Institute for Strategic Dialogue

Going Dark: The Secret Social Lives of Extremists
by Julia Ebner
Published 20 Feb 2020

To fully understand tornadoes and create warning systems, my Twister heroes concluded, you needed to get to the centre of a storm. Instead of chasing storms I have ended up chasing extremists for a living. In many ways this isn’t too dissimilar. Like storms, extremist movements are fast, have strong destructive potential and can change direction at any time. In my day job at the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), I monitor extremist movements across the UK, Europe and the US. My team works with cutting-edge technology partners and universities such as MIT to track and analyse harmful online content – ranging from extremist propaganda to pieces of disinformation. Based on this research, I advise governments, security forces, tech firms and activists on how to respond to extremist activities.

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This is also reflected in their financial support. ‘We’ve got donors from across the world for Patriot Peer,’ Edwin tells me. ‘But most important to us was all the support we received from the US.’ He doesn’t know that I spent the last few weeks investigating GI’s funding networks. At the Institute for Strategic Dialogue we found that most of the €200,000 they received in donations for their #DefendEurope campaign came from US sources – despite its exclusive focus on European borders.10 ‘Why then aren’t you expanding to North America?’ I ask. The US has the alt-right, Edwin explains, ‘so we need to think very carefully about our strategy there’.

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‘Anti-feminism and anti-women politics is a growing sub-section of right-wing extremism more generally, although primarily online,’ he says. ‘We have already seen numerous deadly terrorist attacks emanating from this movement and I am afraid we might see a growth in this come the next decade.’ Deep Fakes and Cyber-Warfare Techniques Jacob Davey, researcher at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue and expert on the international far right’s online playbook, argues that we have seen a range of activities associated with internet culture entering the mainstream in recent years. Shitposting, trolling and memes are no longer the domain of the 4chan brigade. ‘They are now key tactics for PR firms, advertisers and even the President of the United States.

Men Who Hate Women: From Incels to Pickup Artists, the Truth About Extreme Misogyny and How It Affects Us All
by Laura Bates
Published 2 Sep 2020

On a grey, spring afternoon, I visit the secret location of the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, a London-based ‘think and do tank’ that pioneers policy and operational responses to violent extremism. The organisation combines research and analysis with government advisory work and delivery programmes, and, as such, is at the forefront of our response to extremism and terrorism. In a glass-walled conference room, looking out onto a bustling open-plan office, I meet with Jacob Davey, as well as an associate in technology, communications and education at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, and a communications co-ordinator.

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Davey immediately confirms that the anti-extremist field is missing a focus on the issue of misogynistic extremism: ‘In terms of radicalisation, extremism and the role of toxic masculinity, that’s something that I think there’s not enough coverage on, as a sector.’ Within the Institute for Strategic Dialogue itself, Davey does the most work on the manosphere and misogynistic extremism, with some of his colleagues carrying out separate work on ‘the role of women in extremist movements’. But, while he is extremely well informed, he is quick to admit that his expertise on specifically male-supremacist communities is something ‘I sort of touch upon… tangentially’, when it intersects with his ‘primary focus’, which is the ‘extreme right wing’. When I ask if there is any staff member at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue tasked solely with focusing on misogynistic extremism, he tells me that there isn’t, though the organisation’s website lists fifty-six members of staff.

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And these are just the most well-known examples of a community that also encompasses countless smaller blogs, discussion groups and webpages. We are, of course, talking about a tiny minority of men. But this is not a tiny number. It is not an isolated group of a few dozen outliers. When I meet Jacob Davey, a project manager at the Institute for Strategic Dialogue, who has studied incels and other manosphere groups, he stresses that this is a ‘transnational’ movement. While he believes that the largest incel community is based in the US, he estimates that the size of the manosphere in the UK alone (including other groups explored in this book, as well as incels) may be as great as 10,000 people.

