Loebner Prize Concepts

The Most Human Human: What Talking With Computers Teaches Us About What It Means to Be Alive

by Brian Christian · 1 Mar 2011 · 370pp · 94,968 words

the test, but in life? Joining the Confederacy The sponsor and organizer of the Turing test (this particular incarnation of which is known as the Loebner Prize) is a colorful and somewhat curious figure: plastic roll-up portable disco dance floor baron Hugh Loebner. When asked his motives for backing and orchestrating

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the name of Philip Jackson, a professor at the University of Surrey, who is the one in charge of the logistics for this year’s Loebner Prize contest in Brighton, where it will be held under the auspices of the 2009 Interspeech conference on speech and communication science. I was able to

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from and connect them all. As we chatted, I told Professor Jackson that I thought I might have something rather unique to bring to the Loebner Prize, in terms of both the actual performance of being a confederate and relating that experience, along with the broader questions and issues raised by the

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need to know, really. You are human, so just be yourself.” “Just be yourself”—this has been, in effect, the confederate motto since the first Loebner Prize in 1991, but seems to me like a somewhat naive overconfidence in human instincts—or at worst, fixing the fight. The AI programs we go

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ironic, cautionary tale: Dr. Robert Epstein, UCSD psychologist, editor of the scientific volume Parsing the Turing Test, and co-founder, with Hugh Loebner, of the Loebner Prize, subscribed to an online dating service in the winter of 2007. He began writing long letters to a Russian woman named Ivana, who would respond

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, now they have to spam his heart? On the one hand, I want to simply sit back and laugh at the guy—he founded the Loebner Prize, for Christ’s sake! What a chump! Then again, I’m also sympathetic: the unavoidable presence of spam in the twenty-first century not

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Crowd-control stanchions seem to have recently replaced portable disco dance floors as the flagship product of Loebner’s company, Crown Industries, which is the Loebner Prize’s chief sponsor. 2. Surely I’m not the only one who finds it ironic that a man who’s committed himself to advancing the

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act like myself instead of describing myself. Form and Content in the Turing Test The first Loebner Prize competition was held on November 8, 1991, at the Boston Computer Museum. In its first few years, the Loebner Prize gave each program and human confederate a “topic” as a means of limiting the conversation.

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this reason, Clay took her misclassifications as a compliment.) The program behind the topic of “whimsical conversation”—PC Therapist III by Joseph Weintraub—won the Loebner Prize that year, earning the very first Most Human Computer award. As the program practiced it, “whimsical conversation” was not a topic at all, but

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taste” of Nietzsche that is lacking in most chatbots. For instance, I had the following conversation with “Joan,” the Cleverbot-offshoot program that won the Loebner Prize in 2006. Though each of her answers, taken separately, is perfectly sensible and human, their sum produces nothing but a hilarious cacophony in the way

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part of the programmers to make Drew Barrymores of us: worse, actually, because it was her long-term memory that kept wiping clean. At 2008 Loebner Prize winner Elbot’s website, the screen refreshes each time a new remark is entered, so the conversational history evaporates with each sentence; ditto at the

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’ jobs easier—in terms of both the psychology and the mathematics. In many cases, though, physically eliminating the conversation log is unnecessary. As three-time Loebner Prize winner (’00, ’01, and ’04), programmer Richard Wallace explains, “Experience with [Wallace’s chatbot] A.L.I.C.E. indicates that most casual conversation

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and approach of ELIZA have been reworked and implemented in some form or other in almost every chat program since, including the contenders at the Loebner Prize. And the enthusiasm, unease, and controversy surrounding these programs have only grown. One of the strangest twists to the ELIZA story, however, was the

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connected to other humans (and bots) at random around the world, would be much, much more difficult for the humans. The conversational encounters of the Loebner Prize are frequently compared to those between strangers on a plane; I think part of the reason this analogy appeals so much to the contest’s

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the funny way the captain just said such and such. Site-specificity manages to get its foot in the door. When a round of the Loebner Prize in Brighton was delayed by fifteen minutes, I smiled. Any deviation from the generic plays into the humans’ hands. As the round finally got

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before. –PAUL EKMAN For Life is a kind of Chess … –BENJAMIN FRANKLIN How to Open Entering the Brighton Centre, I found my way to the Loebner Prize competition. Stepping into the contest room, I saw rows of seating where a handful of audience members had already gathered, and up front what could

