Mitch Kapor

How to Fix the Future: Staying Human in the Digital Age
by Andrew Keen
Published 1 Mar 2018

In The Internet Is Not the Answer, I wrote about a four-story private club in downtown San Francisco, called the Battery, that, in spite of its boasts of inclusivity and openness, is actually a nauseatingly exclusive gentleman’s-style retreat for a tech elite of mostly rich white young men. The four-story reinvented building over the Bay in downtown Oakland is everything that the Battery claims to be, but isn’t. Created by Mitch Kapor—the founder of the software giant Lotus, which was acquired in 1995 by IBM for $3.5 billion—and his wife, Freada Kapor Klein, a longtime tech activist and reformer, it is part venture capital firm, part nonprofit hub for tech activists, part resource for local students and aspiring businesspeople, and part inclusive community center, restaurant, and café.

…

IT IS TIME TO ROLL UP OUR SLEEVES AND FIGHT FOR WHO WE ARE proclaimed the quote from Harris. Inside the Kapor Center, that fight is raging. Kapor Capital is hosting a hackathon for tech start-ups focused on the creation of jobs for the underprivileged. The theater in the basement of the new building is full of young tech entrepreneurs and Kapor management, including Mitch Kapor, Ben Jealous, Freada Kapor Klein, and their latest partner, the venture capitalist Ellen Pao, who in 2015 fought a high-profile gender-discrimination suit against the Silicon Valley blue-chip firm Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers. By the way, that’s the firm that was cofounded by the late Tom Perkins, the notoriously insensitive billionaire tech investor who, in a 2014 letter to the Wall Street Journal, explicitly compared progressives to Nazis.

…

In February 2017, after a female former Uber engineer wrote a widely read blog post exposing the systemic sexism and sexual harassment at the company, Kapor Klein with her husband, Mitch, even penned an “Open Letter to the Uber Board and Investors,” which went viral on the internet, about what they called the “toxic” culture of the rideshare start-up.24 And after revelations about 500 Startups CEO Dave McClure’s systematic sexual harassment of female entrepreneurs, Mitch Kapor—a limited partner in one of the 500 Startups investment funds—publicly stated his intention to ask for his money back from the fund.25 “Tech must change,” the influential TechCrunch journalist Josh Constine wrote about the corrosive culture at Uber, “and more people like the Kapors must stand up for that change.”26 Kapor Klein, who never seems to appear in public without her dog Dudley, tells me that she grew up in Los Angeles in an activist family and went to UC Berkeley in the early countercultural seventies.

Cult of the Dead Cow: How the Original Hacking Supergroup Might Just Save the World
by Joseph Menn
Published 3 Jun 2019

Barlow later wrote: “I’ve been in redneck bars wearing shoulder-length curls, police custody while on acid, and Harlem after midnight, but no one had ever put the spook in me quite as Phiber Optik did at that moment.” Even so, Barlow continued to say he was more worried about the government restricting or monitoring computers than he was about the punks. He met the two hackers for Chinese food, reaffirming his belief that they were not the main enemy. Then he convinced Boston software entrepreneur Mitch Kapor, inventor of the modern electronic spreadsheet, and libertarian engineer John Gilmore to join him in founding the Electronic Frontier Foundation. (Gilmore would soon host the Cypherpunks mailing list, which would be home to the most public-spirited cryptographers of the next two decades, along with hackers, assorted freethinkers, and the probable inventor of Bitcoin.)

…

Before most Americans had heard of Silicon Valley, the Route 128 band around Boston was sprouting computer and software companies stocked with graduates from local educational institutions, including Harvard and, especially, its Cambridge rival, MIT. Politicians called it the Massachusetts Miracle. Cambridge itself played host to many innovative technology companies, including two that employed members of cDc and their close collaborators. The better known was Lotus Development Corporation, begun in 1982 by engineer Mitch Kapor. Though Lotus made its first program for Apple computers, it scored a runaway hit with Lotus 1-2-3, the first electronic spreadsheet with graphics. The app worked with early versions of Microsoft operating systems running on IBM personal computers, and it gave many people the first compelling reason to buy a PC.

…

The son of a General Electric engineer, Wysopal attended a Catholic high school on the North Shore outside Boston, then went to Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute in Troy, New York, which ranked in quality behind only MIT and CalTech in many computer degrees. At RPI he hosted a hacking bulletin board that attracted some from the Legion of Doom, but he didn’t get in much trouble himself. Returning to the Boston area in 1987, Wysopal got a coveted job at Mitch Kapor’s Lotus Development and stayed focused on that. But a few years later, he started hunting for bulletin boards again, landing at the Works and Hassick’s hard-core hacking bulletin board Black Crawling Systems. A few months later, Hassick invited Wysopal to the L0pht as well. Now including John, Hassick, Golgo13, Dan, Grand, and Wysopal, the L0pht crew would go “trashing,” diving in dumpsters outside phone company central offices or corporate buildings.

Crypto: How the Code Rebels Beat the Government Saving Privacy in the Digital Age
by Steven Levy
Published 15 Jan 2002

The contracts were drawn that summer, to be executed in October, when Bidzos would go to Lotus’s new headquarters on the Charles River in Cambridge, and he and Mitch Kapor would both sign the contract. But when the RSA contingent arrived that day they sensed a profound disarray at Lotus. Sitting in the waiting room, Bidzos reached for a copy of the Wall Street Journal. On the front page was one of its trademark ink-pen portraits—of Mitch Kapor. It accompanied a story that said that Kapor was resigning from Lotus to pursue those ever-compelling personal goals. Essentially, the former transcendental meditation teacher had grown intolerant of the business world’s soul-battering minutiae, and he was following his muse out the door.

…

He felt that IBM itself would eventually get into the business of writing software for that world, but in the meantime there was a total vacuum—one that he hoped to fill with a program of his own design. That was Notes, and he founded Iris Associates to produce the program. But he spent much of 1982 unsuccessfully seeking start-up funding. In early 1983, he set out to pitch his vision to Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus, which had recently released a spreadsheet called 1-2-3 that immediately supplanted VisiCalc as the industry gold standard. Kapor’s main concern was finding a master software wizard to write Symphony, a multifunction program for Lotus, one that melded a spreadsheet, word processor, and database.

…

In 1984, though, the appearance of an early implementation of RSA in a computer hobbyist magazine was a symbol of public key’s status: although the advance had made a lot of noise in the academic community, no one had seriously considered using it in a software product. But Notes needed something like it. In a memo Ozzie wrote about security issues, he identified the problem that his groupware product faced, both in protecting privacy and establishing authenticity: Mitch Kapor wants to send mail to Jim Manzi [Lotus’s second-in-command] about some (perhaps sensitive) subject. Mitch sends it to Jim. First, although this mail SAYS that it is from Mitch, has some hacker on the network “faked” the message and put it into Jim’s mailbox? How can he be sure that this mail is really from Mitch?

The Power Law: Venture Capital and the Making of the New Future
by Sebastian Mallaby
Published 1 Feb 2022

“If I went to my board and said I want to buy this company for $150 million and I’ve got ten days to do it . . . they would have looked at me like I was crazy,” Severino marveled. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 94 CHAPTER SIX: PLANNERS AND IMPROVISERS Frank Rose, “Mitch Kapor and the Lotus Factor,” Esquire, Dec. 1984, 358, classic.esquire.com/article/1984/12/1/mitch-kapor-and-the-lotus-factor. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 1 The story that follows about GO is distilled from Kaplan’s memoir. All facts and quotations come from Kaplan’s account unless otherwise noted. See Jerry Kaplan, Startup: A Silicon Valley Adventure (repr., New York: Penguin Books, 1996).

…

BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 31 Kapor, author interview. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 32 O’Dell, interview by the author, June 2, 2018. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 33 Kapor, author interview. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 34 Mitch Kapor, “Oral History of Mitch Kapor,” interview by Bill Aspray, Computer History Museum, Nov. 19, 2004, 12. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 35 Kapor to Ben Rosen, reproduced in full in William A. Sahlman, “Lotus Development Corporation,” Harvard Business School case study, 1985, 13–14. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 36 Kapor, author interview.

…

From this privileged vantage point, Valentine could see which sorts of innovative networking technology Cisco might want to acquire. As a result, Sequoia backed a series of startups that it sold profitably to the mother ship. The partnership’s reputation swelled, and Silicon Valley flourished. Chapter Six Planners and Improvisers One day in 1987, an entrepreneur named Mitch Kapor was sitting in his private jet, flying from Boston to San Francisco. “Bear with me,” he told his guest, a software engineer called Jerry Kaplan. He took out a portable Compaq 286 from his luggage. It was about the size of a small sewing machine. “I’ve got to update my notes,” Kapor said, peering at handfuls of yellow stickies and ripped notebook pages that he fished out of his pockets.

The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America
by Margaret O'Mara
Published 8 Jul 2019

The same year, Rosen took a bet on a young software developer in Boston, who was building programs for the PC platform. There were plenty of software entrepreneurs trying to do the same thing those days, but Rosen sensed something was different about this one. His name was Mitch Kapor, and his company was called Lotus Development Corporation. Tech had been blowing Mitch Kapor’s mind ever since he’d picked up a copy of Ted Nelson’s Computer Lib soon after graduating from college in the early 1970s. It wasn’t the programming that drew him in—by his own admission, he was only an “ok” programmer—but something largely unappreciated at the time: software design.

…

In 1985 came the most famous of the early BBSs: The WELL, or Whole Earth ’Lectronic Link, started by Stewart Brand and his merry band of hackers up in Marin County. The WELL’s fame came from the Silicon Valley celebrities who made it their first online hangout, including Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow, journalist Steven Levy, Lotus founder Mitch Kapor, and of course Brand himself. The bland Ohioans running CompuServe (now owned by even blander tax preparer H&R Block) couldn’t compete with The WELL’s glamour and dash. The WELL’s pedigree was decidedly countercultural, as it hired a clutch of its founding staff from the legendary Tennessee commune The Farm, and devoted considerable discussion-thread and file-swapping bandwidth to the Dead.

…

“Mighty Microsoft Breeds Fear, Envy,” blared PC Week. Business Month called the company “The Silicon Bully.” Around the cubicles of competitor tech companies, engineers grimly referred to Gates’s company as “The Death Star.” The destructive swath that Microsoft cut through the software industry, Lotus’ Mitch Kapor concluded darkly, had turned early-1990s Silicon Valley into “the Kingdom of the Dead.”30 THE NETWORK IS THE COMPUTER As Bill Gates trained his big guns on Silicon Valley, Scott McNealy was spoiling for a fight. McNealy was one of four graduate students who had come together in 1982 to found Sun Microsystems, a company whose hockey-stick growth showed Silicon Valley how much market potential lay beyond the PC.

The Wikipedia Revolution: How a Bunch of Nobodies Created the World's Greatest Encyclopedia
by Andrew Lih
Published 5 Jul 2010

Michael Davis, Tim Shell, Terry Foote. Thanks to Wikimedia Foun- Ac know ledg ments_x dation board members Florence Devouard, Angela Beesley, and Michael Snow for discussions and insights. Smart folks who provided insight on the community and wikis included Re-becca MacKinnon, Ethan Zuckerman, Benjamin Mako Hill, Sunir Shah, Mitch Kapor, Jason Calacanis, Ross Mayfield, and Joseph Reagle. Conversations with non-Wikipedia-related people Lokman Tsui, Sasa Vucinic, Paul Denlinger, and Kaiser Kuo helped me crystallize my thoughts. While the subtitle of the book refers to Wikipedians affectionately as “nobodies,” those who gave special insight on the community were real somebodies: James Forrester, Austin Hair, Phoebe Ayers, Naoko Kizu, Revi Soekatno, Evan Prodromou, Mark Pellegrini, Kelly Martin, Kat Walsh, Greg Maxwell, Isaac Mao, Shizhao, Titan Deng, Mingli Yuan, Filip Maljkovic, Kurt Jansson, Arne Klempert, Mathias Schindler, Nina Gerlach, Samuel Klein, and Ray Saintonge.

…

In a matter of months, what was chatter in a bar became Wikimania, a conference done on a shoestring budget. What could be more wiki than sharing sleeping accommodations with strangers at a youth hostel? But it wasn’t just Wikipedians who came to this ad hoc, volunteer-organized summit. Corporations sent employees to see how Wikipedia operated. Internet pioneers came to observe what was happening. Mitch Kapor, founder of Lotus Development Corporation, made the trip on his own time. He had to come see in person what he considered the most exciting project on the Internet. Press from all around Europe came to interview the minions who participated in the event. Inspired by the Wikipedia model, veteran journalist Danny Schechter showed up with a camera crew to make a Wikimentary about the commu- The_Wiki_Phenomenon_9 nity—a short video documentary that would be put on the Internet for anyone to alter and edit.

…

Dobb’s Journal, 26 CoolCat, 186 Dubner, Stephen J., 197 copyleft licenses, 5, 26–27, 29, 31, 72 Durova, 223 copyright, 94, 111, 186, 192 Dutch Wikipedia, 146 government data and, 100 Creative Commons, 26, 212 “Croydon facelift” article, 118 editing: Cunctator, The, 171–72, 175 of Nupedia articles, 37–41, 43, 63, 64 Cunningham, Karen, 55–56 at Slashdot, 68–69 Cunningham, Ward, 45–50, 55–56, editing of Wikipedia articles, 3–4, 6, 38, 75, 98 64–66, 69, 73, 88, 114–15, 131 background of, 45–46 edit histories, 64–65, 71, 82, 91–93 HyperCard and, 47–50, 54, 55, 56 edit wars, 95, 122–31, 136, 146 Index_239 Einstein, Albert, 181 File Transfer Protocol (ftp), 34, 53 “Elephant” article, 201–2 Firefox, 214–15 Emacs, 28 Firmage, Joe, 211 Emax, 126, 128 “Five-second rule” article, 117 Emergence: The Connected Lives of Ants, flaming, 86, 170 Brains, Cities, and Software (Johnson), “Flying Spaghetti Monster” article, 118 82, 96 Forrester, James, 181 Emerson, Ralph Waldo, 43, 61 France, 17 “Emperor penguin” article, 93 Encyclopédie in, 15–16, 115 Encarta, 5, 16–17, 204–5, 219 Wikipedia in, 83, 139, 146, 147 Enciclopedia Libre, 9, 138 Franks, Charles, 35 Encyclopedia Britannica, 5, 13, 16–17, Freenode, 89 115, 219, 220 Free Software Foundation (FSF), 27, 28 Britannica.com, 183, 188 Friedman, Thomas, 11 hybrid approach of, 209–10, 228 ftp (File Transfer Protocol), 34, 53 multimedia content of, 209–10 Furnivall, Frederick, 70 Wikipedia and, 208, 228, 229 encyclopedias, 7, 11, 13–17, 47, 115, 134, 216 Gamaliel, 186–87 Britannica, see Encyclopedia Britannica Gambia, 158 Citizendium, 190, 211–12 Gandhi, Mohandas K., 201 Digital Universe, 210 Gates, Rick, 34–35, 53 electronic, 16–17 Gay Niggers Association of America Encarta, 5, 16–17, 204–5, 219 (GNAA), 170–71 Encyclopédie, 15–16, 115 Gdansk/Danzig war, 122–30, 146 GNUpedia, 79 Geekcorps, 158 history of, 14–15 Gerlach, Nina, 148 Interpedia, 34–35, 148 Germany, 17 Nupedia, see Nupedia Wikipedia in, 11, 139, 140, 147–49, printed, problems of, 219–20 215, 220, 227 World Book, 16–19 GNU, 27–30, 32 Enlightenment, 15 GNU Free Documentation License (GFDL), Enyedy, Edgar, 137–38 72–73, 211–12 Essjay (Ryan Jordan), 194–200 GNU General Public License, 27, 72 EvilBrak, 202 Gnuhoo, 30 Excite, 22, 34 GNU Manifesto (Stallman), 26 experts, 72, 225 GNUpedia, 79 “Exploding whale” article, 118 GodKing, 175, 176 Google, 4, 11, 22, 34, 115, 121, 131, 184, 192, 202, 213, 214, 221 fair use, 111 JewWatch and, 202–4 “False Wikipedia ‘Biography,’ A” Mozilla Foundation and, 214–15 (Seigenthaler), 9–10 GoogleBomb, 203–4 Fellini, Federico, 133 Google Groups, 86 “Festivus” article, 117 Google Watch, 192 240_Index Gopher, 34, 53 Internet Relay Chat (IRC), 89, 110, 195 Grant, David, 104 Interpedia, 34–35, 148 Grasse, Pierre-Paul, 82 ISO 8859-1 standard, 141–43, 145 Gua de Malves, Jean Paul de, 15 Jacobs, Jane, 96–97 hacker culture, 5, 6, 24–27, 30, 55, 67, jalt ( jealousy altruism factor), 226 73, 85–87, 147, 172, 217 Japanese Wikipedia, 139, 140, 141–42, Hall, Fitzedward, 71 144, 145–47 Hamilton, Bruce, 40 Jargon File, 85–86 Haykinson, Ilya, 207 Javanese language, 160 Hephaestos, 185 JewWatch, 202–4 Hewlett-Packard, 27, 29–30, 56 Jobs, Steve, 52 H.J., 123 Johnson, Mark, 46 Hooper, Horace Everett, 16 Johnson, Samuel, 70 “How to Destroy Wikipedia” (The Johnson, Steven, 82, 96, 97 Cunctator), 172 Jordan, Ryan (Essjay), 194–200 HTML (Hypertext Markup Language), “Jumping the shark” article, 118 53–54, 144, 221 http (Hypertext Transfer Protocol), 53 httpd (http daemon), 56 Kapor, Mitch, 8 Huntsville, Ala., 18 Karsai, Istvan, 82 Hust, Christoph, 40 Kazakh Wikipedia, 155–57 HyperCard, 47–51, 54–56 Keegan, Brian, 65 hyperlinks (hypertext), 47, 48, 50, 54–55, Kennedy, John F., 10, 191 115 Kennedy, Robert F., 10, 191 Hypertext Markup Language (HTML), Kennisnet, 191 53–54, 144, 221 KeyStroke, 128 Hypertext Transfer Protocol (http), 53 kill files, 86–87 Kinsley, Michael, 205–8 “Know It All, The” (Schiff), 196 IBM, 11, 56 Korean language, 141–42, 144 Ibou, 158 Kovitz, Ben, 43–45, 60, 61, 62 iCommons, 157 Kropotkin, Peter, 173 Ifcher, Ruth, 37, 39, 40, 211 Kuro5hin, 189 India, 159 Indonesian language, 136 “Infinite monkey theorem” article, 118 Lakoff, George, 46–47 Intel, 50 Lane, G.

We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production
by Charles Leadbeater
Published 9 Dec 2010

Available from http://www.mit.edu/people/mkgray/ net/web-growth-summary.html Häikiö, Martti, Nokia: The Inside Story (Pearson, 2002) Hall, Peter A. and David Soskice (Eds), Varieties of Capitalism (Oxford University Press, 2001) Hansmann, Henry, The Ownership of Enterprise (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Harvard, 1996) Hardin, Garrett, ‘The Tragedy of the Commons’, Science 162 (1968), 1243–48 Hargadon, Andrew, How Breakthroughs Happen (Boston, MA: HBS Press, 2003) Hartley, John, ‘Culture Business and the Value Chain of Meaning’, The New Economy, Creativity and Consumption – A Symposium (Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology Publications, 2002), pp. 39–46 Hayward, Peter J., A Natural History of the Seashore (HarperCollins, 2004) Himanen, Pekka, The Hacker Ethic and the Spirit of the Information Age (Secker & Warburg, 2001) Homer-Dixon, Thomas, The Upside of Down: Catastrophe, Creativity, and the Renewal of Civilisation, (Souvenir Press Ltd, 2007) Hyde, Lewis (1979), The Gift: How the Creative Spirit Transforms the World (Edinburgh: Canongate, 2006) InterAcademy Council, Inventing a Better Future (Amsterdam: IAC, 2004) Illich, Ivan, Tools for Conviviality (New York: Harper & Row, 1973) Illich, Ivan, Energy and Equity (Calder & Boyars, 1974) Illich, Ivan, Limits to Medicine (Marion Boyars, 2002) Illich, Ivan, Deschooling Society (Marion Boyars, 2004) Isaacs, William, Dialogue and the Art of Thinking Together (Currency, 1999) Israel, Paul, Edison: A Life of Invention (John Wiley, 1998) Jacobs, Jane, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (Vintage, 1992) Jenkins, Henry, Convergence Culture (New York University Press, 2006) Jenkins, Henry, Fans, Bloggers, and Gamers (New York University Press, 2006) Jensen, Mallory, ‘Emerging Alternatives: A Brief History of Weblogs’, 2003. Available from http://www.cjr.org/ issues/2003/5/blog-jensen.asp Joyce, Patrick, The Rule of Freedom (Verso, 2003) Kapor, Mitch, blog.kapor.com Kapor, Mitch, ‘Does the Open Source Model Apply Beyond Software?’, http://blogs.osafoundation.org/ mitch/000815.html, January 2005 Kelley, Tom, The Art of Innovation (Doubleday, 2001) Kerstetter, Jim, ‘The Linux Uprising’, BusinessWeek, 3 March 2003 Kochan, Thomas A. and Paul Osterman, The Mutual Gains Enterprise (Boston, MA: HBS Press, 1994) Kotro, Tanja, Hobbyist Knowing in Product Development (University of Art and Design, Helsinki, 2005) Kuhn, Thomas.

…

Available from http://www.nber.org/papers/w7600 20 Robert Wright, Nonzero (Abacus, 2001) 21 Carliss Y. Baldwin and Kim B. Clark, Design Rules (Cambridge, MA/London: MIT Press, 2000) Chapter 4 1 Richard Sennett, The Culture of the New Capitalism (New Haven, CT/London: Yale University Press, 2006) 2 Mitch Kapor, blog.kapor.com 3 Henry Chesbrough, Wim Vanhaverbeke and Joel West (Eds), Open Innovation: Researching a New Paradigm (Oxford University Press, 2006) 4 John Hartley, ‘Culture Business and the Value Chain of Meaning’, The New Economy, Creativity and Consumption – A Symposium (Brisbane: Queensland University of Technology Publications, 2002), pp. 39–46 5 http://www.blizzard.com/inblizz/profile.shtml 6 Nicolas Ducheneaut, Nicholas Yee, Eric Nickell and Robert J.

Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator
by Keith Houston
Published 22 Aug 2023

VisiCalc, existing as it did in the intangible world of bits and bytes, was almost certainly ineligible.57 Accordingly, Bricklin had pushed on without a patent—which meant he had no retort to the many “Visiclones” and “Calcalikes” that joined the fray in the years after VisiCalc’s debut.58 The final insult was the appearance, in 1984, of a PC spreadsheet called Lotus 1-2-3. It had been developed by Mitch Kapor, one of Fylstra’s ex-employees, who had listened as Bricklin reeled off what he considered to be VisiCalc’s biggest failings.59 Kapor’s program was responsive where VisiCalc stuttered and let users draw graphs and charts at the click of a button. It ate VisiCalc’s lunch. Amid the ongoing feud between Bricklin, Frankston, and Fylstra, VisiCalc sales dropped 85 percent in less than a year.60 Finally, in 1985, Kapor’s company bought Software Arts for peanuts and took VisiCalc off the shelves.61 The saga of VisiCalc’s stunning rise and fractious fall has become practically an oral tradition.

…

For a flavor of that foment, consider that Apple’s co-founders, Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, met at HP during that company’s push into calculators. The Steves’ early microcomputers, the Apple and Apple II, helped spark the home-computer revolution, which in turn gave Dan Bricklin the opportunity to perfect the first computerized spreadsheet. Mitch Kapor, who had worked for Bricklin’s publisher, stole the spreadsheet crown with his own program, Lotus 1-2-3, and with it gave the IBM PC one of its first killer apps. That PC, of course, was powered by an Intel CPU—a chip made by the same company whose deal with Busicom, a Japanese calculator manufacturer, had saved the American firm and paved the way for the founding of Silicon Valley.

…

“The Tinkerings of Robert Noyce: How the Sun Rose on the Silicon Valley.” Esquire, 1983. https://www.esquire.com/news-politics/a12149389/robert-noyce-tom-wolfe/. interviews and personal accounts Aspray, William. “Interview with Tadashi Sasaki.” IEEE History Center, May 25, 1994. http://ethw.org/Oral-History:Tadashi_Sasaki. ———. “Oral History of Mitch Kapor.” Mountain View, CA: Computer History Museum, November 19, 2004. https://www.computerhistory.org/collections/catalog/102657943. Baldwin, Frank Stephen. “An Interview with the Father of the Calculating Machine.” Monroe Calculating Machine Company, 1919. Campbell-Kelly, Martin, and Paul Ceruzzi.

Surveillance Valley: The Rise of the Military-Digital Complex
by Yasha Levine
Published 6 Feb 2018

One group that frequented Wired’s pages, and one that would later come to mainstream prominence, was the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF).101 Founded in San Francisco in 1990 by three millionaires who hung out on Stewart Brand’s The Well messaging board, EFF got its start lobbying for the budding Internet service provider industry.102 In 1993, EFF cofounder Mitch Kapor wrote an article for Wired that laid out his and EFF’s position on the future Internet: “Private, not public… life in cyberspace seems to be shaping up exactly like Thomas Jefferson would have wanted: founded on the primacy of individual liberty and a commitment to pluralism, diversity, and community.”103 Wired backed up EFF’s privatized vision, giving the organization space in the magazine to expound its views, while providing fawning coverage of the group’s activities.

…

Instead, they pushed for an early version of “net neutrality”—a market-driven self-regulation scheme that would enforce a level playing field among competing Internet service providers. Resolving this conflict was the first real lobbying effort by the newly created Electronic Frontier Foundation. Despite the market power of national carriers like IBM-MCI’s ANS to restrict competition, EFF wanted the government to stay out of any overt regulation of the industry. Mitch Kapor, cofounder of EFF, testified before Congress to push for a self-regulatory scheme: “To avoid government involvement, Kapor suggested the use of binding agreements between the commercial backbone networks to interconnect.” Ibid. 63. PSINET offered another example of the NSFNET privatization process.

…

Ignoring their policies for welfare cutbacks, the magazine is instead mesmerized by their enthusiasm for the libertarian possibilities offered by new information technologies,” wrote Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron in their influential 1995 essay, “The Californian Ideology.” Richard Barbrook and Andy Cameron, “The Californian Ideology,” Mute Magazine, September 1995, http://www.metamute.org/editorial/articles/californian-ideology. 102. The Electronic Frontier Foundation was founded by Lotus Notes creator Mitch Kapor, cattle rancher and Grateful Dead songwriter John Perry Barlow, and early Sun Microsystems employee John Gilmore. It started out with a vague mission: to defend people’s civil liberties on the Internet and to “find a way of preserving the ideology of the 1960s” in the digital era. From its first days, EFF had deep pockets and featured an impressive roster: Stewart Brand and Apple’s Steve Wozniak were board members, while press outreach was conducted by Cathy Cook, who had done public relations for Steve Jobs.

No Such Thing as a Free Gift: The Gates Foundation and the Price of Philanthropy
by Linsey McGoey
Published 14 Apr 2015

Today, some of the world’s most celebrated philanthropists, from Gates to George Soros, earned billions through business tactics that have compounded financial instability, eroded labour protections, and entrenched global economic inequalities. In Gates’s case, Microsoft’s business practices have been deemed illegal in a number of anti-trust legal suits in the US and Europe. Mitch Kapor, the billionaire co-founder of Lotus Software and a long-time business rival of Gates throughout the 1980s and 1990s, has emphasized this point. As he stated to me: ‘It’s incontestable that under Gates’s leadership Microsoft exercised its monopoly power to unfairly stifle competition. This was the main finding of fact in the US Department of Justice anti-trust case against Microsoft.

…

Of these three main channels, the Gates Foundation does engage in the third approach: it has a number of PRIs, including a financial stake in biotechnology companies trying to find innovative solutions to healthcare burdens. But when it comes to the first two criteria, the foundation is seen as a laggard. Mitch Kapor, the billionaire founder of Lotus software, expressed to me his surprise and dismay at Gates’s intransigency on the topic of ethical investing: ‘The Gates Foundation manages its endowment along conventional lines, i.e., it does not pay attention to mission or impact. I recently spoke to Bill about this and he spoke about this fact as though it were out of his hands and that he didn’t have the ability to change the approach to investment’.

