Big Three in Economics: Adam Smith, Karl Marx, and John Maynard Keynes
by Mark Skousen · 22 Dec 2006 · 330pp · 77,729 words
46 Chapter 3. Karl Marx Leads a Revolt Against Capitalism 64 Chapter 4. From Marx to Keynes: Scientific Economics Comes of Age 105 Chapter 5. John Maynard Keynes: Capitalism Faces Its Greatest Challenge 133 Chapter 6. A Turning Point in Twentieth-Century Economics 163 Chapter 7. Conclusion: Has Adam Smith Triumphed Over Marx
…
felt disenfranchised by industrial capitalism and sought radical solutions to inequality, alienation, and exploitation of the underprivileged. Finally, in the twentieth century, the British economist John Maynard Keynes sought to stabilize a crisis-prone market system through activist fiscal and monetary government policies. The Pendulum and the Totem Pole The stories and ideas
…
a pendulum-like swing between the two extremes, eventually coming to rest in the middle. Consequently, the moderate, middle-of-the-road position held by John Maynard Keynes appears to be the more balanced and ideal. But is his system the way to achieve growth and prosperity? Or is the middle of the
…
George Stigler called the "crown jewel" of economics, the "most important substantive proposition in all of economics" (Stigler 1976, 1201). Next on the list is John Maynard Keynes. Despite substantial criticism of the Keynesian model, it continues to endure as a macroeconomic model in institutional analysis and policy matters. As a defender of
…
, the Society must be spoiled, if not totally dissolved." Clearly, under Mandeville's infamous paradox, self-interest results in social benefit. Both Friedrich Hayek and John Maynard Keynes have written approvingly of Mandeville's fable. According to Hayek, Adam Smith gained insights into the division of labor, self-interest, economic liberty, and the
…
1997, 71).11 As pointed out in this chapter, Smith endorsed this progressive view of commercial society. In the French edition of The General Theory, John Maynard Keynes rated Montesquieu as France's greatest economist, primarily due to his embryonic liquidity-preference theory of interest, his opposition to hoarding, and his advocacy of
…
. Samuel Johnson, "There are few ways in which a man can be more innocently employed than in getting money" (Boswell 1933, I, 657). It was John Maynard Keynes who wrote, "It is better that a man should tyrannize over his bank balance than over his fellow-citizens" (Keynes 1973a [1936], 374). Today we
…
100 Most Influential Books Ever Written, by Martin Seymour-Smith (1998), seven economists are listed: Adam Smith, Thomas Robert Malthus, John Stuart Mill, Herbert Spencer, John Maynard Keynes, Friedrich von Hayek . . . and Karl Marx. The Living Marx: A Dismal Failure Engels would have to wait until the twentieth century before Marx's influence
…
economist, went to the London School of Economics for graduate work, became an ardent Hayekian, then briefly fell under the spell of Harold Laski and John Maynard Keynes, and finally converted to Marxism! From then on, the debonair Sweezy made every effort to make Marxism respectable on college campuses. Returning to Harvard as
…
M E N T I N T E R E S T A N D M O N E Y JOHN MAYNARD KEYNES MACMILLAN AND CO.. LIMITED ST. MARTIN'S STREET. LONDON 1936 John Maynard Keynes ( 1 8 8 3 - 1 9 4 6 ) , B r i t i s h e c o n o
…
the last quarter of the nineteenth century. —MarkBlaug (in Black, Coats, and Goodwin 1973) The period between Karl Marx and the next big-three economist, John Maynard Keynes, witnessed a gigantic leap in economics as a powerful new engine of analysis that achieved unparalleled success among the social sciences. In the previous chapter
…
Marshall accomplish? Unlike Jevons, Marshall founded his own school, the so-called British or Cambridge school, with student prodigies such as A.C. Piguo and John Maynard Keynes. He was a synthesizer, combining the classical economics of cost (supply) and the marginalist economics of utility (demand). He often compared supply and demand to
…
theory of macroeconomics and a vigorous policy for curing the depression—a new model that excited the minds of a whole new generation of economists. John Maynard Keynes Capitalism Faces Its Greatest Challenge A thousand years hence 1920-1970 will, I expect, be the time for historians. It drives me wild to think
…
way to preserve economic liberty without the government taking over the whole economy and destroying the foundations of Western civilization. It was the voice of John Maynard Keynes, leader of the new Cambridge school. In his revolutionary 1936 book, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, Keynes preached that capitalism is inherently
…
like him" (1992, 537). Keynes Born Amid Britain's Ruling Elite What kind of man was Keynes, who could engender such devotion and such hostility? John Maynard Keynes (1883-1946) was an intellectual elitist from his earliest childhood. When asked once how to pronounce his name, he replied, "Keynes, as in brains." Born
…
social millennialist who ultimately envisioned a world evolving to the point of infinite accumulation of capital. His Utopian vision is best expressed in his essay, "Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren" (1951 [1931], 358-73). Keynes believed that by progressively expanding credit to promote full employment, the universal economic problem of scarcity would finally be overcome
…
wishful thinking, but Mises could not have misread the times more egregiously in 1948. It was in that very year that the new economics of John Maynard Keynes was being hailed by Keynes's rapidly growing number of disciples as the wave of the future and the savior of capitalism. Literally hundreds of
…
thrift, countercyclical fiscal policy, national income accounting, and C + I + G were all new topics introduced in the first edition of Economics in 1948. Only John Maynard Keynes was honored with a biographical sketch in early editions, and only Keynes, not Adam Smith or Karl Marx, was labeled "a many-sided genius" (Samuelson
…
Friedman (1998) At the end of the twentieth century, the editors of Time magazine gathered around to choose the Economist of the Century. They chose John Maynard Keynes, who more than any other economist provided the theoretical underpinning of an active role for an enlarged welfare state during the post-Great Depression era
…
worst depression of modern times. Once again, Adam Smith faced imminent demise. Marxists were in the wings waiting to take over when a new doctor, John Maynard Keynes, presented the world with new medicine, with which he proposed to save Adam Smith and restore him as the father of capitalism. But Keynes turned
…
the neoclassical market framework is stronger than ever before, and its applications are ubiquitous. In 1930, at the beginning of the Great Depression, John Maynard Keynes wrote an optimistic essay, "Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren." After lambasting his disciples who predicted never-ending depression and permanent stagnation, Keynes foresaw a bright future. Goods and services would become so
…
, Francis. 2000. "Will Socialism Make a Comeback?" Time, May 22, 110-12. Galbraith, John Kenneth. 1975 [1965]. "How Keynes Came to America." In Essays on John Maynard Keynes, ed. Milo Keynes, 132-41. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. Garrison, Roger B. 1985. "West's 'Cantillon and Adam Smith': A Comment." Journal of Libertarian
…
on Theory and Public Policy. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. . 1948. Saving American Capitalism. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Harrod, Roy. 1951. The Life of John Maynard Keynes. New York: Harcourt, Brace. Hart, Michael H. 1978. The 100: A Ranking of the Most Influential Persons in History. New York: Hart. . 1992. The 100
…
. New York: Simon and Schuster. Heilbroner, Robert, and Peter L. Bernstein. 1963. A Primer on Government Spending. New York: Random House. Hession, Charles H. 1984. John Maynard Keynes. New York: Macmillan. Hicks, John R. 1937. "Mr. Keynes and the 'Classics'; A Suggested Interpretation." Econometrica 5:2 (April), 147-59. Higgs, Robert. 2006. Depression
…
York: W.W. Norton. . 1963 [1930]. Essays in Biography. New York: W.W. Norton. . 1971. Activities 1906-1914: India and Cambridge. The Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes. Vol. 15. London: Macmillan. . 1973a [1936]. The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. London: Macmillan. . 1973b. The General Theory and After, Part I, Preparation
…
. The Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes. Vol. 13, ed. by Donald Moggridge. London: Macmillan. Klamer, Arjo, and David Colander. 1990. The Making of an Economist. Boulder, CO: Westview. Knight, Frank H
…
