by Michael Huemer · 29 Oct 2012 · 577pp · 149,554 words
to force parties to do so. 3.4 Hypothetical consent and ethical constraints 3.4.1 Rawls’s contract theory as an account of authority John Rawls, the most influential political philosopher, advances a hypothetical social contract theory. 3.4.2 Could agreement be reached? There is no reason to think agreement
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that we might alter our motivations in such a way that the conditions for legitimacy would become satisfiable in the future. In his later work, John Rawls takes a view similar to Nagel’s view of the conditions for political legitimacy, though he seems more sanguine about the prospects for agreement. Rawls
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be unreasonable to reject the arrangement. 3.4 Hypothetical consent and ethical constraints 3.4.1 Rawls’s contract theory as an account of authority John Rawls is, by far and without question, the most influential political philosopher of the last hundred years. As a rough indicator, a search for the keyword
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. The most respected contemporary political philosophers usually employ language reminiscent of legalese. Consider a representative passage from the most celebrated political thinker of recent times, John Rawls: I should now like to comment upon the second part of the second principle, henceforth to be understood as the liberal principle of fair equality
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ethical questions frequently have no easy answers. 7.5.2 Process versus substance In an early article defending the Fair Play Account of political obligation, John Rawls takes as his central question, ‘How is it possible that a person, in accordance with his own conception of justice, should find himself bound by
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Interpersonal Comparisons of Utility’, Journal of Political Economy 63: 309–21. ——. 1975. ‘Can the Maximin Principle Serve as a Basis for Morality? A Critique of John Rawls’s Theory’, American Political Science Review 69: 594–606. Hart, H. L. A. 1955. ‘Are There Any Natural Rights?’ Philosophical Review 64: 175–91. ——. 1958
by Burkhard Wehner · 10 Jan 2019
plausible answer. That existing democratic procedures would not be adequate to basic income projects can be inferred from experience, but equally convincing from philosophical arguments. John Rawls, in A Theory of Justice (Rawls 1971), argued that decision makers on distributional justice should be disinterested persons for whom nothing personal is at stake
by Carissa Véliz · 21 Apr 2026 · 503pp · 129,255 words
deaths. That she is innocent is irrelevant to the utilitarian. A disregard for justice is also the result of aggregating pleasure or happiness. The philosopher John Rawls famously argued that such an approach treats human beings as if they belonged to one body. If you had to consent to a doctor cutting
by Robert Nozick · 15 Mar 1974 · 524pp · 146,798 words
of the State.© 1968, pp 21-22, reprinted by permission of Prentice-Hall, Inc., Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey. Excerpts from A Theory of Justice by John Rawls are reprinted by permission of the publishers, Cambridge, Mass.: The Belknap Press of Harvard University Press and Oxford: The Clarendon Press, and are copyright © 1971
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theory to dissect and criticize other theories of distributive justice which do envisage a more extensive state, focusing especially on the recent powerful theory of John Rawls. Other reasons that some might think justify a more extensive state are criticized, including equality, envy, workers’ control, and Marxian theories of exploitation. (Readers who
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very helpful written comments on the whole manuscript written at the Center from W. V. Quine, Derek Parfit, and Gilbert Harman, on Chapter 7 from John Rawls and Frank Michelman, and on an earlier draft of Part I from Alan Dershowitz. I also have benefited from a discussion with Ronald Dworkin on
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; so it will be in his interests not to bind himself to participate. “THE PRINCIPLE OF FAIRNESS” A principle suggested by Herbert Hart, which (following John Rawls) we shall call the principle of fairness, would be of service here if it were adequate. This principle holds that when a number of persons
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introduced by the Lockean proviso. SECTION II RAWLS’ THEORY We can bring our discussion of distributive justice into sharper focus by considering in some detail John Rawls’ recent contribution to the subject. A Theory of Justice 15 is a powerful, deep, subtle, wide-ranging, systematic work in political and moral philosophy which
