, 391, 417, 447, 449, 484 Nabonidus, King of Babylon, 46 Nabopolassar, 39 Nachmanides, Ramban, 278-9 al-Nadim, 190n Nahalavat Shiva, 364 Nahum, prophet, 36 Napoleon I (Bonaparte), Emperor, 311-12, 315-18, 320-1, 323, 326, 374, 427, 446 Napoleon III, Emperor, 342-3, 348, 355, 380n al-Naqashibi, Nasir al-Din, 435n Narkiss, General Uzi, 494-7 Nashashibi family, 435n, 438-9, 442, 489 Fakhri Bey al-Nashashibi, 449 Nassereddin al-Nashashibi, 435, 443, 463, 484-5 Ragheb al-Nashashibi, 385, 394, 399, 422, 435-6, 439, 441, 448-9, 453, 478, 483 Nasi, Joseph, 295, 297 Nasir Daud, Sultan, 268, 270-1 Nasir Muhammad, Sultan, 278, 279-81, 344n Nasir-i-Khusrau, 200-1 Nasser, Colonel Gamal Abdul, President, 485, 489-90, 492-8, 506, 519 Nathan, prophet, 23, 25 Naumov, Bishop Cyril, 386 Navarino, Battle of, 327 Nazarenes, 109-10, 115 Nazareth, 95, 275, 416 Nea Church, 159-60, 162 Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, xix, 9, 41-6, 59, 65, 374, 388-9 Nebuzardan, 43-4 Necho, pharaoh, 41 Negev, 481, 493, 516 Neguib, General Muhammad, 482 Nehemiah (cup-bearer), 51, 54, 56n Nehemiah (Jewish leader), 162-3 Nelson, Admiral Horatio, 312, 494 Nero, Emperor, 2, 60, 116, 118-21, 124, 126 Nerva, Emperor, 133 Nestorians, 157 Nestorius, Patriarch, 156 Netanyahu, Binyamin, 507-8, 514 Netzer, Ehud, 92n New Jerusalem Monastery, 340n New Salem, Illinois, 347n New York, 476, 489 New York Times, 378, 392 Newgate Prison, 322 Nicanor, 66 Nicholas I, Emperor of Russia, 339-43, 347, 350 Nicholas II, Emperor of Russia, 369, 379, 382-3, 386, 387n, 413, 444n Night of the Bridges, 464 Nikolai Hostel, 463, 475 Nikolaus of Damascus, 82 Nikon, Patriarch, 340n Nile, river, 135, 218, 271 NILI, 407 Nineveh, 31, 36, 38-9 NKVD, 461 Noah, 298 Nob, 20 Noble Sanctuary, 281 North Korea, 489 Northern Rhodesia, 436 Notable Families, see Jerusalem Families Nottingham, 257n Nubia, 28 Numrud, 32n Nur al-Din, Atabeg, 234-43, 251 his minbar, 237, 254, 269, 502 Nuremberg trials, 439n Nusaybah, 177n Nusseibeh family, 177n, 263, 298, 308n, 309, 361, 420, 442, 488, 491, 520 Anwar al-Nusseibeh, 442, 465-6, 468-9, 475-6, 479, 481n, 488, 491 Hazem al-Nusseibeh, 308n, 420n, 442, 444-5, 448, 456, 483, 488 Obadah al-Nusseibeh, 520 Sari al-Nusseibeh, 442, 483, 486-9, 491, 515, 518 Wajeeh al-Nusseibeh, 517-20 Obadiah of Bertinoro, Rabbi, 288 Obama, Barack, President, 512, 516n Octavia, 82n Octavian, see Augustus, Emperor Odessa, 339, 353, 367, 383, 386, 421 Officers Club, 442, 464 Olivet, 288, 338, 365, 444n Olmert, Ehud, 508, 515-16 Olympic Games, 124 Omar, 172, 174-8 Omar II, Caliph, 186, 255, 291, 304, 420n, 508, 520 Onias II, 56, 61 Onias IV, 66n, 67n, 70n Operation Agatha, 465 Operation Nachshon, 471 Operation Tariq, 494 Ophel hill, 15, 21n, 22, 24, 355, 390, 393 Orad II, King of Parthia, 73, 76n Order of Caroline, 323 Order of St Lazarus, 242n Order of the Holy Sepulchre, 320 Orient Express, 376 Orient House, 364, 505 Orleans, 238 Orthodox Church, 157, 160, 189, 255, 486, 488 and religious conflict, 201, 296, 299-300, 310, 320, 331, 339-40, 343, 348, 424, 488, 519-20 Ortuq bin Aksab, 203 Oslo peace talks, 506, 507n, 514 Osorkon, pharaoh, 31 ostraca, 42n Othman, 178, 181 Ottoman Cossacks, 343n Ottoman empire, 296-7, 326-30, 333-4, 341, 343, 361-2, 380 military defeat, 416-26 and the Three Pashas, 394-401, 403, 415n Ottoman Land Law, 364n Outrejourdain, 243, 264 Outremer, 215, 225-32, 249 William's history, 239, 245n Overcomers, 364-6 Oxford, 333, 442, 445 Oz, Amos, 438, 441, 444, 457, 465, 467, 483, 486-7, 516 Pacorus, Prince, 76 Pact of Omar, 177n Pahlavan knights, 76n Pakistan, 53-4 Palace Hotel, 441 Palaestina, 137, 149, 154, 165 Palermo, 218, 266-7, 270n Palestine (nation and state), 19n, 380, 431, 453-4, 478, 504, 513 British Mandate, 428, 431, 433, 465, 473 partition, 466-7, 475 Palestine Arab Party, 449 Palestine Exploration Fund, 354-5, 363n Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 491, 503-4, 505-6, 508 Palestine National Council, 478n Palestine Post, 457, 465, 469 Palestine Society, 517n Palestinian Authority, 364, 507, 510 Palestinian Christians, 218 Palm Sunday, 191, 218, 227, 387 Palmach, 456-7, 463, 469, 471, 474, 479 Palmerston, Henry Temple, 3rd Viscount, xxv, 331-2, 334 Palmyran empire, 140 Paltiel, 194-5 pan-Arabism, 486, 489, 504 Pannychis, 89 paradise, 48n Paris, 150, 207n, 238, 285, 339, 347n, 352, 373, 380n, 462 Versailles peace talks, 426-8 Parker, Monty, (later Earl of Morley), 388-93 Parry, Sir Hubert, 321n, 426 Parsons, Levi, 337 Parthians, 68, 73, 75-8, 81, 130, 133, 139 Pasargadae, 49 Paschal II, Pope, 219 Passfield, Lord (Sidney Webb), 438 Passover, 35, 40, 50, 59, 159, 324n, 360, 363n, 369, 388, 471, 517 and blood libel, 333, 336 Jesus and, 98-102, 107-9, 148 and longing for Jerusalem, 139, 374 St Paul, 117-18, 121, 143 Paul, Emperor of Russia, 342 Paul VI, Pope, 491 Paula, 151-2 Paulinus, 155-6 Peel, William, 1st Earl, 448 Peel, Sir Robert, 334 Pentecost, 103n, 109 Pepys, Samuel, 304 Peres, Shimon, President, 494, 506-7, 514, 515 Pergami, Bartolomeo, 322-3 Persephone, 385 Persepolis, 50n Persia, 63, 181, 458 Persian Gulf, 35 Persians, 46-53, 73, 75, 139-40, 150, 161-4, 288 Petah Tikvah, 374 St Peter, 98, 102n, 104, 109, 115, 121, 151 Peter, Bishop of Winchester, 270 Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia, 146n, 340 Peter, King of Yugoslavia, 456 Peter the Georgian, 156n St Petersburg, 339, 350, 368, 370, 380, 386, 415 Petra, 71, 98 Petronius, 112 Pharisees, 70, 72, 98, 100, 102, 105 Pharos lighthouse, 55 Phasael, 74 Phasael tower, 84, 93 Pheroras, 81, 88n Philip II Augustus, King, 257-8, 260n Philip II, King of Macedon, 52 Philip II, King of Spain, 278n Philip, Prince, Duke of Edinburgh, 444n, 454n Philipp, Prince of Eulenburg, 376-8 Philippa, Princess, 238 Philippi, Battle of, 75 Philistines, 18-20, 23, 137 Philo Judaeus of Alexandria, 99n Phoenicia, 81 Phoenician temples, 28 Phoenicians, 22, 26, 39n photography, 363, 378 Picot, Francois-Georges, 405, 420, 424 Pilgrim Strangers, 338 Pinsk, 409 Pinsker, Leo, 374 Pitt, William, the Elder, Earl of Chatham, 413 Pitt, William, the Younger, 322 plague, 256, 258, 332 Plato, 190n, 446 Plehve, Vyecheslav von, 380 Pliny the Elder, 3 , 381, 383 Plumer, Field Marshal Hebert, 1st Viscount, 436 Poland, 291, 293-4, 298, 301, 311n, 461, 486n Polish Jews, 307-8, 357, 359, 375n, 441, 457 polo, 237, 251, 442 Pompeii, 119n Pompey the Great, Gnaeus Pompeius Magnus, 6, 70-3 Pontius Pilate, 99n, 100, 102, 104-5, 107-8, 110, 115, 119, 122, 135n Pontus, 88n Pools of Solomon, 329 popes, 151, 159 Popillius Laenas, 62 Poppaea, 120-1 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, 501 Port Said, 444n Portugal, 294 Postal Cafe, 444 Potemkin, Prince Gregory, 311, 374 Potter's Field, 109 prisoners, ransoming of, 213 Pro-Jerusalem Society, 423 prophets, 19 prostitution, 144, 226-7, 258, 398, 421, 424 Protestant Churches, 157, 296-7, 299 Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 380n, 383, 423-4, 433, 456n Prussia, 285, 334, 363 Ptolemais (Acre), 67, 70n, 78, 124 Ptolemy I Soter, King, 54-5, 57n, 58n Ptolemy II Philadelphos, King, 55, 56n Ptolemy III Eugertes, King, 56 Ptolemy IV, King, 57n Ptolemy VI Philometer, King, 66n, 67 Ptolemy VIII Euergetes, King, 67n Ptolemy IX Soter, King, 70n Ptolemy XIII, King, 73 Ptolemy, King of Mauretania, 82n Ptolemy of Alexandria, 190n Pulcheria, Empress, 153, 155-7 Punch, 379 Purim, 360, 384 Puritans, 300-1, 332, 337 Pushkin, Alexander, 340 Putin, Vladimir, 369n, 515n pyramids, 85n Qaitbay, Sultan, 279n, 287-8, 521 Qashashi, 305 al-Qassam, Sheikh Izzat al-Din, 447-8 Qazaz, Firaz, 521 Qazaz, Naji, 521 qiblas, 171, 175 Quadi, 138 al-Quds University, 518n Quirinius, 91n Qutuz, Sultan, 275 Rabin, Yitzhak, 429-30, 469, 473-6, 479-70, 485, 506-7, 514 and Six Day War, 492-3, 496-7 Rabinowitz, Rabbi Shmuel, 517-18 Rachel's Tomb, 323, 351, 357n Rachkovsky, Piotr, 380n railways, 348-9, 363 Ramadan, 171, 199, 259, 359, 513 Ramallah, 216 Ramban, Rabbi, see Nachmanides Ramban Synagogue, 279n, 282, 286-7, 295, 297 Ramla, 186, 204, 316, 481, 487 Ramle Vale Jackal Hounds Hunt, 442 Ramses II the Great, pharaoh, 17-18 Ramsgate, 351, 357n Raphia, 70 Raphia, Battle of, 57n Rasputin, Grigory, 385-7 Rauff, Walter, 457 Raushen Pasha, 399 Ravenna, 159 Raymond, Count of Toulouse, Count of Tripoli, 207, 209, 211-12, 214 Raymond, Count of Tripoli, 243-7 Raymond, Prince of Antioch, 234-6 Raymond of Aguilers, 212 Red Crescent, 399 red heifer, 86 Red Sea, 31, 40, 245 Rehavia, 444, 466, 481, 487 Rehoboam, King, 30-1 Rehovoth, 481 Reich, Ronny, 21n, 393 Reuveni, David, 297n, 299n Reynald of Chatillon, Lord of Kerak and Outrejordain, 243, 245-6, 248, 250 Rhodes, 81, 179, 333 Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 270 Richard I the Lionheart, King, 65n, 235n, 257-63, 267, 406 Richman, Rabbi, Chaim, 86n Rida ibn Thawb, 200n Ridwan, Prince, 297 Riley-Smith, Jonathan, 227 Rishon-le-Zion, 374 de Riveri, Paschia, 244 Riyad, General Abdul Munim, 493, 495 Robert, Duke of Flanders, 208 Robert I, Duke of Normandy, 201 Robert II, Duke of Normandy, 208 Robert, King of Naples, 281 Roberts, David, 333 Robinson, Edward, 337, 354n Robinsons's Arch, 99, 354n Rohan, David, 501 Romania, 343 Romanos IV Diogenes, Emperor, 202n Romans, 60, 62, 70-7, 80-2, 93, 115-17 and Christianity, 132-3 and Jewish revolt, 120-6 and life of Jesus, 98, 100-7 and St Paul, 118-19 siege of Jerusalem, 1-10 and suppression of Jews, 129-39 Rome, 121, 207n, 351, 370, 463 Arch of Titus, 129, 130n and Christians, 114, 139-40, 151 Church of St Paul Outside the Walls, 121n civil war in, 138 Temple of Peace, 129, 131n Vespasian's Triumph, 129-30 year of three emperors, 2, 126 Rome, bishops of, 151, 159 Rommel, Field Marshal Erwin, 459 Roosevelt, Franklin D., President, 382n, 459n, 462 Roosevelt, Theodore, President, 428 Rosh Ha Ayim, 53 Rosh Hashanah, 516 Rothschild, Dolly de, 414 Rothschild, Baron Edmond de, 374, 390, 421 Rothschild, James de, 421, 487n Rothschild, Lionel de, 325n, 350, 352n, 362 Rothschild, Nathaniel, 1st Baron, 324, 350, 380 Rothschild, Walter, 2nd Baron, 414-15 Roxelana, Sultana, 291-2, 297 Royal Boar, 162-4 Rubens, Peter Paul, 65n Rubowitz, Alexander, 466, 467n Runciman, Sir Steven, 263n Russell, Earl, 354 Russia, 310, 320, 330-1, 335, 339-43, 347-8, 361-2, 366, 515 anti-Semitism and Jewish exodus, 367-70, 374, 380, 382-3 Moses Montefiore's visit, 350-1n Russian Jews, 330, 334-5, 345, 350, 367-70, 374-5, 382-3, 412-13, 415, 423-4, 430, 508-9 and Sykes-Picot Agreement, 405 see also Soviet Union Russian Compound, 353, 367, 369, 384, 386, 417, 429, 444, 462, 464-5, 474, 478 Russian Palestine Society, 367 Russian Revolution, 413 Rustaveli, Shota, 296n Rutenberg, Pinhas, 423n, 429 Saakashvili, Mikheil, President, 296n Sabas, 156n al-Sabbah, Hassan, 203n Sabbatai Zevi, 302-3 Sabbath, 45, 54, 59, 62-3, 107, 144n, 171, 307 Sabinus, 93 Sabra and Shatila massacres, 503 sacrifice, cult of, 53, 59, 101 see also child sacrifice Sadat, Anwar, President, 504-5, 515 Sadducees, 68n Sadeh, General Yitzhak, 452, 456 Sadowa, Battle of, 356 Safadin, Sultan, 249, 251n, 253-4, 255n, 258-65 Safed, 298, 334 al-Saffah, Caliph, 186-8 Said, Boulos, 441 Said, Edward, xix, xxiv, 441, 518n, 519n Sakakini, Khalil, 408, 417, 429, 444-5 Sakhra, 175 Saladin, Sultan, 224-6, 227n, 241, 243-64, 270, 276, 380, 508, 520 and later developments, 381, 404, 409, 420n, 509 Salahiyya endowments, 255 Salih Ayyub, Sultan, 270-1, 275 Salisbury, Robert Cecil, Marquess of, 409 Sallust, 71 Salome (daughter of Herodias), 96 Salome (sister of Herod), 80, 83-4, 88-90 Salome Alexandra, Queen, 70-1 Salonika, 293, 399 Samara, 150 Samaria, 28, 32, 34, 69, 82, 93 Samaritans, 51, 53, 110, 116, 138, 154, 159 Samarkand, 283 Samosata, 78 Samuel, prophet, 19, 204 Samuel, Herbert, 1st Viscount, 411, 413-14, 431, 433-6 San Remo Conference, 431 Sanballat, 51, 53 Sand, Shlomo, 191n Sanderson, John, 299 Sandys, George, 299-300 Sanhedrin, 59, 64, 74, 78, 104, 110, 119, 150 Sanhedrin tomb, 79n Saracens (the name), 173 Sarajevo, 374 Sardis, 48n, 50n Sargon II, King of Assyria, 34-5 Saturnius, 156 al-Saud, Abdullah, 327 Ibn Saud, Abdul-Aziz, 327n Ibn Saud, King Abdullah, 327n, 432, 468 Saudi Arabia, 281, 327n, 432n, 467, 510 Saul, King, 19-21 Saulcy, Felicien de, 355 St Saviour's monastery, 296, 310, 318-19, 322, 330 Savoyards, 278n Schick, Conrad, 228n, 364n Schiff, Jacob, 382 Schlechter, Solomon, 199n Scott, C.

…

Rutenberg was 'thickset, powerful, dressed always in black, head strong as granite, utterances low and menacing, brilliant and fascinating' but also 'versatile and violent.' In 1922, Churchill supported Rutenberg, an engineer, in his bid to found the hydroelectric works that powered much of Palestine. * The word 'Palestinian' came to mean the Palestinian Arab nation, but for the first half of the twentieth century the Jews there were known as Palestinians or Palestinian Jews; the Arabs known as Palestinian Arabs. In Weizmann's memoirs (published 1949) when he writes 'Palestinian' he means Jewish. A Zionist newspaper was called Palestine, an Arab one Filistin. * The ageing Hussein became the King Lear of Arabia, obsessed with filial ingratitude and British perfidy.

…

These Mafia tactics worked: the sultan switched back to the Greeks, giving them the dominant position in the Church which they still hold today.9 Now Ottoman power collapsed in Palestine. Starting in Galilee in the 1730s, a Bedouin sheikh, Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani, carved out a northern fiefdom, which he ruled from Acre - the only time, except for short-lived rebellions, when a native Palestinian Arab ruled an extended part of Palestine. THE RISE AND FALL OF THE 'KING OF PALESTINE' In 1770, Ali Bey, an Egyptian general who gloried in the nickname the Cloudsnatcher (which he had won by defeating Bedouin, whom the Ottomans believed were as hard to catch as clouds), allied himself with Sheikh Zahir. Together they conquered most of Palestine, even taking Damascus, but the sultan's pasha held out in Jerusalem.

Goliath: Life and Loathing in Greater Israel
by Max Blumenthal
Published 27 Nov 2012

See Border Police Magnes, Judah, 45, 56–57 Magnes, Liz, 409 Majadele, Ghaleb, 23, 247 Majdal Asqalan, 128–129 Makhoul, Ameer, 146–152 disappearance of, 146–147 plea deal and prison sentence, 151–152 prosecution of, 148–149 Makhoul, Issam, 147–148 Maklef, Mordechai, 145 Makoff, Gideon, 43–44 Mali, Rabbi Eliyahu, 49 Malka, Ilan, 7 Malsin, Jared, 8, 39 Mandelblit, Avichai, 280 Mankell, Henning, 102, 104–105 Mapai Party, 79, 314 Marc3Pax hoax, 215–216 Margalit, Dan, 73 Marnoy, Meir, 69 Marom, Eliezer, 102 Marom, Hannah, 277 Marshall, George, 57 Marzel, Baruch, 49, 51, 307, 318, 327 Mas’ha Camp, 359–360 Mashour, Yara, 39 Matalon, Mosh Mutz, 123 Matar, Haggai, 339, 344 Mattar, Anat, 218 Mavi Marmara, 102–103, 105, 110–114 proposed as floating hotel for Haifa, 146 Mayer, Avi, 213 Mazuz, Menachem, 280 McCarthy, Joseph, 225 McEwan, Ian, 370 Mehta, Zubin, 92–93 Meir, Golda, 60, 194 Men of Israel (porn film), 215 Meotti, Giulio, 194 Meretz Party, 6–7, 16, 74, 116, 268, 270, 276 Meretz USA, 269 Messiah, the, 230, 231 Metzger, Yona, 312 Michaeli, Anastasia, 22–23, 47, 122, 130 Micner, Mimi, 269 Migrant workers, 65–67, 314 campaign against, 298, 314, 321–322 hate for, 321–322 See also African immigrants Military (Israeli), 202–205, 250–254, 269–271 Air Force, 4, 101, 202–203 Auschwitz, military personnel tour to, 197–198 Breaking the Silence (veterans’ organization), 197–198, 251–252, 270–271, 374 draft evasion, 278, 280 Forum for Sharing the Burden, 280 indoctrination of children in school, 281–284, 285, 291, 295 letter of refusal for pilots, 203–204 “Path of Values” program, 295 proof of service required for nightclubs and jobs, 160 refusal of service, 269, 278–280, 291, 407–410 refusal of service, penalties for, 269, 279, 291 requirement for service, 269, 292 sexual assaults in, 203, 293–294 teachers as “lifelong draftees,” 295 “trophy photos/videos,” 250–254, 269 uniforms and guns, Azad café policy, 159–160 women in, 292–294 See also Border Police Miller, Alex, 16, 58–60 Minister of Strategic Threats, 22 Ministry of Agriculture, 81 Ministry of Defense, 4, 9–10, 295 Ministry of Education, 295, 308 Ministry of Public Diplomacy, 213 Ministry of Social Affairs, money to Hemla, 319 Ministry of Tourism, 213 Miscegenation, campaign against, 298–299, 316–320, 342–343 Misgav Regional Council, 81, 82, 84 Mitzpe Shalem, 220 Mitzpim (watchtower) towns, 81–82, 88 Mitzvah, murder as, 305 Mizrahi, Avi, 372 Mizrahi Shas Party, 18 Mizrahim, 18, 51, 330, 331 Mofaz, Shaul, 204 Mondoweiss, 241 Moor, Avigail, 294 Moran, Sigal, 180 Moroccan Quarter of Jerusalem, destroyed, 246 Morris, Benny, 72, 352 Mosawa Center, 322 Mossinson, Yigal, 289 Mousa, Ahmed, 361 Muezzin’s call to prayer, bill to illegalize broadcasts of, 47 Nabi Saleh, 372–384 Nablus, 308, 359 Nahal Oz, 89–90 Nakba, 273, 277, 331 “Nakba Bullshit” (Im Tritzu pamphlet), 233 Nakba Day, 43, 53–55, 58, 362–363 Nakba Law, 58, 62, 226 omitted from textbooks, 54–55 Names changed to Hebraicized forms, 43 Nass, Leah, 202 Nasser, Gemal Abdel, 89 National Democratic Assembly (Balad), 135 National Religious Party, 55 National Student Union, 230 National Union Party, 219, 326 Nationalism: Building a State in the Middle East (Saar), 55 Naveh, Yair, 308 Nawi, Ezra, 240–241 Nazareth, 78, 132, 154 Nazareth Illit, 15, 135, 138–139 Nazis Israeli parallels to, 336, 343 Judeo-Nazis, 268 neo-Nazis, 25 See also Holocaust The Need for Separation (Schueftan), 353 Neeman, Yaakov, 74, 347 Negev Desert Arab Negev News, 176 Blueprint Negev, 173–175, 181 campaign to remove Bedouins from, 169–175 demolition of Arab communities in, 169, 170, 174–178 forest fire in, 182, 183–184 Jewish settlements in, 171–172 tree-planting campaign, 179–180, 182, 184–186 “Zionist majority” desired in, 173 Neo-Nazis, 25 Neo-Zionism, 229–233 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 7, 9, 27–33, 183–184, 356, 398 in 2009 elections, 9, 16 on African immigrants, 333, 336 American political opinion, influence on, 28–33 on anti-boycott law, 222–223 on arrest of peaceful demonstrators, 41 Big Quiet and, 357–358 bill for non-Jewish foreign partners to leave country, 106 on broadcasting muezzin’s call to prayer, 47 on Carmel fire, 183 Christian right leaders and, 180 A Durable Peace, 29 on edicts of state-sponsored rabbis, 316 on expulsion of Arabs/Palestinians, 32–33, 106 on Gaza Freedom Flotilla raid, 102, 114, 115 hasbara and, 28–29, 30, 213 Holocaust references and, 31, 195 on internment camp for African immigrants, 336 on Iran, threat of, 31, 194 Iraq invasion by US urged by, 31 on Israeli democracy, 223 on Jewish demographic majority, 32–33, 337 as “Joe Isuzu of the Middle East,” 28, 29 Judaization as a policy, 32–33, 165 as “King Bibi,” 30, 33 Lieberman, Avigdor, and, 27, 28, 33 as Likud Party chairman, 28 name-change by grandfather, 29 Obama, Barack, and, 241, 275 plea for assistance from Turkey’s Erdogan, 183 on rights of Arabs in Israel, 60 as “Scaremonger-in-Chief,” 9 on separation walls, 337, 356 settlement policy and, 7, 32–33, 275 signet ring story, 29–30 state-sponsored rabbi incitements and, 304–305 status quo of continuing warfare espoused by, 33 on textbook revision concerning Nakba, 55 Time magazine interview with, 30 as transferist, 32 Netta (pseudonym), 106–107 New Israel Fund (NIF), 219, 224–225 New nostalgia, 272–273 New Profile, 278, 289 New York Times, 6, 365–366 News agencies and newspapers Arab Negev News, 176 censorship by Israeli General Press Office, 12 gag orders on, 149–150, 151 Ha’aretz, 6, 13, 25, 31 Al-Hamishmar, 81 Haolam Hazeh, 276 Jerusalem Post, 73 Koteret Rashit, 272 London and Kirschenbaum, 344 Maariv, 65, 101–102 New York Times, 6, 365–366 press forbidden from direct observation, 12 Wafa (Palestinian news agency), 5 Yedioth Ahronoth, 11, 39 See also specific newspapers NGOs, 17, 18, 24, 70, 107, 148, 208, 322 bill to compel revealing donors, 219 Breaking the Silence, 197–198, 251–252, 270–271, 374 political campaign against, 218, 219, 224, 225, 230, 232 Russian law on, 225 Ni’lin, 361–363, 365–371, 386 Nitzan, Shai, 312 “No loyalty, no citizenship,” 17, 58 Nokdim, 20, 21, 25, 71 Nuclear power plants, 171 Nuclear weapons program in Israel, 147, 194 Nuremberg Laws, 76 Obama, Barack, 241–242, 274–275 Israeli hatred of, 241–242 Netanyahu’s opinion of, 30 optimism about, 271, 274–275 position on Iran, 31–32 October 2000 riots, 154 October 2001 killings, 154–155 Oded Yosef Chai, 308 Ofan, Matanya, 310 Ofer Military Prison, 368, 382–383, 384–385 trials at, 384–385, 387 Olmert, Ehud, 6, 10, 22 on Jewishness of Israel, 149 Operation Cast Lead, 6–8, 208, 287 propaganda tracts during, 309 “trophy photos” from, 250–251 Operation Dani, 38 Operation Grapes of Wrath, 48 Operation Yoav, 89 Or Commission, 154 Or Movement, 171 Orange orchards in Jaffa, 43–44 Order 101, 360 Orgad, Yigal, 283 Orlev, Zevulon, 55, 130–131 Ornan, Nati, 409 Oron, Haim, 6–7, 116 Oslo Accords, 32, 48, 134, 368, 394 Othman, Mohammed, 217 Oz, Amos, 6, 274 Oz Unit, 237 Palestine citizens and children killed by F-15 bombings, 4, 12–13 citizens injured and killed in Operation Danny, 37 citizens killed in land expulsions, 145, 199 citizens killed since Second Intifada, 4, 7–8, 12–13, 37, 67, 145, 154–155, 199, 243, 253–254, 286, 287, 308 two-state solution, 86, 272 See also Arabs (Palestinians); Gaza; Land Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 5, 28, 208 Palestine Papers, 27 Palestinian Authority (PA), 3, 5, 208, 368, 387 Olmert’s negotiations with, 10 proposal to turn Israeli Arabs over to, 25 Palestinian BDS National Committee, 208 Palestinian Islamid Jihad, 3 Palestinians.

…

See Border Police Magnes, Judah, 45, 56–57 Magnes, Liz, 409 Majadele, Ghaleb, 23, 247 Majdal Asqalan, 128–129 Makhoul, Ameer, 146–152 disappearance of, 146–147 plea deal and prison sentence, 151–152 prosecution of, 148–149 Makhoul, Issam, 147–148 Maklef, Mordechai, 145 Makoff, Gideon, 43–44 Mali, Rabbi Eliyahu, 49 Malka, Ilan, 7 Malsin, Jared, 8, 39 Mandelblit, Avichai, 280 Mankell, Henning, 102, 104–105 Mapai Party, 79, 314 Marc3Pax hoax, 215–216 Margalit, Dan, 73 Marnoy, Meir, 69 Marom, Eliezer, 102 Marom, Hannah, 277 Marshall, George, 57 Marzel, Baruch, 49, 51, 307, 318, 327 Mas’ha Camp, 359–360 Mashour, Yara, 39 Matalon, Mosh Mutz, 123 Matar, Haggai, 339, 344 Mattar, Anat, 218 Mavi Marmara, 102–103, 105, 110–114 proposed as floating hotel for Haifa, 146 Mayer, Avi, 213 Mazuz, Menachem, 280 McCarthy, Joseph, 225 McEwan, Ian, 370 Mehta, Zubin, 92–93 Meir, Golda, 60, 194 Men of Israel (porn film), 215 Meotti, Giulio, 194 Meretz Party, 6–7, 16, 74, 116, 268, 270, 276 Meretz USA, 269 Messiah, the, 230, 231 Metzger, Yona, 312 Michaeli, Anastasia, 22–23, 47, 122, 130 Micner, Mimi, 269 Migrant workers, 65–67, 314 campaign against, 298, 314, 321–322 hate for, 321–322 See also African immigrants Military (Israeli), 202–205, 250–254, 269–271 Air Force, 4, 101, 202–203 Auschwitz, military personnel tour to, 197–198 Breaking the Silence (veterans’ organization), 197–198, 251–252, 270–271, 374 draft evasion, 278, 280 Forum for Sharing the Burden, 280 indoctrination of children in school, 281–284, 285, 291, 295 letter of refusal for pilots, 203–204 “Path of Values” program, 295 proof of service required for nightclubs and jobs, 160 refusal of service, 269, 278–280, 291, 407–410 refusal of service, penalties for, 269, 279, 291 requirement for service, 269, 292 sexual assaults in, 203, 293–294 teachers as “lifelong draftees,” 295 “trophy photos/videos,” 250–254, 269 uniforms and guns, Azad café policy, 159–160 women in, 292–294 See also Border Police Miller, Alex, 16, 58–60 Minister of Strategic Threats, 22 Ministry of Agriculture, 81 Ministry of Defense, 4, 9–10, 295 Ministry of Education, 295, 308 Ministry of Public Diplomacy, 213 Ministry of Social Affairs, money to Hemla, 319 Ministry of Tourism, 213 Miscegenation, campaign against, 298–299, 316–320, 342–343 Misgav Regional Council, 81, 82, 84 Mitzpe Shalem, 220 Mitzpim (watchtower) towns, 81–82, 88 Mitzvah, murder as, 305 Mizrahi, Avi, 372 Mizrahi Shas Party, 18 Mizrahim, 18, 51, 330, 331 Mofaz, Shaul, 204 Mondoweiss, 241 Moor, Avigail, 294 Moran, Sigal, 180 Moroccan Quarter of Jerusalem, destroyed, 246 Morris, Benny, 72, 352 Mosawa Center, 322 Mossinson, Yigal, 289 Mousa, Ahmed, 361 Muezzin’s call to prayer, bill to illegalize broadcasts of, 47 Nabi Saleh, 372–384 Nablus, 308, 359 Nahal Oz, 89–90 Nakba, 273, 277, 331 “Nakba Bullshit” (Im Tritzu pamphlet), 233 Nakba Day, 43, 53–55, 58, 362–363 Nakba Law, 58, 62, 226 omitted from textbooks, 54–55 Names changed to Hebraicized forms, 43 Nass, Leah, 202 Nasser, Gemal Abdel, 89 National Democratic Assembly (Balad), 135 National Religious Party, 55 National Student Union, 230 National Union Party, 219, 326 Nationalism: Building a State in the Middle East (Saar), 55 Naveh, Yair, 308 Nawi, Ezra, 240–241 Nazareth, 78, 132, 154 Nazareth Illit, 15, 135, 138–139 Nazis Israeli parallels to, 336, 343 Judeo-Nazis, 268 neo-Nazis, 25 See also Holocaust The Need for Separation (Schueftan), 353 Neeman, Yaakov, 74, 347 Negev Desert Arab Negev News, 176 Blueprint Negev, 173–175, 181 campaign to remove Bedouins from, 169–175 demolition of Arab communities in, 169, 170, 174–178 forest fire in, 182, 183–184 Jewish settlements in, 171–172 tree-planting campaign, 179–180, 182, 184–186 “Zionist majority” desired in, 173 Neo-Nazis, 25 Neo-Zionism, 229–233 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 7, 9, 27–33, 183–184, 356, 398 in 2009 elections, 9, 16 on African immigrants, 333, 336 American political opinion, influence on, 28–33 on anti-boycott law, 222–223 on arrest of peaceful demonstrators, 41 Big Quiet and, 357–358 bill for non-Jewish foreign partners to leave country, 106 on broadcasting muezzin’s call to prayer, 47 on Carmel fire, 183 Christian right leaders and, 180 A Durable Peace, 29 on edicts of state-sponsored rabbis, 316 on expulsion of Arabs/Palestinians, 32–33, 106 on Gaza Freedom Flotilla raid, 102, 114, 115 hasbara and, 28–29, 30, 213 Holocaust references and, 31, 195 on internment camp for African immigrants, 336 on Iran, threat of, 31, 194 Iraq invasion by US urged by, 31 on Israeli democracy, 223 on Jewish demographic majority, 32–33, 337 as “Joe Isuzu of the Middle East,” 28, 29 Judaization as a policy, 32–33, 165 as “King Bibi,” 30, 33 Lieberman, Avigdor, and, 27, 28, 33 as Likud Party chairman, 28 name-change by grandfather, 29 Obama, Barack, and, 241, 275 plea for assistance from Turkey’s Erdogan, 183 on rights of Arabs in Israel, 60 as “Scaremonger-in-Chief,” 9 on separation walls, 337, 356 settlement policy and, 7, 32–33, 275 signet ring story, 29–30 state-sponsored rabbi incitements and, 304–305 status quo of continuing warfare espoused by, 33 on textbook revision concerning Nakba, 55 Time magazine interview with, 30 as transferist, 32 Netta (pseudonym), 106–107 New Israel Fund (NIF), 219, 224–225 New nostalgia, 272–273 New Profile, 278, 289 New York Times, 6, 365–366 News agencies and newspapers Arab Negev News, 176 censorship by Israeli General Press Office, 12 gag orders on, 149–150, 151 Ha’aretz, 6, 13, 25, 31 Al-Hamishmar, 81 Haolam Hazeh, 276 Jerusalem Post, 73 Koteret Rashit, 272 London and Kirschenbaum, 344 Maariv, 65, 101–102 New York Times, 6, 365–366 press forbidden from direct observation, 12 Wafa (Palestinian news agency), 5 Yedioth Ahronoth, 11, 39 See also specific newspapers NGOs, 17, 18, 24, 70, 107, 148, 208, 322 bill to compel revealing donors, 219 Breaking the Silence, 197–198, 251–252, 270–271, 374 political campaign against, 218, 219, 224, 225, 230, 232 Russian law on, 225 Ni’lin, 361–363, 365–371, 386 Nitzan, Shai, 312 “No loyalty, no citizenship,” 17, 58 Nokdim, 20, 21, 25, 71 Nuclear power plants, 171 Nuclear weapons program in Israel, 147, 194 Nuremberg Laws, 76 Obama, Barack, 241–242, 274–275 Israeli hatred of, 241–242 Netanyahu’s opinion of, 30 optimism about, 271, 274–275 position on Iran, 31–32 October 2000 riots, 154 October 2001 killings, 154–155 Oded Yosef Chai, 308 Ofan, Matanya, 310 Ofer Military Prison, 368, 382–383, 384–385 trials at, 384–385, 387 Olmert, Ehud, 6, 10, 22 on Jewishness of Israel, 149 Operation Cast Lead, 6–8, 208, 287 propaganda tracts during, 309 “trophy photos” from, 250–251 Operation Dani, 38 Operation Grapes of Wrath, 48 Operation Yoav, 89 Or Commission, 154 Or Movement, 171 Orange orchards in Jaffa, 43–44 Order 101, 360 Orgad, Yigal, 283 Orlev, Zevulon, 55, 130–131 Ornan, Nati, 409 Oron, Haim, 6–7, 116 Oslo Accords, 32, 48, 134, 368, 394 Othman, Mohammed, 217 Oz, Amos, 6, 274 Oz Unit, 237 Palestine citizens and children killed by F-15 bombings, 4, 12–13 citizens injured and killed in Operation Danny, 37 citizens killed in land expulsions, 145, 199 citizens killed since Second Intifada, 4, 7–8, 12–13, 37, 67, 145, 154–155, 199, 243, 253–254, 286, 287, 308 two-state solution, 86, 272 See also Arabs (Palestinians); Gaza; Land Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 5, 28, 208 Palestine Papers, 27 Palestinian Authority (PA), 3, 5, 208, 368, 387 Olmert’s negotiations with, 10 proposal to turn Israeli Arabs over to, 25 Palestinian BDS National Committee, 208 Palestinian Islamid Jihad, 3 Palestinians. See Arabs (Palestinians) Palestinians in Israel (Tibi), 61 Palmach strike force, 313, 330 Parash Hill, 11–14 Pardes cooperative, 43–44 Partition, 46, 133 “Path of Values” program, 295 Peace camp, 6–8, 116–117, 274, 286, 351 Peace Now Party, 7, 86, 116 Peled-Elhanan, Nurit, 285–286, 288–289, 410 Peled-Elhanan, Rami, 285, 286 PEP—Progressive Except for Palestine, 68 Peres, Shimon, 48, 69, 182 silence on racism and hate crimes, 244 Peres Center for Peace, 48–49 Peretz, Marty, 364 Pessenson, Oded, 387 Pfeffer, Anshel, 111–112 Pilots, letter of refusal for, 203–204 Pindr, Yitzhak Zeev, 246 Pines-Paz, Ophir, 148 Pivko, Ilan, 47 Pixies (recording artists), 211 Pizzaballa, Pierbattista, 323 Plan Dalet, 185–186 Plan Lieberman, 25–26 Plesner, Yohannan, 123 Poison gas, used by Israelis, 194–195 Police violence, 67 Political prisoners, 151 Pollack, Jonathan, 372–373, 374 Pomeranz, Michael, 303 Pope Benedict, 315 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP), 3, 208, 389 Popular Struggle Coordination Committee, 372 Poraz, Avraham, 73 Prado, Ilan, 38 Prevention of Infiltration Law, 45–46, 330, 336 The Price Is Too High (film), 408 Prisons hunger strikes in, 152 Ofer Military Prison, 368, 382–385, 387 Palestinians detained in, 151 prisoner rights group, 151 Protests against separation wall(s), 359–364 arrests of protesters, 5, 12 BDS movement, 208–212 of Israeli attacks on Gaza, 4–5, 12 Israeli military response to, 369, 372, 380, 382 Land Day, 78–81 letter of refusal for pilots, 203–204 Nakba Day, 43, 53–55, 58 new generation of, 209–212 in Ni’lin, 365–371 outlawed by Order 101, 360 outside Israeli Defense Ministry, 116–117 outside Turkish Embassy, 117–120 in Sheikh Jarrah, 168–169 in United States, 209–210 in West Bank, 370, 372 See also Human rights organizations/activists Psak din, 315 Punkek, Yitzhak, 89 Purim, 31, 292–293 Putin, Vladimir, 9, 24–25, 225 Qa’dan, Adel and Iman, 82–83 Rabbis, state-sponsored.