the Wealth of Nations." American Economic Review 76, 3 (June): 297-313. Moggridge, D.E. 1983. "Keynes as an Investor." In The Collected Works of John Maynard Keynes, 1-113. Vol. 12. London: Macmillan. . 1992. Maynard Keynes. London: Routledge. Montesquieu, Charles. 1989 [ 1748]. The Spirit of the Laws, ed. Anne Cohler, Basia Miller
…
. The State of Humanity. Cambridge, UK: Blackwell. . 1996. The Ultimate Resource 2. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press. Skidelsky, Robert. 1992. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920-1937. London: Macmillan. . 2003. John Maynard Keynes: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman. New York: Penguin Books. Skousen, Mark. 1990. The Structure of Production. New York: New York University Press. , ed
The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order
by Benn Steil · 14 May 2013 · 710pp · 164,527 words
Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TW press.princeton.edu All Rights Reserved Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Steil, Benn. The battle of Bretton Woods : John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the making of a new world order / Benn Steil. p. cm. “A Council on Foreign Relations Book.” Includes bibliographical references and
…
Harry Dexter White, a “New Deal for a new world.” White, working in parallel and in frictional collaboration with his British counterpart, the revolutionary economist John Maynard Keynes, set out to create the economic foundations for a durable postwar global peace, one that would allow governments more power over markets, but fewer prerogatives
…
over his ceiling in room 119. Lydia’s own fame notwithstanding, her husband was the conference’s media idol. As such, the British delegation head, John Maynard Keynes, was obliged to make the rounds of the cocktail circuit with an eager American press corps hanging on his every word and movement.12 “Our
…
its psychology—became an ever-deeper fascination of Keynes. This was clearly as much visceral and emotional as it was intellectual. In an essay titled “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” which emerged from a presentation at Winchester College in March 1928, he famously condemned the “love of money [as] a somewhat disgusting morbidity, one of
…
As for the proposed new International Monetary Fund, the American people would be “crazy … to go into this scheme,” the Tribune said: [I]ts author, John Maynard Keynes … is an ardent inflationist. He was never able to get his government before the war to accept his theories, because it was a creditor nation
…
the British and the Americans in the Battle of the Blueprints has taken place under cover. The first open blow was struck last spring by John Maynard Keynes, First Baron Tilton, with a proposal that in effect would give the British dominance in world currency arrangements. The second was a counterproposal by Harry
…
. Harriman, W. Averell, and Elie Abel. 1975. Special Envoy to Churchill and Stalin, 1941–1946. New York: Random House. Harrod, Roy. 1951. The Life of John Maynard Keynes. New York: W. W. Norton. Hastings, Max. 2009. Winston’s War: Churchill, 1940–1945. New York: Alfred A. Knopf. Hayek, Friedrich. 1937 [1989]. Monetary Nationalism
…
Marshall Plan, and European Economic Integration.” Diplomatic History 35 (2). Henderson, Hubert. Jan. 26, 1951. The Spectator. Review of Roy Harrod’s The Life of John Maynard Keynes. Hendrick, Burton Jesse. 1928. The Training of an American: The Earlier Life and Letters of Walter H. Page. London: Heinemann. Herring, George C., Jr. June
…
Grant. Keynes Papers. King’s College Archive Centre, University of Cambridge. ———. 1913 [1971]. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume I, Indian Currency and Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1919 [1971]. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume II, The Economic Consequences of the Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1923 [1971]. The Collected Writings
…
of John Maynard Keynes: Volume IV, A Tract on Monetary Reform. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1925–1926. Unpublished fragment. Keynes Papers
…
, PS/6. King’s College Archive Centre, University of Cambridge. ———. 1930 [1971]. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume V, A Treatise on Money in Two Volumes: 1 The Pure Theory of Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1930 [1971]. The Collected Writings of
…
VI, A Treatise on Money in Two Volumes: 2 The Applied Theory of Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1931 [1972]. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume IX, Essays in Persuasion. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. Oct. 1931. Filmed monologue. Available at http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=U1S9F3agsUA&feature=related. ———. 1933 [
…
1972]. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume X, Essays in Biography. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1933. The Means to Prosperity. London: Macmillan. Available at http://gutenberg.ca/ebooks/keynes-means/keynes
…
. 22, 1934. JMK to Alick de Jeune. Keynes Papers, A/34. King’s College Archive Centre, University of Cambridge. ———. 1936 [1973]. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume VII, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. Aug. 29, 1938. JMK to Florence Keynes. Keynes Papers. King’s
…
in the United States.” Economic Journal LVI, No. 222: 172–187. ———. 1978. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XIV, The General Theory and After: Defence and Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1978. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XVI, Activities 1914–19: The Treasury and Versailles. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1978. The
…
Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXII, Activities 1939–45: Internal War Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1979. The Collected Writings
…
of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXIII, Activities 1940–43: External War Finance. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1979. The Collected Writings
…
of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXIV, Activities 1944–46: The Transition to Peace. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1980. The Collected Writings
…
of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXV, Activities 1940–44: Shaping the Post-war World: The Clearing Union. Cambridge: Cambridge University
…
Press. ———. 1980. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXVI, Activities 1943–46: Shaping the Post-war World: Bretton Woods and Reparation
…
. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1980. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXVII, Activities 1940–46: Shaping the Post-war World: Employment and Commodities. Cambridge
…
: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1981. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XIX, Activities 1924–29: The Return to Gold and Industrial Policy: Part I
…
and II. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1981. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XX, Activities 1929–31: Rethinking Employment and Unemployment Policies. Cambridge: Cambridge University
…
Press. ———. 1982. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXI, Activities 1931–39: World Crises and Policies in Britain and America. Cambridge: Cambridge University
…
Press. ———. 1982. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XXVIII, Social, Political, and Literary Writings. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1983. The Collected
…
Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XI, Economic Articles and Correspondence: Academic. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1983. The Collected Writings of
…
John Maynard Keynes: Volume XII, Economic Articles and Correspondence: Investment and Editorial. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ———. 1987. The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes: Volume XIII, The General Theory and After: Part 1. Preparation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Keynes Papers: See
…
Kansas. Simmel, Georg. 1900 [1978]. The Philosophy of Money. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. Skidelsky, Robert. 1983. John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920. London: Macmillan. ———. 1994. John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937. New York: Penguin. ———. 2000. John Maynard Keynes: Fighting for Britain, 1937–1946. London: Macmillan. Spring-Rice, Cecil. Undated. Cecil Spring-Rice to Florence Spring
What Would the Great Economists Do?: How Twelve Brilliant Minds Would Solve Today's Biggest Problems
by Linda Yueh · 4 Jun 2018 · 453pp · 117,893 words
recession and stagnant income growth? Arguably the economist who has been most discussed since the recent downturn, when unemployment returned as a worrying problem, is John Maynard Keynes. According to the think tank for the group of developed nations known as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the long-term
