Garrett Hardin

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description: American ecologist (1915–2003)

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The State and the Stork: The Population Debate and Policy Making in US History

by Derek S. Hoff  · 30 May 2012

new philosophy, a transformed social code, so that this nation and the world may survive.”66 A famous proponent of draconian population control was biologist Garrett Hardin, an enormously polarizing figure whose radicalism encouraged many to view the population movement as nothing more than the old wine of eugenics in new bottles

draft a model law subsequently used by the few states that liberalized their abortion laws in the 1960s.101 In addition, scholars have recognized that Garrett Hardin and other population activists worked with leaders of the women’s movement to spur the creation of the National Association for the Repeal of Abortion

large foundations.147 The radicals doubted the sagacity of the voluntary approach to fertility reduction and the effectiveness of improving access to contraception. Building on Garrett Hardin’s belief that overpopulation warranted curtailing the right to procreate freely, some radicals sought compulsory measures to arrest population growth, such as capping by law

a minority of environmentalists on the question of whether population growth or technology was more responsible for environmental destruction. Environmental economists and ZPG agreed, as Garrett Hardin said, “The pollution problem is a consequence of population.”162 Some environmentalists, however, argued that stabilizing population growth—which could take half a century—would

was biologist Barry Commoner. By the late 1960s, Commoner had already established himself as a leading ecologist and critic of capitalism’s myopia. Paul Ehrlich, Garrett Hardin, and Commoner participated on a panel together at the 1970 meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. In response to Ehrlich’s

. Davis, “Zero Population Growth.” 66. Rienow and Rienow, Moment in the Sun, 211–12. 67. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162 (December 13, 1968): 1243–48. 68. Ibid., 1246. 69. Ibid., 1247. 70. Garrett Hardin, “Living on a Lifeboat,” BioScience 24 (October 1974): 561–68. 71. Hardin wrote that “those who

. So, in effect, ZPG is encouraging college-educated people to have fewer children instead of encouraging reduced fertility among the less intelligent” (Cathy Spencer, “Interview: Garrett Hardin,” Omni, June 1992, 59). 72. For an excellent and detailed discussion of Ehrlich, see Robertson, Malthusian Moment, chap. 6. 73. Ehrlich, Population Bomb, xi. 74

York: Macmillan, 1994)—mentions the organization ZPG just once, in the context of a lawsuit it initiated in Vermont to liberalize abortion (487). Garrow discusses Garrett Hardin’s support for abortion in the context of feminist goals without mentioning his famous calls to arrest overpopulation (293– 94) and, similarly, reviews the abortion

, 74–75. 41. Richard Zeckhauser, “The Risks of Growth,” in No-Growth Society, ed. Olson and Landsberg, 103–18, quotation on 109. 42. Cited in Garrett Hardin, The Ostrich Factor: Our Population Myopia (New York: Oxford University Press, 1999), 14. See Wilfred Beckerman, Small Is Stupid: Blowing the Whistle on the Greens

postwar period, 120, 143; “Economic Progress and Declining Population,” 76–77. See also Keynes-Hansen (mature-economy) doctrine Hansen, Clifford, 185 Harberger, Arnold, 125, 126 Hardin, Garrett, 177, 181, 187, 189, 190, 322n105; “The Tragedy of the Commons,” 177–78, 319n71 Harkavy, Oscar, 111 Harrod, Roy, 122 Harrod-Domar model of savings