…

I spent months living in Ajami, a rapidly gentrifying Palestinian ghetto just south of Tel Aviv; in central Jerusalem, an increasingly frenetic hotbed of Jewish religious nationalism; and in Ramallah, the occupied, seemingly prosperous capital of a Palestinian state that may never be. I have interviewed leaders of Israeli political parties and leaders of Palestinian protests. And I have done my best to explore everywhere in between and speak with as many people as I could. The stories that make up this book unfolded all around me, in the cities and towns throughout Israel-Palestine, in the streets outside my rented flats, and inside their walls through the lives of my roommates, friends, and journalistic colleagues.

This Time We Went Too Far
by Norman G. Finkelstein
Published 1 Jan 2010

That is, if we keep remembering what the struggle—the prize—is all about: not theoretical fad or intellectual provocation, not holier-thanthou radical posturing, but—however humdrum, however prosaic, by comparison—helping free the Palestinian people from their bondage. And then to hold on, to be ready for sacrifice and for the long haul but also, and especially, to be humble in the knowledge that for those of us living in North America and Europe, the burdens pale next to those borne daily by the people of Palestine. The Caribbean poet Aimé Césaire once wrote, “There’s room for everyone at the rendezvous of victory.” Late in life, when his political horizons broadened, Edward Said often quoted this line. We should make it our credo as well. We want to nurture a movement, not hatch a cult.

…

They know that the moment a Palestinian state is established with their cooperation, they will be obligated to change the rules of the game: They will have to adopt a path that could lead them far from their original ideological goals.”60 In recent times Israelis (and influential U.S. officials) have demanded that Palestinians acquiesce not only in a two-state settlement but also in the “legitimacy of Zionism and Israel,” “Israel’s Jewishness,” and Israel being a “Jewish state.”61 In June 2009 Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu beseeched Palestinians to “recognize the right of the Jewish people to a state of their own in this land,” and in his September 2009 appearance at the United Nations, he implored Palestinians “to finally do what they have refused to do for 62 years: Say yes to a Jewish state.”62 Israel’s quarrel, however, appears to be not with Palestinians but international law. The terms of the international consensus for resolving the Israel-Palestine conflict do not require Palestinians’ recognition of the legitimacy of Zionism and the state of Israel.

…

It is my hope that this book will help meet this challenge and, ultimately, enable everyone, Palestinian and Israeli, to live a dignified life. 1/ SELF-DEFENSE Question: What do you feel is the most acceptable solution to the Palestine problem? Mahatma Gandhi: The abandonment wholly by the Jews of terrorism and other forms of violence. (1 June 1947)1 On 29 November 1947 the United Nations General Assembly approved a resolution dividing British-mandated Palestine into a Jewish state incorporating 56 percent of Palestine and an Arab state incorporating 44 percent of it.2 In the ensuing war the newly born State of Israel expanded its borders to incorporate nearly 80 percent of Palestine.

The Message
by Ta-Nehisi Coates
Published 2 Oct 2024

But for Blackstone the tragedy was compounded by the fact that there was an obvious solution to the Land of Palestine—“a land without a people, and a people without a land.” Blackstone gave language, pithy and poetic, to an idea that would recur repeatedly in Zionist thought: that the Palestinian people did not exist. “It was not as though there was a Palestinian people in Palestine, considering itself as a Palestinian people and we came and threw them out and took their country from them,” argued Golda Meir. Buried in the claim is another notion—that the worth of a people is defined by their possession of a homeland incorporated as a state. The Palestinians, lacking such a state, had no right to the land and perhaps no rights at all.

…

Even my words here, this bid for reparation, is a stranger’s story—one told by a man still dazzled by knafeh and Arabic coffee, still at the start of a journey that others have walked since birth. Palestine is not my home. I see that land, its peoples, and its struggles through a kind of translation—through analogy and the haze of my own experience—and that is not enough. If Palestinians are to be truly seen, it will be through stories woven by their own hands—not by their plunderers, not even by their comrades. I felt blessed to be a stranger that night in that restaurant in Chicagoland, to hear notions, ideas, dreams, ambitions from Palestinians that left me reeling almost as much as I was in Palestine itself. It was a whole other corpus—truly complex, jagged, profound, in defiance of any perfect arc or circle.

…

Contemplating this work, the art historian John Halaka wondered, “Why does this unassuming painting feel like a ghost haunting me?” In 1948, as Palestinians were being driven from their land, Zalatimo sheltered his family on his estate. And then, in 1967, Zalatimo too was driven out by Israeli forces. He and his family were banned from returning, except for day visits. Zalatimo died in 2001. * * * — Our guide through the history and landscape of the site was Sahar Qawasmi, the architect and co-founder of Sakiya, with her partner, the filmmaker Nida Sinnokrot. Sahar was born in Kuwait, but her family is from Palestine—Ramallah, Hebron, Jordan. During the Second Intifada, as Palestinians battled Israeli occupation and cities like Hebron became combat zones, the Israeli Defense Forces expanded its network of checkpoints and enforced a curfew.

What We Say Goes: Conversations on U.S. Power in a Changing World
by Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian
Published 1 Oct 2007

-backed Israeli programs are, of course, totally illegal, in violation of UN Security Council orders, World Court decisions, and so on. And the conditions for Palestinians under occupation are very harsh and brutal, as they have been for years. According to many sources, Hezbollah in Lebanon and Hamas in Palestine do not recognize Israel and are dedicated to its eradication. They are also launching Qassam rockets at Israel from Gaza and Katyusha and other rockets from Lebanon. Let’s start with Hamas. Hamas had observed a truce with Israel for a year and a half that ended only after Israeli atrocities sharply picked up again. Some Palestinians did fire Qassam rockets from Gaza, which was criminal and foolish.

…

See individual countries Midstream Milhollin, Gary MIT Monroe Doctrine Montagne, Renée Morales, Evo Mueller, Robert N Nasrallah, Hassan Nasser, Gamal Abdel Nation nationalism, secular National Public Radio (NPR) Nature Nazarbayev, Nursultan neoliberalism Netanyahu, Benjamin New York Times Nicaragua Nixon, Richard North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) North Korea Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty nuclear weapons O Obama, Barack Obrador, Andrés Manuel Lopez oil Operation Miracle Ortega, Daniel Orwell, George O’Shaughnessy, Hugh P Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza (shah of Iran) Pakistan Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Palestine: Peace Not Apartheid (Carter) Palestinians two-state solution see also Hamas; Israel, the occupied territories Pamuk, Orhan Panama Peck, Edward Pelosi, Nancy Pentagon Papers Peres, Shimon Peru pharmaceutical industry Pico, Juan Hernández Pinochet, Augusto Podhoretz, Norman Porath, Yehoshua Porter, Bernard Powell, Colin Program on International Policy Attitudes Putin, Vladimir Q Qatar, emir of R racism Rand Corporation Reagan, Ronald, administration of Record of the Paper, The (Friel and Falk) Reinhart, Tanya Rice, Condoleezza Rich, Frank Roosevelt, Franklin D.

…

The road map is supposed to be the heart of U.S. policy—of Bush’s “vision,” as the media call it.35 But in reality, U.S.-Israeli policy is that Palestinians must be punished severely for voting the wrong way in a free election until the political organization that gained a plurality of the votes, Hamas, accepts three conditions. It must recognize Israel (or, more absurdly, Israel’s abstract “right to exist”), renounce violence, and accept the road map (along with other agreements). The United States and Israel reject all three. They of course do not recognize Palestine or renounce violence. And they have effectively rejected the road map and other agreements.

America Right or Wrong: An Anatomy of American Nationalism
by Anatol Lieven
Published 3 May 2010

For earlier descriptions of this issue, see the Israeli reports and eyewitness accounts of the expulsions and the terrorization and oppression of the Palestinian population quoted in David Hirst, The Gun and the Olive Branch: The Roots of Violence in the Middle East (London: Faber and Faber, 1977), pp. 136-43; Uri Avnery, Israel Without Zionism (New York: Collier Books, 1971), p. 223 ff; Feuerlicht, Fate of the Jews, pp. 242-267; and Edward Said, The Question of Palestine (New York: Times Books, 1979J, pp. xxxvii, 83-114. Benny Morris interviewed by Ari Shavit, "Survival of the Fittest," Ha'aretz, January 9, 2004. Cf.

…

By keeping silent on the subject of what had happened to the Palestinians and on the roots of the Israeli-Palestinian and Israeli-Arab conflicts, intellectual supporters of Israel left irrational, cynical and implacable hostility as the only available explanations of Arab behavior. Or as the Palestinian scholar and polemicist Edward Said has written, "To criticize Zionism.. .is to criticize not so much an idea or a theory but rather a wall of denials."99 The position of the pro-Israeli liberal intelligentsia in the United States toward the Israeli-Palestinian conflict came somewhat to resemble the position of many enlightened mid-nineteenth-century Americans toward the clash between slavery and the American Creed, as described one hundred years ago by Herbert Croly: "The thing to do was to shut your eyes to the inconsistency, denounce anyone who insisted on it as unpatriotic, and then hold on tight to both horns of the dilemma.

…

Instead, the pro-Israel camp committed itself to an interlocking set of moral and historical falsehoods.95 Over time, the intellectual consequences of these positions have spread like a forest of aquatic weeds until they have entangled and choked a significant part of the U.S. national debate concerning relations not only with the Muslim world, but with the outside world in general, and thereby have fed certain strains of American nationalism. To the refusal to consider the Palestinian case before 1948 and to acknowledge the expulsions of that year was added for several decades a widespread refusal even to admit the existence of the Palestinians as a people, with consequent national rights. Such an attitude was summed up in Israeli Prime Minister Golda Meir's notorious statement (echoed by innumerable Israeli partisans in the United States) that "it was not as though there was a Palestinian people and in Palestine considering itself a Palestinian people and we came and threw them out and took their country away from them.

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism
by Stephen Graham
Published 30 Oct 2009

Philip Zelikow, a member of the George Bush’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board between 2001 and 2003, revealed in 2004 that the then ‘real threat’ posed by Iraq was aimed not at the United States but rather ‘against Israel’.21 The seamless rhetorical fusion of al-Qaeda, Saddam Hussein and the Palestinians that occurred during these geopolitical gymnastics meant repeated denials that Palestinian resistance and violence, targeted against a long-standing colonial aggressor, might be more legitimate than the targeting of US cities by an al-Qaeda fuelled by Islamist ideology. Just after the New York attacks, Edward Said argued that Israel was ‘cynically exploiting the American catastrophe by intensifying its military occupation and oppression of the Palestinians’ and was, moreover, representing ‘the connection between the World Trade Center and Pentagon bombings and Palestinian [suicide bomber] attacks on Israel [as] an absolute conjunction of “world terrorism” in which bin Laden and [then Palestinian leader Yasser] Arafat are interchangeable entities’.22 Sharon, in particular, repeatedly equated Osama bin Laden and al-Qaeda with the Palestinian Authority, Hamas, and Lebanon’s Hezbollah.

…

, Zmag.org, 3 May 2004. 42 Thomas Henriksen , The Israeli Approach to Irregular Warfare and Implications for the United States, Joint Special Operations University Report 07–3, Hurlburt Field, FL: The Joint Special Operations University Press, 2007, available at jsoupublic.socom.mil. 43 Klein, Shock Doctrine. 44 Lisa Hajjar, ‘International Humanitarian Law and “Wars On Terror”: A Comparative Analysis Of Israeli and American Doctrines and Policies’, Journal of Palestine Studies 36: 1, 2006, 32. 45 Ibid. 46 Ibid., 22. 47 Azmi Bishara, ‘On the Intifada, Sharon’s Aims, ’48 Palestinians and NDA/ Tajamu Stratagem’, interview with Azmi Bishara, undated, available at www.azmibishara.info. 48 Darryl Li, ‘The Gaza Strip as Laboratory: Notes in the Wake of Disengagement’, Journal of Palestine Studies 35: 2, 2006, 48–9. 49 Hajjar, ‘International Humanitarian Law and “Wars On Terror”’, 32. 50 Ibid., 37. 51 Ibid., 34–5. 52 Makram Khoury-Machool, ‘Losing the Battle for Arab Hearts and Minds,’ Open Democracy.net, 2 May 2003.

…

Before he can drop that weapon and run, he’s probably already dead’. Are future urban insurgents ‘going to give up blood and guts to kill machines?’ Johnson wonders. ‘I’m guessing not’.51 KILLER ROBOTS IN IRAQ, AFGHANISTAN AND PALESTINE By 2007, these sorts of fantasies were heading into the early stages of implementation. The zones of experimentation were provided by the streets of Iraqi and Palestinian cities.52 In June 2006, for example, the first armed and remotely controlled ground robots in the history of warfare – so-called SWORDS,53 armed with machine guns – were deployed in Baghdad.54 Soldiers could remotely fire the system’s guns from up to a kilometer away.

The Biggest Prison on Earth: A History of the Occupied Territories
by Ilan Pappé
Published 21 Jun 2017

Norton, 2007 — Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East, New York: Persidio Press, 2003 Oz, Amos, My Michael, Tel Aviv: Am Oved, 1976 Pappe, Ilan, ‘Clusters of history: US involvement in the Palestine question’, Race & Class, Volume 48/3, 2007 — ‘De-Terrorising the Palestinian National Struggle: The Roadmap to Peace’, Critical Studies in Terrorism, Volume 2, no. 2, August 2009 — The Ethnic Cleansing of Palestine, London and New York: Oneworld, 2006 — The Forgotten Palestinians: A History of the Palestinians in Israel, New Haven and New York: Yale University Press, 2011 — A History of Modern Palestine: One Land, Two Peoples, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2006 — ‘Jordan between Hashemite and Palestinian Identity’ in Joseph Nevo and Ilan Pappe (eds.), Jordan in the Middle East 1948–1988: The Making of a Pivotal State, Ilford: Frank Cass, 1994 — ‘The Junior Partner: Israel’s Role in the 1948 Crisis’ in Wm.

…

More importantly, they wished to bury the genocidal chapter of the Nazi extermination of the Jews by allowing the Zionist movement to dispossess Palestine. As a result, the UN rejected out of hand the Palestinian leadership’s demand for a democratic process for determining the future of the country (the Palestinians constituted 66 per cent of the overall population) and instead endorsed a Zionist solution for partitioning Palestine into two states, one Arab, one Jewish. Partition was rejected by the Palestinians and the neighbouring Arab states. The Arab states threatened to foil the plan by force, while the Palestinians went on strike, wrote petitions and for a week or so randomly attacked Jewish settlements and convoys.2 Six months later, the coveted 78 per cent of Palestine became Israel, built on the ruins of hundreds of destroyed villages, demolished towns and expropriated cultivated land.

…

While the partition principle reduced ‘Palestine’ to the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, under the Oslo Accord, the exclusion of the refugee issue, and that of the Palestinian minority inside Israel, shrunk the ‘Palestinian people’ demographically to less than half of the Palestinian nation. The lack of attention to the refugee question during the peace negotiation was not new. Ever since the beginning of the peace efforts in post-Mandatory Palestine refugees have been exposed to a campaign of repression and negligence. Ever since the first peace conference on post-1948 Palestine, the Lausanne meeting of April 1949, the refugee problem was excluded from the peace agenda and disassociated from the concept of ‘The Palestine Conflict’. Israel participated in this conference only because it was a precondition for its acceptance as a full member in the UN,7 which also demanded that Israel sign the May Protocol, in which it had to commit itself to the UN General Assembly Resolution 194.

Pirates and Emperors, Old and New
by Noam Chomsky
Published 7 Apr 2015

Peres discussed “the evil scourge of terrorism, which has claimed so many Israeli, American and Arab victims and brought tragedy to many others,” adding that “We agreed that terrorism must not blunt our efforts to achieve peace in the Middle East.”1 It would require the talents of a Jonathan Swift to do justice to this exchange between two of the world’s leading terrorist commanders, whose shared conception of “peace,” furthermore, excludes entirely one of the two groups that claim the right of national self-determination in the former Palestine: the indigenous population. The Jordan Valley is “an inseparable part of the State of Israel,” Peres declared while touring Israeli settlements there in 1985, consistent with his unwavering stand that “The past is immutable and the Bible is the decisive document in determining the fate of our land” and that a Palestinian state would “threaten Israel’s very existence.”2 His conception of a Jewish state, much lauded in the U.S. for its moderation, does not threaten, but rather eliminates the existence of the Palestinian people. But this consequence is considered of little moment, at worst a minor defect in an imperfect world.

…

Explaining their negative votes, the U.S. and Israel referred to the cited paragraph, understood to refer to resistance to their South African ally by the African National Congress (one of the “more notorious terrorist groups” in the world, according to official Washington), and to Israel’s military occupation of the West Bank and Gaza, then entering its third decade.37 Washington’s refusal to endorse the strongest UN resolution condemning the “return to barbarism in the modern age” at the peak of concern, and the reasons for it, elicited no comment. The issue came to a head in late 1988 in connection with the Israel–Palestinian conflict. In November, the Palestine National Council (PNC) declared an independent Palestinian state alongside of Israel, endorsing the UN terrorism resolution and other relevant UN resolutions. Yasser Arafat repeated the same positions in subsequent weeks in Europe, including a special session of the UN General Assembly convened in Geneva when he was barred from New York, in violation of legal obligations to the United Nations, on the grounds that his presence there would pose an unacceptable threat to the security of the United States.

…

Plenty of choices and options are available. What is needed, as always, is the will and dedication to pursue them. 7 U.S./Israel–Palestine (May 2001) The latest phase of the Israel–Palestine conflict opened on September 29, 2000, the Muslim day of prayer, when Prime Minister Ehud Barak dispatched a massive and intimidating police and military presence to the Al-Aqsa compound. Predictably, that led to clashes as thousands of people streamed out of the mosque, leaving several Palestinians dead and 200 wounded.1 Whatever Barak may have intended, there could hardly have been a more effective way to set the stage for the shocking sequel, particularly after the visit of Ariel Sharon and his military entourage to the compound the day before, which might have passed without such serious consequences.

White City, Black City: Architecture and War in Tel Aviv and Jaffa
by Sharon Rotbard
Published 1 Jan 2005

Abdul Rahim, Ahmed, ref1 Absentees’ Property Law, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n168 Abu–Laban, Ahmed, ref1 Acre, ref1, ref2, ref3 ’African Grammar’, ref1 Ahuzat Hahof, ref1 agriculture citrus farming, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n119 (around Jaffa, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12n88, ref13n132; reasons for collapse, ref1) land destroyed by development of Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Ahdut Ha’avoda, ref1n122 Air, Light and Utopia, ref1 Akbar, Omar, ref1 Akhoti Feminist Mizrahi movment, ref1 Aleksandrowicz, Or, ref1nref2, ref3n248 Alger: paysage urbain et architectures, 1800–2000, ref1, ref2 Algeria, ref1, ref2 Algiers, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n221 All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948, ref1n148 Allenby, Lord, ref1 Alony, Nissan, ref1n32 Altalena affair, ref1, ref2n183 Alterman, Nathan, ref1 Altneuland, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Andreus, Amin, ref1 Ankstein, Benjamin, ref1 Anti-Infiltration Law, ref1 Arab Jews, The, ref1n168 Arab Revolt (1936–9), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Arabs in the ‘land without a people’, ref1 of Jaffa seen as a threat to Jews, ref1, ref2n144 relations with Jews see under Jews responsibility for Israeli War of Independence, ref1 three groups of, ref1 archaeology and the Hebraization of history, ref1, ref2 excavations in Jaffa area, ref1 military/political involvement in, ref1 architects Arab, not considered in ‘White City’ narrative, ref1 of the Bauhaus school, ref1 Franco–Belgian, ref1 Israeli pre and post declaration of State, ref1 for Neve Sha’anan, ref1 for restoration of ‘Old Jaffa’, ref1, ref2 in Tel Aviv in the 1930s, ref1, ref2, ref3 see also individuals by name architecture Arab, identified with ruins, ref1 Art Deco, ref1, ref2 Bauhaus see Bauhaus Brutalist, ref1n202 and colonialism, ref1, ref2n221 criticism/commentary, ref1, ref2, ref3 of Dakar, ref1 ‘four orders’, ref1 impact of 1967 war on, ref1 International Style see International Style and issues of power and politics, ref1 Israeli, history of, ref1, ref2, ref3n135 (see also under Tel Aviv) modern Palestinian, ref1 modernist, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n68 and planning under Begin, ref1 poor quality of ‘build your own’, ref1 traditional Palestinian, ref1 varied styles in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2 (see also Bauhaus, International Style) white, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 see also conservation Architecture (Loos), ref1, ref2 Architecture as Space, ref1 Architecture in Israel (magazine), ref1 Arendt, Hannah, ref1 Ariel (journal ), ref1 Ariel, Meir, ref1 art and artists in former Arab old towns, ref1 funding for large-scale works, ref1 galleries, ref1 in Old Jaffa, ref1, ref2 Ashkenazi Jews, ref1 Atta, Mohamed, ref1n228 Azriel, Don Aharon, ref1, ref2 Al-Azuni, Jawad Mahmoud, ref1 B’Tselem, ref1, ref2n208 Bador, Shaul, ref1n147 Balata (refugee camp), Nablus, ref1 Balfour Declaration, ref1, ref2 Baqa-el-Garbieh, ref1n243 Bar-Or, Amnon, ref1n119 Barak, Ehud, ref1n246 Barash, Asher, ref1 Barkai, Dan, ref1n29 Barkai, Sam, ref1, ref2,196n29 buildings by, ref1 Barthes, Roland, ref1, ref2n231 Baruch, Adam, ref1 Bauhaus (rock group), ref1 Bauhaus school/style, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 architects of, ref1, ref2n17 as a brand, ref1 closure of, ref1, ref2, ref3 conceptions of housing, ref1 sociocultural and geographic connections, ref1 Tel Aviv exhibition about (1980), ref1 see also International Style ‘Bauhaus in Tel Aviv’ (festival), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Bauhaus Tel Aviv, ref1 Bauhaus: Tel Aviv–Jerusalem, ref1, ref2 bayaras, ref1n119 Beer Sheva, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n54 Begin, Menachem, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n133, ref6n144, ref7n183 Beilin, Yossi, ref1n243 Beit Alfa, ref1 Beit HaArava, ref1 Ben-Amotz, Dan, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n45 Ben Ari, Michael, ref1 Ben David, Chelbi, ref1n147 Ben-Gurion, David, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10n48, ref11n60, ref12n135, ref13n177, ref14n183 Ben Sira, Yaakov, ref1n165 Ben Zvi, Yitzhak, ref1 Bennett, Gordon, ref1 Berger, Tamar, ref1 Berlin, Yosef, ref1n68 Bernstein, Shlomo, ref1 Berr, Boaz, ref1n66 Bhabha, Homi K., ref1 Bigger, Gideon, ref1 Black Night, ref1 Blanqui, Louis-Auguste, ref1 Blodgett, Geoffrey, ref1n224 Book of Tel Aviv, The, ref1, ref2 borders ease of creation anywhere, ref1 of Israel, ref1 (see also United Nations Division Plan) of Jaffa under UN Plan, ref1 of Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n70 Boshi, Roi, ref1 Boullée, Étienne-Louis, ref1n56 Bouyssy, Maïté, ref1n152 branding of Antique Jaffa, ref1 Bauhaus and, ref1 Jaffa/JAFFA oranges and, ref1, ref2nnref3 and rebranding of Israel in 1990s, ref1 of Tel Aviv as a Bauhaus city, ref1 of Tel Aviv as city on the dunes, ref1 and trademarks, ref1n187 of the ‘white city’, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Brauner, Teddy, ref1, ref2 Brenner, Yosef Haim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n117, ref5n126 Brewald, Alexander, ref1 British Empire, ref1, ref2n60 Mandate in Palestine, ref1, ref2, ref3 military operations in Jaffa, ref1, ref2 Brod, Max, ref1, ref2n44 Buber, Martin, ref1 Bugeaud, Maréchal Thomas-Robert, ref1, ref2n152, ref3n229 Bulthaup, ref1 Bureau of Architects and Engineers in Israel Burnham, Daniel, ref1 Bypass Roads, ref1n111 Caesarea, ref1 Carmiel, Batya, ref1 Casdan, Haim, ref1 Chelouche, Yosef Eliyahu, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n143, ref7n248 China, ref1 Chirico, Giorgio de, ref1n219 Christian German colony, ref1 minority in Jaffa, ref1, ref2 sites in ‘Antique Jaffa’, ref1 cities constructed by victors, ref1 relation between history and geography, ref1 role of storytelling in shaping, ref1 see also urban planning, individual cities by name City with Concept, ref1 Clausiewitz, Carl von, ref1, ref2n240 Clore, Sir Charles, ref1 Cohen, Jean-Louis, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n221 colonial exhibitions, ref1 colonialism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8nn212, ref9, ref10n247 Conquest of Jaffa, The (Kibush Yaffo), ref1, ref2 conservation of buildings, ref1, ref2 failures of, ref1 Neighbourhood Rehabilitation programme, ref1, ref2 construction workers, ref1n61 constructors/construction companies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and evacuation and construction schemes, ref1n193 crime, associated with Jaffa area, ref1, ref2, ref3 Critical Modernists: Homage to Tel Aviv, World Heritage City (conference), ref1, ref2 culture cultural hegemony, ref1, ref2 Israeli in 1980s, ref1 Israeli official and counter-culture, ref1 Israeli rooted in 1930s, ref1 Israeli, and Zionist propaganda, ref1 of the Jewish Diaspora, ref1 multiculturalism in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 second-generation Israeli, ref1 of Tel Aviv, ref1 white, ref1 (see also under white) Dakar, ref1, ref2 Dan the Guard, ref1n44 Danin (Socholovsky), Yehezkel, ref1n80 Darwish, Mahmoud, ref1 Dayan, Assi, ref1, ref2n49 Dayan, Moshe, ref1, ref2, ref3n49 Dayan, Shmuel, ref1, ref2n49 De Maria, Walter, ref1 deaths in the Altalena affair, ref1n183 in the Arab Revolt, ref1 in and around Jaffa in 1921, ref1, 2056n126 in and around Jaffa in 1948, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n147 in ‘Operation Rainbow’, ref1 of Turkish prisoners in 1799, ref1 Decorative Art Today, ref1 Deedes, Wyndham Henry, ref1, ref2n128 Degania, ref1 Deir Yassin, ref1, ref2 deportation of foreign workers ref1 Dessau, ref1, ref2 Diary of a Palestinian Wound, ref1 Dionysus in the Centre, ref1 Dizengoff, Meir, ref1, ref2 Dor, Daniel, ref1 Dotan, Dani and Uri, ref1 Drive Slowly, ref1 Droyanov, Alter, ref1, ref2 Dubek, ref1 dunes removal of, ref1, ref2n65 significance to Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3 see also sand Dwelling on the Dunes, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 education, ref1, ref2 ‘Land of Israel Studies’, ref1 Efrat, Zvi, ref1n135 Egged Israel Transport Cooperative, ref1 Egypt, ref1, ref2n144 border fence, ref1 Eilon, Amos, ref1n24 Ein Gedi, ref1 Ein Hakore, ref1 Ein Harod, ref1, ref2 Ein Hod, ref1, ref2 Ein Kerem, ref1 Einstein, Arik, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n39, ref5n41, ref6n43 Eisenberg, Shaul, ref1 Eisenman, Peter, ref1n224 Elhanani, Aba, ref1 Elhayani, Zvi, ref1 Engelman, Paul, ref1 Engels, Friedrich, ref1n154 Etinger, Amos, ref1 Etzel (Irgun Tzvai Leumi), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n133, ref5n147, ref6n148, ref7n183 museum to, ref1 Eurocentrism, ref1, ref2n23 Europe influence of Central vs Eastern, ref1 national identities in, ref1n247 ‘evacuation and construction’, ref1, ref2n193 Ever-Hadani, Aharon, ref1 exhibitions see fairs and exhibitions Fabian, Roy, ref1n164 Faglin, Amichai ‘Gidi’, ref1, ref2, ref3 fairs and exhibitions annual celebrations of Tel Aviv White City, ref1, ref2n205 International Style (New York), ref1, ref2, ref3 Jubilee Fair (1929), ref1 Orient Fairs, ref1, (1932), ref2 Tel Aviv in the Tracks of the Bauhaus, ref1 White City, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Fanon, Frantz, ref1, ref2, ref3n232 Feingold, Shlomo, ref1, ref2, ref3n80 Fellah and his Land, The, ref1 First Intifada, ref1 First street lamp, The,74 fishing, ref1n177 Flaubert, Gustave, ref1, ref2 fonts, ref1 Förg, Günther, ref1 Foucault, Michel, ref1, ref2n240 Fragile, ref1 France and its colonies, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n221 cultural influence of, ref1, ref2 foreign policy, ref1 new towns, ref1n56 Paris, ref1, ref2n56, ref3n152, ref4n156, ref5n229 Frankel, Eliezer, ref1, ref2 Frenkel, Chanan, ref1n17 Frey, Albert, ref1 Fuller, Buckminster, ref1 Galey Tzahal, ref1 Gamzu, Yossi, ref1 Gaon, Yehoram, ref1 Gavish, Dov, ref1 Gaza Strip, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n251 Geddes, Sir Patrick, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n205 Gefen, Aviv, ref1, ref2n49 Gefen, Yehonatan, ref1, ref2n49 Germany Askhenaz, ref1, ref2n22 Berlin, ref1n156 Chemnitz, ref1 commentary on Tel Aviv/Israel, ref1 migrants from, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n183 Nazis, victims of, ref1 Stuttgart, ref1 Weisenhof, Stuttgart, ref1 Gershuni, Moshe, ref1n21 Getter, Tamara, ref1n21 Golan, Menachem, ref1 Golan Heights Law, ref1 Goldman, Peera, ref1 Goree, ref1 Graham Foundation, ref1 graphic art, ref1 Grazovsky, Yehuda, ref1n80 Great Arab Revolt see Arab Revolt Gropius, Walter, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n14 Grossman, David, ref1 Guerre des rues et des maisons, La, ref1 Gugig, Zvi, ref1 Gur(-Gerzovsky), Shlomo, ref1, ref2n76, ref3n137 Gutman, Nachum, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n4, ref6n107 Museum, ref1n108 Haaretz, ref1, ref2 Haganah, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n138, ref6n144 Haifa, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n143 Haim, Haham David, ref1n80 Ha’Ir, ref1, ref2 Hankin, Yehoshua, ref1n143 Harel, Nadav, ref1 Hashimshoni, Aviah, ref1 Haussmann, Baron, ref1, ref2n152, ref3n229 Hebrew becomes language of Jaffa, ref1 Hebraization of Arab cities, ref1, ref2n169 poorly spoken by refugees, ref1 speaking architects and a change of style, ref1, ref2n34 Zionist revival of, ref1n3 Hebrew University, ref1n137 Hecht, Edgar, ref1n17 Hefer, Haim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n46 Heizer, Michael, ref1 Herzl, Theodor, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n24, ref10n97, ref11n225 visit to Palestine (1898), ref1, ref2n79 Histadrut, ref1 Hitchcock, Henry-Russell, ref1, ref2 Hitler, Adolf, ref1, ref2, ref3n185 Hodžić, Aida Abadžić Holocaust, survivors of, ref1 see also under Germany Horowitz, Aaron, ref1 hospitals, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 House of the Lone Settler in the Sahara, ref1 Houses from the Sand, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, housing Bauhaus conceptions of, ref1 Bayara homes, ref1n119 ‘Build Your Own House’ projects, ref1, ref2, ref3 contemporary costs in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2 crisis for Jews in Palestine from 1920s, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n115 destroyed in Jaffa, ref1 destroyed in ‘Operation Rainbow’, ref1 and ‘evacuation and construction’ schemes, ref1, ref2n193 impact of land management policies on, ref1 modern styles of, ref1 projects in Jaffa in 1950s and 1960s, ref1 scheme rehabilitation under Begin, ref1 in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3 Hugo, Victor, ref1n152 Huldai, Ron, ref1, ref2n42, ref3n205 Huma Umigdal see Wall and Tower immigration see migration implicate relations, ref1 infrastructure built during British Mandate, ref1, ref2n143 Tel Aviv’s, ref1, ref2 Instructions pour une prise d’armes, ref1 International Exhibition of Modern Architecture, ref1 International Style architecture, ref1, ref2 French/North African, ref1, ref2 in Jaffa, ref1 in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 International Style (exhibition/catalogue), ref1, ref2, ref3 Iron Dome, ref1 Israel 1930s plan for structure and borders, ref1 army and militarism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n183 debt to infrastructure and institutions of British Palestine, ref1 emblem of, ref1n198 foreign policy, ref1, ref2, ref3 founding of, ref1, ref2 ‘Good Old Eretz’ conception of, ref1, ref2, ref3 Herzl’s conception of, ref1 infrastructure for ref1 Land of Israel Studies, ref1, ref2 loss of value in, ref1 middle class in, ref1n242 Jewish migration from, ref1, ref2n27, ref3n205 official history of, ref1 the ‘Other Israel’, ref1 perceived legitimacy of settlements in, ref1 planning and settlements in 1980s, ref1 ‘second generation’ culture in, ref1 War of Independence, ref1, ref2, ref3 (see also under Jaffa) Zionist attitudes to land, ref1n97 Israel Antiquities Authority, ref1 Israel Lands Administration, ref1, ref2n168 Israel Ministry of Housing, ref1n193 Israeli Architects Association, ref1 Israeli Council of Citrus Fruit, ref1, ref2 Israeli Defense Force (IDF), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n47, ref7n64, ref8n138 museum, ref1 see also individual military operations by name Israeli Project, The, ref1n206 Jaffa, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 agriculture around see agriculture Andromeda’s Rock, ref1, ref2 annexation to Tel Aviv, ref1 ‘Antique Jaffa’ project, ref1, ref2 Arab history ignored and obliterated, ref1, ref2, ref3 attack and destruction (1947–8), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8n144, ref9n148, ref10nn159, ref11 beach, ref1 Ben-Gurion’s description of, ref1 ‘Big Zone’, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 as ‘black city’, see under Tel Aviv borders in UN Partition plan, ref1 Clock Tower (Square), ref1 contemporary gentrification in, ref1 decanting of residents to suburbs, ref1, ref2 encirclement and cutting off, ref1, ref2 ‘forbidden’ to Jews, ref3 former importance as hub, ref1 Greater Jaffa, ref1 Hebraization of, ref1, ref2 Herzl’s visit to (1898), ref1 history of, ref1, ref2 ‘Jaffa Mound’, ref1 Jewish migrants in, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 modern neighbourhoods of see under Tel Aviv need to end Jewish occupation, ref1 New Saraya building, ref1, ref2 Old City, demolition and remodelling, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n171 photos of, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 plans and maps, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 population and demographics, ref1, ref2n159 port, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n143, ref10n144 railway, ref1, ref2, ref3 riots in see under riots siege and fall (1799), ref1 sociopolitical significance, ref1 (see also crime) songs about, ref1 St Peter’s church, ref1, ref2 state today, ref1 war with Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2 ‘Jaffa’ (song), ref1 Jaffa in the Mirror of Days, ref1 ‘Jaffa’ oranges, ref1 Janko, Marcel, ref1 Jerusalem, ref1 attack in 1967, ref1 building projects for, ref1 Herzl’s visit to (1898), ref1 Law, ref1 Old City, ref1, ref2 Shrine of the Book, ref1n210 Jewish Architects in Germany, ref1 Jewish National Fund see Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael Jews anti-Jewish riots, ref1 apostate, ref1 Ashkenazi and Mizrahi, ref1n23 coexistence with Arabs and Christians, ref1, ref2 collaboration between factions, ref1 emancipated in France, ref1, ref2n90 exiled by Ottoman Empire, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 migration of see under migration Napoleon’s emancipation of, ref1 possible pact with Arabs, ref1 social/ethnic categorizations of, ref1, ref2n23 tensions with Arabs in 1920s, ref1 Johnson, Philip, ref1, ref2, ref3n224 Josephus Flavius, ref1 Jubilee Fair (1929), ref1 Judenstaat, Der, ref1 Kabak, Aharon, ref1, ref2 Kanafani, Ghassan, ref1n150 Kanoun, Youcef, ref1, ref2 Karavan, Dani, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7n56 White Square installation, ref1 Karavan, Noa, ref1, ref2n66, ref3n69 Kardom, ref1, ref2, Kark, Ruth, ref1 Karmi, Dov, ref1, ref2, ref3 Karmi, Ram, ref1, ref2, ref3n202 Katsav, Moshe, ref1 Katznelson, Berl, ref1n122 Kauffmann, Richard, ref1, ref2 Kav (journal), ref1, ref2 Kazablan (film), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n172 Kazablan (play), ref1, ref2n172 Kendall, Henry, ref1, ref2 Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael (Jewish National Fund), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n139 Kfar Yehoshua, ref1 Khalidi, Walid, ref1n159 kibbutz movement, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Kibbutz + Bauhaus, ref1, ref2, ref3 Kiesler, Frederick, ref1n210 Kikar Levinsky (Levinsky Square) Corporation, ref1 Kineret, ref1n38 Kleinberg, Aviad, ref1 Klemmer, Klemens, ref1 Kluger, Zoltan, ref1 Knesset building, ref1n137 mural for, ref1 Kobler, Franz, ref1n90 Kochavi, Aviv, ref1, ref2n156 Kollhoff, Hans, ref1n68 Koolhaas, Rem, ref1, ref2n156 Korkidi, Nessim, ref1n80 Kraus, Frantz, ref1 Kushnir, Mordechai, ref1, ref2n126 Labour Party, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n243 land and the Absentees’ Property Law, see Absentees’ Property Law agricultural, appropriated in building Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3 Ahuzat Bayit plots lottery, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 confiscated for settlement, ref1, ref2 devalued by war, ref1, ref2, ref3 individual grabs in 1948, ref1n132 and the Jewish National Fund, ref1n139 management/policy, ref1 for Neve Sha’anan, ref1, ref2 obliteration of Arab boundaries, ref1 possible compensation for expropriation, ref1n168 potential division between Jews and Arabs, ref1 purchase restrictions for Jews under Ottoman rule, ref1 purchased by Keren Kayemeth LeIsrael, ref1 purchased for settlement, ref1, ref2, ref3 ‘without a people for a people without a land’, ref1 Last Ships, ref1, ref2 Lavry, Mark, ref1n44 Lazar, Chaim, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n147 Le Corbusier, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11n29, 1216nn219, ref12, ref13 Lebanon, ref1, ref2 Second War, ref1n251 Lefebvre, Henri, ref1 Lehi (Lohamei Herut Israel), ref1, ref2, ref3n134, ref4n148 Lerman, Sergio, ref1n119 Levin, Michael, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 LeVine, Mark, ref1n24 LeWitt, Jan (Yacov Chaim), ref1, ref2n20 Liebskind, Daniel, ref1n156 Like a Besieged City, ref1 Likud, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n243 Line of Fire, ref1n156 Little Tel Aviv (musical), ref1 Lod, ref1 Loos, Adolf, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6nn225, ref7 Luidor, Yosef, ref1, ref2n126 Lul ensemble, ref1, ref2n43 Lydia, ref1 Maariv, ref1 Maccabiah Games, First, ref1 Makom (exhibition/catalogue), ref1 Mann, Thomas, ref1 Marinetti, Filippo Tommaso, ref1 Matta-Clark, Gordon, ref1 ‘May It Be’ (song), ref1 Memorial for Mansieh, ref1 Mendel, Sa’adia, ref1, ref2 Mendelsohn, Erich, ref1, ref2, ref3 Menorah symbolism, ref1, ref2n198 Merkaz Hanegev (Centre of the Negev) project, ref1 ‘Merkaz Hayekum’ (Centre of the Universe) project, ref1 Mestechkin, Shmuel, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Mies van der Rohe, Ludwig, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n68 ‘Mies van der Rohe and the Political Ideology of the Modern Movement in Architecture’, ref1 migration Bedouin, ref1 from Germany pre World War II, ref1 immigration police, deportations by, ref1 Jewish from Palestine/Israel, ref1, ref2n27, ref3n205 Jewish to Israel after World War II, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n183 Jewish, Palestine too small for, ref1n116 Jewish to Palestine after World War I, ref1, ref2, ref3 North African to Jaffa, ref1 Palestinian from Jaffa, see Jaffa, attack and destruction to Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 in ‘Third Aliya’, ref1 see also Jaffa, refugees military and guerrilla tactics, ref1, ref2n152, ref3n154 Milo, Yosef, ref1, ref2n96 minorities in Israel, ref1, ref2, ref3 in nineteenth-century Jaffa, ref1 see also Arabs, Christians, refugees Mistechkin, Shmuel, ref1n118 Mitterrand, Francois, ref1n56 Mizrahi, Abraham, ref1 modern movement, ref1 in architecture, see under architecture as benchmark of the past in Israel, ref1 myths of modernity, ref1 see also International Style Morocco Casablanca, ref1, ref2n172, ref3n212 Morris, Benny, ref1, ref2, ref3n144, ref4n159 Morrison, Toni, ref1, ref2 Mosenzon, Yigal, ref1, ref2 Moshav settlement type, ref1 Moshe, Haham Yosef, ref1n80 ‘mouse hole’ military tactics, ref1, ref2 Muki, ref1 My White City, ref1 Nablus, attack on refugee camp, ref1 Nachal Sorek [Sorek River] nuclear plant, ref1n224 Nahal (Noar Halutzi Lohem), ref1, ref2n48 Nahal company, ref1 Nahalal (settlement), ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n49 ‘Nama Yafo’, ref1, ref2n96 Namir, Mordechai, ref1 Napoleon Bonaparte, ref1, ref2, ref3n90 National Corporation of Tourism, ref1 Nazar, Salah, ref1 Nazareth, ref1 Negev Brigade, monument for, ref1 Nemours Project, ref1 Nerdinger, Winifried, ref1n68 Nes Ziona, ref1 Neutra, Richard, ref1 Neve Sha’anan Corporation/association, ref1, ref2, ref3n115 New York, International Style (exhibition), ref1, ref2, ref3 Newspapers Under Influence, ref1 Niv, Amnon, ref1 ‘Nothing like Jaffa at Night’, ref1 Nouvel, Jean, ref1, ref2, ref3n10 Occupied Territories, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 see also Palestine Old Jaffa Development Company, ref1, ref2 Omer, Hillel, ref1, ref2, ref3 ‘Operation Anchor’ see Project Anchor ‘Operation Cast Lead’, ref1n251 ‘Operation Chametz’, ref1 ‘Operation Defense Shield’, ref1n251 ‘Operation Pillar of Defense’, ref1n251 ‘Operation Protective Edge’, ref1, ref2n251 ‘Operation Rainbow’, ref1, ref2n251 orchards see agriculture Order of Tel Aviv Township, ref1 Orientalism, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Orloff, Hannah, ref1n28 Ornament and Crime, ref1 Oslo Accords, ref1 Ottoman Empire see Turkey Oulebsir, Nabila, ref1, ref2 Pain Song, ref1 Palestine 21st century Israeli military operations, ref1 Arab residents before founding of Israel, ref1 Arab residents replaced in old cities, ref1 (see also under Jaffa) British Mandate, ref1, ref2, ref3 bypass roads in, ref1n111 Highway Six, ref1n243 Jewish settlement in, see Israel national identity, ref1 Occupied Territories see Occupied Territories refugees from and to, see under refugees significance of Jaffa to, ref1, ref2, ref3 UN Division Plan (1947), ref1, ref2, ref3 Zionist counters to Palestinian claims of entitlement, ref1 see also Gaza Strip, Israel, Separation Wall Parent, Claude, ref1 Peace Now, ref1 Peeping Toms (film), ref1 Penn, Alexander, ref1 people as focus of architecture, ref1 Perec, Georges, ref1, ref2n86 Peres, Shimon, ref1n224 Peretz, Isaac Leib, ref1n177 Perlstein, Yitzhak, ref1 Petah-Tikvah, ref1 Pichmann, Yaacov, ref1, ref2 Piltz, Arieh, ref1 piracy, ref1 plague (in Jaffa), ref1 ‘Plan Obus’, ref1, ref2 ‘Plan Voisin’, ref1 Plumbers, The, ref1, ref2n225 Poelzig, Hans, ref1n68 politics and changes of national administration, ref1 and the city, ref1 democracy and isonomy, ref1 and discourse on architecture, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 right-wing in Tel Aviv, ref1 socialist/radical left, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4n122 and unrest, ref1 see also Labour Party, Likud, Zionism Pommer, Richard, ref1 Poraz, Avraham, ref1 Portugali, Yuval, ref1 postcolonialism, ref1 postmodernism in Israeli architecture, ref1 Zionist use of, ref1 power and architecture, ref1, ref2 and a city’s shape and history, ref1 relative of Jaffa and Tel Aviv, ref1 privatization, ref1, ref2, ref3n193 of war, ref1n246 ‘Project Anchor’, ref1, ref2 Prouvé, Jean, ref1 Rabin, Yitzhak, ref1, ref2, ref3n183 Rafah, ref1 Rahim, Ahmed Abdul, ref1 Ramla, ref1, ref2, ref3 Ratner, Yohanan, ref1, ref2n76, ref3n138 Reading power station, ref1 Rechter, Yoni, ref1n96 Rechter, Zeev, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5n28 Red House, the, ref1, ref2n118, ref3n126 Reifer, Rafi, ref1 refugees African in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2 attacked in Nablus, ref1 Jewish in Jaffa/Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Palestinian, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 (from Jaffa, ref5, ref6, ref7n150, ref8n159; see also Jaffa, attack and destruction) see also migration Rehovot, ref1 Reuveni, Aaron, ref1, ref2 Riddle of the Land, The, ref1, ref2 riots in 1921 Jaffa, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 anti-African in 2012, ref1 Rokah, Israel, ref1, ref2n165 Rokah, Shimon and Eliezer, ref1 Rotbard, Sharon, ref1, ref2 Rothschild, Baron Edmond Benjamin James de, ref1, ref2n51, ref3n79 Rubin, Karl, ref1, ref2 ruins city in, see under Jaffa restored as part of museum, ref1 ruin value theory, ref1, ref2, ref3n185 Runkle, Benjamin, ref1 Russia, Jewish migrants from, ref1, ref2 Sadeh, Yitzhak, ref1, ref2n47 Safed, ref1 Said, Edward, ref1 Salameh, Shukri, ref1n148 Samuel, Sir Herbert Louis, ref1, ref2, ref3n116 sand building material in Tel Aviv, ref1, ref2n68 significance of, ref1, ref2n69 see also dunes Sandel, Theodor, ref1 Sarona (German colony), ref1 Sauvage, Henri, ref1n210 Scheps, Marc, ref1 Schocken family, ref1 Department Store (Chemnitz), ref1 Schultz, Bruno, ref1 Schulze, Franz, ref1n224 Schwartz, Amnon, ref1 Schwartz, Dani, ref1 ‘Seashores are sometimes longing for a river’, ref1n53 Second Intifada, ref1 See Under: Love, ref1 Segev, Eyal, ref1n167 Segev, Tom, ref1n160 Seltzer, Dov, ref1 Separation Wall, ref1, ref2n97, ref3n243 Settlement Offensive, ref1n76 see also ‘Wall and Tower’ settler movement, ref1 in Tel Aviv, ref1 Shabtai, Yaakov, ref1n21 Shaked, Ayelet, ref1 Shalit, Tomer, ref1n205 Shamir, Gabriel and Maxim, ref1n198 Shamir, Yitzhak, ref1n134 Shapira, Meir Getzel, ref1 Shapira, Moshe, ref1 Sharet, Yaakov, ref1, ref2n96 Sharett, Moshe, ref1 Sharon, Ariel, ref1, ref2, ref3n97, ref4n243 Sharon, Aryeh, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n135 buildings by, ref1, ref2 publications, ref1 workers’ housing project, ref1 Shatz, Zvi, ref1 Shavit, Yaacov, ref1 Shemer, Naomi, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6n38 Shenhav, Yehouda, ref1n168 Shimonovitz, David, ref1 Shitrit, B.