…
least, Balliol College counted both Marshall and Adam Smith among its fellows! To ease his departure, Marshall leant on John Neville Keynes, the father of John Maynard Keynes, to take his place. Keynes gave it a brief trial but decided that he preferred Cambridge. It is curious to consider whether history would have
…
expected. Also, the poor consume more of their income than the rich. This lower ‘marginal propensity to consume’ of the rich was originally identified by John Maynard Keynes. In other words, poorer people have less disposable income and spend more of it on necessities like food. Richer people tend to spend proportionately less
…
1924, a fortnight before his eighty-second birthday, due to cardiac failure. The most important economist Marshall taught in his final decade at Cambridge was John Maynard Keynes, who, along with Pigou, became the major link in creating the Cambridge School who followed Marshallian thought. It is well known that Keynes had no
…
the history of economic thought. This might have been because he never combined his ideas into a unified theory of economics, in comparison to, say, John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory, which rather stole his limelight. He also had few disciples, working predominantly on his own and rarely supervising graduate students. The Theory
…
reduce the real value of debt. Although Fisher’s work was to come back into vogue later, his prognosis was generally ignored in favour of John Maynard Keynes, who in 1936 published The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes identified excessive saving and a lack of aggregate demand as the cause
…
the helm when the entire banking system was on the brink of collapse. There is no doubt his thinking continues to remain relevant today. 6 John Maynard Keynes: To Invest or Not to Invest? Few questions have been as prominent since the banking crash: should the British and European governments have cut public
…
? In another parallel to the 1929 crash, this was also the question debated in Britain in the 1930s, which launched the Keynesian revolution in economics. John Maynard Keynes advocated government spending in a sharp break with neoclassical economics that eschewed the active use of fiscal policy in response to a downturn. Keynes gave
…
speculator is one who runs risks of which he is aware and an investor is one who runs risks of which he is unaware’.4 John Maynard Keynes dominated British economics until the Second World War, but his influence extends globally. Across the Atlantic, America’s first economics Nobel laureate, Paul Samuelson, was
…
. They have certainly framed much of the fierce post-crisis debates over austerity and the best course of economic policy. The life and times of John Maynard Keynes Keynes was born in 1883, to the ‘educated bourgeoisie’, in his self-description of his social class.5 As for his views of different social
…
Keynes’s most lasting ideas. It led to The Economic Consequences of the Peace, and that conditioned the rest of his career. In the book, John Maynard Keynes argued that Germany could not afford the post-war reparations demanded in 1919. Sales broke records in England and the US; this book made Keynes
…
would be his seminal work. To make matters worse, at a Harvard seminar that his students organized to discuss it, they ended up talking about John Maynard Keynes’s recent The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Schumpeter’s wordiness contrasted with Keynes’s succinct prose, which may have also contributed to
…
. It was not just monetary policy. Hayek also disputed the use of fiscal policy in moderating business cycles. His work was an early attack on John Maynard Keynes’s hypothesis of excess saving or the paradox of thrift, discussed in Chapter 6. One of these articles, the ‘Paradox of Saving’, published in 1929
…
sought to make the LSE a leading institution in the internationalization of British economics, and also to help him in his argument with Cambridge’s John Maynard Keynes. In particular, Robbins opposed Keynes’s ideas of increased spending on public works to battle the Great Depression. Robbins and Keynes had repeatedly clashed, and
…
and 1965. Robinson’s work followed Keynesian thought, so it disputed the neoclassical economic notion of perfectly competitive markets. In other words, she sided with John Maynard Keynes against their Cambridge predecessor, Alfred Marshall. The year after Keynes’s The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money appeared in 1936, she published Essays
…
with the Cambridge economist Richard Kahn. In 1930 they shared ideas. By 1931 they were having an affair. They were discovered by none other than John Maynard Keynes: ‘Early in 1932 Keynes surprised them on the floor in Kahn’s study, “though I expect”, he told [his wife] Lydia, “the conversation was only
…
Kahn could have been a potential competitor in developing a new theory of imperfect competition. Instead, he became a supporter. Kahn was a protégé of John Maynard Keynes. She joined him, her husband, Sraffa and James Meade in what was known as the ‘circus’. In 1935 Robinson was one of these five economists
…
was earning ‘rents’ would attract other firms to the same industry. Greater competition means that monopsonies will not last. Still, like her one-time mentor, John Maynard Keynes, Robinson believed that addressing the short-run issues that workers face during periods where there are monopolies exploiting them are more important than waiting for
…
project depends on people becoming better off. So the European Union is also focused on raising growth through investment, as discussed in the chapter on John Maynard Keynes. Raising growth and productivity to counteract a stagnant future is, then, a common challenge for major economies. And it is one that has been increasingly
…
us. The less well-off would be hit hardest as they are more likely to rely on loans to fund their homes, for instance. For John Maynard Keynes, an active government which spent to help the losers from globalization would be an answer. He would advocate increasing public investment to create those middle
…
. For better or worse, US Keynesianism was so far ahead of where it started.’5 Samuelson had by then joined together neoclassical economic thought with John Maynard Keynes’s approach, a consensus view that had starting emerging in the post-war period, into a framework known as ‘neoclassical synthesis’. Samuelson’s textbook Economics
…
they offered analyses and ways forward. Recall that David Ricardo’s theory of international trade contributed to the repeal of the protectionist Corn Laws, while John Maynard Keynes played a part in the recovery after the 1930s Great Depression. Milton Friedman tackled the cause of that depression, which helped the central bankers in
…
________, 1937, ‘The General Theory of Employment’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51(2), pp. 209–23 ________, 1963 [1931], ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’, in Essays in Persuasion, New York: W. W. Norton ________, 1971–89, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, 30 vols., ed. Elizabeth Johnson and Donald Moggridge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press King, John E., 2013, David Ricardo
…
of Marshall’s Principles in the Development of Economic Theory’, Economic Journal, 52(208), pp. 294–329 Skidelsky, Robert, 1995, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937, London: Penguin ________, 2003, John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman, New York: Penguin ________, 2010, Keynes: The Return of the Master, London: Penguin Skousen, Mark
…
., p. 294. 4. Michael J. Turner, 1994, ‘Before the Manchester School: Economic Theory in Early Nineteenth-Century Manchester’, History, 79(256), pp. 216–41. 5. John Maynard Keynes, 1924, ‘Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924’, Economic Journal, 34(135), pp. 311–72. 6. Gerald F. Shove, 1942, ‘The Place of Marshall’s Principles in the
…
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 129. 2. Ibid. 3. John Maynard Keynes, 1963 [1931], ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’, in Essays in Persuasion, New York: W. W. Norton, p. 373. 4. John Maynard Keynes, 1971–89, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, 30 vols., ed. Elizabeth Johnson and Donald Moggridge, vol. XII, Economic Articles and Correspondence: Investment
…
and Editorial, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 109. 5. Robert Skidelsky, 2003, John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher
…
on Monetary Reform, p. 65. 18. Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XXI: Activities 1931–1939: World Crises and Policies in Britain and America, p. 390. 19. John Maynard Keynes, 1937, ‘The General Theory of Employment’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51(2), pp. 209–23. 20. Ibid., pp. 215–16. 21. Ibid., p. 216. 22