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of the song? It just came to me today—” And the whole time we’re thinking, Shut up, you fool! I learned from reading the Loebner Prize transcripts that there are two types of judges: the small-talkers and the interrogators. The latter are the ones that go straight in with word

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conversation comes more naturally to layperson judges. For one reason or another, it’s been explicitly and implicitly, at various points in time, encouraged among Loebner Prize judges. It’s come to be known as the “strangers on a plane” paradigm. The downside of this is that these types of conversations are

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a dead giveaway in a Turing test, but it’s a start, and more than enough to raise suspicion. For the first few years, the Loebner Prize competition used specific topics of discussion, one for each program and confederate—things like Shakespeare, the differences between men and women, and the Boston Red

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still fledgling. Ironically, while removing the topic restriction, as they did in 1995, makes the computers’ task almost infinitely harder in theory, a glance at Loebner Prize transcripts suggests that it may have actually made their job easier in practice. Instead of gearing their software toward a specific topic area that changes

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to the thing I keep noticing about the relationship between human-made and human-mimicking bots and humans themselves. The first few years that the Loebner Prize competition was run, the organizers decided they wanted to implement some kind of “handicap,” in order to give the computers more of a fighting

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the leading academics interested in the Turing test (and, as it turns out, an outspoken critic of the Loebner Prize) is Harvard’s Stuart Shieber, who actually served in the very first Loebner Prize contest as one of the “referees.” It’s a role that didn’t exist as I prepared for the

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2009 test: the referees were there to keep the conversations “in bounds”—but what did that mean, exactly? The organizers and referees at the first Loebner Prize competition held an emergency meeting the night before the competition9 to address it. I called Shieber. “The night before the first competition there was a

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chess or something.” He pauses a split second. “If I were [in charge], that’s the first thing I’d get rid of.” The Loebner Prize both has and hasn’t followed Shieber’s advice. After 1995, amid controversy on what a conversational domain was, let alone how to enforce it

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, the Loebner Prize committee decided to dissolve the referee position and move to an unrestricted test. Yet the “strangers on a plane” paradigm persists—enforced not so much

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“play” or recreation in their daily lives are more or less the same list. One of the odd things about domain-general chatbots at the Loebner Prize competitions—programs that, owing to the setup of the Turing test, must be jacks of all trades and masters of none—is this “What’s

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that programs that do well often get co-opted by larger corporations, which then put the technology to some particular use. Some critics of the Loebner Prize describe its programmers as “hobbyists” rather than professionals; this isn’t true on the whole. Cleverbot’s author, Rollo Carpenter, who won the Most

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if you could fail!” One of the traditional ideas, he says, about what it means to “just be yourself”—the advice and direction that the Loebner Prize organizers give the confederates each year—is to be your true self, that is, “to figure out what your quote-unquote true self is supposed

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be sensitive to the situation if it’s changing while you’re busy making sense of it. Robert Medeksza, whose program Ultra Hal won the Loebner Prize in 2007, mentioned that the conversational database he brought to the competition for Ultra Hal was smaller than ’07 runner-up Cleverbot’s by a

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life. Computability theory is staircase wit. Complexity theory—satisficing, the timely answer, as correct as possible—is dialogue. “Barge-In-Able Conversation Systems” The 2009 Loebner Prize competition in Brighton was only a small part of a much larger event happening in the Brighton Centre that week, the annual Interspeech conference for

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both academic and industry speech technology researchers, and so ducking out of the Loebner Prize hall during a break, I immediately found myself in the swell and crush of some several thousand engineers and programmers and theorists from all over

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… Surprisingly, the rigidity of the input-output binding is even stronger in many of the newer chatbots. If you talk to Cleverbot, 2005 and 2006 Loebner Prize winner, at its website, each time you hit the enter key, the input box locks and cannot be clicked or typed into until Cleverbot has

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oh hi CLEVERBOT: How are you? ME: um, CLEVERBOT: Is that good or bad? ME: well, CLEVERBOT: How? If you talk to Elbot, the 2008 Loebner Prize winner, online, each time you hit the enter key the screen refreshes, and one of Elbot’s responses is visible: ME: umm ELBOT: I’m

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. You’re watching each other type, typos and backspacing and all. Part of what I needed to figure out was how exactly to use the Loebner Prize competition’s unusual “live typing” medium. What did this enable and disable, compared to the standard walkie-talkie, telegram-like, turn-taking style? To