…

Gates Foundation, 116 Gates, Frederick T., 15, 55, 71 Gates, Melinda: and investing in primary and secondary education, 116; and philanthropy, 146, 159, 245; and polio eradication, 159; and small schools, 134, 136; and speaking out for contraception use, 22; and talk at the World Health Assembly, 244; and taxes paid by Gates Foundation, 85; and TED talk on non-profits, 227; as trustee of Gates Foundation, 8, 174 Gates Foundation: activities of, 23, 24, 101, 199; and affordable medicines, 24, 193; and agriculture, 21, 207, 209, 216, 217; and Alliance for a Green Revolution in Africa, 217, 222; and Cargill partnership, 216; and Coca-Cola, 26–7, 222, 227–9; and Common Core, 137; and connections to Goldman Sachs, 215–6; and contributions to American Legislative Exchange Council, 132; and contributions to World Health Organization, 8, 224; and costly vaccines, 160–1; criticisms of, 21–8, 135, 136–7, 146–7; and donations to teachers’ unions, 137; and donations to US Chamber of Commerce, 137; as a donor to the Foundation for Excellence in Education, 133; as a donor to the Global Fund to Fight AIDS, Tuberculosis and Malaria, 193; and education, 7, 27–8, 122, 132–47; and empowering regional organizations, 177; and emulation of Microsoft’s strategies, 143; and exclusion of scientists from low-income countries, 176; and experimental medical trials, 153; and fight against AIDS, 193; and fighting malaria, 7, 153; and financial concerns, 192; and funding for an electronic database of students, 133–4; and funding for global health programmes, 153, 154; and funding of HPV vaccine trials in India, 161, 169, 229; and funding of journalism, 26; and funding the Measure of Effective Teaching study, 140–1; funding priorities of, 175–6, 244; and Gates’s fortune, 9, 85; and giving money to states, 139–4; and Global Alliance for Vaccines and Immunization, 177; and Goldman Sachs, 209–10; and grants to countries and universities in developing regions, 175, 244–5; and grants to Ogilvy and ABC News, 84, 202–3; and grants to organizations in high-income countries, 175–6; and grants to organizations in US, 175, 178; and grants to Vodacom, 82, 84, 85, 203; and grant to TechnoServe, 227–8; history of, 116–7; and HIV/AIDS, 7, 196; and holdings in oil companies, 21; and impact on India’s health policies, 169–70; importance of, 21, 28; and improving sanitation, 153; and International Red Cross-Ghana, 177, 178; and investment in Berkshire Hathaway, 173; and investment in biotechnology companies, 175; and investment in small schools, 134, 145; investment problems of, 244; and lack of accountability, 146–7, 215, 240–1; and lack of grants for researchers outside Europe and North America, 21–2; as largest philanthropic supporter of US primary and secondary education, 122; and Learning Communities, 135; and letter by Gates on education, 121–2; and media efforts, 202, 205; and mission related investing, 175; money of, 22, 25, 31, 117; and Monsanto, 27, 206, 209–10, 218, 221, 229; and multinational partners, 19, 82, 85; and national immunization programmes, 160–1; and News Corp, 133; and NewSchools Venture Fund, 142; and opposition to Harvard’s proposal for HIV treatment, 192; and participation in Alliance for a Green Revolution, 218; and partnership with Broad Foundation, 139; and partnerships with exploitative companies, 172–3; and partnership with Rockefeller Foundation, 217; personnel system of, 142–4; and philanthrocapitalism, 7; and philanthropy, 147, 183; and polio efforts, 156, 157; power of, 230; and primary and secondary for-profit schools, 9; and private charter schools, 118; and programme-related investment, 175; public profile of, 154; and public shaming of teachers, 144–5; and research of PATH in India, 166; and research on non-communicable diseases, 223; as a results-driven organization, 145–6; and sales of shares of McDonalds, 174; and scientific research, 197; and shaping of global health field, 27–8, 153, 169–70; and shares in Berkshire Hathaway, 215, 228; and shares in Monsanto, 216; and solutionism, 240; and spending on global health issues, 149, 153, 175, 178; and stake in Coca-Cola, 173, 174; and stake in GEO Group, 173; and stake in McDonalds, 173; and Stand for Children, 142; and standardized testing, 134, 145; and support of contraception, 102; and tax-deductible grants, 27, 85; tax exemptions for, 228; and teacher effectiveness, 134; and teacher performance linked to standardized test scores, 145; and teachers’ remuneration, 118, 134; top-down approach of, 136–7; and treatment for HIV, 194; and trials of genetically modified bananas, 228; trustees of, 8, 174, 215; and US public education, 21, 22, 118, 121–2, 170; and value-added modelling, 140, 142; and withdrawal of money for small schools, 134 Gates Library Foundation, 116–7 Germany, 154, 240 Ghana: and Accra, 1–3, 5, 150; and Coalition of NGOs, 176–7; feelings about Gates Foundation in, 21; free public healthcare in, 170–1; gold, diamond and oil wealth of, 2, 3; and government development of water delivery services, 177; health burdens in, 2; and health experts working for foreign NGOs, 170–1; immunization in, 5; inequality in, 2, 3; and International Red Cross-Ghana, 177; and loan requirements from the IMF and World Bank, 170; middle-income status of, 2, 3; outbreak of cholera in, 2; and polio, 5 Goldhaber, Dan, 126–7 Goldman Sachs: and creation of the Goldman Sachs Commodity Index, 212; and exemption from position limits in market, 212–4; and Gates Foundation, 209, 216; and investment in by Buffett, 215; and market distortions, 243 Google, 64, 83, 242 Gore, Al, 63, 188–9 government: and accountability, 102; aid and welfare programmes of, 146; and big government, 236; and Coleman Report on schools, 126–7; and corporations exploitation of trade treaties, 101; and decline in state funds, 98; and donor-advised funds, 231–3; and education reform, 139–40; and funding of for-profit schools, 131; and funds for K12 company, 130; and idea of a single land tax, 115; and India’s eradication of polio, 155–6; as instrumental in Google’s success and in discovery of molecular antibodies, 83; and intervention, 60, 242; and investment in private companies, 83; and military might, 51; and money available for spending on social programmes, 230, 243; and national immunization programmes, 160–1; and need for regulation, 93–4; and non-profit sector, 241; and oversight of private foundations, 233; as a partner with philanthropic institutions, 70–1; and patents, 179; and pressure to contribute to global health, 154; and privatization of social services, 113–4; and requirements for pharmaceutical companies, 105; and separation of church and state, 237; and solutionism, 240; and state planning, 239–40; and subsidies for energy, pharmaceutical and agriculture sectors, 203; and subsidies for microfinance, 83–4; and tax structures favourable to philanthropists, 241; and trade tariffs, 49–51; and US Department of Education, 139, 141; and US railroad contracts, 113, 115 government aid: and dependency theory, 39; and effects on developing countries, 38–9, 105; and social duty, 110; and tied aid, 105 Grameen Bank, 7, 77, 78 Green, Michael, 6, 7, 8, 111 Green Revolution: and Africa, 218, 223; and agricultural techniques, 223; and displacement of people from the countryside, 217; ecological implications of, 217; failures of, 240; in India and Latin America, 217, 240; and new, high-yield crop varieties, 217; and Norman Borlaug, 218 Guggenheim, Davis, 125–8 Hamied, Yusuf, 190, 191 Hanauer, Nick, 108, 109 Harper, Diane, 163–4 Hartigan, Pamela, 66–7 Harvard School of Public Health, 151, 152 Hayek, Friedrich, 60, 90, 91, 235–9, 240, 241 Healy, David, 104–5 Henderson, Donald, 155, 157, 158, 159 Hitler, Adolf, 57, 58 HIV/AIDS: in Africa, 192–3, 223; deadliness of, 157; and HIV research, 191–2; and International Aids Society meeting, 194, 195; and money spent by Gates Foundation, 149, 193; and President’s Emergency Plan for AIDS Relief, 153–4; prevention of, 192; and price of HIV drugs, 189, 190–1, 193; and proposal calling for rich countries to procure and distribute HIV drugs, 191; treatment of, 153–4, 188, 190–6; and UN’s AIDS agency, 191 Hohn, Chris, 99–101 Homestead Plant, 10–11, 43–4, 69 Hoover, Herbert, 109, 110 Hyman, Steven, 101, 102 India: anti-fertility programmes in, 152; and Cipla, 190; and clinical trials for drugs, 168–9; and compulsory licenses for medicines, 201; and food issues, 217; Green Revolution in, 217; and HPV vaccine trials involving girls, 161–2, 229; and Khanna study of contraception, 151–3, 240–1; and lawsuits against Coal India, 100–1; and legislation regarding clinical trials, 169; and microcredit loans, 78–9; and Ministry of Health, 151; and Monsanto seeds and fertilizers, 217, 218; and need for large families, 152; and neglecting immunization, 159; Nestlé’s involvement in, 96; pharmaceutical sector in, 179; and polio, 155–6, 158, 159; public interest litigation petitions for, 164; and report on ethics violations of PATH, 167; rise of wealth in, 17; and suicide rates of farmers, 218; and Vinoba Bhave, 72 Institute of Economic Affairs, 238 International Monetary Fund: and austerity measures for poor nations, 171–2; and conditional lending, 203; and Ghana, 170; and oil and inflation crises, 171; and preservation of western banks, 172; and tax avoidance, 204–5 Jackson, Thomas Penfield, 185 Jenkins, Garry, 98, 105, 106 Jesani, Amar, 164–7 Kane, Thomas, 138, 144 Kapor, Mitch, 9, 175 Kaufman, Frederick, 212, 213, 214 Kellard, Neil, 214 Klonsky, Michael, 135, 170 Koch brothers, 21, 23, 24, 198 Kraft, 225, 227 Kramer, Mark: and charity, 15; and corporate donors, 95–6; as founder of Kramer Capital Management, 89; and leaving Center for Effective Philanthropy, 89–90; and notion of shared value, 94, 96, 97; and praise for General Electric, 97; theories of, 98 League of Nations Health Organization, 150 Lesotho, 195, 196 Levine, David, 199, 200 Love, James, 26, 188, 190–1, 200–1 Madoff, Ray, 17, 229, 231–2 Mandeville, Bernard: and essays on charity, 91–2; and The Fable of the Bees, 90–1, 93; and laissez-faire ideology, 90, 91, 93; and need for government regulation, 93, 94; and promotion of public good through individual enrichment, 16, 90; and selfishness, 92, 94 Martin, Roger, 69, 77 Masters, Michael, 213, 214 Mauss, Marcel, 19, 36–7 Mayo Clinic, 96–7 Mazzucato, Mariana, 83 McCambridge, Ruth, 71–2 McCoy, David, 21–2 McDonald’s, 173, 174, 225 McKee, Martin, 174, 224 Médicins Sans Frontières, 153, 190 Mellon, Andrew, 110, 111 Merck, 161, 163–4, 187 microfinance: and access to bank credit, 77–8; and benefits to investors in wealthy nations, 80–1; and BRAC, 67, 68; as brainchild of Muhammad Yunus, 77; and cases of Bolivia, Morocco, Nicaragua, Pakistan and Bosnia, 78; and effect on poverty, 78–81; and impact investing, 80–1; and interest rates, 79, 84; and subsidies from philanthropic foundations and government, 83–4 Microsoft: anti-trust suits against, 9; and article on ‘Microsoft’s Lost Decade’, 143; beginnings of, 181, 186; and Bill Gates, 23, 107, 116, 183, 186, 192; and Bill Gates as founder, 23, 107, 116; and blacklist of journalists, 183–4; business practices of, 9, 183–6; and Coca-Cola, 222; and Common Core material, 137; and compulsory licenses, 202; and fines for abuse of monopoly position in European market, 185; and for-profit schooling, 133; as industry powerhouse, 182; and intellectual property rights, 186; and Internet Explorer browser, 184, 185; as a member of ALEC’s Telecommunications and Information Technology Task Force, 132; as a monopoly power, 185; and patent privileges, 206; and Paul Allen, 181; products of, 246; and response to European Commission’s ruling, 185–6; and rise of the internet, 183; and settlements with the US Dept. of Justice and US states, 185; and stack ranking in personnel system, 143–4; and Windows, 183, 184, 185 Milken, Michael, 64, 130 mining industry, 33–4 Monsanto: and 2011 Oxfam report, 209; and Africa, 206, 216–22; and bioengineered corn causing cancer, 220; and case involving Brazilian farmers, 221; and contracts with farmers about reusing and selling of seeds, 219–21; and control of seed genetics, 219; environmental record of, 220; and establishment of Intellectual Property Committee, 187; fertilizers of, 21, 217; and fight against research on products of, 219; and Gates Foundation, 27, 209, 216, 218, 222, 229; legal challenges to, 221; and Round-up weed killer, 220; and sales of genetically modified BT corn, 218; and seed genetics, 208, 219; seeds of, 21, 217–9, 221; and suits against small farmers, 206; and US Department of Justice, 220; and Water Efficient Maize for Africa project, 218–9 Mont Pelerin Society, 60, 61, 236–8, 243 Morozov, Evgeny, 240, 242 Moss, Diana, 219–220 Moyo, Dambisa, 38, 39, 205 Mulgan, Geoff, 72, 73 Nestlé, 96–7, 209, 225, 226–7 Nigeria, 155, 158, 159 No Child Left Behind: and annual testing, 119; and Arne Duncan’s policies, 139; and cheating scandals, 119–21, 240; and contributions to school failure, 119; and establishment of goals to improve student outcomes, 119; and expanded federal role in education, 118–9; Gates’s support of, 121–2; and school curriculum, 121; and school funding, 119, 240 Noguchi, Hideyo, 5, 150–1 Oakeshott, Michael, 238–40 Obama, Barack, 26, 129, 139 Obama Administration: and Arne Duncan, 139; and health issues, 26; and Michelle Obama’s childhood obesity programmes, 225; and No Child Left Behind, 121; and poverty, 129; and Race to the Top, 139, 144 oil industry, 53, 59–60, 173 Olivieri, Nancy, 103–5 Orbinski, James, 153 Osberg, Sally, 69, 77 Page, Greg, 210, 212 Paine, Thomas, 200 Pakistan, 155–9 Pangestu, Tikki, 223–4 Paris Declaration on Aid Effectiveness, 177–8 Pasteur Institute, 4–5 Paul, Ron, 200, 243 Pearson, 133, 137, 138 Pepsico, 226–7 Pew, J.

From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism
by Fred Turner
Published 31 Aug 2006

The headline streamed across a full page, in one-and-aquarter-inch hot pink type; underneath it, a little dotted arrow directed the reader to turn the page. There, filling the next two pages, stood the eight principals of the EFF, including Mitch Kapor, John Perry Barlow, Stewart Brand, and Esther Dyson. Across the image ran a single line of text, drawn from the article: “The EFF does something that Mitch Kapor has wanted to do for three decades—‘find a way of preserving the ideology of the 1960s.’” Never mind that only one of the assembled group—Brand—had actually been a Prankster. To Quittner and his editors, the analogy was clear: “Older and wiser now, they’re on the road again, without the bus and the acid, but dispensing many similar-sounding bromides: Turn on, jack in, get Wired [ 219 ] connected.”

…

You know things have rather jumped the groove when potential suspects must explain to law enforcers the nature of their alleged perpetrations.82 Soon after Baxter left, Barlow posted an account of his visit on the WELL, as an early draft of what would ultimately become the essay in which he first described cyberspace as an electronic frontier: “Crime and Puzzlement.” Barlow’s account stirred up a hornet’s nest on the WELL. Some members even accused Barlow of serving as an FBI informant by attempting to educate Agent Baxter. One WELL member who read Barlow’s story was Mitch Kapor, who had founded Lotus Development Corporation, an early and highly successful software company. He had also coauthored Lotus 1-2-3, an extremely popular spreadsheet program. Some years earlier he had sold the company for tens of millions of dollars and had become something of a traveling computer pundit, writing on the WELL and elsewhere about intellectual property, software design, and civil liberties.

…

Pei, 178 Industry Standard, 207 information: economic paradox of, 136 –37; free dissemination of, 137 Information Processing Techniques Office, 108 Information Superhighway, 219 information system, material world imagined as, 15 information theory: and American art, 268n13; of Claude Shannon, 265n43; and microbiology, 43 – 44 Information Week, 131 Innis, Harold, 52, 269n21 Institute for Advanced Study, 185 Intel, 212 Intercontinental Ballistic Missile, 24 interdisciplinary migration, 58 International Federation for Advanced Study (IFAS), 61 Internet, 247; growth of, 160, 214; as infrastructure and symbol of new economic era, 7; as the New Millennium, 232 –36; privatization of backbone, 213; as symbol of a post-Fordist economic order, 202; utopian claims surrounding the emergence of the, 1–3, 33 Internet stocks, 214, 232 Inuit, 53 IT-290, 60 Jackson, Charles, 211 Jennings, Lois, 70 Jerome, Judson, 32 Jobs, Steve, 133, 138 Johnson, Lyndon, 26 Joselit, David, 46 journalism, shaping of public perceptions, 253 Joy, Bill, 220 juxtaposition, 84 Kahn, Herman, 130, 181, 186, 197 Kahn, Lloyd, 94, 95, 97 Kanter, Rosabeth Moss, 76, 271n9 Kapor, Mitch, 171–72, 218 Kaprow, Allan, 46, 48, 58, 67 Katz, Bruce, 211, 277n1 Kay, Alan, 111–13, 117, 177, 246 Kay, Lily, 44 Kelly, Kevin, 3, 16, 131–32; account of “vivisystems,” 200; commercial sphere as a site of social change, 202 –3; “computational metaphor,” 216; concept of “hive mind,” 201, 202, 204; doctrine of cyberevolutionism, 204; editorial model, 195; editor of Signal, 196; editor of Whole Earth Review, 177, 195 –96; as executive director of Wired, 7, 206, 209, 212, 217; and first Hackers’ Conference, 195; forum on hacking on the WELL, 168 –70; and Gilder, 223; and hacking community, 135; Internet as symbol of post-Fordist economy, 202; longing to return to an egalitarian world, 248; as network entrepreneur, 194 –99; “New Rules for the New Economy,” 15, 234 –35; Out of Control: The Rise of Neo-Biological Civilization, 176, 195, 199 –206; response to 1987 conference on artificial life, 199; review of Electric Word, 211; underplayed the work of embodied labor, 204; and the WELL, 148; on WELL design goals, 143 Keniston, Kenneth, 31; The Young Radicals, 261– 62 Kennedy, Alison (aka Queen Mu), 163 Kennedy, John F., 229, 271n10 Kent State University killings, 98, 118 Kepler’s bookstore, 70 Kerouac, Jack, 62 Kerr, Clark, 11, 12 Kesey, Ken: and geodesic dome, 94; leadership of Merry Pranksters, 63, 65, 67; and LSD, 61, 63; notion of Acid Test, 65; One Flew Over the Cuckoo’s Nest, 59 – 60, 64; rejection of agonistic politics, 64; subject of CIA experimental drug protocols, 60 – 61; and the Supplement, 81; and Trips Festival, 66; at Vietnam Day in 1965, 98 Keyworth, George, 222; “Magna Carta for the Knowledge Age,” 228 –30 Kleiner, Art, 131, 132, 135, 185 Kline, David, 287n37 Korzybski, Alfred, 62 Kravitz, Henry, 211 Kubrick, Stanley, 186 Kuhr, Barbara, 211, 285n2 Lama Foundation, 75, 76, 94, 97, 109, 119 Lampson, Butler, 111 Langton, Christopher, 198 Language Technology (magazine), 211 Lanier, Jaron, 163, 165, 172, 195 laser printer, 111 Index Last Whole Earth Catalog, 70, 81, 98, 112, 118 Learning Conferences, 181– 84 Leary, Timothy, 51, 163, 164, 165 legitimacy exchange, 25 –26, 84, 85, 88, 95, 250 Lehr, Stan, 210 Levy, Steven, 137, 139, 195; Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution, 132 –35 Leyden, Peter, 233 –34 Libertarianism, 210, 249, 259, 287n49 Libre commune, 81, 94, 96, 109 Licklider, Joseph C.

Prediction Machines: The Simple Economics of Artificial Intelligence
by Ajay Agrawal , Joshua Gans and Avi Goldfarb
Published 16 Apr 2018

We will explore the advantages of generating new data in the next chapter and focus on other advantages right now. Dan Bricklin, the spreadsheet inventor, created enormous value, but he is not a rich person. Where did the spreadsheet value go? On the wealth rankings, imitators such as Lotus 1-2-3 founder Mitch Kapor or Microsoft’s Bill Gates certainly far outstripped Bricklin, but even they were appropriating a small fraction of the spreadsheet’s value. Instead, the value went to users, to the businesses that deployed spreadsheets to make billions of better decisions. No matter what Lotus or Microsoft did, their users owned the decisions that the spreadsheets were improving.

…

See also work flows AI’s impact on, 3 bias in ads for, 195–198 decision making as central to, 73–74 division of labor in, 53–69 elimination of human, 98–102, 210–212 hiring and, 58, 93–94, 98, 100 income inequality and, 19, 212–214 loss of skills and, 192–193 mining automation and, 112–114 redesigning, 141–151 in training AI, 96–97 Jobs, Steve, 133, 155 joke recommendations, 117 judges, bail-granting decisions by, 56–58 judgment, 18, 78–81 cognitive costs of, 87–88 in decision making, 74, 75–76 in drug discovery, 136 in fraud detection, 84–87 hard-coding, 90–91 job redesign and, 173–174 in medical imaging, 148 predicting, 95–102 preferences and, 88–90 judgment in reward function engineering, 92–94 task analysis and, 134–138 training AI, 96–97 value of, 83–94, 161–162 Jurvetson, Steve, 8 Kahn, Lisa, 58 Kahneman, Daniel, 55–56, 209–210 Kapor, Mitch, 163 Kasporov, Garry, 63 Katz, Lawrence, 214 Ke Jie, 8 Kindred, 145, 223 KindredSort, 145 Kiva, 105, 143–145 knowledge, 76–78 loss of, 77–78, 192–193 known knowns, 58, 59 known unknowns, 58, 59–60, 99 Kurzweil, Ray, 221 labor, strategy and, 171–174. See also jobs “Lady Lovelace’s Objection,” 13 Lambrecht, Anja, 196 language translation, 25–27, 107–108 laws of robotics, 115 learning -by-using, 182–183 in the cloud vs. on the ground, 188–189, 202 experience and, 191 in-house and on-the-job, 185 language translation, 26–27 pathways to, 182–184 privacy and data for, 189–190 reinforcement, 13, 145, 183–184 by simulation, 187–188 strategy for, 179–194 supervised, 183 trade-offs in performance and, 181–182 when to deploy and, 184–187 Lederman, Mara, 168–169 Lee, Kai-Fu, 219 Lee Se-dol, 8 legal documents, redacting, 53–54, 68 legal issues, 115–117 Lewis, Michael, 56 Li, Danielle, 58 liability, 117, 195–198 lighting, cost of, 11 London cabbies, 76–78 Lovelace, Ada, 12, 13 Lyft, 88–89 Lytvyn, Max, 96 machine learning, 18 adversarial, 187–188 churn prediction and, 32–36 complexity and, 103–110 from data, 45–47 feedback for, 46–47 flexibility in, 36 judgment and, 83 one-shot, 60 regression compared with, 32–35 statistics and prediction and, 37–40 techniques, 8–9 transformation of prediction by, 37–40 Mailmobile, 103 management AI’s impact on, 3 by exception, 67–68 Mastercard, 25 mathematics, made cheap by computers, 12, 14 Mazda, 124 MBA programs, student recruitment for, 127–129, 133–139 McAfee, Andrew, 91 Mejdal, Sig, 161 Microsoft, 9–10, 176, 180, 202–204, 215, 217 Tay chatbot, 204–205 mining, automation in, 112–114 Misra, Sanjog, 93–94 mobile-first strategy, 179–180 Mobileye, 15 modeling, 99, 100–102 Moneyball (Lewis), 56, 161–162 monitoring of predictions, 66–67 multivariate regression, 33–34 music, digital, 12, 61 Musk, Elon, 209, 210, 221 Mutual Benefit Life, 124–125 Napster, 61 NASA, 14 National Science and Technology Council (NSTC), 222–223 navigation apps, 77–78, 88–90, 106 Netscape, 9–10 neural networks, 13 New Economy, 10 New York City Fire Department, 197 New York Times, 8, 218 Nordhaus, William, 11 Norvig, Peter, 180 Nosko, Chris, 199 Novak, Sharon, 169–170 Numenta, 223 Nymi, 201 Oakland Athletics, 56, 161–162 Obama, Barack, 217–218 objectives, identifying, 139 object recognition, 7, 28–29 Olympics, Rio, 114–115 omitted variables, 62 one-shot learning, 60 On Intelligence (Hawkins), 39 Open AI, 210 optimization, search engine, 64 oracles, 23 organizational structure, 161–162 Osborne, Michael, 149 Otto, 157–158 outcomes in decision making, 74–76, 134–138 job redesign and, 142 outsourcing, 169–170, 171 Page, Larry, 179 Paravisini, Daniel, 66–67 pattern recognition, 145–147 Pavlov, Ivan, 183 payoff calculations, 78–81 in drug discovery, 136 judgment in, 87–88 Pell, Barney, 2 performance, trade-offs between learning and, 181–182, 187 performance reviews, 172–173 photography digital, 14 sports, automation of, 114–115 Pichai, Sundar, 179–180 Piketty, Thomas, 213 Pilbara, Australia, mining in, 112–114 policy, 3, 210 power calculations, 48 prediction, 23–30 about the present, 23–24 behavior affected by, 23 bias in, 34–35 complements to, 15 consequences of cheap, 29 credit card fraud prevention and, 24–25 in decision making, 74–76, 134–138 definition of, 13, 24 by exception, 67–68 human strengths in, 60 human weaknesses in, 54–58 improvements in, 25–29 as intelligence, 2–3, 29, 31–41 in language translation, 25–27 machine weaknesses in, 58–65 made cheap, 13–15 selling, 176–177 techniques, 13 unanticipated correlations and, 36–37 of what a human would do, 95–102 predictive text, 130 preferences, 88–90, 96–97, 98 selling consumer, 176–177 presidential elections, 59 prices effects of reduced AI, 9–11 human judgment in, 100 sales causality and, 63–64 for ZipRecruiter, 93–94 privacy issues, 19, 49, 98 China and, 219–220 country differences in, 219–221 data collection, 189–190 probabilistic programming, 38, 40 processes.

Machines of Loving Grace: The Quest for Common Ground Between Humans and Robots
by John Markoff
Published 24 Aug 2015

Ann Winblad, who was then working as a Wall Street technology analyst and would later become a well-known Silicon Valley venture capitalist, came by and Kaplan pitched her on the changing state of the computing world. “I know someone you need to meet,” she told him. That someone turned out to be Mitch Kapor, the founder and chief executive of Lotus Development Corporation, the publisher of the 1-2-3 spreadsheet program. Kapor came by and Kaplan pitched him on his AI-for-the masses vision. The Lotus founder was enthusiastic about the idea: “I’ve got money, why don’t you propose a product you want to build for me,” he said.

…

Gruber’s idea was to build a “corporate memory,” a system that would weave together all the documents that made a modern organization function, making them easy to structure and recall. It was reminiscent of Engelbart’s original oN-Line System, but was modernized to take advantage of the power of Berner-Lee’s invention. Lotus Notes had been an earlier effort by Ray Ozzie, then a young software designer working on a contract basis for Mitch Kapor at Lotus, but it was stuck in the proprietary world of corporate enterprise software. Now the Internet and new Web standards made it possible to build something with far greater scope. With another AI researcher, Peter Friedland, and former DARPA program manager Craig Wier, Gruber founded Intraspect in 1996 in Los Altos and became the chief technology officer.

…

Scott, 168 Hughes, Kevin, 290–291 Hughes Corp., 126 Humanoids 2013, 333–335 Human Use of Human Beings, The (Wiener), 8, 70, 98 HyperDoc, 298 Hypermail, 290–292 hypertext links, invention of, 6 IBM, 109, 138, 225–226 Illich, Ivan, 213–215 Inaba, Masayuki, 244 Industrial Perception, 241–244, 269–270 Infocom, 224 Inoue, Hirochika, 244 Instagram, 83 Intel Corp., 95, 178, 260–265 Intellicorp, 128 intelligence augmentation (IA) versus AI, 159–194 agent-based interfaces and, 187–194 autonomous cars and, 24, 62 ethical issues of, 332–341, 342–344 Gerald (digital light field), 271 Google founding and, 184–187 human-computer interaction, 11–18 human-in-the-loop debates, 158–165, 167–169, 335 IA, defined, xii, 5–7, 31, 115, 141 McCarthy’s and Engelbart’s work compared, 165–167 paradoxical relationship between, xii–xiii Searle and, 179, 180–182 Siri and, 12–13, 31, 190, 193–194, 282 social construction of technology concept, xvii Winograd’s changed views about, 170–178, 171, 182–187 intelligent cruise control, 43 intelligent elevator, 215 International Federation of Robotics (IFR), 87 Internet advent of, 7 ARPAnet as precursor to, 164, 196 Internet of Things, xv, 193 neural network advancement and, 151 photographic film industry and, 83–84 search engine optimization, 86 “Third Industrial Revolution,” 88, 89 Web 2.0, 295 World Wide Web development, 140, 288–290 Interval Research Corporation, 213, 267, 268 Intraspect, 292–295 Intuitive Surgical, 271 iRobot, 203 Jennings, Ken, 225, 226 Jobs, Steve, 13, 35, 112, 131, 194, 214, 241, 281–282, 320–323 Johns Hopkins University, 145 Johnson, Lyndon B., 73 Joshi, Aravind Krishna, 132 Joy, Bill, 336, 343 Kaplan, Jerry, 27, 131–141 Kapor, Mitch, 140, 292 Kay, Alan, 7–8, 115, 120, 198–199, 306–310, 339–341 Kelley, David, 186 Kelly, Kevin, 17 Keynes, John Maynard, 74, 76, 326–327 Kittlaus, Dag, 310–323 Kiva Systems, 97–98, 206 knowledge acquisition problem, 287 knowledge-based systems, 285 knowledge engineering, 113, 128 Knowledge Engineering Laboratory (Stanford), 133–134 Knowledge Navigator, 188, 300, 304, 305–310, 317, 318 Kodak, 83–84 Koller, Daphne, 265 Komisar, Randy, 341 Konolige, Kurt, 268–269 Kuffner, James, 43 Kurzweil, Ray, 84–85, 116, 119, 154, 208, 336 labor force, 65–94 aging of, 93–94, 327 autonomous cars and, 25, 61–62 Brooks on, 204–208 Brynjolfsson and McAfee on, 79–80, 82–83 cybernation revolution, 73–74 deskilling of, 80–82 economic change and, 77–79, 83–84 for elder care, 236–237, 245, 327–332 growth of, xv, 10, 80–81, 326–327 Industrial Perception robots and, 241–244, 269–270 lights-out factories and, 65–68, 66, 90, 104, 206 Moravec on, 122–123 recession of 2008 and, 77–78, 325 Rifkin on automation and, 76–77 Shockley on, 97 singularity hypothesis and, 9–10, 84–94 technological unemployment, 16–18, 76–77, 104, 211 technology and displacement of, 16–18 unions and, 325–326 Wiener on, 8, 68–76 Labor-Science-Education Association, 70, 73 Lamond, Pierre, 129–130 lane-keeping software, 49, 51 language and speech recognition. see also Siri (Apple) chatbot technology, 221–225, 304 early neural network research, 146–148 Eliza, 14, 113, 172–174, 221 Hearsay-II, 282–283 natural language work by Kaplan, 135 semantic autocomplete, 284 semantic understanding, 156 Shakey and, 2 SHRDLU, 132, 170–172, 174–178 Siri’s development and, 12–13, 15, 280 (see also Siri [Apple]) software agents, 193 Lanier, Jaron, 82–83 Leach, Edmund, 90 LeCun, Yann, 148–152, 151, 156–158 Lederberg, Joshua, 113 Legg, Shane, 337–338 Leonard, John, 55 Lerner, Sandy, 134 Levandowski, Anthony, 45 Levy, Frank, 10 Lexus, 57 Licklider, J.

This Machine Kills Secrets: Julian Assange, the Cypherpunks, and Their Fight to Empower Whistleblowers
by Andy Greenberg
Published 12 Sep 2012

In 1987, May’s fellow techno-libertarian Phil Salin came to him with an idea Salin had been turning over in his mind for years: a market for selling information. He would call it AMIX, the American Information Exchange. Long before eBay, Salin imagined an ethereal version of that auction system, where users could pay for answers to their queries or offer up packets of knowledge to the highest bidder. In later years, big-name technologists like Mitch Kapor and Esther Dyson would advise Salin on the project. But May says he immediately pointed out a fundamental flaw in his friend’s vision. AMIX, he told Salin, would inevitably become a black market for stolen knowledge. “Someone asks if anyone knows how to solve the charge buildup problem during ion implant of n-type wafers,” May posits.