…
. xi. 7. Sylvia Nasar, 2011, Grand Pursuit: The Story of the People Who Made Modern Economics, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 402. 8. Ibid. 9. John Maynard Keynes, 1931, ‘The Pure Theory of Money: A Reply to Dr Hayek’, Economica, 34, pp. 387–97, at p. 394. 10. Paul Krugman, 1998, ‘The Hangover
…
, the Scientist and the Plain Man, Cambridge: Heffer, p. 4. 7. Aslanbeigui and Oakes, The Provocative Joan Robinson, pp. 48–9. 8. Robert Skidelsky, 1995, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937, London: Penguin, pp. 448–9. 9. Alec Cairncross, 1993, Austin Robinson: The Life of an Economic Adviser
…
? 3. Karl Marx: Can China Become Rich? 4. Alfred Marshall: Is Inequality Inevitable? 5. Irving Fisher: Are We at Risk of Repeating the 1930s? 6. John Maynard Keynes: To Invest or Not to Invest? 7. Joseph Schumpeter: What Drives Innovation? 8. Friedrich Hayek: What Can We Learn from Financial Crises? 9. Joan Robinson
The Great Economists: How Their Ideas Can Help Us Today
by Linda Yueh · 15 Mar 2018 · 374pp · 113,126 words
? 3. Karl Marx: Can China Become Rich? 4. Alfred Marshall: Is Inequality Inevitable? 5. Irving Fisher: Are We at Risk of Repeating the 1930s? 6. John Maynard Keynes: To Invest or Not to Invest? 7. Joseph Schumpeter: What Drives Innovation? 8. Friedrich Hayek: What Can We Learn from Financial Crises? 9. Joan Robinson
…
recession and stagnant income growth? Arguably the economist who has been most discussed since the recent downturn, when unemployment returned as a worrying problem, is John Maynard Keynes. According to the think tank for the group of developed nations known as the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the long-term
…
least, Balliol College counted both Marshall and Adam Smith among its fellows! To ease his departure, Marshall leant on John Neville Keynes, the father of John Maynard Keynes, to take his place. Keynes gave it a brief trial but decided that he preferred Cambridge. It is curious to consider whether history would have
…
expected. Also, the poor consume more of their income than the rich. This lower ‘marginal propensity to consume’ of the rich was originally identified by John Maynard Keynes. In other words, poorer people have less disposable income and spend more of it on necessities like food. Richer people tend to spend proportionately less
…
1924, a fortnight before his eighty-second birthday, due to cardiac failure. The most important economist Marshall taught in his final decade at Cambridge was John Maynard Keynes, who, along with Pigou, became the major link in creating the Cambridge School who followed Marshallian thought. It is well known that Keynes had no
…
the history of economic thought. This might have been because he never combined his ideas into a unified theory of economics, in comparison to, say, John Maynard Keynes’s General Theory, which rather stole his limelight. He also had few disciples, working predominantly on his own and rarely supervising graduate students. The Theory
…
reduce the real value of debt. Although Fisher’s work was to come back into vogue later, his prognosis was generally ignored in favour of John Maynard Keynes, who in 1936 published The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Keynes identified excessive saving and a lack of aggregate demand as the cause
…
helm when the entire banking system was on the brink of collapse. There is no doubt his thinking continues to remain relevant today. CHAPTER 6 John Maynard Keynes: To Invest or Not to Invest? Few questions have been as prominent since the banking crash: should the British and European governments have cut public
…
? In another parallel to the 1929 crash, this was also the question debated in Britain in the 1930s, which launched the Keynesian revolution in economics. John Maynard Keynes advocated government spending in a sharp break with neoclassical economics that eschewed the active use of fiscal policy in response to a downturn. Keynes gave
…
speculator is one who runs risks of which he is aware and an investor is one who runs risks of which he is unaware’.4 John Maynard Keynes dominated British economics until the Second World War, but his influence extends globally. Across the Atlantic, America’s first economics Nobel laureate, Paul Samuelson, was
…
. They have certainly framed much of the fierce post-crisis debates over austerity and the best course of economic policy. The life and times of John Maynard Keynes Keynes was born in 1883, to the ‘educated bourgeoisie’, in his self-description of his social class.5 As for his views of different social
…
Keynes’s most lasting ideas. It led to The Economic Consequences of the Peace, and that conditioned the rest of his career. In the book, John Maynard Keynes argued that Germany could not afford the post-war reparations demanded in 1919. Sales broke records in England and the US; this book made Keynes
…
would be his seminal work. To make matters worse, at a Harvard seminar that his students organized to discuss it, they ended up talking about John Maynard Keynes’s recent The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money. Schumpeter’s wordiness contrasted with Keynes’s succinct prose, which may have also contributed to
…
. It was not just monetary policy. Hayek also disputed the use of fiscal policy in moderating business cycles. His work was an early attack on John Maynard Keynes’s hypothesis of excess saving or the paradox of thrift, discussed in Chapter 6. One of these articles, the ‘Paradox of Saving’, published in 1929
…
sought to make the LSE a leading institution in the internationalization of British economics, and also to help him in his argument with Cambridge’s John Maynard Keynes. In particular, Robbins opposed Keynes’s ideas of increased spending on public works to battle the Great Depression. Robbins and Keynes had repeatedly clashed, and
…
and 1965. Robinson’s work followed Keynesian thought, so it disputed the neoclassical economic notion of perfectly competitive markets. In other words, she sided with John Maynard Keynes against their Cambridge predecessor, Alfred Marshall. The year after Keynes’s The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money appeared in 1936, she published Essays
…
with the Cambridge economist Richard Kahn. In 1930 they shared ideas. By 1931 they were having an affair. They were discovered by none other than John Maynard Keynes: ‘Early in 1932 Keynes surprised them on the floor in Kahn’s study, “though I expect”, he told [his wife] Lydia, “the conversation was only
…
Kahn could have been a potential competitor in developing a new theory of imperfect competition. Instead, he became a supporter. Kahn was a protégé of John Maynard Keynes. She joined him, her husband, Sraffa and James Meade in what was known as the ‘circus’. In 1935 Robinson was one of these five economists
…
was earning ‘rents’ would attract other firms to the same industry. Greater competition means that monopsonies will not last. Still, like her one-time mentor, John Maynard Keynes, Robinson believed that addressing the short-run issues that workers face during periods where there are monopolies exploiting them are more important than waiting for
…
project depends on people becoming better off. So the European Union is also focused on raising growth through investment, as discussed in the chapter on John Maynard Keynes. Raising growth and productivity to counteract a stagnant future is, then, a common challenge for major economies. And it is one that has been increasingly
…
us. The less well-off would be hit hardest as they are more likely to rely on loans to fund their homes, for instance. For John Maynard Keynes, an active government which spent to help the losers from globalization would be an answer. He would advocate increasing public investment to create those middle
…
. For better or worse, US Keynesianism was so far ahead of where it started.’5 Samuelson had by then joined together neoclassical economic thought with John Maynard Keynes’s approach, a consensus view that had starting emerging in the post-war period, into a framework known as ‘neoclassical synthesis’. Samuelson’s textbook Economics
…
they offered analyses and ways forward. Recall that David Ricardo’s theory of international trade contributed to the repeal of the protectionist Corn Laws, while John Maynard Keynes played a part in the recovery after the 1930s Great Depression. Milton Friedman tackled the cause of that depression, which helped the central bankers in
…
., p. 294. 4. Michael J. Turner, 1994, ‘Before the Manchester School: Economic Theory in Early Nineteenth-Century Manchester’, History, 79(256), pp. 216–41. 5. John Maynard Keynes, 1924, ‘Alfred Marshall, 1842–1924’, Economic Journal, 34(135), pp. 311–72. 6. Gerald F. Shove, 1942, ‘The Place of Marshall’s Principles in the