Life on the Rocks: Building a Future for Coral Reefs

by Juli Berwald  · 4 Apr 2022  · 495pp  · 114,451 words

our seas reach back beyond politics and policy to our very human nature. In 1968, an economist at the University of California at Berkeley named Garrett Hardin gave a talk to the American Association for the Advancement of Science with the catchy title “The Tragedy of the Commons.” Drawing from an essay

to skirt the Tragedy of the Commons through systems like sasi in Indonesia and no-take MPAs, what does that mean for the validity of Garrett Hardin’s idea? Is the Tragedy of the Commons a fundamental truth of humankind, or is it flawed? Flawed, was the answer articulated in the 1980s

draining it dry. Observing the water wars and pumping races gave Lin critical insight into the Tragedy of the Commons. Remember the herders grazing in Garrett Hardin’s field? Lin recognized that for Hardin’s logic to work, he had to impose unnatural rules on the herders. The herders’ pro vs. con

pointing at the aisle seat with great conviction. The flight attendant looked at me helplessly. The travel fates had pitted me against someone with the Garrett Hardin Tragedy of the Commons philosophy. She’d gotten to the seat first, and so she took it. “Fine,” I said, collapsing into the aisle seat

, and Frank Mars, people think: This thing, this color, this idea you have is good, and I trust you, so I’ll join you. But Garrett Hardin and the grandma in the window seat next to me saw just the opposite: This thing, this color, this idea, is good, and I can

and choosing implies leaving out: What about the fifty-first reef? The philosophical conundrum posed by the 50 Reefs project isn’t new. In 1974, Garrett Hardin—that same thinker who coined the Tragedy of the Commons—published an essay titled “Living on a Lifeboat,” which frames “lifeboat ethics” like this: Suppose

,500 fragments of coral to the reef. * * * — When Nobel Prize–winning economist Lin Ostrom looked around the world for examples of management plans that defied Garrett Hardin’s notion of the Tragedy of the Commons, she discovered that they all shared certain traits. Those that succeeded were not entirely private and also

interlink, you’re going to solve problems a lot quicker.” This kind of work of building connection is the ultimate flaw Lin Ostrom discovered in Garrett Hardin’s Tragedy of the Commons: By speaking to one another and working together, we can find ways to serve all our goals. Just as the

Tragedy of the Commons”: Originally given as an address to the Pacific Division of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, then republished as Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (1968): 1243–48, https://science.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243.full. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE

/oceans/articles/2018/07/26/inside-the-mission-to-find-50-reefs-that-could-survive-climate-change. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “lifeboat ethics”: Garrett Hardin, “Living on a Lifeboat,” BioScience 24, no. 10, October 1974, https://www.garretthardinsociety.org/articles_pdf/living_on_a_lifeboat.pdf. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE

Gulf of Mexico, 21, 33, 117, 281, 291–92 gyres, 63 H Haereticus Environmental Laboratory, 85 Hagedorn, Mary, 188–92 Halpern, Gator, 184, 218–19 Hardin, Garrett, 115–16, 120–21, 230, 243 Harrison, Daniel, 9, 18–20, 251–54, 258, 261–62 Hawai`i and coral bleaching research, 61–66 and

Capitalism 3.0: A Guide to Reclaiming the Commons

by Peter Barnes  · 29 Sep 2006  · 207pp  · 52,716 words

human emissions of heat-trapping gases. Some analysts saw this as a “tragedy of the commons,” a concept popularized forty years ago by biologist Garrett Hardin. According to Hardin, people will always overuse a commons because it’s in their self-interest to do so. I saw the problem instead as a pair

before you picked up this book, your impressions were probably shaped by a 1968 article called “The Tragedy of the Commons.” In that article, biologist Garrett Hardin used the metaphor of an unmanaged pasture to suggest a root cause of many planetary problems. The rational herdsman concludes that the only sensible course

defense . . . of those who have some property against those who have none at all. —Adam Smith, 1776 n his essay “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Garrett Hardin envisioned only two ways to save the commons: statism and privatism. Either a coercive government would have to stop humans from mindlessly destroying the planet

, and words like statism conjure fears of bureaucracy at best and tyranny at worst. By contrast, privatism connotes freedom. In this chapter, we look at Garrett Hardin’s second alternative for saving the commons: privatism, or privatization. I argue that private corporations, operating in unconstrained markets, can allocate resources efficiently but can

