by Siddhartha Mukherjee · 16 May 2016 · 824pp · 218,333 words
DNA is a little side-show, but every disease that’s with us is caused by DNA. And [every disease] can be fixed by DNA. —George Church While human gene therapy was exiled to wander its scientific tundra in the late 1990s, human genetic diagnosis experienced a remarkable renaissance. To understand this
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, no. 6096 (2012): 816–21. this technique has exploded: Key contributors to the use of CRISPR/Cas9 in human cells include Feng Zhang (MIT) and George Church (Harvard). See, for instance, L. Cong et al., “Multiplex genome engineering using CRISPR/Cas systems,” Science 339, no. 6121 (2013): 819–23; and F. A
by Tim O'Reilly · 9 Oct 2017 · 561pp · 157,589 words
’s art but through the next steps in the path trod by Luther Burbank? Amazing work is happening today in synthetic biology and gene engineering. George Church and his colleagues at Harvard are beginning a controversial ten-year project to create from scratch a complete human genome. Ryan Phelan and Stewart Brand
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.com/news/2015_05_may/11_may_3d_makeover_for_hyper-effi cient_metalwork. 328 create from scratch a complete human genome: Jef D. Boeke, George Church, Andrew Hessel, Nancy J. Kelley, et al., “The Genome Project-Write,” Science, July 8, 2016, 126–27, doi:10.1126/science.aaf6850. For a popular
by Orly Lobel · 17 Oct 2022 · 370pp · 112,809 words
Institute, National Institutes of Health, last updated September 25, 2020, https://www.cancer.gov/about-cancer/understanding/statistics. 11. Catherine Mohr, Siddhartha Mukherjee, Regina Barzilay, George Church, and Jennifer Egan, “From Gene Editing to A.I., How Will Technology Transform Humanity?,” New York Times, November 16, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/inter
by Byrne Hobart and Tobias Huber · 29 Oct 2024 · 292pp · 106,826 words
, announced in 2018 that he had created babies genetically edited to have HIV immunity, the global scientific community reacted with moral outrage. The eminent geneticist George Church, one of the few prominent scientists to defend He Jiankui, stated that the “most serious thing I’ve heard is that he didn’t do
by Andrew McAfee · 30 Sep 2019 · 372pp · 94,153 words
use of the DNA that remains in their corpses. Brand is a prominent exponent of this “de-extinction” movement and is working with the geneticist George Church and others to adapt an elephant into a species more akin to a woolly mammoth.II Second, we’re fighting to preserve some of the
by George Dyson · 6 Mar 2012
for measuring advantages,” Turing argued in 1950. “The experimenter, by the exercise of intelligence, should be able to speed it up.”51 The entrepreneurial genomicist George Church recently announced, concerning biotechnology’s success in the laboratory, “We are able to program these cells as if they were an extension of the computer
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Institute, April 25–26, 1966 (Philadelphia: Wistar Institute, 1966), p. 67; Alan Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind 59, no. 236 (October 1950): 456. 52. George Church, West Hollywood, Calif., July 26, 2009, EDGE Foundation, “A Short Course on Synthetic Genomics” (http://edge.org/event/master-classes/the-edge-master-class-2008
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Neumann on Zworykin Chicago, University of, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 9.1 Church, Alonzo (1903–1995), 13.1, 13.2, 13.3 Church, George Church-Turing thesis Clarke, Benjamin classification (secrecy), 5.1, 5.2, 13.1, 18.1, 18.2, 18.3 Clippinger, Richard (1913–1997) cloud computing Cocktail
by Richard A. Clarke · 10 Apr 2017 · 428pp · 121,717 words
believe that improvements to the technology will soon render it safe enough for experimentation on humans, if we haven’t reached that point already. Dr. George Church, a geneticist at Harvard and a signatory of the commentary that laid out the Napa conference’s recommendations, estimates that advances could yield an error
by Stewart Brand · 15 Mar 2009 · 422pp · 113,525 words
fresh genetic code that is manageable, that actually does have intelligent design instead of the infinity of moronic kludges and patches that timeless evolution confers. George Church, a leading molecular geneticist at Harvard, says that biology is at last becoming “an engineering discipline, with interchangeable parts, hierarchical design, interoperable systems, specification sheets
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to engineer new organisms.” Brent is one of the major proponents in the United States of open-source biotech, along with Rob Carlson, Drew Endy, George Church, and Craig Venter. All of them are acutely aware of the dangers of bioterror and have worked directly with the government agencies responsible for biosecurity
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could thrive in the world, microbes would have invented it long ago. If we try to create green goo, microbes will defeat it.) Synthetic biologist George Church has yet another vision: “The most sustainable source of energy is sunlight and the most convenient products are pipeline-compatible petrochemicals. So I would aim