…
General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, London: Palgrave Macmillan, p. 129. 2. Ibid. 3. John Maynard Keynes, 1963 [1931], ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’, in Essays in Persuasion, New York: W. W. Norton, p. 373. 4. John Maynard Keynes, 1971–89, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, 30 vols., ed. Elizabeth Johnson and Donald Moggridge, vol. XII, Economic Articles and Correspondence: Investment
…
and Editorial, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, p. 109. 5. Robert Skidelsky, 2003, John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher
…
on Monetary Reform, p. 65. 18. Keynes, Collected Writings, vol. XXI: Activities 1931–1939: World Crises and Policies in Britain and America, p. 390. 19. John Maynard Keynes, 1937, ‘The General Theory of Employment’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51(2), pp. 209–23. 20. Ibid., pp. 215–16. 21. Ibid., p. 216. 22
…
. xi. 7. Sylvia Nasar, 2011, Grand Pursuit: The Story of the People Who Made Modern Economics, New York: Simon & Schuster, p. 402. 8. Ibid. 9. John Maynard Keynes, 1931, ‘The Pure Theory of Money: A Reply to Dr Hayek’, Economica, 34, pp. 387–97, at p. 394. 10. Paul Krugman, 1998, ‘The Hangover
…
, the Scientist and the Plain Man, Cambridge: Heffer, p. 4. 7. Aslanbeigui and Oakes, The Provocative Joan Robinson, pp. 48–9. 8. Robert Skidelsky, 1995, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937, London: Penguin, pp. 448–9. 9. Alec Cairncross, 1993, Austin Robinson: The Life of an Economic Adviser
…
———, 1937, ‘The General Theory of Employment’, Quarterly Journal of Economics, 51(2), pp. 209–23 ———, 1963 [1931], ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’, in Essays in Persuasion, New York: W. W. Norton ———, 1971–89, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, 30 vols., ed. Elizabeth Johnson and Donald Moggridge, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press King, John E., 2013, David Ricardo
…
of Marshall’s Principles in the Development of Economic Theory’, Economic Journal, 52(208), pp. 294–329 Skidelsky, Robert, 1995, John Maynard Keynes, vol. II: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937, London: Penguin ———, 2003, John Maynard Keynes 1883–1946: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman, New York: Penguin ———, 2010, Keynes: The Return of the Master, London: Penguin Skousen, Mark
Seventeen Contradictions and the End of Capitalism
by David Harvey · 3 Apr 2014 · 464pp · 116,945 words
system of pre-capitalist societies) have not only been tolerated but welcomed and treated as something to be admired. This led the British economist John Maynard Keynes, writing on ‘Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren’ in 1930, to hope that: When the accumulation of wealth is no longer of high social importance, there will be great changes in the
…
is told in Paul Seabright (ed.), The Vanishing Rouble: Barter Networks and Non-Monetary Transactions in Post-Soviet Societies, London, Cambridge University Press, 2000. 2. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, New York, Classic House Books, 2009, p. 199. 3. Silvio Gesell, (1916); http:www.archive.org/details/TheNaturalEconomicOrder, p. 121. For some
…
further discussion of Gesell’s ideas see John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1964, p. 363, and Charles Eisenstein, Sacred Economics: Money, Gift and Society in
…
. 344. 2. Andrew Glyn and Robert Sutcliffe, British Capitalism: Workers and the Profit Squeeze, Harmondsworth, Penguin, 1972. Contradiction 6: Capital as Process or Thing? 1. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, New York, Harcourt Brace, 1964, p. 376. Contradiction 7: The Contradictory Unity of Production and Realisation 1
…
-Christian tradition 283 K Kant, Immanuel 285 Katz, Cindi 189, 195, 197 Kenya 291 Kerala, India 171 Keynes, John Maynard xi, 46, 76, 244, 266 ‘Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren’ 33–4 General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money 35 Keynesianism demand management 82, 105, 176 demand-side and debt-financed expansion xi King, Martin
Capitalism, Alone: The Future of the System That Rules the World
by Branko Milanovic · 23 Sep 2019
surplus, but rather invest it. The function of the capitalist or capitalist-cum-entrepreneur has always been seen, from Smith and Marx to Schumpeter and John Maynard Keynes, to involve accumulating savings and reinvesting profits. If capitalists were to cease behaving in such a manner, the regularity uncovered by Piketty would not hold
…
consumption of the elites and imposed bounds on how much wealth was to be displayed. It internalized the sumptuary laws of the past.6 As John Maynard Keynes observed in The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919), nineteenth-century capitalism in Britain ensured sufficient popular acceptance of the landlord-capitalist-worker hierarchy that
…
to technological progress with a much smaller labor input. They might decide to work only fifteen hours per week, the number of hours that John Maynard Keynes, in “The Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren” (1930), believed would be sufficient to “satisfy old Adam in most of us.” But very soon such a country and its population would discover
…
—the service of carrying people and goods through the bustle and throng of a great city.”27 Other famous economists, like David Ricardo and John Maynard Keynes (in “The Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren”), thought that human needs were limited. We should know better today: our needs are unlimited, and because we cannot forecast exact movements in technology
…
/86/pdfs/freedom-of-movement-for-workers.pdf. Keynes, John Maynard. 1919. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. London: Macmillan. Keynes, John Maynard. 1930. “The Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” parts 1 and 2. The Nation and Athenaeum 48, October 11 and 18. Keynes, John Maynard. 1972. Essays in Biography. London: Macmillan. Kissinger, Henry. 2011
…
, 125–126, 214; global value chains and, 148–150 Economic migration, globalization, welfare state, and, 52–55 Economic policies, political power of rich and, 59 “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren, The” (Keynes), 186, 200 Economic power, rebalancing between Asia and Europe and North America, 2, 5–11 Economics (Samuelson), 15 Economic success, attraction of political
The Revolutionary Center: The Lost Genius of Liberalism
by Adrian Wooldridge · 7 Apr 2026 · 342pp · 129,097 words
‘a truly high standard of life cannot be attained till man has learned to use leisure well’, a theme that his most talented pupil, John Maynard Keynes, elaborated on in ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’.27 Driven by their commitment to ‘equality of opportunity’, the New Liberals intensified their predecessors’ assault on the landed elite. Land represented everything
…
States.42 Despite Atlas’s struggles, the benefits of universal peace continued into the early twentieth century. In The Economic Consequences of the Peace (1919) John Maynard Keynes conjured up an image of an upper-middle-class Londoner in 1913, lying in bed of a morning, sipping his tea and ordering by telephone
…
liberalism and social liberalism advanced together, in the nineteenth century and then again after the Second World War. John Stuart Mill was a universal thinker. John Maynard Keynes recognized that you need ‘sweetness and light’ to counteract the harshness of economics. Today liberalism has divided into three factions – neoliberalism, left-liberalism, and, shifting
…
, The New Liberalism: An Ideology of Social Reform (Oxford, Clarendon Press, 1978), pp. 170–71 25 Ibid., p. 121 26 Hobhouse, Liberalism, p. 24 27 John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion (New York, Harcourt Brace, 1932), pp. 358–73 28 Bogdanor, The Strange Survival of Liberal Britain, p. 641 29 Isaiah Berlin, Four
…
, The War That Ended Peace, p. 77 43 Margaret MacMillan, Paris 1919: Six Months, That Changed the World (London, John Murray, 2019), p. 15 44 John Maynard Keynes, The Economic Consequences of the Peace (London, Macmillan, 1919). See the introduction by Michael Cox of the new Palgrave Macmillan edition, 2019. 45 MacMillan, The
…
I a Liberal?’, The Nation & Athenaeum, 8 and 15 August 1925 18 Richard Davenport-Hines, Universal Man: The Lives of John Maynard Keynes (London, Basic Books, 2015), p. 143 19 The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, Vol. 10: Essays in Biography, ed. Elizabeth Johnson and Donald Moggridge (London, Macmillan for the Royal Economic Society, 1972
…
), p. 444 20 John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money (London, Macmillan, 1936), p. 374 21 Davenport-Hines, Universal Man, p. 59 22 Quoted in Daniel Yergin