…

“If you’re going to take all of humanity and put them in the same social space where they don’t have clothes and buildings, or anything to show who they are, they don’t have property, they don’t have jurisdictional boundaries, they don’t have law maybe . . . it could be the biggest thing since the capture of fire.” The Internet represented another “renegotiation of power,” he argued, one just as dangerous to the status quo as Gutenberg’s invention had been. For the next twenty-five years, he and fellow cyberlibertarians like John Gilmore and Lotus founder Mitch Kapor would spend much of their lives and enormous sums of money fighting the governments and corporations that would seek to neuter or restrain that new “social space.” Birgitta Jónsdóttir was in the audience. And it was one tossed-off idea near the end of Barlow’s speech that lodged in her mind.

…

helicopter airstrike footage from, 28–29, 34, 43, 168, 311 megaleak of Manning from, 2, 14–15, 175, 295 security in, 37–39 Ivanov, Vassil, 234 Johnson, Lyndon, 22, 25 Jones, Rich, 316–17 Jónsdóttir, Birgitta on the Architect, 287 and Assange, 257–58 background of, 226–27, 246–52 at Chaos Communication Camp, 273 and Collateral Murder video, 258 and IMMI legislation, 228, 236, 240, 255 investigation of, 266–67 and OpenLeaks, 279, 282 and WikiLeaks, 296, 321 Kapor, Mitch, 255 Karlung, Jon, 237–38 Karn, Phil, 86–87 Kaupthing Bank, 256 Kehler, Randy, 26 Kenyan leaks, 165 Kissinger, Henry, 17–18, 24, 40 Lamo, Adrian and Appelbaum, 167, 168 background of, 29–30, 32–34 Manning informed on by, 31–32, 40, 42–43, 46, 142, 168 Manning’s conversations with, 34, 37–39, 42–43 on Manning’s imprisonment, 30–31 Laurie, Ben, 131, 157 Leaks.org, 127 Leavy, Penny, 213–14 Leigh, David, 305, 307 Lewman, Andrew, 140 Libya, 137, 138 Liddy, G.

The Singularity Is Nearer: When We Merge with AI
by Ray Kurzweil
Published 25 Jun 2024

I repeated that in 2005’s The Singularity Is Near. Passing a valid Turing test means that an AI has mastered language and commonsense reasoning as possessed by humans. Turing described his concept in 1950,[1] but he did not specify how the test should be administered. In a bet that I have with Mitch Kapor, we defined our own rules that are much more difficult than other interpretations. My expectation was that in order to pass a valid Turing test by 2029, we would need to be able to attain a great variety of intellectual achievements with AI by 2020. And indeed, since that prediction, AI has mastered many of humanity’s toughest intellectual challenges—from games like Jeopardy!

…

The Turing test procedure described at the beginning of this chapter allows us to treat this as a rigorous scientific question. Turing did not specify various details of the test, such as how long the human judges would have to interview the contestants and what capabilities the judges should have. On April 9, 2002, personal computing pioneer Mitch Kapor and I engaged in the first “Long Now” bet, concerning whether or not such a Turing test would be passed by 2029.[152] It introduced a series of issues such as defining how much cognitive enhancement a human could have (to be a judge or a human foil) and still be considered a human. The reason a well-defined empirical test is necessary is that, as mentioned previously, humans have a powerful tendency to redefine whatever artificial intelligence achieves as not really so hard in hindsight.

…

BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 149 Anders Sandberg and Nick Bostrom, Whole Brain Emulation: A Roadmap, technical report 2008-3, Future of Humanity Institute, Oxford University (2008), 80–81, https://www.fhi.ox.ac.uk/brain-emulation-roadmap-report.pdf. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 150 Sandberg and Bostrom, Whole Brain Emulation. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 151 Mitch Kapor and Ray Kurzweil, “A Wager on the Turing Test: The Rules,” KurzweilAI.net, April 9, 2002, http://www.kurzweilai.net/a-wager-on-the-turing-test-the-rules [inactive]. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 152 Edward Moore Geist, “It’s Already Too Late to Stop the AI Arms Race—We Must Manage It Instead,” Bulletin of the Atomic Scientists 72, no. 5 (August 15, 2016): 318–21, https://doi.org/10.1080/00963402.2016.1216672.

Steve Jobs
by Walter Isaacson
Published 23 Oct 2011

CHAPTER FIFTEEN THE LAUNCH A Dent in the Universe The “1984” ad Real Artists Ship The high point of the October 1983 Apple sales conference in Hawaii was a skit based on a TV show called The Dating Game. Jobs played emcee, and his three contestants, whom he had convinced to fly to Hawaii, were Bill Gates and two other software executives, Mitch Kapor and Fred Gibbons. As the show’s jingly theme song played, the three took their stools. Gates, looking like a high school sophomore, got wild applause from the 750 Apple salesmen when he said, “During 1984, Microsoft expects to get half of its revenues from software for the Macintosh.” Jobs, clean-shaven and bouncy, gave a toothy smile and asked if he thought that the Macintosh’s new operating system would become one of the industry’s new standards.

…

Francis Hotel in San Francisco. The invitation read, “There’s an old Hindu saying that goes, ‘In the first 30 years of your life, you make your habits. For the last 30 years of your life, your habits make you.’ Come help me celebrate mine.” One table featured software moguls, including Bill Gates and Mitch Kapor. Another had old friends such as Elizabeth Holmes, who brought as her date a woman dressed in a tuxedo. Andy Hertzfeld and Burrell Smith had rented tuxes and wore floppy tennis shoes, which made it all the more memorable when they danced to the Strauss waltzes played by the San Francisco Symphony Orchestra.

…

Jobs said it could, and it was. Years later Jobs would make such staircases a feature at Apple’s signature stores. The Computer During the early months of NeXT, Jobs and Dan’l Lewin went on the road, often accompanied by a few colleagues, to visit campuses and solicit opinions. At Harvard they met with Mitch Kapor, the chairman of Lotus software, over dinner at Harvest restaurant. When Kapor began slathering butter on his bread, Jobs asked him, “Have you ever heard of serum cholesterol?” Kapor responded, “I’ll make you a deal. You stay away from commenting on my dietary habits, and I will stay away from the subject of your personality.”

Throwing Rocks at the Google Bus: How Growth Became the Enemy of Prosperity
by Douglas Rushkoff
Published 1 Mar 2016

Developers could gather in someone’s garage and live on pizza and soda as they wrote software and games or prototyped devices and hardware.41 These were generally ideas that could not get investment capital because they depended on consumer demand that didn’t exist yet. Two kids and a decent computer didn’t really need capital to build the next big thing. And while their inventions changed the culture, the companies created by Steve Jobs, Steve Case, Bill Gates, and Mitch Kapor made millionaires out of their founders and first employees. Sure, there were a few friends and industry insiders who had thrown in a little seed money and reaped real rewards, but the process was opaque to the vast majority of the investment community, who were generally shut out of all this until shares became public.

…

K., 229 Circuit City, 90 Citizens United case, 72 Claritas, 32 click workers, 50 climate change, 135, 227–28, 237 coin of the realm, 128–29 collaboration as corporate strategy, 106–7 colonialism, 71–72 commons, 215–23 co-owned networks and, 220–23 history of, 215–16 projects inspired by, 217–18 successful, elements of, 216–17 tragedy of, 215–16 worker-owned collectives and, 219–20 competencies, of corporations, 79–80 Connect+Develop, 107 Consumer Electronics Show, 19 Consumer Reports,33 contracting with small and medium-sized enterprises, 112 cooperative currencies, 160–65 favor banks, 161 LETS (Local Exchange Trading System), 163–65 time dollar systems, 161–63 co-owned networks, 220–23 corporations, 68–82 acquisition of startups, growth through, 78 amplifying effect of, 70, 73 Big Shift and, 76 cash holdings of, 76, 77–78 competency of, 79–80 cost reduction, growth through, 79–80 decentralized autonomous corporations (DACs), 149–50 Deloitte’s study of return on assets (ROA) of, 76–77 distributive alternative to platform monopolies, 93–97 evaluation of, 69–74 extractive nature of, 71–72, 73, 74, 75, 80–82 growth targets, meeting, 68–69 income inequality and, 81–82 limits to corporate model, 75–76, 80–82 managerial and financial methods to deliver growth by, 77–79 monopolies (See monopolies) obsolescence created by, 70–71, 73 offshoring and, 78–79 personhood of, 72, 73–74, 90, 91 recoding of, 93–97, 125–26 repatriation and, 80 retrieval of values of empire and, 71–72, 73 as steady-state enterprises, 97–123 Costco, 74 cost reduction, and corporate growth, 79–80 Couchsurfing.com, 46 crashes of 1929, 99 of 2007, 133–34 biotech crash, of 1987, 6 flash crash, 180 Creative Commons, 215 creative destruction, 83–87 credit, 132–33 credit-card companies, 143–44 crowdfunding, 38–39, 198–201 crowdsharing apps, 45–49 crowdsourcing platforms, 49–50 Crusades, 16 Cumbrian Pounds, 156 Curitiba, Brazil modified LETS program, 164–65 Daly, Herman, 184 data big, 39–44 getting paid for our own, 44–45 “likes” economy and, 32, 34–36 in pre-digital era, 40 Datalogix, 32 da Vinci, Leonardo, 236 debt, 152–54 decentralized autonomous corporations (DACs), 149–50 deflation, 169 Dell, 115–16 Dell, Michael, 115–16 Deloitte Center for the Edge, 76–77 destructive destruction, 100 Detroit Dollars, 156 digital distributism, 224–39 artisanal era mechanisms and values retrieved by, 233–34 developing distributive businesses, 237–38 digital industrialism compared, 226 digital technology and, 230–31 historical ideals of distributism, 228–30 leftism, distinguished, 231 Pope Francis’s encyclical espousing distributed approach to land, labor and capital, 227–28 Renaissance era values, rebirth of, 235–37 subsidiarity and, 231–32 sustainable prosperity as goal of, 226–27 digital economy, 7–11 big data and, 39–44 destabilizing form of digitally accelerated capitalism, creation of, 9–10 digital marketplace, development of, 24–30 digital transaction networks and, 140–51 disproportionate relationship between capital and value in, 9 distributism and, 224–39 externalizing cost of replacing employees in, 14–15 industrialism and, 13–16, 23–24, 44, 53–54, 93, 101–2, 201, 214, 226 industrial society, distinguished, 11 “likes” and similar metrics, economy of, 30–39 platform monopolies and, 82–93, 101 digital industrialism, 13–16, 23–24, 101–2, 201 digital distributism compared, 226 diminishing returns of, 93 externalizing costs and, 14–15 growth agenda and, 14–15, 23–24 human data as commodity under, 44 income disparity and, 53–54 labor and land pushed to unbound extremes by, 214 “likes” economy and, 33 reducing bottom line as means of creating illusion of growth and, 14 digital marketplace, 24–30 early stages of e-commerce, 25–26 highly centralized sales platforms of, 29 initial treatment of Internet as commons, 25 “long tail” of widespread digital access and, 26 positive reinforcement feedback loop and, 28 power-law dynamics and, 26–29 removal of humans from selection process in, 28 digital transaction networks, 140–51 Bitcoin, 143–49, 150–51, 152 blockchains and, 144–51 central authorities, dependence on, 142 decentralized autonomous corporations (DACs) and, 149–50 PayPal, 140–41 theft and, 142 direct public offerings (DPOs), 205–6 discount brokerages, 176–78 diversification, 208, 211 dividends, 113–14, 208–10 dividend traps, 113 Dorsey, Jack, 191–92 Draw Something, 192, 193 Drexler, Mickey, 116 dual transformation, 108–9 dumbwaiter effect, 19 Dutch East India Company, 71, 89, 131 eBay, 16, 26, 29, 45, 140 education industry, 95–97 Eisenhower administration, 52–53, 63, 75 Elberse, Anita, 28 employee-owned companies, 116–18 Enron, 133, 171n Eroski, 220 eSignal, 178 EthicalBay, 221 E*Trade, 176, 177 Etsy, 16, 26, 30 expense reduction, and corporate growth, 78–79 Facebook, 4, 31, 83, 93, 96, 201 data gathering and sales by, 41, 44 innovation by acquisition of startups, 78 IPO of, 192–93, 195 psychological experiments conducted on users by, 32–33 factors of production, 212–14 Fairmondo, 221 Family Assistance Plan, 63 family businesses, 103–4, 231–32 FarmVille, 192 favor banks, 161 Febreze Set & Refresh, 108 Federal Reserve, 137–38 feedback loop, and positive reinforcement, 28 Ferriss, Tim, 201 feudalism, 17 financial services industry, 131–33, 171–73, 175 Fisher, Irving, 158 flash crash, 180 flexible purpose corporations, 119–20 flow, investing in, 208–10 Forbes,88, 173, 174 40-hour workweek, reduction of, 58–60 401(k) plans, 171–74 Francis, Pope, 227, 228, 234 Free, Libre, Open Knowledge (FLOK) program, 217–18 Free (Anderson), 33 free money theory, local currencies based on, 156–59 barter exchanges, 159 during Great Depression, 158–59 self-help cooperatives, 159 stamp scrip, 158–59 tax anticipation scrip, 159 Wörgls, 157–58 frenzy, 98–99 Fried, Jason, 59 Friedman, Milton, 64 Friendster, 31 Frito-Lay, 80 front running, 180–81 Fulfillment by Amazon, 89 Fureai Kippu (Caring Relationship Tickets), 162 Future of Work initiative, 56n Gallo, Riso, 103–4 Gap, 116 Gates, Bill, 186 General Electric, 132 General Public License (GPL) for software, 216 Gesell, Silvio, 157 GI Bill, 99 Gimein, Mark, 147 Gini coefficient of income inequality, 81–82, 92 global warming, 135, 227–28, 237 GM, 80 Goldman Sachs, 133, 195 gold standard, 139 Google, 8, 48, 78, 83, 90–91, 93, 141, 218 acquisitions by, 191 business model of, 37 data sales by, 37, 44 innovation by acquisition of startups, 78 IPO of, 194–95 protests against, 1–3, 5, 98–99 grain receipts, 128 great decoupling, 53 Great Depression, 137, 158–59 Great Exhibition, 1851, 19 Greenspan, Alan, 132–33 growth, 1–11 bazaars, and economic expansion in late Middle Ages, 16–18 central currency and, 126, 129–31, 133–36 digital industrialism, growth agenda of, 14–15, 23–24 highly centralized e-commerce platforms and, 29 startups, hypergrowth expected of, 187–91 as trap (See growth trap) growth trap, 4–5, 68–123 central currency as core mechanism of, 133–34 corporations as program and, 68–82 platform monopolies and, 82–93, 101 recoding corporate model and, 93–97 steady-state enterprises and, 98–123 guaranteed minimum income programs, 62–65 guaranteed minimum wage public jobs, 65–66 guilds, 17 Hagel, John, 76–77 Hardin, Garrett, 215–16 Harvard Business Review,108–9 Heiferman, Scott, 196–97 Henry VIII, King, 215, 229 Hewlett-Packard UK, 112 high-frequency trading (HFT), 179–80 Hilton, 115 Hobby Lobby case, 72 Hoffman, Reid, 61 Holland, Addie Rose, 205–6 holograms, 235 Homeport New Orleans, 121 housing industry, 135 Huffington, Arianna, 34, 35, 201 Huffington Post, 34, 201 human role in economy, 13–67 aristocracy’s efforts to control peasant economy, 17–18 bazaars and, 16–18 big data and, 39–44 chartered monopolies and, 18 decreasing employment and, 30–39 digital marketplace, impact of, 24–30 industrialism and, 13–16, 18–24, 44 “likes” economy and, 30–39 reevaluation of employment and adopting policies to decrease it and, 54–67 sharing economy and, 44–54 Hurwitz, Charles, 117 IBM, 90–91, 112 inclusive capitalism, 111–12 income disparity corporate model and, 81–82 digital technology as accelerating, 53–54 Gini coefficient of, 81–82, 92 growth trap and, 4 power-law dynamics and, 27–28, 30 public service options for reducing, 65–66 IndieGogo, 30, 199 individual retirement accounts (IRAs), 171 industrial farming, 134–35 industrialism, 18–24 branding and, 20 digital, 13–16, 23–24, 44, 53–54, 93, 101–2, 201, 214, 226 disempowerment of workers and, 18–19 human connection between producer and consumer, loss of, 19–20 isolation of human consumers from one another and, 20–21 mass marketing and, 19–20 mass media and, 20–21 purpose of, 18–19, 22 value system of, 18–19 inflation, 169 Instagram, 31 Intercontinental Exchange, 182 interest, 129–31 investors/investing, 70, 72, 168–223 algorithmic trading and, 179–84 bounded, 210–15 commons model for running businesses and, 215–23 crowdfunding and, 198–201 derivative finance, volume of, 182 digital technology and, 169–70, 175–84 direct public offerings (DPOs) and, 205–6 discount brokerages and, 176–78 diversification and, 208, 211 dividends and, 208–10 flow, investing in, 208–10 high-frequency trading (HFT) and, 179–80 in low-interest rate environment, 169–70 microfinancing platforms and, 202–4 platform cooperatives and, 220–23 poor performance of do-it-yourself traders and, 177–78 retirement savings and, 170–75 startups and, 184–205 ventureless capital and, 196–205 irruption, 98 i-traffic, 196 iTunes, 27, 29, 34, 89 J. Crew, 116 Jay Z, 36 Jefferson, Thomas, 19 Jenkins, George W., 117 Jobs, Steve, 186 J.P. Morgan, 142 Kapor, Mitch, 186 Kickstarter, 38, 198–99, 200, 201 King, Larry, 25 Kiva, 202–3 Klein, Naomi, 135 Known, 96–97 Kodak, 83, 98 labor, 212–14 Lacy, Sarah, 197 land, 212–14 Lanier, Jason, 44–45, 58 La’Zooz, 222 Leary, Timothy, 25 Lefsetz, Bob, 34 leftism, 231 Lending Club, 202–3, 204 Leo XIII, Pope, 228–29, 230 Lerner, Jaime, 164, 165 Lessig, Lawrence, 199, 215 LETS (Local Exchange Trading System), 163–65 Lietaer, Bernard, 139, 208 Life, Inc.

Running Money
by Andy Kessler
Published 4 Jun 2007

Cost was the main barrier and would remain the barrier for nearly 20 years. But when elasticity kicked in, computers became cheaper than rooms of humans. Augmenting often meant replacing, or helping those who remained. With Engelbart’s map, an entire industry came along and created highly profitable intellectual property. Bill Gates and Steve Jobs and Michael Dell and Mitch Kapor—these guys are heroes too, but perhaps they are just implementers of someone else’s vision. More power and riches to them, of course, but Doug Engelbart laid out the future of the personal computer, and now it’s history. I was intrigued. I marched over to Doug’s house a few weeks later to talk about a broken fence, but I was really intent on discovering his secret to scale.

…

See intellectual property IPOs, 3, 60, 97, 212–16, 248, 293 iron industry, 52–53, 55–57, 59, 125 IRR (internal rate of return), 170–71 Island, 207, 288 Janus, 229 Japan, 134, 175, 204, 257, 259–60, 261 consumer economy and, 68 economic output of, 234 U.S. debt and, 257 yen crisis, 162–65, 168, 292 Japanese Fair Trade Commission, 160 Java (programming language), 151 J-curve, 264–66 JetBlue, 292 job market, 241–45, 246, 261 305 Jobs, Steve, 118, 119, 121, 128 Johns-Manville, 236 Johnson & Johnson, 236 joint-stock companies, 92–93 Jones, Alfred Winslow, 10 JP Morgan, 11, 49, 144, 209 junk bonds, 11 Kapor, Mitch, 121 Karlgaard, Rich, 195 Kay, John, 64 Kaye, William, 9–13, 48, 153 Kessler, Kurt, 245 Kessler, Nancy, 117–18, 193, 194–95, 288 Kilby, Jack, 101 Kittler, Fred, 1–4, 6, 14–17, 29–31, 33–36, 47, 49, 60–62, 73–76, 81–82, 91, 96, 97, 104, 106–7, 138–43, 164, 167, 169, 172, 175, 203, 205, 206, 209–16, 219, 223–26, 246, 288, 295, 296 hedge fund partnership, 144, 151–52 Kleiner Perkins, 195, 197 Kleinrock, Leonard, 183, 184–86, 191 knowledge workers, 121–23 Korea, 1, 3, 134, 208, 234, 259–60 Kotick, Bobby, 50 Kramlich, Dick, 144, 194, 195, 197 labor costs.

Hustle and Gig: Struggling and Surviving in the Sharing Economy
by Alexandrea J. Ravenelle
Published 12 Mar 2019

McAfee and Brynjolfsson note that “economics of network effects are central to understanding business success in the digital world,” and they use the example of WhatsApp to illustrate network effects. They explain that as WhatsApp became more popular, users of regular text messages (SMS) felt left out and increasingly turned to the app: “As more and more of them did this, the network effects grew stronger. Computer pioneer Mitch Kapor observed that ‘architecture is politics.’ With platforms, it’s also economics.”29 But the idea that, for platforms, architecture can be economics might not be a good thing. As these platforms grow in size and become the “go-to spot” for everything from furniture assembly to taxis to hotel rooms, we run the risk of creating monopolies.

…

See workplace injuries instability, 37–38 Instacart, 41, 172, 190, 207 Instant Book service, 170 Institute for Policy Studies, 195 insurance coverage, 184; Airbnb and, 45–46, 131; Postmates and, 110–11; TaskRabbit and, 114; Uber and, 145 insurance requirements, 2, 46, 111, 114, 145, 167, 222–23n64 interaction-free key transfers, 34, 34fig. 3, 35fig. 4 Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 184–85, 199–201box 1, 205–6 International Association of Machinists and Aerospace Workers, 71 Internet stalking, 36 investments: as barrier, 42–43; capital for, 19–20; high capital-barriers, 166–68; returns on, 40; security for, 20 IRS (Internal Revenue Service), 184–85, 199–201box 1, 205–6 Jacobs, Irv, 178 Jefferson, Thomas, 31 The Jobless Future (Aronowitz & DiFazio), 37 The Jungle (Sinclair), 93, 177 Juno/Gett, 190–91, 233n72 just-in-time scheduling, 176, 179, 180 Kahn, Bonnie Menes, 32 Kalanick, Travis, 49–50, 73, 78 Kalleberg, Arne, 183 Kamel, Fawzi, 78 Kapor, Mitch, 17 Kasinitz, Phil, 220n21 Kasselman, Lane, 184 Katz, Lawrence F., 7 Kelly, Jeff, 180 Kerr, Dara, 77 KeyCafes, 34 Kitchensurfing: overview, 4, 7, 21, 22, 23; background on, 57–60; bathroom restrictions, 87–88; business use of, 228n14; closure of, 164, 222n62, 231n6 (ch.7); as on-demand economy company, 27; entrepreneurship and, 161–64; escrow services, 229n6; high skill-barrier, 42–43, 166–68; income level, 60; marketing, 160; participant recruitment and methodology, 42–43, 57; pivots, 57, 222n62; promises of, 25; recruitment, 158–59; response rates, 81, 160; safety issues, 113–14; Secret Diner program, 59, 95–97; sexual harassment, 117–18, 121–22, 123–27.

Dreaming in Code: Two Dozen Programmers, Three Years, 4,732 Bugs, and One Quest for Transcendent Software
by Scott Rosenberg
Published 2 Jan 2006

CHAPTER 2 THE SOUL OF AGENDA [1968—2001] One Thursday morning, a dozen or so members of the Chandler development team gathered for the weekly staff meeting in the big conference room on the fifth floor of 543 Howard Street in San Francisco. Laptops opened up and locked on to WiFi signals, coffee cups steamed, dogs roamed, and people chatted. Then, with no fanfare, Mitch Kapor poked his head through the double doors and said, “Here’s someone you know.” He led in an oddly familiar-looking tall man in a blue suit who stood stiffly for a moment while the chatter subsided. Then the visitor spoke. “I’m Al Gore. I used to be the next president of the United States.” The only jaws that didn’t drop were the dogs’.

…

Although Gore might have gotten the tense wrong—Chandler wasn’t actually changing the world (not yet, anyway)—he got the aspiration right. Chandler was indeed fueled by world-changing dreams. But it began more modestly, with a small irritation, an everyday annoyance—an itch. Back in 2001, a Microsoft Exchange server sat in a closet just outside Mitch Kapor’s office in downtown San Francisco. The closet was hardly where Kapor wanted to spend his time, but as the first responder when there were problems with Exchange, that was where he frequently found himself at the start of the new millennium, often at odd hours. Kapor’s wife, Freada Kapor Klein, ran a small nonprofit organization from the same office suite, and staff members used Microsoft’s software to share calendars as well as to manage email.

…

In witchcraft, somebody had a small secret and guarded it—but never allowed others to really understand it and build on it. Traditional software is like witchcraft. In history, witchcraft just died out. The same will happen in software. When problems get serious enough, you can’t have one person or one company guarding their secrets. You have to have everybody share in knowledge.” In the spring of 2001, Mitch Kapor established the Open Source Applications Foundation as a nonprofit organization and hired its first employees. He needed, as he later put it, some “people with good pairs of hands” to begin exploring ideas. He hired two young programmers, Morgen Sagen and Al Cho, who had worked together at the dot-com flameout Excite@Home.

Big Blues: The Unmaking of IBM
by Paul Carroll
Published 19 Sep 1994

It was like we were on completely different timetables. They didn’t understand how fast we had to respond.” In the midst of all the confusion that the infighting created, IBM wound up ignoring one of the greatest opportunities that ever crossed its doorstep. Although only a handful of people know it, even inside IBM, in the sum m er of 1982, Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus Devel­ opm ent, practically begged IBM to take exclusive marketing rights to his Lotus 1-2-3 spreadsheet. If IBM had gone for that, it would have collected billions of dollars of revenue over the years from the spread­ sheet. More im portant, 1-2-3 would have filled in the only missing piece in IB M ’s strategy in those days.

…

W hen Sevin talked to Rosen, Sevin said he had a friend who didn’t m easure up to their criteria but who was probably worth a shot, anyway. Rosen said it was funny Sevin should say that because he, too, had a friend like that. The two agreed to trust their instincts about their friends, so they put up much of the money for Canion and Compaq. (Rosen’s friend did just as well for Sevin-Rosen. He was Mitch Kapor, who founded Lotus.) Sevin discarded Canion’s idea for an add-in card, so Canion and some of his engineers drew another idea on a napkin at the restaurant where they were dining. The idea was pretty simple: It was an IBMcompatible PC with a handle on it. But the idea for a portable com puter was also powerful.

…

See Microsoft XT computers, 68, 135-36 ICL Company, 4 Imlav, John, 231 InfoWorld. 82, 88, 368 Intel Company, 34, 36, 37, 71, 72, 73, 75, 103, 111, 119,'120, 122, 124, 125-31, 143, 149, 207, 236, 317, 349, 369 80386 chip, 120-25, 129-31, 142, 146, 236 Intelligent Electronics, 247 Investors Daily, 338 Japanese companies, 5, 60, 61, 129, 132, 133, 170, 203, 207, 236, 242, 243, 253, 256, 326, 342, 343-44, 345, 348, 353-54 Javers, Ron, 302 Jobs, Steve, 4, 19, 32, 60, 78, 86-87, 148, 184-85 Johnson & Johnson, 354 Joy, Bill, 203 Kahn, Philippe, 118 Kalis, Dave, 354 Kaplan, Jerry, 319-22, 324 Kapor, Mitch, 77-79, 145, 320 Katzenbach, Nicholas, 54, 58, 154, 198 Kaypro Company, 4, 36 Keams, David, 51 Kfoury, Ed, 105-6 Khosla, Vinod, 203 Kilbv, Jack, 125, 126 Kildall, Gary, 18, 41 King, Sue, 324 Kirk, Charles, 49 Kleder, John Dean, 363-64 Kleiner Perkins, 77 Kodak Company, 5 Kowal, Charles, 365 Kuehler, Jack, 176, 183-84, 186, 198, 199, 200, 201, 206-9, 232, 234, 236, 240, 242-43, 245, 257, 259, 260-61, 262, 273, 289-92, 293295, 297, 298, 309-10, 315, 344, 346, 370 LaBant, Bob, 275, 276-77 Lally, Jim, 77-78 Lance, Bert, 54 Lautenbach, Dan, 165 Lautenbach, Ned, 165, 166, 222-25, 229 Lautenbach, Terrv, 164-66, 183, 222, 223, 273, 274, 275 Lawten, Bob, 253-56 Learson, Vin, 51, 54 LeGrande, Doug, 283-84 Letwin, Gordon, 73, 103, 186 Levenson, Marc, 342-45 Liddle, Dave, 189, 193, 310 Lillie, Ray, 359-60 Lotus Development, 142, 145, 189, 228, 240, 320 1-2-3 software, 36, 39, 77-78 Low, Paul, 344 Lowe, Bill, 2, 8, 18-19, 21-23, 26, 27, 29, 36, 79, 81-83, 84-85, 88-91, 93, 99, 104-5, 106, 111-13, 114-16, 118, 119, 121-22, 124-25, 131, 132, 135, 136-40, 142-43, 149-50, 152, 168, 171, 183, 213, 223, 227, 237 INDEX Lucente, Angelo, 166 Lucente, Ed, 132, 161-64, 166, 167-68 McCarthy, Jud, 254-55 McCracken, Bill, 330 MacDonald, James F., 1.56 McKenna, Regis, 293-94 McKinsey consulting, 351 McNealy, Scott, 203-4, 316 Management Science America, 231 Mandresh, Dan, 256 Mann, Marvin, 306, 309 Manzi, Jim, 189, 194, 240 Maples, Mike, 186-87 Markell, Bob, 94-95, 96, 114-16 Markkula, Mike, 148 Martin, Hal, 26 Martinson, Jay, 114 MCA Company, 251 Metaphor software, 189, 310 Metcalfe, Bob, 368 Micrografx Company, 279-80 Microsoft, 4, 5, 68, 71, 73, 77, 82-83, 143, 152, 203, 223, 228, 310, 312, 316, 319-20, 331, 349, 369, 370, 371.

The Friendly Orange Glow: The Untold Story of the PLATO System and the Dawn of Cyberculture
by Brian Dear
Published 14 Jun 2017

Ozzie tired of minicomputer maker Data General, and was eager to enter the booming business of microcomputer software. He joined Software Arts, makers of the hottest software application at the time, a revolutionary spreadsheet called VisiCalc, where he was involved in developing a version for the IBM PC. In the meantime, Jonathan Sachs had left Data General to team up with a local software entrepreneur, Mitch Kapor, to create a new spreadsheet they were calling 1-2-3. The company they formed was called Lotus Development Corporation. Lotus 1-2-3 enjoyed explosive success in the IBM PC marketplace, and the company was riding high. Sachs kept contacting Ozzie to join the team (“Come to Lotus, come to Lotus…we need more good people,” Ozzie recalls him saying).