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these issues in footnote 4 of “On the Randian Argument,” The Personalist, Spring 1971. 2 For a clear statement that this view is mistaken, see John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), pp. 30, 565-566. 3 Which does which? Often a useful question to ask, as
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other riddles talks.” 4 Groundwork of the Metaphysic of Morals. Translated by H. J. Paton, The Moral Law (London: Hutchinson, 1956), p. 96. 5 See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, sects. 5, 6, 30. 6 See Gilbert Harman, “The Inference to the Best Explanation,” Philosophical Review, 1965, pp, 88-95, and
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objection to viewing the condition as sufficient to Ronald Hamowy. CHAPTER 5 / The State 1 Herbert Hart, “Are There Any Natural Rights?” Philosophical Review, 1955; John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), sect. 18. My statement of the principle stays close to Rawls’. The argument Rawls offers
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itself in question here, the analysis is necessarily delicate.” Kenneth Arrow, “Economic Equilibrium,” International Encyclopedia of the Social Sciences, vol. 4, p. 381. 3 See John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, Mass.: Harvard University Press, 1971), chap. 9, sect. 79, “The Idea of a Social Union,” and Ayn Rand, Atlas Shrugged
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Lipsey and Kelvin Lancaster, “The General Theory of Second Best,” Review of Economic Studies, 24 (December 1956), which has stimulated an extensive literature. 5 Compare John Rawls, Theory of Justice, sect. 63, n. II. It is not clear how extensively Rawls’ later text would have to be revised to take this point
by Don Watkins and Yaron Brook · 28 Mar 2016 · 345pp · 92,849 words
is seldom defined, and comes in a variety of flavors, but the most influential conception of equality of opportunity comes from the late egalitarian philosopher John Rawls. For Rawls, equality of opportunity does not refer simply to the absence of legal barriers to success (e.g., Jim Crow laws), but to equality
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they are in the interest of all and in particular of the most disadvantaged social groups. . . . The ‘difference principle’ introduced by the U.S. philosopher John Rawls in his Theory of Justice is similar in intent.”18 This means, for instance, that if you earn a million dollars when most people make
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a resounding “no.” Why not? For that, we need to turn to the philosopher Piketty cites in support of his theory: the late Harvard philosopher John Rawls. Most inequality critics today are economists, journalists, politicians, policy wonks, or political commentators. But most of their ideas are derived from egalitarian philosophers: Rousseau, Marx
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(accessed May 28, 2015). 20. Ayn Rand, “What Is Capitalism?” reprinted in Ayn Rand, Capitalism: The Unknown Ideal (New York: Signet, 1967), p. 9. 21. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971), p. 62. 22. Ibid., p. 62. 23. G. A. Cohen, “Incentives, Inequality, and Community,” The
by Rodrigo Aguilera · 10 Mar 2020 · 356pp · 106,161 words
do know is that economic outcomes between individuals should be central to any notion of what a just society should look like. US political philosopher John Rawls famously described the original position as a thought experiment of how such a just society should be conceived.49 In this original position outside a
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of Justice (Penguin, 2010). 52 Rawls, J., Political Liberalism, (Columbia University Press, 2005), pg. 51. Rawls actually mentions Sibley in a footnote. 53 Edmunson, W., John Rawls: Reticent Socialist (Cambridge University Press, 2017) Part III: The End of the End of History Chapter Seven: The Evil That Men Do 1 Lloyd, M
by Branko Milanovic · 15 Dec 2010 · 251pp · 69,245 words
Chen, whose assistance on Chinese household surveys was invaluable; Leif Wenar, to whose advice regarding issues of political philosophy and in particular the interpretation of John Rawls’s works I have frequently turned and who has given me excellent comments on several parts of the manuscript; and Slaheddine Khenissi, for his vast