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as little as $10 million.” Researchers at Pennsylvania State University are sequencing the mammoth genome from samples of mammoth hair. New GE techniques developed by George Church at Harvard and Shinya Yamanaka at Kyoto University would allow skin from an elephant to be reprogrammed to an embryonic state, then injected with multiple
by Michio Kaku · 15 Mar 2011 · 523pp · 148,929 words
Capra, author of The Science of Leonardo Sean Carroll, cosmologist, Caltech Andrew Chaikin, author of A Man on the Moon Leroy Chiao, former NASA astronaut George Church, director, Center for Computational Genetics, Harvard Medical School Thomas Cochran, physicist, Natural Resources Defense Council Christopher Cokinos, science writer, author of The Fallen Sky Francis
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egg, which may one day become a living Neanderthal. Then, after thousands of years, the Neanderthal may one day walk the surface of the earth. George Church of the Harvard Medical School even estimated that it would cost only $30 million to bring the Neanderthal back to life, and he even laid
by Walter Isaacson · 9 Mar 2021 · 700pp · 160,604 words
really big questions are the important questions.” Doudna also proved herself a team player, which counted a lot for Szostak, who shared that trait with George Church and some other scientists at the Harvard Medical School campus. This was reflected in the number of coauthors she had on most of her papers
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decade later, she would find herself in a race to develop CRISPR into a gene-editing tool with various Cambridge-based researchers, including Harvard’s George Church and the men who would become her bitter rivals, Feng Zhang and Eric Lander of the Broad Institute. Then she got a call from the
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his mentor Eric Lander, the brilliant and sparky mathematician-turned-scientist who directed the Broad Institute, to compete for credit as well as for discoveries. George Church of Harvard, Doudna’s longtime friend, who considered himself, at least for a while, to be Zhang’s mentor and academic advisor. Both on the
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beloved for embracing new ideas, sometimes wildly, and who fostered a jovial atmosphere that encouraged exploration: Doudna’s longtime friend, the avuncular and bushy-bearded George Church, one of the contemporary legends of biology and a scientific celebrity. He became for Zhang, as he did for almost all of his students, a
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loving and beloved mentor—until the day Church believed that Zhang had betrayed him. CHAPTER 23 George Church Tall and gangly, George Church looks like, and actually is, both a gentle giant and a mad scientist. He is one of those iconic characters who is equally
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carry out multiplex genome editing in mammalian cells enables powerful applications across basic science, biotechnology, and medicine.”2 Zhang vs. Church For twenty-five years, George Church had been working on various methods to engineer genes. He had trained Feng Zhang and was still nominally the academic advisor of Zhang’s lead
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got a phone call from a colleague. “I hope you’re sitting down,” the caller said. “CRISPR is turning out to be absolutely spectacular in George Church’s hands.”1 Doudna already knew from Church’s email that he was working on CRISPR, and when she heard about his progress in making
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the multiple papers on CRISPR gene editing were due to be published, Doudna arranged for one of her business associates, Andy May, to meet with George Church at his Harvard lab. An Oxford-educated molecular biologist, May was the scientific advisor at Caribou Biosciences, the biotech company that Doudna had started with
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and Barrangou. It also meant that some very important players were left out, including Francisco Mojica, Erik Sontheimer, Luciano Marraffini, Sylvain Moineau, Virginijus Šikšnys, and George Church. Doudna was upset by the exclusion of her friend Church, so she did two things. She donated her prize money, about $100,000, to the
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his wife. “I’d like to take this opportunity to celebrate the work of two people who have inspired me for a very long time, George Church and Ting Wu,” Doudna said, and then she pointedly noted Church’s “huge impact on the gene-editing field, including adapting the CRISPR-Cas system
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” ($169) and a “genetic engineering home lab kit” ($1,999). Soon after Zayner started his business in 2016, he got an email from Harvard’s George Church. “I like the stuff you’re doing,” Church wrote. They chatted, eventually met, and Church became the “business and scientific advisor” to The ODIN. “I
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million worth of grants, making the military the largest single source of money for CRISPR research.2 The initial DARPA grants went to seven teams. George Church at Harvard received one to study the reversal of mutations that come from exposure to radiation. Kevin Esvelt at MIT was tapped to study gene