…
of Employment, Interest and Money 108–9, 110 Bretton Woods and 109 capitalism providing wherewithal for civilized society, views 316 demand management and 104, 109 ‘Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren’ 75 liberal intellectual and 108 marries 110 meritocratic revolution and 110 neoliberals and 145–7 Ordoliberals and 111 pump priming 252 Second World War and
The Insatiable Machine
by Trevor Jackson · 15 Mar 2026 · 270pp · 104,133 words
of Nations), he used it to refer to the strange way that the pursuit of individual self-interest also produced unintended social benefits. More pessimistically, John Maynard Keynes analyzed the Great Depression of the 1930s as partly resulting from what he called the “paradox of thrift,” which happened when people were worried about
…
of debt, ultimately producing a fiscal and political crisis in the 1780s that led to the French Revolution.106 * * * In his 1930 essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” the British economist John Maynard Keynes claimed that he could trace “the beginnings of British foreign investment to the treasure which [Sir Francis] Drake stole from Spain in 1580.”107
…
percent of national income. There is no better description of the life of elites in the world before 1914 than the famous one given by John Maynard Keynes in his Economic Consequences of the Peace: The inhabitant of London could order by telephone, sipping his morning tea in bed, the various products of
…
History, 85. 105.Temin and Voth, Prometheus Shackled, 179–80. 106.Kaiser, “Money, Despotism, and Public Opinion”; Spang, “Ghost of Law.” 107.Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” 324. 108.Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren.” 109.Outhwaite, “Royal Borrowing in the Reign of Elizabeth I.” 110.Smith, “Global Interests of London’s Commercial Community,” 1122–23. 111.Israel, Dutch
…
Historical Sociology 33, no. 1 (2020): 61–73. Keynes, John Maynard. The Economic Consequences of the Peace. Harcourt, Brace and Howe, 1920. Keynes, John Maynard. “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren.” In Essays in Persuasion. Palgrave Macmillan, 2010. Originally published in 1931. Kindleberger, Charles. “Currency Debasement in the Early Seventeenth Century and the Establishment of Deposit
…
survival, 7–9 surplus, 19–20, 52, 75–76, 86, 118, 129, 160 urbanization, 75, 135, 145, 182, 189, 199, 206 See also consumption; production “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren” (Keynes), 97–98 economics, 9–13, 97–98, 192 “money” defined, 56 “new history of capitalism” school of thought, 11, 152, 230–31 on the
After the Spike: Population, Progress, and the Case for People
by Dean Spears and Michael Geruso · 7 Jul 2025 · 264pp · 96,174 words
out to less than two, these real and imaginary technologies won’t prevent depopulation on their own. * * * In 1930, John Maynard Keynes, famous for his contributions to macroeconomics, made some predictions in his essay “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren.” He predicted that a century later (which at the time of writing is roughly now) improving living standards would
…
, 203–17, 231–34, 237, 288n heritability of high-fertility culture, 185, 186, 187, 188–89, 286n migration, 184 new technology for reproduction, 192–9 “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren” (Keynes), 196 economics of more people: innovation, 117–36 endogenous economic growth, 122–23, 124 innovation (idea creation), 118–25, 138 innovations in medicine, 118
…
Seema, nurse in, 22–23, 102, 103, 118, 122, 176, 229, 239–40 Karikó, Katalin, 148 Kearney, Melissa, 83, 222–23 Keynes, John Maynard, 196 “Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren,” 196 Kremer, Michael, 128–29 Lam, David, 96 Le Guin, Ursula K., 157 on her abortion, 212 Levine, Phillip, 222 life expectancy, 5, 105–8
How Much Is Enough?: Money and the Good Life
by Robert Skidelsky and Edward Skidelsky · 18 Jun 2012 · 279pp · 87,910 words
Gold Medal 2001 Lionel Gelber Prize The World After Communism: A Polemic for our Times (1995) Interests and Obsessions: Historical Essays (1993) John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour, 1920–1937 (1992) John Maynard Keynes: Hopes Betrayed, 1883–1920 (1983) Oswald Mosley (1975) English Progressive Schools (1969) Politicians and the Slump: The Labour Government of 1929
…
good life, for both of us. Robert and Edward Skidelsky * In a previous book, Robert Skidelsky did venture to name a sum that the economist John Maynard Keynes would have considered “enough” to satisfy average needs: £40,000 or $66,000 or €46,000 a year (in today’s money). See Robert Skidelsky
…
society. Leisure would occupy far more of their waking hours than work. It was exactly this prospect that the economist John Maynard Keynes conjured up in a little essay published in 1930 called “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren.” Its thesis was very simple. As technological progress made possible an increase in the output of goods per hour worked
…
’s Mistake No bounds to riches have been fixed for man. —Solon In 1928 Keynes addressed an audience of Cambridge undergraduates on the theme of “economic possibilities for our grandchildren.” He knew they would be heavily disenchanted with capitalism and inclined to see the Soviet Union as a beacon of light. Keynes himself had recognized
…
free trade. Evidently, its persuasive power declines in conditions of abundance, when cheapness is no longer the main consideration. Notes INTRODUCTION 1. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 293. 2. George Orwell, The Road to Wigan Pier (London: Penguin, 1989), p
…
Essays (London: Routledge, 2004), p. 11. 5. Charles Baudelaire, Journaux intimes (Paris: Mercure de France, 1938), p. 61. 6. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest, and Money, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 374. 7. IMSciences.net, accessed 09/09/11. 8. H. J
…
Economist as Saviour 1920–1937 (London: Macmillan, 1992), pp. 72, 235. 2. For the essay as a whole see John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp. 321–32. It is reprinted from Keynes’s 1931 Essays in Persuasion. For the earlier outings
…
a discussion of growth rates in the USA, Europe and the rest of the world, see Fabrizio Zilibotti, “Economic Possibilities for our Grandchildren 75 Years After: A Global Perspective,” in Lorenzo Pecchi and Gustavo Piga (eds.) Revisiting Keynes: Economic Possibilities for Our Grandchildren (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2008), pp. 27–39. 6. Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, p. 325. 7. Wenchao
…
Works, ed. David McLellan, 2nd. edn. (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2000), p. 414 (tr. altered). CHAPTER 2. THE FAUSTIAN BARGAIN 1. John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 372. 2. See Krishan Kumar, Utopia and Anti-Utopia in Modern Times (Oxford: Wiley
…
. 1989. 4. Georg Simmel, The Philosophy of Money, tr. Tom Bottomore and David Frisby (Boston, Mass.: Routledge, 1978), p. 255. 5. Quoted in Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937 (London: Macmillan, 1992), p. 476. 6. Aristotle, Politics, p. 1997. 7. Ibid., p. 1996. 8. Aristophanes, “Wealth,” in The
…
F. Hoselitz (Glencoe, Ill.: Free Press, 1950), pp. 120–21. 30. Ibid., p. 229. 31. Virgil, Aeneid, Bk. 3, line 56; John Maynard Keynes, Essays in Persuasion, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), p. 369. 32. Robert H. Frank, Luxury Fever: Money and Happiness in an Eva of
…
done by inequality to respect is explored in Richard Sennett, Respect in a World of Inequality (London: Allen Lane, 2002). 17. Quoted in Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: The Economist as Saviour 1920–1937 (London: Macmillan, 1992). 18. Pope Leo XIII, Rerun Novarum (1891), par. 46. 19. Nussbaum, Women and Human Development, p
…
Smith, The Wealth of Nations (Lawrence, Kan.: Digireads.com, 2009), p. 407. 10. Peter Clarke, Liberals and Social Democrats (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1979). 11. John Maynard, Keynes, “Economic Possibilities for our Grand Children,” in Essays in Persuasion, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keyres, vol. 9 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1978), pp
…
), pp. 211–16. 36. Ibid., p. 3. 37. Ibid., pp. 90-91. 38. See Ibid., pp. 211–16. 39. John Maynard Keynes, The General Theory of Employment, Interest and Money, The Collected Writings of John Maynard Keynes, vol. 7 (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1973), p. 374 40. “How to Tame Global Finance,” Prospect, August 27, 2009
…
f. 51. St. Paul’s Institute, Value and Values: Perceptions of Ethics in the City Today (London: St. Paul’s Institute, 2011). 52. Robert Skidelsky, John Maynard Keynes: Economist, Philosopher, Statesman (London: Pan, 2004), p. 515.