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ruins of this dream was built the most famous recent attempt to provide some guidance on how to reconcile economic inequality and justice: that of John Rawls, an American political philosopher. Rawls, in enunciating his celebrated “difference principle” in A Theory of Justice published in 1971, argued that the justification for any
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not rule out humanitarian duty of assistance to foreigners, but it also does not impose on rich people and rich countries anything beyond that. Philosopher John Rawls offered a different view of why global inequality is immaterial. Rawls saw the most desirable global arrangement as the one where conditions from his Theory
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did not change even if the nationality of the rulers did. Vignette 3.8 Why Was Rawls Indifferent to Global Inequality? To those who know John Rawls through his A Theory of Justice, the question in this vignette’s title may come as a surprise. After all, Rawls is rightly associated with
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goes back to John Harsanyi, “Cardinal Welfare, Individualistic Ethics, and the Inter-personal Comparisons of Utility,” Journal of Political Economy 63 (1955): 309-321. 17 John Rawls, A Theory of Justice, rev. ed. (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 13. 18 Ibid., 54. 19 Rawls indirectly excluded the situation where the absolute improvements
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include the estimated incomes of the colonizers. 4 In approximately today’s PPP dollars. 5 British income distribution data for 2004. Vignette 3.8 1 John Rawls, The Law of Peoples (Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1999), 39. 2 “Peoples have a duty to assist other peoples living under unfavorable conditions that prevent
by Branko Milanovic · 10 Apr 2016 · 312pp · 91,835 words
national borders? The ne plus ultra of the nation-state? This is a question that political philosophers have thought about more than economists. Some, following John Rawls and his Law of Peoples (1999), believe that global equality of opportunity is not a significant issue and that every argument for it conflicts with
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legal equality between the different groups that humans are divided into, but also substantively greater income and wealth equality. Existential equality is equivalent to what John Rawls calls meritocratic equality—what he views as the lowest level of equality, where all participants are legally free to pursue whatever career they choose but
by Michael J. Sandel · 9 Sep 2020 · 493pp · 98,982 words
based on what people merit or deserve. Welfare State Liberalism Welfare state liberalism (or “egalitarian liberalism”) finds its fullest philosophical expression in the work of John Rawls, the noted twentieth-century American political philosopher. In his classic work A Theory of Justice (1971), Rawls argues that even a system of fair equality
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New York Times , March 29, 2019, nytimes.com/2019/03/29/dining/chicken-paillard-recipe.html?searchResultPosition=1 . 20. See the discussion of Friedrich Hayek, John Rawls, and the luck egalitarians in chapter 3. 21. Reagan used “you deserve” 31 times, compared with a total of 27 uses by Presidents Kennedy, Johnson
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of Liberty (Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1960), pp. 92–93. 20. Ibid., pp. 85–102. 21. Ibid., p. 93. 22. Ibid., p. 94. 23. John Rawls, A Theory of Justice (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1971). 24. Ibid., pp. 73–74. 25. Ibid., p. 75. 26. Kurt Vonnegut, Jr., “Harrison Bergeron
by Keith Payne · 8 May 2017
, this time with pneumonia. Again he recovered. But now he passed the infection to his two-year-old brother, Tommy. Again, the younger boy died. John Rawls grew up to become the most important political philosopher of the twentieth century. His biographer argues that the heartbreaking deaths of his brothers were the
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think of these as admirable qualities that should earn anyone who possesses them a well-deserved place in the upper echelons of a meritocratic society. John Rawls, however, was deeply suspicious of that idea. If a man is brilliant, he argued, why should he be praised for being so? He was merely
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. F. Brosnan and F. B. De Waal, “Monkeys Reject Unequal Pay,” Nature 425 (2003): 297–99. son of William Lee Rawls: T. W. M. Pogge, John Rawls: His Life and Theory of Justice, M. Kosch, trans. (New York: Oxford University Press, 2007). Rawls’s theory of justice: J. Rawls, A Theory of
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