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Lawyer B decides whether that’s a fair question. If the person answers beyond that, then he’s doing so unprotected.” It’s interesting—many Loebner Prize judges approach the Turing test as a kind of interrogation or deposition or cross-examination; strangely, there are also a number of confederates who seem

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their respondents to make any kind of judgment. A five-hour one would be an obvious win for the humans. The time limit at the Loebner Prize contest has fluctuated since its inception, but in recent years has settled on Turing’s original prescription of five minutes: around the point where conversation

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African. Among the four judges, two are English, one is an American expatriate to England, and one is a Canadian. I had read logs of Loebner Prizes past and had seen the problems that arise when cultural mismatch or cultural disfluency rears its head. I wondered: Would any such cultural issues come

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A tree or shrub can grow and bloom. I am always the same. But I am clever. –RACTER Meet Converse As I read through the Loebner Prize transcripts, reams (literally) of small talk and chitchat and “how’s it going?” and basic world-knowledge questions, I was struck by the following

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cheeks of a young woman to a rose was obviously a poet; the first to repeat it was possibly an idiot.” For instance, three-time Loebner Prize winner Richard Wallace recounts an “AI urban legend” in which “a famous natural language researcher was embarrassed … when it became apparent to his audience

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of state-of-man repair that Aristophanes imagined. But there’s hope. Nervous System to Nervous System: Healed by Bandwidth The organizer of the 2008 Loebner Prize was University of Reading professor Kevin Warwick—also known in the press sometimes as “the world’s first cyborg.” In 1998 he had an RFID

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with Robots, to give you an idea of the other sorts of things that are on his mind when he’s not competing for the Loebner Prize. Levy stands up, to applause, accepts the award from Philip Jackson and Hugh Loebner, and makes a short speech about the importance of AI

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to a bright future, and the importance of the Loebner Prize to AI. I know what’s next on the agenda, and my stomach knots despite itself in the second of interstitial silence before Philip takes

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of many new businesses leveraging chatbot technology to “allow our clients to offer better customer service at lower cost.” After Elbot’s victory at the Loebner Prize competition and the publicity that followed, the company decided to prioritize the Elbot software’s more commercial applications, and so it wouldn’t be coming

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we are so complacent so much of the time, so smug, and with so much room for improvement— In an article about the Turing test, Loebner Prize co-founder Robert Epstein writes, “One thing is certain: whereas the confederates in the competition will never get any smarter, the computers will.” I agree

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the final verdict on the Turing test itself, in 2010, 2011, and thereafter— If, or when, a computer wins the gold (solid gold, remember) Loebner Prize medal, the Loebner Prize will be discontinued forever. When Garry Kasparov defeated Deep Blue, rather convincingly, in their first encounter in ’96, he and IBM readily agreed to

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was done. Thanks to Michael Langan for a very fine portrait. Thanks to Philip Jackson, for allowing me to be a part of the 2009 Loebner Prize competition, and to my fellow confederates, Dave Marks, Doug Peters, and Olga Martirosian, with whom I was proud to represent humanity. Thanks to my

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Dan Ariely, “Why Online Dating Is So Unsatisfying,” Big Think, July 7, 2010, bigthink.com/ideas/20749. 7 The 1991 Loebner Prize transcripts, unlike most other years, are unavailable through the Loebner Prize website. The Clay transcripts come by way of Mark Halpern, “The Trouble with the Turing Test,” New Atlantis (Winter 2006).

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of the excellent volume The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), and his famous criticism of the Loebner Prize is “Lessons from a Restricted Turing Test,” Communications of the Association for Computing Machinery, April 1993. 24 “The art of general conversation”: Russell, Conquest of

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Mike Martinez, personal interview. 15 David Sheff, personal interview. 16 Ekman, Telling Lies. 17 Will Pavia tells his story of being fooled in the 2008 Loebner Prize competition in “Machine Takes on Man at Mass Turing Test,” Times (London), October 13, 2008. 18 Dave Ackley, personal interview. 9. Not Staying Intact

Thinking Machines: The Inside Story of Artificial Intelligence and Our Race to Build the Future

by Luke Dormehl · 10 Aug 2016 · 252pp · 74,167 words

the world’s best-known AI competitions only occurred to Loebner when he was well into middle age. The success of what he named the Loebner Prize is all the more surprising given that he has no qualifications whatsoever in computer science. ‘In years to come, there may be richer prizes, and