…

Ozzie wanted to take the ideas he had seen work so well on PLATO—tools for team collaboration and productivity—and bring them to the workplace, where it was abundantly clear by the mid-1980s that workplaces everywhere were going to be filled with networked PCs. There was an opportunity to address a software product void that few even knew was coming. Sachs continued to pester Ozzie, urging him to come meet Mitch Kapor and at least hear him out. So he did, first meeting him at a computer convention where Lotus 1-2-3 was the hit of the show. He told Kapor, “I wanna do this thing, I know you wanna do spreadsheets, but I can’t come to work here because I really wanna do this other thing.” He told Kapor he and Halvorsen had tried doing Microcosm but had gotten nowhere with venture capitalists, which was frustrating, and now he wasn’t sure how he was going to get VC money for his new idea.

…

Insinga; Mike Jacobs; Bryna Lee Jacobson; Greg Janusz; Eugene Jarecki; Gloria Jarecki; Henry Jarecki; Bob Johansen; Chris Johnson; James Johnson; Jeff Johnson; Keith Johnson; Lee Johnson; Mark A. Johnson; Roger Johnson; Douglas W. Jones; Jeremy Jones; Steve Jones; Richard Jorgensen; Ted Kaehler; Dennis Kane; Samuel Kaplan; Mitch Kapor; Goran Karlsson; Kent Karraker; Aaron Karsh; Milton Katz; Luke Kaven; Len Kawell; Alan Kay; Greg Kearsley; B Keefe; Mark Kehrli; Andrew Keller; Elaine Keller; David Kibbey; Dick Kibitt; Kaywin Kidd; Tom Kiester; Rayburn Killion; Greg Kirkpatrick; Ron Klass; Paul Kohlmiller; Nathaniel Kohn; Christopher Kolar; Rob Kolstad; Paul Koning; D.

The Inevitable: Understanding the 12 Technological Forces That Will Shape Our Future
by Kevin Kelly
Published 6 Jun 2016

Indeed, a close examination of the governing kernel of, say, Wikipedia, Linux, or OpenOffice shows that these efforts are a bit further from the collectivist nirvana than appears from the outside. While millions of writers contribute to Wikipedia, a smaller number of editors (around 1,500) are responsible for the majority of the editing. Ditto for collectives that write code. A vast army of contributions is managed by a much smaller group of coordinators. As Mitch Kapor, founding chair of the Mozilla open source code factory, observed, “Inside every working anarchy, there’s an old-boy network.” This isn’t necessarily a bad thing. Some types of collectives benefit from a small degree of hierarchy while others are hurt by it. Platforms like the internet, Facebook, or democracy are intended to serve as an arena for producing goods and delivering services.

…

See also virtual reality Internal Revenue Service (IRS), 254 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 189 internet blindness to evolution of, 15–22 commercialization of, 17–18 and consumer attention, 177–78 and copying digital data, 62 creation of content on, 19, 21–22 demographics for users of, 23 and digital socialism, 137 early expectations for, 15–16 early worries about, 23 and emergence of the holos, 293–94 hyperlinked architecture of, 18–19, 21, 146–47 inevitable aspects of, 3 nascent stage of, 26–27 and participation of users, 22–23 as public commons, 122 self-policing culture of, 21 and sharing economy, 144 view of humanity from, 20 See also content creation; web internet of things, 175, 251, 283, 287 interpretation, 69 invention and inventiveness, 275 iPads, 155, 223, 224 iPhones, 123 Iron Man (2008), 222 It’s a Wonderful Life (1946), 201 iTunes, 123, 266 Jefferson, Thomas, 207–8 just-in-time purchasing, 64–65 Kahle, Brewster, 96–97 Kaliouby, Rana el, 220 Kapor, Mitch, 151 Kasparov, Garry, 41 Keeley, Larry, 148 Kickstarter, 156–57 Kindle, 254 Kiva, 159 Lanier, Jaron, 213–14, 215, 219, 234 law and legal systems AI applications in field of, 55 books of, 88, 90 and clouds, 130 code compared to, 88 and creative remixing, 208 and surveillance systems, 207 Leary, Tim, 214 Li, Fei-Fei, 203 libertarianism, 271 libraries Library of Everything, 165, 166–67, 190 and printed books, 100–101 public libraries, 86 and tracking technology, 254 universal library, 96–99, 101, 102 lifelogging, 105–6, 207, 246–50 lifestreaming, 244–51 light field projection, 216–17 LinkedIn, 32, 169 Linux operating system, 141, 143, 151, 273 liquidity, 66–67, 73–77, 88, 93.

Free Ride
by Robert Levine
Published 25 Oct 2011

Whatever its logical flaws, Barlow’s thinking became influential in shaping the idea of “online rights” as somehow distinct from those in the physical world, a concept that lacks much real legal support. In 1990, Barlow had started the Electronic Frontier Foundation with the activist John Gilmore and Mitch Kapor, who had designed the early PC program Lotus 1-2-3 and founded the Lotus Development Corporation. The organization was founded to defend civil liberties online, it works to protect privacy and free speech, and it maintains more independence from big technology companies than most other online advocacy groups.

…

Associated Press International Piracy Watch List Internet:      advertising on, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3n, 10.4n      browsers for, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3      consumer use of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 5.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2      download licenses for, 3.1, 4.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3      economic impact of, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3      European, itr.1, itr.2, 2.1, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 10.1      free content on, itr.1, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 5.1      future trends for      government regulation of, itr.1, 1.1, 3.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3      ideology of, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, 1.1, 1.2, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 7.1, 8.1, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1      legislation on, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 2.1, 3.1, 3.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 10.1      neutrality of, 4.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4, 10.5      online locker services (file-hosting) for, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 8.1, 8.2, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3      piracy on, itr.1, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.1, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3      as Web 2.0, 1.1, 10.1 Internet at Liberty 2010 conference Internet protocol (IP) addresses, 2.1, 8.1, 10.1, 10.2 Internet service providers (ISPs), 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 2.1, 7.1, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 9.4, 9.5, 9.6, 9.7, 9.8, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3 iPads, 3.1, 3.2, 4.1, 4.2, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3, 10.4 iPhones, 5.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2, 10.3 iPods, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 10.1 Ipsos MORI Ireland, 3.1, 9.1 Irish Recorded Music Association (IRMA) iTunes Store, itr.1, itr.2, itr.3, itr.4, itr.5, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, 2.10, 2.11, 3.1, 3.2, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, 5.5, 6.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 9.1, 9.2, 9.3, 10.1 Jobs, Laurene Powell Jobs, Steve, itr.1, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 6.1, 10.1, 10.2 journalism, 4.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2 Journalism Online Justice Department, U.S., 6.1, 9.1 Justin.tv, 5.1, 5.2, 5.3 Kapor, Mitch Kasi, Srinandan, 2.1, 4.1 Kavanagh, Willie Kazaa, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 10.1 Keaton, Buster, 3.1, 3.2 Kelly, Kevin, 2.1, 2.2 Kenswil, Lawrence Kid Rock Kilar, Jason, 5.1, 5.2 Kindle, 6.1, 6.2, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3 Knight Commission on the Information Needs of Communities in a Democracy Knobel, Marc KODA Kortchmar, Danny Kraus, Joe Labovitz, Craig Lanier, Jaron LaserDisc “Lazy Sunday” sketch, itr.1, itr.2, 1.1 Leahy, Patrick, 1.1, 10.1, 10.2 Led Zeppelin, 2.1, 3.1 Lehman, Bruce, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 2.1, 2.2, 10.1 Leno, Jay Lessig, Lawrence, 2.1, 2.2, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 8.1, 9.1, 10.1, 10.2 Levinsohn, Peter, 5.1, 5.2, 7.1 libraries, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 6.1, 6.2 Library Copyright Alliance, 1.1, 1.2 Library of Alexandria, 6.1, 6.2 libreka!

Joel on Software
by Joel Spolsky
Published 1 Aug 2004

The Mozilla engineers decided to address the cross-platform problem with their own invention called XUL. So far, I'm impressed. Mozilla finally got to the point where it tastes like real food. Even my favorite bugaboo, Alt+Space N to minimize a window, works in Mozilla; it took them long enough, but they did it. Mitch Kapor, who founded Lotus and created 123, decided for his next application to go with something called wxWindows and wxPython for cross-platform support.9 __________ 9. See blogs.osafoundation.org/mitch/000007.html. Which is better: XUL, Eclipse's SWT, or wxWindows? I don't know. They are all such huge worlds that I couldn't really evaluate them and tell.

…

See questions introduction in interviews investment in business strategies–2nd, 3rd IP transmissions–2nd iPod–2nd ISP email forwarding IT consulting IBM in rise and fall of–2nd rules and procedures for–2nd Ivatury, Uday J J2ME Java for cell phones–2nd in computer science courses for cross-platform applications–2nd in open source economics–2nd JavaScript Jini white paper Jobs, Steve Joel Test for better code–2nd bug databases–2nd bug fixes–2nd builds in one step daily builds–2nd hallway usability testing interviews–2nd results of–2nd source control–2nd specs–2nd testers tools–2nd up-to-date schedules using working conditions–2nd Junglee service Juno email product used at lock-in strategies management strategies–2nd marketing strategies–2nd K Kahn, Philippe Kapor, Mitch known bugs, fixing Kohn, Alfie–2nd Kwatinetz, Andrew L Land Grab model–2nd languages in crash reports selecting–2nd laptops for interruption minimization latency in networks Law of Leaky Abstraction lazy programmers myth LCD screens, color leaders, looking for leaky abstractions–2nd libraries abstraction in in binary form linkers for licensing PC–DOS operating system line–drawing characters linkers–2nd Linux, 2nd API calls in cost of device drivers for–2nd vs.

The Great Firewall of China
by James Griffiths;
Published 15 Jan 2018

“Digital technology is … erasing the legal jurisdictions of the physical world and replacing them with the unbounded and perhaps permanently lawless waves of cyberspace,” he wrote in Wired, going on to endorse a concept he credited to Brand that would become the battle cry for their fellow techno-libertarians: “information wants to be free”.22 Just as he evangelised the freedom enabled by the internet, Barlow attacked the forces that sought to rein it in, like the US National Security Agency, which, he presciently argued, “meticulously observes almost every activity undertaken and continuously prevents most who inhabit its domain from drawing any blinds against such observation”.23 In 1990, Barlow recruited Mitch Kapor and John Gilmore, two tech moguls who got rich in the first Silicon Valley boom, and founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF),24 an organisation dedicated to “defending civil liberties in the digital world”.25 The three were soon joined by a host of Valley luminaries, and major corporate players, including Microsoft and HP, became donors.

…

Index Abbott, Tony, 203 acceptable criticism, boundaries of, 75 Access Now, 236 Adelaide, Australia, 206 Adkins, Heather, 169 Admiralty, camp, 19 Adobe, 170 Africa: China presence, 287–8; Huawei earnings, 304; internet in, 291; Xinhua success, 80 Agora, dark web, 100 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 111 AI software, 200 Ai Weiwei, 170, 214 Albert Einstein College of Medicine, 38 Al-Assad, Bashir, 209 Al-Bashir, Omar, 291 Al-Ghanim, Mohamed Nasser, 231 Algeria, 230 Ali, Guzelnur, 195, 198 Alibaba, 200, 235, 242, 279; Alipay, 281; Taobao online marketplace, 210; Yahoo stake in, 67 Allawi, Ayad, 223 Alphabet, 315 Al Qaeda, 199 American Civil Liberties Union, 245 Amir-Ebrahimi, Masserat, 150 Amnesty International, 280 Andreessen Horowitz, 279 Angola, 289 Anhui province, 78 Anite, Evelyn, 303 Anonymous, 185–6, 188 Anti, Michael, 36, 93, 116 anti-Rightist Movement, Xinjiang avoidance, 133 anti-surveillance tools, 5 Antonov, Polina, 254–5 Antonov, Vadim, 253–4 Apple, 1990s faltering, 277 Applebaum, Jacob, 104–5 APT1, 186–7 Arab Spring, 8, 10, 264, 311 Artux, 132, 134 Asia-America Gateway, underwater cable system, 155 AsiaInfo, 31 Asiaweek, 54 Associated Press, 80 Aum Shinrikyo cult, 49 Australia, censorship, 315 Aximujiang Aimaiti, killing of, 146 Azat, Nijat, 157 baby formula scandal, 204 Badiucao, 175, 178–9, 184, 204–5, 207–8, 211–12, 215; smear attempts, 214; ‘traitor’ accusation, 210; Weibo account deleted, 206 Baidu, 4, 63, 171–2, 242, 260; Baike web site, 210; market share growth, 126; party members, 235; patriotism boast, 124; search engine, 165 balinghou generation, 204 Bandurski, David, 212 Bardin, Valery, 253, 255–6 Barlow, John Perry, 6, 243, 246; utopian language, 7 Barlow, Norman, 243 Barr, Aaron, 185–6, 188 Bastrykin, Alexander, 251 Beach, Sophie, 212 Beidaihe, China resort, 47, 89 Beijing, 29; academia elite circles, 134; Beihang University, 234; Engagement Centre ICANN, 234; jamming signals, 107; Medical University, 37; Niujie mosque, 138; Youth Daily, 73 Berners-Lee, Tim, 252 Besigye, Kizza, 292–3, 295–6; ‘preventative arrest’, 298; treason charge, 299 Big Vs, 180 Bijie, 95 Bildt, Carl, 223 Bingtuan, 134 BitTorrent, 5 Blocked on Weibo, 183 blogging, 93 Bloomberg, 80 Bluetooth, communication use, 19 Brand, Stewart, 244 Brautigam, Deborah, 290 Brin, Sergey, 62–3, 116, 119, 168, 315; family history, 171 Brito, Jerry, 229 broadband connection, 155 Brown University, USA, 85 Burkina Faso, 288 Burkov, Dmitry, 253 Bush, George W., 110, 246 BuzzFeed, 199 Charlie Hebdo, attacks on, 209 Callahan, Michael, 119 Cambridge Analytica, 313, 317 Cambridge University, 162 Canada, 232; Tibet Committee, 85–6 Cankao Xiaoxi, 36 Cao Guowei, 182–3 Carnegie, Dale, 117 Cartoonists, persecution of, 209 Catalonia, 2017 referendum, 316 Causeway Bay, camp, 19 CCTV International, 287 censorship: AI-based, 315; anti-tools, 102–3; in-house, 183; manual, 75; software, 101 Cerf, Vint, 221, 228 CERN, 252 Chan, Connie, 279 Chen Jieren, 171 Chen, Kathy, 312 Cheney, Dick, 243–4 Cheng Jianping, 74 China, People’s Republic of, 137, 204; Academy of Sciences, 49, 51; Africa criticism Western hypocrisy, 290–1; Africa investments, 305; censorship, 27; Central Television, 181; Civil Aviation Administration, 310; courts conviction rates, 198; cyber sovereignty doctrine, 8, 234, 292; cybersecurity law 2017, 280; Cyberspace Administration of, 3; Democracy Party, 41–2, 92; Development Bank, 304;domestic security profits, 201; early internet enthusiasm, 32; elite, 90, 117; elite hackers, 172, 192; entertainment industry, 215; factory sexual harassment, 145; first commercial internet service, 25; globalised online influence, 212; Google compromised, 315; high-speed rail system, 176–7; human rights lawyers, 206; internet companies overseas business, 236; Internet Network Information Centre, 235; Internet Society of, 64; Ministry of Foreign Affairs, 165, 167; Ministry of Public Security, 26; National Electronics Import & Export Corporation, 303; National Defence Daily, 153; nationalised internet, 231; Netcom Communications, 31–2; official aid budget, 289; PLA, see below; Qigong Science Research Society, 48; Qing Empire era, 205; social credit system, 281–3; State Council, 42, 11, 181, 241; tech firms security contracts, 200; Telecom, 30–1, 156; telecoms buying, 30; 2008 Olympics, 180; UN advocacy, 233; Unicom, 156; US Embassy in, 180; -US relations, 109; WTO joining, 91, 92; Youth Daily, 64, 172 China Digital Times, US-based, 76 ChinaNet, 30 Chinese Communist Party (CCP), CCP, 8, 42, 74, 288; internal politics, 312; Politburo Standing Committee, 165 Chinese Golden Shield, 104 Chinese Institute of Computer Applications, 24 Chinese People’s Political Consultative Conference, 77 choke points, China internet, 29 CIA (US Central Intelligence Agency), 85, 161; Q-Tel venture capital arm, 108 circumvention tools: Tor, 101; user lack, 71 Cisco, 29, 32, 115, 119, 236, 304; basic filtering technology, 32 Citizen Lab, 159–60, 163–4, 276 Civic Square, Hong Kong, 15, 17, 20; pro-democracy rally 2014, 16 ‘civilized behaviour’, as censorship, 240 Clarke, Ian, 99 Clinton, Bill, 43, 246; China internet optimism, 42 Clinton, Hillary, 173, 211, 264 CNET.com, 84 CNN, 56–7 Coca Cola, 187 Cohen, Jared, 111 Cold War, 106 collective action, China surveillance attention, 74 Columbia Law School, 241 Comey, James, 190–1 Comment Crew, 187 Communications Decency Act, USA, 245 Communist Youth League, 171 “Complete IT Intrusion Portfolio”, 293 Confucius Institute, 288 Connaught Road camp, Hong Kong, 17 Contemporary Business News, 64 Crimea, Russian invasion, 267 CQRS, 49 Crowley, P.J., 111 Cuba, 237 Cultural Revolution, 8, 23, 24, 48, 176, 205; Xinjing avoidance, 133 ‘cyber-sovereignty’, China doctrine, 8, 234, 237–8, 242, 250 Cyberspace Administration of China, 181 Da Cankao, 35–6, 79, 91, 93, 97; back issues, 100; defeat of, 92; first issue, 39 Dalai Lama, 84–5, 87, 160, 206, 309; office hacked, 162 Darfur, 291 Deibert, Ron, 159–60 Delta Airlines, 309 Democracy Forum, 65, 66 Democratic National Committee, Russian hacking of, 192 Demos/Relcom, Russia, 252–3, 255–6 Deng Xiaoping, 21–4, 47, 89; martial law declaration, 37 Dharamsala, 85–8, 160, 163, 276; internet, 84, 160 ‘digital divide’, 222 Dilshat Perhat, 150 Ding, James, 30–1 DIT, Broadcasting Board of Governors, 108 Diyarim.com, 150–1, 157 Djibouti naval base, 289 domain name system (DNS), 220 Dorsey, Jack, 111 dot.com bubble, first, 84 Dourado, Eli, 228–32 Dow Chemical, 170 Dow Jones, 81 Downey, Brandon, 314 Dreazen, Yochi, 110 DropBox, 276 Drummond, David, 61–2, 171 Dunhuang, 154 Durov, Pavel, 259–63, 265–6, 268–9, 272; Dubai exile, 270; flight, 267 Dynamic Internet Technology, 104, 106–7; Broadcasting Board of Governors, 108 DynaWeb, 101–2; Foundation, 106 Dzungaria, 136 ‘East Turkestan’, 136, 149; question of, 152 Eastern Buddhas Study Falun Dafa Association, 97 Education Computer Resource Centre, India, 86 Egypt, 230–1; Twitter, 264 Eiffel Tower, website crash, 2 Electronic Frontier Foundation, 244–6 elite, Chinese, 90, 117 email address grabbing, 35 encryption, 268–9 Epoch Times, 96–8 Epstein, Helen, 297 Ethiopia, 10, 289, 304 EU (European Union), WSIS stance, 223 Eudora, 88 Eximbank, 288 Facebook, 18, 242, 264, 282, 286, 297, 301, 303, 312–13, 317; banned, 183; censoring by, 314; Firewall blocked, 259, 278; Internet.org, 291 ‘fake news’ panic, 311, 314 Falun Gong, 9, 28, 45–6, 49, 59, 62, 91, 96, 102, 107–8, 112, 118; anti- campaign, 48, 58; blocking of, 99; China mass detentions, 54; community, 103; CRQS withdrawal, 51; members self-immolating, 56; -neoconservatives link, 98; North America shift, 96–7; online censorship, 55; origins, 47 Research Society, 54 FalunDafa.org, 97 Fang Binxing, 249–50 FBI (US Federal Bureau of Investigations), 186, 190–1 FDC (Forum for Democratic Change, 294–6, 300 Ferzat, Ali, 209 filters, border, 29 financial crash 2008, 8, 289 FinFisher, 293, 294 FireChat, 19 FireEye, 192 foreign media coverage, importance of, 255 France, Rwanda Hutu aid, 291 Freedom House, 104 FreeGate, 95–6, 103, 105, 107–9, 110, 112–13; successful, 104; user-friendly, 102 FreeNet China, 99, 101; 2001 launched, 100 freetibet.org, 163 Friedman, Tom, 90, 246 Friendster, 260 Friends of Tibet, 308 FSB, Russia, 265–6, 269 Fuyou Street, Beijing, 45 Gaddafi, Muammar, 290 Gallagher, Ryan, 314 Gamma Group, 293 Gang of Eight, USSR, 254–5 Gauthier, Ursula, 199 George Mason University, 228 Geshe Sopa, 84 Ghost Remote Administration Tool (Gh0st Rat), 162–3; hackers, 164 Gilmore, John, 244 Github, DDos attack, 1–4, 310 global governance, cycles of, 236 Global Internet Freedom Consortium (GIFC), 102, 110; funding boom, 109; projects, 112 Global Internet Inc, 106 Global Times, 172 GoAgent, 5, 6 Golden Shield project, 26–7, 91 Goldsmith, Jack, 30, 219, 243 gongfu, Chinese martial art, 48 Google, 64, 113; 2002 blocked, 91, 2006 China attitude, 115, 2009 accusations, 167, censorship compliance, 118, censorship reversal, 172, China ‘foreignness’ accusation, 125, China blocked, 166, China brand, 117, China cultural errors, 126, China operating, 116, China strategy, 119, Chinese-language search engine, 62, Congressional hearing, 120, 124, cultural mistakes, 125; Dragonfly, 314, Google China, 61, 62, 165, 246; Google Drive, 162; hacked, 168, Schrage accusation, 121, shareholder critique, 168, US criticism, 173, US media criticism, 115 Google.cn search engine, 117 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 75, 173, 252, 255–6; KGB detained, 253 Gordon, Richard, 176 Gore, Al, 31 government commentators employed, 213 Grateful Dead, 244 Great Cannon, China cyber weapon, 3–4 ‘Great Firewall’, 5, 8, 9, 26–7, 29, 43, 46, 58, 66, 71, 90, 92, 99, 101, 107, 112, 117, 159, 199, 207, 242, 311; Cisco help, 116; costs of fighting it, 106; export of, 10; Google brief ejection, 124; international spreading of, 310; keywords detection, 28; Kremlin copy, 260; Uganda import, 287; upgrading of, 92; US components, 30 Great Hall of the People, 23 Great Leap Forward, 8, 138; Xinjiang avoidance, 133 Great Wall, historical, 25 GreatFire.org, 3–4 ‘Green Dam Youth Escort’, 27, 98 Greenwald, Glenn, 268 Group of 77, 237 Gu Ge, name error, 125 see also NoGuGe Guangdong, 143, 201 Guangxi, 78 Guangzhou, 29 Gulf of Aden, 289 Guo Wengui, 92 Guomindang, 49 Guonei Dongtai Qingyang, 79 Haig, Dan, 83–4, 86–8, 160 Hainan, Lingshui: signals intelligence, 164; servers in, 163 ‘Harmony’ CCP-speak, 72 Harris, Rachel, 151 Harvard, 71, 74, 91; Law, 244 HBGary Federal, 185–6; hack, 188 He Guoqiang, 171 He Zuoxiu, 49 Hefei, anti-corruption case, 280 Hinton, Carma, 176 Hitchens, Christopher, 49 Hoglund, Greg, 186 Holder, Eric, 189 Holdstock, Nick, 137, 149 home routers, 217 Hong Kong: Admiralty, 18; Broadband, 155; Chinese University, 217; Civic Square, 15; independence discussions, 20; Internet Exchange, 217–18; parliamentary elections, 19; Science Park, 200; 2014 effect, 19; Umbrella Movement, 255 Horowitz, Michael, 107, 109 hosts.txt file, 219 HP corporation, 245 Hsu, Stephen, 108 Hu Jintao, 184 Hu Qiheng, 234 Hu Yaobang, 21 Huai Jinping, 234 Huang Cuilian, 145 Huang Shike, arrest of, 280 Huang, Alan, 102 Huawei, 251, 288; military ties, 235; Uganda censorship profits, 304 Hudson Institute, 107 Human Rights in China, New York, 76 Human Rights Watch, 147, 234 Hvistendahl, Mara, 281 IBM Nazi Germany connection comparison, 119, 122–3 ICANN see Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers Ilham, Jewher, 141, 195–8 images, censorship challenges, 208 India, blackouts, 87 Indiana University, 195–6 Infocom, 222; prosecution of, 223 Inner Mongolia massacre, 133 Instagram, 309, 316 intellectuals, anti-qigong, 49 International Centre for Human Rights and Democracy, 30 International Criminal Court, 299 international telecommunications, access as human right, 232 internet: access points, 28; Africa blackouts, 10; China war on, 6; Chinese characters, 31; construction control, 156; content providers government registration, 72; founders, 219; governance, 225, 228; intergovernmental control, 223; unwritten rules, 72; US control conflict, 222; utopianism, 245; workings of, 155 Internet Assigned Numbers Authority, 219, 222 Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN), 221–5, 228, 230, 256; China influence, 234; China pushing, 237 Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF), 234 Internet Explorer browser, 169 Internet Governance Forum, 224 Internet Society of China, 234–5 IP server connection, 28, 155; addresses workings of, 154; numbers, 219 Iran, 111; Green revolution, 311; social networking blocking, 111; 2009 election protests, 110, 112, 246 Iraq: US invasion of 2003, 223; Uyghur fighters, 199 ‘iron rice bowl’ jobs, 47 Isa, Aziz, 151 Islamic State, 199; internet use, 9; Paris attacks, 269 Islamists, 195 Israeli intelligence, 190 Jacobs, Justin, 137 Jiang Qing, 133 Jiang Zemin, 32, 78, 90–1, 184 Jiangsu province, 74 Jiao Guobiao, dismissal of, 95 Jilin, China, 47–8 Jobs, Steve, 117, 259 Jones, Roy, 307–9 Kadeer, Rebiya, China riots blame, 152 Kaifu Lee, 116–17, 124–6, 165–6, 171–2; government fights, 167; Making a World of Difference, 118 Kalathil, Shanthi, 236 Kang Xiaoguang, 54 Kapor, Mitch, 244 Kaspersky Labs, Moscow, 192 keywords, 184; Chinese language filtering, 208; detection, 28 KGB/FSB (USSR/Russia), 256–7, 265–6, 269 Kirillovich, Vladimir, 249 Kiselyov, Dmitry, 247 Kissinger, Henry, 108 Kleinwächter, Wolfgang, 223 Kot, Edward, 264–5 Kramer, Terry, 228–9, 232–3 Kremlin, deep packet inspection, 266 Kristof, Nick, 46 Krumholtz, Jack, 122–3 Kryuchkov, Vladimir, 253 Kurchatov Institute of Atomic Energy, 252, 256, 261 LAN protocols, 241 Lantos, Tom, 122 Leach, Jim, 120; censorship accusation, 121 Leavy, Penny, 186 Leo Technology, Urumqi-based, 200 letter substitutions, 107 Leung Chun-ying, 19 Leviev, Lev, 267 Levy, Stephen, 118 Lhasa, 85 Li Chang, 54 Li Changchun, 165–6, 171 Li Dongxiao, 178 Li Gang, 5 Li Hongkuan, 35–6, 38–9, 79, 91–3, 99 Li Hongzhi, 47–50, 53–6, 96–7, 99, 103; books banned, 46; teachings of, 52; USA move, 51 Li Keqiang, 240 Li Peng, 26, 42; martial law declaration, 21 Li Yuanlong, 95; son’s arrest, 96 Li Zhi, 148 Li, Robin, 124–6, 172 Lin Hai, 39 Link, Parry, 73 Liu Xiaobo, 66, 198 LiveJournal, DDoS attack, 264 Lo, Kenneth, 217–18 Lockheed Martin, 187 Lokodo, Simon, 304 love bug, 161 Lu, Phus, 5–6 Lu Wei, 78, 80–1, 207, 237, 242, 249, 312; downfall of, 313; promotion, 181; rise of, 79 Luo Fuhe, 77 Ma Zhaoxu, 173 Ma, Jack, 67 Ma, Pony, 280 MacArthur Genius Grant, 76 MacKinnon, Rebecca, Consent of the Networked, 72 Mail.ru, 267 Makanim.com, 149 Makerere University, 295, 300 Malofeev, Konstantin, 248–51 malware, 162; specialised, 163 Mandiant, malware, 186, 188–90 Manitsme, malware family, 188 Manning, Chelsea, 229; defence fund, 186 Mao Zedong, 184, 240; Anti-Rightist campaigns, 205; death of, 23; Great Leap Forward, 89 Marczak, Bill, 3 Marriott Global Reservations Sales and Customer Care Centre, 307–8; China apology, 309; Chinese language website, 308 Martínez, Antonio García, 317 mass mailings, 103 May Fourth Movement, 176 McLaughlin, Andrew, 117 Medvedev, Dmitry, 263 melamine, contaminated, 204 Messi, Lionel, 278 Micek, Peter, 236 Microsoft, 115–16, 119, 245 Millward, James, 133, 137 Minghui.org, 97 Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, 235–6 Minzu Iniversity, 134 Mirilashvili, Vyacheslav, 260, 267 MIT Media Lab, 243 mobile payments, 279 Moma, Google intranet, targeted, 169 Mong Kok, camp, 19 Montreal, 85 Morozov, Evgeny, 110 Mountain View Google HQ, 116, 169 Mugabe, Robert, 285, 290 Murong Xuecun, 205 Museveni, Yoweri, 285, 287, 292–3, 296–8, 300, 301–3, 305; Kampala opposition, 286; 2016 swearing in, 299 Museveni, Janet, 286 MySpace, 260 Nagaraja, Shishir, 162 Nairobi, Chinese language signs, 288 Namubiru, Lydia, 305 Nanfang Daily, 64 Nanjing, 36; University, 212 Nasa, Goddard Space Flight Center, 99 National Endowment for Democracy, 92, 108 National Reconciliation Day, 158 nationalism, Chinese, 8 Navalny, Alexei, 263–5 Negroponte, Nicholas, 243 Network Solutions, 220–1 New Tang Dynasty Television, 97 Newland, Jesse, 2 Ng, Jason Q., 183 Nigeria, 232 Noah, Trevor, 302 NoGuGe.com, 126 non-aggression, cyber pact, 251 Northrop Grumman, 170 Nossik, Anton, 257, 262 Nur Bekri, 146, 148 Nureli, 157 Nyanzi, Stella, 286–7, 303, 305; imprisoned, 301–2; Stella, persecution of, 300 Obama, Barack, 157, 165, 191, 228, 246; ‘pivot to Asia’, 192 Obote, Milton, 292; overthrow of, 285 Occupy movement, 9 Office of Personnel Management (OPM), 190, Chinese hacked, 191 “Operation Fungua Macho”, 293 Ownby, David, 55, 98 Page, Larry, 116, 168, 171 Palmer, David, 50 Palmer, Mark, 107–9 Pan Shiyi, 180–2 Pan Yiheng, 177 Panama Papers, 251 ‘patriotic hackers’,161 peer-to-peer software, Chinese, 101 Pegasus, early email software, 86 Pentagon, the, 161 perestroika, 75 Perhat, Dilshat, 157 Pfeifle, Mark, 110 Philippines, 161; China boycotts call, 77 Piccuta, Dan, 165–6 Pirate Bay, file-sharing website, 185 PLA (Chinese People’s Liberation Army), 22, 37, 132, 240, 242, 251, 312; Third Technical Department, 164; US indictment, 189 pornography, 91, 105–6 Postel, John, 219, 221–2, 228; ‘benevolent dictator’, 220 Press, Larry, 254–5 Prophet Muhammed, image forbidden, 209 proxies: sharing of, 102; use of, 101 ‘public opinion channellers’, 214 ‘public order’, CCP-speak, 72 Public Pledge on Self-Discipline for the Chinese Internet, 64 Public Security Bureau, 149 Putin, Vladimir, 228, 247, 249, 251, 257, 262–6; internet concern, 261 qigong, 55; enthusiasm for, 47; groups, 50 masters’ absurd claims, 49; opinion shift against, 48 Qin Yongmin, 42 Qin Zhihui, arrest, 182 Qing Gang, 35 QQ, 182, 277 Qzone, 182, 278 Radio Free Asia, 106, 147, 248, 311 Rajagopalan, Megha, 199 Rand Corporation, 192 Razak, Najib, 209 Reagan, Ronald, 248 Rebel Pepper, 212, 215 Red Guards, 133 Reincarnation Party, 209 Relcom see Demos/Relcom Ren Zhengfei, 251 RenRen, 182 Reporters Without Borders, 64 Republic of China (ROC/Taiwan), 288 Reuters, 80–1 RFA, 108; 1994 launch, 107 riots, Urumqi, 148 ‘River Elegy’, TV programme, 20 Robinson, Michael, 30–2 Roldugin, Sergei, 251 root authority, 201 rootkit.com, 186, 188 Rosenberg, Jonathan, 117 Roskomnadzor, 266, 269, 270 Ross, Alec, 264 Rossiya Segodnya, 247–8 RSA, hacked, 187 RT, TV station, 247, 311 Runet, 257, 270 Russian Federation, 10, 237; early years of, 256; FAPSI, 257; firewall urgency of, 251; internet blacklist, 266; internet use surge, 257; liberal internet era, 262; Libertarian Party, 272 nationalised internet, 231; Safe Internet Forum, 248; 2012 election protests, 251 Sadikejiang Kaze, killing of, 146 Safe Internet League, 249–50 Safe Web, Triangle Boy, 108 Sakharov, Andrei, 270 Salkin.com, 157 Samdup, Thubten, 85–6, 160 Saudi Arabia, 230 Saulsbury, Brendan, 190 Schmidt, Eric, 116, 124, 127, 168; China strategy support, 126; Google outvoted, 171 Schneider, Rick, 87 Schrage, Elliot, 120–4 ‘secret backdoors’, 162 Seldon, Tenzin, 170 self-censorship, Google justification, 120 self-immolation, 58 SenseTime, 200 Sha Tin New Town, Hong Kong, 217 Shambaugh, David, 233 Shanghai, 29; Cooperation Organisation, 251; Cyberspace Administration, 308; European Jews haven, 205; Expo 2010, 180; police computer security, 35 Shaoguan incident see Xuri Toy factory Shchyogolev, Igor, 248, 250 Shen Yun, performance group, 97 Shenzhen, 143; public security bureau, surveillance division, 72–3 Shi Caidong, 51–3 Shi Tao, 64–5 67, 76, 116, 119; prison sentence, 66 Sichuan province, 201 Siemens BS2000 mainframe computer, 24 Signal, encryption app, 268 Silicon Valley, 1; biggest companies, 59; private enterprise victory, 7 Silk Road, dark web, 100 Sima Nan, 49 Sina Weibo, 182–3, 278; censors at, 75 Sino-Soviet split, 288 Sither, Lobsang Gyatso, 276–7, 283 Smirnov, Sergei, 266 Smith, Chris, 115 Smith, Craig, 90, 309 Snapchat, 260 Snowden, Edward, 190, 268, 269; revelations of, 313 Sobel, David, 245 social media, companies, 7 Soldatov, Alexey, 256, 261 solidarity: surveillance attention, 74; threat of, 10 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander, 5 Song Zheng, 235 South China Sea: Chinese ambitions, 192; international court ruling, 77 spammers, trading among, 39 ‘spear-phishing’, 159, 187 ‘spiritual pollution’, 35 Sprint, 30–1 St Petersburg: briefcase bomb 2017, 269; State University, 260 Stanford Research Institute, 220 State Commission of Machine Industry, 24 Steve Jackson Games, 245 Stevens, John Paul, 245 Students for a Free Tibet, 170 Stuxnet virus, 190 Sudan, 230, 290 Sullivan, Andrew, 110 Sulzberger Jr, Arthur Ochs, 89–90 supremacist ideology, Han, 133 Surkov, Vladislav, 262–3 Sweden, 232 Symantec, 108, 170 Syria, Uyghur fighters, 199 System of Operative Search Measures, Russia, 257 Taiwan see Republic of China Tanzania, 288; Tan–Zam railway line, 287 Tarim Basin, 136 Tarnoff, Ben, 317 tear gas, 18 tech giants, collaboration accusation, 119 techno-libertarians, 243, 246 Telegram app, 268, 272; banned, 269; blocked, 270 Tencent, 182, 235, 279, 281–2; data hoovering, 280; leg up, 278; WeChat, 277; Weibo, 278 The Atlantic, 110 The Gate of Heavenly Peace, subtitled version, 176 The New Republic, 110 The New York Times, 3, 89–90, 100, 111, 179, 211, 223, 257 The People’s Daily, 21, 79, 172, 178, 246 The Wall Street Journal, 110, 309 The Washington Post, 57, 110, 302 Third World Academy of Sciences, 24 Tian, David, 99 Tian, Edward, 30–1 Tiananmen Square, 9, 21, 25, 46, 62, 99, 175; anger, 38; crackdown, 89, 107; massacre, 22, 26, 3, 208; massacre 20th anniversary, 166; Mothers, 65; movement, 20, 76; Papers, 100; protests, 78; self-immolation, 56–7; Tianjin protest, 52–4 Tibet, 83–4, 98, 106, 138, 149, 210; Action Institute, 274, 276; Computer Resource Centre, 86, 161; diaspora battling cyberspies, 276; Freedom Movement fund for, 163; Institute of the Performing Arts, 85; PLA victory, 85; Youth Congress, 85 Tohti, Ilham, 132, 134, 140–1, 143, 150, 152, 158, 195, 199; detention, 157; father killing, 133; harassment experience, 135; trial of, 131, US exile, 140 Tor Browser, 100, 102 Touré, Hamadoun, 228, 231, 236 traffic spikes, websites, 2 Trivedi, Aseem, 209 trolls: Badiucao attacks, 211; pro-China government, 92, 212 Trump, Donald, 192 Tsai Ing-wen, 212 Tsang, Donald, 15 Tunis Agreement 2005, 237 Tunisia, 9; Facebook, 264 Turnbull, Malcolm, 203 Tusiime, Samson, 295–6, 304; arrest of, 300 Twitter, 111, 207, 211, 246, 296–7, 303, 307, 309, 311–12; banned, 183; blocked, 27; ‘Revolution’, 110 UAE (United Arab Emirates), 230 Uganda: Chieftaincy of Military Intelligence, 293; Communications Commission, 303–4; Computer Misuse Act, 300; fake wireless hotspots, 294; security services, China learning, 295, 303; Special Investigations Unit, 300; Telecom, 304; Trojan horse viruses, 294; Twitter, 300; 2016 election, 296–8; ‘walk to work’ protests, 292 UgandaDecides, hashtag, 297 UglyGorilla, 187–8 UK (United Kingdom), 232 Ukraine, 250 Ulhaque, Zulkiflee Anwar (Zunar), 209 UltraSurf, 102, 105, 107–10, 112; programming, 106; successful, 104 Umbrella Movement/generation, 16, 19–20 United Nations, 10, 313; ‘cyber-sovereignty’, concept of, 224; ITU, 225, 227–32, 236; ITRs, 225, 233; WSIS, 222 Unit 61398, 190–1; indictment of, 189 United Arab Emirates, 230 United Russia party 2011 rally, 263 University of British Columbia, 309 University of California, Berkeley, 30 University of Edinburgh, 99 University of Helsinki, 253 University of Southern California, 220–1 University of Toronto, 159; Citizen Lab, 3–4 university servers, 35 URLs: blocking of, 29; proxies, 102–3 Urumqi, 132, 136, 153–4, 201; -Beijing link, 156; Han revenge attacks, 149; internet cut-off, 151; People’s Intermediate Court, 131; police attack, 148; proxies, 102–3; riots, 183; student protest, 146–7 USA: Chinese Embassy protests, 98; -China relationship, 112; Commerce Department, 222; Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, 219; Google Congressional hearing, 122; House Subcommittee on Human Rights, 115; imperialism internet use, 112; National Security Agency, 170, 244, 268, 293, 313; Republican Party, 244; Senate Sub-Committee on Human Rights, 108; State Department, 22, 81, 109–11, 166, 298 UseNet, 253 Usmanov, Alisher, 261, 267 USSR (Union of Soviet Socialist Republics): dissolution of, 256; 1990s internet start, 252 Uyghurs, Chinese language forums, 157, dangerous vagabonds characterised, 132; discrimination against, 138–9, 152; doppa headgear, 132; internet, 143, 150; pervasive unemployment, 134; stereotyping of, 140; terrorism label, 140; Uyghur Online, 131, 135, 139, 151, 157; websites control, 149 Villeneuve, Nart, 159–60, 162–3 VIP Reference, 35 virtual private networks (VPNs), 9, 103, 113, 157, 299; apps, 297; users, 28 VKontakte (VK), 259–60, 262, 267; customer support, 265; groups, 270; user base growth, 261 Voice of America, 106–8, 248, 311 Voice of China, 287 Voice of Russia, 247 “Walk to Work” protests, 294 Walton, Greg, 160–3, 276 Wang Baodong, 109 Wang Dong, 188–9 Wang Lequan, 152 Wang Liming, 209, 210 Wang Yongping, 178 Wang Youcai, 42 Wang Yunfeng, 24, 25 Wang Zhiwen, 54 Wang, Jack, 188 ‘War on Terror’, 290 WCITLeaks, 229–31, 233, 236 Weaver, Nicholas, 3 WeChat (Weixin), 207, 242, 277–8, 281–3; censorship challenge, 268; monopoly of, 278; payments system, 279–80 Weibo, 46, 177–9, 181, 184, 206–7, 210, 268, 277; failure, 215; ingenuity of, 182; microbloggers use, 180; muzzling of, 214; public offering, 182; surveillance sidestep attempts, 208; Weiboscope, 77 Weigel, Moira, 317 Weir, Bob, 244 Wen Jiabao, 79–80 Wenhui Daily, 173 Wenzhou train crash, 177, 179; internet revealed, 178 Westinghouse, 187 Wexler, Robert, 123 WhatsApp, 16, 268, 278, 296, 303, 316 Whole Earth ‘Lectronic Link, 244 WikiLeaks, 104, 185–6, 315–16 Wikipedia, specific pages blocked, 27 Wired, 84, 106, 243–4 World Bank, 24 World Conference on International Telecommunications, 227; Leaks see above World Internet Conference 2015, 241 World Uyghur Congress, 152 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), 234 WSIS 10, 237; US victory, 224 WTO (World Trade Organization), 80–1; China joining, 42, 91–2 Wu, Dandan, 125 Wu, Tim, 30, 219, 241, 243 wumao, 212 wumaodang, recruited students, 213 Wuyi, Zhejiang province, 310 Wuzhen, 239–40 Xabnam.com, 157 Xi Jinping, 81, 181, 191, 203, 207, 238–40, 281, 312; internet clampdown, 78 Xia, Bill, 99–100, 102–3, 107, 112 Xiao Qiang, 76, 21 Xi’an, Shaanxi province, 154 Xinhua, 56–7, 64, 77, 78, 156, 181; commercial offerings, 80; Hong Kong bureau, 79; journalists’ watchdog role, 79; official line, 148 Xinjiang Autonomous Region, 107, 131–2, 135, 140, 148, 156, 195, 199, 210, 280; Beijing terrorism lens, 152; famine avoidance, 138; internet access, 156; internet blackout, 153; new policies of control, 200; Qing Empire, 137; Shanshan county, 201; University, 150 Xu Hong, 39 Xu Wendi, 42 Xue, Charles, 180, 181 Xuri Toy Factory/Shaoguan incident, 143, 146; footage of, 151; Uyghur workers, 144–5 Yahoo, 115, 119, 170; arrest responsibility, 116; China subsidiary, 63–4, 67; informer role criticised, 66 Yanayev, Gennady, 253 Yang Jisheng, 20 Yang, Jerry, 66–7 Yanukovych, Viktor, 267 Yeltsin, Boris, 75, 254–5, 257; resignation, 261 YouTube, 167, 246, 274, 303, 314, 316; blocked, 183 Yu Jie, China’s Best Actor, 80 Yu Wanli, 173–4, 246 Yuan Zengxin, 138 Zambia, 304 Zara, 309 Zhang Zhenhuan, 49 Zhang Jianchuan, 235 Zhang, Shawn, 309 Zhao Houlin, 236–7 Zhao Jing, 36 Zhao Ziyang, 80, 889; house arrest, 21–2 Zhongnanhai complex, 45; 1999 protest, 46, 52–3, 55 Zhou Yongkang, 171 Zhu Rongji, 53 Zhu, Julie, 62 Zhuan Falun, 50; text banned, 52 Zimbabwe, 10, 290, 304 Zorn, Werner, 24–5 ZTE, 288 Zuckerberg, Mark, 260, 312 Zed is a platform for marginalised voices across the globe.

