One Laptop per Child (OLPC) Concepts

The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop Per Child

by Morgan G. Ames · 19 Nov 2019 · 426pp · 117,775 words

repeating the mantra “it’s an education project, not a laptop project.”15 Buoyed by these presentations, coverage of what came to be known as One Laptop per Child (OLPC) continued to be largely positive, even as the project struggled to fulfill Negroponte’s promises. Two of the features that had generated the most excitement

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continued to circulate long after the crank idea had been scrapped. These claims became part of the allure of One Laptop per Child’s machine. As with many who lead development projects, Negroponte and OLPC’s other leaders and contributors wanted to transform the world—not only for what they believed would be for the

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the project’s intended audience of children in the Global South? Finally, we will examine OLPC’s legacy. How have the same promises lived on in new projects, even after the dissolution of the original One Laptop per Child foundation and its apparent failure to achieve its lofty goals? The Case for Charismatic Technology Social

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theory can help us understand, and keep in perspective, the holding power that One Laptop per Child and its laptop have had on technologists and others around the world. Part of OLPC’s allure was Negroponte’s stories about what the project would accomplish in the world. These referenced some

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sense of technological solutionism both play a role in the story of OLPC, charisma provides a way both to unify the various mechanisms for social influence that OLPC tried to harness and to trace their interactions across the world. Although One Laptop per Child itself may no longer be widely charismatic, some of the ideas that

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it offers technologists a means to critically assess the utopian promises that circulate not just in reform projects such as OLPC but across Silicon Valley more generally. One Laptop per Child as a Charismatic Technology From One Laptop per Child’s origins to its big debut when Kofi Annan broke off the ultimately doomed hand crank to its realization

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). The first two chapters of this book explore the origins and development of One Laptop per Child, from its precursors at MIT up to the completion of OLPC’s first-generation laptop in 2008. My sources for these chapters include speeches about OLPC; discussions on public mailing lists, wikis, and discussion boards; interviews with some

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will begin, then, at the beginning, by critically examining the prehistory of One Laptop per Child: the origins, development, and legacy of constructionist learning. 1 OLPC’s Charismatic Roots: Constructionism, MIT’s Hacker Culture, and the Technically Precocious Boy The initial ideas [for One Laptop per Child] came in the late 1960s [and] early 1970s, when a man named

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in short, the project’s origin story, as rooted in the individuals, institutions, and imaginaries responsible for the design of OLPC’s laptop. This origin story goes back many years, before One Laptop per Child was announced in 2005 by Nicholas Negroponte, the founder and public face of the project. This story is anchored at

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and puzzle it out alongside students, creating an empowering, authentic learning experience.61 One Laptop per Child, on the other hand, was clearer in its messages about teachers, especially in the early years of the project. While Negroponte’s tagline that OLPC was “an education project, not a laptop project” may seem supportive of

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against factory-model schooling and authority more generally, helped establish the charisma of Papert’s constructionist projects, from Logo to One Laptop per Child.100 This social imaginary reinforced certain group identities and values within OLPC and across the technology world more generally, reflecting the way that “childhood” tends to be imagined and articulated through

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makes it powerful and how it shapes not only social worlds but the design of charismatic technologies. In One Laptop per Child, for instance, nostalgic stories often emerged in discussions between OLPC employees and within the larger OLPC community across the internet. Moreover, in addition to a desire to minimize power usage, we will see

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MIT. Cecilia had visited the MIT Media Lab during her time in Massachusetts, where she learned about the One Laptop per Child project and was similarly captivated by its promises. Buoyed by news of large-scale OLPC projects underway in Peru and Uruguay, the two founded a nonprofit, nongovernmental organization (NGO) called Paraguay Educa

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after this was in place and laptops had been given to children and teachers? Trojan Horses, Breakdown, and Disruption One Laptop per Child had hoped to disrupt traditional classroom culture—Negroponte, Bender, and others in OLPC’s leadership referred to the project’s XO laptop as a “Trojan horse.”43 How did this disruption play

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schools and the social worlds of its teachers. When it came up against the messiness of day-to-day life, OLPC’s charisma thus became brittle. The cultural change that One Laptop per Child and Paraguay Educa sought was neither effortless nor inevitable; it was instead prone to breakdown and in constant need of repair

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for popularizing the idea, designing the laptop, and setting up projects—was relatively silent on the topic of media. However, there was another branch of One Laptop per Child: the OLPC Association, which was built up around 2009 and 2010 in Miami, Florida, to help manage existing projects and ended up inheriting