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more prestigious contests, but gads, this will always be the oldest,’ Loebner has said, with typical chutzpah. Loebner started the annual Loebner Prize in 1990. Each year it draws ‘chatterbot’ – or ‘chatbot’ – creators from all over the world, as their conversational AIs compete in text-based conversations designed

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are three, Manchester and Liverpool. What’s wrong with this sentence?’ Floridi wrote. Mitsuku had no good answer.fn1 Not everyone is enamoured with the Loebner Prize. Marvin Minsky called the competition ‘obnoxious and stupid’. Part of this is down to Hugh Loebner himself, who seems to have an ingrained desire to

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since the only way the contest could be stopped was for someone to win its $100,000 grand prize, Minsky was essentially co-sponsoring the Loebner Prize. He wasted no time issuing a press release to say exactly that. Minsky spent years fuming about it. But the other reason some (although not

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all) serious AI experts dismiss the Loebner Prize is that it is, essentially, a trick of the light. It is reminiscent of a magician who is praised not for his ability to perform

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. ‘Unfortunately, the chatbots of today can only resort to trickery to hopefully fool a human into thinking they are sentient,’ one recent entrant in the Loebner Prize told me. ‘And it is highly unlikely without a yet-undiscovered novel approach to simulating an AI that any chatbot technology employed today could ever

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great Greek restaurant in Palo Alto’ and receive accurate spoken answers. Siri’s abilities extend way beyond those of the chatterbots I witnessed at the Loebner Prize, although it is also programmed with enough nonproductive chatter that it is fun to speak with. Ask Siri for the meaning of life, for instance

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meanwhile spend hours interacting with Xiaoice, a Microsoft-created chatbot which exchanges text messages with its users. Unlike the simplistic chatbots I saw at the Loebner Prize, Xiaoice uses deep learning to pair up user queries with human-generated responses it has mined from the Internet. By tracking life details about its

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145, 188, 192 LegalZoom 145 LG 132 Lickel, Charles 136–7 ‘life logging’ software 200 Linden, David J. 213–14 Loebner, Hugh 102–3, 105 Loebner Prize 102–5 Lohn, Jason 182, 183–5, 186 long-term potentiation 39–40 love 122–4 Lovelace, Ada 185, 189 Lovelace Test 185–6 Lucas

Talk to Me: How Voice Computing Will Transform the Way We Live, Work, and Think

by James Vlahos · 1 Mar 2019 · 392pp · 108,745 words

the labyrinths of TinyMUD and entered her into the first-ever edition of a chatbot competition called the Loebner Prize, which has continued annually to this day. Unlike the experiment within Mauldin’s game, the Loebner Prize, which took place in England, was overtly framed as a Turing test. The setup was that the

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to. Out of the six bots entered in the contest, Julia finished a respectable third. Mauldin thought he could do better, so for the 1992 Loebner Prize, he entered a beefed-up version of Julia. The previous edition had treated conversation as a series of unrelated exchanges—user statement leading to bot

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was impossible. As Mauldin dryly explained in a postmortem paper about the contest, “Very few of the conversations follow the expected lines of questioning.” The Loebner Prize organizers seemed sympathetic to Mauldin’s plight and that of the other contestants. So they decided that the 1993 version of the

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Loebner Prize would be a restricted Turing test in which the chatbots were allowed to focus on a single topic of their choosing. Mauldin chose one for

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Prize is not the only contest that tries to squeeze more humanlike rapport out of the world’s chatbots; recall the Loebner Prize, the one that Mauldin entered, from chapter 4. The Loebner Prize, however, has inspired its share of controversy over the years. Critics believe that the deception at the heart of the

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war or losing a child at birth and why these things are horrifically bad to human beings. The Alexa Prize and older competitions like the Loebner Prize allow chatbots to disguise their interpretive failings as best they can. They can tell jokes, distract people by serving up interesting factoids, or abruptly change

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who lives far away, or a non-native English speaker—or all three of those, as was the case with a chatbot that won the Loebner Prize in 2014. Knowing this, a group of computer scientists has launched a different type of contest, one in which the robo-contestants can’t wiggle

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also receive instructions for creating a computer program. Once executed, it will allow the aliens to converse with a human of sorts: Astrobot Ella. A Loebner Prize–winning chatbot, Ella can make small talk and tell jokes. She has opinions about cuisine and celebrities; she gabs about travel to places like Las