Binge Times: Inside Hollywood's Furious Billion-Dollar Battle to Take Down Netflix
by Dade Hayes and Dawn Chmielewski
Published 18 Apr 2022

Up until that point, the internet had been a collection of flickering letters, numbers, and characters. Mosaic displayed images, inspiring Glaser to go one step further and give the mute collection of words and pictures a voice. He used stock proceeds from his decade at Microsoft and money raised from investors like Lotus founder Mitch Kapor to finance a startup to deliver voice across the web, “because at the bit rates we’re talking about here, doing polyphonic audio in a way that would be at all aesthetically pleasing would seem a challenge,” Glaser said. His company launched the RealAudio Player in April 1995 with a broadcast of National Public Radio’s morning and evening news programs Morning Edition and All Things Considered and updates from ABC News.

…

See also specific shows creative risk-taking of, 68–69 founding and early years of, 65–70, 121–22 logo of, 215–16 Netflix and, 64–65, 71–72, 74–75, 159–60, 164, 256 original programming, 2, 48, 54, 68–69, 111, 161–64, 252, 280–90, 302–6, 313 subscribers, 69, 161, 210–11, 288 HBO Go, 72, 75, 215, 216, 225–26 HBO Max, xviii, 6, 65, 69, 74, 135, 140, 186, 207–26, 249–56, 280–90, 302–7 COVID-19 and, 249–50, 251, 284–85 launch of, 235, 249–51, 253–55, 260, 317 logo of, 215–16 naming of, 214–15 Project Popcorn, 285 subscribers, 253–54, 281 technology infrastructure, 75, 216–17 WarnerMedia Day, 207–12, 215, 221, 224–26 HBO Max Originals, 222–23, 250–51, 313 HBO Now, 69–70, 95, 156, 185, 210, 215, 225–26, 281 Hearst, William Randolph, 28 Heller, Cody, 114 Hemsworth, Chris, 230, 267 Hemsworth, Liam, 110, 118 Hercules, 268 Hewlett-Packard, xviii, 111 Hiddleston, Tom, 168 Highland Capital Partners, 299–300 Hildegarde, 125 Hill, Dulé, 204 Hillbilly Elegy, 75 Hitchhiker’s Guide to the Galaxy, The, 152 Hodulik, John, 158–59 Holland, Cindy, x, 51–56, 182, 232, 236–38, 261 Hollywood, 28–30 Hollywood (miniseries), 29 Hollywood Reporter, 115–16, 215, 286, 296, 318 Holt, Lester, 200, 205 Hope, Ted, 265 Hopkins, Anthony, 170 Hopkins, Mike, ix, 144, 146, 151, 300 Hot Drop, The, 117 Hotstar, 174, 317 House, 145, 146 House of Cards, 13, 53–56, 183, 258, 293, 317 Howard, Ron, 75, 103, 195 Howdy Doody, 138 How to Get Away with Murder, 231 Huffman, Felicity, 79 Huggins, Roy, 46 Hughes Aircraft Company, 170 Hugo, 15 Hulu, 63, 71, 84, 127, 128, 145–52, 248, 318 deal with Disney, 63, 88, 95, 131, 145, 150–53, 168, 318 Netflix and, 149–50, 151, 152, 159 Super Bowl ad, 148–49 Hunt, Neil, x, 42, 44–46 Hurley, Chad, 70, 144 Huxley, Aldous, 198, 249 iCloud, 179 Iger, Bob, xi, 50, 121, 126, 231, 272, 274, 318 alliance with Apple, 78, 79–81, 83–84 digital wake-up call, 78–84, 87, 89–90 Disney+, 167, 168, 169, 171, 172–73, 178, 241, 277 Hulu and, 150, 151 sports licensing, 136 Imagine Entertainment, 195 IMDb TV, 139, 140, 293 Inception, xiii, 283 “innovator’s dilemma,” 70 Instagram, 71, 104, 109, 118, 277, 282 Integrity QA, 32 Intel, 44, 236 Intertainer, 24–25, 27 In the Heights, 285, 302–10 Inzerillo, Joe, 241, 242–43 Iovine, Jimmy, 101–2 Irishman, The, xviii, 10–12, 13–16, 75, 310 Isaacson, Walter, 7, 99 It: Chapter Two, 283 Ive, Jony, 100 Ives, Dan, 205 Jack and Jill, 262 Jackson, Samuel L., 186 Jaman, 27 James, LeBron, 113 Janedis, John, 231 Jassy, Andy, ix, 242–43, 301 Jaws, 15 Jazz Singer, The, 30 Jefferson, Thomas, 28 Jenkins, Patty, 284, 305 “Jerry Maguire manifesto,” 150 Jobs, Laurene Powell, 99 Jobs, Steve, ix, 7, 79–81, 99–100, 103, 173, 178, 180, 314 Johansson, Scarlett, 276–77 Johnson, Dwayne “the Rock,” 264 Joker, 263, 283 Jonas, Joe, 113 Jones, Jasmine Cephas, 290 Jonze, Spike, 247 Jordan, Michael B., 266 Joshua, Anthony, 135 JPMorgan Chase, 112 Jumanji, 182 Jurassic Park, 24, 248 Justified, 174 Kaling, Mindy, 6–7 Kapor, Mitch, 22 Katzenberg, Jeffrey, x, xviii, 114, 290 Quibi, xviii, xix, 107–19, 187–88, 190, 191–95, 290 Kavanaugh, Brett, xiv Keane, Glen, 235 Keaton, Diane, 295 Keeping Up with the Kardashians, 202 Keitel, Harvey, 11 Kendrick, Anna, 109, 114, 243, 250, 251 Kerkorian, Kirk, 298–99 Kerman, Piper, 56 Kessler, Thomas, 20–21 Key, Keegan-Michael, 2 Khan, Nick, 142 Kidman, Nicole, 282 Kilar, Jason, x, 146–48, 150–51, 254–56, 281–85, 287, 289, 303–4, 313–14 Kilar, Maureen, 147 Killers of the Flower Moon, 260, 310 Kimmel, Jimmy, 191 Kisseloff, Jeff, 21 Kissing Booth, The, 264 Kohan, Jenji, 56 Kornhaber, Spencer, 190 Kotb, Hoda, 258–59 Kozmo, 52 Krakowski, Jane, 104 Kubitz, Andy, 88 Kubrick, Stanley, 286 Laipply, Judson, 143 La La Land, 313 Lanzone, Jim, 51, 236 Lars and the Real Girl, 222 Lasseter, John, 273 Last Ship, The, 85–86 Last Waltz, The, 24 Late Night, 265 Lauer, Matt, 9 Lava Bear Films, 41 Law & Order, 146, 204, 248 Lawrence, Ernest, 38 Lawson, Mark, 105 Lear, Norman, 36–37, 140 Leder, Mimi, 10 Lee, Jennifer, 278–79 Lee, Miky, 112 Lee, Spike, 11, 264, 294 Leftovers, The, 10, 222 Legally Blonde, 308 Legendary Entertainment, 72, 286 Legg, Jeremy, x, 216–17, 250 LEK Consulting, 171 Leon, Richard J., 63–64 Leonard, Franklin, 316 Leto, Jared, 288 Letterman, David, 31 Levinsohn, Gary, 52 Levinsohn, Peter, 99 Levinson, Barry, 52 Levy, David, 134, 217 Lewis, Juliette, 182 Lil Yachty, 113 Lilyhammer, 55–56, 75 Lincoln Center, xv–xvi, 6–7 Lion King, The, 109, 167, 168, 170, 175, 223, 273, 275 Lionsgate, 5, 25, 49, 56, 131 Little America, 185–86 Little Fires Everywhere, 152 Little Mermaid, The, 109, 235, 278 Little Things, The, 288 Little Voice, 103, 223 Liu, Simu, 277 Lizzo, 245 Loeb, Daniel, 280 Lonergan, Kenneth, 294 Longoria, Eva, 79 Loomis, Alfred Lee, 38 Lopez, Jennifer, 113 Los Angeles Lakers, 109 Los Angeles Plays Itself, 30 Lost, 80, 82, 222 Lotus, 22 Lotz, Amanda D., 138–39 Loup Ventures, 191 Lourd, Bryan, 276, 305–6 Lovato, Demi, 113 Love Is Blind, 237 Love Life, 250, 251 Lucas, George, 278 Lucasfilm, 82, 89, 278 Luce, Henry, 155 Luna, Diego, 167–68 Lunden, Joan, 7 Lupin, 233 Luther, 252 Ma, Yo-Yo, xv McCarthy, Christine, 175–76 McCord, Patty, x, 40, 42 McGrath, Katie, 223 McGregor, Ewan, 243, 278 McKellen, Ian, 170 Mackie, Anthony, 186 Macy’s Thanksgiving Day Parade, 153 Madison Square Garden, 66 Mad Men, 88, 140, 296 Madrone Capital Partners, 112 Mag Rack, 122 Maker, Jacob, 20 Maker Studios, 91, 92 Malek, Rami, 288 Malone, John, 66, 307 Maltese Falcon, The, 308 Manchester by the Sea, 264, 294–95 Mandalorian, The, 168, 175, 223, 242, 251, 252, 278, 280 Man in the High Castle, The, 295, 296 MapQuest, 71 Marriage Story, 15 Martin, Steve, 195 Marvel, 50, 82, 92, 95, 137, 159, 168, 170, 173, 266, 272, 274, 277, 279 Marvelous Mrs.

The Hacker Crackdown
by Bruce Sterling
Published 15 Mar 1992

Every time I see one, I either run away, or try to kill it." It dawns on me then that Mitch Kapor is not trying to make the world safe for democracy. He certainly is not trying to make it safe for anarchists or utopians—least of all for computer intruders or electronic rip-off artists. What he really hopes to do is make the world safe for future Mitch Kapors. This world of decentralized, small-scale nodes, with instant global access for the best and brightest, would be a perfect milieu for the shoestring attic capitalism that made Mitch Kapor what he is today. Kapor is a very bright man. He has a rare combination of visionary intensity with a strong practical streak.

…

The inventors of VisiCalc, the Apple computer's premier business program, had shown an interest in Mitch Kapor. Kapor worked diligently for them for six months, got tired of California, and went back to Boston where they had better bookstores. The VisiCalc group had made the critical error of bringing in "professional management." "That drove them into the ground," Kapor says. "Yeah, you don't hear a lot about VisiCalc these days," I muse. Kapor looks surprised. "Well, Lotus ... we BOUGHT it." "Oh. You BOUGHT it?" "Yeah." "Sort of like the Bell System buying Western Union?" Kapor grins. "Yep! Yep! Yeah, exactly!" Mitch Kapor was not in full command of the destiny of himself or his industry.

…

May 7,8,9. USSS and Arizona Organized Crime and Racketeering Bureau conduct "Operation Sundevil" raids in Cincinnatti, Detroit, Los Angeles, Miami, Newark, Phoenix, Pittsburgh, Richmond, Tucson, San Diego, San Jose, and San Francisco. May. FBI interviews John Perry Barlow re NuPrometheus case. June. Mitch Kapor and Barlow found Electronic Frontier Foundation; Barlow publishes CRIME AND PUZZLEMENT manifesto. July 24-27. Trial of Knight Lightning. 1991 February. CPSR Roundtable in Washington, D.C. March 25-28. Computers, Freedom and Privacy conference in San Francisco. May 1. Electronic Frontier Foundation, Steve Jackson, and others file suit against members of Chicago Task Force.

Dawn of the New Everything: Encounters With Reality and Virtual Reality
by Jaron Lanier
Published 21 Nov 2017

How We Settled into a Seed for the Future Virtual Rights, but Not Virtual Economic Rights In 1990, I was invited to a lunch at a Mexican restaurant in San Francisco’s Mission District to consider cofounding a new organization to fight for cyber rights. Chuck, VPL’s prime hacker, and I went up and met Mitch Kapor, John Gilmore, and Barlow. The three of them eventually moved forward, founding the Electronic Frontier Foundation. But I held back. (Chuck was too busy coding to pay any of us much mind.) I didn’t say why at the time; wasn’t ready to state my doubts to these sweet friends. I support most of the cases the EFF takes on, but not the underlying philosophy.

…

VR and avatar and robots doing work of as source of value specialness of working with real Human Use of Human Beings, The (Wiener) Huxley, Aldous Hyneman, Jamie hypercubes hypertext hypnosis IBM Iconic Mathematics (Bricken) icons icosahedrons idealism II Cybernetic Frontiers (Brand) illusions improvisation Inception (film) India industrial applications infinity, perception of information biasing of “free” vs. traceable to origin Information Age inner life input Inside Out (film) interactive screen technology interactivity Internet Gore and extremism on flaws in design of interpreters inversion inversion of human body investigative journalists invisible hand iPhone Ito, Teiji Izadi, Shahram Jackson, Michael Jacobson, Linda Japan Jaws (film) jazz Jeopardy (TV show) jobs Jobs, Steve Johnson, Lyndon B. Joy, Bill juggling Kalman filter Kapor, Mitch karate Kay, Alan Kelly, Kevin Kemp, Jack Khan, Ali Akbar Kickstarter Kim, David Kim, Scott Kinect Kinect Hacks King, Stephen kitchen design Klein Bottle Knitting Factory Knuth, Don Kollin, Joel Kotik, Gordy Krueger, Myron Kuiper Belt Kurzweil, Ray Kyoto Prize LaBerge, Stephen Langer, Susanne language translation Lanier, Ellery (father) death of death of Lilly and dome and mysticism and PhD studies and science writing and teaching career and Lanier, first wife divorce from Lanier, Lena Lanier, Lilibell (daughter,) Lanier, Lilly (mother) death of laser procedure on retina lasers Lasko, Ann latency Lawnmower Man, The (film) Learning Company Leary, Timothy Lectiones Mathematicae LEEP Lennon, John Lennon, Sean Leonard, Brett Levitt, David Levy, Steven libertarians licensing light pen lightweight optics limerence links, one- vs. two-way Linn, Roger LISP Lissajous patterns “Little Albert” experiment lobster avatar Los Alamos Los Angeles LSD Lucas, George lucid dreaming Lumière brothers Macedonians machine learning “Machine Stops, The” (Forster) machine vision Macintosh computers operating system MacIntyre, Blair Macromedia Macromind magazine stands magic magical thinking magicians magic window magnetic fields malware Manchurian Candidate, The (film) Mandala mapping marijuana markets Mars Marxism mass media Mateevitsi, Victor mathematics video games and Mathews, Max Matrix films Matsushita Mattel MAX design tool MAX visual programming tool McDowall, Ian McFerrin, Bobby McGreevy, Mike McGrew, Dale McLuhan, Marshall McLuhan ramp McMillen, Keith MDMA (Ecstasy) measurement medicine.

Machine, Platform, Crowd: Harnessing Our Digital Future
by Andrew McAfee and Erik Brynjolfsson
Published 26 Jun 2017

If the app’s developers had decided to make their creation easily interoperable with established SMS networks, users of these networks would have switched over to WhatsApp for cost reasons only, if at all. As the app grew in popularity, however, SMS users increasingly felt left out, so they became more likely to turn their backs on the old messaging technology in favor of the new one. And as more and more of them did this, the network effects grew stronger. Computer pioneer Mitch Kapor observed that “architecture is politics.” With platforms, it’s also economics. From Servers to Songs, Platforms Proliferate Platform economics, Moore’s law, and combinatorial innovation continue to produce developments that take industries and their incumbents by surprise. As the e-commerce giant Amazon grew, it found that each systems integration project—each effort, for example, to connect a database of customers to an application that let them track the shipment status of their order—was a lot of work, even though the company had undertaken similar projects before.