…

Tel Aviv: Yad Izhak Ben-Zvi Press, Misrad Habitakhon Ha’hotsaa La’or, 1991. Khalidi, Walid. All That Remains: The Palestinian Villages Occupied and Depopulated by Israel in 1948. Washington, DC: Institute of Palestinian Studies, 1992. Kiesler, Frederick. ‘Le pseudo-fonctionnalisme dans l’architecture moderne’, in L’architecte et le philosophe, sous la direction de Antonia Soulez. Liege: Pierre Margada, 1993. Kleinberg, Aviad. ‘Bakhalomot Shela: Le’zikhrah shel Naomi Shemer’ [In Her Dreams: In memory of Naomi Shemer], Haaretz, July 1, 2004. Kobler, Frantz. ‘Napoleon and the Restoration of the Jews to Palestine’. New Judea, London, 1940. Koolhaas, Rem. ‘Typical Plan’, in SMLXL, Rotterdam: 010 publishers, 1995.

…

To these omissions in Tel Aviv’s architectural narrative, one might add the distinct lack of reference made to the modern Palestinian architecture produced during the 1930s or, stranger still within this context, the absence of certain local Jewish constructors. Among others, these include Haim Casdan, who was born in Jaffa in the first decade of the twentieth century; he studied architecture in Brussels and worked across the Middle East, predominately in Egypt and Lebanon. The most notable absentee however, is the otherwise legendary Yosef Eliyahu Chelouche; born and bred in Jaffa, he performed a series of industrial espionage operations across Egyptian borders in order to bring back to Palestine the secrets of silicate bricking and Egyptian Freemasonry.33 These omissions are odd in light of the official historiography and its tendency to brand Tel Aviv’s International Style as expressly ‘local’ – as an extension of its European roots but still an unprecedented first chapter in the Israeli architectural tradition.

The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
by John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt
Published 3 Sep 2007

Orthodox Jews Oslo peace process Ottoman Empire Packer, George; The Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq Pahlavi, Reza (former crown prince of Iran) Pahlavi, Mohammad Reza Shah País, El Pakistan Palestine; British policy on, 391n124; late-nineteenth-century; 1948 war; and two-state solution; and UN partition plan; see also Arab-Israeli peace process; Israeli-Palestinian conflict; Palestinians Palestinian Anti-Terrorism Act (2006) Palestinian Authority Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO) Palestinians; anti-Americanism and; birthrates of; as exiles; Iraq war and; Israel lobby vs.; persecution of; and refugee problem; and strategies for ending conflict with Israel; and terrorism; see also Arab-Israeli peace process; Israeli-Palestinian conflict; settlements Pan Am Flight 103 bombing Pappe, Ilan Paris Peace Conference Parsi, Trita Pascrell, Bill Peace Now peace process, see Arab-Israeli peace process Peel Commission Peled, Jonathan Pelletreau, Robert Pelosi, Nancy Pentagon; 2001 terrorist attack on Percy, Charles Perelman, Marc Peres, Shimon Peretz, Amir Peretz, Martin Perle, Richard; Iraq war and Perlmutter, Nathan; The Real Anti-Semitism in America Perlmutter, Ruth Ann persecution of Jews; compensation for; history of; see also Holocaust Peters, Joan Pew Research Center for the People and the Press pharmaceutical companies Philadelphia Enquirer Pipes, Daniel Pletka, Danielle Podhoretz, Norman pogroms Poland Pollack, Kenneth; The Threatening Storm Pollard, Jonathan Portugal Powell, Colin; Iraq war and; and post-9/11 Middle East peace process presidents, U.S.; Israel lobby and; and Jewish vote; making of pro-Israel; and 1960 election; and 1980 election; and 1996 election; and 2004 election; 2008 election; see also specific presidents; U.S.

…

Thus the upper bound is probably seventeen thousand Jews in Palestine in 1882. Also see Mark Tessler, A History of the Israeli-Palestinian Conflict (Bloomington: Indiana University Press, 1994), 124. 55. The total population of Palestine in 1893 was roughly 530,000, of whom about 19,000 (3.6 percent) were Jewish. Arabs comprised the vast majority of the remaining population. McCarthy, Population of Palestine, 10. 56. This issue was revisited in the mid-1980s when Joan Peters published From Time Immemorial: The Origins of the Arab-Jewish Conflict over Palestine (New York: Harper, 1984). She claimed that when the Jews began arriving in Palestine from Europe, there were far fewer Arabs there than the conventional wisdom maintained, and that the Arabs moved to Palestine in large numbers only after the Jews began to develop the land.

…

In Jordan, a key U.S. ally, the numbers were 3 percent for Bush and 55 percent for bin Laden, who beat Bush by a margin of 58 percent in Pakistan, whose government is also closely allied with the United States.72 The Pew Global Attitudes Survey reported in 2002—before the invasion of Iraq—that “public opinion about the United States in the Middle East/Conflict Area is overwhelmingly negative,” and much of this unpopularity stems from the Palestinian issue.73 According to the Middle East expert Shibley Telhami, “No other issue resonates with the public in the Arab world, and many other parts of the Muslim world, more deeply than Palestine. No other issue shapes the regional perceptions of America more fundamentally than the issue of Palestine.”74 Ussama Makdisi agrees, writing that “on no issue is Arab anger at the United States more widely and acutely felt than that of Palestine … For it is over Palestine that otherwise antithetical Arab secularist and Islamist interpretations of history converge in their common perception of an immense gulf separating official American avowals of support for freedom from actual American policies.”75 U.S. support for Israel is not the only source of anti-Americanism, of course, but it is an important one, and it makes winning the war on terror and advancing other U.S. interests more difficult.

Because We Say So
by Noam Chomsky

This week, Washington devoted every effort to blocking a Palestinian initiative to upgrade its status at the U.N. but failed, in virtual international isolation as usual. The reasons were revealing: Palestine might approach the International Criminal Court about Israel’s U.S.-backed crimes. One element of the unremitting torture of Gaza is Israel’s “buffer zone” within Gaza, from which Palestinians are barred entry to almost half of Gaza’s limited arable land. From January 2012 to the launching of Israel’s latest killing spree on November 14, Operation Pillar of Defense, one Israeli was killed by fire from Gaza while 78 Palestinians were killed by Israeli fire.

…

And on April 10, the Arab League reverted to unpeople by calling on the U.N. also to impose a no-fly zone over Gaza and to lift the Israeli siege, virtually ignored. That too makes good sense. Palestinians are prototypical unpeople, as we see regularly. Consider the November/December issue of FOREIGN AFFAIRS, which opened with two articles on the Israel-Palestine conflict. One, written by Israeli officials Yosef Kuperwasser and Shalom Lipner, blamed the continuing conflict on the Palestinians for refusing to recognize Israel as a Jewish state (keeping to the diplomatic norm: States are recognized, but not privileged sectors within them). The second, by American scholar Ronald R.

…

In September 1993, President Clinton presided over a handshake between Israeli Prime Minister Yitzhak Rabin and Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Chairman Yasser Arafat on the White House lawn—the climax of a “day of awe,” as the press described it. The occasion was the announcement of the Declaration of Principles for political settlement of the Israel-Palestine conflict, which resulted from secret meetings in Oslo that were sponsored by the Norwegian government. Public negotiations between Israel and the Palestinians had opened in Madrid in November 1991, initiated by Washington in the triumphal glow after the first Iraq war. They were stalemated because the Palestinian delegation, led by the respected nationalist Haidar Abdul Shafi, insisted on ending Israel’s expansion of its illegal settlements in the Occupied Territories.

What's Left?: How Liberals Lost Their Way
by Nick Cohen
Published 15 Jul 2015

As important, why did a European Union that daily announces its commitment to the liberal principles of human rights and international law do nothing as crimes against humanity took place just over its borders? Why is Palestine a cause for the liberal-left, but not China, Sudan, Zimbabwe, the Congo or North Korea? Why, even in the case of Palestine, can’t those who say they support the Palestinian cause tell you what type of Palestine they would like to see? After the 9/11 attacks on New York and Washington why were you as likely to read that a sinister conspiracy of Jews controlled American or British foreign policy in a superior literary journal as in a neo-Nazi hate sheet?

…

Westerners respected Makiya only because he ‘confirmed the view in the West that Arabs were villainous and shabby conformists’. Said was a Palestinian and in a small way his viciousness and betrayals of principle were excusable. For the early Zionists to say that Palestine was ‘a land without a people for a people without a land’ was not so much to look down on Palestinians from a position of colonial superiority, as to look through them and deny their existence. You can see why Makiya’s comparison of the thousands killed by the Israelis with the millions killed by the Baathists horrified him. Said had an urgent interest in keeping anger and attention directed at the Israeli occupation of Palestine. If it turned to other horrors, which had little to do with the West, the Palestinian cause might suffer.

…

Tariq Ali was like a teacher patting a little boy on the head. There were aspects of his former friend’s work which he ‘respected enormously, but I’m afraid he’s an innocent, a complete babe’. The Americans ‘were never going to support democracy in Iraq’, he concluded somewhat rashly. Edward Said, a New Left Review contributor and the most fluent defender of the Palestinian cause in the Western universities, was almost lost for words, and spluttered: ‘He suddenly discovers he’s got to do something, and what does he do? He appeals to the United States to come to rescue him! It’s astonishing.’ It wasn’t only Makiya who was being excommunicated from the church of the Left.

One Day in September
by Simon Reeve

Arafat was soon shuttling between Germany (particularly the University of Stuttgart, the hub of Palestinian activity in Europe), Algeria (where he helped to organize military training camps for recruits to Fatah), and Kuwait (where the pockets of well-paid Palestinian expatriate workers were shaken for cash “for the struggle back home”). A Palestinian resistance movement slowly emerged.12 Ahmed Shukairy, a Palestinian lawyer, proposed the formation of a Palestinian government in exile, and in May 1964 the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) was launched, with Shukairy later appointed as its head. Fatah was first heard of in January 1965, when a rucksack containing ten sticks of gelignite and a detonator was spotted floating in a canal in the Beit Netofa Valley in the Lower Galilee.13 Although the bomb was defused, Israeli trackers realized the attackers had crossed the River Jordan into Israel.

…

While former members of Black September continue to defend the morality of their operation years after the deaths at Fürstenfeldbruck, nobody can doubt the “success” of the attack in raising the profile of the Palestinian cause. Abu Iyad has claimed that “world opinion was forced to take note of the Palestinian drama, and the Palestinian people imposed their presence on an international gathering that had sought to exclude them.”25 Jamal Al-Gashey, the only terrorist still alive, also believes the attack achieved its aim. “The name of Palestine was repeated all over the world that day. A lot of the people of the world who had never heard of Palestine knew then that there was a deprived people with a cause to fight for.”26 A week after the attack, the following announcement appeared in the Beirut newspaper Al-Sayad, purportedly from senior officials of Black September:27 “In our assessment, and in light of the result, we have made one of the best achievements of Palestinian commando action.

…

Major anti-Zionist Arab riots followed in 1919 and 1921. 9 The declaration read in part: “His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine, or the rights and political status enjoyed by Jews in any other country.” 10 Abu Iyad with Eric Rouleau, My Home, My Land (New York: Times Books, 1981), p. 12. 11 Other groups which emerged included the National Liberation Army, the National Liberation Front, the Organization for the Liberation of Palestine, the Palestinian Liberation Army, and the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine. Nasser also dramatically increased support and training for the fe-dayeen after an Israeli assault on the Egyptian army headquarters (which was in turn revenge for the occasional fedayeen cross-border strikes) on the night of February 28, 1955, ended with thirty-eight deaths. Later Israeli raids into Gaza resulted in dozens, possibly hundreds, of Palestinian deaths, and Israeli soldiers looted and burnt Palestinian homes. 12 Neil C. Livingstone and David Halevy, Inside the PLO (New York: William Morrow & Company, 1990), pp. 59–60. 13 The Times, April 15, 1968, and The New York Times, October 22, 1968. 14 Ibid.

Kingdom of Olives and Ash: Writers Confront the Occupation
by Michael Chabon
Published 29 May 2017

Israel is trying to divide the Palestinians, geographically and historically. Gaza is divided from the West Bank. The Israeli Palestinians are divided from those in the occupied territories. Part of the Palestinian struggle is to blur those divisions. “Either we’re all Palestinians, or we aren’t,” says Amar. Like him, most Palestinians I talk to are puzzled when I ask if Israeli Palestinians are welcome in Palestine and not seen as collaborators with the enemy. They are, after all, still Palestinians, they tell me. This is why players with Israeli passports are welcomed into the Palestinian league and onto the national team.

…

The Palestinian national team creates Palestinian identity and pride in another way: as an institution that unites Palestinians from all over the world. West Bank Palestinians with Gazan Palestinians, Palestinians living within Israel’s borders and carrying Israeli passports with second- and third-generation Palestinians who emigrated to different parts of the world. The unity is reflected in the backgrounds of the Palestinian soccer players: Ahmad Awad, who was born and grew up in Sweden, recently joined Palestine’s national team; Yashir Pinto is the latest recruit from Chile, a country that has created a pipeline of players of Palestinian descent to the league and the national team.

…

.”* Although the number of Israeli settlers in the West Bank has grown by 340,000 in the last forty years, and settlers have been provided with police and military protection as well as connected to Israel’s water, electricity, and sanitation services, Palestinian construction—even on land the Israeli courts have recognized as registered to Palestinians—has been curtailed. Area C comprises 60 percent of the land in the West Bank and is home to 300,000 Palestinians. In 2014 only one Palestinian building permit was approved; in 2015, the number was zero. A 2013 World Bank report found that potential revenue for Palestinians in Area C alone, of which 99 percent is currently off limits to Palestinian development, would be a staggering USD 3.4 billion, over a billion dollars more than Palestine’s entire current revenue.* My eyes saw what was before me, but it was so confounding, my mind resisted its credibility.

Who Rules the World?
by Noam Chomsky

Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Article XI, 28 September 1995, http://www.unsco.org/Documents/Key/Israeli-Palestinian%20Interim%20Agreement%20on%20the%20West%20Bank%20and%20the%20Gaza%20Strip.pdf. 28. Chomsky, World Orders Old and New, 248. 29. Israeli-Palestinian Interim Agreement on the West Bank and the Gaza Strip, Article XI, 28 September 1995. 30. Chomsky, World Orders Old and New, 278. 31. Hilde Henriksen Waage, “Postscript to Oslo: The Mystery of Norway’s Missing Files,” Journal of Palestine Studies 38 (Autumn 2008). 32. See, for example, Edward Said, “Arafat’s Deal,” Nation, 20 September 1993, and “The Israel-Arafat Agreement,” Z Magazine, October 1993. 33. Waage, “Postscript to Oslo.” 10. THE EVE OF DESTRUCTION   1.

…

See also energy Okinawa Oman one-state solution Ornstein, Norman Orwell, George Oslo Accords Oslo Peace Research Institute Ostrom, Elinor Ottoman Empire Oxfam Ozanne, Julian Pacific Rim Pakistan Palestine (Carter) Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Palestinian Authority (PA) Palestinian National Council (PNC) Palestinians. See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict; and specific territories binational secular democracy and elections of 2006 expulsion of “external” vs “internal” Palestinian state. See also one-state solution; two-state solution Palmerston, Lord. See Temple, Henry John Panama Paris agreement on climate change Paterson, Thomas Peace Now Pearl Harbor attacks Pentagon Peres, Shimon Pérez, Louis Peri, Yoram Perry, William Persian Gulf personhood Peru Peterson, David Petraeus, David Petrov, Stanislav Philippines Physicians for Global Survival Physicians for Social Responsibility Pillar of Defense, Operation Pinochet, Augusto Plain of Jars plutonomy Political Science Quarterly Polk, William Porter, Bernard Power, Samantha Pravda presumption of innocence preventive war prisons and incarceration privatization “Problem Is Palestinian Rejectionism, The” (Kuperwasser and Lipner) Program for Public Consultation Protective Edge, Operation Providentialist doctrines public opinion public relations Puerto Rico Pugwash Conferences Putin, Vladimir Qaddafi, Muammar al- Qatar Question of Torture, A (McCoy) Rabbani, Mouin Rabin, Yitzhak Rachman, Gideon radical fundamentalist Islam.

…

Bush.2 The negotiations opened with a brief conference in Madrid and continued under the guiding hand of the United States (and technically, the fading Soviet Union, to provide the illusion of international auspices). The Palestinian delegation, consisting of Palestinians within the Occupied Territories (henceforth the “internal Palestinians”), was led by the dedicated and incorruptible left nationalist Haidar Abdul Shafi, probably the most respected figure in Palestine. The “external Palestinians”—the PLO, based in Tunis and headed by Yasser Arafat—were excluded, though they had an unofficial observer, Faisal Husseini. The huge number of Palestinian refugees were totally excluded, with no regard for their rights, even those accorded them by the UN General Assembly.

Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
by Robert Fisk
Published 1 Jan 1990

F., 17 Stumborg, Lieutenant Jack, 508 Subai, Ahmed, 540 Suez crisis (1956), 70 Sultan Yacoub, 209 Summerland Hotel, west Beirut, 642, 646 Sunday Times, The, 179n, 437, 439, 441n Sunni Muslims, 67, 70, 93, 139, 146, 347, 470, 613, 640 militia headquarters, 54 commercial power of, 56–7 preserve of, 57 nationalist revolt, 62 and Beirut’s wealth, 68 and National Liberal Party, 71 of Hama, 181, 182 and Israelis, 237 in Corniche Mazraa, 277 as parliament members, 339n militia allies with Arafat, 529 in Sidon, 539, 573 and Shia as ‘theological heretics’, 555 Sunni Nasserite militia forms nucleus of resistance in Sidon, 571 control of Tripoli, 598 Super-Etendards, 509, 525 Sûreté Generale, west Beirut, 632 Sursock museum, east Beirut, 538n Sutherland, Thomas, 603, 628, 645, 651, 654, 660, 664 Suwaida, 64 Swaid, Wadad, 527–8 Sweden, 137 Swedish radio, 366, 615 Swiss Red Cross, 460, 608 Switzerland, 25, 307, 502 Syria, 26, 44, 53, 57, 70, 161, 180, 298n, 319, 320, 332, 502, 518, 628, 630, 631, 632, 633, 635, 639, 642, 643, 646, 652, 657, 658 peoples of, 56 deaths in First World War, 58–9 and France, 61–4 cut off from finest ports, 62 and Greek orthodox, 63 Palestinian guerrilla movements in, 75 military involvement in 1975–6 war, 81–3, 85, 86 mandate from Arab League to enter Beirut, 86 and Israeli ‘red line’, 103–4 presence in Nabatieh, 104–5 breaks up fighting between rival militia groups, 118 denies involvement in Jumblatt’s death, 118 and airport at Hamat, 121 and hashish production, 122, 123 allies with PLO’s cause in southern Lebanon, 139 Phalangists order Syrians out of east Beirut, 140 withdrawal from east Beirut, 144 xenophobia of, 178 torture in, 178–9 and Brunner, 179, 180, 181 reaction to revolt in Hama, 182, 390 Soviet military supplies, 292–3, 431, 467–8 and siege of Zahle, 187–93 Treaty of Friendship with Soviet Union, 203–4 Israelis start shooting at, 206 Syrians fire first shot at Israelis (1982), 208 ‘red line’ of, 215 retreat, 219–20, 272–3 ‘ceasefire’ with Israelis (1982), 228–9, 230 evacuation of, 344–7, 349 butchery of prisoners, 417 encouragement of Iranian involvement in Lebanon, 448 brings Iranian revolutionary guards into Lebanon, 485 and bombing attacks on US Marine and French targets, 516, 517 and siege of Tripoli, 529 and PFLP-GC, 569 holds most of Bekaa, 587 and search for Anderson, 589–90, 593 and Hobeika’s appointment to leadership of Christian militia, 601 protects Berri, 604 and TWA hijack, 606, 608 and Tawheed militia, 613 and murder of René Moawad, 640 and Gulf War, 646–7 and attack on Aoun’s enclave, 647–50 treaty of friendship with Lebanon, 651 Syrian Social Nationalist Party, 611 Syrian Special Forces units, 448 Szderzhanny (destroyer), 484 T-34 tanks, 196, 279, 286 T-54 tanks, 51, 104, 122, 213, 219, 267, 273, 307, 349, 623 T-62 tanks, 82, 86, 87, 184, 267, 642, 646 Tabatabai, Sadeq, 580 Taha, Riad, 165, 166, 168 Taibe, 111, 112 Taif, Saudi Arabia, 638, 640 Talabani, Jalal, 650 Taleb, Ali Ghaleb, 611 Tanner, Henry, 409 Tannous, General Ibrahim, 476–7 Tarawa, USS (amphibious assault ship), 506 Tarnowski, Andrew, 587 Tartous, 341, 350n, 437 Tashnag militia, 59 Task Force 60, 467 Tass, 439, 618 Tatro, Earleen, 197, 199, 200, 202, 210, 218, 255, 268, 269, 275, 295, 305, 336, 408, 478, 494 Tatro, Nicolas, 200, 201, 202, 204, 217, 269, 275, 277, 295, 296, 306, 307, 317, 321, 336, 353, 371, 410, 419–20, 446, 447, 454n, 470, 473, 476, 478, 485, 486, 494, 548, 601 Tawheed militia, 613 Taylor, Robert, 145 Tehran, 163, 580, 609, 617, 619, 651, 652 Tel al-Za’atar camp, east Beirut, 51, 74, 324, 397 massacre (1976), 78, 79, 85–6, 98, 99, 100, 102, 387 Tel Aviv, 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 39, 123, 200, 201, 221, 225, 230, 269, 280, 287, 311, 316, 375, 381, 389, 390, 436, 458, 597, 631 television journalism, 430 Temple of Bacchus, 72 Temple of Jupiter, 72 Terbol, 483 Territorial Brigade, 550 ‘terrorism’/’terrorists’; Anderson on, xii, 435 US use of word, 84, 174, 440–1, 515, 586, 607 use of word by Israeli radio, 127 Israeli obsession with word, 129, 131–2, 176, 225, 280, 281, 299, 354, 369–70, 383, 384, 386, 387–9, 486 Israeli claims of, 133, 225, 248, 366, 384, 388, 558–9 use of word by The Times (1980), 155 Palestinian use of word, 174, 441 Syrian accusations of, 183, 388 and Kahan commission, 383 journalists’ use of word, 435–41, 515, 607 MNF use of word, 452, 453 Thames Television, 620n Thatcher, Margaret, 471–2 This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (Borowski), 7 This Week with David Brinkley, 429n Tibiyat, 527, 528 Tibnin, 54, 157, 200, 542, 605n Tibnin River, 567 ‘Tigers’ (Nimr militia), 76, 86, 120, 167 Time magazine, 510, 659 Times, The (main references), xi, xii, xiii, 46, 47, 50, 58, 97, 98, 132, 143, 154, 155, 162, 181n, 187, 199, 200, 203, 212n, 218, 268n, 278, 291, 353, 354, 371, 403, 410, 411, 416, 418, 419, 420, 423, 426, 427, 431–2, 435–6, 470, 494, 499, 566, 567, 618, 626, 635 Titanic, 59, 462 Todd, Anne, 497 Todd, Clark, 490, 495–6, 599 Toolan, Sean, 408, 409, 411, 422 torture, 403, 602 Lebanese militias, 85, 540, 608 of journalists, 165 Syria, 178–9, 182 of prisoners by Israel, 178–9n, 403 in Khiam prison, 403, 435, 620 Tosetti, Lieutenant-Colonel Bruno, 344n Tow anti-tank missiles, 137 Tower Commission report, 614 Tracy, Edward, 617–18 Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers, The (Randal), x, xin, 86n, 350n Transjordan, Kingdom of, 18, 44, 61 Treasured Writings of Khalil Gibran, The, 59n, 627n Treblinka, 16, 367, 395 Treik Jdeide, Beirut, 256 Trelford, Donald, 415 Tripoli, Lebanon, 54, 57, 62, 63, 64, 68, 71, 73, 76, 116, 121, 318, 350n, 413, 448, 509, 529–30, 598, 613, 625 Tripoli, Libya, 616 Tsvi, Rabbi, 548, 549 Tuchman, Barbara, 395 Tunis, 270, 332, 441, 530 Tunisia, x, 320, 331, 332, 350n Turkes, Alparslan, 181 Turkey/Turks, 33, 66, 453 and First World War, 14, 15, 48 and partitioning of Lebanon (1842), 57 and slaughter of Armenians (1915), 59–60 invasion of Caucasus, 60 and Cyprus, 67 Grey Wolves militia demand government adoption of Islamic laws, 181 Tveit, Karsten, 207, 209, 210, 212, 218, 219, 321, 357, 360, 362, 363, 364, 368, 374, 378–81, 385, 396, 465, 628 TWA airliner hijack, Beirut (1985), 441, 605–8, 609, 619 Twain, Mark, 21–2 Tyre, xii, 12, 27, 36, 38, 39, 55, 68, 83, 110, 123, 129, 133, 240, 247, 248, 251, 438n, 552, 556, 577, 579, 620, 621, 642, 660, 662 conditions under shellfire, 13 incorporated within new state, 62 conditions under Lebanese/Palestinian rule, 115–18 Israelis approach, 126, 200 under Israeli shellfire, 131, 132, 159 French army return to, 134 cut off by Israelis, 205, 206, 207, 211 PLO resistance in, 216, 222 Israeli version of casualties, 254 death toll, 255 bomb attacks on Israeli headquarters, 440, 458–61, 524, 555, 614, 617 Israeli-backed militia in, 550, 551, 553 Shin Bet in, 563 Hezbollah/Shia rivalry, 571 Israelis begin retreat, 572, 581, 596, 599 visited by Iranian leaders, 580 curfew imposed, 582 public executions in, 608 Ukrainians, 396 Urn Al-Farajh, northern Galilee, 36–42, 44, 47, 61 see also Ben Ami Umayyad mosque, 179 Umayyads, 556 Under the Israeli Thumb (ABC TV documentary), 411 Underground to Palestine, and Reflections Thirty Years Later (Stone), 17n UNICEF, 324 United Arab Emirates, 86, 298n United Arab Republic, 70, 180 United Nations, 32, 33, 475, 640, 651, 657, 663 and partition of Palestine, 16, 25, 33 camps in Lebanon, 68, 102 relations with PLO, 136, 138 crippled mission to Lebanon, 150 encroachment of Haddad’s militia, 156 and Naqqoura, 137, 138, 158, 159 and South Lebanon Army militia, 431 and Lebanese suicide bombing attacks, 436 ‘protection’ in UN area, 542, 546, 547, 551 and Shin Bet, 563–4 and Mustapha Saad, 575 and deportation north of Shia families, 599 and Gulf War, 646 UN General Assembly, 446 UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon), 132, 134–5, 137, 138, 150, 151, 154, 155, 194, 435, 539, 542n UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees), 27, 33, 455 UN Security Council Resolution 425, 134–5 United Nations Truce Supervisory Organisation, 374 United Press International bureau, 314, 438 United Southern Assembly, 553 United States/Americans, 53, 168, 631, 632, 633, 642, 651, 652, 655, 658 arranges ceasefire (1978), x and Eisenhower Doctrine, 71 evacuation of Lebanon (1976), 84 Lebanese appeal for military assistance, 112 supplies Israel with arms, 139, 277 and Khomeini, 163 becomes involved in Lebanon, 193 and Saudi Arabia, 269 television network crews, 287, 379 and PLO, 328 and Bashir Gemayel, 341 Palestinians and Israelis blame US for Chatila massacre, 372–3, 396 drop in public support for Israel, 401 and communism, 404 campaign against US press coverage of Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 421–2 opposes UN participation in Lebanon, 448 suffers first casualty, 46In troops drive through Phalangist checkpoints in east Beirut, 462 fleet in Beirut bay, 466–7 and increase in Soviet military presence in Syria, 468 faith in technology, 469 Gemayel’s government purchases guns and tanks from, 471 and attacks against multinational force, 476 seeks conclusion of a Lebanese-Israeli troop withdrawal agreement, 480 and Israeli retreat from the Chouf, 491–2 US warships shell Muslim areas of Beirut, 505–9 growing military alliance with Israel, 525–6 air raid against Syrian batteries in Bekaa, 526 use of New Jersey, 527, 528 collapse of US policy in Levant, 533 MNF evacuation of Beirut (1984), 534 last US military personnel evacuated from Beirut, 565, 566 and TWA hijack, 606, 607, 608 and bombing of Libya, 615–16 and Daniloff s release, 625 and Gulf War, 643–4 US Defence Department, 350 US Embassy, Beirut, 328, 486, 643, 657 second suicide attack on, xiii, 567, 614 evacuation, 84 and Vance’s visit, 147 first suicide bombing of, 478–80, 512, 519, 595, 601, 613, 614, 666 in British Embassy, 506, 534, 565 and entry of Marines into Chouf, 507 housing of security staff, 522 and Anderson, 586, 593 evacuates journalists and diplomats, 587 US Embassy, Kuwait, 595 US Embassy, Tehran, 478 US hospital, Wiesbaden, 657, 659–60, 663 US Marines, 84, 256, 334, 341–2, 343, 348, 350, 351, 352, 372, 442, 444–7, 450, 451, 452, 456, 457, 461, 462, 464, 470, 590 and Khalde, 56 protect Beirut’s southern perimeter, 57 and civil war (1958), 70 Chamoun calls in, 71 and MNF, 448 confrontation with Israelis, 474–6 and Druze bombardment of Beirut, 487–8 and Israeli withdrawal from Chouf, 491, 492 military headquarters razed by suicide bombers (1983), 493, 511–22, 653, 657, 665 shelling of, 494–5, 497, 502, 510, 511, 526, 529, 531 and US navy’s shelling of Muslim areas of Beirut, 505, 506 enter Chouf, 507 fire towards Chouf, 524 cut off, 532, 533 and MNF evacuation of Beirut (1984), 534–5, 538n last Marines leave Beirut, 565, 566 US News and World Report, 432n, 625, 659 US State Department, 393n, 440, 441, 507, 523, 608 Uris, Leon, 405 Ustinov, Peter, 406n Uyun Al-Siman, 80 Uzi submachine-guns, 252, 366 Vance, Cyrus, 147, 148 Vanunu, Mordechai, 437, 438 Vartan, Zavem, ix, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 201 Vatican, 154, 168 Versailles, treaty of (1919), 151, 392 Vertikal (intelligence gathering vessel), 467 Vichy French, 66 Vienna, 180, 654 Vienna airport massacre, 441 Vietcong, 634 Vietnam War, 395, 467, 495, 515, 660 Viets, Richard, 478 Villa Mansour, 329 Vincennes, USS, 640 Virginia, USS (missile cruiser), 506, 507, 508 Visnews, 381 ‘Voice of Arab Lebanon’, 145, 146 ‘Voice of Free Lebanon’, 145, 146 ‘Voice of Hope’, 149 ‘Voice of Lebanese Sidon’, 542 ‘Voice of Lebanon’, 93, 170, 209, 458, 497 ‘Voice of the Mountain’, 145 ‘Voice of Unified Lebanon’, 145 Voyage to the Orient (Lamartine), 14, 34 Vulcan guns, 370, 377 Wadi Abu Jamil, Beirut, 315, 323, 324, 325, 489, 584, 585 Wadi al Gharbi, 34 Wadih, 189, 190 WAFA (Palestinian news agency), 332n Waite, Terry, 614–15, 618, 624, 645, 651, 654, 661–2 Wajda, Andrzej, 48 Waldheim, Kurt, 174 Walker, Christopher, 223, 227n, 260, 261, 306, 321, 322, 410, 425, 428, 497 Walker, Christopher J., 60n Walker, Julian, 147 Wall Street Journal, The, 393n, 402, 403 Wallace, Charles, 587 Walters, Barbara, 409 Waring, Robert, 83, 84 Warsaw, 6, 8, 48, 169, 394, 438 Warsaw Pact, 192 Washington Journalism Review, 422n Washington Post, The, x, 137, 200, 244, 357, 421, 581 Washington Times, 568n Wavell barracks, 68 Wazzan, Chafiq, 260, 264, 270, 279, 320n, 322, 348, 532 Wazzir, Khalil see Abu Jihad Weinberger, Caspar, 350, 351, 445, 451, 475, 477 Weinraub, Major Yehuda, 412 Weir, Benjamin, 595, 612 Weizmann, Chaim, 142 Weizman, Ezer, 123, 124 West Bank, 83, 196, 231, 254, 260, 331, 347, 351, 399n, 403, 411, 422, 423, 438, 444, 477, 479, 551, 630, 631, 646 Palestinian uprising in, xi Palestinians exiled in, 18 and Arab–Israeli war, 19 Arab settlement on, 43 Arab inhabitants of, 61 Israel’s conquest of (1967), 73, 541 Palestinian attacks on Israelis, 194 West Berlin bombing (1986), 615–16 West German Embassy, Beirut, 170, 171 Wiesel, Elie, 394–5 William II, Kaiser, 666 Wilson, Charles, xiii, 567, 618 Wilson, Edmund, 406 Wojciech, Stetkiewicz, 1, 6, 9, 10, 11 Wooten, James, 429n Worldwide Television, 616 Wright, Jonathan, 582 Ya’ari, Ehud, xi, 189n, 340n, 350n, 569n Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial, 7, 16, 392, 404–5 Yaghobzadeh, Alfred, 608 Yanbu, 646 Yarze military headquarters, 473, 491 Yassin, Amal, 656 Yater, 551–2 Yazour, 27 Yediot Ahronot, 395n Yehoshua, A.B., 395 Yemen, x, 44, 45, 200, 269 Yermiya, Lieutenant-Colonel Dov, 251n Yohmor, 256n Yom Kippur war (1973), 310, 311, 396 ‘Younis’ (Shin Bet code name), 572 Yugoslavia, 307, 389 Zaaboub, Adel, 180–1, 355 Zabedani, 487 Zahle, 82–3, 107, 122, 187–90, 499, 501, 590, 601, 635 Zahran, General Mohamed, 346–7 Zahrani, near Sidon, 104, 458, 575 Zahrani River, 211 zaim (zuama), 75, 76, 118, 120, 122, 339, 432, 524 Zamzam, Fatima, 36–47, 61, 68 Zamzam, Hassan, 37, 47 Zamzam, Mohamed, 38 Zamzam, Mustafa, 36, 37 Zarab, Lieutenant-Colonel Basagh, 341, 342, 343, 347, 357 Zeidan, Habib, 248 Zghorta, 76, 639, 641 Ziegler, Lieutenant Conway, 135 Zionism/Zionists, 14, 15, 20, 85, 93, 151, 170, 541 Zionist Federation, 46, 47n Zippori, Mordechai, 381 Zrariyeh, 417, 581 ZSU anti-aircraft guns, 646 * The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers by Jonathan Randal (London, Chatto and Windus, 1983); Israel’s Lebanon War by Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1985). † The Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel and the Palestinians by Noam Chomsky (London, Pluto Press, 1983), pp. 468–9. For background, readers might also consult David Gilmour’s Lebanon: The Fractured Country (London, Sphere, 1987), Kemal Salibi’s Crossroads to Civil War: Lebanon 1958–1976 (New York, Caravan, 1976) and Edward Said’s The Question of Palestine (New York, Times Books, 1979), a book which in many ways presages the disaster which was to befall both Lebanese and Palestinians in 1982. * This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen by Tadeusz Borowski, introduction by Jan Cott (London, Penguin, 1986), pp. 42–6

…

Could Arafat not see that this sad little banknote bore the legend ‘Anglo-Palestine Bank’, and that the word ‘Anglo’ preceded the word ‘Palestine’? But the PLO chairman was oblivious to this, happy now in his mythmaking. There would be a Palestinian state in his lifetime, yes, definitely, a Palestinian state in which Jews and Arabs shared equal citizenship with equal rights. Had the PLO not proposed in 1969 that there should be a joint Jewish-Christian-Muslim state of Palestine? This had been proof, so he said, that the Palestinians could come up with their own solutions. But would Jews living in homes that had once belonged to Palestinians be forced to leave their houses?