War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt
by Kwasi Kwarteng · 12 May 2014 · 632pp · 159,454 words
The End of Alchemy: Money, Banking and the Future of the Global Economy
by Mervyn King · 3 Mar 2016 · 464pp · 139,088 words
The Production of Money: How to Break the Power of Banks
by Ann Pettifor · 27 Mar 2017 · 182pp · 53,802 words
Capitalism and Its Critics: A History: From the Industrial Revolution to AI
by John Cassidy · 12 May 2025 · 774pp · 238,244 words
Termites of the State: Why Complexity Leads to Inequality
by Vito Tanzi · 28 Dec 2017
Doughnut Economics: Seven Ways to Think Like a 21st-Century Economist
by Kate Raworth · 22 Mar 2017 · 403pp · 111,119 words
The Wealth of Humans: Work, Power, and Status in the Twenty-First Century
by Ryan Avent · 20 Sep 2016 · 323pp · 90,868 words
Money and Government: The Past and Future of Economics
by Robert Skidelsky · 13 Nov 2018
What's Wrong With Economics: A Primer for the Perplexed
by Robert Skidelsky · 3 Mar 2020 · 290pp · 76,216 words
Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century
by J. Bradford Delong · 6 Apr 2020 · 593pp · 183,240 words
The Great Economists Ten Economists whose thinking changed the way we live-FT Publishing International (2014)
by Phil Thornton · 7 May 2014
Hard Times: The Divisive Toll of the Economic Slump
by Tom Clark and Anthony Heath · 23 Jun 2014 · 401pp · 112,784 words
I.O.U.: Why Everyone Owes Everyone and No One Can Pay
by John Lanchester · 14 Dec 2009 · 322pp · 77,341 words
Four Futures: Life After Capitalism
by Peter Frase · 10 Mar 2015 · 121pp · 36,908 words
WTF?: What's the Future and Why It's Up to Us
by Tim O'Reilly · 9 Oct 2017 · 561pp · 157,589 words
When the Money Runs Out: The End of Western Affluence
by Stephen D. King · 17 Jun 2013 · 324pp · 90,253 words
Prosperity Without Growth: Foundations for the Economy of Tomorrow
by Tim Jackson · 8 Dec 2016 · 573pp · 115,489 words
Deep Utopia: Life and Meaning in a Solved World
by Nick Bostrom · 26 Mar 2024 · 547pp · 173,909 words
Growth: A Reckoning
by Daniel Susskind · 16 Apr 2024 · 358pp · 109,930 words
Adaptive Markets: Financial Evolution at the Speed of Thought
by Andrew W. Lo · 3 Apr 2017 · 733pp · 179,391 words
How Will Capitalism End?
by Wolfgang Streeck · 8 Nov 2016 · 424pp · 115,035 words
Work: A History of How We Spend Our Time
by James Suzman · 2 Sep 2020 · 909pp · 130,170 words
The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies
by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee · 20 Jan 2014 · 339pp · 88,732 words
Capitalism: Money, Morals and Markets
by John Plender · 27 Jul 2015 · 355pp · 92,571 words
The Zero Marginal Cost Society: The Internet of Things, the Collaborative Commons, and the Eclipse of Capitalism
by Jeremy Rifkin · 31 Mar 2014 · 565pp · 151,129 words
The Social Life of Money
by Nigel Dodd · 14 May 2014 · 700pp · 201,953 words
Utopia for Realists: The Case for a Universal Basic Income, Open Borders, and a 15-Hour Workweek
by Rutger Bregman · 13 Sep 2014 · 235pp · 62,862 words
The Economics Anti-Textbook: A Critical Thinker's Guide to Microeconomics
by Rod Hill and Anthony Myatt · 15 Mar 2010
Affluence Without Abundance: The Disappearing World of the Bushmen
by James Suzman · 10 Jul 2017
Radical Uncertainty: Decision-Making for an Unknowable Future
by Mervyn King and John Kay · 5 Mar 2020 · 807pp · 154,435 words
The Autonomous Revolution: Reclaiming the Future We’ve Sold to Machines
by William Davidow and Michael Malone · 18 Feb 2020 · 304pp · 80,143 words
Work in the Future The Automation Revolution-Palgrave MacMillan (2019)
by Robert Skidelsky Nan Craig · 15 Mar 2020
A World Without Work: Technology, Automation, and How We Should Respond
by Daniel Susskind · 14 Jan 2020 · 419pp · 109,241 words
SEDATED: How Modern Capitalism Created Our Mental Health Crisis
by James. Davies · 15 Nov 2021 · 307pp · 88,085 words
With Liberty and Dividends for All: How to Save Our Middle Class When Jobs Don't Pay Enough
by Peter Barnes · 31 Jul 2014 · 151pp · 38,153 words
Against the Machine: On the Unmaking of Humanity
by Paul Kingsnorth · 23 Sep 2025 · 388pp · 110,920 words
The Skeptical Economist: Revealing the Ethics Inside Economics
by Jonathan Aldred · 1 Jan 2009 · 339pp · 105,938 words
World Economy Since the Wars: A Personal View
by John Kenneth Galbraith · 14 May 1994 · 293pp · 91,412 words
Empire of Things: How We Became a World of Consumers, From the Fifteenth Century to the Twenty-First
by Frank Trentmann · 1 Dec 2015 · 1,213pp · 376,284 words
Digital Disconnect: How Capitalism Is Turning the Internet Against Democracy
by Robert W. McChesney · 5 Mar 2013 · 476pp · 125,219 words
Winds of Change
by Peter Hennessy · 27 Aug 2019 · 891pp · 220,950 words
Do Nothing: How to Break Away From Overworking, Overdoing, and Underliving
by Celeste Headlee · 10 Mar 2020 · 246pp · 74,404 words
Extreme Economies: Survival, Failure, Future – Lessons From the World’s Limits
by Richard Davies · 4 Sep 2019 · 412pp · 128,042 words
Automation and the Future of Work
by Aaron Benanav · 3 Nov 2020 · 175pp · 45,815 words
Four Thousand Weeks: Time Management for Mortals
by Oliver Burkeman · 9 Aug 2021 · 206pp · 68,757 words
Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events
by Robert J. Shiller · 14 Oct 2019 · 611pp · 130,419 words
The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age
by Roger Bootle · 4 Sep 2019 · 374pp · 111,284 words
Servant Economy: Where America's Elite Is Sending the Middle Class
by Jeff Faux · 16 May 2012 · 364pp · 99,613 words
The Lights in the Tunnel
by Martin Ford · 28 May 2011 · 261pp · 10,785 words
Were You Born on the Wrong Continent?