…

(TV show), 17 Jeppesen, Lars Bo, 259 Jobs, Steve curation of iPhone platform, 165 Dropbox acquisition offer, 162 and iPhone apps, 151–53, 157, 163 joint-stock company, 320 journalism, See newspapers Joyce, James, 178 judges, parole granted by, 39–40 judgment, human as complement to computer power, 35 in decision-making loop, 53–56 flaws in, 37–42 and justification, 45 “superforecasters” and, 60–61 System 1/System 2 reasoning, 35–46 justification, 45 Kadakia, Payal, 178, 179, 184 Kaggle, 261 Kahneman, Daniel, 35–36, 43, 44, 56, 325 Kalanick, Travis, 200 Kapor, Mitch, 142 Katz, Michael, 141n Kaushik, Avinash, 45 Kay, Alan, 61 Kazaa, 144 Kehoe, Patrick J., 21 Keirstead, Karl, 143 kernel, 240 Keynes, John Maynard, 278–79, 287, 309–10 Khosla, Vinod, 94 Kickstarter, 262 “killer app,” 157 Kim, Pauline, 40–41 Kimberley Process, 289–90 kinases, 116–17 kitchen, automated, 94 Kiva Systems, 103 Klein, Gary, 56 knowledge access to, in second machine age, 18 markets and, 332 prediction markets and, 238 knowledge differentials, See information asymmetries Kodak, 131, 132 Kohavi, Ronny, 45, 51 Kohl’s, 62–63 Koike, Makoto, 79–80 Komatsu, 99 Koum, Jan, 140 Krawisz, Daniel, 304 Kurzweil, Ray, 308 Lakhani, Karim, 252–55, 259 landline telecommunications, 134–35 land title registry, 291 language learning styles, 67–69 Lasker, Edward, 2 Lawee, David, 166 law of one price, 156 Lea, Ed, 170 leadership, geeky, 244–45, 248–49 lead users, 265 LeCun, Yann, 73, 80, 121 ledger, See blockchain Legg, Shane, 71 Lehman, Bastian, 184 Lei Jun, 203 Leimkuhler, John F., 182 “lemons,” 207 Lending Club, 263 level 5 autonomy, 82 leveraging of assets, O2O platforms for, 196–97 Levinovitz, Alan, 3 Levinson, Art, 152 libraries, 229–32 Library of Congress, 231 links, 233 Linq, 290–91 Linux, 240–45, 248, 249, 260 liquidity and network effects, 206 O2O platforms as engines of, 192–96 Livermore, Shaw, 22–23 locking in users, 217 lodging; See also Airbnb differences between Airbnb and hotels, 222–23 Priceline and, 223–24 “Logic Theorist” program, 69 Long, Tim, 204 Los Angeles, California hotel occupancy rates, 221–22 Postmates in, 185 Uber’s effect on taxi service, 201 LTE networks, 96 Luca, Michael, 209n Lyft, 186, 201, 208, 218 Ma, Jack, 7 machine age, See second machine age machine intelligence mind as counterpart to, 15 superiority to System 1 reasoning, 38–41 machine learning, 66–86; See also artificial intelligence AlphaGo and, 73 back-office work and, 82–83 early attempts, 67–74 in Obama’s 2012 presidential campaign, 48–51 O2O business data and, 194 statistical pattern recognition and, 72–74 machine(s); See also artificial intelligence; robotics; standard partnership and business process reengineering, 32–33 and creativity, 110–19 defined, 14 human connection in digitized world, 122–24 human judgment and, 34–45 new mind-machine partnership, 46–62 and uniquely human domains, 110–26 Mad Men (TV drama), 48 Madrigal, Alexis, 295–96 magazines ad revenue (late 1990s), 130 ad revenue (2013), 132–33 new content platforms’ effect on revenue, 139 MakerBot, 273 maker movement, 271–72 Makhijani, Vish, 324–25 malls, 131, 134 Malone, Tom, 311, 313 management/managers continued importance of, 320–23 and economics of the firm, 309 as portion of US workforce, 321 in post-standard partnership world, 323–26 manufacturing electricity’s effect on, 19–24 robotics in, 102 transition from molds to 3D printing, 104–7 Manyika, James, 332 Manzi, Jim, 62–63 Marchant, Jo, 66n Marcus, Gary, 5, 71 marginal costs bundling and, 147 of computer storage, 136 of digital copies, 136, 137 of perishing inventory, 180, 181 of platforms, 137 of platforms vs. products, 147, 220 and Uber’s market value, 219 marginal utility, 258–59 “Market for ‘Lemons,’ The” (Akerlof), 207 market research, 13–14, 261–63 market(s) centrally planned economies vs., 235–37 companies and, 309–11 costs inherent in, 310–11 as crowd, 235–39 information asymmetries and, 206–7 prediction markets, 237–39 production costs vs. coordination costs, 313–14 Markowitz, Henry, 268 Marshall, Matt, 62 Martin, Andrew, 40–41 Marx, Karl, 279 Masaka, Makoto, 79–80 “Mastering the Game of Go with Deep Neural Networks and Tree Search” (Nature article), 4 Maugham, Somerset, 110 Mazzella, Frédéric, 190 McCarthy, John, 67 McClatchy Company, 132 McDonald’s, 92 McElheren, Kristina, 42 McKinsey Global Institute, 332 Mechanical Turk, 260 Medallion Fund, 267 medical devices crowd-designed, 272–75 3D printing and, 106 medical diagnosis, 123–24 Meehl, Paul, 41–42, 53–54, 56, 81 MegaBLAST, 253, 254 Menger, Carl, 25 Men’s Fitness, 132 Merton, Robert K., 189 Metallica, 144 Microsoft core capabilities, 15 machine learning, 79 proprietary software, 240 as stack, 295 Windows Phone platform, 167–68 Microsoft Research, 84 Milgrom, Paul, 315n milking systems, 101 Mims, Christopher, 325 mind, human as counterpart to machine intelligence, 15 undetected biases in, 42–45 Minsky, Marvin, 73, 113 Mitchell, Alan, 11, 12 MIT Media Lab, 272 mobile telephones, 129–30, 134–35 Mocan, Naci, 40 molds, 104–5 Moley Robotics, 94 Momentum Machines, 94 Moody’s, 134 Moore, John, 315 Moore’s law, 308 and Cambrian Explosion of robotics, 97–98 defined, 35 neural networks and, 75 System 2 reasoning and, 46 and 3D printing, 107 Morozov, Evgeny, 297 Mt.

The Crisis of Crowding: Quant Copycats, Ugly Models, and the New Crash Normal
by Ludwig B. Chincarini
Published 29 Jul 2012

Responsible for foreign exchange trading, among other things. Currently CEO of GlobalOp. Ray Iwanowski: Former co-head of Quantitative Strategies and Global Alpha hedge fund at Goldman Sachs. Bob Jones: Former head of the Quantitative Equity group and Global Equity Opportunities hedge fund at Goldman Sachs. Mitch Kapor: Founder of first commercially available spreadsheet program, Lotus 1-2-3 (the precursor to Excel). Business partner of Eric Rosenfeld. John Maynard Keynes: British economist who first mentioned ideas of quantitative easing. Alex Kirk: Managing Director and global head of high-yield and leveraged loans at Lehman Brothers during financial crisis.

…

The pair used this data to build an econometric model to predict the winning margin on NFL games, then bet on games. The model worked during the two-year project; then both researchers moved on to other things. Many recruits had interesting backgrounds independent of their financial experience. Eric Rosenfeld and fellow MIT student Mitch Kapor created a regression program at MIT to help Eric with his PhD dissertation. They eventually called the program VisiPlot and sold it alongside the first spreadsheet program, VisiCalc. They sold the rights to a software company for about $1.2 million. Rosenfeld went on to teach at Harvard Business School, while Kapor went on to work for that software company.

…

Italian swap and government zero curve Italian swap spread Italy, debt burden of Iwanowski, Ray Japanese box trade Japanese swap spread Japanese warrant trade Jittery markets Johnson, James Jones, Bob J.P. Morgan: Bear Stearns and Lehman Brothers and leverage of LTCM and Washington Mutual and JWM Partners, LLC: collapse of deleveraging of Hilibrand and losses at market insanity and overview of Rosenfeld and Kabiller, David Kapor, Mitch Keynes, John Maynard Kirk, Alex Kohn, Donald Komansky, David Korean Development Bank (KDB) Krasker, William Kravis, Henry Krisnamacher, Arjun Kroner, Ken Kuwait Investment Authority Larson, Jeff Leach, Jim Leahy, Dick Lehman Brothers: business exposure capital markets division capital seeking by clearinghouses and client services division consequences of failure of consolidated balance sheet counterparties and distribution of investments of earnings announcement failure of Fed and final days of Global Real Estate Group guilt of as intermediary J.P.

The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom
by Evgeny Morozov
Published 16 Nov 2010

State Department’s Alec Ross, one of the chief architects of Clinton’s Internet freedom policy, said that “the very existence of social networks is a net good.” But are social networks really goods to be treasured in themselves? After all, the mafia, prostitution and gambling rings, and youth gangs are social networks, too, but no one would claim that their existence in the physical world is a net good or that it shouldn’t be regulated. Ever since Mitch Kapor, one of the founding fathers of cyber-utopianism, proclaimed that “life in cyberspace seems to be shaping up exactly like Thomas Jefferson would have wanted: founded on the primacy of individual liberty and a commitment to pluralism, diversity, and community” in 1993, many policymakers have been under the impression that the only networks to find homes online would be those promoting peace and prosperity.

…

State Department Iraq Iraq War Iron Curtain Islamic Punishment Act ISPs. See Internet Service Providers Israel Izvestiya Jackson, Michael Japan Javan Jefferson, Thomas Jewish Internet Defense Force (JIDF) JIDF. See Jewish Internet Defense Force Jihad Jane Judt, Tony Kadeer, Rebiya Kadinsky, Wassily Kafka, Franz Kaiser Kuo Kalathil, Shanthi Kapor, Mitch Kaspersky, Yevgeny Kaspersky Lab Kaufman, Ted Keenan, Thomas Kennan, George Kennedy, John F. Kenya Keohane, Robert Kern, Holger Lutz Kerry, John Keyes, David Keyhole Keylogger Keyword filtering KGB Khamenei, Ayatollah Khomeini, Ayatollah Khouri, Rami Kierkegaard, Søren Kill-switch Kimmage, Daniel Kimmelman, Michael Klee, Paul Klein, Naomi Klosterman, Chuck Kohák, Erazim Kononenko, Maksim Kotkin, Stephen Krame, Ghaleb Kristof, Nicholas Krugman, Paul Lacan, Jacques Lake, Eli Lasswell, Harold Law enforcement Lawlessness Lazarsfeld, Paul Learn from Lei Feng (game) Lebedev, Artemy Lessig, Lawrence Lewis, James Li Qiaoming Li Xiaolin Liberation by facts theory Liberation by gadgets theory LinkedIn Lippmann, Walter Literature Liu Xiaobo Liu Zhengrong LiveJournal The Lives of Others (film) Logic The Logic of Failure (Dörner) Lolcats Luna, Riccardo Lynch, Marc MacKinnon, Rebecca Madison, Elliot Malkin, Michelle Mandelson, Peter Manhattan Project Mao Zedong Marconi, Guglielmo Marcuse, Herbert Marketing Marketing Dictatorship: Propaganda and Thought Work in Contemporary China (Brady) Marvin, Simon Marx, Karl Marx, Leo Marxism Masnick, Mike Massage Milk McAffee computer security firm McConnell, Mike McLaughlin, Andrew McLuhan, Marshall McNamara, Robert Mearsheimer, John Medvedev, Dmitry Meet the Press Megaphone Memorial (Russian NGO) Messina, Chris “FactoryJoe,” Metzl, Jamie Mexico Meyen, Michael Microchip Immune Deficiency Syndrome (MIDS) Microsoft Middle class Middle East MIDS.

Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History
by Thomas Rid
Published 27 Jun 2016

He squeezed every last drop out of the corny Wild West comparison: “It is vast, unmapped, culturally and legally ambiguous, verbally terse . . . , hard to get around in, and up for grabs.”120 And it was time for action. In May 1990, just after returning from the rousing Austin conference, Barlow decided to establish the Electronic Frontier Foundation. He got crucial support from Mitch Kapor, a wealthy Silicon Valley entrepreneur. Their goal: “the extension of the Constitution into Cyberspace.”121 In the heady days of 1990, the frontier spirit was strong. A cyber gold rush was on. With Woodstock on their minds, Kelly and Brand from the Whole Earth Institute decided it was time for a similar type of mythical event.122 They called it Cyberthon.

…

W., 94 Jarrell, Randall, 15 Jefferson, Thomas, 277 Jefferson County Public Library (Lakewood, Colorado), 325–26, 329 Jewett, Frank, 25 Jewish folklore, 343 Jobs, Steve, 184, 188–89 Johns Hopkins University, 27 Johnson, Lyndon B., 104 Joint Chiefs of Staff, 306 Joint Staff, 303, 311–15 Joint Task Force for Computer Network Defense (JTF-CND), 322, 327–28, 333, 337–39 Josiah Macy Jr. Foundation, 56 joysticks, 15 JTF-CND, See Joint Task Force for Computer Network Defense Junger, Peter, 276 jungle warfare, 131–32 Junkers Ju 88 bomber, 16 Justice Department, US, 270, 327, 328 Kahn, Herman, 111–12 Kaiser Electronics, 204 Kapor, Mitch, 240 Karn, Phil, 276 Keegan, John, 10 Keizer, Gregg, 242, 243 Kelly, Kevin, 157, 165, 240, 262, 264, 267 Kennedy, Alison Bailey “Queen Mu,” 263 Kennedy, John F., 100, 131 key, 248 key distribution, 248 key escrow, 274, 275 Khrushchev, Nikita, 110 King, Martin Luther, 107 Kline, Nathan, 123–27 knights, 141 knowledge, cyberwar and, 303 Kocian, Dean, 202–3, 205 Koenig, Walter, 249 Kraus, Jürgen, 149–50 Kroft, Steve, 335–36 Kyl, John, 334 labor, cyborgs and, 153–54 “laboratory men,” 111–12 laboratory rats, 125–26 Lackey, Ryan, 287–91 Ladopoulos, Eli (Acid Phreak), 237, 239 land-based antiaircraft weapons, 29 Lanier, Jaron, 212–19, 221, 232, 243, 259 latency, 58–59 Law Enforcement Access Field (LEAF), 274, 275 Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, 329 learning, 57, 60, 172 learning machine, homeostat as, 62 Leary, Timothy and crypto anarchy, 292 and cyberspace, 221–25 and Cyberthon, 242 and personal computers, 187–89 and VR, 218–19 Lebkowsky, Jon, 193 Legion of Doom, 239 Lehr, Paul, 301 leisure, idleness vs., 107–8 Letters from America (BBC series), 93 level recorder, 23–24 Levy, Steven, 257, 262, 264 Leyland, Paul, 280 libertarianism, 258, 265, 267, 292 Licklider, J.

From Airline Reservations to Sonic the Hedgehog: A History of the Software Industry
by Martin Campbell-Kelly
Published 15 Jan 2003

By the fall of 1983, about 350,000 copies had been sold. Allowing Sorcim to take the CP/M spreadsheet market was a strategic blunder on the part of VisiCalc’s producers. Their failure to capture the market for IBM-compatible PCs was fatal. That market was taken by the Lotus Development Corporation, founded in 1982 by Mitch Kapor.27 Kapor, rather like Steve Jobs, was an entrepreneur with a taste for Eastern philosophy. He had studied psychology at Yale in the 1970s and had been employed as a disc jockey, as a transcendental-meditation teacher, and as a computer programmer. As a programmer, he had worked on data analysis software.

…

See also Advanced Information Systems Humphrey, Watts, 114 Hurd, Cuthbert C., 31 IBM Applied Science Division, 31 IBM computers AN/FSQ-7 (Q7), 38, 39, 41, 44 AS/400, 172, 197 Future System, 124 650, 33, 90, 91 701, 29–31 702, 33 704, 32–34 705, 33 1401, 41, 62, 90, 96–101, 115 3090, 177 7090, 44 9370, 177 PC, 206, 207, 214, 216, 224–227, 237–240, 253–256, 274 PC Jr., 224 System/3, 123, 132, 172 System/32, 136 System/360, 4, 72, 89–91, 94–96, 101, 102, 105, 114–116, 123, 124, 133, 142, 148, 150, 178, 182, 237, 304, 305 System/370, 142, 157 IBM Corporation, 6, 46, 48, 59, 62–65, 69, 70, 80, 82, 91, 95–98, 101, 108–118, 123, 125, 134, 136, 138, 143, 149–154, 167, 173–178, 182, 187–190, 195, 197, 232, 236–240, 250–252, 259 IBM Finance Program Exchange Directory, 99 IBM Hursley Laboratories, 150, 151 IBM Information Processing Services, 176 IBM Pointers, 30 IBM Program Applications Library, 96, 97 366 Index IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, 185–188 IBM software, 173–178 ’62 CFO, 97 AIX, 145 Assembler, 113 ATMS-III, 217 BOMP, 146 CICS, 113, 134, 149–152, 176, 266 CMS, 142 COMTRAN, 35, 36 DB2, 189 DL/1, 146 DOS, 142 Flowcharter, 113, 114 GIS, 113, 117 IBM Assistant Series, 226 IMS, 113, 146, 176, 177, 189 OS/2, 250–256, 265 OS/360, 94, 95, 111, 135, 142, 150, 176 PARS, 112 PC/IX, 242 SQL/DS, 189 System/R, 188, 189 Systems Application Architecture, 177, 178, 184 TopView, 249 IBM Technical Computing Bureau, 30, 31, 51, 52 IBM word processing systems, 203 IBM/Delta 9072 SABRE, 48 IBM/Pan American PANAMAC, 48 ICT 1301, 304 IDMS, 148, 184, 189 Illustra, 185, 188 Imlay, John, 24, 156 Imperial Chemical Industries Ltd., 193, 195 Information Management Sciences, 202, 209, 217 IMSAI 8080, 202, 206, 217, 220 InaComp, 209 India, 10, 310, 311 Infocom, 277 Infodata, 117 Infonet, 73, 84 Informatics, 6–8, 23, 57, 58, 64–66, 70, 71, 74, 79, 80, 84, 91, 96, 103–109, 115–118, 123, 126, 133, 145, 155, 168, 169, 180, 214, 221, 305 Mark IV, 6–8, 58, 80, 103–109, 115–118, 133, 145, 305 Information Builders, 256 Information Sciences, 126 Information Technology Association of America, 13, 17 Information Unlimited, 183 Informix, 169, 188, 307 Ingres, 156, 169, 188 INPUT, 13–17, 20–22, 26, 27, 132, 162 INQUIRE, 117 INSAC, 130 Institute for Numerical Analysis, 104 Insyte Corporation, 148 Integrated Software Systems, 182 Intel Corporation, 148, 201, 238–240 microprocessors, 204, 205, 238, 246, 249 Intellectual property issues, 98, 107, 108 Intellivision, 284 Interact, 244 Intergraph, 160, 244 International Computer Programs Inc., 25–27, 63, 99, 104, 162 ICP Business Software Review, 136 ICP Quarterly, 25, 99, 131, 133, 136, 139 International Computers Limited, 75, 78, 175 International Data Corporation, 13, 22, 26, 132 International Federation for Information Processing, 75, 114 International Reservation Corporation, 73 International Resource Development, 27, 132, 136 Internet, 11, 143, 162, 185, 231, 262, 272, 301, 308, 310 Intex, 307 Intuit, 261, 269, 294–299 Ireland, 80, 311 Index 367 Italy, 76, 175 ITT, 45, 46 Jacobs, John F., 67–69 Jacquard, 160 Japan, 10, 22, 86, 116, 166, 174, 273, 274, 280, 281, 300 Japanese videogame manufacturers, 284–288 Java, 11 J. D. Edwards, 172, 197 Jobs, Steve, 202, 216 Johnson, Franklin “Pitch,” 102 Johnson Systems, 182 Joint Computer Conference, 114 Jones, Fletcher, 33, 52, 53 JOVIAL, 46, 47 Kahn, Phillipe, 263 Kapor, Mitch, 216 Katch, David, 102 Kildall, Gary, 202, 206, 207, 217, 250, 264, 289, 290 Killer applications, 7, 212, 213, 285, 288, 291, 292 Kiplinger, 297 Knowledge Industry Publications, 27 Knowledge-Set, 289 Kolence, Ken, 102 Kriya Systems, 227 Kubie, Elmer, 24, 51, 52, 73 Kurtzig, Sandra, 24, 155 L systems, 5, 46, 74, 75 Laboratory for Electronics, 48, 49 Lanier, 160, 219, 254 Laser printer software, 236, 256, 261 Lautenberg, Frank, 62 Leading Edge Software, 219 LEASCO, 59 Lecht, Charles P., 58, 67, 69, 74 Legent, 168, 180, 185 Lesourne, J., 24 Lincoln Laboratory, 37, 39, 46, 67–69 Linear programming software, 112, 131 Linux, 11 Lockheed, 110 Logica, 77 London Airport Customs Entry System, 76 Look&Link, 253 Lotus Development Corporation, 8, 173, 180, 183, 210–212, 216, 228, 234, 236, 251–259, 263–265, 289, 305, 310 AmiPro, 259 1-2-3, 2, 7, 210–212, 216, 247, 252, 258, 289, 297, 306, 307 SmartSuite, 258 Symphony, 258 Lunar Lander, 272 Macintosh.

Super Pumped: The Battle for Uber
by Mike Isaac
Published 2 Sep 2019

The firm’s initial $11-million stake was now worth billions of dollars, easily one of the greatest venture capital investments in Silicon Valley history. Now, Benchmark’s Uber shares were in serious jeopardy. Every new negative press story chipped away at Uber’s valuation, which tarnished Bill Gurley’s incredible play, and meant less money in the end for shareholders. Some investors were turning on the company publicly. Mitch Kapor and his wife, Freada Kapor Klein, both early investors in Uber, had long been active in so-called “impact investing,” a socially conscious approach to capitalism. “We feel we have hit a dead end in trying to influence the company quietly from the inside.” the two wrote in a public blog post. “We are speaking out publicly, because we believe Uber’s investors and board will rightly be judged by their action or inaction.

…

Uber, 338–41 tries to rally shareholders, 301–2 Trump’s business advisory council and, 203, 204, 210–12, 221, 224, 254 Trump’s election and, 201–3 on Uber’s board, 79–80 at UCLA, 20–22 vision for Uber, 85 voting power of, 287 writes letter of apology to his employees, 265–66 Zimride and, 85–86 Kalanick, Travis Cordell, making of a founder, 16–25 Kamel, Fawzi, 237, 240, 308–10, 309n Kapor, Mitch, 284–85 Keitel, Harvey, 45 Kerry, John, 229 Khomeini, Ayatollah, 320 Khosrowshahi, Dara, 319–29, 331–34 Kim, Young Mi, 311n King, Gayle, 194 Klein, Freada Kapor, 284–85 Kleiner Perkins Caufield & Byers, 35, 38, 39, 40, 98, 184, 201 Klout, 93, 94 Knowles, Beyoncé, 7–8, 194 Kohlberg Kravis Roberts, 211 Kondaiah, M, 149 Kopelman, Josh, 293 Krafcik, John, 233 Krane, David, 98–101, 99n, 105–6, 283 Kuaidi Dache, 142 Kygo, 7 Lacy, Sarah, 119, 121, 128, 129–30, 150 Lake, Katrina, 285, 335 Larry King Live, 229 Lasky, Mitch, 294 Las Vegas, Nevada, 3, 4, 5–7, 8, 93, 113 Leathern, Rob, 28 Lehman Brothers, 132 Le Méridien hotel, 236 Levandowski, Anthony, 107–10, 180–85, 232–34, 233, 254–56, 260, 278, 333 Lin, Alfred, 92n LinkedIn, 74, 77, 117 Liu, Jean, 202, 258 Livefyre, 46 London, England, 84, 144 Los Angeles, California, 16–25, 84, 128, 144 Lowercase Capital, 288, 289, 293, 297–98 Lucini, Benedetta, 113–14 Lyft, 86n, 115, 132, 134, 137, 166, 177, 201, 211, 224, 248, 257–58 Kalanick’s attitude toward, 86–89, 119–20 Kalanick’s desire to merge with, 186–89 MacDonald, Andrew, 309 Maceo crime family, 66 Macintosh, 35, 37 Macromedia, 26 Maher, Bill, 229 Malaysia, 195 Mao Zedong, 201 Maris, Bill, 106 Martello, Wan-Ling, 276–77, 287 Match.com, 171–72 McCarran International Airport, 5 McCloskey, Melody, 49 McCue, Mike, 92n McKinsey, 132 Melbourne, Australia, 85 Menlo Ventures, 192, 288, 289, 297–98, 301–2 Merrill Lynch, 92, 332 Messina, Chris, 223 Metcalfe, Ben, 117 #MeToo movement, 241–42 Metropolitan Taxicab Commission, 117 Mexico, 172–74 Meza de la Cruz, Esteban, 173 Miami, Florida, 120 company-wide retreats in, 3, 4 Michael, Emil, 92n, 122, 143, 156–58, 162, 202, 226–27, 260, 262, 331, 337 celebrity recruitment and, 193–94, 227 firing of, 272–73 Michael, Emil (continued) gaffe at Waverly event, 127–29 Google and, 105–6 Gurley and, 125–26 Holzwarth and, 249–53 as Kalanick’s secret fundraising weapon, 92–99 Lyft and, 186 Michels, Oren, 193n Microsoft, 39, 69, 77, 115 Milan, Italy, 85, 113–14 Miller, Stephen, 207 MIT, 153 Modolo, Osvaldo Luis, Filho, 174 Mohrer, Josh, 84, 117–18, 130, 133–34, 156, 269 Morgan Stanley, 69 Motion Picture Association of America, 24, 28, 29 Mountain View, California, 105, 183 Mueller, Robert S., 168 Murdoch, Rupert, 295 Musk, Elon, 42, 54, 199 Napster, 21, 24 Nasdaq, 76 National Review, 229 NBC, 131 Nest, 98 Netscape, 35, 69, 69n Nevada, 110, 113 Nevada Department of Motor Vehicles, 182 New Delhi, India, 149–50, 150 News Corp, 295 New York, 113, 115 New York, New York, 84, 113, 126–28, 130, 144–45 popularity of Uber in, 83, 143 success in, 147 Uber offices in, 117–18, 134, 195 New Yorker magazine, 229, 241 New York magazine, 200 New York Police Department (NYPD), 145 New York Taxi Workers Alliance, 206, 208 New York Times, xvii, xix, 24, 55, 131, 199, 202, 332n, 339–40.

Physics of the Future: How Science Will Shape Human Destiny and Our Daily Lives by the Year 2100
by Michio Kaku
Published 15 Mar 2011

Kurzweil himself believes, “It’s not going to be an invasion of intelligent machines coming over the horizon. We’re going to merge with this technology …. We’re going to put these intelligent devices in our bodies and brains to make us live longer and healthier.” Any idea as controversial as the singularity is bound to unleash a backlash. Mitch Kapor, founder of Lotus Development Corporation, says that the singularity is “intelligent design for the IQ 140 people …. This proposition that we’re heading to this point at which everything is going to be just unimaginably different—it’s fundamentally, in my view, driven by a religious impulse. And all the frantic arm-waving can’t obscure that fact for me.”

…

Intellectual capitalism, 7.­1, 8.­1 commodity capitalism, transition from developing nations and, 7.­1, 7.­2 digital divide and global leadership in job market and modifications of traditional capitalism International Thermonuclear Experimental Reactor (ITER), 5.­1, 5.­2 Internet, itr.­1, itr.­2, itr.­3, 1.­1, 1.­2, 7.­1, 7.­2 economic development and as instrument of democracy privacy concerns Type I civilization and Internet glasses and contact lenses, 1.­1, 1.­2 Invisibility technology Islamic terrorists Job market, 7.­1, 7.­2 Johnson, Les Johnson, Thomas Joy, Bill Julius Caesar (Shakespeare) Jurassic Park (movie) Justice system Kanekiyo, Kansuke Kant, Immanuel Kapor, Mitch Kardashev, Nikolai Kasparov, Gary Kay, Kendrick Keller, Helen Kelley, Shana Kennedy, Paul Kepler Mission telescope, 6.­1, 8.­1 Khan, A.­ Q.­ KISMET robot Klein, Richard, 3.­1, 3.­2 Krauss, Michael E.­ Kuekes, Philip Kurzweil, Ray Lagrange points LAGR (learning applied to ground robots), 2.­1, 2.­2 Languages Lanza, Robert, 3.­1, 3.­2, 3.­3, 3.­4 Lapp, Ralph Laser enrichment of uranium Laser fusion, 5.­1, 5.­2 LaserMotive group Laser propulsion systems LCD displays LCROSS (lunar crater observation and sensing satellite) LeCun, Yann Lee Kuan Yew Leibniz, Gottfried Leno, Jay Leonardo da Vinci Lie detectors Life expectancy.

Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer
by Michael Swaine and Paul Freiberger
Published 19 Oct 2014

The industry has changed, but for one player the change had come much earlier, and he decided he didn’t want to be a part of it any longer. The Electronic Frontier At the height of his power and influence at Lotus Development Corporation, Mitch Kapor walked away from it all. Lotus had grown large very quickly. The first venture capital arrived in 1982, Lotus 1-2-3 shipped in January 1983, and that year the company made $53 million in sales. By early 1986 some 1,300 people were working for Lotus. Working for Mitch Kapor. The growth was out of control, and it was overwhelming. Rather than feeling empowered by success, Kapor felt trapped by it. It occurred to him that he didn’t really like big companies, even when he was the boss.

…

That’s what the company did. It was perfectly logical. Kapor didn’t really fault it as a business decision. But what satisfaction was there in dumbing down your company? * * * Figure 94. Mitch Kapor Kapor went from teaching transcendental meditation to founding one of the most successful companies in personal computing’s boom days to defending individual rights in the information age. (Courtesy of Mitch Kapor) Lotus just wasn’t fun anymore. So Kapor resigned. He walked out the door and never looked back. This act left him with a question: what now? After having helped launch a revolution, what should he do with the rest of his life?