…

On the wall are his words – an accurate translation – exhorting the German government to prevent the Jews of Europe going to Palestine. The inference is clear: the Muslim religious leader of the Palestinian Arabs is also a war criminal. So why should not his political successors be war criminals? If the Arab Palestinians who saw in the Nazis some hope of preventing Jewish immigration into Palestine were on the same level as the SS, were not those Palestinians who oppose Israel today equally guilty? The civil war in Palestine that followed the end of hostilities in Europe inevitably embraced the tired holders of the imperial mandate.

Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu
by Anshel Pfeffer
Published 30 Apr 2018

For all his high profile on television and cozy lunches with newspaper columnists, the coverage of Israel—from Lebanon to the Intifada—was hardly favorable in that period. The United States was steadily inching toward engagement with the Palestinians. Shortly after leaving Washington, Netanyahu turned on his benefactor, the pro-Israel Secretary Shultz, who had met with two Arab Americans, Professors Edward Said and Ibrahim Abu Lughod, members of the PLO-affiliated Palestine National Council. Netanyahu claimed he had brought forward his departure to protest Shultz’s paving the way for “a PLO state right in the heart of Israel, threatening our very security, our very future.”3 In December 1988, following Yasser Arafat’s announcement that the PLO was renouncing the use of terror and accepting the two-state solution, the United States entered formal talks with the PLO.

…

freezing settlement construction, 314, 316–318 Israel policy, 312–314 Israel’s Operation Pillar of Defense, 341–342 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, 359–361 military assistance agreement, 369–370 Netanyahu’s congressional address, 354–355 Netanyahu’s more moderate image, 309 Netanyahu’s relations with, 365–366 P5+1 meetings, 359–360 peace process, 367 Peres’s death, 369–370 presidential visits, 318–320, 344–346 re-election, 340 Republicans’ criticism of Middle East policy, 314–315 Syria’s chemical weapons, 346–348 tense relations with Netanyahu, 314–315 US-Iran nuclear plan, 326–327 Occupy Wall Street movement, 320–321 Olmert, Ehud, 168–170, 201, 204, 244–245, 262, 283–284, 290–291, 296–297, 305, 313, 322, 324–325, 327–328, 331 cabinet and administration, 300–302 corruption investigations, 303–304 Olympic Games (1972), 94 Operation Accountability, 193 Operation Frenzy, 83 Operation Grapes of Wrath, 228–229 Operation Inferno, 78–80 Operation Peace for Galilee, 138, 142–143 Operation Pillar of Defense, 341–342 Operation Protective Edge, 349–361 Operation Shredder, 69 Operation Wrath of God, 94 Oslo process and the Oslo Accords, 182, 199, 202–203, 206–211, 218–221, 240–241, 244–245, 251, 284–285, 288–289 Oz, Amos, 53, 234 P5+1 talks, 360 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 68, 78, 93–94, 111–112, 164–165, 171–173, 176–177, 198–201, 203, 208–209, 244 Palestinian Authority, 198, 206, 292, 374–375, 378 Palestinian conflict. See Israeli-Palestinian conflict Palestinian Islamic Jihad (PIJ), 207, 214 Palestinian territories. See East Jerusalem; Gaza; West Bank pan-Arab nationalism, 194–195 Panetta, Leon, 333, 340 paramilitary groups, 25–27 Pardo, Tamir, 123–124, 363–364 partition plan, 41–43 peace process, 359–360 coalition unrest as obstacle to, 260–261 Fatah-Hamas agreement, 317–318 Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action, 359–361 Madrid Conference, 181–183 Mossad assassinations threatening, 251 Netanyahu as obstacle to, 240–241, 244–246, 365–369 Netanyahu’s “peace plan,” 200–201 nuclear provisions, 325 Obama’s demands for freezing settlement construction, 313–314, 316–318 Oslo process, 182, 198–203, 206–211, 218–221 peace bringing security, 255–256 Rabin’s rejection of the disengagement plan, 111 sabotaging the Wye River Agreement, 267–268 Sadat’s proposal, 95–96 Shamir’s right-wing coalition hobbling, 175–178 Syrian negotiations detouring, 256 war in Lebanon, 143–145 Wye River summit, 263–266 See also Israeli-Palestinian conflict Pence, Mike, 374 Peres, Shimon Ayyash assassination, 221–223 Benzion Netanyahu’s death, 337 Clinton’s support in 1995, 228 death of, 369–370 Entebbe raid, 124–125 meetings with Abbas, 331 military strike on Iran, 339 national unity government, 153–154, 161–163, 169–170 Netanyahu and Livni’s electoral stalemate, 307–308 1977 election, 128–129 1995 election campaign, 224–226, 231–232 Nobel Peace Prize, 208 nuclear policy, 69, 76 nuclear research, 58 Oslo process, 198, 203, 225–226, 367 Rabin-Peres political competition, 109–110 Rabin’s assassination, 216, 219–221 relations with Netanyahu, 217 US foreign policy under Bush, 174–175 Yoni Netanyahu’s death, 120 Phalangist Party (Lebanon), 144–146, 149 A Place Among the Nations (Netanyahu), 59, 68, 135, 183–184, 194–198, 325 pogroms, 9–11 political Zionism, 11, 16–17, 28, 44–45 Pollard, Jonathan, 265–266 practical Zionism, 11 prisoner exchanges, 161–162, 321–323, 367–368 private sector employment, Netanyahu’s, 283–284 progressive left, 105–106 protest movements and activities, 1–2, 21–22, 204, 209–210, 320–321 Pundak, Ron, 198 Putin, Vladimir, 377–378 al-Qaddafi, Muammar, 159, 347 Rabin, Leah, 211, 217–218, 252 Rabin, Yitzhak, 367 accusations of dereliction of duty, 197–198 antiterrorism conference, 159 Ayyash assassination, 221 Baruch Goldstein’s attack on the Tomb of the Patriarchs, 202–203 criticism of Peres’s coalition building, 175 death threats against and assassination of, 209–213, 215–219 deteriorating relations with Netanyahu, 205–206 direct election of the prime minister, 183–185 electoral victory in 1992, 184–185 Entebbe raid, 118, 124 Hamas deportations, 192–193 Lebanese War, 142–143 Likud’s internal crisis, 192–193 national unity government, 169–170 1967 War, 69 Nobel Peace Prize, 208 Oslo process, 198–200 Rabin-Peres political competition, 109–110 resignation, 128 Rogers Plan, 85 Shaqaqi assassination, 214 Yoni’s military service, 65 racism increasing anti-Arab racism, 361–363 Netanyahu’s political use of, 362–363 Netanyahu’s racist remarks about Mizrahi Jews, 123 2015 election campaign strategy, 358 Rand, Ayn, 67 Raziel, David, 31, 50 Reagan, Ronald, 140–141, 144–146, 148, 153, 159 reciprocity, security, and prosperity, 243–244 refugees.

…

Since the end of the Six-Day War, Jordan had become the main base for Palestinian attacks on Israel, but tension between the Hashemite Kingdom and the Palestine Liberation Organization, which had been accused of establishing “a state within a state,” was growing. Hussein’s perceived impotence in his kingdom was too much and he declared martial law, sending troops into Palestinian bases and neighborhoods. Thousands were killed in the operation, which the Palestinians named “Black September.” Syria threatened to invade Jordan in support of the Palestinians, and Hussein secretly appealed to Israel. The IDF mobilized troops near the Israel-Jordan-Syria border triangle, and its aircraft flew menacingly over the Syrian tanks.

Necessary Illusions
by Noam Chomsky
Published 1 Sep 1995

-Israeli objection was presumably based on the statement that “nothing in the resolution would prejudice the right of peoples, particularly those under colonial or racist regimes, or under foreign occupation or other forms of domination, to struggle for self-determination, freedom and independence, or to seek and receive support for that end.”27 Media refusal to report the isolation of the United States and Israel on these matters is of no small importance, as was illustrated a year later, when the Palestine National Council met in Algiers in November 1988 and passed an important political resolution which centered upon a declaration of Palestinian independence, issued on November 15. The resolution opened by stating that “This session [of the PNC] was crowned by the declaration of a Palestinian state on our Palestinian territory.” This, however, was not to the taste of U.S. policymakers so that the matter quickly moved to the margins of media discussion.

…

-Israeli efforts to derail a political settlement as “the peace process” and their rejectionism as moderation. As noted in the text, the Palestine National Council, meeting in Algiers, called for an international conference based on U.N. Resolutions 242 and 338 (which recognize Israeli rights but say nothing about the Palestinians) along with the Palestinian right of self-determination. One might have imagined that this very clear reaffirmation of the rights of both Israelis and Palestinians would have raised some problems for U.S.-Israeli rejectionism. The expected PNC announcement did, in fact, arouse such fears.

…

The same is true of the unanimous endorsement by the Palestine National Council (PNC) in April 1981 of a Soviet peace proposal with two “basic principles”: (1) the right of the Palestinians to achieve self-determination in an independent state; (2) “It is essential to ensure the security and sovereignty of all states of the region including those of Israel.” It has also been necessary to suppress a series of initiatives over the years by the PLO and others to break the diplomatic logjam and move towards a two-state peaceful settlement that would recognize the right of national self-determination of Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs, regularly blocked by U.S.

Undoing Border Imperialism
by Harsha Walia
Published 12 Nov 2013

UN Refugee Agency, “Young and Innocent,” http://www.unhcr.org/pages/49c3646c1e8.html (accessed July 8, 2012). 8. UN Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East, “Who Are Palestine Refugees?” http://www.unrwa.org/etemplate.php?id=86 (accessed July 6, 2012). 9. UN Refugee Agency, “UNHCR Global Trends 2011,” http://www.unhcr.org/4fd6f87f9.html (accessed July 6, 2012). 10. Gilbert Burnham, Riyadh Lafta, Shannon Doocy, and Les Roberts, “Mortality after the 2003 Invasion of Iraq: A Cross-Sectional Cluster Sample Survey,” Lancet, October 11, 2006, http://brusselstribunal.org/pdf/lancet111006.pdf (accessed October 3, 2012). 11. Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (London: Vintage, 1994), 8. 12.

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Large-scale displacements and the precarious conditions into which migrants are cast are not coincidental but rather foundational to the structuring of border imperialism. Western imperialism is a major cause of mass displacements and migrations. Due to the dispossession of 750,000 Palestinians from their homelands in 1948 and the ongoing illegal Israeli occupation of Palestine, stateless Palestinians form one of the world’s largest refugee communities, now numbering almost five million people.(8) Following two invasions and subsequent military occupations, the world’s largest recent refugee populations come from Afghanistan and Iraq.(9) With decades of foreign intrusion, including the US and NATO occupations that began in 2001, these two countries have been subjected to the destruction of their infrastructure, privatization of their economies, interference in their governance, and military missions that have killed and tortured over one million people.(10) These interventions are best described as imperialist, defined by Said as “the practice, the theory and the attitudes of a dominating metropolitan center ruling a distant territory.”(11) Border imperialism, then, represents the extension and imposition of Western rule, with the current dynamics of global empire maintaining unequal relationships of political, economic, cultural, and social dominance of the West over its colonies.

…

Whether through military checkpoints, gated communities in gentrified neighborhoods, secured corporate boardrooms, or gendered bathrooms, bordering practices delineate zones of access, inclusion, and privilege from zones of invisibility, exclusion, and death. Everywhere that bordering and ordering practices proliferate, they reinforce the enclosure of the commons, thus reifying apartheid relations at the political, economic, social, and psychological levels. Palestinian scholar Edward Said writes, “Just as none of us is outside or beyond geography, none of us is completely free from the struggle over geography. That struggle is complex and interesting because it is not only about soldiers and cannons but also about ideas, about forms, about images and imagining.”(10) Decolonizing Movement Borders Maybe home is somewhere I’m going and never have been before.

Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism
by Harsha Walia
Published 9 Feb 2021

Spatialized systemic immobility maintains the cruelties of racial imperial management and political inequality. Palestinians, for example, are considered the world’s most protracted refugee population; the United Nations Relief and Works Agency serves 5.5 million Palestinians in refugee camps. This can be traced back to 1948, when heavily armed Zionist paramilitaries conquered Palestine. In what became known as al-Nakba (the catastrophe), more than four hundred villages were destroyed and 750,000 people were expelled from their lands or fled from war zones and were denied permission to return, thus becoming refugees.45 Israel initially encompassed 78 percent of Palestinian territory, captured through military might as well as legal technologies of land seizure like the Absentees’ Property Law and Land Acquisition Law.

…

The US pours an annual $3.8 billion of military aid into Israel and the Jewish National Fund expropriates land through private investment, while the apartheid wall is one of the world’s most securitized barriers and seven million Palestinian refugees are denied the right to return to their homes.47 Israeli settler expansion is thus contingent upon the militarized occupation and immobility of Palestinians within Palestine and containment within surrounding refugee camps. While many media stories about migration feature the fate of millions of refugees fleeing political upheaval, mass displacement produced by the terror of imposed neoliberalism and the catastrophes of climate change are less visible.

…

As Hanieh explains, “Class congealed spatially around temporary migrant labor flows and was demarcated through the institution of citizenship.”15 At first, migrant workers from neighboring Yemen, Egypt, and Palestine formed the majority of the migrant labor force in GCC countries through sizable movements of people. Palestinians were the single-largest non-Kuwaiti demographic in Kuwait in the 1980s.16 Arab migrant workers became increasingly involved in left, socialist, and Palestinian movements, while also making demands on GCC countries for permanent settlement. GCC rulers responded by shifting their labor migration programs first to South Asia and then also to Southeast Asia, and between 1975 and 2002, the Arab proportion of migrant workers dropped by 40 percent.17 It is this history of state formation through rapid capital accumulation, labor suppression, and restrictive citizenship that forms the basis of the extreme exploitation of migrant workers in the region today.

Propaganda and the Public Mind
by Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian
Published 31 Mar 2015

But in this region, in Israel-Palestine, it’s quite different. The Bantustan settlement is initiated by the U.S. It’s an outgrowth of the U.S. position held in isolation for twenty-five years. If the U.S. supports it, so does almost everyone else. The U.S. is a big boy in the world and in that area particularly, and certainly a Palestinian state, if it’s set up with proper Israeli controls and under the rule of tough enough guys inside, the U.S. will not only support it but probably give direct aid and assistance to it, as will Europe. Maybe it will keep the Palestinians under control. We can’t tell.

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See Amnesty International’s reports on torture in the United States on-line at http://www.amnesty-usa.org/. 19. Noam Chomsky, Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians, expanded edition (Cambridge: South End Press Classics, 1999). 20. Chomsky, Fateful Triangle, p. 560. Bill Freund, The Making of Contemporary Africa: The Development of African Society Since 1800, second edition (Boulder: Lynne Rienner, 1998), p. 270. 21. David Bar-Illan, interview with Victor Cygielman, Palestine-Israel Joumal 3: 3-4 (Summer-Autumn 1996), p. 14. 22. Noam Chomsky, “Nationalism and Conflict in Palestine,” New Outlook (Israel) (November-December 1969). Reprinted in Noam Chomsky, Peace in the Middle East?

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But if they move to the standard colonial pattern—like the United States in Central America, or the South Africa model in the Bantustans—if they elevate themselves to that level, they’ll allow for the kind of dependent development in the territories that takes place in Haiti, in northern Mexico, or El Salvador. Do you see any traces of that old Zionist dream and something that you shared, of a binational federated state where Israeli Jews and Palestinian Arabs could share the land of Palestine? Interestingly, that’s finally beginning to come back. When l was writing about it thirty years ago, l was practically read out of the civilized world. In Israel they published a talk I gave about this in one of the most extreme dovish, left-wing journals, New Outlook.22 But there was a bitter attack on it.

Arabs: A 3,000 Year History of Peoples, Tribes and Empires
by Tim Mackintosh-Smith
Published 2 Mar 2019

The Israeli victory caused major Arab migrations, including those of tens of thousands of Jewish Arabs to Palestine. But the contrary migrations of Palestinians, both Muslim and Christian, were a flight, an expulsion. Hagar and Isma’il were in exile once again, but on a vast scale: after the 1948 war, there were 750,000 Palestinian refugees in the neighbouring lands and beyond. The mythical medieval figure of the Wandering Jew was replaced by the modern, and all too real, Wandering Palestinian. The Nakbah or ‘Disaster’ of 1948 is living, moving history, and will continue to be so as long as Palestinians are excluded from their homeland. As the Palestinian lawyer and writer Raja Shehadeh admits, We continue to be bewildered and wonder how it could have happened, why it happened, how it can be explained and understood.

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As if silenced and blinded by its enormity, the rest of the post-war world affected not to notice the suffering of Palestine. Arabs were only too aware of it. But their perceptions of Palestine were skewed, variously, by their own self-interests. When the show-down came in 1948 – the war between the Zionists and their neighbours, Egypt, Transjordan, Syria, Lebanon and Iraq – the Arab allies were thus fatally divided. The most notable unity they achieved was when four of them ganged up to stop Abd Allah, the Hashimite king of Transjordan, enlarging his realm by grabbing Palestinian Arab territory. The fear was well founded: Abd Allah had already been in contact with the Zionists, trying to get guarantees to this very end.

…

The Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), founded in 1959, and other groups continuing the armed struggle on behalf of the Palestinians, reaped popularity at home and upped their profile abroad. The Egyptians were left to simmer in their own treachery. Al-Sadat’s assassination in 1981 at the hands of newly active Islamic militants – even though it might well have sent another sort of shiver through the Arabic world – probably atoned for some of Egypt’s sins. Time also did its own healing. But as bad as Camp David, or worse, was to come in 1993 with the Oslo Accords between the Palestinians and Israel, in which the latter finally condescended to grant ‘autonomy’ to the occupied territories of Palestine. The Israelis duly withdrew, leaving limited local rule in Palestinian hands.

Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent
by Robert F. Barsky
Published 2 Feb 1997

Whatever ideological differences existed between the branches of Hashomer Hatzair, its various members and associates worked to increase working-class participation in the organization itself, to encourage emigration to its affiliated kibbutzim in Israel (notably Kibbutz Artzi), and to promulgate communist ideals for Israeli kibbutzim. Hashomer Hatzair was particularly active in Europe, where antiSemitism was well entrenched and menacing. Like Avukahand indeed like Chomsky (from a Jewish perspective) and Edward Said (from a Palestinian perspective)Hashomer Hatzair believed in Arab-Jewish cooperation, first in Palestine and then in Israel. An example of this kind of cooperation is given in a report issued by the League for Arab-Jewish Rapprochement and relayed in an April 1942 Avukah Student Action article. According to the article, the Kibbutz Artzi, of the National Federation of Hashomer Hatzair, recently started activity which is significant in establishing contact with neighboring Arab villages.

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This has happened because he evaluates Israeli government actions according to the same criteria he uses to judge the actions of any government, and, moreover, because he does not support the idea that Israel should be a Jewish state. Reactionary Zionists confuse apology for Israeli state-sponsored terror and aggression against Palestinians or Arabs (or other out-groups) with Zionism, and, further, misconstrue Chomsky's position as anti-Zionist. When Chomsky talks about a binational state, he is talking about the former Palestine, and thus refers back to pre-1948 plans to establish a socialist state in Palestine that would include equal participation of Arabs and Jews. If these plans, which were furthered by a small number of then-Zionist groups, had been realized, much of the violence that has occurred in the Middle East, and in Israel itself, might have been prevented.

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The controveries that rage around him are invariably more complex than they are portrayed to be, and the facts are often difficult to procure. The Israeli situation is a good example: A personal friend, Edward Said, has also criticized me for not paying attention to Arab sources and looking at things always from the Jewish-Israeli-Western point of view, and there's a lot more. Last time I was in Israel, I gave a lot of political talks, very critical of Israel (in Tel Aviv) and including some criticism of the PLO (for Bir Zeit, in the West Bankthe talk was in East Jerusalem because the college was closed). The only serious hassle developed with Palestinian intellectuals, because of my criticism of the PLO. That was accurately reported by the Israeli press, which is much more honest that anything I know of in the West. (31 Mar. 1995) Chomsky was also attacked, at this time, for his views on the Faurisson affair and Cambodia's Pol Pot regime; on both occasions his detractors failed to come to terms with his message in their zeal to silence him.

War Is a Force That Gives Us Meaning
by Chris Hedges
Published 31 Aug 2002

“He saw a Jordanian soldier and ran and hugged him. He asked him if it was he who would liberate Palestine. He has always told me that he would be a martyr and that one day I would dig his grave.” Nezar Rayyan, her husband, was a theology professor at Islamic University in Gaza. He was a large man with a thick black beard and the quiet, soft-spoken manner of someone who has spent much of his life reading. On the walls of his office, black and white photographs illustrated the history of Palestinians over the last five decades. They showed lines of trucks carrying refugees from their villages in 1948, after the United Nations created Israel and its Arab neighbors attacked the new state.

…

They showed the hovels of new refugee camps built after the 1967 war. And they showed the gutted remains of Palestinian villages in what is now Israel. Rayyan’s grandfather and great-uncle were killed in the 1948 war. His grandmother died shortly after she and her son, Rayyan’s father, were forced from their village. His father was passed among relatives and grew up with the bitterness of the dispossessed—a bitterness the father passed on to the son and the son has passed on to the grandchildren. “There was not a single night that we did not think and talk about Palestine,” Rayyan said, his eyes growing moist. “We were taught that our lives must be devoted to reclaiming our land.”

…

Another showed a priest firing a rifle with the awkward English caption “A Greek Cypriot priest who forgot his religious duties and joined to the hunting of Turks.” Like the Cypriots, the Palestinians have been nurtured on bitter accounts of abuse, despair, and injustice. Families tell and retell stories of being thrown off their land and of relatives killed or exiled. All can tick off the names of martyrs within their own clan who died for the elusive Palestinian state. The only framed paper in many Palestinians’ homes is a sepia land deed from the time of the British mandate. Some elderly men still keep the keys to houses that have long since vanished. From infancy, Palestinians are inculcated with myopic nationalism and the burden of revenge.

Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Explain Everything About the World (Politics of Place)
by Tim Marshall
Published 10 Oct 2016

Syria meanwhile considered the whole area to be part of greater Syria and the people living there Syrians. To this day Egypt, Syria, and Jordan are suspicious of Palestinian independence, and if Israel vanished and were replaced by Palestine, all three might make claims to parts of the territory. In this century, however, there is a fierce sense of nationhood among the Palestinians, and any Arab dictatorship seeking to take a chunk out of a Palestinian state of whatever shape or size would be met with massive opposition. The Palestinians are very aware that most of the Arab countries, to which some of them fled in the twentieth century, refuse to give them citizenship; they insist that the status of their children and grandchildren remains “refugee,” and work to ensure that they do not integrate into the country.

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As there was no other obvious name for this country the French named it after the nearby mountains, and thus Lebanon was born. This geographical fancy held until the late 1950s. By then the birthrate among Lebanon’s Shia and Sunni Muslims was growing faster than that of the Christians, while the Muslim population had been swollen by Palestinians fleeing the 1948 Arab–Israeli War in neighboring Israel/Palestine. There has been only one official census in Lebanon (in 1932), because demographics is such a sensitive issue and the political system is partially based on population sizes. There have long been bouts of fighting between the various confessional groups in the area, and what some historians call the first Lebanese civil war broke out in 1958 between the Maronite Christians and the Muslims, who by this time probably slightly outnumbered the Christians.

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The British-trained Jordanian army is thought to be one of the most robust in the Middle East, but it might struggle to cope if local Islamists and foreign fighters took to the streets in guerrilla warfare. If the Palestinian Jordanians declined to defend the country, it is not unrealistic to believe that it would descend into the sort of chaos we now see in Syria. This is the last thing the Hashemite rulers want—and it’s the last thing the Israelis want as well. The battle for the future of the Arab Middle East has, to an extent, taken the spotlight off the Israeli-Arab struggle. The fixation with Israel/Palestine does sometimes return, but the magnitude of what is going on elsewhere has finally enabled at least some observers to understand that the problems of the region do not come down to the existence of Israel.

Culture and Imperialism
by Edward W. Said
Published 29 May 1994

Although an American, I grew up in a cultural framework suffused with the idea that Arab nationalism was all-important, also that it was an aggrieved and unfulfilled nationalism, beset with conspiracies, enemies both internal and external, obstacles to overcome for which no price was too high. My Arab environment had been largely colonial, but as I was growing up you could travel overland from Lebanon and Syria through Palestine to Egypt and points west. Today that is impossible. Each country places formidable obstacles at the borders. (And for Palestinians, crossing is an especially horrible experience, since often the countries who support Palestine loudly treat actual Palestinians the worst.) Arab nationalism has not died, but has all too often resolved itself into smaller and smaller units. Here too linkage comes last in the Arab setting. The past wasn’t better, but it was more healthily interlinked, so to speak; people were actually connected to one another, rather than staring at one another over fortified frontiers.

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Ever since the Second World War it has been impossible to evade either the Arab-Israeli conflict or the study of individual societies in academic “Middle Eastern studies.” Thus to write about the Palestinian issue at all required one to decide whether the Palestinians were a people (or national community), which in turn implied supporting or opposing their right to self-determination. For both sides, scholarship leads back to Antonius—accepting his views on the Western betrayal or, conversely, the West’s right to have promised Palestine to the Zionist movement given the greater cultural importance of Zionism.157 And this choice opens up others. On the one hand, can one with any other than a political or ideological justification speak of the modern “Arab mind,” with its alleged propensity to violence, its culture of shame, the historical overdetermination of Islam, its political semantics, its degeneration vis-à-vis Judaism and Christianity?

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Said was University Professor at Columbia University and the author of more than twenty books, including Orientalism, which was nominated for the National Book Critics Circle Award. He died in 2003. BOOKS BY Edward W. Said Joseph Conrad and the Fiction of Autobiography Beginnings: Intention and Method Orientalism The Question of Palestine Literature and Society Covering Islam The World, the Text, and the Critic After the Last Sky Blaming the Victims: Spurious Scholarship and the Palestinian Question Musical Elaborations Culture and Imperialism FIRST VINTAGE BOOKS EDITION, JUNE 1994 Copyright ©1993 by Edward W. Said All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.

Death of the Liberal Class
by Chris Hedges
Published 14 May 2010

He has spent most of his academic career as an adjunct professor earning $15,000 to $18,000 annually. Yet his work, including Image and Reality of the Israel-Palestine Conflict, published in 1995, is one of the finest and most important by any scholar on Israeli relations with the Palestinians. His writing is driven by a relentless search for truth and his compassion for the Palestinians and their suffering. This compassion, he often says, comes from his experience as the son of Holocaust survivors. In the suffering of the Palestinians, he saw the suffering his mother and father endured in the Warsaw ghetto and later the Nazi death camps. Unlike many of his critics, Finkelstein understands the lessons of the Holocaust, and of war.

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The book was widely praised by Jewish intellectuals such as Barbara Tuchman, Saul Bellow, and Martin Peretz. But Finkelstein’s research showed that it was a hoax. From Time Immemorial made the mendacious claim that the land of Palestine was largely unpopulated when Jewish settlers arrived. Finkelstein’s research discredited a legal document, central to Peters’s book, which denied Palestinians rights to the land in Palestine. He soon found himself at war with the powerful Israeli lobby. But he refused to back down, continuing his scholarship, which demolished myths surrounding Israel and exposed Israel’s political and financial exploitation of the Nazi Holocaust.

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“If anything can denature, neutralize, and finally kill a passionate intellectual life it is the internalization of such habits. Personally I have encountered them in one of the toughest of all contemporary issues, Palestine, where fear of speaking out about one of the greatest injustices in modern history has hobbled, blinkered, muzzled many who know the truth and are in a position to serve it. For despite the abuse and vilification that any outspoken supporter of Palestinian rights and self-determination earns for him or herself, the truth deserves to be spoken, represented by an unafraid and compassionate intellectual.”2 In The Treason of Intellectuals, Julien Benda argued that it is only when intellectuals are not in pursuit of practical aims or material advantages that they can serve as a conscience and a corrective.

The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
by Lawrence Wright
Published 26 Sep 2006

The property he surveyed for the future of jihad included the southern Soviet republics, Bosnia, the Philippines, Kashmir, central Asia, Somalia, Eritrea, and Spain—the entire span of the once-great Islamic empire. First, however, was Palestine. Azzam helped create Hamas, the Palestinian resistance group, which he saw as the natural extension of the jihad in Afghanistan. Based on the Muslim Brotherhood, Hamas was meant to provide an Islamic counterweight to Yasser Arafat’s secular Palestine Liberation Organization. Azzam sought to train brigades of Hamas fighters in Afghanistan, who would then return to carry on the battle against Israel. Azzam’s plans for Palestine, however, ran counter to Zawahiri’s intention of stirring revolution within Islamic countries, especially in Egypt.

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At one end of Maadi, surrounded by green playing fields and tennis courts, was the private, British-built preparatory school for boys, Victoria College. The students attended classes in coats and ties. One of its best-known graduates was a talented cricket player named Michel Chalhub; after he became a film actor, he took the name Omar Sharif. Edward Said, the Palestinian scholar and author, attended the school, along with Jordan’s future king, Hussein. Ayman al-Zawahiri, however, attended the state secondary school, a modest, low-slung building behind a green gate on the opposite side of the suburb. It was for kids from the wrong side of Road 9. The students of the two schools existed in different worlds, never meeting each other even in sports.

…

Among these groups were the two main Egyptian organizations, Zawahiri’s al-Jihad and Sheikh Omar Abdul Rahman’s Islamic Group, as well as nearly every other violent radical group in the Middle East. The Palestinian group Hamas aimed to destroy Israel and replace it with a Sunni Islamist state; it was known for murdering Israeli citizens, and torturing and killing Palestinians who it believed had been collaborating with Israel. Another Palestinian group, the Abu Nidal Organization, was even more violent and rejectionist, having killed more than nine hundred people in twenty different countries, aiming mainly at Jews and moderate Arabs.

Nexus: A Brief History of Information Networks From the Stone Age to AI
by Yuval Noah Harari
Published 9 Sep 2024

But there are cases when people disagree about the existence of certain states, and then their intersubjective status emerges. The Israeli-Palestinian conflict, for example, revolves around this matter, because some people and governments refuse to acknowledge the existence of Israel and others refuse to acknowledge the existence of Palestine. As of 2024, the governments of Brazil and China, for example, say that both Israel and Palestine exist; the governments of the United States and Cameroon recognize only Israel’s existence; whereas the governments of Algeria and Iran recognize only Palestine. Other cases range from Kosovo, which as of 2024 is recognized as a state by around half of the 193 UN members,16 to Abkhazia, which almost all governments see as a sovereign territory of Georgia, but which is recognized as a state by Russia, Venezuela, Nicaragua, Nauru, and Syria.17 Indeed, almost all states pass at least temporarily through a phase during which their existence is contested, when struggling for independence.

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Not for nothing was Bialik named Israel’s national poet.2 The fact that Bialik lived in Ukraine, and was intimately familiar with the persecution of Ashkenazi Jews in eastern Europe but had little understanding of conditions in Palestine, contributed to the subsequent conflict there between Jews and Arabs. Bialik’s poems inspired Jews to see themselves as victims in dire need of developing their military might and building their own country, but hardly considered the catastrophic consequences for the Arab inhabitants of Palestine, or indeed for the Mizrahi Jewish communities native to the Middle East. When the Arab-Israeli conflict exploded in the late 1940s, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians and hundreds of thousands of Mizrahi Jews were driven out of their ancestral homes in the Middle East, partly as a result of poems composed half a century earlier in Ukraine.3 While Bialik was writing in Ukraine, the Hungarian Jew Theodor Herzl was busy organizing the Zionist movement in the 1890s and early years of the twentieth century.

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Several times he smuggled himself onto trains and ships, only to be caught and arrested. In 1940 he finally managed to board one of the last ships bound for Palestine before the gates of hell slammed shut. When he arrived in Palestine, he was immediately imprisoned by the British as an illegal immigrant. After two months in prison, the British offered a deal: stay in jail and risk deportation, or enlist in the British army and get Palestinian citizenship. My grandfather grabbed the offer with both hands and from 1941 to 1945 served in the British army in the North African and Italian campaigns. In exchange, he got his papers.

Artificial Whiteness
by Yarden Katz

When Google showcases the system, it uses banal, generic-looking images that get assigned impressive, or at least reasonable, captions. The images I used, by contrast, were not generic nor banal; they were specifically chosen to demonstrate how historical context shapes the interpretation of scenes. Consider a photograph of Palestinians arriving at a checkpoint operated by Israeli soldiers (figure 3.6, left). A Palestinian man lifts his shirt to show the soldier, who is motioning to him from the top of a small hill, that he is unarmed. Google’s deep network gave the image the caption “A group of people standing on top of a snow covered slope.” For a statistical pattern recognizer, the light dirt might look like snow—but the sun, the clothing, and the relationship among those photographed make that an absurd description.

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There are many more complex relations among the photographed that are missed. Consider the scene of an Israeli soldier holding down a young Palestinian boy while the boy’s family try to remove the soldier (figure 3.6, right).35 Google’s deep network produces the caption “People sitting on top of a bench together” (the “bench” perhaps being the boy). The motives and intentions of the individuals are entirely lost. It isn’t possible to make sense of group scenes without history, either. For instance, Google’s system registers an image of Palestinians praying in protest outside the mosque, with the Dome of the Rock in the background, as “A crowd of people standing around a parking lot filled with kites,” probably because of the colorful shirts of the men in prostration (figure 3.7, left).

…

It involves my grandfather, who was born in Algeria and grew up in the coastal city of Oran. For reasons that remain unclear, but likely under the influence of some strand of Zionism, Roger Azoulay left for Palestine to join in making it into the State of Israel.29 Although my grandfather had basically internalized French colonialism—even declaring to the authorities that he was from “Oran, France”—he was hardly white in the eyes of the Jewish community he met in Palestine in 1949.30 A dark-skinned man, some say a brown man, with curly hair slicked back with brilliantine, his kind were slurred with the Hebrew and Yiddish analogs of “negro.”

Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers
by Stephen Graham
Published 8 Nov 2016

Although it is difficult to disentangle Israeli drone strikes from assaults by artillery, helicopters and warplanes, the Gazan human rights group al-Mezan calculates that drone strikes killed at least 760 Gazans between 2006 and 2012.16 During its 2012 ‘Pillar of Defence’ bombardment of Gaza, 36 of the 162 Palestinians killed died through drone strikes, and a further 100 were seriously injured. Of those 36 killed, two-thirds were civilians.17 In analysing such violence, architectural researcher Eyal Weizman invokes Edward Said’s influential critique of the tradition of Western ‘Orientalism’ – the construction of an imaginary, primitive and exotic Other in the Middle East and Asia to justify violent Western colonialism and militarised control.18 Weizman argues, however, that Israel’s approach to Gaza now involves a vertical – rather than a traditionally horizontal – form of Orientalism.