by Thomas Geoghegan · 20 Sep 2011 · 364pp · 104,697 words
Phishing for Phools: The Economics of Manipulation and Deception
by George A. Akerlof, Robert J. Shiller and Stanley B Resor Professor Of Economics Robert J Shiller · 21 Sep 2015 · 274pp · 93,758 words
The Meritocracy Trap: How America's Foundational Myth Feeds Inequality, Dismantles the Middle Class, and Devours the Elite
by Daniel Markovits · 14 Sep 2019 · 976pp · 235,576 words
Only Humans Need Apply: Winners and Losers in the Age of Smart Machines
by Thomas H. Davenport and Julia Kirby · 23 May 2016 · 347pp · 97,721 words
Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It
by Azeem Azhar · 6 Sep 2021 · 447pp · 111,991 words
The Price of Inequality: How Today's Divided Society Endangers Our Future
by Joseph E. Stiglitz · 10 Jun 2012 · 580pp · 168,476 words
A Pelican Introduction Economics: A User's Guide
by Ha-Joon Chang · 26 May 2014 · 385pp · 111,807 words
Give People Money
by Annie Lowrey · 10 Jul 2018 · 242pp · 73,728 words
The Innovation Illusion: How So Little Is Created by So Many Working So Hard
by Fredrik Erixon and Bjorn Weigel · 3 Oct 2016 · 504pp · 126,835 words
The Fourth Age: Smart Robots, Conscious Computers, and the Future of Humanity
by Byron Reese · 23 Apr 2018 · 294pp · 96,661 words
Postcapitalism: A Guide to Our Future
by Paul Mason · 29 Jul 2015 · 378pp · 110,518 words
The Refusal of Work: The Theory and Practice of Resistance to Work
by David Frayne · 15 Nov 2015 · 336pp · 83,903 words
Willful: How We Choose What We Do
by Richard Robb · 12 Nov 2019 · 202pp · 58,823 words
Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World
by Fareed Zakaria · 5 Oct 2020 · 289pp · 86,165 words
This Could Be Our Future: A Manifesto for a More Generous World
by Yancey Strickler · 29 Oct 2019 · 254pp · 61,387 words
MegaThreats: Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future, and How to Survive Them
by Nouriel Roubini · 17 Oct 2022 · 328pp · 96,678 words
Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson · 15 May 2023 · 619pp · 177,548 words
System Error: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot
by Rob Reich, Mehran Sahami and Jeremy M. Weinstein · 6 Sep 2021
The Technology Trap: Capital, Labor, and Power in the Age of Automation
by Carl Benedikt Frey · 17 Jun 2019 · 626pp · 167,836 words
The Glass Cage: Automation and Us
by Nicholas Carr · 28 Sep 2014 · 308pp · 84,713 words
Head, Hand, Heart: Why Intelligence Is Over-Rewarded, Manual Workers Matter, and Caregivers Deserve More Respect
by David Goodhart · 7 Sep 2020 · 463pp · 115,103 words
Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control
by Stuart Russell · 7 Oct 2019 · 416pp · 112,268 words
The Day the World Stops Shopping
by J. B. MacKinnon · 14 May 2021 · 368pp · 109,432 words
No More Work: Why Full Employment Is a Bad Idea
by James Livingston · 15 Feb 2016 · 90pp · 27,452 words
Men Without Work
by Nicholas Eberstadt · 4 Sep 2016 · 126pp · 37,081 words
The Rise and Fall of American Growth: The U.S. Standard of Living Since the Civil War (The Princeton Economic History of the Western World)
by Robert J. Gordon · 12 Jan 2016 · 1,104pp · 302,176 words
The Survival of the City: Human Flourishing in an Age of Isolation
by Edward Glaeser and David Cutler · 14 Sep 2021 · 735pp · 165,375 words
Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door -- Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy
by Christopher Mims · 13 Sep 2021 · 385pp · 112,842 words
People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent
by Joseph E. Stiglitz · 22 Apr 2019 · 462pp · 129,022 words
The Uninhabitable Earth: Life After Warming
by David Wallace-Wells · 19 Feb 2019 · 343pp · 101,563 words
Basic Income: A Radical Proposal for a Free Society and a Sane Economy
by Philippe van Parijs and Yannick Vanderborght · 20 Mar 2017
Restarting the Future: How to Fix the Intangible Economy
by Jonathan Haskel and Stian Westlake · 4 Apr 2022 · 338pp · 85,566 words
Humans as a Service: The Promise and Perils of Work in the Gig Economy
by Jeremias Prassl · 7 May 2018 · 491pp · 77,650 words
Rich White Men: What It Takes to Uproot the Old Boys' Club and Transform America
by Garrett Neiman · 19 Jun 2023 · 386pp · 112,064 words
Radical Technologies: The Design of Everyday Life
by Adam Greenfield · 29 May 2017 · 410pp · 119,823 words
The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
by Richard Susskind and Daniel Susskind · 24 Aug 2015 · 742pp · 137,937 words
The Limits of the Market: The Pendulum Between Government and Market
by Paul de Grauwe and Anna Asbury · 12 Mar 2017
Thinking Machines: The Inside Story of Artificial Intelligence and Our Race to Build the Future
by Luke Dormehl · 10 Aug 2016 · 252pp · 74,167 words
Evil Geniuses: The Unmaking of America: A Recent History
by Kurt Andersen · 14 Sep 2020 · 486pp · 150,849 words
Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work
by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams · 1 Oct 2015 · 357pp · 95,986 words
Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots
by John Markoff · 24 Aug 2015 · 413pp · 119,587 words
Warnings
by Richard A. Clarke · 10 Apr 2017 · 428pp · 121,717 words
Rockonomics: A Backstage Tour of What the Music Industry Can Teach Us About Economics and Life
by Alan B. Krueger · 3 Jun 2019
The Glass Half-Empty: Debunking the Myth of Progress in the Twenty-First Century
by Rodrigo Aguilera · 10 Mar 2020 · 356pp · 106,161 words
The Price of Tomorrow: Why Deflation Is the Key to an Abundant Future
by Jeff Booth · 14 Jan 2020 · 180pp · 55,805 words
The Fourth Industrial Revolution
by Klaus Schwab · 11 Jan 2016 · 179pp · 43,441 words
Surviving AI: The Promise and Peril of Artificial Intelligence
by Calum Chace · 28 Jul 2015 · 144pp · 43,356 words
Fully Grown: Why a Stagnant Economy Is a Sign of Success
by Dietrich Vollrath · 6 Jan 2020 · 295pp · 90,821 words
Shadow Work: The Unpaid, Unseen Jobs That Fill Your Day
by Craig Lambert · 30 Apr 2015 · 229pp · 72,431 words
Humans Need Not Apply: A Guide to Wealth and Work in the Age of Artificial Intelligence
by Jerry Kaplan · 3 Aug 2015 · 237pp · 64,411 words
The Job: The Future of Work in the Modern Era
by Ellen Ruppel Shell · 22 Oct 2018 · 402pp · 126,835 words
Possible Minds: Twenty-Five Ways of Looking at AI
by John Brockman · 19 Feb 2019 · 339pp · 94,769 words
Less Is More: How Degrowth Will Save the World
by Jason Hickel · 12 Aug 2020 · 286pp · 87,168 words
Overwhelmed: Work, Love, and Play When No One Has the Time
by Brigid Schulte · 11 Mar 2014 · 455pp · 133,719 words
Blood in the Machine: The Origins of the Rebellion Against Big Tech
by Brian Merchant · 25 Sep 2023 · 524pp · 154,652 words
The Age of Surveillance Capitalism
by Shoshana Zuboff · 15 Jan 2019 · 918pp · 257,605 words
On the Clock: What Low-Wage Work Did to Me and How It Drives America Insane
by Emily Guendelsberger · 15 Jul 2019 · 382pp · 114,537 words
Origin Story: A Big History of Everything
by David Christian · 21 May 2018 · 334pp · 100,201 words
Elsewhere, U.S.A: How We Got From the Company Man, Family Dinners, and the Affluent Society to the Home Office, BlackBerry Moms,and Economic Anxiety
by Dalton Conley · 27 Dec 2008 · 204pp · 67,922 words