. . . Share ownership Political power Equal ownership Items in parentheses are de facto, not written in law. Notes Notes to Pages x–17 Preface 1x Biologist Garrett Hardin: Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, 1968, 162, 1243–1248. See www.sciencemag.org/sciext/sotp/commons.dtl. xii envisioned an economy: E. F. Schumacher

Capitalism: Opening Paths to a Moral Economy. New York: Simon & Schuster, 2003. Hammond, Jay. Tales of Alaska’s Bush Rat Governor. Fairbanks: Epicenter Press, 1996. Hardin, Garrett. Nature and Man’s Fate. New York: Holt, Rinehart and Winston, 1959. Harris, David. The Last Stand: The War Between Wall Street and Main Street

Haggin, James, 18–19 Hammond, Jay, 46 happiness and community, 101 and property, 110 and surplus capitalism, 29–31, 65 as universal birthright, 103, 164 Hardin, Garrett, x, 7–8, 33, 49, 169n7 Hawken, Paul, 55 health care as birthright, xv, 104, 112–15, 157, 164 management of, 109, 153 pharmaceutical lobbyists

Thinking in Systems: A Primer

by Meadows. Donella and Diana Wright  · 3 Dec 2008  · 243pp  · 66,908 words

know, never used a computer to simulate a system, but who are natural systems thinkers. They include Gregory Bateson, Kenneth Boulding, Herman Daly, Albert Einstein, Garrett Hardin, Václav Havel, Lewis Mumford, Gunnar Myrdal, E.F. Schumacher, a number of modern corporate executives, and many anonymous sources of ancient wisdom, from Native Americans

” effect. It is hard to think in terms of systems, and we eagerly warp our language to protect ourselves from the necessity of doing so. —Garrett Hardin,5 ecologist Remember the clouds in the structural diagrams of Chapters One and Two? Beware of clouds! They are prime sources of system surprises. Clouds

The trap called the tragedy of the commons comes about when there is escalation, or just simple growth, in a commonly shared, erodable environment. Ecologist Garrett Hardin described the commons system in a classic article in 1968. Hardin used as his opening example a common grazing land: Picture a pasture open to

self-control to stay below the carrying capacity of their own private resource, those people will harm only themselves and not others. • Regulate the commons. Garrett Hardin calls this option, bluntly, “mutual coercion, mutually agreed upon.” Regulation can take many forms, from outright bans on certain behaviors to quotas, permits, taxes, incentives

community at heart. (They cannot be uninformed or weak or corrupt.) Some “primitive” cultures have managed common resources effectively for generations through education and exhortation. Garrett Hardin does not believe that option is dependable, however. Common resources protected only by tradition or an “honor system” may attract those who do not respect

became possible to push a button and cause tremendous damage at such a distance that the person pushing the button never even sees the damage. Garrett Hardin has suggested that people who want to prevent other people from having an abortion are not practicing intrinsic responsibility, unless they are personally willing to

,” Alternatives 10, no. 10 (Spring 1980), 5; R. F. Morris, “The Dynamics of Epidemic Spruce Budworm Populations,” Entomological Society of Canada, no. 31, (1963). 5. Garrett Hardin, “The Cybernetics of Competition: A Biologist’s View of Society,” Perspectives in Biology and Medicine 7, no. 1 (1963): 58-84. 6. Jay W. Forrester

, 1968). Original edition published New York: Harper & Brothers, 1941. 5. “Germans Lose Ground on Asylum Pact,” International Herald Tribune, December 15, 1992, p. 5. 6. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (13 December 1968): 1243–48. 7. Erik Ipsen, “Britain on the Skids: A Malaise at the

by Words (San Francisco: North Point Press, 1983), 24, 52. 6. This story was told to me by Ed Roberts of Pugh-Roberts Associates. 7. Garrett Hardin, Exploring New Ethics for Survival: the Voyage of the Spaceship Beagle (New York, Penguin Books, 1976), 107. 8. Donald N. Michael, “Competences and Compassion in