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It also makes it impossible to understand the increasingly common situation where airspace and subterranean resources are controlled by sovereign powers different to those with notional sovereignty over the surface. Flat imaginations of borders struggle even more to contend with occasions when horizontal structures effectively act as political and geopolitical borders – as when horizontal flyovers act to separate Jewish and Palestinian communities in contemporary Palestine, for example. Outside the more fully three-dimensional debates in architecture, archaeology, climatology, geology or even philosophy,4 ‘flat’ geographic traditions still too often represent cities, regions, nations and empires as planar areas of geography or sovereignty on the earth’s surface.

…

Paulo (newspaper), 103 Fonseca, Alcebíades, 124 Fordo, 345 Forth, Christopher E., 335 Forward-Looking Infra Red (FLIR), 105, 110 Foucault, Michel, 82n44, 104–5, 109 Foundation for Fundamental Rights, 67 Freedlander, Joseph H., 155 ‘Freedom Tower’, 156–7n22 Freire, Carlos, 100 French Centre for Meteorological Research, 264 French Fascist movement, 181 Fresh Kills landfill, 310–2 Freud, Sigmund, 332 Fuchu, 129–30 Führerbunker complex, 358–9 Fukushima, 257 Fuller, Buckminster, 24, 267–8 Fuller Building, 155 Fumihiko, Maki, 221n6 Futurist movement, 52, 58 G1 Tower, 129–31, 134, 141 Gabon, 378 Garfinkel, Susan, 137 Garrett, Bradley, 360–1, 363 Gaza, 72–3, 76, 350, 363 Gaza-Egypt border, 349, 350n32, 351 GCHQ, 36n26 Gehry, Frank, 178, 196 Gelinas, Nicole, 109 General Atomics, 74, 83 General Dynamics, 74 George, Rose, 330 Geospatial Corporation, 344 Germany, 55, 57–8, 179–80, 281, 358 Gezi Park, 276 ‘Gherkin’, 164–5 Gideon, Sigfried, 64–5, 181 Gilbert, David, 49–50 Gissen, David, 320 Glaeser, Edward, 174–6, 184, 195–6, 214–5, 217–8 Glasgow, 114, 186–8, 187n29 Glass, Philip, 186 Global South, 206, 335–6, 376, 378–9 Goering, Hermann, 56 Goldberger, Paul, 177, 198 Goldfinger, Ernö, 205 Golding, Francis, 166 Goldsmiths College, 75n27 Gómez, Laura Gutiérrez, 377 Google Earth, xv, 11, 42–51, 70, 102, 299, 300, 344, 360, 386n59 Gordillo, Gastón, 78, 80–1, 110 Gorgon Stare project, 74, 88 Gori, Maja, 294 Grabar, Henry, 266 Graham, Stephen, 104 Grand Central Station, New York, 353 Granick, Harry, 278 Gray, Chris Hables, 57 Great Depression, 221 Great Fire, 201 Great Pyramid of Giza, xi Great Wall of China, 263 ‘Great Wall of Lagos’, 304 Greece, 46 Greenwich Village, 319–20 Gropius, Walter, 179–80 Guangzhou, 141 Guardian, 124 Guatemala City, 209–11, 308, 379 Guernica, 54, 55 Guinea, 374, 377 Guinea-Conakry, 377–8 Gulf Coast, 263 Gulf of Mexico, 380 Gurevitch, Leon, 44 Haacke, Paul, 16, 18, 388–9 Habraken, John, 183 The Hague, 46, 276 Hamas, 350 Hamburg, Germany, 59, 333 Hamburg-Harburg Technical University, 169 Hamilton Scotts tower, 144 Hara, Hiroshi, 239 Harris, Andrew, 159, 232 Harris, Chad, 30, 66 Harry, Prince of England, 111 Hart, Matthew, 383 Hass, Michael, 79 Hatherley, Owen, 189, 205 Hauseer, Oke, 238 Haussmann, Georges-Eugène, 250, 326–7 Hebbert, Michael, 224 Hebron, 295–6 Heilig, Donald, 342 Heise, Thomas, 126, 354 Hellfire missiles, 67, 75, 77–8, 80 Helsinki, 131, 164 Henderson, Jan-Andrew, 325n11 Here Comes Tomorrow pamphlet, 66 Heritage Foundation, 38 Hermes drones, 83 Herzog, Jacques, 196 Heygate Estate, 203, 204 ‘Hidden Art Gallery of Paris’, 355 High Frequency Auroral Research Program (HAARP), 344 High Rise (Ballard), 121, 204 ‘High Rise Laboratory’, 131 Hiroshima, 56–7, 59, 60 Hitachi Corporation, 129–30, 134, 141 Hitchens, Theresa, 41 Ho Chi Minh trail, 274 Holland, 296 Holmes, Brian, 48 Holocaust, 58 Homestake Mine, 344 Hong Kong, 5, 132, 162n36, 189–90, 192, 201, 233–6, 239, 256, 260–1, 268, 293, 296–7 horizontalidad (‘horizontalism’), 22 House of Saud, 163 Housing Development Board, 145–6, 243 Houston, Texas, 267 Höweler, Eric, 151 How Outer Space Made America (Sage), 26n5 How the Other Half Lives, 317 Hpakant, 309 Huber, Matthew, 366 Hugo, Victor, 327–8, 355 Human Rights Watch, 271 Humes, Edward, 307 Hungerford Bridge, 97 Hunt, Jon, 314 Huriot, Jean-Marie, 159, 160 Hurricane Katrina, 109, 118, 305 Hurricane Sandy, 147 Hutton, Will, 313 Huxtable, Ada Louise, 153 Hwang, Iris, 238–9 Hyatt Regency hotel, 137–9 ‘The Illinois’, 150 India, 253–4, 257, 261, 265, 270, 299, 337–9, 374 Indiabulls Sky Tower, 206, 207 Indonesia, 257–8, 298 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, 258 International Academy of Aeronautics, 141 International Criminal Court, 46 International Panel on Climate Change, 273 International School, 267 International Space Station, 40, 300 International Trade Union Confederation, 270 Invisible Cities (Calvino), 360 Iran, 343, 346 Iraq, xiii–xiv, 31, 79, 104, 112, 114, 316 Irigaray, Luce, 247 Isaac, Morna, 262 ISIS, xii, 172 Isla Luna, 301 Israel, 72–3, 83, 104, 294 Israel Aerospace Industries, 87 Israeli Defense Force, 295 Istanbul, 192, 251, 276 Italian Futurists, 64 Italy, 55, 66n40 Jackson, Mark, 302 Jacob, Sam, 212–3 Jacobs, Jane, 183, 190, 194–5 Jaensch, Roger, 305 Jakarta, 254 Jameson, Fredric, 10, 234–5, 235n43 Japan, 56–7, 66n40, 129, 140, 258 Jarrin, Alvaro, 124 Jeddah, 149, 157, 160–1, 161n34, 171 Jencks, Charles, 185 Johannesburg, 120n10, 175, 289, 378, 382 Johnson, Boris, 202 Johnston Island, 39 Jones, Jonathan, 54 Kabul, 61 Kahn, Albert, 340–1 Kahn, Ely Jacques, 155 Kaika, Maria, 164–6 Kanngieser, Anja, 275n102 Kansas, 355n41 Karachi, 302 Karami, Sepideh, 121 Kathmandu, 254 Kazakhstan, xiv Keller, Richard, 250 Kensington, 313–5 Kent, 288, 357 Kentucky, 289 Kerala, 253 Kern, Leslie, 194n48 Khazar archipelago, 301 Khyber Pukhtunkhwa, 67–8 King, Ken, 240 Kingdom Tower, 150, 160–1, 161n34, 163–4, 171 Kingwell, Mark, 136, 142, 156–7 Klauser, Francisco, 7–8 Kobek, Jarett, 171 Kohn, Asher, 91 KONE, 131, 164 Koolhaas, Rem, 134, 154, 370 Kopf, David, 56–7 Korea, 61 Koyaanisqatsi, 186 Kreye, Andrian, 107–8 Kuala Lumpur, 159, 240 Kubrick, Stanley, 343n11 Kuwait, 302 Laforest, Daniel, 44 Lagos, 106, 254, 303–4 LaGuardia, New York, 98 Lal, Devi, 338 Lambert, Léopold, 4, 127 Land Securities, 166 Lang, Fritz, 95, 220, 231 Langewiesche, William, 311 Laos, 61 Larkin, Jason, 289 Las Vegas, Nevada, 70 Las Vegas Sands Corporation, 242 Latin America, 116, 120, 122, 198, 258, 291, 368, 378, 384 Latour, Bruno, 247 Leckie, Carolyn, 188 Le Corbusier, 64, 181–2, 190, 222, 252, 320, 321 Leech, Nick, 271–2 Lefebvre, Henri, 4 LeMay, Curtis, 66, 66n40 Lenni Lenape nation, 286 Lerup, Lars, 48–9 Les Inrocks (magazine), 147 Les Misérables (Hugo), 327–8 Les Olympiades, 159–60 Libeskind, Daniel, 156–7n22 Libya, 73, 346 ‘Lifescape’ project, 311–2 Lind, William, 84 Lindemann, Frederick, 66, 66n40 Liverpool, 96, 183n20 Living Under Drones project, 75–7 Lloyd Wright, Frank, 95, 141, 150 London, 97, 158–9, 164–7, 175, 177–8, 188, 192, 197–8, 200–5, 212–3, 218, 222–4, 243, 252, 252n24, 288, 294, 313–5, 318–9, 322–3, 324, 324n8, 326, 333–5, 360–1, 378, 380–1 London Basement Company, 313–4 London County Council, 224 Los Angeles, 101, 101n15, 103, 107–8, 138, 230, 234–5, 256, 260, 307, 378 Lovinck, Geert, 28 Lucarelli, Fosco, 180 Luftwaffe, 56, 222 Lukacs, Martin, 304 Luke, Tim, 60 Machi Khel, 76 Machule, Dittmar, 169 MacLean, Alex, 215–6 Macrobius, 19 Madagascar, 378 Madden, David, 189 Madrid, 240 Maharashtra, 299 Maitland, Barry, 226 Makene, Madoshi, 366 Malappuram, 253 Malaysia, 201, 257–8, 298, 378 Malik, Nesrine, 271 Manaugh, Geoff, 251 Manchester, 284, 329 Manhattan, 97, 134, 144, 155–7, 167, 170, 175, 196–200, 211, 268, 279, 285–6, 290, 311, 333–4, 352–3, 364 Manhattan Institute, 109, 176n5 Manila, 192, 308 Mansbridge, John, 65–6 Marcuse, Peter, 189 Margalit, Avishai, 170 Marikana platinum mine, 386 Marina Bay Sands Hotel, 242–3 Markusen, Eric, 56–7 Marling, Gitte, 232 Martins, José, 127 Mascaro, Gabriel, 214 Massachusetts State Police, 110 Massey, Doreen, 15 Massive Ordnance Penetrator (MOP), 345–6 Matheson, Gordon, 187 McArthur, Stuart, 20–1 McGhie-Fraser, Brodie, 350 McGuirk, Juston, 201 Mecca, 150 Medellín, 122 Medina, 150 Meier, Patrick, 93 Meier, Richard, 196 Melbourne, 175, 177 Mendes, Daiene, 125 Menwith Hill, 35–6, 37 Metabolists, 221 Metropolis (film), 95, 220, 231 Metropolitan Commission of Sewers, 323 Metropolitan Tower, 155 Mexico, 21, 379 Mexico City, 254, 285 Miami, 177, 380 Microsoft, 36 Middle East, 159, 161–2, 198, 380 Militão, Eduardo, 103 Ministry of Defence, 35 Minneapolis, 226, 239 Mirador building, 240 Mir Ali, 76 Mitchell, Billy, 56, 66 MiTEX, 41 Mogadishu, 114 Mohammed, Khalid Sheikh, 170 Mole People (Toth), 352–3 Mongolia, 334 Monk, Dan, 161, 272 Morrison, Wilbur, 63 Morro da Providência district, 116n2 Moscow, 198, 343 ‘Motopia’, 224 Mponeng mine, 382–5 Mughrabi, Maher, 272 Mujahid, Zabiullah, 111 Mujahideen, 111 Mulryan, Sean, 213 Mumbai, India, xv, 106, 192, 206–7, 232, 243, 297, 299, 336, 337 Mumford, Lewis, 372, 372n17 Murray, William, 158, 165 Museum of the City of New York, 155 Museum of Tomorrow, 125 Mussolini, Benito, 53, 55 Myanmar, 309 Myrdal, Gunnar, 319 Nagasaki, 59–60 National Air and Space Museum, 59–60 National Geospatial Intelligence Agency (NGIA), 36n26 National Reconnaissance Office (NRO), 36n26 National Security Agency (NSA), 35–6, 36n26 National Union of Mineworkers (NUM), 385 Navarro-Sertich, Adriana, 122 Neira, Maria, 252 Nelson, Garrett Dash, 186 Neocleous, Mark, xn2 Nepal, 270 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 295 Netherlands, 293, 297 Nevada, 56 Nevada Proving Ground, 357 Neville, Amelia Ransome, 293–4 Newark, 98 Newcastle, 222, 225n16, 290 Newham, 318–9 New Jersey, 155 Newman, Oscar, 184 New Mexico, 355 New Orleans, 45, 109, 118, 305 New York, 98, 134, 143–4, 147, 151–2, 154, 158, 161–2, 166, 168, 177–8, 184, 189, 196–202, 201, 215, 218, 221, 243, 248, 268, 286, 290, 293, 310–2, 318–20, 335, 352, 354, 363, 378, 380–1 New York Times, 98, 153, 262 New York Underground (Solis), 364 Nieuwenhuis, Marijn, 162n36, 276 Nigeria, 303–4 Nine Elms development, 213 Nogales, 349 Nordstrom, 198 Norgard, John, 342 Norrköping, 287 North America, 189, 196, 225–6, 228–9, 232, 258, 292, 370 NORTHCOM, 351 North Korea, 343, 347 Northrop, 86–7 North Yorkshire, 35–6 Nose-diving on the City (Crali), 52–3 #NotABugSplat project, 67–70, 69, 72, 75–6, 89–90 Nouvel, Jean, 196 Nye, Lili, 168 Obama, Barack, 73 Obayashi Corporation, 221 Oberoi, Vicky, 206 Oberoi Construction, 206 Occidentalism (Margalit and Buruma), 170 Occucopter, 92 Occupy protests, 21, 92, 236, 275 Olavarria, Juan José, 121 Olympics, 49, 124, 126, 185, 188, 255 Oman, 302 O’Neill, Kevin Lewis, 192, 209–10 One World Trade Center Tower, 199, 293 Ong, Aihwa, 157, 161–2 Onley, Robert David, 42 Orientalism, 72–3, 79 Orkney, 384 ‘The Other Night Sky’, 33 Otis, Elisha, 133 Otter, Chris, 325n9 Oud, J. J. P., 182 ‘Pacifying Police Units’ (UPPs), 126 Page, Jimmy, 315 Paglen, Trevor, 32–4 Pakistan, xiv, 67–8, 73–7, 79, 270 Palestine, 104, 294, 295, 351 Palestinian Centre for Human Rights, 76 Paltalk, 36 Panacci, Michael, 194–5 Panama, 61 Panama City, 175 Pan American Airways, 97, 114–5 Paris, France, 49–50, 146–7, 159–60, 181, 197, 225, 250–1, 264, 284, 294, 326–9, 335, 354 Paris Underground (Archer and Parré), 355 Park Avenue, 97, 198–200 Parker, Martin, 162 Parks, Lisa, 26, 28 Parré, Alexandre, 355 Partnership for the East Asian–Australasian Flyway group, 305 Pascual, Daniel Fernández, 382 Pathanamthitta, 253 Patton, Phil, 138 Paumgarten, Nick, 136 Payatas, 308 Pearl, Mike, 70 Peck, Jamie, 193, 194 Pentagon, 34, 345 Perlman, Janice, 117 Perry, W.

The Future Is Asian
by Parag Khanna
Published 5 Feb 2019

With US military preponderance established in the region, the United States pursued a policy of “dual containment” against both Iraq and Iran. Despite long-standing US efforts to find a diplomatic solution to the Palestinian question, Israel’s relations with its Arab minority continued to deteriorate. In 1987, a Palestinian intifada (uprising) against Israeli occupation began, led by the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the pan-Arab Muslim Brotherhood, and a new Islamist faction called Hamas. The intifada calmed only five years later with the Oslo Accords, which set down principles for establishing Palestinian autonomy in the occupied West Bank (and the Gaza Strip). Between 1990 and 1991, the Soviet Union’s collapse thrust new states into independence.

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Western, 357–58 Cold War, 2, 3, 6, 14, 19, 51–58, 86, 138, 283 colleges and universities, Asian: all-English programs in, 231 ethnic and cultural diversity in, 338 colleges and universities, European, Asian campuses of, 257 colleges and universities, US: Asian campuses of, 231–32 Asian enrollment in, 224–27 Asian studies departments in, 230 study-abroad programs in, 230–31 colonialism, 6, 22, 24, 27, 329 legacies of, 77–78 Columbus, Christopher, 43 commodities, trade in, 100, 111, 113, 160, 176, 322 China and, 21, 150, 157, 158, 273, 276–77 Russia and, 85, 88 Turkey and, 93, 94 Communist Party, Chinese, 49, 159–60, 300, 301 conflict, regional systems and, 11 Confucianism, 32, 34, 70, 300, 301 Congress, US, 195, 207, 222, 284 Asian Americans in, 221 Congressional Research Service (CRS), 293 Conrad, Sebastian, 28 Constantinople, 36, 39 sacking of, 43, 73, 91 consumerism, 23 corruption, 161, 267, 305 cosmetics industry, 346 Costa Rica, 274 Council of Europe, 57, 92, 241 coworking spaces, 204 Crazy Rich Asians (film), 347 Crimea, Russia’s annexation of, 83 Crimean War, 47 crusades, 39 Cuba, 271 Asian immigrants in, 275 cuisine, Asian: fusion, 345 global spread of, 343–45 Cultural Revolution, 56 culture, Asian, growing cross-border and global awareness of, 340–51 currency exchange rates, 169 Cyprus, 91 Cyrus the Great, Persian emperor, 30 Dalai Lama, 55, 120, 222, 358 Damico, Flávio, 277 Daoism, 31, 34 Darius I, Persian emperor, 30 Darius III, Persian emperor, 32 Defense Department, US, 98, 143 defense spending: in Asia, 17, 105, 137, 138 by Europe, 240, 248 Delhi Sultanate, 38–39 Demetrius, king of Bactria, 33 democracy, 15, 281–86 appeal of stability over ideals of, 285–86, 296, 309–13 Asian versions of, 21–22, 23, 281, 288–89 capitalism and, 352 failures and weaknesses of, 282–86, 294, 302–3 parliamentary, 295 Plato on, 286, 291 policy vs. politics in, 289, 296 populists’ hijacking of, 3 post–Cold War triumph of, 2 Singapore’s melding of technocracy and, 288–89, 290, 298 Deng Xiaoping, 57, 300 Dharma Bums (Kerouac), 331 Didi Chuxing (DiDi), 174–75, 198 digital integration, 186–89 digital technology: Asia and, 324 in governance, 318–20 Djibouti, 263 DNA editing, 201 Doha, art scene in, 342 dollar reserves, Asian holdings of, 163 Dream of the Red Chamber, 353 drones, commercial, 209 drug trade, 106–7 Duara, Prasenjit, 358 Dubai, 172, 173, 202, 212, 251, 261, 334 Dubai Ports World, 104, 261, 263 Durban, 265 Durov, Pavel, 173 Dutch, Southeast Asian colonies of, 45 Duterte, Rodrigo, 123–24, 305, 340 illiberal policies of, 306 Dyson, 210, 257 East Asia, 6, 51, 70, 140 cross-border literary tradition of, 353 democratization of, 61 economic growth of, 9 economic stability of, 63 exports of, 153, 154 Gulf states investments in, 103–4 oil and gas imports of, 82–83, 84–85, 106, 152, 175 in post–Cold War era, 60–61 prehistoric civilizations in, 29 US and, 140–41 US presence in, 16, 73 see also specific countries East Asian Community (EAC), 9 eco-activism, 182 e-commerce, 210–11, 228 Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO), 58 economic growth, 3, 4 rule of law and, 309–10 economy, global, 321–22 eco-tourism, 340 Ecuador, 274 education and professional training, 204–5, 317 Egypt, 29, 262 Eilat, 99 election, US, of 2016, 83, 320 electricity transmission systems, 112 electric vehicles, 179 energy: Asian need for, 9, 17, 62, 82–83, 84–85, 96, 100, 102, 103, 106, 152, 175–80, 177, 207 Europe’s need for, 84 Enlightenment, 22 Erdoğan, Recep, 87, 91, 92, 222, 310 Ethiopia, 262 eugenics, 200–201 Eurasia, 81 Eurasian Economic Union (EEU), 85, 87 Europe: alternative energy in, 175 anti-Muslim movements in, 255 anti-Soviet revolutions in, 58 Arabs in, 253, 255, 258 Asians in, 253–58 austerity policies in, 299 China and, 243, 246, 248–50 as coherent regional system, 7 defense spending by, 240, 248 energy needs of, 84 global civilization as influenced by, 21, 22–23 governance systems in, 284 internal trade in, 152 postwar rebuilding of, 14 Russia and, 83–84, 85, 89 Syrian refugees in, 63 US financial holdings of, 164–65 US relations with, 240 in voyages of discovery, 43–44, 68 see also specific countries Europe, Asia and, 239–58 arms sales in, 251 Asian investment in, 163, 246–47 financial sector in, 246, 247 food transport and, 244, 248 free trade agreements in, 250 infrastructure connectivity and, 243–44 retail sector in, 244 tourism in, 254–55 trade in, 13, 14, 241, 250 urban development and, 245–46 European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD), 241 European Central Bank, 243 European Coal and Steel Community, 7 European Customs Union, 92 European Economic Community, 57 European Investment Bank (EIB), 250 European Union, 2, 11, 13, 14, 127, 133, 249 expansion of, 241, 258 Israel and, 97 execution rates, in Asia, 308 Export-Import Bank of China, 84–85, 110, 273 Facebook, 208, 209, 219, 320 family-run businesses, Asian, 159–60 Far East, use of term, 5–6 Far Eastern Economic Review, 353 fashion: Asian, spread of, 345–46 Asian models in, 346 European, Asianization of, 345–46 Filipino Americans, 217 film industry: in Asia, 347–51 Asian directors in, 347 cross-Asian collaborations in, 348–49 Hollywood’s use of Asian themes in, 346–47 US-Asian collaboration in, 348 finance industry, Asian, 163 bonds in, 163, 164, 165–67 commodities markets in, 176 cross-border investments in, 166 foreign investments in, 167, 168, 171–72 IPO’s in, 167 private equity in, 171–72 privatization and, 169–71 stock markets in, 167–68 US and European investments by, 163–64 venture capital in, 173–74 finance industry, US, 166 Asia and, 167 financial crises: Asian (1997–98), 61, 62, 121, 151 Western (2007–08), 3, 14, 17, 62, 147, 152, 164, 233, 299 fintech (financial technology), 158, 168, 169, 188, 213 Flanagan, Owen, 357 flashpoints, geopolitical, in Asia, 11 food: Asian demands for, 244, 248 Asian production of, 177, 180–81, 182 Foreign Affairs, 8 Fosun International, 159–60 Foxconn, 132, 153, 194, 228 France: Arab immigrants in, 253 Asian immigrants in, 253 Asian trade of, 244 Indochina colonized by, 45 and loss of Indochina, 52 West Asian mandates of, 49 Francis I, Pope, 358 Franco-Prussian War, 286 Freedom House, 308 free trade: Asia and, 8, 102, 124, 129, 133, 153, 154, 158, 223, 250, 252, 272, 273 Western promotion of, 2–3, 158 Fujimori, Alberto, 276 Fukuoka, 135–36 Funabashi, Yoichi, 8–9 Funan Kingdom, 34 Fung, Spencer, 184 Future Forward Party, Thailand, 307 Gama, Vasco da, 43 Gandhara, 32, 33, 34 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 49, 265, 316 Ganges region, 29, 32 Ganges River, 33, 35, 46 “Gangnam Style” (music video), 343 Gates, Bill, 317 Geely, 194 General Electric, 110, 168, 211 Genghis Khan, 39–40 Georgia, Republic of, 59 technocracy in, 307 Germany, Nazi, 50 Germany, unified: Arab refugees in, 255 Asian immigrants in, 253, 254, 256 Asia’s relations with, 242 multiparty consensus in, 284 Ginsberg, Allen, 331 Giving Pledge, 317 Global-is-Asian, 22 globalization: Asia and, 8–9, 162, 357–59; see also Asianization growth of, 14 global order, see world order Goa, 44, 89, 186 Göbekli Tepe, 28 Goguryeo Kingdom, 34 Go-Jek, 187 Golden Triangle, 123 Google, 199, 200, 208–9, 219 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 58 governance: digital technology in, 318–19 inclusive policies in, 303 governance, global: Asia and, 321–25 infrastructure and, 322 US and, 321 government: effectiveness of, 303 trust in, 291, 310 violence against minorities by, 308–9 Government Accountability Office (GAO), 293 GrabShare, 174–75 grain imports, Asian, 90 Grand Canal, China, 37, 42 Grand Trunk Road, 33 Great Britain: Asian investments in, 247 Brexit vote in, 283–84, 286, 293–94 civil service in, 293–94 colonial empire of, 46–47 industrialization in, 46 Iran and, 252 populism in, 283–84 South Asian immigrants in, 253, 254 West Asian mandates of, 49–50 Great Game, 47 Great Leap Forward, 55 Great Wall of China, 31 Greece, 60, 91, 248 Greeks, ancient, 29, 34 greenhouse gas emissions, 176–77, 182 gross domestic product (GDP), 2, 4, 150 Grupo Bimbo, 272 Guam, 50, 136 Guangdong, 42, 98 Guangzhou (Canton), 37, 48, 68 Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC), 58, 101, 102 Gulf states (Khaleej), 6, 9, 57, 62, 81 alternative energy projects in, 251 Asianization of, 100–106 China and, 101, 102 European investment in, 251 India and, 102 Israel and, 99–100, 105 Japan and, 102 oil and gas exports of, 62, 74, 100–101, 176 South Asian migrants in, 334 Southeast Asia’s trade with, 102 South Korea and, 102 technocracy in, 311–12 US arms sales to, 101 women in, 315 see also specific countries Gulliver, Stuart, 148, 150 Gupta Empire, 35 H-1B visas, 219 Hamas, 59, 100, 139 Hamid, Mohsin, 184 Han Dynasty, 32, 33, 34, 300 Hanoi, 180 Han people, 31–32, 37, 69 Harappa, 29 Hardy, Alfredo Toro, 275 Hariri, Saad, 95 Harun al-Rashid, Caliph, 37 Harvard University, 230 Haushofer, Karl, 1 health care, 201–2 Helmand River, 107 Herberg-Rothe, Andreas, 75 Herodotus, 30 heroin, 106–7 Hezbollah, 58, 95, 96, 106 Hindus, Hinduism, 29, 31, 32, 34, 38, 70–71 in Southeast Asia, 121 in US, 220, 221 Hiroshima, atomic bombing of, 51 Hispanic Americans, 217 history, Asian view of, 75 history textbooks: Asia nationalism in, 27–28 global processes downplayed in, 28 Western focus of, 27–28, 67–68 Hitler, Adolf, 50 Ho, Peter, 289 Ho Chi Minh, 52 Ho Chi Minh City, 56 Honda, 275 Hong Kong, 56, 74 American expats in, 234 art scene in, 342 British handover of, 60, 141 civil society in, 313 Hongwu, Ming emperor, 42 honor killings, 315 Hormuz, Strait of, 103, 106 hospitality industry, 190, 214 Houthis, 106, 107 Huan, Han emperor, 33–34 Hulagu Khan, 40 Human Rights Watch, 313 human trafficking, 318 Hunayn ibn Ishaq, 37 Hungary, 40, 248, 256 Huns, 35, 76 hunter-gatherers, 28 Huntington, Samuel, 15 Hu Shih, 332 Hussein, Saddam, 58, 62, 101 Hyundai, 104 IBM, 212 I Ching, 30 Inclusive Development Index (IDI), 150 income inequality: in Asia, 183–84 in US, 228, 285 India, 101, 104 Afghanistan and, 118 Africa and, 264–66 AI research in, 200 alternative energy programs in, 178–79, 322 Asian investments of, 118 Australia and, 128 British Raj in, 46, 49 charitable giving in, 316–17 China and, 19–20, 113, 117–18, 155, 156, 332 civil society in, 313 in Cold War era, 52, 55, 56 corporate debt in, 170 corruption in, 161, 305 demonetization in, 184, 186–87 diaspora of, 333–34 early history of, 29, 30–31 economic growth of, 9, 17, 148, 185–86 elections in, 63 European trade partnerships with, 250–51 expansionist period in, 38, 41–42 failure of democracy in, 302 family-owned businesses in, 160 film industry in, 349–51 financial markets in, 186 foreign investment in, 192 gender imbalance in, 315 global governance in, 322–23 global image of, 331–32 Gulf states and, 102 inclusive policies in, 304 infrastructure investment in, 63, 110, 185 Iran and, 116, 118 Israel and, 98–99 IT industry in, 204, 275 Japan and, 134, 156 Latin America and, 275 manufacturing in, 192 as market for Western products and services, 207 naval forces of, 105 Northeast Asia and, 154–55 oil and gas imports of, 96, 107–8, 176 Pakistan and, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18 partitioning of, 52–53 pharmaceutical industry in, 228, 275 population of, 15, 186 in post–Cold War era, 61, 62 privatization in, 170 returnees in, 226 Russia and, 86–87 service industry in, 192 Southeast Asia and, 154–55 special economic zones in, 185 spiritual heritage of, 332 technocracy in, 304–6 technological innovation in, 186–87 territorial claims of, 11 top-down economic reform in, 305 traditional medicine of, 355 West Asia and, 155 Indian Americans, 217, 218, 219–20, 222 Indian Institutes of Technology (ITT), 205 Indian Ocean, 38, 47, 74, 105, 261, 262, 266 European voyages to, 44 Indians, in Latin America, 276 IndiaStack, 187 Indochina, 45, 50, 52 see also Southeast Asia Indo-Islamic culture, 38 Indonesia, 53, 61, 121, 125, 182 art scene in, 342 in Cold War era, 54 economic growth of, 17, 148 eco-tourism in, 340 failure of democracy in, 302 foreign investment in, 187 illiberal policies of, 306 inclusive policies of, 304 Muslims in, 71 technocracy in, 304–5 Indus River, 32, 113 Industrial and Commercial Bank of China (ICBC), 92, 159 industrialization, spread of, 22 Industrial Revolution, 2, 46, 68 Indus Valley, 29 infrastructure investment, in Asia, 6, 62, 63, 85, 88, 93, 96, 104, 108, 109, 110–11, 185, 190, 191, 243–44 see also; Asian Infrastructure Investment Bank; Belt and Road Initiative Institut d’Études Politiques de Paris (Sciences Po), 257, 286–87 insurance industry, 210 intermarriage, 336, 337–38 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 162, 163, 166, 323 International North-South Transport Corridor (INSTC), 116 International Renewable Energy Agency (IRENA), 100 International Systems in World History (Buzan), 7 Internet of Things (IoT), 134, 136, 197 Interpol, 324 Iran, 11, 15, 62, 92, 95, 98, 101, 140 China and, 101, 106–7, 116 in Cold War era, 54 European trade with, 251–52 growing opposition to theocracy in, 312 India and, 116, 118 Islamic revolution in, 57 Israel and, 99, 100 nuclear program of, 62 oil and gas exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176 in post–Cold War era, 58–59 privatization in, 170 re-Asianization of, 81, 106 Russia and, 87 Saudi Arabia and, 95–96, 100, 105–6 Syria and, 106 tourism in, 252 Turkey and, 94 US sanctions on, 87, 107, 241, 251, 252 women in, 315 Yemen and, 107 Iran-Iraq War, 58, 106 Iraq, 9, 11, 16, 49 Kuwait invaded by, 59 oil exports of, 55, 96 Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 312 Iraq Reconstruction Conference (2018), 96 Iraq War, 3, 62, 91, 217, 240 Isfahan, 41 Islam, 40, 316 politics and, 71–72 spread of, 36, 38–39, 43, 69–72, 74 Sunni-Shi’a conflict in, 95, 312 Sunni-Shi’a division in, 36 see also Muslims; specific countries Islamic radicalism, 58, 59, 62, 65, 68, 71, 72, 115, 117, 139 see also terrorism Islamic State in Iraq and Syria (ISIS), 63, 71, 94, 96, 117 Israel, 11, 54, 96 arms sales of, 98 China and, 98–99 desalinzation technology of, 181 EU and, 97 Gulf states and, 99–100, 105 India and, 98–99 Iran and, 99, 100 Russia and, 88 see also Arab-Israeli conflict; Palestinian-Israeli conflict Japan, 14, 16, 63, 68, 69, 73 Africa and, 265 Allied occupation in, 51 alternative energy technologies in, 322 Asian investments of, 118, 156 Asianization of, 81 Asian migrants in, 336–37 Asian trade with, 273 capitalism in, 159 cashless economy in, 189 China and, 19–20, 77, 134, 136–37, 140–42 in Cold War era, 5, 55 corporate culture of, 132 early history of, 29, 31, 34–35 economic growth of, 55, 132, 148, 158, 163 economic problems of, 132, 134–35 in era of European imperialism, 47–48 EU trade agreement with, 133 expansionist period in, 38, 42, 44 foreign investment in, 135 in global economy, 133–37 global governance and, 322–23 global image of, 331 Gulf states and, 102 immigration in, 135–36 India and, 134, 156 infrastructure investment in, 110 Latin America and, 275 precision industries in, 134, 135–36 robotic technology in, 134 Russia and, 82, 86–87 Southeast Asia and, 133, 153–54, 156 South Korea and, 141–42 technological innovation in, 134, 196, 197 territorial claims of, 11 tourism in, 135 US and, 136 in World War I, 49 in World War II, 50–51 Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA), 265 Japan-Mexico Economic Partnership Agreement, 273 Java, 35, 38, 39, 45 Javid, Sajid, 254 Jericho, 28 Jerusalem, 54, 98 Jesus Christ, 35 jihad, 38 Jinnah, Muhammad Ali, 52 Jobs, Steve, 331 Joko Widodo (Jokowi), 305, 306, 320 Jollibee, 172 Jordan, 54, 62, 97, 99 Syrian refugees in, 63 Journal of Asian Studies, 352 Journey to the West, 353 Judaism, 36 Kagame, Paul, 268 Kanishka, Kush emperor, 35 Kapur, Devesh, 218 Karachi, 113 Karakoram Highway, 113 Kashmir, 53, 55, 61, 77–78, 117–18, 119 Kazakhstan, 59, 140, 207 China and, 20, 108 economic diversification in, 190 energy investment in, 112 as hub of new Silk Road, 111–12 Kenya, 262, 263 Kerouac, Jack, 331 Khaleej, see Gulf states Khmer Empire, 70 Khmer people, 34, 38, 239 Khmer Rouge, 56 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 57, 59 Khorgas, 108 Khrushchev, Nikita, 56 Khwarizmi, Muhammad al-, 37 Kiev, 40 Kim Il Sung, 55 Kim Jong-un, 142 Kish, 28 Kissinger, Henry, 357 Koran, 316 Korea, 11, 31, 51, 68, 69 early history of, 34 expansionist period in, 38 Japanese annexation of, 48 reunification of, 142–43 see also North Korea; South Korea Korea Investment Corporation, 164 Korean Americans, 217 Korean War, 51 Kosygin, Alexei, 56 K-pop, 343 Kuala Lampur, 121, 246 Kublai Khan, 40 Kurds, Kurdistan, 87, 94, 99, 256 Kushan Empire, 32, 35 Kuwait, 101 Iraqi invasion of, 59 Kyrgyzstan, 59, 108, 182 language, Asian links in, 68–69 Laos, 45, 52, 60, 122, 154 Latin America: Asian immigrants in, 275–76 Asian investment in, 273–75, 276–77 Indian cultural exports to, 350 trade partnerships in, 272–73, 274, 275 US and, 271–72 Lebanon, 49, 54, 58, 95, 106 Syrian refugees in, 63 Lee, Ang, 347 Lee, Calvin Cheng Ern, 131 Lee Hsien Loong, 296–97 Lee Kuan Yew, 56, 127, 268, 288, 289, 292–93, 299, 305 voluntary retirement of, 296 Lee Kuan Yew School of Public Policy, 22, 299 Lenin, Vladimir, 49, 89 Levant (Mashriq), 81, 95, 97 LG, 275 Li & Fung, 184–85 Liang Qichao, 48–49 Liberalism Discovered (Chua), 297 Lien, Laurence, 317 life expectancies, 201 literature, Asian, global acclaim for, 353–54 Liu, Jean, 175 Liu Xiaobo, 249 logistics industry, 243 Ma, Jack, 85–86, 160, 189 Macao (Macau), 44 MacArthur, Douglas, 51 McCain, John, 285 McKinsey & Company, 160, 213 Macquarie Group, 131 Maddison, Angus, 2 Made in Africa Initiative, 262 Magadha Kingdom, 31 Magellan, Ferdinand, 43 Mahabharata, 35 Mahbubani, Kishore, 3 Mahmud of Ghazni, Abbasid sultan, 38 Malacca, 38, 43, 44, 124 Malacca, Strait of, 37, 39, 102, 103, 118, 125 Malaya, 46, 50 Malay Peninsula, 39, 53 Malaysia, 53, 61, 188 Asian foreign labor in, 335 China and, 123, 124 in Cold War era, 54 economic diversification in, 190 economic growth of, 17 technocracy in, 308 Maldives, 105 Malesky, Edmund, 308 Manchuria, 38, 48, 50, 51 Mandarin language, 229–30, 257 Manila, 121, 245 Spanish colonization of, 44 Mansur, al-, Caliph, 37 manufacturing, in Asia, 192 Mao Zedong, 51–52, 55, 56, 261, 300, 301 Marawi, 71 Marcos, Ferdinand, 53–54, 61 martial arts, mixed (MMA), 340–41 Mashriq (Levant), 81, 95, 97 Mauritius, 268 Mauryan Empire, 32–33, 68 May, Theresa, 293 Mecca, 57 media, in Asia, 314 median ages, in Asia, 148, 149, 155 Median people, 29 Mediterranean region, 1, 6, 29, 30, 33, 68, 84, 92, 95, 99, 106 see also Mashriq Mehta, Zubin, 332 Mekong River, 122 Menander, Indo-Greek king, 33 mergers and acquisitions, 212–13 meritocracy, 294, 301 Merkel, Angela, 242, 254 Mesopotamia, 28 Mexico, 7 Asian economic ties to, 272, 273, 274, 277 Microsoft, 208 middle class, Asian, growth of, 3, 4 Mihov, Ilian, 309 mindfulness, 332 Ming Dynasty, 42–43, 44, 69, 73, 75, 76, 105, 137, 262 mobile phones, 157, 183–84, 187, 188, 189, 193, 199, 208–9, 211 Modi, Narendra, 63, 98, 117, 119, 154–55, 161, 180, 185, 222, 265, 305, 306, 307, 320 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 54 Mohammed bin Salman, crown prince of Saudi Arabia, 72, 247, 310, 312, 315 Mohenjo-Daro, 29 Moluku, 45 MoneyGram, 196 Mongolia, 92, 111–12 alternative energy programs in, 112, 182 technocracy in, 307 Mongols, Mongol Empire, 39–40, 42, 44, 68, 69, 73, 76, 77, 239 religious and cultural inclusiveness of, 40, 70–71 Monroe Doctrine, 271 Moon Jae-in, 142 Moscow, 81, 82 Mossadegh, Mohammad, 54 MSCI World Index, 166, 168 Mubadala Investment Company, 88, 103, 104 Mughal Empire, 41–42, 46 religious tolerance in, 70–71 Muhammad, Prophet, 36 Mumbai, 185–86 Munich Security Conference, 241 Murakami, Haruki, 354 Murasaki Shikibu, 353 music scene, in Asia, 343 Muslim Brotherhood, 59 Muslims, 70–72 in Southeast Asia, 38–39, 43, 70–71, 121 in US, 220 see also Islam; specific countries Myanmar, 60, 63, 161 Asian investment in, 118–19 charitable giving in, 316 failure of democracy in, 302 financial reform in, 184 Rohingya genocide in, 122–23 see also Burma Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 51 Nanjing, 42, 49 Napoleon I, emperor of the French, 1 nationalism, 11, 20, 22, 49–50, 52–55, 77, 118, 137, 138–39, 222, 312, 329, 337, 352 Natufian people, 28 natural gas, see oil and gas natural gas production, 175–76 Nazism, 200 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 52, 55 Neolithic Revolution, 28 neomercantilism, 20, 22, 158 Nepal, 46, 119–20, 333 Nestorian Christianity, 36, 70 Netanyahu, Benjamin, 97, 98, 100 Netflix, 348 New Deal, 287 New Delhi, 245 Ng, Andrew, 199 NGOs, 313 Nigeria, 265 Nisbett, Richard, 357 Nixon, Richard, 56, 101 Nobel Prize, 48, 221, 249, 323, 353–54 nomadic cultures, 76 Non-Aligned Movement, 55 Non-Proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty, 61 North America: Asian trade with, 13, 14, 207 as coherent regional system, 7 energy self-sufficiency of, 175, 272 internal trade in, 152 see also Canada; Mexico; United States North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 7 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 2, 57, 92, 116 Northeast Asia, 141 India and, 154–55 internal trade in, 152 manufacturing in, 153 North Korea, 55, 61 aggressiveness of, 63 China and, 143 cyber surveillance by, 142 nuclear and chemical weapons program of, 142 Russia and, 143 South Korea and, 142 US and, 142–43 Obama, Barack, 18, 82, 229, 240 oil and gas: Asian imports of, 9, 62, 82–83, 84–85, 96, 102, 106, 107–8, 152, 175, 176, 207 Gulf states’ exports of, 62, 74, 100–103, 176 Iranian exports of, 50, 94, 106, 107–8, 118, 176 Iraqi exports of, 55, 96 OPEC embargo on, 57 price of, 61 Russian exports of, 82–83, 84, 87–88, 175, 176 Saudi exports of, 58, 87–88, 102, 103 US exports of, 16, 207 West Asian exports of, 9, 23, 57, 62, 152 Okakura Tenshin, 48 oligarchies, 294–95 Olympic Games, 245 Oman, East Asia and, 104 ONE Championship (MMA series), 341 OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries), 57 Operation Mekong (film), 123 opium, 47, 123 Organization for Security and Co-operation in Europe (OSCE), 241 Oslo Accords, 59 Osman I, Ottoman Sultan, 41 Ottoman Empire, 40–41, 43, 45, 46–47, 48, 73, 91 partitioning of, 49–50 religious tolerance in, 70–71 Out of Eden Walk, 4 Overseas Private Investment Company (OPEC), 111 Pacific Alliance, 272 Pacific Islands, 181–82 US territories in, 48 Pacific Rim, see East Asia Pakistan, 52–53, 58, 62, 72, 95, 102, 105 AI research in, 200 Asianization of, 81, 113–18 as Central Asia’s conduit to Arabian Sea, 113–14 China and, 20, 114–16, 117–18 corruption in, 161 failure of democracy in, 302 finance industry in, 168–69 foreign investment in, 115 GDP per capita in, 184 India and, 55, 61–62, 117–18 intra-Asian migration from, 334 logistics industry in, 185 as market for Western products and services, 207 US and, 114–15 Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), 307 Palestine, Palestinians, 49, 54, 99 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), 59 Palestinian-Israeli conflict, 59, 62, 97, 100 Pan-Asianism, 48, 351–52 paper, invention of, 72 Paris climate agreement, 178, 240 Paris Peace Conference (1918), 49 Park Chung-hee, 56 Park Geun-hye, 313 parliamentary democracy, 295 Parthians, 33, 76 Pawar, Rajendra, 205 Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on, 50 peer-to-peer (P2P) lending, 169 People’s Action Party (PAP), Singapore, 294 People’s Bank of China (PBOC), 110, 188 Pepper (robot), 134 per capita income, 5, 150, 183, 186 Persia, Persian Empire, 29, 30, 42, 45, 47, 50, 68, 75 see also Iran Persian Gulf War, 61, 101, 217 Peru: Asian immigrants in, 275, 276 Asian trade with, 272 Peshawar, 32 Peter I, Tsar of Russia, 45, 90 pharmaceutical companies, 209–10 Philippines, 61, 157, 165 alternative energy programs in, 180 Asian migrants in, 333 China and, 123–24 Christianity in, 74 in Cold War era, 53–54 eco-tourism in, 340 foreign investment in, 124 illiberal policies of, 306 inclusive policies in, 304 as market for Western products and services, 207 Muslims in, 71 privatization in, 170 technocracy in, 304–5 urban development in, 190 US acquisition of, 48 US and, 123–24 philosophy, Asian vs.