…

Among others, we are grateful to the following individuals: Scott Adams, Todd Agulnick, David Ahl, Alice Ahlgren, Bob Albrecht, Paul Allen, Dennis Allison, Bill Anderson, Bill Baker, Steve Ballmer, Rob Barnaby, John Barry, Allen Baum, John Bell, Tim Berners-Lee, Tim Berry, Ray Borrill, Stewart Brand, Dan Bricklin, Keith Britton, David Bunnell, Nolan Bushnell, Maggie Canon, David Carlick, Douglas Carlston, Mark Chamberlain, Hal Chamberlin, Roger Chapman, Alan Cooper, Sue Cooper, Ben Cooper, John Craig, Andy Cunningham, Eddie Curry, Steve Dompier, John Draper, John Dvorak, Doug Engelbart, Chris Espinosa, Gordon Eubanks, Ed Faber, Federico Faggin, Lee Felsenstein, Bill Fernandez, Todd Fischer, Richard Frank, Bob Frankston, Paul Franson, Nancy Freitas, Don French, Gordon French, Howard Fulmer, Dan Fylstra, Mark Garetz, Harry Garland, Jean-Louis Gassee, Bill Gates, Bill Godbout, John Goodenough, Chuck Grant, Wayne Green, Dick Heiser, Carl Helmers, Kent Hensheid, Andy Hertzfeld, Ted Hoff, Thom Hogan, Rod Holt, Randy Hyde, Peter Jennings, Steve Jobs, Bill Joy, Philippe Kahn, Mitch Kapor, Vinod Khosla, Guy Kawasaki, Gary Kildall, Joe Killian, Dan Kottke, Barbara Krause, Tom Lafleur, Jaron Lanier, Phil Lemons, Phil Levine, Andrea Lewis, Bill Lohse, Mel Loveland, Scott Mace, Regis McKenna, Marla Markman, Mike Markkula, Bob Marsh, Patty McCracken, Dorothy McEwen, Patrick McGovern, Scott McNealy, Roger Melen, Seymour Merrin, Edward Metro, Vanessa Mickan, Jill Miller, Dick Miller, Michael Miller, Fred Moore, Gordon Moore, Lyall Morrill, George Morrow, Jeanne Morrow, Theodor Holm Nelson, Robert Noyce, Tom and Molly O’Neill, Terry Opdendyk, Adam Osborne, Chuck Peddle, Harvard Pennington, Joel Pitt, Fred “Chip” Poode, Frank and Susan Raab, Jeff Raikes, Janet Ramusack, Jef Raskin, Ed Roberts, Roy Robinson, Tom Rolander, Phil Roybal, Seymour Rubinstein, Sue Runfola, Chris Rutkowski, Paul Saffo, Art Salsberg, Wendell Sanders, Ed Sawicki, Joel Schwartz, John Sculley, Jon Shirley, John Shoch, Richard Shoup, Michael Shrayer, Bill Siler, Les Solomon, Deborah Stapleton, Alan Stein, Barney Stone, Don Tarbell, George Tate, Paul Terrell, Larry Tesler, Glenn Theodore, John Torode, Jack Tramiel, Bruce Van Natta, Jim Warren, Larry Weiss, Randy Wigginton, Margaret Wozniak, Steve Wozniak, Larry Yaeger, Greg Yob, and Pierluigi Zappacosta.

Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything
by Steven Levy
Published 2 Feb 1994

Early in the process, the evangelists visited a fledgling Cambridge, Massachusetts, software outfit called Lotus Development Corporation. They were unimpressed with its new product, a spreadsheet called 1-2-3 (though better than its predecessors, it still used obscure commands and codes, stuck in the pre-Macintosh mold of computing), yet Apple's evangelists liked Lotus's founder Mitch Kapor, who greeted them by saying, ''I'd sell my mother to get a Mac." Apple later gave him a prototype without that stipulation, and Lotus began working on an ambitious project for the Mac called Jazz. By the time the Mac launched, Lotus had become the world's biggest personal computer software company, having established 1-2-3 as the essential application for the IBM Pc.

…

Macintosh evangelist Guy Kawasaki came to realize that, with the exception of Microsoft, the key contributions to the still-languishing Mac software base would come not from already established companies but hungry start-ups excited by the possibilities of the friendly Mac interface. Apple was desperate for the Macintosh equivalent to VisiCalc, something so valuable that people would buy the computer solely to run it. It had high expectations for Lotus's product-after all, Lotus 1-2-3 had been the IBM PC's VisiCalc-but Lotus's Jazz turned out to be a dud. Mitch Kapor's charges had clumsily missed the point of Macintosh. In the Lotus view, Mac was a computer for beginners, for electronic dilettantes who still clung to a terror of technology. So Jazz was the equivalent of a grade school primer, an ensemble of crippled little applications that worked well together, but were only minimally useful.

…

I reactivated the potentially offending pieces of software, one by one, waiting until the problem reappeared. Finally, I thought the culprit was identified: a program called On Location that lived under the pull-down Apple menu on the left side of the screen. Published by ON Technology, a company founded by Mitch Kapor after he left Lotus, this was a searching program that could speedily riffle through all the files on a hard disk to find any given phrase or word. I called ON's customer support line and reached a technician who informed me that On Location was normally very sound. But a recent version of a popular program had caused some problems.

Dawn of the Code War: America's Battle Against Russia, China, and the Rising Global Cyber Threat
by John P. Carlin and Garrett M. Graff
Published 15 Oct 2018

The same year, 1996, that I worked at Freedom House, John Perry Barlow—a former lyricist for the Grateful Dead who been an early participant in the web—authored and posted online a “Declaration of the Independence of Cyberspace,” writing, “Governments of the Industrial World, you weary giants of flesh and steel, I come from Cyberspace, the new home of Mind. On behalf of the future, I ask you of the past to leave us alone. You are not welcome among us. You have no sovereignty where we gather.” Barlow—who with two like-minded digital pioneers, John Gilmore and Mitch Kapor, founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation—believed that the virtual worlds of cyberspace existed beyond the reach of any pedestrian earthly government. “Cyberspace does not lie within your borders,” he wrote. “I declare the global social space we are building to be naturally independent of the tyrannies you seek to impose on us.

…

See also Quds Force Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL), 1, 3, 5, 13, 23, 47, 57; branding, 15–16; Ferizi and, 27–29; hackers working for, 19; Hussain recruitment efforts for, 19–21; meeting with corporate representatives about, 373; motto, 15; online sympathizers, 372; propaganda arm, 14; shifts in tactics, 17–18; Twitter and, 371–372; utopian world promoted by, 15; videos produced by, 14–17 ITC, 195–196 ITSecTeam, 229, 230 ItsOKNoProblemBro DDoS toolkit, 225 Ivanov, Alexey, 281 Jabber Zeus, 285–286, 288–291 Javaphile, 110, 166 Jiang Zemin, 149 Jiao Tong, 183 Jo Myung-lae, 320 Jobs, Steve, 33, 79 Joffe, Rodney, 159 Johnson, Jeh, 367, 385 Joint Task Force-Computer Network Defense, 106 Joint Terrorism Task Force, 137 Jokra Trojan, 321 Jones, Sarah, 3 Joyce, Rob, 46, 50, 364, 387, 394 Joyce, Sean, 251 JPMorgan Chase, 38, 223, 349 Justice Department, 1, 4, 12, 47–48; antitrust guidance on threat information, 177; computer and telecommunications coordinators, 98; cybersecurity authority, 175–176; cybersecurity messages, 63; cybersecurity specialist development, 199–201; cybersecurity training program, 201; FBI relationship with, 172; hackers charged by, 62–63; hiring by, 73; intelligence and law enforcement division in, 126; ISIL in threat briefings at, 13; Morris Worm and, 93–94; Mueller career in, 136; terrorism authority, 176n. See also National Security Division; specific sections and offices JWICS, 160n Kahn, Robert, 84 Kamalian, Behrouz, 230 Kaminski, Pavel, 121 Kaplan, Fred, 160 Kapor, Mitch, 72 Kaspersky, 322 Keissar, Sina, 230 Kelihos botnet, 293–294, 299n Keller, Jared, 375 Kerr, Orin, 75–76 Kerry, John, 233, 373 keyloggers, 358 Keypoint Government Solutions, 359 KGB, hackers used by, 281 Khaker (magazine), 280, 302 Khamenei, Ali (Ayatollah), 234 Khan, Samir, 10 KHS.

Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days
by Jessica Livingston
Published 14 Aug 2008

Thanks to Gary Cornell for being willing to do a different kind of book, and to the Apress team for working on a different kind of book. I’d like to thank many people for their willingness to make introductions: Jim Baum, Patrick Chung, Mark Coker, Jay Corscadden, Rael Dornfest, Jed Dorsheimer, Randy Farmer, Steve Frankel, Anand Gohel, Laurie Glass, James Hong, Mitch Kapor, Morgan Ley, Mike Palmer, Tom Palmer, Bryan Pearce, Andrew Pojani, Will Price, Ryan Singel, Langley Steinert, Chris Sacca, and Zak Stone. Thanks to Kate Courteau for creating cozy offices for me to work in; Lesley Hathaway for all her advice and support; Alaina and David Sloo for their many introductions; and Sam Altman, Paul Buchheit, Lynn Harris, Marc Hedlund, and Aaron Swartz, who read early chapters of the book.

…

One of the pioneers of the Internet, David Reed, worked for us. He would have worked at CompuServe instead of at Lotus, because it ended up, when things went down, Lotus bought us out. Thank you very much, Lotus! It was the right thing for them to do, business-wise. But also it was the right thing for them to do, and Mitch [Kapor] was very good about that, to save us from bankruptcy. It was just a few million bucks to take us out of our misery, to pay off our loans. But we weren’t able to run the business. It killed the deal; we weren’t able to sell the business while we were in a lawsuit. VisiCorp was in bad shape. Their legal fees were running about the losses they had every month.

…

It wasn’t until the third bank—we finally got one—that we did it with no personal guarantees. Livingston: How did Lotus end up buying you? Bricklin: At the last minute, when the company was about to go under, we found some people who were willing to buy the company, but they wanted me to spend a year working for them, and I was not happy about this at all. I ran into Mitch Kapor on an airplane, and we talked. That’s Monday. Friday night, Lotus bought our company—they bought the assets of the company. So finally we sold the company, and I’m out, with no strings attached. That was great. And 88 Founders at Work then we have to finally sell off all our stuff, because they did an asset deal.

Howard Rheingold
by The Virtual Community Homesteading on the Electronic Frontier-Perseus Books (1993)
Published 26 Apr 2012

One such element was the subculture that had been created by a cultural upheaval ten years after the counterculture era--the personal computer (PC) revolution. 26-04-2012 21:42 howard rheingold's | the virtual community 11 de 27 http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/2.html "The personal computer revolutionaries were the counterculture," Brand reminded me when I asked him about the WELL's early cultural amalgam. Apple cofounder Steve Jobs had traveled to India in search of enlightenment; Lotus 1-2-3 designer and founder Mitch Kapor had been a transcendental meditation teacher. They were five to ten years younger than the hippies, but they came out of the zeitgeist of the 1960s, and embraced many of the ideas of personal liberation and iconoclasm championed by their slightly older brothers and sisters. The PC was to many of them a talisman of a new kind of war of liberation: when he hired him from Pepsi, Steve Jobs challenged John Sculley, "Do you want to sell sugared water to adolescents, or do you want to change the world?"

…

"The best way for Japan and other nations of the world to deal with the information age is to co-emulate other's civilizational components that each lacks and that seem to cope with the demands of this new phase of modernization," Aizu and Kumon wrote--which explains why I was invited to Oita in 1990, and why Barlow, Johansen, and 26-04-2012 21:45 howard rheingold's | the virtual community 17 de 25 http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/7.html Johnson-Lenz were invited to join me there in 1993. Recent efforts to put this cultural co-emulation theory to the test have led to meetings between Kumon's GLOCOM Institute and Mitch Kapor of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, to Izumi Aizu's continuing presence on the WELL, to GLOCOM jumping the political hurdles to become an Internet site, and to a stream of young Japanese CMC enthusiasts who make sure to visit those of us in the United States whom they met when we were their guests in Japan.

…

And most of the WELL population understood the difference between a kid out for a joyride on his modem and more serious cases of electronic thieves 26-04-2012 21:46 howard rheingold's | the virtual community 12 de 36 http://www.rheingold.com/vc/book/9.html or vandals. Then Harper's magazine offered WELL management a social experiment they couldn't refuse. The magazine's editors had invited John P. Barlow, Mitch Kapor, Cliff Stoll (author of The Cuckoo's Egg, a best-seller about the successful hunt for a KGB-sponsored ring of German hackers), Stewart Brand, Kevin Kelly (one of the founders of the WELL), Dave Hughes, and a number of other cyberspace debaters from the WELL and beyond to meet in a private conference on the WELL with several of the young fellows who hack into other people's computer systems.

The Seventh Sense: Power, Fortune, and Survival in the Age of Networks
by Joshua Cooper Ramo
Published 16 May 2016

Civilization, when Hillis began his work on the clock, had been around about that long already. We were, as he pictured it, at a midpoint on that twenty-thousand-year stretch of time. Hillis and the group of tinkerers, thinkers, and engineers who had backed the clock—people such as Amazon’s Jeff Bezos, spreadsheet inventor Mitch Kapor, and investor Esther Dyson—were planning on a project that would endure as close to eternity as they felt reasonable. The Clock of the Long Now, they called it. I remember pulling into Danny’s driveway in Encino one afternoon as he prepared to depart for the backcountry and being struck by the contrast between the lovely, inoffensive suburban blandness of Southern California and the tools he was taking with him to make an assault not merely on a mountain but on a whole conception of time.

…

He was waving the credentials of a man who had been living in the virtual cyber-neighborhood of Web connections from its very first days. He is as close to a native of the connected, fiber-optic, light-speed world as you can find. All the names supporting the clock smelled similarly of burning electrons: Jeff Bezos had built Amazon into a high-speed marketplace whose backbone is the Web itself. Another backer, Mitch Kapor, had cracked apart several centuries of slow accounting habits when, in 1983, he created Lotus 1-2-3, the first successful computer spreadsheet program. It helped executives to see and change their whole business one keystroke at a time—which they promptly did. Kapor’s software had been instrumental in moving finance to a really instant-by-instant sort of business—more or less the opposite of the “long time frame” the clock team was aiming to preserve.

…

They would use technology to manipulate our voting, our opinions, and our passions—just as they might coldly manipulate our options for a new liver or news or financial security. “One of the main reasons most computer software is so abysmal is that it’s not designed at all, but merely engineered,” the programmer and entrepreneur Mitch Kapor has written. “Implementers often place more emphasis on a program’s internal construction than on its external design.” This black-box temperament, the sense of efficacy as a final value for code, for internal design, for closed control, is a dangerous fit for the human business of freedom and politics.

Content: Selected Essays on Technology, Creativity, Copyright, and the Future of the Future
by Cory Doctorow
Published 15 Sep 2008

(Originally published as "How Big Media's Copyright Campaigns Threaten Internet Free Expression," InformationWeek, November 5, 2007) Giving it Away (Originally published on Forbes.com, December 2006) Science Fiction is the Only Literature People Care Enough About to Steal on the Internet (Originally published in Locus Magazine, July 2006) How Copyright Broke (Originally published in Locus Magazine, September, 2006) In Praise of Fanfic (Originally published in Locus Magazine, May 2007) Metacrap: Putting the torch to seven straw-men of the meta-utopia (Self-published, 26 August 2001) Amish for QWERTY (Originally published on the O'Reilly Network, 07/09/2003, http://www.oreillynet.com/pub/a/wireless/2003/07/09/amish qwerty.html) Ebooks: Neither E, Nor Books (Paper for the O'Reilly Emerging Technologies Conference, San Diego, February 12, 2004) Free(konomic) E-books (Originally published in Locus Magazine, September 2007) The Progressive Apocalypse and Other Futurismic Delights (Originally published in Locus Magazine, July 2007) When the Singularity is More Than a Literary Device: An Interview with Futurist-Inventor Ray Kurzweil (Originally published in Asimov's Science Fiction Magazine, June 2005) Wikipedia: a genuine Hitchhikers' Guide to the Galaxy — minus the editors (Originally published in The Anthology at the End of the Universe, April 2005) Warhol is Turning in His Grave (Originally published in The Guardian, November 13, 2007) The Future of Ignoring Things (Originally published on InformationWeek's Internet Evolution, October 3, 2007) Facebook's Faceplant (Originally published as "How Your Creepy Ex-Co-Workers Will Kill Facebook," in InformationWeek, November 26, 2007) The Future of Internet Immune Systems (Originally published on InformationWeek's Internet Evolution, November 19, 2007) All Complex Ecosystems Have Parasites (Paper delivered at the O'Reilly Emerging Technology Conference, San Diego, California, 16 March 2005) READ CAREFULLY (Originally published as "Shrinkwrap Licenses: An Epidemic Of Lawsuits Waiting To Happen" in InformationWeek, February 3, 2007) World of Democracycraft (Originally published as "Why Online Games Are Dictatorships," InformationWeek, April 16, 2007) Snitchtown (Originally published in Forbes.com, June 2007) Dedication For the founders of the Electronic Frontier Foundation: John Perry Barlow, Mitch Kapor and John Gilmore For the staff — past and present — of the Electronic Frontier Foundation For the supporters of the Electronic Frontier Foundation Introduction by John Perry Barlow San Francisco - Seattle - Vancouver - San Francisco Tuesday, April 1, 2008 "Content," huh? Ha!

…

There would be increasingly little free speech or any consequence, since free speech is not something anyone can own. Fortunately there were countervailing forces of all sorts, beginning with the wise folks who designed the Internet in the first place. Then there was something called the Electronic Frontier Foundation which I co-founded, along with Mitch Kapor and John Gilmore, back in 1990. Dedicated to the free exchange of useful information in cyberspace, it seemed at times that I had been right in suggesting then that practically every institution of the Industrial Period would try to crush, or at least own, the Internet. That's a lot of lawyers to have stacked against your cause.

The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
by Walter Isaacson
Published 6 Oct 2014

“I didn’t like the idea of Blogger being lost in the dotcom crash,” Bricklin said.75 After reading Williams’s forlorn post, he sent an email asking if there was anything he could do to help. They agreed to meet when Bricklin, who lived in Boston, came to an O’Reilly conference in San Francisco. Over sushi at a nearby restaurant, Bricklin told the tale of how, years earlier, when his own company was foundering, he had run into Mitch Kapor of Lotus. Though competitors, they shared a collaborative hacker ethic, so Kapor offered a deal that helped Bricklin stay personally solvent. Bricklin went on to found a company, Trellix, that made its own website publishing system. Paying forward Kapor’s band-of-hackers helpfulness to a semicompetitor, Bricklin worked out a deal for Trellix to license Blogger’s software for $40,000, thus keeping it alive.

…

, ref1, ref2 Jerry and David’s Guide to the Web, ref1 Jobs, Steve, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9n, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14, ref15, ref16, ref17, ref18, ref19, ref20, ref21, ref22, ref23, ref24, ref25, ref26, ref27, ref28 Apple partnership share of, ref1 Atari job of, ref1, ref2 audaciousness celebrated by, ref1 bitmapping praised by, ref1 Breakout work of, ref1, ref2 circuitboard sales plan of, ref1 creativity of, ref1 Gates’s dispute with, ref1 IBM PC studied by, ref1 ousted from Apple, ref1, ref2 paranoia of, ref1 personal computer idea of, ref1 Pixar headquarters designed by, ref1 Johnson, Clifton, ref1 Johnson, Edward “Ned,” III, ref1n Johnson, Lyndon, ref1 Johnson, Steven, ref1 junction transistor, ref1 patent for, ref1 Justin’s Links from the Underground, ref1 J. Walter Thompson advertising, ref1 Kahn, Robert, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Internet created by, ref1 Kapor, Mitch, ref1 Kasparov, Garry, ref1, ref2 Kay, Alan, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Dynabook proposed by, ref1, ref2 personal computers foreseen by, ref1, ref2, ref3 recruited to PARC, ref1 Kay, Michael, ref1 Kaypro, ref1 Kelly, John E., III, ref1, ref2 Kelly, Mervin, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Kelvin, Lord, ref1 Kennedy, John F., ref1, ref2 Kennedy, Robert, ref1 Kennedy, Ted, ref1 Kern County Land Co., ref1 Kesey, Ken, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Kilburn, Thomas, ref1 Kilby, Jack, ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 calculator development and, ref1, ref2 Nobel Prize won by, ref1, ref2 resistor desinged by, ref1, ref2 solid circuit of, ref1 Kilby v.

Masters of Deception: The Gang That Ruled Cyberspace
by Michelle Slatalla and Joshua Quittner
Published 15 Jan 1995

As he would later write about FBI agent Baxter, in a groundbreaking manifesto he called "Crime and Puzzlement": I... found in his straggles a framework for understanding a series of recent Secret Service raids on some young hackers I'd met in a Harper's magazine forum on computers and freedom. And it occurred to me that this might be the beginning of a great paroxysm of governmental confusion during which everyone's liberties would become at risk. Barlow posted his writings on the WELL, where they were read by Lotus 1-2-3 creator and zen millionaire Mitch Kapor. Kapor, who lives in Boston, was struck by Barlow's description of the FBI agent's visit to the ranch because Kapor coincidentally had been visited by an East Coast version of Agent Baxter. Kapor was also unnerved at the direction the world seemed to be taking. Obsessive about computers himself in his youth Kapor had driven from Boston to New Hampshire to avoid the sales tax that stood between him and his first Apple II Kapor empathized with the plight of Phiber Optik, Acid Phreak, and Scorpion.

…

And do you want to talk about intent? Do you want to make the argument that these were just poor scientists, and the world was their laboratory? Then try explaining Julio and John taking money from Morty. Try explaining that phone call where Julio said to Mark, "I would, like, crash everything. " The facts trouble Mitch Kapor and John Perry Barlow, whose Electronic Frontier Foundation has been monitoring the progression of the MOD boys' case since the very beginning. They wonder whether the government has taken to picking on defenseless teenagers. One day in 1992, the EFF's staff lawyer (yes, there's a staff now, and an office in Cambridge) comes to New York City to investigate.

The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
by Lawrence Lessig
Published 14 Jul 2001

Central Park is free in the sense I mean; it gives value to the city that it centers. A jazz musician draws freely upon the chord sequence of a popular song to create a new improvisation, which, if popular, will itself be used by others. Scientists plotting an orbit of a spacecraft draw freely upon the equations developed by Kepler and Newton and modified by Einstein. Inventor Mitch Kapor drew freely upon the idea of a spreadsheet—VisiCalc—to build the first killer application for the IBM PC—Lotus 1-2-3. In all of these cases, the availability of a resource that remains outside the exclusive control of someone else—whether a government or a private individual—has been central to progress in science and the arts.

…

And how the Internet was designed intimately affected the freedoms and controls that it has enabled. The code of cyberspace—its architecture and the software and hardware that implement that architecture—regulates life in cyberspace generally. Its code is its law. Or, in the words of Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF) cofounder Mitch Kapor, “Architecture is politics.”33 To the extent that people have thought about Kapor's slogan, they've done so in the context of individual rights and network architecture. Most think about how “architecture” or “software” or, more simply, “code” enables or restricts the things we think of as human rights—speech, or privacy, or the rights of access.

…

.: National Academy Press, 2000), 30. 31 Telephone interview with David P. Reed (February 7, 2001), who contributed to the early design of the Internet protocols—TCP/IP—while a graduate student at MIT. 32 As I describe in this paragraph, the importance of architecture to the character of the Internet was a theme of the early activism of Mitch Kapor. But the author who first focused the importance of architecture on the issues I describe in this book is Kevin Wer-bach. As Werbach wrote in Release 1.0: Architecture matters. For the most part, today's Net is open, decentralized and competitive. It fosters innovation because it is a standards-based general-purpose platform. . . .

Whole Earth: The Many Lives of Stewart Brand
by John Markoff
Published 22 Mar 2022

On their return, they stopped at Spencer Hot Springs, one of Brand’s old haunts, where they coincidentally shared a plunge with several dozen Burning Man veterans. Afterward, Brand wrote that they had “Found The Place.” The next year they bought the abandoned property they had discovered on their expedition. Jay Walker; Bill Joy, a cofounder of Sun Microsystems; and Mitch Kapor donated the money to buy 180 acres of virtually inaccessible mining land suitably populated with bristlecone pines. Safra’s contribution would be used to fund the first clock prototype and Myhrvold would underwrite a second model, a development project that would take until 2005. Ultimately, it would be Jeff Bezos who would offer the Long Now project the financial wherewithal to create a full-scale model of the clock.

…

That in turn brought in the lawyers, who pointed out that if the nonprofit Long Now Foundation became a bookie by taking a cut on the bets, the Internal Revenue Service would certainly frown on the idea. Eventually, Long Bets found its way around the legality issue by establishing a philanthropic fund to disburse the winnings. Despite its shortcomings, the project was launched after Jeff Bezos became its first backer. Mitch Kapor and Ray Kurzweil (a high-profile inventor who gained increasing recognition for his belief in the inevitability of the singularity) placed the first bet over the question of when a computer program would successfully pass the Turing test, an idea first proposed by the English mathematician Alan Turing to determine whether a computer could be programmed to exhibit such humanlike intelligence that an observer would be unable to distinguish its answers from those of an actual person.

…

He would begin with the old money families he knew well: “Richard Rockefeller and his sister Peggy, William Randolph Hearst III, Juan Enriquez, Jacob Safra, Richard Thierot, Nion McEvoy, Nicholas Negroponte, possibly the Duchess of Devonshire . . .” To that list he added his “new-money friends”: “Sir Richard Branson, Jeff & Mackenzie Bezos, Pierre and Pam Omidyar, Mitch Kapor, Nathan Myhrvold, Susie Tomkins Buell, Garrett Gruener, Sergey Brin, Larry Page, John Doerr, Steve Jobs.” In justifying his proposal, he noted that in 1982 he had decided that the world headed where the rich led it, and if they failed to lead, it went nowhere. In response he had run several seminars on Creative Philanthropy, trying to help a group—described as “Doughnuts”—of largely unhappy heirs to do something useful with their fortunes.

The End of Big: How the Internet Makes David the New Goliath
by Nicco Mele
Published 14 Apr 2013

When I asked people who participated how and why this happened, the overwhelming point of view was that legislators and regulators in Washington, D.C., simply weren’t paying attention. They didn’t understand the Internet’s power; it had no place in their landscape of power, and no familiar analogue existed that would make it easy to grasp. Mitch Kapor noted in an April 2012 interview, “Nobody in Washington DC took [the Internet] seriously, so it was allowed to happen. By the time anybody noticed, it had already won.”23 In effect, the Internet was released into the wild in a strong pro-business climate pushed by conservatives who wanted one big institution—government—to get out of free markets.

…

Noam Chomsky and others have argued that the United States has a long-standing tradition of using the Pentagon as a cover for massive government investment in strategically important industries. Calling something a defense expenditure makes it much more less vulnerable to political attack. 23. Mitch Kapor may not be a household name—but he should be. Many of you may remember Mitch alongside Steve Jobs and Bill Gates as one of the legends of the personal computer. He founded Lotus Development Corporation, an early software company, and pioneered applications for spreadsheets and graphics. He has gone on to have a leading role in a number of other important organizations, including as a cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation. 24. https://projects.eff.org/~barlow/Declaration-Final.html 25. http://www.vanityfair.com/culture/features/2008/07/internet200807 26.

Super Founders: What Data Reveals About Billion-Dollar Startups
by Ali Tamaseb
Published 14 Sep 2021

More than just selling companies, Super Founders share a bent toward building things and putting their backs into their ideas. Camp and Kalanick were both Super Founders. Before Uber, Camp founded StumbleUpon, the first web-discovery platform. It enabled users to find new web content with a single click and quickly attracted angel investors, including Brad O’Neill, Tim Ferriss, Ram Shriram, Ron Conway, and Mitch Kapor, along with venture capital firms like First Round Capital. Eventually, eBay acquired the company for $75 million. Camp stayed on as CEO after the acquisition and in 2009 bought the company back with some investors. Kalanick, who studied computer engineering and business economics at UCLA, dropped out in his senior year to work on Scour, a peer-to-peer content-sharing service that he founded with five other students.

…

Dozens of VCs and angel investors passed on the opportunity, citing the small market size—no one saw the ability to replace taxis, let alone expand that market, even though it seems obvious now—and the anticipated legal fight with city officials over taxi licenses, which seemed like a massive risk. Moreover, neither of the two founders had yet committed to working full-time; they had brought in a CEO to run the company. First Round Capital gave Uber its seed round on a valuation of $4 million, along with angel investors including Mitch Kapor, Cyan and Scott Banister, Chris Sacca, and Jason Calacanis. HOW LONG DID IT TAKE? Next we will look at how long it took for these companies to become unicorns. Based on my data, it took anywhere from one or two years from the first funding round (e.g., Allogene) to twelve years or more. The average is about five years.

After the Gig: How the Sharing Economy Got Hijacked and How to Win It Back
by Juliet Schor , William Attwood-Charles and Mehmet Cansoy
Published 15 Mar 2020

But the combination of technophilia and their long-standing critique of the state led cyberutopians into the neoliberal camp. These contradictions can be seen in the personal biographies of leading figures, such as Mitch Kapor, an early open-source advocate and cofounder of the Electronic Freedom Foundation. By the 2000s, Kapor was one of the original investors in Uber. 17. Turner (2006, 230). He also discusses the 1996 Telecom Act. 18. The Bay Area is the original location for most early sharing platforms. Individuals we have identified as connectors are Mitch Kapor, a cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation and Mozilla, and Freada Klein Kapor, both key cyberculture figures who were also early Uber investors. 19.

Ask Your Developer: How to Harness the Power of Software Developers and Win in the 21st Century
by Jeff Lawson
Published 12 Jan 2021

In the 1980s and ’90s, software development products were wrought with failure. Even at great software companies, the spiraling complexity, changing requirements, and large time scales of these projects doomed them. These challenges plagued organizations big and small, from startups to large enterprises. For example, accomplished software entrepreneur Mitch Kapor, who founded Lotus Development Corporation, which created Lotus 1-2-3 and Lotus Notes in the 1980s, funded an ambitious project in 2002, to build a next-generation collaboration software called Project Chandler. Six years later, after failing to deliver a product that remotely addressed the initial goals, the project was finally shut down.

…

And thank you to Rick Dalzell for your guidance in building the Twilio R&D organization, and for being a fantastic board member. To Marc Benioff, thank you for instilling in me the greater sense of purpose that companies should carry, and for showing me that we can build great companies while strengthening our community and society around us. Mitch Kapor and Freada Kapor-Klein, thank you for investing in Twilio so early on, but more important, for helping me make diversity and inclusion key pillars of Twilio’s culture. To Albert Wenger, thank you for teaching me the practice of long-term thinking, and the value of maximizing future optionality.

Rule of the Robots: How Artificial Intelligence Will Transform Everything
by Martin Ford
Published 13 Sep 2021

The conversation had lasted a mere five minutes, and virtually no one in the field of artificial intelligence took the claim seriously. Kurzweil nonetheless believes that a much more robust version of the test would indeed be a powerful indicator of true machine intelligence. In 2002, Kurzweil entered into a formal $20,000 bet with the software entrepreneur Mitch Kapor. The bet specifies a complex set of rules that include a three-judge panel and four contestants: the AI-powered chatbot along with three human foils.32 The bet will be decided in Kurzweil’s favor only if, by the end of the year 2029, a majority of the judges believe the AI system to be human after engaging in a two-hour, one-on-one conversation with each of the contestants.