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for Army Combat Capabilities, sponsored by the army’s Research and Technology Program. Among the fifty or so participants were some distinguished scientists, most notably George Church, as well as one outlier: Josiah Zayner, the biohacker with multiple ear piercings who had injected himself with a CRISPR-edited gene at a San
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be allowed, and people who could afford gene-edited babies would be willing to travel. Sternberg decided not to get involved, but for a while George Church agreed to serve as an unpaid science advisor. “George suggested that I work with sperm cells rather than embryos,” Buchman recalls. “He said it might
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the interest of Congress. Senator Elizabeth Warren hosted a congressional briefing, and Doudna went to Washington to testify with her friend and fellow CRISPR pioneer George Church. The event was so popular that it was standing-room only. More than 150 senators, congressmen, staffers, and agency personnel crammed into the room. Doudna
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December 2015 for the first International Summit on Human Gene Editing. In addition to Doudna and Baltimore, there were other CRISPR pioneers, including Feng Zhang, George Church, and Emmanuelle Charpentier. Cohosts included the Chinese Academy of Sciences and Britain’s Royal Society.16 “We are here as part of a historical process
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have your participation,” she wrote back to Jiankui, who, not surprisingly, was equally delighted to accept.11 The meeting opened with a public lecture by George Church in which he spoke of the possible benefits of germline editing, including ones that would augment human capacities. Church showed a slide listing simple gene
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or giving a kid blue eyes or adding fifteen IQ points is truly a threat to public health or to morality,” says Doudna’s friend George Church, the Harvard geneticist.10 In fact, aren’t we morally obligated to look after the welfare of our children and of future humans in general
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on CRISPR gene editing beginning in the fall of 2015. Among the speakers that first year were our four main characters: Jennifer Doudna, Emmanuelle Charpentier, George Church, and Feng Zhang. Watson attended that initial meeting of the CRISPR group, as he did most meetings at Cold Spring Harbor, and he sat in
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over who first discovered CRISPR as a gene-editing tool, the third slot could have gone to Feng Zhang, although that would have left out George Church, who published similar findings at the same time. In addition, there were many other worthy candidates, including Francisco Mojica, Rodolphe Barrangou, Phillipe Horvath, Eric Sontheimer
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it happened. On some important papers involving coronavirus, publication on the reprint servers led to crowdsourced vetting and wisdom from experts around the world.5 George Church says he had long wondered whether there would ever be a biological event that was catalytic enough to bring science into our daily lives. “COVID
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means, I know it when I see it, which I hope comes through in these pages. I likewise got a kick out of hanging around George Church, who is a charming (charmant?) gentleman disguised as a mad scientist. Kevin Doxzen of the Innovative Genomics Institute and Spencer Olesky of Tulane were the
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’ Request,” The Telegraph, May 10, 2009; Nicholas Wade, “Genome of DNA Discoverer Is Deciphered,” New York Times, June 1, 2007. 5. Author’s interviews with George Church, Eric Lander, and James Watson. 6. Frederic Golden and Michael D. Lemonick, “The Race Is Over,” and James Watson, “The Double Helix Revisited,” Time, July
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3, 2000; author’s conversations with Al Gore, Craig Venter, James Watson, George Church, and Francis Collins. 7. Author’s own notes from the White House ceremony; Nicholas Wade, “Genetic Code of Human Life Is Cracked by Scientists,” New
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Paola Arlotta, “Efficient Construction of Sequence-Specific TAL Effectors for Modulating Mammalian Transcription,” Nature Biotechnology, Jan. 19, 2011. Chapter 23: George Church 1. This section is based on author’s interviews and visits with George Church and also Ben Mezrich, Woolly (Atria, 2017); Anna Azvolinsky, “Curious George,” The Scientist, Oct. 1, 2016; Sharon Begley
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, “George Church Has a Wild Idea to Upend Evolution,” Stat, May 16, 2016; Prashant Nair, “George Church,” PNAS, July 24, 2012; Jeneen Interlandi, “The Church of
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George Church,” Popular Science, May 27, 2015. 2. Mezrich, Woolly, 43. 3. George Church Oral History, National Human Genome Research Institute, July 26