…

Arab interests clashed with the Zionist movement, led by the Jewish diaspora, that claimed Jerusalem and Palestine as its homeland. Despite the recommendation of a UN commission to create separate Jewish and Arab states in Palestine, the expiration of the British Mandate in 1948 brought both civil war and a regional Arab war against the newly declared state of Israel. Israel repulsed Arab armies and took much of the territory that had been intended for Arabs under the defunct partition plan. An influx of Jews from Europe and neighboring Arab states fortified Israel’s strength, while more than 1 million Palestinian Arabs became refugees. The United States became a more intrusive power across Southwest Asia as well, especially as the region’s hydrocarbon wealth expanded.

Imperial Ambitions: Conversations on the Post-9/11 World
by Noam Chomsky and David Barsamian
Published 4 Oct 2005

They’re “naughty children,” who have to be disciplined.7 Filipinos were described in the same way. And it’s exactly what’s been going on in the Palestinian Occupied Territories for years. One of the worst aspects of the Israeli occupation has been the humiliation and degradation of Palestinians at every moment. That’s inherent in the relation of domination. What about the drive for resources? That’s a very consistent factor in domination, but it’s not always the only factor. For example, the British didn’t want to control Palestine for its resources but for its geostrategic position. Many factors enter into the ambition for domination and control, but the drive for resources is a very common one.

…

See September 11, 2001 Nitze, Paul Nixon, Richard Non-proliferation of Nuclear Weapons Treaty (NPT) Noriega, Manuel North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) Northeast Asia North Korea nuclear weapons Nuremberg tribunal Occupied Territories Office of Public Diplomacy off-job control oil O’Neill, Paul Operation Enduring Freedom Operation Iraqi Freedom Operation Mongoose Operation Wheeler oppression Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) Orwell, George Osirak nuclear reactor Pakistan Palestine Palestinians Panama “Patterns in Global Terrorism,” Pequot massacre Perle, Richard Philippines Polk, James K. Ponting, Clive preemptive war preventive war propaganda Propaganda and the Public Mind (Chomsky) protest movements public opinion public relations racism Reagan, Ronald realism regime change religious fundamentalism Republicans Ricardo, David rogue states Rogue States (Chomsky) Roman empire Romero, Oscar Rove, Karl Russell, Bertrand Russia, .

…

What does the Iraq war and occupation mean for the Palestinians? That’s interesting to think about. One of the rules of journalism is that when you mention George Bush’s name in an article, the headline has to speak of his “vision” and the article has to talk about his “dreams.” Maybe there will be a photograph of him peering into the distance, right next to the article. It’s become a journalistic convention. A lead story in the Wall Street Journal yesterday, had the words vision and dream about ten times.12 One of George Bush’s dreams is to establish a Palestinian state somewhere, sometime, in some unspecified place—maybe in the Saudi desert.

Independent Diplomat: Dispatches From an Unaccountable Elite
by Carne Ross
Published 25 Apr 2007

And it is not only the West which indulges in such characterisations. In April 2006 Egypt’s President Mubarak upset sensibilities across the Middle East by suggesting in an interview that Iraq’s Shia, indeed all Shia in the Middle East, were more loyal to Iran than they were to their own countries. Twenty years since Edward Said’s Orientalism, his excoriating critique of western characterisations of the Middle East, diplomats still orientalise almost the whole world, reducing its complexities and uncertainties to simple cultural and racial stereotypes. Routinely, you can still hear diplomats talking (and some journalists do it too) about the Arab street, a place where presumably Arabs gather to talk and express opinions (furtively, presumably).

…

I hesitate to confess it because of course most of us, myself included, were not expert, having no first-hand knowledge whatsoever of the countries we were dealing with. 5 She said this during a television interview on the BBC. 6 The term “Arab street” is one that remains common in western diplomatic descriptions of the Middle East, despite Edward Said’s compelling attack on such Orientalist depictions. Like other such locutions, it reveals far more about its user than what it purports to describe. When reading it, one can safely assume that the originator has been nowhere near the “street”, wherever that may be. 7 See, for example, “Ssh, they’re arguing”, Barbara Crossette, New York Times, 17 June 2001. 8 The word prohibition is a simplification since the import of the goods by Iraq was not explicitly prohibited in any case except that of purely military items, but the export of those goods on the list was to be reviewed by the UN sanctions committee (a sub-committee of the Security Council) and possibly approved if the Committee judged the end-use of those goods to be legitimately civilian. 9 These are discussed in chapter 4 below, but in general amount to the more rigorous enforcement not of generalised trade sanctions but of specific, targeted measures against the Iraqi government’s illegal export of oil (through Turkey, Syria and the Gulf) and the stricter enforcement of import controls at Iraq’s borders.

…

This separation of us, my country, from the rest of humanity began to seem false and invidious, elevating “our” needs above “theirs”. Moreover, working in these places I realised something very obvious — that there are a great many people who are ignored and marginalised in the closed world of diplomacy, and often — indeed usually — these are the ones suffering most. When I sat in negotiation with the Kosovars or Palestinians, I began to yearn to be on their side of the table rather than my own. Romantic perhaps, but to me that began to have a greater source of meaning than the predictable ascent up the career ladder (and partly that predictability was a disincentive too). In my reading on my sabbatical, there was one passage, in one book, which stuck in my mind.

The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War
by Norman Stone
Published 15 Feb 2010

Miami Michael I, King of Romania Microsoft (corporation) Midnight Cowboy (film) Midnight Express (film) Mikoyan, Anastas Milan, Catholic University Milken, Michael Millar, Ronald Miller, William Milward, Alan Minc, Julia Mindszenty, József, Cardinal miners’ strike (Britain; 1984-5) Minford, Patrick Minh, Duong Van MIR (Latin American Movement for the Revolutionary Left) MIRVs (multiple independently targeted re-entry vehicles) Mises, Ludwig von Missing (film) Missoffe, François Mitchell, John Mitterrand, Danielle Mitterrand, François Mobil (oil company) mobile phones Modrow, Hans Mollet, Guy Molotov, Vyacheslav: and Austria and Germany and Hungary and Khrushchev and Korean War Molotov Plan Moscow conference (1947) and nuclear weapons obstructiveness ‘our common European home’ on Stalin’s death Mondale, Walter ‘Fritz’ Monde, Le (newspaper) monetarism monetary union, European money, as emblem of the eighties Mongolia Monnet, Jean Monnet Plan Mons Montand, Yves Montanelli, Indro Montesquieu, Charles de Secondat, baron de Montgomery, Bernard, 1st Viscount Montgomery of Alamein Moon landings Moore, Barrington Morgan, Kenneth, Baron Moro, Aldo Morocco Moscow: alcohol prohibition Hotel Lux Khrushchev as Party head Olympic Games (1980) Oriental Workers University post-war rebuilding see also Kremlin Moscow conference (1947) Moslems: Greece India Pakistan Palestine Vietnam see also Islam Mossadegh, Mohammad overthrown motor cars see automobile industry Mounier, Emmanuel Mount, Ferdinand Mountbatten, Louis, 1st Earl Mountbatten of Burma Moynihan, Daniel Patrick Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus Muggeridge, Malcolm mujaheddin Müller-Armack, Alfred multinational corporations Munich Münzenberg, Willi Murdoch, Rupert Murray, Charles Murray, Lionel ‘Len’, Baron Murray of Epping Forest Musil, Robert Muskie, Edmund Mussolini, Benito Mussorgsky, Modest My Lai massacre (1968) Myrdal, Gunnar Nagasaki Nagorny Karabakh Nagy, Imre Najibullah, Mohammed Namur Nancy Festival (France) Nanking massacre (1937) Nanterre, University of Naples: earthquake (1980) student population Napoleon I Code Napoléon Napoleonsee Louis Napoleon Nasser, Gamel Abdal: and Algerian independence and Aswan Dam coup of 1952 death disasters of regime Egyptian-Syrian union pan-Arab nationalist ambitions Six Day War (1967) and Suez crisis National Archives (British) National Coal Board (British) National Enterprise Board (British) National Freight (British lorry company) National Health Service (British) National Review (magazine) National Rifle Association (American) National Security Council (American; NSC) National Union of Journalists (British) National Union of Mineworkers (British) National Union of Public Employees (British; NUPE) nationalism Belgium China Hungary India Ireland Kurdish Middle East Romania Scotland Slovakia South East Asia Spain USSR Yugoslavia nationalization of industry: Britain Chile France NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization): establishment of and European missile bases fiftieth anniversary French withdrawal from military command headquarters moved to Brussels intelligence network and Korean War military-financial complex Turkish membership West German membership natural gas Nature (magazine) Nazism see Germany, Nazi; neo-Nazism Needham, Joseph Neil, Andrew Nekrich, Alexandr Nemchinov, Vasily Németh, Miklós Nenni, Pietro neo-Nazism Nerchinsk, Treaty of (1689) Neruda, Pablo Neues Deutschland (newspaper) Neues Forum (East German independent political movement) Nevşehir New Deal (Roosevelt) New Delhi New Frontier (Kennedy) New Republic (magazine) New York: affluence anti-Vietnam War protests bankruptcy and collapse of public services Castro in crime financial centre government Kennedy airport poverty New York Review of Books New York Times New Zealand Newsweek (magazine) Newton Dunn, Bill Nhu, Madame Ngo Dinh Nicaragua Contras Nicholas of Cusa Nicolson, Sir Harold Nielsen, Birgit Nietzsche, Friedrich Nigeria, oil production Nightingale, Florence Nissan (automobile manufacturer) Nixon, Richard: appearance and character and Cambodia and Ceauşescu and Chile China visit (1972) and Congress economic policy election as President: (1968); (1972) impeachment proceedings and resignation and Israel loses 1960 election reputation row with Khrushchev over culture and SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) ‘silent majority’ speech Vice-President and Vietnam Watergate scandal Nkrumah, Kwame NKVD (Soviet People’s Commissariat for Internal Affairs) Noble, Denis Nol, Lon Norilsk North Korea: establishment of and Japan Kim II Sung regime missiles see also Korean War North Sea oil North Vietnam: agricultural collectivization Army bombing of Chinese military support establishment of executions see also Vietnam War Norway Novorossiysk Novotný, Antonín nuclear physics nuclear power nuclear weapons: American development of British development of French development of Geneva conference on nuclear tests (1958) ‘nuclear deterrent’ doctrine Pakistan’s development of ‘peaceful coexistence’ doctrine SALT (Strategic Arms Limitation Talks) Soviet development of threatened use in Korean War see also ICBMs NUPE (British National Union of Public Employees) Nuremberg trials Nuti, Mario Oberdorfer, Don Observer (newspaper) Öcalan, Abdullah Occidental Petroleum OECD (Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development) OEEC (Organization for European Economic Cooperation) oil crisis of 1973 oil prices oil production: Indonesia Mexico Middle East Nigeria North Sea OPEC Sahara USA USSR Venezuela Oistrakh, David Olçay, Osman Olympic Games, Moscow (1980) Onassis, Aristotle O’Neill, Thomas ‘Tip’ OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) opera opium ‘Optimal Functioning’ (Soviet planning system) Orbán, Viktor Organization of American States Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Organization for European Economic Cooperation (OEEC) Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries see OPEC Orlov, Andrey Orlov, Yuri Orthodox Church Orwell, George Coming Up for Air Nineteen Eighty-Four Osborne, John Ostpolitik O’Sullivan, John Oswald, Lee Harvey Ottoman Empire collapse of Outer Mongolia Owen, Sir Geoffrey Oxford University Bodleian Library Özal, Turgut: background, family and character death economic reforms foreign policy and Kurdish nationalism opposition to premiership and presidency Packard, Vance, Status Seekers Pakistan: and Afghanistan American support for and China establishment of nuclear weapons development war in Kashmir Palermo Palestine: British Mandate partition Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) Palestinians Palme, Olof Panama Panmunjom papacy Papandreou, Andreas Paris: 1930s 1960s Bibliothèque Nationale bourgeoisie Centre Beaubourg Eiffel Tower financial institutions Louvre museum metro Musée’Orsay Palais de Chaillot post-war rationing property prices revolution of 1848 suburban tower blocks Paris Commune Paris Peace accords (1973) Paris Peace conference (1947) Paris summit (1960) Parsifal (opera) Partisan Review Pasternak, Boris Pathans Patten, Chris, Baron Patten of Barnes Patti, Adelina Pavlov, Georgy Pavlovsky, General Ivan PDK (Kurdistan Democratic Party) Pearl Harbor Peasant Party (Hungarian) peasantry Chile China Cuba Czechoslovakia France Germany Greece Hungary Italy Poland Romania Russia USSRp> Turkey Vietnam Peck, Gregory Pei, I.

…

The Americans faced problems of the same sort in the Philippines, to which they gave an independence with certain limits. The nightmare of nightmares was Palestine. Whatever the British did would be wrong. As with India, it is obvious that a few more years of Empire would have been desirable for an orderly transfer of power to occur. But to whom? Here again, as with other parts of the British Empire, there was much strength in the argument that the Empire kept order, tried to assure legal rights, and sent out honest people. But there was an original sin at the centre of the Palestinian question, and it lay in the context of the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which had offered the Jews a national home in what was then Arab (or Ottoman) territory: the aim being essentially to keep the French away from the Suez Canal.

…

But there was an original sin at the centre of the Palestinian question, and it lay in the context of the Balfour Declaration of 1917, which had offered the Jews a national home in what was then Arab (or Ottoman) territory: the aim being essentially to keep the French away from the Suez Canal. The British then found themselves responsible for keeping order in a small area claimed by both sides, and there was a further problem, in so far as the native Palestinians were themselves very divided. Partition was an obvious solution, and even then the transfer of Palestine to Jordan would have made sense, but there were vast problems as regards Jerusalem. The British muddled, swung to one side and the other with pressures of terrorism, and thus encouraged the terrorists to do their worst. There were some particularly horrible episodes, such as the blowing up, in an operation of sinister brilliance, of the King David Hotel, British headquarters in Jerusalem (March 1946), or the hanging of two sergeants, whose bodies were then booby-trapped, and the British were much criticized for stopping the emigration of Jews from the concentration camps to Palestine.

How the World Works
by Noam Chomsky , Arthur Naiman and David Barsamian
Published 13 Sep 2011

The Mideast About 1980, you, Eqbal Ahmad [Pakistani scholar and activist, and professor at Hampshire College] and Edward Said [noted author, Palestinian activist and professor at Columbia] had a meeting with some top PLO officials. You’ve said you found this meeting rather revealing. Revealing, but not surprising. It confirmed some very critical comments I’d made about the PLO in left journals a few years earlier, and which there was a big dispute over. The meeting was an attempt to make the PLO leadership, which happened to be visiting New York, aware of the views of a number of people who were very sympathetic to the Palestinians but quite critical of the PLO. The PLO leadership wasn’t interested.

…

For example, when a tiny disagreement came up between Israel and the US about how openly settlement of the West Bank should be pursued, [The first] President Bush didn’t hesitate to make thinly veiled antisemitic remarks in front of a public audience. The Israeli lobby backed off and the US did what it wanted. This is from Edward Said: “The crisis in Palestinian ranks deepens almost daily. Security talks between Israel and the PLO are advertised as a ‘breakthrough’ one day, stalled and deadlocked the next. Deadlines agreed upon come and go with no other timetable proposed, while Israel increases…the building of settlement residences [and] the punitive measures keeping Palestinians from leaving the territories and entering Jerusalem.” He wrote this years ago, but it reads like today’s news. It does.

…

It does. The “peace process” goes up and down because the US-Israeli principles that define it have never offered anything meaningful to the Palestinians. The basic structure of US and Israeli policy has been clear for a long time. The principles are, strictly speaking, “rejectionist”—that is, they reject the rights of one of the two contestants in the former Palestine. In the US, the term “rejectionist” is used in a racist sense, applying only to those who reject the rights of Jews. If we can bring ourselves to adopt nonracist usage, we will describe the US as the leader of the rejectionist camp.

You Are What You Speak: Grammar Grouches, Language Laws, and the Politics of Identity
by Robert Lane Greene
Published 8 Mar 2011

The World Zionist Organization—which met for the first time in Basel in 1897—discussed where a Jewish state might be established, briefly considering even a home in British East Africa. But the focus of Zionist longing was the ancestral homeland itself: Palestine, then a backward and, as they saw it, sparsely populated province of the Ottoman Empire. Zionists began raising money through the Jewish National Fund and lobbying the Ottoman authorities to allow land purchases in Palestine. European Jews were encouraged to emigrate there to join a small community, the “old yishuv,” of Jews who had never left. At the same time, an astonishing cultural project began: the reconstruction of Hebrew as a living language.

…

Those children became the vanguard, learning the ancient language from the cradle, and using it all the time. By 1922, just four decades after Ben Yehuda’s arrival, Britain recognized Hebrew as the official language of Palestine’s Jews. That the creation of Israel was a nationalist project in the secular European mold, not a religious, messianic dream, can be seen in the stories of the early Zionists. Ben Yehuda classified himself, in his official registration in Palestine, as a “national Jew” but “without religion.” The remaining bulk of the early Zionists was inspired by socialism, not the patriarchs and prophets. The Jews shared, by definition, a religion.

…

They needed a single common language. Outside the ranks of the ultra-Orthodox, Yiddish would shrivel in Israel. A group of Zionists from the dominant Labor Party in the Jewish community in Palestine initially wanted to produce a Yiddish edition of their periodical but were attacked by the Hebrew-only faction and voted down, and Hebrew was made the party’s sole language from 1907. The proportion of Yiddish-speakers in pre-1948 Palestine steadily declined, even with the influx of Yiddish-speakers coming from Europe after 1945. Hitler killed most of the world’s Yiddish-speakers. The choice of Hebrew for Israel a century ago, and its stunning success since, is near to putting Yiddish itself into the grave.

The Identity Trap: A Story of Ideas and Power in Our Time
by Yascha Mounk
Published 26 Sep 2023

As Protestants living in Mandatory Palestine, which effectively remained under British rule, they naturally looked to London for inspiration. And so they decided that their son would, like the Prince of Wales, be called Edward. Edward VIII duly ascended to the throne in January 1936, when his faraway Palestinian namesake was less than three months old. But his reign proved to be brief and unhappy. By the end of the year, he was forced to abdicate because of his determination to marry Wallis Simpson, an American divorcée. Disgraced, he lived the rest of his life in exile. The strange origin of Edward Said’s name proved to be prophetic of his ambivalent relationship with the West.

…

GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “My whole education”: Edward Said, “Between Worlds,” in Reflections on Exile and Other Essays. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “creature of an American”: Quoted in Mishra, “Reorientations of Edward Said.” GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “When students protesting the war”: Mishra, “Reorientations of Edward Said.” GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT forbidden to speak Arabic: “With an unexceptionally Arab family name like ‘Said,’ connected to an improbably British first name . . . I was an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport, and no certain identity, at all.”

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GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “as boring a subject”: Edward Said, “Between Worlds,” in Reflections on Exile and Other Essays (London: Granta Books, 2013), 567. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT form of privileged access: Edward Said, “The Politics of Knowledge,” in Reflections on Exile and Other Essays, 384. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “unable to share”: Edward Said, “Identity, Authority, and Freedom: The Potentate and the Traveler,” in Reflections on Exile and Other Essays, 403. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT this struck Said: Adam Shatz, “Palestinianism,” London Review of Books, May 6, 2021, www.lrb.co.uk/the-paper/v43/n09/adam-shatz/palestinianism.

From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia
by Pankaj Mishra
Published 3 Sep 2012

Working secretly together, Britain and France had already parcelled out among themselves bits of Ottoman territory they had seized after the Great War, creating arbitrary new states in the form of Iraq, Jordan and Lebanon and promising a separate homeland to European Jews in British-ruled Palestine. Fuelled by anti-Semitism in Europe, Jewish immigration to Palestine picked up during the inter-war years, when Egyptians were preoccupied with domestic politics. While Arabs everywhere protested against the appropriation of Palestinian lands, European businessmen extracted Egypt’s resources, degrading its original inhabitants into cheap labour. The Wafd party kept being elected with large majorities but was thwarted from holding political office since it was seen by the British as an ‘ultra-democratic, anti-foreign revolutionary regime’.41 As Nehru, who observed the case of Egypt from India, caustically commented in 1935 ‘democracy for an Eastern country seems to mean only one thing: to carry out the behests of the imperialist ruling power and not to touch any of its interests.

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In the 1930s, Sayyid Qutb emerged as a critic of British interference, the growing inequalities in Egypt, and the Egyptian inability to support Palestinian Arabs against Zionist settlers. He broke with his liberal mentors, and as anti-colonial movements intensified in India, Vietnam, Malaya, Indonesia and Kenya Qutb despaired at Egypt’s ‘native collaborators’.43 His anguish deepened with the establishment in 1948 of the state of Israel, which the systematic murder of 6 million Jews had made a moral imperative for many Western nations. In the war that followed, the Zionists defeated the combined Arab armies, expelled hundreds of thousands of Arab inhabitants of Palestine, and proclaimed an independent state.

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John Darwin’s After Tamarlene: The Global History of Empire elegantly performs the necessary task of reorientating world history. V. G. Kiernan’s The Lords of Human Kind: European Attitudes Towards the Outside World in the Imperial Age (London, 1969) is a more informative account of its subject than Edward Said’s complex polemic Orientalism (New York, 1978). On how ‘whiteness’ became an ideology and a form of political solidarity against the ‘rest’, see Marilyn Lake and Henry Reynolds’s book Drawing the Global Colour Line: White Men’s Countries and the International Challenge of Racial Equality (Cambridge, 2008) and Bill Schwarz’s first volume of what promises to be a remarkable trilogy, The White Man’s World (New York, 2012). 2.

The View From Flyover Country: Dispatches From the Forgotten America
by Sarah Kendzior
Published 24 Apr 2015

In Syria, multiple political groups manipulated the water supply at different times, leaving roughly one million people without access to clean water or sanitation. In Gaza, hundreds of thousands of Palestinians lack water, including those living in hospitals and refugee camps. On July 15, citizens of Detroit held a rally in solidarity, holding signs that said, “Water for all, from Detroit to Palestine.” A basic resource has become a distant dream, a longing for a transformation of politics aimed at ending suffering instead of extending it. Water is a legal right ignored in places where law is selectively enforced.

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In July 2014, Wiesel took out a full-page ad in The New York Times to support Israel in what he termed “a battle of civilization versus barbarism.” As Palestinians stored corpses of babies killed by Israeli strikes in ice cream freezers, Wiesel proclaimed that “Jews rejected child sacrifice 3,500 years ago. Now it’s Hamas’ turn.” He condemned the “terrorists who have taken away all choice from the Palestinian children of Gaza.” He is right. The Palestinian children of Gaza do not have a choice. But Israel does. Hamas is a violent organization that commits reprehensible acts. But it was not Hamas who killed Palestinian children playing on the beach. It was not Hamas who killed children sleeping in UN shelters.

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That is what Charles Krauthammer, in his July 17 Washington Post column, “Moral Clarity in Gaza,” called the victims of Israeli airstrikes. Children shelled while playing on the beach, a father holding a plastic bag of his two-year-old son’s remains: To Krauthammer, Palestinians are not people but production values. War does not destroy families; it “produces dead Palestinians for international television.” Three days later, Prime Minister Benjamin Netanyahu proclaimed the Palestinians “telegenically dead,” lifting Krauthammer’s language in one example of the U.S. media–Israeli government echo chamber that has been reverberating all summer. “You forfeit your right to be called civilians,” a Wall Street Journal columnist told Gazans on July 21, stating that children of Hamas supporters are fair game.

Why It's Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions
by Paul Mason
Published 30 Sep 2013

The left-wing blogosphere excoriated them when, almost on cue, they declared their willingess to suspend the protest if called up to fight with the Israeli Defense Forces in Gaza. Despite the fact that #j14 went out of its way to avoid the issue of Palestine, as the protests gained momentum the movement began to tolerate those raising the issue, even drawing in members of Israel’s Arab population. Dimi Reider, a journalist and activist in Tel Aviv, described how on 3 August 2011 the residents of a poverty-stricken, Likud-voting Jewish neighbourhood signed an agreement to campaign jointly with supporters of a pro-Palestinian party, including Arabs: They agreed they had more in common with each other than with the middle-class national leadership of the protest, and that while not wishing to break apart from the J14 movement, they thought their unique demands would be better heard if they acted together.

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Of course, it is easy to cast him as the putative beneficiary of a nepotistic transfer of family power, the continuation of ‘tyranny’ with a change of face at the top. This analysis, in my view, is too simplistic. For a good six months, then, the Western political elite, media, academia and intelligence services were effectively driving with a shattered windscreen. But why? The specific myopia over the Arab states is not hard to explain. Decades ago, Edward Said tried to warn the West about the self-deluding nature of its narrative on the Middle East: Very little of the detail, the human density, the passion of Arab-Moslem life has entered the awareness of even those people whose profession it is to report the Arab world. What we have instead is a series of crude, essentialized caricatures of the Islamic world presented in such a way as to make that world vulnerable to military aggression.5 Said’s words were written in 1980: long before 9/11, before two invasions of Iraq had laid the basis for sectarian civil war there, and before the West began to conflate the narrative of Islam with al-Qaeda’s narrative of ruthless, nihilistic terror.

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‘The World in 2011’, Economist, December 2010. 2.Stephen M. Walt, ‘Why the Tunisian revolution won’t spread’, ForeignPolicy.com, 16 January 2011. 3.Reuters, 25 January 2011, 18:25 GMT. 4.Jonathan Lis, ‘New IDF intelligence chief failed to predict Egypt uprising’, Haaretz, 30 January 2011. 5.Edward Said, ‘Islam through Western eyes’, Nation, 26 April 1980. 6.Tarek Masoud, ‘The road to (and from) Liberation Square’, Journal of Democracy, vol. 22, no. 3, July 2011. 7.Fredric Jameson, ‘Future City’, New Left Review 21, May—June 2003. 8.Fredric Jameson, The Cultural Turn: Selected Writings on the Postmodern, 1983-1998, London 1998, p. 59. 9.N.

After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405
by John Darwin
Published 5 Feb 2008

Indeed, before 1800 what really stood out was not the sharp economic contrast between Europe and Asia, but, on the contrary, a Eurasian world of ‘surprising resemblances’ in which a number of regions, European and Asian, were at least theoretically capable of the great leap forward into the industrial age.13 Meanwhile, Europe’s assumed centrality in accounts of world history had come under attack from a quite different quarter. From the late 1970s, an intellectual movement inspired by the Palestinian-American Edward Said denounced the classics of European writing on the history, ethnography and culture of Asia (and by extension elsewhere) as ‘orientalist’ fantasy. According to Said, European description was fatally flawed by the crude attribution of stereotyped qualities, almost always demeaning, and the persistent attempt to portray Asian societies as the slothful, corrupt or degenerate antitheses of an energetic, masterful and progressive Europe.14 A huge literary industry sprang up to pick over the language and content of the various genres that transmitted the image of the non-Western world to an audience in Europe.

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What they failed to foresee was howquickly the Arab–Jewish conflict in Palestine (governed by the British under an international mandate) would be intensified by the torrent of Jewish refugees who poured in at the end of the war, and howbadly their influence would suffer from the Arab belief that the creation of Israel (and the Arab defeat in the Palestine war that followed British withdrawal in 1948) was an act of British betrayal. The end of empire in the Middle East was to be anything but a consensual transition to a nation-state age. The question of Palestine, the risk of Anglo-Soviet rivalry and the growing importance of its oil reserves linked the future of the Middle East to the outcome of the war in Europe.

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Much of the rivalry between Egypt, the Hashemites and the Saudis was focused on Syria, whose religious and regional conflicts made it a fertile ground for influence from outside.43 This rough equilibrium of political forces in the post-war Middle East was quickly upset by the volcanic impact of the Palestine question. The British had planned to keep their regional imperium by a smooth transition. All the Arab states would be independent; some would be bound by treaty to Britain; the rest would acknowledge its de facto primacy as the only great power with real strength on the ground. It was always going to be difficult to manage this change in the case of Palestine, ruled directly by Britain under a League of Nations mandate since the First World War. Reconciling the promise of a Jewish ‘national home’, in which Jews could settle, with the rights of the Arabs who were already there had been hard enough in the 1920s.

The Portable Atheist: Essential Readings for the Nonbeliever
by Christopher Hitchens
Published 14 Jun 2007

Since the idea of the direct generation of a man by God could only appear to the Jewish mind as a monstrous absurdity, the expression was, in reality, to the Palestinians, only a manner of speaking, only a metaphor. [It is clear] that Jesus never applied it to himself and that, moreover, it had not hitherto, in Israel, any Messianic significance. That is to say, the Jews did not beforehand bestow this title of Son of God upon the expected Messiah. The Messiah must have been for them not the Son, but the Servant, of God (Ebed Yahweh), for such was the designation of the “men of Yahweh.” But on Greek soil the Christological belief found an environment very different from that of Palestine. There, the idea of the procreation of a human being by a god was current, and the relation of real sonship between Christ and God the Father could shock no one….

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The change in the manner of referring to him after A.D. 90 becomes intelligible if we accept that his earthly life in first-century Palestine was invented late in the first century. But it remains very puzzling if we take his existence then for historical fact. The Dale of Mark’s Gospel When and why did the biography of Jesus with which we are familiar first develop? The details of Jesus’s life first appear in Mark, which is considered the earliest gospel and most New Testament scholars date it ca. A.D. 70. But G. A. Wells insists that it was written ca. A.D. 90, when “Palestinian Christianity had been overwhelmed by the Jewish War with Rome, and the gentile Christians who then first linked Jesus with Pilate, and first gave his life altogether a real historical setting, could have had only very imperfect knowledge of what had really happened in Palestine c.

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the Portable Atheist ALSO BY CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS Books Hostage to History: Cyprus from the Ottomans to Kissinger Blood, Class and Nostalgia: Anglo-American Ironies Imperial Spoils: The Curious Case of the Elgin Marbles Why Orwell Matters No One Left to Lie To: The Triangulations of William Jefferson Clinton Letters to a Young Contrarian The Trial of Henry Kissinger Thomas Jefferson: Author of America Thomas Paine’s “Rights of Man”: A Biography God Is Not Great: How Religion Poisons Everything Pamphlets Karl Marx and the Paris Commune The Monarchy: A Critique of Britain’s, Favorite Fetish The Missionary Position: Mother Teresa in Theory and Practice A Long Short War: The Postponed Liberation of Iraq Collected Essays Prepared for the Worst: Essays and Minority Reports For the Sake of Argument Unacknowledged Legislation: Writers in the Public Sphere Love, Poverty and War: Journeys and Essays Collaborations James Callaghan: The Road to Number Ten (with Peter Kellner) Blaming the Victims (edited with Edward Said) When the Borders Bleed: The Struggle of the Kurds (photographs by Ed Kashi) International Territory: The United Nations (photographs by Adam Bartos) Vanity Fair’s Hollywood (with Graydon Carter and David Friend) the Portable Atheist ESSENTIAL READINGS FOR THE NONBELIEVER selected and with introductions by CHRISTOPHER HITCHENS DA CAPO PRESS A Member of the Perseus Books Group List of credits/permissions can be found on back matter.

Capitalism: A Ghost Story
by Arundhati Roy
Published 5 May 2014

Chapter 3 DEAD MEN TALKING On September 23, 2011, at about three o’clock in the morning, within hours of his arrival at the Delhi airport, the US radio-journalist David Barsamian was deported.1 This dangerous man, who produces independent, free-to-air programs for public radio, has been visiting India for forty years, doing dangerous things like learning Urdu and playing the sitar. He has published book-length interviews with Edward Said, Noam Chomsky, Howard Zinn, Ejaz Ahmed, and Tariq Ali. (He even makes an appearance as a young, bell-bottom-wearing interviewer in Peter Wintonik’s documentary film based on Chomsky and Edward S. Herman’s Manufacturing Consent.) On his more recent trips to India he has done a series of radio interviews with activists, academics, filmmakers, journalists, and writers (including me).

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The narrow focus of human rights enables an atrocity-based analysis in which the larger picture can be blocked out and both parties in a conflict—say for example the Maoists and the Indian government, or the Israeli army and Hamas—can both be admonished as Human Rights Violators. The land grab by mining corporations and the history of the annexation of Palestinian land by the state of Israel then become footnotes with very little bearing on the discourse. This is not to suggest that human rights don’t matter. They do, but they are not a good enough prism through which to view or remotely understand the great injustices in the world we live in. Another conceptual coup has to do with foundations’ involvement with the feminist movement.

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The atmosphere on the highway between Kashmir’s capital, Srinagar, and my destination, the little apple town of Shopian in the South, was tense. Groups of soldiers were deployed along the highway, in the orchards, in the fields, on the rooftops, and outside shops in the little market squares. Despite months of curfew, the “stone pelters” calling for azadi (freedom), inspired by the Palestinian intifada, were out again. Some stretches of the highway were covered with so many of these stones that you needed an SUV to drive over them. Fortunately the friends I was with knew alternative routes down the back lanes and village roads. The “long cut” gave me the time to listen to their stories of this year’s uprising.

Chomsky on Mis-Education
by Noam Chomsky
Published 24 Mar 2000

The occasional reports are commonly of the kind one might find in a state-controlled press, as examples already cited illustrate. To mention another, in November 1988 the General Assembly voted 130 to 2 (the United States and Israel) for a resolution that “condemns” Israel for “killing and wounding defenseless Palestinians” in the suppression of the Palestinian uprising and “strongly deplores” its disregard for earlier Security Council resolutions condemning its actions in the occupied territories. This was reported in the New York Times. The first three paragraphs stated the basic facts. The rest of the article (ten paragraphs) was devoted to the U.S. and Israeli positions, to the abstainers, and to the “relatively poor showing” of the Arab states on earlier resolutions.

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Far from creating independent thinkers, schools have always, throughout history, played an institutional role in system of control and coercion. And once you are educated, you have already been socialized in ways that support the power structure, which, in turn, rewards you immensely.” In this sense, as Edward Said correctly points out, teachers are like other “professionals, experts, consultants who provide authority with their labor while gaining great profit.”8 As paid functionaries of the state, teachers are expected to engage in a form of moral, social, political, and economic reproduction designed to shape students in the image of the dominant society.