Markets, State, and People: Economics for Public Policy

by Diane Coyle  · 14 Jan 2020  · 384pp  · 108,414 words

applied specifically to environmental issues but with far wider application in the modern economy, which is characterized by what could be considered a digital commons. Garrett Hardin, the ecologist who coined the well-known phrase, believed that private ownership and state regulation are mutually exclusive solutions to this problem; but this chapter

dichotomy of market versus state opens the way to a far richer range of policy options for improving social welfare. The Tragedy of the Commons Garrett Hardin’s 1968 Science article on the tragedy of the commons was profoundly influential. Where Adam Smith had painted a picture of isolated, self-interested individual

it was not too hard for the main decision makers to know each other, or for monitoring of compliance (or free riding) to be feasible. Garrett Hardin believed that any community of over 150 people would find it hard to manage a commons. He selected this number because the Hutterite communities in

is socially optimal because of the negative consumption externality. This is reminiscent of the tragedy of the commons: rational individual choices have adverse social outcomes. Garrett Hardin suggested private ownership rights as a solution to the tragedy of the commons. If people have property rights over sections of the river, they internalize

the market process of exchange given property rights, both the reallocation of property rights and the allocation mechanism can be useful policy tools. Recall that Garrett Hardin thought the local authority was foolish to offer free parking at Christmas as it would increase demand for a fixed supply of space; it should

discussed here. The introduction of positional goods as well as the concept of common pool resources is shown in table 4.2. Further Reading Classics Garrett Hardin (1968), “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (December): 1243–1248, doi: 10.1126/science.162.3859.1243, http://www.sciencemag.org/content

Stink (1858), 308 Greece, 115 greenhouse gases, 84, 85, 140, 315 Grove, Andy, 46 Hahn, Robert, 300 Hanson, Gordon, 222 harbor authorities, 28, 142, 144 Hardin, Garrett, 137–43, 147, 165, 166 Hassler, William, 269 Hausman, Jerry, 324 Hayek, Friedrich, 20–21, 22, 23, 99, 291 health care, 2, 8, 21, 31

The Snowball: Warren Buffett and the Business of Life

by Alice Schroeder  · 1 Sep 2008  · 1,336pp  · 415,037 words

“church” called the Ecumenical Fellowship, which became part of the country’s abortion underground railroad.48 Buffett had been especially moved by the logic of Garrett Hardin, whose 1968 article “The Tragedy of the Commons” laid out the way that people who have no ownership stake in common goods—the air, the

. I don’t think that the numbers should determine how many people are wanted. Even if everybody had seven children, I wouldn’t do as Garrett Hardin said and link the right to the numbers.” So the Buffett Foundation supported reproductive rights. Increasingly, the complexities and nuances of reproductive rights, civil rights

sexton, until he found out the job description was not what he thought. “We held mock debates over who got to be the preacher.” 49. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, Vol. 162, No. 3859, December 13, 1968. Hardin’s theory was essentially a restatement of the “prisoner’s dilemma

through the use of technology and market forces, incorrect assumptions that caused such forecasts to peg the dates of critical population levels too early. 50. Garrett Hardin, “A Second Sermon on the Mount,” from Perspectives in Biology and Medicine, 1963. 51. Nevertheless, some remnants of the eugenics movement remained alive, and by

the Committee on Government Operations, United States, “Effect of Population Growth on Natural Resources and the Environment,” September 15-16, 1969, in a discussion with Garrett Hardin, to describe a mother who takes the risk of an unwanted pregnancy by not using birth control (and the term has since been used by