The Science of Hate: How Prejudice Becomes Hate and What We Can Do to Stop It
by Matthew Williams
Published 23 Mar 2021

Human Rights Watch, ‘Covid-19 Fueling Anti-Asian Racism and Xenophobia Worldwide’, 12 May 2020, www.hrw.org/news/2020/05/12/covid-19-fueling-anti-asian-racism-and-xenophobia-worldwide. 31. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, ‘Far-Right Exploitation of Covid-19’, London: ISD, 2020. 32. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, ‘Covid-19 Disinformation Briefing No. 2’, London: ISD, 2020. 33. A. Goldman, ‘Man Suspected of Planning Attack on Missouri Hospital Is Killed, Officials Say’, New York Times, 25 March 2020. 34. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, ‘Covid-19 Disinformation Briefing No. 2’. 35. M. L. Williams et al., ‘Hate in the Machine: Anti-Black and Anti-Muslim Social Media Posts as Predictors of Offline Racially and Religiously Aggravated Crime’, British Journal of Criminology 60 (2019), 93–117. 36.

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Elias, The Civilizing Process, Oxford: Blackwell, 1994. 2. S. Pinker, The Better Angels of our Nature, New York: Viking, 2011. 3. Information Commissioner’s Office, ‘ICO Investigation into Use of Personal Information and Political Influence’, London: Information Commissioner’s Office, 2020. 4. Institute for Strategic Dialogue, ‘Far-Right Exploitation of Covid-19’, London: ISD, 2020; S. Parkin, ‘“A Threat to Health Is Being Weaponised”: Inside the Fight against Online Hate Crime’, Guardian, 2 May 2020; K. Paul, ‘Facebook Reports Spike in Takedowns of Hate Speech’, Reuters, 12 May 2020. 5. EU vs Disinfo, ‘EEAS Special Report Update: Short Assessment of Narratives and Disinformation around the Covid-19/Coronavirus Pandemic’, 24 April 2020, euvsdisinfo.eu/eeas-special-report-update-2-22-april; C.

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The rally was promoted on Facebook, Twitter and Reddit, platforms with the widest possible reach. The objective was to shift the Overton window – what is politically possible based on the current climate of public discourse – further to the right (see Figure 19).5 Fig. 19: The Overton window. The London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue analysed ten thousand posts and two hundred pieces of online propaganda related to the rally.6 The alt-right were targeting students between the ages of fourteen and eighteen. This strategy was based on a survey of fifty thousand US high school students, or ‘Generation Z’, that showed 58 per cent of them would vote for Trump, in sharp contrast to ‘millennials’, those born between the early 1980s and early 2000s.

This Is Not Propaganda: Adventures in the War Against Reality
by Peter Pomerantsev
Published 29 Jul 2019

Interfax, 8 May – Chairman of the Federation Council Sergey Mironov: ‘What was done by the Estonian leadership shows that Fascism and Nazism are reborn in Estonia.’ 19 DiResta, Renee et al., ‘The Tactics & Tropes of the Internet Research Agency’. 20 Associated Press, ‘US Secretly Created “Cuban Twitter” to Stir Unrest and Undermine Government’, Guardian, 3 April 2014; https://www.theguardian.com/world/2014/apr/03/us-cuban-twitter-zunzuneo-stir-unrest. 21 International Center for Journalists, ‘Maria Ressa Accepts the 2018 Knight International Journalism Award’; https://www.icfj.org/maria-ressa-accepts-2018-knight-international-journalism-award. 22 Hosenball, Mark, ‘British Authorities Ban Three Foreign Right-Wing Activists’, Reuters, 12 March 2018; https://uk.reuters.com/article/uk-britain-security-deportations/british-authorities-ban-three-foreign-right-wing-activists-idUKKCN1GO2LO. 23 Ebner, Julia and Jacob Davey, The Fringe Insurgency: Connectivity and Convergence of the Extreme-Right (Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2018); https://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2017/10/The-Fringe-Insurgency-221017.pdf. 24 ‘Text of Sakharov Letter to Carter on Human Rights’, New York Times, 29 January 1977; https://www.nytimes.com/1977/01/29/archives/text-of-sakharov-letter-to-carter-on-human-rights.html. 25 ‘What Price a Soviet Jew?’

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‘I’ve found it! Al-Ghazali, The Ninety-Nine Beautiful Names of God!’ It’s his knowledge of Islamic law and recruitment techniques that make Rashad so good at what he does today: extracting people from the sort of movements he was once a part of. He works at an organisation blandly entitled the Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), which tracks online extremist campaigns, advises governments and technology companies on what regulation they should (and shouldn’t) introduce to tackle them, and experiments with what it calls ‘counter-speech’, reaching out to audiences coming under the sway of extremist movements.