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As Chomsky so accurately stated in our dialogue, “This point is not lost on western intellectuals, who have no problem applying elementary moral principles in cases that involve official enemies.” In this sense, Chomsky urges all those who want to live democratically to join the chorus of real intellectuals characterized by Edward Said as those who take a risk in order to go beyond the easy certainties provided us by our background, language, nationality, which so often shield us from the reality of others. It also means looking for and trying to uphold a single standard for human behavior when it comes to such matters as foreign and social policy.

Empire
by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri
Published 9 Mar 2000

As soon as the nation begins to form as a sovereign state, its progressive functions all but vanish. Jean Genet was enchanted by the revolutionary desire ofthe Black Panthers and the Palestin- ians, but he recognized that becoming a sovereign nation would be the end oftheir revolutionary qualities. ‘‘The day when the Palestinians are institutionalized,’’ he said, ‘ I will no longer be at their side. The day the Palestinians become a nation like the other nations, I will no longer be there.’’30 With national ‘‘liberation’’ and the construction ofthe nation-state, all ofthe oppressive functions of modern sovereignty inevitably blossom in full force.

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.: Lexington Books, 1989); Jim George, Discourses of Global Politics: A Critical (Re)Introduction to International Relations (Boulder: Lynne Rienner Publications, 1994); and Michael Shapiro and Hayward Alker, Jr., eds., Territorial Identities and Global Flows (Minneapolis: University ofMinnesota Press, 1996). 8. Homi Bhabha, The Location of Culture (London: Routledge, 1994), p. 18. 9. Gyan Prakash, ‘‘Postcolonial Criticism and Indian Historiography,’’ Social Text, no. 31/32 (1992), 8. 10. See Edward Said, Culture and Imperialism (New York: Vintage, 1993), pp. 282–303. 11. Edward Said, ‘‘Arabesque,’’ New Statesman and Society, 7 (September 1990), 32. 12. Anders Stephanson gives an excellent account ofthe conceptions ofthe United States as a ‘‘new Jerusalem’’ in Manifest Destiny: American Expansionism and the Empire of Right (New York: Hill and Wang, 1995). 13.

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The post- colonialist perspective remains primarily concerned with colonial sovereignty. As Gyan Prakash says, ‘‘The postcolonial exists as an aftermath, as an after—after being worked over by colonialism.’’9 This may make postcolonialist theory a very productive tool for rereading history, but it is entirely insufficient for theorizing con- temporary global power. Edward Said, certainly one ofthe most brilliant to go under the label ofpostcolonial theory, manages to condemn the current global power structures only to the extent that they perpetuate cultural and ideological remnants ofEuropean colonialist rule.10 He charges that ‘‘the tactics ofthe great empires [that is, the European imperialisms], which were dismantled after the first world war, are being replicated by the U.S.’’11 What is missing here is a recognition ofthe novelty ofthe structures and logics ofpower that order the contemporary world.

Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
by Niall Ferguson
Published 1 Jan 2002

They can be summarized, I think, under two headings: those that stress the negative consequences for the colonized; and those that stress the negative consequences for the colonizers. In the former category belong both the nationalists and the Marxists, from the Mughal historian Gholam Hossein Khan, author of the Seir Mutaqherin (1789) to the Palestinian academic Edward Said, author of Orientalism (1978), by way of Lenin and a thousand others in between. In the latter camp belong the liberals, from Adam Smith onwards, who have maintained for almost as many years that the British Empire was, even from Britain’s point of view, ‘a waste of money’. The central nationalist/Marxist assumption is, of course, that imperialism was economically exploitative; every facet of colonial rule, including even the apparently sincere efforts of Europeans to study and understand indigenous cultures, was at root designed to maximize the ‘surplus value’ that could be extracted from the subject peoples.

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The ensuing wave of bitter inter-communal violence left at least 200,000 and perhaps as many as half a million people dead. Many more were uprooted from their homes: in 1951 around seven million people, one in ten of Pakistan’s total population, were refugees. In Palestine too the British cut and ran, in 1949, bequeathing to the world the unresolved question of the new state of Israel’s relations with the ‘stateless’ Palestinians and the neighbouring Arab states.† It was not until after Suez, however, that the dominoes really began to fall. In the immediate post-war period, there had been various grand designs for a ‘new’ Empire. The Foreign Secretary, Ernest Bevin, was convinced that the road to domestic economic recovery began in Africa.

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† Both the Jewish state and Arab nationalism were in some measure creations of British policy during the First World War; but the terms of the 1917 Balfour Declaration had turned out to contain a hopeless contradiction: ‘His Majesty’s Government view with favour the establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people, and will use their best endeavours to facilitate the achievement of this object, it being clearly understood that nothing shall be done which may prejudice the civil and religious rights of existing non-Jewish communities in Palestine …’ * The last instalment is due to be repaid in 2006.

Ghosts of Empire: Britain's Legacies in the Modern World
by Kwasi Kwarteng
Published 14 Aug 2011

Abd al-Ilah had been born in 1913, the son of Faisal I’s elder brother, Ali. He had been educated in Egypt at the elite Victoria College in Alexandria, ‘a transplanted English public school’ which had educated the sons of the Middle Eastern elite since 1902, and whose alumni would later include Edward Said, the Palestinian intellectual, and Omar Sharif, the actor. This educational background had made Abd al-Ilah ‘more at home among the English than the Iraqis’. Reticent, suave and ‘more English than the English’, he became the stereotype of the Anglo-Arab pasha with his well-cut suits and his taste for cricket.

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A decisive turning point occurred when he volunteered to help his friend Claude Conder on the Palestine Exploration Fund in 1874. In a bid for self-improvement, he was spending part of his leave in Hanover polishing his German when he was informed by Conder of the death in Palestine of the young civilian surveyor Charles Tyrwhitt-Drake. Lieutenant Kitchener grabbed his chance to take Tyrwhitt-Drake’s place and embarked on what promised to be an adventure, though the surveying work proved to be useful and dull rather than an obvious prelude to exciting military exploits. Palestine gave him the opportunity to learn Arabic, which accomplishment would define his career in Egypt and the Sudan, where he would make his name.

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Palestine gave him the opportunity to learn Arabic, which accomplishment would define his career in Egypt and the Sudan, where he would make his name. Meanwhile, his steady progress brought him back to London in 1876, after eighteen months in Palestine, where he and Conder prepared twenty-six sheets of a great map of Palestine for their topological survey. The following year he went back to Palestine for more fieldwork, and he took to his tasks with an energy and gusto which now began to impress observers. The French archaeologist Charles Clermont-Ganneau noticed the ‘tall, slim and vigorous’ Lieutenant who had an ‘ardour for his work’ which ‘astonished us’.11 The steady ascent in Kitchener’s career at this stage may have been a little plodding, but no one could deny the young engineer’s ambition.

The New Nomads: How the Migration Revolution Is Making the World a Better Place
by Felix Marquardt
Published 7 Jul 2021

For me, the Famous Five were Claude, François, Mick, Annie and Dagobert: I read every single one of their adventures, but I read them in French. The limits of cosmopolitanism were also apparent to me from a young age, and many years later, I knew exactly what Edward Said, who taught at my alma mater, meant when he described being ‘an uncomfortably anomalous student all through my early years: a Palestinian going to school in Egypt, with an English first name, an American passport and no certain identity at all’.8 There were moments when I would have preferred to be from a typically French family like most of the other kids at school.

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Among the Kawaakibi1 Foundation’s cofounders were the former deputy prime minister of Malaysia; the mufti of Tripoli in Lebanon; the late president of the Muslim Judicial Council of South Africa; the current president of the French Islamic Foundation; the rector of the great mosque of Bordeaux; and a Palestinian-Austrian cleric who teaches philosophy at Vienna University, authored a doctoral thesis on atheism and was one of the first Muslim theologians in the world to publicly defend the idea of women becoming imams. We pointed to the dangers of Arabo-centrism – the damaging, disproportionate influence of some of the world’s most repressive and retrograde regimes, primarily Saudi Arabia, in defining Islamic norms in a day and age when most Muslims aren’t Arabs.2 We questioned the wisdom of simply exclaiming ‘This has nothing to do with Islam!’

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Les Plats de Saison: Journal de l’Année 2000. Plon (2001). Revel, J-F. The Totalitarian Temptation. Translated by David Hapgood. Secker & Warburg (1977). Rodney, W. How Europe Underdeveloped Africa. Howard University Press (1981). Rischard, J. F. High Noon: 20 Global Problems, 20 Years to Solve Them. Perseus (2002). Sacco, J. Palestine. Jonathan Cape (2003). Saïd, E. Orientalism. Penguin (1985). Saïd, E. Out of Place: A Memoir. Granta (1999). Sarr, F. Afrotopia. Translated by Drew S. Burk. University of Minnesota Press (2020). Sattouf, R. The Arab of the Future: A Graphic Memoir. Two Roads (2016). Scott, J. C. Against the Grain: A Deep History of the Earliest States.

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril
by Satyajit Das
Published 9 Feb 2016

The owner of Rana Plaza was linked with one of Bangladesh's major political parties and allegedly used his influence to obtain approvals from the authorities, even though the building extensions did not comply with standards. The same pattern, repeated across countries and industries, relies on what Palestine-born writer Edward Said in 1978 termed Orientalism. This refers to the patronizing attitude of Westerners towards Asian, Middle Eastern, and African societies, which are seen as static and underdeveloped, and which a superior West can shape in accordance with its own requirements. This dehumanizing view was recognized by George Orwell in 1939: When you walk through a town like this—two hundred thousand inhabitants, of whom at least twenty thousand own literally nothing except the rags they stand up in—when you see how the people live, and still more how easily they die, it is always difficult to believe that you are walking among human beings.

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Consumers, business managers, and shareholders are unwilling to accept the higher cost or lower profits required to improve working conditions. The short attention span of the media and Western buyers means that ethical purchasing campaigns, except among the most dedicated, have lost momentum. You cannot separate, as Edward Said observed, Mansfield Park from the slave trade that was the source of its wealth. But little has changed since the early nineteenth century when Jane Austen wrote her novel. George Orwell was prescient when he wrote that “we all live by robbing Asiatic coolies, and those of us who are ‘enlightened’ all maintain that those coolies ought to be set free; but our standard of living, and hence our ‘enlightenment,’ demands that the robbery shall continue.”12 Economic apartheid, in the shape of inequality, now threatens growth.13 The newfound focus on inclusive capitalism highlights the exclusion of significant portions of the population from the benefits of economic expansion.

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The seventies was the decade of oil shocks, which occurred in 1973 and 1979 and ended a period of low prices. In the US this was compounded by oil production peaking. In October 1973, Arab members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo, in response to US backing for Israel during the Yom Kippur War and in support of the Palestinians. The price of oil rose from US$3 per barrel to nearly US$12. In 1979, in the wake of the Iranian revolution, oil output fell and the price rose to nearly US$40 per barrel. This resulted in higher inflation and a sharp global economic slowdown. This decade saw the collapse of the Bretton Woods international monetary system.

Dreaming in Public: Building the Occupy Movement
by Amy Lang and Daniel Lang/levitsky
Published 11 Jun 2012

. ♦ bostonreview.net/BR37.1/gianpaolo_baiocchi_ernesto_ganuza_spain_indignados_democracy.php PEOPLE OVER PROFIT See, The Nigerian Revolution Has Begun Emmanuel Iduma 9 January 2012 You tell me that if I speak I will not be heard. No. I will speak and I will be heard. I am not a writer only by talent. I am a writer because I want to be a witness, a real witness. You recall Edward Said: ‘There was something wrong with how I was invented.’ Yes, you do. So you understand that I have been out of place for too long. Yet, I am taking the chances of return. When I was invented I was told I was less because I am Nigerian, that I did not have certain opportunities. I will not go to a good school.

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The blockade is also intended to disrupt the profits of the 1% by showing solidarity with those in the 99% who are under direct attack by corporate tyranny – exerting the collective muscle of the west coast occupies. 3. The ILWU rank and file have historically honored community picket lines in the port – for example, they refused to cross community picket lines to unload cargo from apartheid South Africa. They refused to cross picket lines at an Israeli ship protesting the Israeli blockade of Palestinians in Gaza. 4. The ILWU did not call for the 2 November general strike in Oakland, either. However, they did not cross the picket lines, set up by tens of thousands of people, including labor, community and student groups, at the Oakland ports. They have a history of honoring such picket lines. 5.

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Throughout this collection, we use ‘Occupy’ and ‘Occupy/Decolonize’ interchangeably to designate this new movement as a whole. Our reasons are multiple. We want, first, to credit the arguments against ‘occupation’ and the ways in which the word Occupy erases both histories of colonialism and experiences of military rule. But beyond this, our own active opposition to existing military occupations – in Palestine, in Afghanistan, in Iraq – means the unmodified term ‘Occupy’ makes us queasy, even though OWS is, as a sign at Zuccotti Park says, ‘an occupation a radical Jew can get behind.’ Nonetheless, ‘Occupy’ has become the commonplace name for the movement, no matter how many of its participants feel, as we do, that ‘Reclaim’ or ‘Decolonize’ better suit its realities and aims.

Civilization: The West and the Rest
by Niall Ferguson
Published 28 Feb 2011

Author’s calculations from CBO data. 36. Congressional Budget Office, ‘The Budget and Economic Outlook: An Update’ (August 2010), table 1.7. 37. Huntington, Clash of Civilizations. 38. Huntington, ‘Clash of Civilizations’, p. 22. 39. Sen, Identity and Violence; Berman, Terror and Liberalism. See also Edward Said, ‘The Clash of Ignorance’, Nation, 22 October 2001. 40. Tusicisny, ‘Civilizational Conflicts’. 41. Marshall and Gurr, Peace and Conflict, appendix, table 11.1. 42. See e.g. Luard, War in International Society. 43. David E. Sanger, ‘With Warning, Obama Presses China on Currency’, New York Times, 23 September 2010. 44.

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Yet recurrent bouts of violence, notably the youth-led Arab intifadas, have tended to restore the division of the city, while persuading many Israelis that a return to the pre-1967 borders must be part of an enduring peace settlement. Nevertheless, Israeli law still asserts that ‘Jerusalem, completed and unified, is the capital of Israel’. Since 1988, meanwhile, the Palestinians have claimed the city (which they call al-Quds al-Sharif) as their capital. At the time of writing, any compromise on the issue is hard to imagine. * He might equally well have called the continent ‘Columbia’, but Vespucci’s 1504 book Mundus novus (‘New World’) had stolen some of Columbus’ thunder

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To seek a guide other than knowledge and science is [a mark of] heedlessness, ignorance and aberration.’102 In breaking up the Ottoman Empire and propelling its Turkish core towards secularism, the First World War struck a blow – admittedly an unintended one – for the values of the Scientific Revolution and the Enlightenment. To ensure victory, however, the British sought to mobilize internal enemies against the Sultan, among them the Arabs and the Jews. To the Arabs the British promised independent kingdoms. To the Jews they promised a new ‘national home for the Jewish people’ in Palestine. These promises, as we know, proved to be incompatible. Though holy to all three monotheistic religions, Jerusalem today sometimes seems like the modern equivalent of Vienna in 1683 – a fortified city on the frontier of Western civilization. Founded in May 1948 as a Jewish state, by Jews but not exclusively for Jews, the State of Israel regards itself as a Western outpost.

Frommer's Egypt
by Matthew Carrington
Published 8 Sep 2008

At the western end of the city lies the harbor, where the famous lighthouse once stood (now the site of the 09_259290-ch06.qxp 7/22/08 12:31 AM Page 130 Alexandria 2 EL-ANFUSHI 4 1 3 5 6 7 8 See ” Central Alexandria” map SID GABIR 11 10 9 Sidi Gabir Station Main Station 14 13 15 SIDI EL MADRA DINING Abu Ashraf 4 Fish Market 6 Grand Café 5 Greek Maritime Club 3 Malak al Mango 8 Qadoura 7 Tikka Grill 6 12 ZOO Gebrial Station ACCOMMODATIONS El Salamlek Palace Hotel 18 Four Seasons Hotel Alexandria 14 Helnan Palestine 17 San Giovanni 12 Qaitbey Fort); at the eastern end are the Montaza Gardens, once a royal hunting ground and now the site of the Helnan Palestine and Salamlek hotels. The two are rather unfortunately linked by an enormous road that runs where you would expect the beach to be and cuts the city off from the sea. Known as the Corniche, it represents one of the biggest failures of urban planning in Egypt.

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LE1,919 ($350/£178) standard; LE2,467 ($448/£228) sea-view double. AE, DC, MC, V. Amenities: 6 restaurants; 3 bars; pool; health club; spa. In room: Minibar, safe, CD player, dataport and Wi-Fi Internet access. An unattractive cement building from the outside, the Helnan Palestine nevertheless has a lovely location on the sweep of the beach in the Montaza Helnan Palestine 09_259290-ch06.qxp 7/22/08 12:31 AM Page 141 ALEXANDRIA 141 Gardens at the eastern end of the Corniche. Sea-view rooms have a great, unobstructed view (no eight-lane thoroughfare here, thanks to the garden location) out over the Mediterranean, and both the pool and the restaurants look over the cove and the beach.

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Originally published in French in 1993, Willard Wood’s translation is extremely readable. • Christian Jacq, The Battle of Kadesh (Grand Central Publishing, 1998): • • • • • This is a ripping yarn of a tale, and the middle of a five-book series about Ramses II, a Pharaoh for whom this French Egyptologist seems to have a particular penchant. Edward Said, Out of Place (Vintage Books, 1999): This is a little slice of life from 1940s Cairo—the recollections of an oddly privileged childhood from one of the more interesting commentators on the colonial and post-colonial experience. E. M. Forster, Alexandria: A History and a Guide (American University in Cairo Press, 2004): What better travel companion than the great E.

The Musical Human: A History of Life on Earth
by Michael Spitzer
Published 31 Mar 2021

The crumbling city, for centuries the West’s gateway to Asia, has epitomised this poetic idea. See, for example, Thomas Mann’s novella, Death in Venice, as well as Luchino Visconti’s lugubrious film version, for ever associated with Gustav Mahler’s haunting Adagietto from his Fifth Symphony. It is revealing, then, that the great Palestinian writer Edward Said made his name with two complementary texts: Orientalism, which virtually invented the discipline of postcolonialism; and On Late Style.93 And it is equally telling that discussions of what the West styles as ‘the East’ are conspicuously absent from the latter book, and this makes perfect sense.

…

All this means that Egyptian music acquired a much more flexible and elaborate tuning system. Through contact with Asia, the rigid music of Egypt began to melt. And so starts the great story of Western music’s love affair with the sinuous and exotic sounds of what the West disparagingly calls ‘the Orient’. We hear this ‘Orientalism’ (Edward Said’s term – see chapter 2) in Mozart’s flirtation with Turkish marching bands (see the Rondo alla Turca from his Piano Sonata no. 11 in A major, K. 331), and the Moorish sighs of the Spanish guitar. This love affair began in ancient Egypt. Figure 6.1 Animal musicians in a Dynasty 19 papyrus Egypt’s relationship with ‘the Orient’ was part of a system of exchanges spanning most of Asia.

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Cricket is a particularly good comparison, because the many former colonies of Britain who adopted the sport (such as India, Pakistan, South Africa and the West Indies) made it their own, just as Mexican indios made Spanish counterpoint their own.8 The chapter also asks who are the losers. The casualties of globalisation include the many folk traditions that indigenous peoples had to give up in order to fit in with their rulers. Cortés massacred not just Indians musicians, but the music they played. The cultural theorist Edward Said borrowed the metaphor of ‘counterpoint’ to capture this darker side of globalisation.9 At first glance, the interweaving voices of a contrapuntal texture are a nice analogy for multiculturalism.10 The metaphor quickly darkens when we realise that not all voices are equal. Cultural counterpoint is not some happy-go-lucky open society of relaxed pluralism, but a power struggle between ‘voices’ that are dominant, and those that are dominated (or ‘subaltern’).

The Wealth and Poverty of Nations: Why Some Are So Rich and Some So Poor
by David S. Landes
Published 14 Sep 1999

Any indulgence for Israel is proof of error and irrelevance, if not worse. Thus Edward Said and followers have worked to exclude and denigrate Bernard Lewis, a leading authority in the field, as “orientalist” and “essentialist,” but also “too close to the Israeli cause to be regarded as capable of impartial judgment.” To be sure, “Lewis has given as good as he has got. Nevertheless, Said’s critique has found a body of support among Western scholars, while it has been echoed with relish by Islamists and others in the Middle East.”38 On the other hand, some outside scholars qualify because they agree politically with the gatekeepers. So Edward Said makes an exception in Orientalism for a handful of Western scholars—pro-Palestinian, pro-Arab, pro-Muslim—who may or may not be right, but are on what he sees as the right side.

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Whether deliberate or unconscious (and it was both), it prepared the way for reconnaissance and exploitation. In recent years, anticolonialist critics have made much of the alleged misdeeds of Western curiosity, putting scholars, spies, and diplomatic agents in the same knaves’ basket. The best known elaboration of these charges is Edward Said’s much-discussed Orientalism (1978). (More on this powerful and influential book in chapter 24, pp. 415-18.) Insofar as the critique holds that only insiders can know the truth about their societies, it is wrong. Insofar as one uses this claim to discredit the work of intellectual adversaries, it is polemical and antiscientifìc.

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This is the sin of writing about Asia, but especially the Middle East, from the outside, that is, from the standpoint of the condescending, hostile, exploitative West. Attacks on the once respectable fascination with things Eastern go back at least to the 1960s; but it was the publication in 1978 of Edward Said’s book of this name (Orientalism) that gave the charges currency and called into question most Western writing on the Middle East.35 The bill of indictment ran as follows: 1. Studies by outsiders distort the subject of inquiry by turning persons into objects. These objects are by definition ripe for manipulation and domination.

The Road Not Taken: Edward Lansdale and the American Tragedy in Vietnam
by Max Boot
Published 9 Jan 2018

Navy assembled a flotilla of vessels to ferry refugees south. Lansdale persuaded the French, using American funds, to hire Civil Air Transport to evacuate refugees by air. (CAT was a CIA-run airline that in 1959 would be renamed Air America.) Lansdale was “very mindful of the Palestinian refugees, and how badly that had been handled,” with the Palestinians settling after the birth of Israel in squalid refugee camps in neighboring Arab states, where they became ripe for radicalization.37 Therefore, he insisted, the newcomers should be integrated into South Vietnamese society rather than sent to refugee camps. The first U.S.

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Like later advocates of “free love,” Burton inveighed against the “silly prejudice and miserable hypocrisy” of Europe and advocated “the comparatively unrestrained intercourse between men and women” which supposedly existed “among savages and barbarians,” because it “relieved the brain through the body.”7 Many years later, the literary scholar Edward Said would accuse Western explorers of being invidious “Orientalists” who exploited the people they came into contact with. There is an element of truth in the charge, but many were also driven by genuine enthusiasm for discovery, and the exploitation was not entirely one-sided—many poor Asian women saw relationships with Westerners as an opportunity for economic betterment and an escape from tightly constricted lives in traditional societies.

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Once established, the foreign person or groups serve our own best national interests by serving their own national interests, which coincide with ours.”9 This view was anathema at the CIA, where cynical intelligence officers viewed it as hopelessly naïve. Lansdale was hardly the first or last covert operative to run up against this prejudice. So did, among others, Robert Ames, the CIA’s premier Middle East case officer in the 1970s and 1980s. Ames established an invaluable friendship with the Palestine Liberation Organization’s Ali Hassan Salameh, who served as an informal American conduit to the PLO leader Yasser Arafat. Yet, as the historian Kai Bird has shown, CIA colleagues repeatedly sabotaged the relationship and almost drove Salameh away by demanding, over Ames’s protests, that he sign a contract to become a controlled agency asset—something that he refused to do.10 Not finding a niche in the intelligence bureaucracy, Lansdale in 1957 severed his relationship with the CIA, which had begun in 1950 when he had gone to work for its forerunner, the Office of Policy Coordination.

Outposts: Journeys to the Surviving Relics of the British Empire
by Simon Winchester
Published 31 Dec 1985

Then again, the rather more widely appropriated culture of repudiation, which lies at the heart of so much present-day art and literature, has enabled many to challenge the comfortable old assumptions of white-run Empire simply because they are comfortable and old and white, and has elevated anti-colonialist sentiment to the status of high fashion. Edward Said, the noted and prolific Palestinian scholar at Columbia University, who wrote the groundbreaking 1978 work Orientalism and went on to publish Culture and Imperialism in 1993, has long been a standard-bearer for the new movement. Few are the students who do not regard his trenchant views of the cruel and crabbed legacies of colonialism as having the heft and authority of Holy Writ.

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And once India had gone, and King George stopped signing his letters with the letter ‘I’ to denote him as Imperator, and once the Union flag that had flown night and day over the Lucknow Residency had been returned to Windsor Castle, so, gradually, and with some pain and not a little sadness, the remaining shards of Empire fell away—they were, it was felt, too costly, too inconvenient, too restive and anyway, in many cases ready (if not always quite able) to stand alone. Burma and Ceylon were the first to peel away, and then, with consequences still so unhappily evident today, the mandated territory of Palestine. Newfoundland, Britain’s oldest colony (Sir Humphrey Gilbert had taken possession of it in 1583), a place of codfish and pinewoods and where they used dogs for pulling carts, had gone bankrupt before the war; once the fight was over the Bank of England had a look at the Newfies’ account book, pronounced all now well and—such was the fading Imperial spirit—organised a referendum so the loggers and the fishermen could decide what to do next.

The Prince of the Marshes: And Other Occupational Hazards of a Year in Iraq
by Rory Stewart
Published 1 Jan 2005

Occasionally his professor accompanied him to al-Mutanabi Street, where books had been sold for a thousand years or more, and they sat together in the café next to the market, while the older man discussed Paris with his friends. Ali still sympathized with the professor but he was confused: the teacher who was so unflinching in his criticism of Israel apparently found nothing to criticize in Saddam’s Iraq; he spoke movingly about Edward Said and western stereotypes of Arabia but maintained that Iraqis could only be ruled by fear. Gradually Ali began to see that he could spend his whole life in the comfortable surroundings of the university or the government, gaining slowly in status, without becoming a fragment of what he had dreamed.

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Or perhaps he was just copying what almost everyone else was doing in the developing world in the seventies. [back] *** 5This is only one example from dozens stretching from faded old parties, such as Ayatollah Taqi Modaressi’s Islamic Labor and its cousin Talia to the many new parties with resonant names—such as “Hamas,” which was no relation to the Palestinian Hamas and consisted of only two men and a briefcase. Iraqis were as confused as we were by Harakat Hizbollah (the Movement of the Party of God)—an armed offshoot of the Iranian-linked SCIRI—which was quite different from Hizbollah Iraq (which belonged to the Prince of the Marshes) and from Hizbollah Lebanon (which was an offshoot of the original Dawa).

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The translator rendered it as “The Coalition does this; the Coalition does that; the Coalition does the other,” but whether through politeness or fear he had mistranslated. Seyyed Hassan had not said “Quwwat-al-itilaf,” or Coalition; he had said “Quwwat-al-ihtilal”—the Occupation. A word of great resonance for Arabs, conjuring the French occupation of Algeria and the Israeli occupation of Palestine. Nevertheless, I saw an opportunity here. For the first time, the leader of the Sadr office in Maysan was frightened enough to come to our office, to offer cooperation and ask for help. We had a chance to bind into our structures the most hostile, heavily armed Islamist group in the province—a group that no one really had the will or strength to confront.

A History of Future Cities
by Daniel Brook
Published 18 Feb 2013

Sujata Patel and Alice Thorner (Bombay: Oxford University Press, 1995), 168. 107 “a most powerful lever”: Albuquerque, Urbs Prima in Indis, 161. 107 “Remember, I pray you”: Vijay Tapas, ed., University of Mumbai, 1857–2000: At the Dawn of a New Century (Mumbai: University of Mumbai, 1999), 5. 108 “The number of native people”: Ranganathan, Govind Narayan’s Mumbai, 228. 109 Architectural historians surmise: Andreas Volwahsen, Splendours of Imperial India: British Architecture in the 18th and 19th Centuries (Munich: Prestel Verlag, 2004), 149. 109 “cultures that overlap”: Edward Said, Orientalism, rev. ed. (New York: Penguin Classics, 2003), xxii. 110 “joint enterprise”: Preeti Chopra, A Joint Enterprise: Indian Elites and the Making of British Bombay (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2011). 111 “As the lamp-lighters”: Albuquerque, Urbs Prima in Indis, 191–192. 111 “700,000 human beings”: ibid., 174. 111 “Bombay has had a lower death-rate”: Worsfold, Sir Bartle Frere, 35. 112 “Aerated waters, in bottles”: Great Indian Peninsula Railway Company, Railway Goods Traffic Classification Adopted by Great Indian Peninsula and Bombay Baroda & Central India Railways (Bombay: “Bombay Gazette” Press, 1865). 112 “The ‘difficulty’ of America”: Albuquerque, Urbs Prima in Indis, 13. 112 “Splendid buildings sprang up”: J.

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Petersburg), 132 “Nose, The” (Gogol), 134 NTV, 283 Okhitovich, Mikhail, 233, 234 opium, 56, 57, 59, 68, 70, 77, 110, 112, 191 Opium War, 57–58 Orange County, California, 364 Orange County, China, 11 Orbeli, Iosif, 235 Otis Elevator, 277 Oxford University, Mumbai University’s modeling on, 3, 107, 108, 116, 124 Pakistan, Dubai expatriates from, 263, 363 Palafox, Jun, 265 Palestinian Liberation Organization (PLO), 355 Palladio, Andrea, 27 Pan, Lynn, 243–44, 245 Pan Hannian, 245, 246, 247 Panthéon (Paris), 47 Paramount Pictures, 258 Paris, France: Catherine the Great’s art collecting in, 36 neoclassical architecture in, 47 Russia’s occupation of, 44, 48 salons in, 29 Shanghai’s modeling on, 58 victory column in, 47 Park Hotel (Shanghai), 195 Parland, Alfred, 141 Parsis: in Mumbai, 94, 97, 98, 99, 332 in Shanghai, 69 Patriot Act, 356 Paul I, Emperor of Russia, 46 Pavlova, Anna, 214 Pearl Harbor, 240 pearls, 261 People’s Liberation Army, 243, 301–2 People’s Will, 138–40, 156 perestroika, 271, 273 Persia: Dubai traders from, 260–61 see also Iran Peter and Paul Cathedral, 31 Peter and Paul Fortress, 24, 42, 138 Peter the Great, Emperor of Russia: architectural book collection of, 26 cultural selectiveness of, 8, 20–23, 44 death of, 31 equestrian statue of, 50, 51 European tours of, 17–21, 25, 29 Nicholas II’s disdain for, 152, 153 rebellion against, 32 religious policy of, 23, 30, 38 Russian nobility’s Westernization by, 21–22, 25, 29 St.

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(As the UAE has no antidiscrimination law, by company policy, Emirates prefers not to hire male flight attendants.) Dubai was a common refueling stop for hijacked jets, and Sheikh Mohammed became one of the world’s most experienced hostage negotiators. In dealings with fearsome groups including the (pre-Oslo) Palestine Liberation Organization, Japanese Red Army, and Baader-Meinhof Gang, an underground cell of West German radicals, Mohammed never lost a passenger. The young sheikh’s triumphs barely made the international news, but they foreshadowed a development strategy that would serve his city well: Dubai would be an island of stability in a wealthy but volatile region, headed by a businessman/autocrat who thrived on high-stakes negotiations.

The Cosmopolites: The Coming of the Global Citizen
by Atossa Araxia Abrahamian
Published 14 Jul 2015

I recognize my blind inheritance of an international upbringing, of bumping into acquaintances at airports, of always having someone to call on during an unexpected layover. But this condition comes with some challenges, both personal and political. The historian Tony Judt wrote that the Palestinian theorist Edward Said tellingly observed just a few months before his death, “I still have not been able to understand what it means to love a country.” That, of course, is the characteristic condition of the rootless cosmopolitan. It is not very comfortable or safe to be without a country to love: It can bring down upon your head the anxious hostility of those for whom such rootlessness suggests a corrosive independence of spirit.

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More than ever, people want or need to belong to, or be accepted in, places they were not assigned to by the accident of birth, whether for economic, personal, or political reasons: the farm worker from Mexico who looks to California for seasonal employment; the boats of Syrian refugees who drown escaping violence on their way to Europe; the Chinese billionaire who invests in foreign stocks and educates his kids in Canada; the Irishman in love with a Singaporean girl, kept apart because of artificial borders set by historical accident. The cosmopolitan idea that Edward Said embodied is itself a kind of historical accident. It emerged in the West after the Peloponnesian War—ostensibly a defeat for Athens, but, more importantly, a fatal blow to the international order over which the city-state had presided. In the following century, Greece’s best political minds set themselves to picking up the pieces.

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Around 300 people of different nationalities sat crammed in ten small holding cells, as Khaleq remembers it. Unnamed guards spat insults. He was a dissident, they said. He did not belong in the UAE. Technically, they were right. He spent about a week in Al Shahamah before being transferred to yet another jail, where a Palestinian prison mate told Khaleq that he’d been in jail for thirteen years for a drug offense. “May God help you. Lord knows how long you will stay here,” he told Khaleq. Khaleq was put in solitary confinement. “We were in complete isolation,” he says. “In solitary you become mad. I need to speak with somebody!

Asymmetry
by Lisa Halliday
Published 6 Feb 2018

If I were in charge, we’d sit here and listen to the whole hour and a half of it, because each of the pieces builds on the last, they’re discrete and yet all the richer for being heard together, and you just ache with the mounting intensity of it. The vibrancy. The innocence. The concentration. I like Barenboim’s version, partly because of his association with Edward Said, who of course before he died wrote an essay on late style—the notion that an awareness of one’s life and therefore one’s artistic contribution coming to an end affects the artist’s style, whether by imbuing it with a sense of resolution and serenity or with intransigence, difficulty, contradiction.

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“I’m laughing at the way I talk!” He hung up. “Forty minutes. What should we do?” “Take a Vicodin?” “We’ve already done that.” Alice sighed and flopped backward onto the bed. “Oh, if only there were a baseball game on!” “Ooh, you’re going to pay for that, little bitch. . . .” He was telling her about a beautiful Palestinian journalist who’d been at the party and wanted to interview him when Alice frowned and lifted her head from his chest. “Uh-oh.” “What?” “Your heart is doing something funny.” “What’s funny about it?” “Shhhh.” He raised his eyebrows at her and waited. Alice lifted her head again. “It’s doing three beats then a pause, four beats then a pause, three beats then a pause.”

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On the back, in black marker and his singularly mesmerizing slant, he had written: HEY, DOODLE. I DO LOVE YOU, YOU KNOW. • • • In the shallow end she popped up beside him. He said, “You’re like a little boat.” Alice shook the water from one ear and pushed off for another lap. When she’d swum back to him, he said, “Remember Nayla?” “The Palestinian?” “Yep. She came out to interview me last week, and Mary-Alice, I’m telling you, she has the most beautiful skin you’ve ever seen. It’s like . . .” He smoothed a hand down his cheek. “Chocolate milk.” “Chocolate soymilk.” “That’s right.” “So it went well.” Alice floated onto her back. “I invited her to have lunch with me when I get back to the city.

The Passenger: Paris
by AA.VV.
Published 26 Jun 2021

The concept of an Orient lost and found is thus constructed. It’s precisely this orientalism based in proximity – a concept of the Other that is at once distant but very close by – that defines the semantic slip that occurred in the early 2000s. If orientalism is perceived as ‘a Western mode of domination, restriction and authority over the Orient’ (as Edward Said posited in Orientalism), and the Orient being not a geographical area but a shifting concept of territoriality, the disadvantaged suburbs of French cities become post-colonial sites. With the 9/11 attacks and the wars in Afghanistan and Iraq as a backdrop, the figure of the terrifying Arab man came into focus.

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The press then turned its attention to the methods adopted by Mitterrand’s unit, and it emerged that the gendarmes had planted the weapons. It took almost four decades for any of those responsible for the attack at Chez Jo Goldenberg to be arrested, the most recent being in Norway in September 2020. It was carried out by the Fatah Revolutionary Council, a Palestinian paramilitary movement founded by Abu Nidal, a controversial, murderous figure suspected of collaboration with the Israeli intelligence agency Mossad. In 2019 the former head of the French domestic secret service (DST), Yves Bonnet, revealed the existence of an agreement with the terrorists under which they would promise to end attacks on French soil in exchange for immunity.

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The legal disparity continued even after Algeria won independence, when hundreds of thousands of former colonial subjects from North Africa continued to arrive in metropolitan France. Jews like the Attal family, originally from the Algerian city of Constantine, arrived in France as citizens. Muslims, however, had to apply to the government for the privilege of citizenship. Benzine also noted ‘the unfortunate reality that the Palestinian tragedy fuels the perception among many Muslims that we somehow have the Jews of France to blame’. Another factor, he said, is the so-called concurrence des mémoires. ‘We have this competition of who’s suffering most,’ Benzine said. Many French citizens of West African origin, for instance, argue that while the French state has invested fully in preserving the memory of the Holocaust, it has made little effort to preserve the memory of slavery.

Adriatic: A Concert of Civilizations at the End of the Modern Age
by Robert D. Kaplan
Published 11 Apr 2022

This foreshadowed the religious and cultural tensions in Europe, and particularly in France, today. Christendom, though it indicated a “totality,” a complete civilization almost, and therefore a psychological unity, was also a very “insecure” idea, since it clarified the difference with—and the perceived danger of—a nearby Muslim world. (Thus was Edward Said’s concept of Orientalism born.) Later on, explains Hay, because of Church schisms—political and otherwise—that religious unity would be lost. But it didn’t matter really, since in a larger sense the very idea of being Christian had already become geographically identified with the European subcontinent itself, especially after the Orthodox Christian empire of Byzantium lost Asia Minor to the Muslim Turks in the fourteenth and fifteenth centuries, bringing the so-called Islamic threat even closer.

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Along it you are in the warm and cosmopolitan embrace of the Mediterranean; leaving it to journey upward into the mountains, you enter a somewhat colder, more insular environment, one far more influenced historically by the Austrians, and farther south by the Ottomans and the Near East. Indeed, Venice in the eighteenth century saw Dalmatia as “balanced between civilization and barbarism,” and hence in need of a “civilizing” mission. Thus was born a Venetian version of Edward Said’s Orientalism, undertaken in order to clarify Venice’s own standing in the West, given how La Serenissima itself was imbued by its association with eastern Byzantium. Venice would henceforth define itself in opposition to Dalmatia, and attempt half-heartedly to save it at the same time, writes Larry Wolff, a professor of history at New York University, in Venice and the Slavs: The Discovery of Dalmatia in the Age of Enlightenment.[8] Eighteenth-century Venetian Orientalism is the focus of Wolff’s densely detailed academic study, a subject that might seem obscure from afar, but which acquires striking immediacy once you are here.

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.[*8] It was during his confinement, finally freed from the burdens of his commercial and military responsibilities, that he was able to carefully dictate the story of his travels in Asia. Marco Polo, who began his twenty-four-year-long trek to Asia by sailing down the eastern shore of the Adriatic in A.D. 1271, would spend considerable periods of time in Palestine, Turkey, northern Iraq, Iran in its entirety from the Azeri and Kurdish north to the Persian Gulf, northern and eastern Afghanistan, and China’s ethnic-Turkic Xinjiang Province, before arriving at the court of the Mongol emperor Kublai Khan, in Cambulac (modern-day Beijing). From Cambulac he would make forays across the whole of China and down into Vietnam and Myanmar.