Liars and Outliers: How Security Holds Society Together

by Bruce Schneier  · 14 Feb 2012  · 503pp  · 131,064 words

collapsing the fishing stocks and ruining the industry for everyone. This is called a Tragedy of the Commons, and was first described by the ecologist Garrett Hardin in 1968.6 A Tragedy of the Commons occurs whenever a group shares a limited resource: not just fisheries, but grazing lands, water rights, time

our reputational pressure into laws was a big step for the development of society, and it allowed larger and more complex social groupings—like cities. Garrett Hardin, who created the phrase “the Tragedy of the Commons,” later wished he'd called it “the tragedy of the unmanaged commons.” The point of his

: How Neighbors Settle Disputes, Harvard University Press. Dunbar wrote Robin I.M. Dunbar (Nov 1992), “Why Gossip Is Good For You,” New Scientist, 28–31. Hardin: “Perhaps Garrett Hardin (1994), “The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9:199. Chapter 9 continuous operation clause Marc C. Singer (2005), “'Going

. In Plato's Republic Plato (c. 427–347 BC), The Republic. Niccolò Machiavelli Niccolò Machiavelli (1517), Discourses Upon the First Ten Books of Titus Livy. Garrett Hardin Garrett Hardin (1994). “The Tragedy of the Unmanaged Commons,” Trends in Ecology & Evolution, 9:199. voting is required Elliot Frankal (4 Jul 2005), “Compulsory Voting Around the

and William D. Hamilton (1981), “The Evolution of Cooperation,” Science, 211:1390–6. Robert Axelrod (1984), The Evolution of Cooperation, Basic Books. open grazing pasture Garrett Hardin (1968), “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science, 162:1243–8. Chapter 6 predictably irrational Dan Ariely (2008), Predictably Irrational: The Hidden Forces That Shape our

Dragnet Nation: A Quest for Privacy, Security, and Freedom in a World of Relentless Surveillance

by Julia Angwin  · 25 Feb 2014  · 422pp  · 104,457 words

law for a decade. Hirsch compared institutions that mine individuals’ personal data to ranchers who overgraze their cattle on commonly owned grasslands, as portrayed in Garrett Hardin’s seminal 1968 essay in Science magazine, “Tragedy of the Commons.” Hardin described how each rancher seeks to increase profits by adding cattle to his

.ssf/2009/08/freshwater_mussels_found_in_cu.html. To understand the links: Dennis Hirsch, in discussion with author, July 26, 2011. as portrayed in Garrett Hardin’s: Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162, no. 3859 (December 13, 1968): 1423–48, http://www.sciencemag.org/content/162/3859/1243.full. “The

tracking Graeber, David Graham, Robert Greene, David Griffin, Mike Guardian Guardian Project Gupta, Vinod Guthrie, Woody hackers Hadayet, Hesham Mohamed Hall of Mirrors Hancock, Jeff Hardin, Garrett Harlan, John Marshall Harper, Jim Harriton High School Harvey, Adam Hasan, Nidal Malik Hasbrouck, Edward Hashcat hashing Hayden, Michael Hayes-Beaty, Ashley Health Insurance Portability

The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism

by Jeremy Rifkin  · 31 Mar 2014  · 565pp  · 151,129 words

a ubiquitous private property regime and market exchange model. Likely the most well-known contemporary depiction of the Commons—albeit a thoroughly negative one—is Garrett Hardin’s essay entitled “The Tragedy of the Commons,” which appeared in the journal Science in 1968. A professor of ecology at the University of California

.S. Federal Communications Commission, http://www.fcc.gov/topic/auctions (accessed June 4, 2013). Chapter 10 1. Garrett Hardin, “The Tragedy of the Commons,” Science 162(3859) (December 13, 1968): 1244. 2. Ibid., 1243–48. 3. Garrett Hardin, “Political Requirements for Preserving Our Common Heritage,” in Wildlife and America, ed. Howard P. Brokaw (Washington

the commons, 155–172 design principles of effective commons, 161–162 rediscovering, 156–165 and Törbel Commons covenant agreement of 1483, 160–161 see also Hardin, Garrett; Rose, Carol “Commons affliction,” 187 Community supported agriculture (CSA), 239–240 computer-aided design (CAD), 124 computer(s), cost(s) of, 80 concentration patterns, 54