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Notes 1 al-Nabahani, Sheikh Taqiuddin, The Islamic Personality, Vol. 1 (2005); http://www.hizb-australia.org/wp-content/uploads/2012/03/Shakhsiyya-I.pdf. 2 Central Intelligence Agency, ‘Release of Abbottabad Compound Material’, November 2017; https://www.cia.gov/library/abbottabad-compound/index.html. 3 Institute for Economics & Peace, Positive Peace Report 2018: Analysing the Factors That Sustain Peace, Sydney, October 2018; http://visionofhumanity.org/app/uploads/2018/11/Positive-Peace-Report-2018.pdf. 4 Institute for Strategic Dialogue, ‘“I Left to Be Closer to Allah”: Learning about Foreign Fighters from Family and Friends’, 2018; http://www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/05/Families_Report.pdf. 5 National Public Radio, ‘Study: No One Issue Clearly Unites 5 Groups of Trump Voters’, 2 July 2017; http://www.npr.org/2017/07/02/535240706/study-no-one-issue-clearly-unites-5-groups-of-trump-voters.

Home Grown: How Domestic Violence Turns Men Into Terrorists
by Joan Smith
Published 5 Apr 2019

Linda Wenzel, who was only fifteen when she ran away from a town in eastern Germany to join ISIS in Iraq, recalled after being captured by Iraqi forces that she was shown videos ‘where men and their wives and children wandered together through parks . . . they baked bread together. It was like being in another world’.142 The propaganda was extremely effective: a report published by the Institute for Strategic Dialogue in 2015 described the number of Western women travelling to join ISIS as ‘unprecedented’, suggesting that they already accounted for more than 550 of the organisation’s 4,000 foreign recruits.143 But the pace of foreign recruitment was about to step up exponentially: three years later, a report from the International Centre for the Study of Radicalisation suggested that up to 4,761 of the nearly 42,000 foreigners who joined ISIS between April 2013 and June 2018 were women, while another 4,640 were minors.144 The fact that more than a fifth of foreign recruits to ISIS consisted of women and children is breathtaking, although it has to be said that not all of the women went voluntarily; journalists who interviewed the foreign wives of ISIS fighters in detention camps in Iraq after the collapse of the caliphate found a number of women who said they had been forced to make the journey by their husbands.

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Certainly not her astonishing dad’, Spectator, 11 April 2015 138 ‘If teenage girls want to join Isis in the face of all its atrocities, then they should leave and never return’, Independent, 23 February 2015 139 ‘The jihadist girls who went to Syria weren’t just radicalised by Isis – they were groomed’, Independent, 25 February 2015 140 ‘Women of the Islamic State: A manifesto on women by the Al-Khanssaa Brigade’, translation and analysis by Charlie Winter, Quilliam Foundation, February 2015, p.18 141 Ibid., p.27 142 ‘German girl imprisoned for Isis role has fleeting family reunion’, Guardian, 15 December 2017 143 ‘“Till Martyrdom Do Us Part”: Gender and the ISIS Phenomenon’, Erin Saltman and Melanie Smith, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2015, p.4 144 ‘From Daesh to “Diaspora”: Tracing the Women and Minors of Islamic State’, Joana Cook and Gina Vale, ICSR, 2018, p.3 145 Two Sisters: Into the Syrian Jihad, Åsne Seierstad, Virago, 2018, p.345 146 ‘Isis Austrian poster girl Samra Kesinovic “used as sex slave” before being murdered for trying to escape’, Independent, 31 December 2015 147 ‘Isis bride Shamima Begum: “When I saw my first severed head it didn’t faze me at all” ’, The Times, 13 February 2019. 148 Landmark Cases: ‘Kunarac et al.: sexual enslavement and rape as crimes against humanity’, UN, International Residual Mechanism for Criminal Tribunals 149 ‘Conflict-Related sexual violence’, Report of the Secretary General, UN Security Council, 23 March 2015, p.24 150 Ibid. 151 ‘Defected from ISIS or Simply Returned, and for How Long?