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Times, Nov. 19, 2008; Nicholas Wade, “The Wooly Mammoth’s Last Stand,” New York Times, Mar. 2, 2017; Mezrich, Woolly. 5. Author’s interviews with George Church and Jennifer Doudna. Chapter 24: Zhang Tackles CRISPR 1. Josiane Garneau… Rodolphe Barrangou… Philippe Horvath, Alfonso H. Magadán, and Sylvain Moineau, “The CRISPR/Cas Bacterial
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,” Nature, Nov. 3, 2010. 2. Davies, Editing Humanity, 80; author’s interview with Le Cong. 3. Author’s interviews with Eric Lander, Feng Zhang; Begley, “George Church Has a Wild Idea…”; Michael Specter, “The Gene Hackers,” New Yorker, Nov. 8, 2015; Davies, Editing Humanity, 82. 4. Feng Zhang, “Confidential Memorandum of Invention
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, 2012; accepted Dec. 12; published online Jan. 3, 2013). 3. Author’s interviews with George Church, Eric Lander, and Feng Zhang. 4. Author’s email interviews with Le Cong. 5. Author’s interview with George Church. 6. Prashant Mali… George Church, et al., “RNA-Guided Human Genome Engineering via Cas9,” Science, Feb. 15, 2013 (received Oct
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CRISPR-Cas System,” Nature Biotechnology, Jan. 29, 2013. Chapter 28: Forming Companies 1. Author’s interviews with Andy May, Jennifer Doudna, and Rachel Haurwitz. 2. George Church interview, “Can Neanderthals Be Brought Back from the Dead?,” Spiegel, Jan. 18, 2013; David Wagner, “How the Viral Neanderthal-Baby Story Turned Real Science into
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Rodger Novak”; Jon Cohen, “Birth of CRISPR Inc.,” Science, Feb. 17, 2017; author’s interviews with Emmanuelle Charpentier. 4. Author’s interviews with Jennifer Doudna, George Church, and Emmanuelle Charpentier. 5. Author’s interviews with Rodger Novak and Emmanuelle Charpentier. 6. Author’s interview with Andy May. 7. Hemme, “Fireside Chat with
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,” Broad Institute website, broadinstitute.org. 8. Author’s interview with Eric Lander; Breakthrough Prize ceremony, Mar. 19, 2015. 9. Author’s interviews with Jennifer Doudna, George Church; Gairdner Awards ceremony, Oct. 27, 2016. Chapter 30: The Heroes of CRISPR 1. Author’s interviews with Eric Lander and Emmanuelle Charpentier. 2. Lander, “The
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, June 2016; “Inventive Steps: The CRISPR Patent Dispute and Scientific Progress,” EMBO Reports, May 23, 2017; “Patent Protection for CRISPR.” 7. Author’s interviews with George Church, Jennifer Doudna, Erik Lander, and Feng Zhang. 8. “CRISPR-Cas Systems and Methods for Altering Expressions of Gene Products,” provisional application No. 61/736,527
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Yorker, Nov. 16, 2015; author’s interview with Jennifer Doudna. 2. Author’s interviews with Sam Sternberg and Lauren Buchman. 3. Author’s interviews with George Church and Lauren Buchman. 4. Doudna and Sternberg, A Crack in Creation, 199–220; author’s interviews with Jennifer Doudna and Sam Sternberg. 5. Author’s
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, “Critics Lash Out at Chinese Scientists Who Edited DNA in Human Embryos,” Morning Edition, NPR, April 23, 2015. 12. Author’s interviews with Ting Wu, George Church, Jennifer Doudna; Johnny Kung, “Increasing Policymaker’s Interest in Genetics,” pgEd briefing paper, Dec. 1, 2015. 13. Jennifer Doudna, “Embryo Editing Needs Scrutiny,” Nature, Dec
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. 3, 2015. 14. George Church, “Encourage the Innovators,” Nature, Dec. 3, 2015. 15. Steven Pinker, “A Moral Imperative for Bioethics,” Boston Globe, Aug. 1, 2015; Paul Knoepfler, Steven Pinker interview
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, The Niche, Aug. 10, 2015. 16. Author’s interviews with Jennifer Doudna, David Baltimore, and George Church; International Summit on Human Gene Editing, Dec. 1–3, 2015 (National Academies Press, 2015); Jef Akst, “Let’s Talk Human Engineering,” The Scientist, Dec. 3
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, “The Challenge and Opportunity of Gene Editing,” Templeton Foundation grant 217,398. 12. Davies, Editing Humanity, 221; George Church, “Future, Human, Nature: Reading, Writing, Revolution,” Innovative Genomics Institute, January 26, 2017, innovativegenomics.org/multimedia-library/george-church-lecture/. 13. He Jiankui, “The Safety of Gene-Editing of Human Embryos to Be Resolved,” blog post
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Reprogenetics Will Transform the American Family,” Hofstra Law Review, Fall 1999; Jürgen Habermas, The Future of Human Nature (Polity, 2003). 10. Author’s interview with George Church, and similarly quoted in Rachel Cocker, “We Should Not Fear ‘Editing’ Embryos to Enhance Human Intelligence,” The Telegraph, Mar. 16, 2019; Lee Silver, Remaking Eden
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-2/, n.d. 5. Simine Vazire, “Peer-Reviewed Scientific Journals Don’t Really Do Their Job,” Wired, June 25, 2020. 6. Author’s interview with George Church. 7. Author’s interview with Emmanuelle Charpentier. INDEX A note about the index: The pages referenced in this index refer to the page numbers in
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