…

Ford, Interview with David Ferrucci, in Architects of Intelligence, p. 414. 29. Ray Kurzweil, The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology, Penguin Books, 2005. 30. Ray Kurzweil, How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed, Penguin Books, 2012. 31. Ford, Interview with Ray Kurzweil, in Architects of Intelligence, pp. 230–231. 32. Mitch Kapor and Ray Kurzweil, “A wager on the Turing test: The rules,” Kurzweil AI Blog, April 9, 2002, www.kurzweilai.net/a-wager-on-the-turing-test-the-rules. 33. Sean Levinson, “A Google executive is taking 100 pills a day so he can live forever,” Elite Daily, April 15, 2015, www.elitedaily.com/news/world/google-executive-taking-pills-live-forever/1001270. 34.

Computer: A History of the Information Machine
by Martin Campbell-Kelly and Nathan Ensmenger
Published 29 Jul 2013

VisiCorp was effectively wiped out by the arrival of a competing product, Lotus 1-2-3. To create a software hit, one needed access either to big sources of venture capital or to a healthy revenue stream from an existing successful product. The story of the Lotus Development Corporation, which was formed by a thirty-two-year-old entrepreneur, Mitch Kapor, in 1982, illustrates the financial barriers that had to be overcome to establish a successful start-up in computer software. Kapor was a charismatic freelance software developer who had produced a couple of successful packages in 1979 for VisiCorp. He had originally received a royalty on sales from VisiCorp but decided to sell all the rights to his packages to the company for a single payment of $1.7 million.

…

POLITICS OF THE INTERNET As usage of the Internet greatly broadened with the advent of the World Wide Web, many journalists, politicians, and others have presented it as a transformative technology of freedom and democracy. Organizations such as the Electronic Frontier Foundation, formed in 1990 by Lotus Development founder Mitch Kapor and Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow, have emerged to defend individual Internet rights—with some such advocates from the political left and many others from the libertarian right. The broadening participation in user-created web content—the defining characteristic of Web 2.0—and the newfound mobile computing of smartphones not only fuel such framings of the Internet but also highlight it as a democratizing tool to help battle authoritarian regimes.

…

Technology and Culture 27, no. 1: 63–95. Parker, William N., ed. 1986. Economic History and the Modern Economist. Oxford: Basil Blackwell. Parkhill, D. F. 1966. The Challenge of the Computer Utility. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley. Petre, Peter. 1985. “The Man Who Keeps the Bloom on Lotus” (profile of Mitch Kapor). Fortune, 10 June, pp. 92–100. Plugge, W. R., and M. N. Perry. 1961. “American Airlines’ ‘SABRE’ Electronic Reservations System.” Proceedings of the AFIPS 1961 Western Joint Computer Conference (pp. 592–601). Washington, DC: Spartan Books. Poole, Steven. 2000. Trigger Happy: The Inner Life of Videogames.

Revolution in the Valley: The Insanely Great Story of How the Mac Was Made
by Andy Hertzfeld
Published 19 Nov 2011

“We don’t have any special hardware for it!” I blurted out, probably with a proud sneer in my voice. “In fact...” I was about to mention that we got it running on an Apple II, which had one-tenth the processing horsepower of a Macintosh, when Steve guessed what I was about to say. Bill Gates, Mitch Kapor, and Fred Gibbons: early third-party developers “Shut up!” he yelled as loud as he could, looking directly at me. He yelled it again, possibly trying to drown me out in case I kept on going. But I understood what he wanted and changed what I was going to say. “In fact, doing it in software is better anyway,” I concluded.

…

A special thanks is due to my editor, Allen Noren, who shepherded this novice author through the publishing process. Finally, I’d like to thank my wife, Joyce McClure, for reminding me in May 2003 that I wanted to pursue my Folklore project. I’d also like to thank my earliest readers, who provided me with crucial advice and encouragement: Andrew Francis, Mitch Kapor, Chao Lam, Scott Rosenberg, and Nikolas Tanaka. Photo Credits Cover: The Mac team. Photo by Norman Seeff, courtesy of Apple Computer, Inc. Flap: Andy Hertzfeld. ©Elisabeth Fall 5: Andy Hertzfeld, Burrell Smith, and Brian Howard. Courtesy of San Francisco Examiner Photograher Paul Glines 15: NERF BALL®. © 2004 Hasbro, Inc.

Alpha Girls: The Women Upstarts Who Took on Silicon Valley's Male Culture and Made the Deals of a Lifetime
by Julian Guthrie
Published 15 Nov 2019

Brin and Page, who had met as PhD students in the computer science department at Stanford a few years before, had reportedly come up with an improved way to search the Web. The field was crowded with search companies, including Excite, Yahoo!, WebCrawler, Lycos, Ask Jeeves, and Alta Vista. But what had caught the attention of Accel partners Mitch Kapor and Jim Breyer were the well-placed endorsements of Google search by its early adopters, the engineers and software developers. “This thing Google is better than anything else,” Kapor and Breyer were told. “This is all we’re using.” Google was growing fast—getting more than ten thousand searches a day.

…

The second floor also served as Accel’s “incubator,” where a handful of promising entrepreneurs were given free office space to hatch or develop new business ideas. The third- and fourth-floor offices were for venture partners and general partners, including Jim Breyer, Peter Wagner, Bud Colligan, Bruce Golden, and Mitch Kapor. Co-founders Arthur Patterson and Jim Swartz had offices on the fourth floor, where all the major deals took place. There the carpets and walls were white, the wood was a whitish blond, doors were of glass, paintings were modernist washes of color, and the tables were white marble. Theresia, thirty-one, did her best to engage Brin and Page, who were five years younger, by talking about Stanford, start-ups, and Accel, founded in 1983 by Patterson and Swartz.

The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War
by Norman Stone
Published 15 Feb 2010

Another genius who failed to complete his university course (Harvard) was William Gates, who started a small company in 1975 and bought a computer operating system for $50,000; it became Microsoft Disk Operating System, MS-DOS. In 1986 Microsoft raised over $60m by going public, and by 1990 it had thrown Apple and IBM into a defensive alliance: but Windows software had become so popular that a new version, DOS 5.0, sold a million copies in a month. There were other examples - Mitch Kapor, a former disk jockey and instructor in transcendental meditation (Lotus 1-2-3 in 1983, sales of nearly $700 million in 1990); Philippe Kahn, who came to Silicon Valley in 1983, used a clever ruse to persuade a trade magazine to accept an advertisement on credit, raised $150,000 of sales thereby, and set up Borland International, which, in 1991, was the third-largest supplier of personal computer software.

…

.: background and character and Brezhnev and China economic policy election as President Great Society on Kennedy reputation as Roosevelt’s manager use of Supreme Court Vice-President and Vietnam withdraws from re-election campaign Joliot-Curie, Irène Jones, Aubrey Jones, Jack Jones, Therese Jordan Joseph, Keith, Baron Juglar, Clement June Days uprising (1848) ‘junk bonds’ Kabul Kádár, János Kafka, Franz, Amerika Kahn, Philippe Kaldor, Nicholas, Baron Kaluga Kamchatka Kandahar Kang Sheng Kania, Stanisław Kapitsa, Piotr Kaplan, Karel Kapor, Mitch Karabük steel plant Karaganda Karajan, Herbert von Karasar, Hasan Ali Karmal, Babrak Karman, Tibor Karpacky, Kornel Kashmir Katowice Katyń massacre (1940) Kayseri Kazakhstan Kedourie, Elie Keep, John Kemal, Mustafa see Atatürk, Mustafa Kemal Kemp, Jack Kempner, Nan Kennan, George Kennedy, Edward Kennedy, Jacqueline Kennedy, John F.: ‘Alliance for Progress’ (plan for Latin America) appearance, background and character assassination and Bay of Pigs invasion and Berlin crisis of 1961 and Cuban crisis of 1962 economic policy election as President funeral Inaugural address and Macmillan New Frontier reputation and Roosevelt Vienna conference (1961) and Vietnam White House style Kennedy, John F., Jr Kennedy, Joseph Kennedy, Robert Kent State University shootings (1970) Kerr, Clark Keyder, Çağlar Keynes, John Maynard, 1st Baron: Galbraith and on government spending homosexuality hopes for German bombing on paper money and Roosevelt Keynesianism KGB: and coup of August 1991 and Cuban crisis of 1962 and dissidents and Gorbachev network of informers relationship with Party and revolutions of 1989 and war in Afghanistan and Western anti-missile demonstrations see also Cheka KHAD (Afghan secret police) Khanin, G.

Fortunes of Change: The Rise of the Liberal Rich and the Remaking of America
by David Callahan
Published 9 Aug 2010

B 167 c08.indd 167 5/11/10 6:24:48 AM 168 fortunes of change (The combined haul from DreamWorks alone was $275,000.) In addition, sizable checks arrived from technology entrepreneurs: top executives at Google, including Larry Page and Eric Schmidt, gave a total of $175,000, while other technologists, for example, Lotus 12-3 designer Mitch Kapor and GeoCities founder David Bohnett, also contributed the maximum. California financiers gave generously as well, even as some absorbed staggering losses thanks to the meltdown on Wall Street. Those who gave the maximum $50,000 included mutual fund executive David Fisher, billionaire money manager Howard Marks, and venture capitalist Ellen Pao.

…

Steve Kirsch, who invented the optical mouse and founded the Web portal InfoSeek, has been among the largest contributors to the Democratic Party over the past decade. “People in Silicon Valley have been able to make a difference in the Democratic Party,” Kirsch said in describing the new alignment of tech money behind Democrats. Mitch Kapor, who made his fortune from the software program Lotus 1-2-3, has been funding a range of liberal groups for years. David Bohnett and Tim Gill, as mentioned earlier, have used their tech money to help create the modern gay rights movement. Andy Rappaport, a Silicon Valley venture capitalist and electrical engineer by training, has been a major donor to CAP and other groups such as People for the American Way, as well as to many smaller organizations working to boost voter turnout.

Hacking Capitalism
by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;

Their attention is instead on how their choices in code design confine the possible options thereafter, for them and for less skilled computer users. Questions first brought up by progressive architects on how the cityscape affects the conduct of its inhabitants are rebounding in the computer underground. The issue at stake is best captured in the slogan of the cofounder of the Electronic Frontier Foundation, Mitch Kapor: ‘Architecture is Politics’.25 It could be objected that ordinary users are prey to the design choices of hackers as much as to those of companies. Indeed, part of the attraction with being a hacker is to perceive oneself as an elite vis-à-vis ‘newbies’, ‘scriptkid-dies’ and ‘lamers’, some of the many names given to less experienced users.

…

But Bijker also concedes that an artefact is not infinitely malleable: “The relevant social groups have, in building up the technological frame, invested so much in the artefact that its meaning has become quite fixed—it cannot be changed easily, and it forms part of a hardened network of practices, theories, and social institutions. From this time on it may indeed happen that, naively spoken, an artefact ‘determines’ social development” (Bijker, 282). 25. The slogan of Mitch Kapor echoes Langdon Winner’s inquiry into the ‘politics of the artefact’. Winner’s famous example is the low bridges over the motorways going to Long Island, New York. Robert Moses, an influential city planner in New York for many decades, specified the height of the bridges so that buses would be unable to pass under them.

Clock of the Long Now
by Stewart Brand
Published 1 Jan 1999

More than most books, this one came from conversation. The main source was discussion among the members of the board of The Long Now Foundation, most of it via thousands of messages online, a few of them quoted in this volume. Danny Hillis, Peter Schwartz, Brian Eno, Doug Carlston, Kevin Kelly, Paul Saffo, Mitch Kapor, Esther Dyson, executive director Alexander Rose and new board member Roger Kennedy are the Clock/Library project. It is no accident that nearly all of them are also members of Global Business Network (GBN), whose eleven-year development of “the art of the long view” stimulated and framed much of what the Long Now is about.

Barefoot Into Cyberspace: Adventures in Search of Techno-Utopia
by Becky Hogge , Damien Morris and Christopher Scally
Published 26 Jul 2011

Bureaucracies, Barlow argues in Crime and Puzzlement, will naturally over-react to poorly-understood “cyber-threats”, and in trying to do the job of parents regulating the behaviour of childish online trespassers, will crush the new-found freedom of the online sphere for the grown-ups, too. It was these experiences which contributed to Barlow’s decision to found the Electronic Frontier Foundation, the world’s first digital civil liberties organisation, along with EFF co-founders Mitch Kapor and John Gilmore. The EFF initially took on legal cases of hackers targeted by the FBI’s two-year crackdown on computer-related activities, Operation Sundevil, as well as academic researchers and entrepreneurs whose work attracted the attention of the authorities. But although so-called “impact litigation” remains a central part of the its operations to this day, as legislators began to ponder how to regulate the ’net, the EFF’s work quickly stretched beyond the courtroom and into the corridors of Washington DC.

The Lights in the Tunnel
by Martin Ford
Published 28 May 2011

The author welcomes comments, criticisms and corrections and can be contacted by email at: lightstunnel@yahoo.com. NOTES Introduction 1 Larry Page on AI at Google: Web: http://news.cnet.com/2100-11395_3-6160372.html video: http://news.cnet.com/1606-2_3-6160334.html?tag=mncol;txt 2 Kurtzweil has a $20,000 bet with Mitch Kapor that a computer will pass the “Turing Test” and thus exhibit human-like intelligence (see last section of the Appendix) by the year 2029. Web: http://www.longbets.org/1 Chapter 1: The Tunnel 3 US Census Bureau, 2004, web: http://www.census.gov/Press-Release/www/releases/archives/education/004214.html 4 Percentage of world’s population in poverty, see the graph based on World Bank data at http://www.globalissues.org/article/26/poverty-facts-and-stats.

The Purpose Economy: How Your Desire for Impact, Personal Growth and Community Is Changing the World
by Aaron Hurst
Published 31 Aug 2013

Within the first year, new community members from around the world had already contributed new functionality, enhanced existing features, and even become engaged in the management and planning of the project itself. By creating an open community, the Mozilla project had become larger than any one company. In 2003, AOL and Mitch Kapor funded the launch of the Mozilla Foundation, a nonprofit that supported the work of this open source community. The Mozilla Foundation existed to ensure that the Internet would never become solely owned by companies. They had a profound sense of purpose—Internet for the people, by the people. The Mozilla Foundation was a movement first and an organization second.

How We Got Here: A Slightly Irreverent History of Technology and Markets
by Andy Kessler
Published 13 Jun 2005

At a certain cost of computing power, when elasticity kicked in, computers had to be cheaper than rooms of humans. Augmenting often meant replacing, and helping those who remained. It also meant the creation of jobs elsewhere to create these tools. SOFTWARE AND NETWORKS 135 Bill Gates and Steve Jobs and Michael Dell and Lotus spreadsheet founder Mitch Kapor - these guys are great implementers. More power and riches to them, of course, but Doug Engelbart laid out their future and that of the personal computer. Not much more needs to be said (that others haven’t already overwritten.) An entire industry followed Doug’s map to create high margin intellectual property.

Silicon City: San Francisco in the Long Shadow of the Valley
by Cary McClelland
Published 8 Oct 2018

Drinking ayahuasca is like plugging into the umbilical cord of the planet. Realms that we don’t know how to navigate until people experiment, try. John Perry Barlow. He was such a cowboy—so cool and fun—you couldn’t resist that. He founded the Electronic Frontier Foundation, with John Gilmore and Mitch Kapor, because he didn’t want the government to run away with this new technology. He thought technology should be free. He was never afraid of speaking the truth or confronting “givens.” We would throw parties and bring these incredible people together: filmmakers, computer graphics people, politicians, musicians, hackers.

Confessions of a Crypto Millionaire: My Unlikely Escape From Corporate America
by Dan Conway
Published 8 Sep 2019

In the mid-2000s, computer networks became exponentially more powerful, and social media introduced the world to new data-mining vulnerabilities. By that time, many of the cypherpunks had created organizations that were fighting for libertarian policies in the courts and on the Internet. In Washington D.C., cypherpunk Mitch Kapor’s Electronic Frontier Foundation was battling AOL at the Federal Trade Commission, alleging AOL engaged in deceptive and unfair trade practices by disclosing the search queries of 650,000 users. In Silicon Valley, cypherpunk Bram Cohen’s peer-to-peer file sharing program, BitTorrent, had drawn blood from big telecom in 2006, after Comcast had throttled the BitTorrent service.

Whistleblower: My Journey to Silicon Valley and Fight for Justice at Uber
by Susan Fowler
Published 18 Feb 2020

But the message Kalanick wanted to send—that Uber was a responsible company that was taking this seriously—was soon eclipsed by a long exposé in The New York Times, in which reporter Mike Isaac detailed Uber’s toxic, “Hobbesian” culture, covering everything from a manager’s assaulting an employee with a baseball bat to the harassment, assault, theft, and drug use that had occurred during the infamous “Vegas trip” that had delayed my on-site interview at Uber. In the wake of this report, two of Uber’s earliest investors—Mitch Kapor and Freada Kapor Klein—penned an open letter to Uber’s board and investors that was picked up by multiple media outlets; in the letter, they said that they had known about Uber’s culture for a long time and had been trying to quietly change it from the inside. Waymo, a Google subsidiary that was developing self-driving cars, sued Uber for patent infringement and trade secret theft, and a video leaked of Travis Kalanick berating an Uber driver.

Architects of Intelligence
by Martin Ford
Published 16 Nov 2018

We can understand enough of the semantics, for example to enable our Talk to Books application to come up with reasonable answers to questions, but it’s still not at human levels. Mitch Kapor and I have a long-range bet on this for $20,000, with the proceeds to go to the charity of the winner’s choice. I’m saying that an AI will pass the Turing test by 2029, whereas he’s saying no. MARTIN FORD: Would you agree that for the Turing test to be an effective test of intelligence, there probably shouldn’t be a time limit at all? Just tricking someone for 15 minutes seems like a gimmick. RAY KURZWEIL: Absolutely, and if you look at the rules that Mitch Kapor and I came up with, we gave a number of hours, and maybe even that’s not enough time.

Algorithms of Oppression: How Search Engines Reinforce Racism
by Safiya Umoja Noble
Published 8 Jan 2018

The problem isn’t a lack of compelling women of color to invest in; it’s a system in Silicon Valley that isn’t set up to develop, encourage and create pathways for blacks, Latinos or women. Don’t just take my word for it—listen to industry leaders interviewed for a USA Today story on the Valley’s lack of commitment to diversity. Jessica Guynn reports that “venture capitalists tell [Mitch Kapor] all the time that they are ‘color blind’ when funding companies. He’s not sure they are ready to let go of a deeply rooted sense that Silicon Valley is a meritocracy.”2 Hiles goes on to discuss the exclusionary practices of Silicon Valley, challenging the notion that merit and opportunity go to the smartest people prepared to innovate.

Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
by Matthew Syed
Published 9 Sep 2019

This is bad both for the system, because it evolves more slowly, and for the institutions themselves, which struggle to innovate. Consider, too, that the fissures in the network along Route 128 both contributed to insularity, and were exacerbated by it. This was a dangerous synergy. The more people retreated into their silos, the more they perceived new ideas not as opportunities but as threats. Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus Development Corp., talks of a ‘bizarre’ meeting with Ken Olsen, the CEO of DEC, where the latter seemed incapable of grasping the significance of personal computers. Kapor said: Some of my most sobering moments . . . were seeing how those guys weren’t getting it, and were dooming themselves.

The Lean Startup: How Today’s Entrepreneurs Use Continuous Innovation to Create Radically Successful Businesses
by Eric Ries
Published 13 Sep 2011

I would like to thank Mike Maples and Ann Miura-Ko (Floodgate), Steve Anderson (Baseline), Josh Kopelman (First Round Capital), Ron Conway (SV Angel), and Jeff Clavier (SoftTech VC). As you can imagine, this book involved a tremendous amount of feedback, iteration, and testing. I received invaluable, in-depth early feedback from Laura Crescimano, Lee Hoffman, Professor Tom Eisenmann, and Sacha Judd. Thanks also to Mitch Kapor, Scott Cook, Shawn Fanning, Mark Graban, Jennifer Carolan, Manuel Rosso, Tim O’Reilly, and Reid Hoffman for their suggestions, feedback, and support. I owe a special note of thanks to Ruth Kaplan and Ira Fay for their wisdom and friendship. Throughout the process of writing the book, I had the benefit of a custom-built testing platform to run split-test experiments on everything from cover design to subtitles to actual bits of the book (you can see the results of these experiments at http://lean.st).

Lab Rats: How Silicon Valley Made Work Miserable for the Rest of Us
by Dan Lyons
Published 22 Oct 2018

Oakland is a gritty, working-class city. It’s also an African American city. For a long time black people were the biggest ethnic group in Oakland, and while demographics have shifted recently, African Americans still represent about a quarter of the population. By setting up shop here in Oakland, Mitch Kapor and Freada Kapor Klein, the husband-and-wife team behind Kapor Capital, were sending a message—they were not part of that other world. Unlike those big venture capital firms over on Sand Hill Road, the Kapors are not trying to make as much money as possible by any means necessary. Instead, they have a social mission.

Emergence
by Steven Johnson

This book was greatly enhanced by interviews I conducted with Manuel De Landa, Richard Rogers, Deborah Gordon, Rob Malda, Jeff Bates, Oliver Selfridge, Will Wright, David Jefferson, Evelyn Fox Keller, Rik Heywood, Mitch Resnick, Steven Pinker, Eric Zimmerman, Nate Oostendorp, Brewster Kahle, Andrew Shapiro, and Douglas Rushkoff. I recall more than a few casual conversations that also had an impact, primarily ones that involved David Shenk, Ruthie Rogers, Roo Rogers, Mitch Kapor, Kevin Kelly, Annie Keating, Nicholas Butterworth, Kim Hawkins, Rory Kennedy, Mark Bailey, Frank Rich, Denise Caruso, Liz Garbus, Dan Cogan, Penny Lewis, John Brockman, Rufus Griscom, Jay Haynes, Betsey Schmidt, Stephen Green, Esther Dyson, and my students at NYU’s ITP program, where Red Burns generously invited me to teach a graduate seminar on emergent software.

The Singularity Is Near: When Humans Transcend Biology
by Ray Kurzweil
Published 14 Jul 2005

Turing was carefully imprecise in setting the rules for his test, and significant literature has been devoted to the subtleties of establishing the exact procedures for determining how to assess when the Turing test has been passed.218 In 2002 I negotiated the rules for a Turing-test wager with Mitch Kapor on the Long Now Web site.219 The question underlying our twenty-thousand-dollar bet, the proceeds of which go to the charity of the winner's choice, was, "Will the Turing test be passed by a machine by 2029?" I said yes, and Kapor said no. It took us months of dialogue to arrive at the intricate rules to implement our wager.

…

Hofstadter, "A Coffeehouse Conversation on the Turing Test," May 1981, included in Ray Kurzweil, The Age of Intelligent Machines (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990), pp. 80–102, http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0318.html. 219. Ray Kurzweil, "Why I Think I Will Win," and Mitch Kapor, "Why I Think I Will Win," rules: http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0373.html; Kapor: http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0412.html; Kurzweil: http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?main=/articles/art0374.html; Kurzweil "final word": http://www.KurzweilAI.net/meme/frame.html?

The Road Ahead
by Bill Gates , Nathan Myhrvold and Peter Rinearson
Published 15 Nov 1995

Consumers bought the IBM PC with confidence, and in 1982, software developers began turning out applications to run on it. Each new customer, and each new application, added to the IBM PC's strength as a potential de facto standard for the industry. Soon most of the new and best software, such as Lotus 1-2-3, was being written for it. Mitch Kapor, with Jonathan Sachs, created 1-2-3 and revolutionized spreadsheets. The original inventors of the electronic spreadsheet, Dan Bricklin and Bob Frankston, deserve immense credit for their product, VisiCalc, but 1-2-3 made it obsolete. Mitch is a fascinating person whose eclectic background—in his case as a disc jockey and transcendental meditation instructor—is typical of that of the best software designers.

The Fugitive Game: Online With Kevin Mitnick
by Jonathan Littman
Published 1 Jan 1996

I know because I've driven from my home to visit their nearby offices in Sausalito, California. It's not a big operation, but it's become a trendy Internet club, frequented by a close-knit community of upscale ex-hippy libertarians, liberals, Greatful Dead fans, technophiles, and journalists. The cognoscenti have e-mail addresses there, people like Mitch Kapor, the founder of Lotus, and the privacy group the Electronic Frontier Foundation. Markoff, too, has a Well address. "Technical support, please," I ask. In a few seconds a friendly young man picks up the line. "Hi, how can I help you?" "Somebody's reading my e-mail," I tell the technical support person.

The Upstarts: How Uber, Airbnb, and the Killer Companies of the New Silicon Valley Are Changing the World
by Brad Stone
Published 30 Jan 2017

When they finally dropped a hint, Sacca immediately bit. He knew both Camp and Kalanick well enough to sense that together they could accomplish something special, and he wrote a three-hundred-thousand-dollar check almost on the spot. “This is the one I got really fucking right,” Sacca says. Others were similarly impulsive. Mitch Kapor, creator of the early 1990s productivity tool Lotus Notes, was furious at himself for asking for his money back from the failed podcasting company Odeo right before it morphed into Twitter. So he was aggressively pursuing all leads. “I’m in,” he said to Camp, whom he had backed in StumbleUpon. “If you don’t let me into the deal I’ll kill you.”

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It
by Azeem Azhar
Published 6 Sep 2021

Such network effects make it harder, though not impossible, for competitors to break into a market. In the 1980s and 1990s, Microsoft won not only the operating system war, but also the productivity software war. It competed with – and beat – several companies producing everyday office tools. Lotus Development Corporation was founded in 1982 by Mitch Kapor, the man who, three years earlier, had invented the first spreadsheet, VisiCalc. Lotus produced more spreadsheet applications, like 1-2-3, which was the dominant office staple through the 1980s and much of the 1990s. They also made an exotic spreadsheet program called Improv, which I was partial to, as well as Ami Pro, the word processor on which I typed up my undergraduate thesis on the Cuban missile crisis.

Little Brother
by Cory Doctorow
Published 29 Apr 2008

Thanks, guys. &&& Acknowledgments This book owes a tremendous debt to many writers, friends, mentors, and heroes who made it possible. For the hackers and cypherpunks: Bunnie Huang, Seth Schoen, Ed Felten, Alex Halderman, Gweeds, Natalie Jeremijenko, Emmanuel Goldstein, Aaron Swartz For the heroes: Mitch Kapor, John Gilmore, John Perry Barlow, Larry Lessig, Shari Steele, Cindy Cohn, Fred von Lohmann, Jamie Boyle, George Orwell, Abbie Hoffman, Joe Trippi, Bruce Schneier, Ross Dowson, Harry Kopyto, Tim O'Reilly For the writers: Bruce Sterling, Kathe Koja, Scott Westerfeld, Justine Larbalestier, Pat York, Annalee Newitz, Dan Gillmor, Daniel Pinkwater, Kevin Pouslen, Wendy Grossman, Jay Lake, Ben Rosenbaum For the friends: Fiona Romeo, Quinn Norton, Danny O'Brien, Jon Gilbert, danah boyd, Zak Hanna, Emily Hurson, Grad Conn, John Henson, Amanda Foubister, Xeni Jardin, Mark Frauenfelder, David Pescovitz, John Battelle, Karl Levesque, Kate Miles, Neil and Tara-Lee Doctorow, Rael Dornfest, Ken Snider For the mentors: Judy Merril, Roz and Gord Doctorow, Harriet Wolff, Jim Kelly, Damon Knight, Scott Edelman Thank you all for giving me the tools to think and write about these ideas. &&&$ Creative Commons Creative Commons Legal Code Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 3.0 Unported CREATIVE COMMONS CORPORATION IS NOT A LAW FIRM AND DOES NOT PROVIDE LEGAL SERVICES.

Sorting Things Out: Classification and Its Consequences (Inside Technology)
by Geoffrey C. Bowker
Published 24 Aug 2000

The toughest prob­ lems in information systems design are increasingly those concerned with modeling cooperation across heterogeneous worlds, of modeling articulation work and multiplicity. If we do not learn to do so, we face the risk of a franchised, dully standardized infrastructure ("500 chan­ nels and nothing on," in the words of Mitch Kapor from the Electronic Frontier Foundation) or of an Orwellian nightmare of surveillance. Feminism and race-critical theory offer traditions of reflective de­ naturalization, of a politics of simultaneity and contradiction intuited by the term cyborg. Long ago feminists began with the maxim that the personal is political and that each woman's experience has a primacy we must all learn to afford.

The Best of 2600: A Hacker Odyssey
by Emmanuel Goldstein
Published 28 Jul 2008

Through a public UNIX system in California known as The Well, we helped spread the story to even more people. The mass media actually picked up on it. I think that’s when I first saw the power of the Net in action. Emails came pouring in, scores of people wanted to know what they could do, and the word spread throughout the globe. Among those who expressed a desire to help were Lotus founder Mitch Kapor and former Grateful Dead lyricist John Perry Barlow. They saw these events as a reason to start a new group that would help protect people from this kind of injustice. And so, the seeds for the Electronic Frontier Foundation were planted. 94192c13.qxd 6/3/08 3:34 PM Page 493 Hackers and the Law For Your Protection (Spring, 1990) A year ago, we told the stories of Kevin Mitnick and Herbert Zinn, two hackers who had been sent to prison.

…

It would be nice if there was substantially less of this to report for our next issue. What is the EFF? (Summer, 1990) One of the results of our public outcry over the hacker raids this spring has been the formation of the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). Founded by computer industry giants Mitch Kapor and Steve Wozniak along with writer John Barlow, the EFF 501 94192c13.qxd 6/3/08 3:34 PM Page 502 502 Chapter 13 sought to put an end to raids on publishers, bulletin board operators, and all of the others that have been caught up in recent events. The EFF founders, prior to the organization’s actual birth this summer, had said they would provide financial support to those affected by unjust Secret Service raids.

The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom
by Yochai Benkler
Published 14 May 2006

Michael O'Malley from Yale University Press deserves special thanks for helping me decide to write the book that I really wanted to write, not something else, and then stay the course. [pg 10] 4 This book has been more than a decade in the making. Its roots go back to 1993-1994: long nights of conversations, as only graduate students can have, with Niva Elkin Koren about democracy in cyberspace; a series of formative conversations with Mitch Kapor; a couple of madly imaginative sessions with Charlie Nesson; and a moment of true understanding with Eben Moglen. Equally central from around that time, but at an angle, were a paper under Terry Fisher's guidance on nineteenth-century homesteading and the radical republicans, and a series of classes and papers with Frank Michelman, Duncan Kennedy, Mort Horwitz, Roberto Unger, and the late David Charny, which led me to think quite fundamentally about the role of property and economic organization in the construction of human freedom.