Other Pandemic: How QAnon Contaminated the World
by James Ball
Published 19 Jul 2023

Often, having looked at the last few decades, these might offer more tips on what not to do than on what to do, but even this can be useful in its own way. ‘Picture a young man in front of a computer, in his parents’ basement,’ says Rashad Ali,18 a senior fellow at the anti-extremism and disinformation think tank the Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Ali – once a senior figure in the extremist-leaning Islamist group Hizb ut-Tahrir, who now researches counter-extremism – is setting out the stereotypical picture of online self-radicalisation. ‘And then that picture pans out, and you see lots of other young men sat in their basements, on a computer.

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Trilogy, Constable & Robinson, London, 1975 Sunstein, Cass R., Conspiracy Theories and Other Dangerous Ideas, Simon & Schuster, New York, 2014 Walker, Jesse, The United States of Paranoia: A Conspiracy Theory, Harper Perennial, London, 2012 Index Abedin, Huma, here Adler, Daniel, here Alefantis, James, here, here Alexander, Leigh, here Ali, Rashid, here alt-right, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here AlternativeRight.com, here Amazon, here, here American Revolution, here Anonymous, here, here, here, here, here anthrax, here Anti-Defamation League, here, here Antifa, here, here, here, here, here, here anti-vaccination movement, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Arab Spring, here, here Archer, here Arcuri, Jennifer, here Argentino, Marc-André, here ARPANET, here Arzaga, Ashley Noell, here Assange, Julian, here, here Astley, Rick, here AT&T, here, here ‘auditing’, here Aung San Suu Kyi, here Babbage, Charles, here Bannon, Steve, here, here Battlestar Galactica, here Beck, Glenn, here Beech, Carl (‘Nick’), here Berners-Lee, Tim, here Biden, Hunter, here Biden, Joe, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Big Energy, here Big Pharma, here, here Big Tobacco, here Bilderberg, here bin Laden, Osama, here ‘birther’ conspiracy, here Black Lives Matter, here, here, here, here, here Blade Runner, here blood libel, here, here Boebert, Lauren, here, here, here Bolsonaro, Jair, here Bonet, Lisa, here Boy’s Club, here Brand, Russell, here Brandenburg, Steven, here Breitbart, here, here, here Brennan, Frederick, here, here Brexit, here, here Brown, Dan, here, here BTS, here Bureau of Investigative Journalism, here Burisma, here Bush, George W., here Butler, Samuel, here Butter, Michael, here ‘cabal’, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and child abuse, here, here, here, here, here Fall of the Cabal, here Caldwell, Thomas, here Californian wildfires, here Capitol Hill riot, here, here, here, here Carlson, Tucker, here, here Carrey, Jim, here Carusone, Angelo, here Catholic Church, here, here, here Charlottesville rally, here Chaucer, Geoffrey, here chemtrails, here, here, here child abuse and trafficking, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and repressed memories, here ‘ritual abuse’, here, here, here chiropractic medicine, here Christchurch shooting, here, here Church of Scientology, here, here, here, here, here, here CIA, here, here, here, here Cicada3301, here, here Clark, Clay, here climate denial, here Clinton, Bill, here, here, here, here Clinton, Hillary, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Cloudflare, here cognitive dissonance, here, here, here Cohen, Michael, here Coleman, Gabriella, here, here, here Coleman, John, here Coleman, Matthew Taylor, here, here Collins, Ben, here, here, here Comello, Anthony, here Comet Ping Pong, here, here, here, here Conservative Party, here, here Conway, Kellyanne, here Corbyn, Piers, here, here Covid-19 pandemic, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Covid-19: The Great Reset, here, here lockdowns, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here and rise of QAnon, here, here see