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is Jambon”: Michael Mauldin, chat logs emailed to author, January 16, 2018. 83 “Very few of the conversations”: this quote and subsequent information about the Loebner Prize contest bot from Mauldin, “Chatterbots, TinyMUDs, and the Turing Test.” 5. Rule Breakers 86 But in a visionary 1943 paper: Warren S. McCulloch and Walter

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definition of, x ensemble systems of, 145–46, 149–50 first, 73–76 for friendship, 186–88 gender of, 131–32 knowledge and, 76–78 Loebner Prize competition, 82–84, 142, 285 messaging platforms and, 56, 59–60 mixed success of, 58–59 news providers and, 214 offensive language from, xiii, 109

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, 79 Lewis, Thor, 138 Lieberman, Philip, 14 LifePod, 239 Lindbeck, Erica, 179–80 Lindsay, Al, 41, 44 linguistics, 127 linguistics, computational, 72 lip reading, 98 Loebner Prize competition, 82–84, 142, 160, 285 long short-term memory (LSTM), 106 Loup Ventures, 213 Love, Rachel, 271 LSTM (long short-term memory), 106 Luka

The Road to Conscious Machines

by Michael Wooldridge · 2 Nov 2018 · 346pp · 97,890 words

was under way, despite reassurances that the interaction was essentially fake. ELIZA’s legacy lives on to this day, in the form of the annual Loebner Prize Competition. It isn’t clear whether Turing imagined that anyone would ever actually try out his test for real, but, in 1990, that is precisely

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239–40 L Lee Sedol 197–8 leisure 272 Lenat, Doug 114–21 lethal autonomous weapons 281–7 Lighthill Report 87–8 LISP 49, 99 Loebner Prize Competition 34–6 logic 104–7, 121–2 logic programming 111–14 logic-based AI 107–11, 130–2 M Mac computers 144–6 McCarthy

The Creativity Code: How AI Is Learning to Write, Paint and Think

by Marcus Du Sautoy · 7 Mar 2019 · 337pp · 103,522 words

creating a program that could be more flexible and persuasive in its responses was spiced up in the early 1990s by the creation of the Loebner Prize. Underwritten by Hugh Loebner, an inventor and something of an outsider to the mainstream research on AI, the prize invited a panel of judges to

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: https://github.com/thricedotted/theseeker. Other novels created as part of NaNoGenMo can be found at: https://nanogenmo.github.io/. Loebner prize transcripts can be found at: https://www.aisb.org.uk/events/loebner-prize. To view works by and articles about AARON: http://aaronshome.com/. To view works by and articles about ‘The

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254–75; Chinese Room experiment and 273–5; ELIZA and 255–7, 259; encryption, algorithms create language to aide 272–3; Jeopardy! and 260–3; Loebner Prize and 257–9; robots and 271–2; translator algorithms 268–71; Turing Test and 254–7, 258, 260, 273; Watson and 261–8, 273; Winograd

What Algorithms Want: Imagination in the Age of Computing

by Ed Finn · 10 Mar 2017 · 285pp · 86,853 words

. 45. Parisian Love. 46. Hayles, My Mother Was a Computer, 173. 47. Jonze, Her. 48. Ibid. 49. Ellwood et al., “‘Her’ Q&A.” 50. The Loebner Prize promises a solid gold medal and $100,000 “for the first computer whose responses [are] indistinguishable from a human’s.” “Home Page of the

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Loebner Prize.” 51. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” 443. 52. Adams, The Education of Henry Adams, XXV. 53. Plato, Symposium, 9:211d. 3 House of Cards: The

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a million dollar prize: improve the company’s recommendation algorithm by at least 10 percent. Modeled on other contests like DARPA grand challenges and the Loebner Prize (the annual Turing Test competition), the Netflix Prize invited outside researchers to teach them new algorithmic tricks that could improve the efficiency with which they

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. Online a Lot of the Time: Ritual, Fetish, Sign. Durham, N.C.: Duke University Press, 2009. “Home Page of the Loebner Prize.” Accessed May 28, 2014. http://www.loebner.net/Prizef/loebner-prize.html. Honan, Mat. “Siri Is Apple’s Broken Promise.” Gizmodo. Accessed May 28, 2014. http://gizmodo.com/5864293/siri-is-apples