Makers Movement, 99–104 and 3D printing, 95 Hall, Andy, 87 Hansen, James, 287 Happiness: Lessons from a New Science (Layard), 277 Haque, Umair, 253 Hardin, Garrett, 155–159 Hazen, Paul, 213 healthcare, 13, 74, 130, 240–247 hedonistic treadmill, 276 Hegel, Georg Friedrich, 279, 301 Heilbroner, Robert, 5, 105 Herr, Bill

The Next Great Migration: The Beauty and Terror of Life on the Move

by Sonia Shah

-heeled Elton fan sniffed. Principles such as Gause’s Law “ha[ve] applications in many academic fields of study,” added the University of California ecologist Garrett Hardin. Accepting its premises would bring about “a renaissance of understanding.” By the 1930s, the popularity of eugenics19 had started to diminish in the United States

over the ecological crisis precipitated by population growth. At weekly seminars and conferences at Stanford, he gathered scientists such as the University of California ecologist Garrett Hardin, the social scientist Kingsley Davis, and others to share notes on the possibility of a human population explosion and its portents for the future. They

in favor of immigration and labor unions and their partisan allies arguing that immigrants drove down wages and had a negative impact on the environment. Garrett Hardin and Anne Ehrlich served on the board of Tanton’s Federation for American Immigration Reform. Like Ehrlich, who primed his readers and viewers to accept

from Iowa. Antimigrant politicians in the United States mostly refrained from discussing environmental problems of any kind. But antimigrant politicians in Europe, echoing Aldo Leopold, Garrett Hardin, and the other neo-Malthusian ecologists, openly denounced migrants for the environmental burden they supposedly exacted. The antimigrant politician Marine Le Pen planned to remake

Existence: I. Mixed Population of Two Species of Yeast,” Journal of Experimental Biology 9, no. 4 (1932): 389–402. Years of experimentation and mathematical modeling Garrett Hardin, “The Competitive Exclusion Principle,” Science 131, no. 3409 (1960): 1292–97. In the belief that nature was in essence “filled up” Chew, “Ending with Elton

Brown, “How Humans Are Messing Up Bee Sex,” National Geographic, September 11, 2018; Social Contract, “Tribute to Tanton.” Hardin had used a similarly misleading metaphor Garrett Hardin, “Commentary: Living on a Lifeboat,” BioScience 24, no. 10 (1974): 561–68; Constance Holden, “ ‘Tragedy of the Commons’ Author Dies,” Science, September 26, 2003; Ehrlich

earthquake, here Trump on, here U.S. efforts to limit number of, here Half-Moon Club, here, here Hanen, Jonathan, here Haqyar, Ghulam, here, here Hardin, Garrett, here, here, here, here Hart-Celler Act of 1965, here Hawaii beneficial effects of nonnative plants, here efforts to purge nonnative plants, here, here migration

Humankind: A Hopeful History

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The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World

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The Great Mental Models: General Thinking Concepts

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Hacking Capitalism

by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;

The End of Doom: Environmental Renewal in the Twenty-First Century

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Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It

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Deadly Choices: How the Anti-Vaccine Movement Threatens Us All

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Energy: A Human History

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Blockchain Chicken Farm: And Other Stories of Tech in China's Countryside

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The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts

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Algorithms to Live By: The Computer Science of Human Decisions

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Moby-Duck: The True Story of 28,800 Bath Toys Lost at Sea and of the Beachcombers, Oceanographers, Environmentalists, and Fools, Including the Author, Who Went in Search of Them

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Peer-to-Peer

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Globalists

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A Man for All Markets

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The Transparent Society: Will Technology Force Us to Choose Between Privacy and Freedom?

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