also anti-vaccination movement CrossFit, here Cruise, Tom, here ‘crumbs’, here Current Affairs, here Damsel in Distress, here Dartmouth College, here Darwin, Charles, here Davis, Lucy, here Davison, Jake, here, here Davos, here, here Dawkins, Richard, here, here, here DC convoy, here Democratic National Committee (DNC), here, here Democrats, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Depression Quest, here Diaz, Tracy, here, here Didulo, Romana, here Discord, here, here Disney, here Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS), here Djokovic, Novak, here Dominion technology company, here Dorsey, Jack, here doxing, here, here, here, here, here Duplessis, Samara, here East India Company, here Ebner, Julia, here Ebola, here, here 8chan, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here El Paso shooting, here Epoch Times, here Epstein, Jeffrey, here, here, here, here, here Ever Given, here Facebook, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here algorithm and radicalisation, here fact-checking, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Fauci, Anthony, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here FBI, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here feminism, here Festinger, Leon, here Fields, James Alex, here financial crash (2007–8), here Finding Q, here 5G, here, here, here, here, here, here Florida ‘Don’t Say Gay’ bill, here Flynn, Michael, here, here, here ‘following the white rabbit’, here, here, here 4chan, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here anonymity principle, here cult of Kek, here number of users, here and presidential election, here Fox News, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here framing, here Freedom For The Children UK, here Freemasons, here Furber, Paul, here, here, here, here Furie, Matt, here Futuba Channel, here Gaetz, Matt, here Gaia website, here Galvez, Israel, here GamaSutra, here Gamergate, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Gates, Bill, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Gates Foundation, here Gawker, here Gen Z, here gilets jaunes protests, here Giuliani, Rudy, here globalism, here Goldwater, Barry, here Graham, Tom, here Grayson, Nathan, here ‘Great Reset’, here, here, here, here Green Day, here Greene, Marjorie Taylor, here, here, here GRU, here Guardian, here, here, here Habbo Hotel, here, here, here Haberman, Maggie, here Hallett, Christopher, here Hanks, Tom, here Harris, Kamala, here Haugen, Frances, here Herbert, Frank, here Heyer, Heather, here hijab-wearing, here Hildmann, Attila, here Hitler, Adolf, here HIV/AIDS, here, here, here Holland, Joshua, here Holocaust, here, here Homeland Security, here, here homeopathy, here homophobia, here, here, here, here, here Hoover Dam siege, here, here Hubbard, L. Ron, here Huff, Aubrey, here Huffington Post, here Icke, David, here, here, here, here, here, here Illuminati, here, here incels, here, here, here, here, here Infowars, here, here Instagram, here, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Institute for Strategic Dialogue (ISD), here, here Intel, here International Monetary Fund (IMF), here ISIS, here Islamist extremism, here, here, here It’s Always Sunny in Philadelphia, here ‘James, Vivian’, here Jews, here, here, here, here, here, here Johnson, Boris, here Johnson, Carrie, here Johnson, Samuel, here Jones, Alex, here, here, here JPMorgan, here Kahneman, Daniel, here Kalac, David, here Kassan, Raheem, here Kennedy, John F., here, here, here, here, here Kennedy, John F., Jr, here, here, here Kennedy, Robert F., Jr, here KidSafe Foundation, here Kim Jong-Un, here Knight, Peter, here, here Knights Templar, here Kotaku, here Lakoff, George, here Langton’s Ant, here LARPing, here, here, here, here, here, here, here Lewis, Helen, here, here Liberty University, here Limbaugh, Rush, here Lincoln, Abraham, here Lindell, Mike, here, here Longley, Craig, here Loomer, Laura, here Lovato, Demi, here McCall, C.