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Leyden, Peter, 160 Library Computer Access/Retrieval System (LCARS), 67–68 Life magazine, 31 Literacy, 5, 39, 52, 75, 109, 129, 159, 177 LiveJournal, 209n20 Loebner Prize, 87, 203n50 Logic general substitutability and, 33 Gödel and, 24, 40 halting states and, 41–46 information theory and, 10, 27 invisibly exclusionary, 110 pragmatist

The Language Instinct: How the Mind Creates Language

by Steven Pinker · 1 Jan 1994 · 661pp · 187,613 words

was set up for the computer program that can best fool users into thinking that they are conversing with another human. The competition for the Loebner Prize was intended to implement a suggestion made by Alan Turing in a famous 1950 paper. He suggested that the philosophical question “Can machines think?” could

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horror, one day he found his secretary transfixed at the terminal, pouring her heart out to the program. Most computer scientists are annoyed by the Loebner Prize competition. They consider it a pointless publicity stunt, because it is an exercise in how to fool an amateur, not how to get computers to

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chance would predict, and because the brighter chimps can act out sequences like Would you please carry the cooler to Penny. But remember from the Loebner Prize competition (for the most convincing computer simulation of a conversational partner) how easy it is to fool people into thinking that their interlocutors have humanlike

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Abroad. 7. Talking Heads Artificial Intelligence: Winston, 1992; Wallich, 1991; The Economist, 1992. Turing Test of whether machines can think: Turing, 1950. ELIZA: Weizenbaum, 1976. Loebner Prize competition: Shieber, in press. Fast comprehension: Garrett, 1990; Marslen-Wilson, 1975. Style: Williams, 1990. Parsing: Smith, 1991; Ford, Bresnan, & Kaplan, 1982; Wanner & Maratsos, 1978; Yngve

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, J., 460 Linguistic determinism, 44–73, PS13. See also Whorf Linguistic relativity. See Linguistic determinism Lipka, S., 39 Liu, L., 57 Locke, J., 460, 463 Loebner Prize, 191–193, 348, PS15 Lord’s Prayer, 183, 250 Lykken, D., 335–336 Macaulay, Lord, 376 MacDonald, M., 457 MacWhinney, B., 451, 460, 466 Makeba

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verify that comprehending natural language is still an unsolved engineering problem. Ditto for the programs that claim to translate from one language to another. The Loebner Prize competition (erroneously described as a “Turing test”) continues to be won by uncomprehending programs using canned responses. The subfield of linguistics known as “pragmatics,” which

The End of Absence: Reclaiming What We've Lost in a World of Constant Connection

by Michael Harris · 6 Aug 2014 · 259pp · 73,193 words

a test, but that is another matter.) This challenge—which came to be called “the Turing test”—lives on in an annual competition for the Loebner Prize, a coveted solid-gold medal (plus $100,000 cash) for any computer whose conversation is so fluid, so believable, that it becomes indistinguishable from a

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, 106–7, 189 latent Dirichlet allocation (LDA), 64–65 Leonardo da Vinci, 56 Lewis, R. W. B., 117 LinkedIn, 175 literacy, 13 Loebner, Hugh, 60 Loebner Prize, 60 Long Now Foundation, 204 “Look at ME,” 69 love, 176, 177 Luddites, 18, 207–8, 209 Luther, Martin, 12, 20 “Machine Stops, The” (Forster

How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed

by Ray Kurzweil · 13 Nov 2012 · 372pp · 101,174 words

Learning and Recognition” (PhD dissertation, Stanford University, June 2008). 13. A. M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” Mind, October 1950. 14. Hugh Loebner has a “Loebner Prize” competition that is run each year. The Loebner silver medal will go to a computer that passes Turing’s original text-only test. The gold

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, 18–23 linear programming, 64 LISP (LISt Processor), 153–55, 163 pattern recognition modules compared with, 154, 155 Lloyd, Seth, 316n, 317n Loebner, Hugh, 298n Loebner Prize, 298n logic, 38–39 logical positivism, 220 logic gates, 185 Lois, George, 113 love, 117–20 biochemical changes associated with, 118–19 evolutionary goals and

Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era

by James Barrat · 30 Sep 2013 · 294pp · 81,292 words

scientists whether that connection to mankind will solve problems or create them. No computer has yet passed the Turing test, though each year the controversial Loebner Prize, sponsored by philanthropist Hugh Loebner, is offered to the maker of one that does. But while the $100,000 grand prize goes unclaimed, an annual