Europe: A History
by Norman Davies
Published 1 Jan 1996

The French established themselves in Lebanon. In 1916 General Allenby advanced into Palestine from the British base in Egypt, riding into Jerusalem on Christmas Day. The British also entered Mesopotamia. They captured Baghdad after a humiliating reverse in March 1917, and pressed on into Persia. Both Arabs and Zionist Jews took heart from the British victories. On 2 November 1917 the British Foreign Minister, Arthur Balfour, was persuaded to issue a declaration accepting the principle of a Jewish National Home in Palestine. In the Caucasus, Russians and Ottomans struggled back and forth over the mountainous Armenian border region.

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See George James, Stolen Legacy (San Francisco, 1976), which maintains that European philosophy and creative thought derive from Africa. 58. S. Amin, Eurocentrism (London, 1989); V. Lambropoulos, The Rise of Eurocentrism: anatomy of interpretation (London, 1993). 59. Jacques Ellul, Trahison de l’occident (Paris, 1975), 217. 60. Edward Said, Orientalism (London, 1978). 61. In his History of Western Civilization: A Handbook (see n. 64 below), W. H. McNeill uses ‘Western Civilization’ interchangeably with ‘the Civilization of Western Europe’, ‘European Civilization’, ‘our civilization’, and ‘European History’. He makes two main divisions: ‘Classical Civilization’ and, from AD c.900, ‘European Civilization’, the latter identified with ‘Western Christendom’ (pp. v-vii, 243–8). 62.

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The Babylonians ruled over the Land of the Two Rivers, united by Hammurabi the Lawgiver. Hammurabi’s Code, based on the principle of ‘an eye for an eye, a. tooth for a tooth’, was the civilizational high point of the age. The Assyrians had recently become the vassals of Babylon. The Hittites, having formed the strongest state in western Asia, were starting to press into Palestine. (See Appendix III, p. 1216.) The Minoans may well have had dealings with the pre-Latin peoples of Italy. There was no obstacle to their ships cruising into the western Mediterranean. They could also have met the Bell-Beaker People and the Megalith-Builders of Malta and southern Spain, and have sailed into the Black Sea, where they could have encountered the Tripolye People.

From Peoples into Nations
by John Connelly
Published 11 Nov 2019

Other movements planned the settlement of foreign colonies—for example, a Czech outpost in Asia—but always maintained that the homeland was the supposed original ethnic settlement in Europe. For Zionists, the Jewish homeland was Palestine, Eretz Yisrael, and like Czech or Hungarian nationalists, they argued from historical sources about original ownership. But Zionists also faced the unique challenge of building the national organization where “their” nation was a small minority, in territory controlled first by Ottomans and then by the British, who consented to Jewish settlement during World War I, but at a gradual rate. Thus, a new Jewish homeland emerged slowly. By 1914, only some 85,000 Jews had put down roots in Palestine, where they lived under difficult conditions among 700,000 Arabs, who overwhelmingly opposed further Zionist settlement.68 Therefore, from its emergence in the 1890s until after World War II, the heartland of Zionism remained East Central Europe

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The author of the study in question, the anthropologist Benedict Anderson, uncovers some of those names for his readers—Dobrovský, Jungmann, and Kazinczy—but gives no inkling of the passions that fired their labors. He connects them to a genealogy of ideas of a Europe to which they did not belong, to Western imaginations preoccupied with the exploitation of America and Asia. But Dobrovský and Jungmann were concerned about their own local peoples. They were not like the scholar-historians described by Edward Said, who thirsted to witness the “different, the strange, the distant.” Instead they were obsessed with ensuring that what was different and strange in Bohemia or Hungary did not disappear.33 They were romantics whose quiet Sturm and Drang struggle and lived paradox jibe poorly with the schemes of social scientists.

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Herzl concluded that nothing Jews could do would ensure for them a life of dignity and safety in European Christian societies.65 In 1896, Herzl published The Jewish State, and two years later, he organized the first Zionist congress in Basel, with 200 attendees in formal attire. Herzl was not the first to propose a Jewish return to Palestine, but he was indispensable as an organizer and propagator. During the few years remaining in his life, he traveled incessantly, raised funds, and met heads of state (including Emperor Wilhelm of Germany and the Ottoman sultan). His movement grew rapidly, from 117 associations in 1897 to 913 a year later, and when he died in 1904, Zionism was a fact of European politics, with hundreds of thousands of adherents and unstoppable energy.66 Zionism grew to particular strength in the Eastern European lands where Jews faced prejudice combined with poverty.

Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain
by John Darwin
Published 12 Feb 2013

Indeed, a powerful school of writers has forcefully argued that the deliberate reshaping of colonial minds, the deliberate remaking of what was thought of as ‘knowledge’, was an essential, perhaps the essential, part of the apparatus of colonial domination. Such ‘epistemic violence’ underwrote the more visible means of control. The most brilliant exponent of this seductive idea was the American literary critic Edward Said. In his Orientalism (1978), he took up the idea that all public discussion is governed by rules laying down what can or can’t be said. Those who wish to converse in public must accept the terms of the ‘discourse’ or be regarded as ignoramuses, criminals, cranks or madmen. Those who manage the discourse are thus able to exercise enormous power, all the more formidable because its sanctions are silent, invisible and intellectually lethal.

…

The rapid advance of submarine warfare, and the huge scale of their shipping losses, forced them on the defensive at sea until the balance was changed in late 1917 by the addition of American sea power in the North Atlantic. The third major war was the most obviously imperial. When the Ottoman Empire threw its lot in with Germany and Austria-Hungary in October 1914, its armies posed an immediate threat to two key British interests: the Suez Canal, close to Ottoman Palestine; and the large Anglo-Persian Oil Company depot at Abadan near Basra. Behind the need to protect these great installations lurked a less tangible but no less urgent imperative. In their Indian Empire, the British ruled over millions of Muslims for whom the Ottoman Sultan was the khalifa – the ‘Commander of the Faithful’ – to whom allegiance was owed.

…

But in 1917, despite another costly offensive, the Western Front was at stalemate. In the Middle East war, the desperate attempt to take the Dardanelles and open the Straits to supply the Russian war effort was another costly disaster. And although Russian armies attacked the Turks from the Caucasus, the British forces in Palestine and Iraq made very slow progress (the British captured Jerusalem in December 1917 but their advance then stalled). Then after more than three years of war, they were plunged into the vortex. It began with the collapse of Russia’s war effort after the Bolshevik coup of October 1917. In the following March, the ‘surrender’ treaty of Brest-Litovsk left the Germans free to recall much of their Eastern Front army, to control the Ukraine and its vast grain reserves, and send military help round the Black Sea to their Ottoman allies.

Why Orwell Matters
by Christopher Hitchens
Published 1 Jan 2002

Must we inevitably forget the complex reality that produced the event just so that we can experience concern at mob violence? Is there to be no remarking of the power that put the reporter or analyst there in the first place and made it possible to represent the world as a function of comfortable concern? (Edward Said: ‘Tourism Among the Dogs’ [1980]) It would be dangerous to blind ourselves to the fact that in the West millions of people may be inclined, in their anguish and fear, to flee from their own responsibility for mankind’s destiny and to vent their anger and despair on the giant Bogy-cum-Scapegoat which Orwell’s 1984 has done so much to place before their eyes.

…

It is so evidently not his own view that one does not need the evidence — a desperate last decade of activism and commitment to democracy and decolonization, and the writing of two novels with an urgent anti-totalitarian tone — of his own career in order to refute it. I hesitate to point this out to a dear friend who is a far more vigilant reader than myself, but the fallacy of awarding an author’s third-person lines and characters’ traits to himself is a blunder one is taught to avoid and abhor at an early age. I don’t know why Edward Said thinks that it is morally important to make lifelong friends of those one encounters when making journalistic or sociological researches, but it is scandalously unfair of him to say that Orwell ‘dropped’ those he met while he was investigating slum and factory conditions, or while he was fighting in Spain.

…

It would not be too much to say that he pioneered ‘cultural studies’ without giving the subject a name. (He might have preferred to say that the proper study of mankind is man.) Post-colonial studies owes something to Orwell also, which is why it is depressing, and I hope not significant, to find Edward Said, as well as Raymond Williams, treating him with such an apparent lack of generosity. There isn’t much room for doubt about the real source of anti-Orwell resentment. In the view of many on the official Left, he committed the ultimate sin of ‘giving ammunition to the enemy’. Not only did he do this in the 30s, when the cause of anti-fascism supposedly necessitated a closing of ranks, but he repeated the offence in the opening years of the Cold War and thus — ‘objectively’, as people used to say — became an ally of the forces of conservatism.

Inglorious Empire: What the British Did to India
by Shashi Tharoor
Published 1 Feb 2018

Still, his English classmates knew him as ‘Inky’, and the illustrations always showed him several shades darker than them; and he was usually relegated to the margins of the Bunter stories, whose real heroes remained the English boys. Salman Rushdie has written of the creation of a ‘false Orient of cruel-lipped princes and dusky slim-hipped maidens, of ungodliness, fire and the sword’, endorsing Edward Said’s conclusion in his path-breaking Orientalism, ‘that the purpose of such false portraits was to provide moral, cultural and artistic justification for imperialism and for its underpinning ideology, that of the racial superiority of the Caucasian over the Asiatic’. To Rushdie, such portrayals did not belong only to the imperial past; ‘the rise of Raj revisionism, exemplified by the huge success of these fictions, is the artistic counterpart to the rise of conservative ideologies in modern Britain’.

…

Jews fleeing Roman persecution found refuge here; there is evidence of their settlement in Cranganore as far back as 68 CE. And 1,500 years later, the Jews settled in Kochi, where they built a magnificent synagogue that still stands. Kerala’s Christians belong to the oldest Christian community in the world outside Palestine. And when St Thomas, one of Jesus’s twelve apostles, brought Christianity to Kerala, it is said he was welcomed on shore by a flute-playing Jewish girl. St Thomas made converts among the high-born elite, the Namboodiri Brahmins, which meant there were Indians whose families had practised Christianity for far longer than the ancestors of any Briton could lay claim to.

…

The prolonged state of chronic hostility between India and Pakistan, punctuated by four bloody wars and the repeated infliction of cross-border terrorism as a Pakistani tactic against India, is the most obvious example. But there are others. The dramatic events in East Timor in 1999 led to the last major transfer of power to an independence movement. Yet at least closure has occurred there, unlike in Western Sahara or in those old standbys of Cyprus and Palestine, all messy legacies of European colonialism. Fuses lit in the colonial era could ignite again, as they have done, much to everyone’s surprise, in the Horn of Africa, between Ethiopia and Eritrea, where war broke out over a colonial border that the Italians of an earlier era of occupation had failed to define with enough precision and where peace simmers today amidst much uncertainty.

Persians: The Age of the Great Kings
by Lloyd Llewellyn-Jones
Published 15 Mar 2022

He wrote that, ‘Whenever the word “Persia” is spoken or written, it immediately recalls to foreigners the weakness, ignorance, misery, lack of independence, disorderly condition, and incapacity which marked the last century of Persian history.’ In 1935 the Shah had no word to describe the Western appropriation of his country’s image, for it was not until 1978 that the Palestinian born scholar Edward Said famously broached a theory that Reza Shah might have been able to use: ‘Orientalism’. This idea describes a method by which Western imperialist discourse has represented the ‘colonies’ and cultures of the Middle Eastern world in a way that would justify and support the West’s colonial enterprise.

…

In the word is the recognition that the divergent peoples of the empire who fought alongside the Persian-born soldiers formed the core of the army. Regardless of ethnic origin, the Persian soldiery was a unified whole. In the spring of 525 bce Cambyses’ armada of ships rendezvoused at Akko on the Palestinian coast and made its way along the shore to the Nile delta, just as his army marched across the Sinai desert, aided by the Arabs. The land and sea forces met at the Egyptian frontier town of Pelusium, long thought of as the gateway to Egypt. It was here that the captain of the Egyptian ships, a very able man named Udjahorresnet – having no intention of blocking the Persian advance – surrendered the Egyptian fleet and defected to Cambyses.

The Big Sort: Why the Clustering of Like-Minded America Is Tearing Us Apart
by Bill Bishop and Robert G. Cushing
Published 6 May 2008

That kind of congressional compromise and cross-pollination is now rare. More common is discord. The Washington Post's Dana Milbank and David Broder reported in early 2004 that "partisans on both sides say the tone of political discourse is as bad as ever—if not worse."11 Former Oklahoma congressman Mickey Edwards said that on a visit to Washington, D.C., he stopped at the barbershop in the Rayburn House Office Building. "And the barber told me, he said, 'It's so different, it's so different. People don't like each other; they don't talk to each other,'" Edwards recalled. "Now, when the barber in the Rayburn Building sees this, it's very, very real."

…

The phenomenon uncovered in the news study is more insidious than readers or viewers just seeking to be soothed or reassured by a familiar point of view. People simply don't believe what they see or hear if it runs counter to their existing beliefs. "It's basic social psychology lab research," Robert Baron told me. "You show people who favor Israel and those who favor Palestine the same news coverage of the intifada. Both groups think the news media is biased against them. There is a differential evaluation. They both see the same stuff, but they draw very different conclusions."* Even if both sides of an issue are presented, people don't hear or don't remember arguments that counter their initial opinions.

…

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Glock: The Rise of America's Gun
by Paul M. Barrett
Published 10 Jan 2012

Amid all the speechifying, few lawmakers wavered in their views. One who did, setting gun-control hearts racing, was Representative Chet Edwards. The Killeen massacre took place in his home district. A Democrat of moderate-to-conservative views, Edwards said the killings had caused him to rethink his long-standing opposition to tough gun control. “For me the old arguments ring hollow,” Edwards said. “It’s a human story now, a human tragedy, and I just simply have to vote to put some limit on assault weapons that could be used by drug kingpins and crazed killers to murder innocent victims.” He added that if the magazine limit were already law, “the killer could not have had seventeen bullets in each clip, and we could have perhaps saved lives.”

…

In separate interviews, they admitted that Assad was an early Glock customer, and Gaddafi, or someone in his inner circle, showed, at the very least, intense curiosity about the pistol. Walter and Riedl insisted that Glock never sold guns to Libya. Nonethless, Koch had ample reason to be alarmed. The unpredictable Gaddafi remained an active threat to Americans. In December 1985, he reportedly provided logistical aid to Palestinian terrorists who carried out murderous mass attacks on travelers at airports in both Rome and Vienna. Koch, an experienced national security hand who had served as an intelligence operative with a covert Army unit in Vietnam, decided to conduct some personal research into whether the Glock 17’s plastic construction would allow hijackers to sneak it onto planes.

The Idea of Decline in Western History
by Arthur Herman
Published 8 Jan 1997

By 1935 Du Bois had convinced himself that Soviet Communism would destroy the last vestiges of a sclerotic West and consolidate a new non-Western cultural order. In The World and Africa (1946), Du Bois made it plain that Europe’s decadence was the direct product of imperialism and colonial dominion. Anticipating multicultural theorists like Edward Said, Du Bois asserted that the entire tradition of polite culture had developed in order to disguise the horrors of imperialism, producing a “delicately poised literature which treated the intellectual problems of the rich and the well-born” and neglected “the weightier ones of law, mercy, justice, and truth.”† This superficial Zivilisation made it “impossible for charming people in Europe to realize what their comforts and luxuries cost in sweat, blood, and despair” to the colored peoples of the world.

…

It practiced a vicious form of capitalism and technological repression (described by Leo Marx in The Machine in the Garden), a bankrupt liberalism (scathingly criticized by Roberto Unger), a manipulative consumerism (laid bare by Christopher Lasch and William Leach), as well as racism and a hatred of all minorities and subordinate groups. Not only blacks but American Indians, Jews, Chinese, Japanese, Mexicans, Hispanics, and women suffered unendurable humiliations at the hands of mainstream American society.41 In this sense it was a typical Western society. In 1979 critic Edward Said explained that all of Western culture was a culture of imperialism. A disciple of Foucault, Chomsky, and the Frankfurt School—he quotes Adorno as well as Fanon in his later works—Said proposed that the entire West since the Enlightenment formed a vast totalizing “discourse on the Other,” which is to say on nonwhite peoples.

…

The black American novelist Toni Morrison can assert that “in virtually all of this nation’s great debates, nonwhites and women figure powerfully, although their presence may be disguised, denied, or obliterated.”49 The very fact that nonwhites and nonheterosexual males are not mentioned in traditional histories or textbooks becomes proof of how important they actually were. As Edward Said explained, and as Du Bois had hinted decades before, modern Western culture is really about imperialism and exclusion, even when it is not. An inclusive history of America brings forward virtually every separate ethnic identity to be found in American society. (Takaki even solemnly notes the Iroquois League’s declaration of war against Germany, Italy, and Japan during World War II as proof of their autonomous opposition to fascism.50) Every identity, that is, except Anglo-Saxon whites.

Enemy of All Mankind: A True Story of Piracy, Power, and History's First Global Manhunt
by Steven Johnson
Published 11 May 2020

So a special thanks is warranted to the scholars and friends who shaped this book with their work, suggestions, and in some cases close reading, particularly Philip J. Stern, Douglas R. Burgess, David Olusoga, Joel Baer, Soma Mukherjee, Chris Himes, Mark Bailey, Stewart Brand, and Adam Fisher. I would also like to acknowledge my long-ago mentor from graduate school, Edward Said, who first got me thinking about how much the institutions of the West were shaped by their encounters with the “Orient.” I wish he were still around to read this book, if only to see that I finally managed to get rid of most of the poststructuralist jargon that used to annoy him so much back in those grad school days.

…

After their defeat at the Nile Delta, the Sea Peoples exited almost immediately from the world historical stage. Scholars are as divided about their ultimate fate as they are about their enigmatic roots. The ones who were not executed after the Battle of the Delta appear to have been scattered along the eastern frontier of the Egyptian realm, some of them on the Palestinian coast. But as a coherent—if itinerant—group, they had ceased to exist by the time Ramses died in an apparent assassination in 1155 BCE. In this respect, too, the Sea Peoples established a tradition that many a pirate would emulate in the centuries to come. Some pirates go out in a blaze of glory.

Celebration of Fools: An Inside Look at the Rise and Fall of JCPenney
by Bill Hare
Published 30 May 2004

Dressed in suits, they looked out of place on the deck. But as Edwards strode up, she could see that otherwise the two Penney production people were behaving like everyone else—beaming at the ocean view, pleased with their surroundings, fully enjoying themselves. "So," Edwards said, "I assume you've heard?" Her colleagues looked around with patient smiles. "We've heard," said Shoener. "Well, you don't seem very upset," Edwards said, dropping into a chair. "Carol," Lang said, "this kind of thing happens all the time." "So what do we do now?" A waiter was instantly upon Edwards and she waved him off with, "Nothing now." Her voice made it sound more like an assessment of the moment than a service issue.

…

And we want this real edgy. He says things you don't usually hear. So let's fly solo on this, pick and choose who we want, and not go through communications. We don't want a lot of people to know beforehand and worry and have meetings and fuss and send memos and hold things up for a century." "Wow," Edwards said, loving this woman's insouciant clout. Duff-Bloom smiled and said, "Yes, ‘wow.’ Doesn't it sound like fun?" "Yes. And I run this alone?" Edwards asked. "You're working for me on this, yes," Duff-Bloom said. "First off, I'll work with the writer, then you follow up getting it polished and then making the other arrangements.

…

"Gale, the LPGA can't possibly have our resources, so maybe we should also volunteer to produce their screen support and help get their general session together. Make them look good leading into W. R." "Done. Great idea. So you watch over that, too. Their producer's in the file. Okay?" Duff-Bloom rose. "Okay," Edwards said, also rising. Then, "Uh, where is this?" Duff-Bloom laughed infectiously. "Oh, good heavens, small detail! You get to go to Pebble Beach, which I hear is just fabulous." Duff-Bloom then reached to shake Edward's hand; said "Thanks, Carol"; and returned to her credenza, where she picked up the phone.

The Abandonment of the West
by Michael Kimmage
Published 21 Apr 2020

The study of the West that had been synonymous with the defense of the West, some decades in the making by the 1960s, was to be put on trial. In this trial, Edward Said was among the most hard-driving litigators. The son of an American citizen who lived in the Middle East, Said was born in 1935 to an Arab family. His father, who held the American passport, was a Protestant. With the establishment of the state of Israel out of mandate Palestine, Said’s Jerusalem-based family lost its property and moved to Cairo. That was one dissonance in young Edward’s life. Another was his education at an elite Cairo school generative of “the basic split in my life… between Arabic, my native language, and English, the language of my education and subsequent expression as a scholar and teacher,” Said wrote in his 1999 memoir, Out of Place.

…

Huntington took in as well the American conservatives’ connection between civilization and foreign policy, a nontechnocratic view of foreign policy to which culture and especially religion were integral. From Edward Said, Huntington acquired a flexibility of perspective and a distaste for the conceit that Western civilization was in fact world-girding. Huntington faulted academia for confusion about the West, but not Edward Said, per se. Huntington was well aware of Fukuyama, of course, and Huntington disagreed completely with the end-of-history hypothesis. Even if the Cold War was over, there was and would be no diminution of cultural conflict, Huntington was sure.

…

Though “democracy is the political form of Western civilization,” Huntington wrote, and though democracy was in its giddy heyday in the mid-1990s, the West had a past as fraught and controversial as Edward Said had contended in Orientalism. Huntington was a devout but unsentimental Westerner: “The West won the world… by its superiority in applying organized violence. Westerners often forget this fact; non-Westerners never do.” Huntington cited Said approvingly in The Clash of Civilizations vis-à-vis the stability and the homogeneity of the standard East-West divisions. “These myths,” Huntington wrote, “suffer the defects of the Orientalism which Edward Said appropriately criticized for promoting ‘the difference between the familiar (Europe, the west, ‘us’) and the strange (the Orient, the east, ‘them’)’ and for assuming the inherent superiority of the former to the latter.”

Reaching for Utopia: Making Sense of an Age of Upheaval
by Jason Cowley
Published 15 Nov 2018

He could also have been describing Hitchens, whom death may have silenced but whose essays and books will continue to be read, and who, through the internet and YouTube, will continue to be watched and listened to as he went about his business, provoking, challenging, amusing and stridently engaging with the ways of the world, always taking a position, never giving ground. Christopher Hitchens, ‘the Hitch’, to the last, the only one. (2012) The Terror of the Unforeseen: Philip Roth Late style, Edward Said wrote in an essay published shortly before his death, ‘has the power to render disenchantment and pleasure without realising the contradictions between them’. Philip Roth’s new novel, a counter-factual satire in which the pioneering aviator Charles A. Lindbergh defeats Franklin Delano Roosevelt in the 1940 presidential election and begins to turn America, as an ally of Nazi Germany and Japan, into a quasi-fascist state, is an exercise in disenchantment and pleasure.

…

One can only hope now for the best outcome: that the regime, like all dictatorships, rootless in the affections of its people, will crumble like a rotten tooth; that the federal, democratic Iraq that the Iraqi National Congress committed itself to at its conference can be helped into existence by the UN, and that the US, in the flush of victory, will find in its oilman’s heart the energy and optimism to begin to address the Palestinian issue. These are fragile hopes. As things stand, it is easier to conceive of innumerable darker possibilities.’ In January 2005 McEwan published his long-deliberated fictional response to the attacks of 11 September 2001 and the wars that followed: Saturday, perhaps the most discussed and debated literary novel of recent times, and exploring innumerable darker possibilities.

Cynical Theories: How Activist Scholarship Made Everything About Race, Gender, and Identity―and Why This Harms Everybody
by Helen Pluckrose and James A. Lindsay
Published 14 Jul 2020

The Theorists who took elements of postmodernism and sought to apply them in specific ways were the progenitors of the applied postmodern turn and therefore of Social Justice scholarship. Postcolonial studies was the first applied postmodern discipline to emerge. Although other approaches to studying the aftermath of colonialism exist, postmodern Theory formed so much of the basis of this discipline that postmodernism and postcolonialism are often taught together. Edward Said, the founding father of postcolonial Theory, drew heavily on Michel Foucault, and his work therefore focused on how discourses construct reality.12 For Said, it was not enough to simply deconstruct power structures and show how perceptions of the East had been constructed by the West. It was necessary to revise and rewrite history.

…

His approach is usually understood to be modernist because—while it is profoundly skeptical and clearly both critical and radical—his criticisms draw mainly on Lenin’s Marxist critiques of capitalism, his analysis relies heavily on psychoanalytic theory, and his philosophy is essentially humanist. Nevertheless, later thinkers, including Edward Said, the father of postcolonial Theory, took inspiration from Fanon’s depiction of the psychological impacts of having one’s culture, language, and religion subordinated to another. Fanon argued that the colonialist mind-set has to be disrupted and, if possible, reversed within people who have been subjected to colonial rule and the colonialist worldview that justified it.

…

The American Sociologist 49, no. 4 (2018): 459–95. 8.Jonathan Gottschall, Literature, Science and a New Humanities (New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2008), 5 9.Brian Boyd, Joseph Carroll, and Jonathan Gottschall, eds., Evolution, Literature, and Film: A Reader (New York: Columbia University Press, 2010), 2. 10.McHale, Introduction, 172. 11.René Descartes, Discourse on the Method: The Original Text with English Translation (Erebus Society, 2017). 12.Although Said later became quite critical of Foucault, his groundbreaking text, Orientalism, which draws explicitly on Foucauldian concepts of knowledge construction through discourse, remains a key text in postcolonial studies and continues to influence work in the field today. 13.Edward Said, Orientalism (London: Penguin, 2003), xiii. 14.Linda Hutcheon, “‘Circling the Downspout of Empire’.” In Past the Last Post: Theorizing Post-Colonialism and Post-Modernism,eds. Ian Adam and Helen Tiffin, (London: Harvester/Wheatsheaf, 1991), 171. 15.This schism is primarily between gender critical (radical) feminists and trans activist (intersectional and queer) feminists, whose theoretical disagreements are as profound as they are divisive. 16.As Poovey wrote in 1988, To take deconstruction to its logical conclusion would be to argue that “woman” is only a social construct that has no basis in nature, that “woman,” in other words, is a term whose definition depends upon the context in which it is being discussed and not upon some set of sexual organs or social experiences.

Stranger Than Fiction: Lives of the Twentieth-Century Novel
by Edwin Frank
Published 19 Nov 2024

Edited by Max Brod. Translated by Joseph Kresh. New York: Schocken, 1965. Kafka, Franz. Letters to Felice. Edited by Erich Heller and Jurgen Born. Translated by James Stern and Elisabeth Duckworth. London: Martin Secker and Warburg, London, 1974. Kipling, Rudyard. Kim. Edited and with an Introduction by Edward Said. London: Penguin Books, 1987. Kipling, Rudyard. Something of Myself and Other Autobiographical Writings. Edited by Thomas Pinney. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1990. Kubin, Alfred. The Other Side. Translated by Mike Mitchell. Sawtry, UK: Dedalus, 2000. Lawrence, D. H. Phoenix: The Posthumous Papers.

…

It was at Brod’s that late in the summer of 1912 Kafka met a young woman from Berlin who impressed him mainly by not impressing him much. (“Bony, empty face that wore its emptiness openly. Bare throat,” he wrote in his diary after meeting her.) Nonetheless, by the end of their first evening together, he had already agreed that the two of them must visit Palestine. But Felice returned to Berlin, and in the next weeks Kafka’s family situation grew more parlous than ever. His sister got engaged. His father celebrated a birthday. It was Yom Kippur. Kafka’s sense that he was wasting his life, that he was no one, seems to have become acute. On September 20 he wrote Felice a letter: “In the likelihood that you no longer have even the remotest recollection of me, I am introducing myself once more: my name is Franz Kafka, and I am the person, etc.”

…

Hadrian may report on his many public projects, sounding less an emperor than some high functionary of the European Union to come, and he speaks movingly of the beauty of the Pantheon, that temple to all the gods that, in its great domed space standing open to the heavens, effectively monumentalizes his desert vision. Still, at the the end of his life, he finds himself in Palestine, ill in body and soul and bent on suppressing a Jewish rebellion through “a war of extermination.” And so the present ironies mount in Yourcenar’s strange paean to the past, in which humanity may be linked to divinity but is never far from erasure. “Life is atrocious, we know,” Hadrian remarks in passing, and even “when useless servitude has been eliminated as far as possible and unnecessary misfortune avoided, there will still remain … death, old age and incurable sickness, love unrequited and friendship rejected … all the woes caused by the divine nature of things.”

Democracy for Sale: Dark Money and Dirty Politics
by Peter Geoghegan
Published 2 Jan 2020

A former employee told me that during the 2017 general election, the electoral watchdog’s online monitoring team consisted of two young interns looking at social media, supplemented by a cardboard box for staff to deposit any suspicious-looking printed material. “We got a whole bunch of leaflets from north London and that was pretty much it,” one of them said. Louise Edwards said the Electoral Commission wanted to work with tech companies. “Facebook are really keen to help,” she said, with what sounded like forced optimism in her voice. The reality is more like European colonisers overrunning native tribes centuries ago. The election regulator has around 140 staff. Facebook employs roughly 3,000 in London alone.

…

Ahead of the Brazilian general election in 2018, four out of every ten viral political messages on WhatsApp contained verified falsehoods. (Only 3 per cent had factual information.71) Organic false content, shared by peers not faceless campaigns, can be even more effective than paid-for political advertising. The digital genie is already out of the bottle. “There is a danger”, Edwards said, with masterly understatement, “that Britain runs the real risk of coming out of an election soon that isn’t well run.” * It is not easy to be optimistic about democracy in the digital age. Anonymous, dark money-funded influence campaigns offer a dystopian vision of where we could be headed.

…

“I don’t think India is in a rush,” the country’s high commissioner in London said ahead of bilateral talks in April 2018.59 Time has borne out the Indian diplomat’s words. Liam Fox’s promise that Britain would be able to sign 40 trade deals “the second after Brexit” proved misguided.60 By the end of 2019, Britain had rolled over around twenty trade deals, many with very small territories including the Faroe Islands, the Palestinian Authority and Liechtenstein.61 Japan, whose extensive free trade deal with the European Union began in early 2019, said that the UK could not expect the same favourable terms as the much larger EU bloc. Nevertheless, the Anglosphere, and the radical deregulation that would have to go with it, particularly if Trump’s US were to be attracted by it, became an accepted part of British political debate.

Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain
by Sathnam Sanghera
Published 28 Jan 2021

Also, our Latin, only compulsory for a year or two, was never good enough to comprehend the lyrics of the school song, and talk of ‘Commonwealth’ in the school prayer is not quite the same thing as empire: depending on when it was written, the meaning could actually have been ‘nation’ or ‘society’. But I do think my education at WGS and beyond, a classic British education in many ways, was shaped by colonial attitudes in its assumptions and omissions. And to understand how such assumptions and omissions might shape minds, you need to consult Edward Said’s Orientalism. In 1978, when James Wood and his contemporaries might have been reading Jan Morris, the youth of Britain were confronting the demise of the Sex Pistols and Dallas was beginning, Said, the late Professor of Literature at Columbia University who is often cited as a founder of post-colonial studies as an academic field, was examining the reductive assumptions the West makes about the civilizations and people of Asia, North Africa and the Middle East.

…

When he joined the campaign for abolition, he wrote that the slave trade was an ‘unhappy and disgraceful branch of commerce’, which formed a ‘stain of our national character’, but he had not complained about it in all the years he had participated or in the decades that had passed since giving it up. Such distancing seems to be common among Britons involved in the slave trade. Edward Said noted it in his reading of Jane Austen’s Mansfield Park (1814), in which we’re told that Sir Thomas Bertram, the owner of Mansfield Park, got rich from business interests in the West Indies, but when, at one point, a character mentions she had brought up the subject of slavery with Bertram, she reports, ‘there was such a dead silence!’

…

Empire is the reason Brixton is a largely black neighbourhood: it was here, in an emergency hostel, that the immigrants on SS Empire Windrush spent their first night after landing in Britain in 1948, and many of them subsequently made it their home.4 Empire is why in the 1970s, as my siblings grew up, Britain wrestled with the question of what to do about the 60,000 Ugandan Asians expelled by President Idi Amin and what to do about the 23,000 Kenyan Asians driven out due to trading bans on Asian citizens. Empire is why thousands of Somalis, Palestinians, Kurds, Iraqis, Tanzanians, Nigerians settled here and empire is largely why according to the 2011 Census people from Asian ethnic groups make up 7.5 per cent of the population, black ethnic groups make up 3.3 per cent, why, according to a study from the University of Manchester, white Britons are now a minority in Leicester, Luton and Slough and why, according to some estimates, ethnic minorities could account for almost a third of the population by 2050.5 I am as much evidence of the fact that Britain once had an empire as the Maqdala Crown in the V&A, and if I have rather over-emphasized my point here, it’s because it needs to be.

We Need New Stories: Challenging the Toxic Myths Behind Our Age of Discontent
by Nesrine Malik
Published 4 Sep 2019

The entire industrial complex of myth-making is in the business of creating sore winners. The forces that gave Brexit and Trump momentum coalesced around grievance rather than vision. There was no agenda, no genuinely thought-out project that the winners could soberly set about executing, just resentment. The grievance narrative must be continued even in success. Growing pains Edward Said described the origins of political correctness as not ‘a matter of replacing one set of authorities and dogmas with another, nor of substituting one centre for another. It was always a matter of opening and participating in a central strand of intellectual and cultural effort and of showing what had always been, though indiscernibly, a part of it, like the work of women, or of blacks, and servants—but which had been either denied or derogated.’

…

In response to criticism of an article of his that misread the success of Democrats in the midterms (and which had to be quietly amended, twice, after more results came in, invalidating his thesis), Stephens tweeted at statistician Nate Silver of 538, ‘too bad you’re a Twitter troll’. Unprovoked, he tweeted at James Zogby, founder and president of the Arab American Institute, who took issue with a chef calling hummus Israeli food, saying it was part of a history of ‘cultural appropriation’ and a systematic effort to erase Palestinian history and culture. Stephens fired back at him: ‘Hummus seems to have first been mentioned as a Cairene food in the thirteenth century or so. Maybe Maimonides came up with it. Who knows? Who cares? Why not just enjoy it instead of declaring “cultural genocide” and making a fool of yourself?’ He called ex-Obama aide Tommy Vietor an ‘asshole’ (a tweet which he later deleted after it was flagged as inappropriate by the New York Times).

Revenge of the Tipping Point: Overstories, Superspreaders, and the Rise of Social Engineering
by Malcolm Gladwell
Published 1 Oct 2024

When the car wash is working properly, the vast majority of the little bits and pieces in the air you breathe gets washed away. “If you stay well hydrated, your upper airways will capture pathogens all the time, and they move them—within twenty minutes or an hour—out into your gut and you swallow… and they’re eliminated that way,” Edwards said. “But when you’re dehydrated, there’s no water in the car wash.” And with the car wash broken, things like virus particles get past the cleansing operation in your upper airways and into your lungs. That’s why being dehydrated makes you more vulnerable to colds and the flu and COVID: When you exhale, those virus particles come back out—and now you are more likely not just to contract a virus but to spread it.

…

He was what was known as a “low number,” meaning one of the first to be sent to the camps. Fred’s father was beaten to death. His brother was hanged. He endured five winters in the camps, fought in Auschwitz’s underground resistance, survived the death march out of Auschwitz in 1945, met his future wife on a boat to Palestine, served in Israel’s war for independence, fought again in the Sinai campaign of 1956, then moved to Los Angeles, finished his undergraduate degree at night, and rose to be CEO of a women’s clothing company. He was five-foot-four. He acted like a giant. Everyone called him Freddie. “Freddie was very angry,” Rachel Lithgow said.

The Six: The Untold Story of America's First Women Astronauts
by Loren Grush
Published 11 Sep 2023

The Soviet Union had just launched the spacecraft a day or two prior on October 4, putting the first human-made object into orbit. Fear had coursed through the American public over the Soviet Union’s newfound space dominance. But others also realized that it was a watershed moment for everyone, not just the Soviets. “You are watching the beginning of a new era,” Edward said. “It’s called the Space Age.” Although she was a month shy of turning ten years old at the time, Rhea’s still-forming mind could grasp that a new world was on its way. However, she didn’t quite realize at the time just how big a role space would play in her life. The launch of Sputnik would ultimately put Rhea on a different path than the prim and proper one her mother had envisioned for her.

…

He was a smart, driven electrical engineering major. He recognized her intelligence and yet wasn’t intimidated by her brilliance. And he was Jewish, a palatable partner for her extended Jewish family. Judy’s grandfather, the Rav Jacob Resnik, had been a rabbi from Kiev, Russia. He moved his family to Palestine (now Israel), where his children—including Judy’s father, Marvin—learned to speak Hebrew. Eventually he and his wife, Anna, along with all six of their children, immigrated to the United States, settling in Ohio. Marvin and his brother Harold became optometrists, while many of the other kids had their own businesses.

Wealth and Poverty: A New Edition for the Twenty-First Century
by George Gilder
Published 30 Apr 1981

Lester Thurow of MIT was proclaiming a Zero-Sum Society, where henceforth any gains for the rich must be extracted from the poor and middle classes. William Sloane Coffin, the formidable Yale chaplain, was inveighing against capitalist orgies of greed and environmental devastation. Howard Zinn and Noam Chomsky were denouncing Western capitalism for displacing American Indians and condemning Israel for displacing Palestinians. Edward Said was conducting his Columbia classes (fatefully introducing the works of Frantz Fanon to future President Barack Obama) on Western psychological colonization and hegemonic evisceration of the entire Third World. Even beyond the precincts of the elite literary and academic Left, the global intelligentsia widely imagined that the long siege of beneficent capitalist abundance had come to an end.

The Price of Silence: The Duke Lacrosse Scandal
by William D. Cohan
Published 8 Apr 2014

He had been making $10,000 working for Social Services. The following April 1, Ron Stephens—then an assistant DA—announced he was leaving to go into private practice. Edwards came to see Nifong. “I’ve got some bad news for you,” Edwards told him. He could no longer pay Nifong on a per diem basis. “I’ve also got some good news for you,” Edwards said. “What’s that?” Nifong wondered. “I’m going to hire you full-time,” the district attorney told him. “I basically became Ron Stephens’s replacement,” Nifong said. He got a raise to $14,500 a year. “I was on the way, because now I had a full-time job with the DA’s office. My dreams were coming true.”

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“We’re doing the same things we always do,” he said. “One of the main things is that Duke has earned its reputation over the years as a world-class institution because of our first-rate academics, as well as medical care and, yes, athletics.” He said the university had faced adversity in the past—he cited the October 2004 Palestinian Solidarity Movement’s teach-in, where Duke was criticized for allowing the group on campus but also praised for its promotion of free speech—and would likely again. “We’ll take our lumps if they come,” he said. He told the paper that Duke had hired a “consulting firm for advice” about its public relations strategy and ways to devise a “crisis communications plan.”

I You We Them
by Dan Gretton

She felt that this was the necessary prerequisite for passing to a stage of attention which can then really listen to truth and affliction – ‘the name of this intense, pure, disinterested, gratuitous, generous attention is love’. 2 Explored in Book Three. 3 See chapter notes for further thoughts. Appreciation and Gratitude 1 Although Edward Said certainly would not agree with this premise – ‘Texts are not finished objects’ as he wrote in Culture and Imperialism.

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There was a vigorous, well-supported left in Cambridge in the early 1980s – in fact, in some respects, the University Left of those days remains a model of how left and progressive forces can unite and work together effectively. Every Tuesday lunchtime we would meet in a long upstairs room at King’s College – anything between thirty and eighty students, depending on what was happening. Labour students, liberals, independent socialists, Jewish and Palestinian activists, communists, gay and lesbian activists, environmentalists and anarchists, all sitting together once a week, happy to talk and campaign together in a non-sectarian way, regardless of our political differences the rest of the time. And every week, people would share news and we would determine what our common focus would be for the next seven days, and the University Left newsletter would be distributed to all college reps.