Democracy for Sale: Dark Money and Dirty Politics
by Peter Geoghegan
Published 2 Jan 2020

Far-right supporters organised street stalls, especially on campuses, to support both the League and the Brothers of Italy, a party that emerged from Italy’s post-fascist right and was a member of the same European Parliament group as the British Conservatives before Brexit. The Italian far right also had international assistance. Message boards on 4chan and 8chan served as multilingual global hubs. An analysis by the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue concluded that the 2018 Italian election campaign showed “the maturation of an international consciousness around tactics which have previously worked well for extreme-right activists”.55 The League were the main beneficiaries. Memes superimposed Matteo Salvini onto Pepe the Frog. (In alt-right circles, being depicted as this green, anthropomorphic cartoon character is a high honour.)

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Now, It’s a Symbol for Right-Wing Politics’, New York Times, July 2018. 50 ‘Italy shooting: Mein Kampf found in home of suspect’, Guardian, February 2018. 51 ‘Italy’s League party under pressure over racist shootings’, Irish Times, February 2018. 52 Charles Miranda and Cindy Wockner, ‘Christchurch mosque shootings: “Smug” Tarrant faces court as New Zealand Prime Minister Jacinda Ardern pledges action’, The West Australian, March 2019. 53 Julia Ebner and Jacob Davey, ‘Mainstreaming Mussolini: How the Extreme Right Attempted to “Make Italy Great Again” in the 2018 Italian Election’, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, March 2018. See also www.isdglobal.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/03/Mainstreaming-Mussolini-Report-28.03.18.pdf; accessed 26 Jan. 2020. 54 Ibid. 55 Ibid. 56 Ibid. 57 Mark Di Stefano, ‘Italy’s New Far-Right Star Specifically Thanked Facebook For The Election Result Because Of Course He Did’, Buzzfeed, March 2018. 58 Emma Graham-Harrison and Sam Jones, ‘Facebook takes down far-right groups days before Spanish election’, Guardian, April 2019. 59 Carmen Aguilera-Carnerero, ‘Beers for Spain and Instagram: VOX and the youth vote’, openDemocracy, August 2019. 60 Ibid. 61 Sam Jones, ‘Vox party puts “menace” of migrant children at centre of election drive’, Guardian, November 2019. 62 Graham Keeley, ‘Wristbands and a sense of belonging: How Spain’s far-right Vox party has entered the mainstream’, Independent, November 2019. 63 Anne Applebaum, ‘Want to build a far-right movement?

Radicals Chasing Utopia: Inside the Rogue Movements Trying to Change the World
by Jamie Bartlett
Published 12 Jun 2017

Open Society Justice Initiative, Eroding Trust (Open Society Foundation, 2016), https://www.opensocietyfoundations.org/sites/default/files/eroding-trust-20161017_0.pdf. The United Nations has a ‘plan of action’ for preventing violence extremism, and so does the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe and the EU; Erin Marie Saltman and Melanie Smith, ‘Till martyrdom do us part’, Institute for Strategic Dialogue, 2015, http://icsr.info/wp-content/uploads/2015/06/Till_Martyrdom_Do_Us_Part_Gender_and_the_ISIS_Phenomenon.pdf. 13. ‘Legislative scrutiny: Counter-extremism Bill, HC647’, Joint Committee on Human Rights testimony, 9 March 2016, http://data.parliament.uk/writtenevidence/committeeevidence.svc/evidencedocument/human-rights-committee/countering-extremism/oral/30366.html. 14.

The Coddling of the American Mind: How Good Intentions and Bad Ideas Are Setting Up a Generation for Failure
by Greg Lukianoff and Jonathan Haidt
Published 14 Jun 2018

It has become increasingly clear that identitarian extremists on both sides rely on the most outrageous acts of the other side to unite their group around its common enemy. This process is not unique to the United States, a fact that can be seen in Julia Ebner’s new book, The Rage: The Vicious Circle of Islamist and Far Right Extremism. Ebner, an Austrian researcher at the London-based Institute for Strategic Dialogue, did harrowing fieldwork befriending members of ISIS and members of far-right groups, such as the English Defense League. In an interview, she summarized her conclusions: What we have is the far right depicting Islamist extremists as representative of the whole Muslim community, while Islamist extremists depict the far right as representative of the entire West.

Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World
by Timothy Garton Ash
Published 23 May 2016

Brettschneider, Corey. 2012: When the State Speaks, What Should It Say? How Democracies Can Protect Expression and Promote Equality. Princeton: Princeton University Press. Briggs, Rachel, and Feve, Sebastien. 2013: Review of Programs to Counter Narratives of Violent Extremism. London: Institute for Strategic Dialogue. Broughton, John. 2008: Wikipedia: The Missing Manual. Beijing: O’Reilly. Brown, Donald E. 1991: Human Universals. New York: McGraw-Hill. Brown, Ian, ed. 2013: Research Handbook on Governance of the Internet. Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar. Brown, Ian, and Korff, Douwe. 2012: ‘Digital Freedoms in International Law: Practical Steps to Protect Human Rights Online’.