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the charisma that so motivated the technology world to invest in and support One Laptop per Child—and the social imaginaries that undergirded that charisma—simply did not translate to the Paraguayan children who received OLPC’s XO laptops. However, juxtaposed against OLPC leaders’ claim that the laptop could be a universal learning tool were also

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three days in the middle of October 2010, almost four months into my fieldwork, one of the founding members of One Laptop per Child and its former vice president of content, Walter Bender, visited the OLPC project in Paraguay. Paraguay Educa, the NGO running the project, had carefully planned his itinerary, circulating it to staff

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computer rollout in Maine that Papert had advised—which have all been held up as successful pilots for One Laptop per Child—suggests that there was some degree of charismatic performance in the ways in which OLPC leaders discussed them.21 Although the MIT Media Lab is especially skilled at these charismatic performances, they are

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my methods predominantly ethnographic, I have incorporated texts, statistics, surveys, and controlled experiments over more than a decade of researching One Laptop per Child. My sources for the first two chapters include speeches about OLPC; discussions on public mailing lists, wikis, and discussion boards; interviews with some developers; and publications about constructionism, the educational

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of whom were particularly influential. In October of 2010, 2011, and 2012, I attended the annual One Laptop per Child Community Summit in San Francisco, a conference of OLPC employees and volunteers, to update these findings. Emails to OLPC’s mailing lists were automatically compiled and posted by the mailing list program Mailman to http://lists

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together because of President Reagan’s deep cuts to research funding in the United States. 9. Sullivan, “Man behind Logo,” 70. 10. OLPC, “Vision: History.” 11. Negroponte, “$100 Laptop”; Negroponte, “One Laptop per Child”; Papert et al., Logo Philosophy and Implementation, ix–x, 2–21; Bender et al., Learning to Change the World, 22–23

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/people and http://wiki.laptop.org/go/Category:OLPC_People, as well as interviews with former OLPC employees in 2010–2014. 3. The mission statement was changed circa April 11, 2007. See Vota, “OLPC Mission Change.” 4. Bender, “One Laptop per Child.” 5. Krstić, “Google EngEDU Tech Talk.” 6. Blizzard, “OLPC Analyst Meeting.” 7. Negroponte, “No Lap

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topped.” 48. Krstić, “Google EngEDU Tech Talk.” 49. Zuckerman, “It’s Cute. It’s Orange.” 50. Derndorfer, “OLPC School Servers.” 51. OLPC Wiki, “Our Market: Black Market”; Fisher, “OLPC’s XO Laptop.” 52. Lydon, “One Laptop per Child?” 53. Blizzard, “One Laptop per Child.” 54. Levy, Hackers, 28. 55. Regarding Logo as memory hog, see Thornburg, “Whatever Happened to Logo?,” 83

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it’s so-on and so forth.” (Negroponte and Walsh, “Negroponte at NECC 2006”) “It gets distributed to the school system like a textbook.” (Negroponte, “One Laptop per Child”) 42. OLPC, “Vision: Mission.” The quote continues, “They are tools to think with, sufficiently inexpensive to be used for work and play, drawing, writing, and mathematics

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Negroponte used the same phrase in a number of interviews throughout 2005 and 2006. 43. Negroponte, “Hundred Dollar Laptop”; Lydon, “One Laptop per Child?”; Negroponte, “Email Attachment.” 44. Zuckerman, “Child’s Play.” The OLPC Wiki states, “Early concept devices were shown with a hand crank on the side to demonstrate that they would work in

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Around. For critiques, see Warschauer and Matuchniak, “New Technology and Digital Worlds”; Sims, “Video Game Culture”; Sims, Disruptive Fixation. 14. For the OLPC view, see Papert, “Digital Development”; Bender, “One Laptop per Child”; Bender et al., Learning to Change the World; Negroponte, “No Lap Un-topped.” For critiques, see Ananny, “$100 Laptop”; Ananny and Winters

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2010. http://www.abc.com.py/edicion-impresa/locales/negocian-pero-huelga-de-docentes-continua-130246.html. ACER (Australian Council for Educational Research). Evaluation of One Laptop per Child (OLPC) Trial Project in the Solomon Islands. Ministry of Education and Human Resources Development, Solomon Islands Government, March 2010. https://research.acer.edu.au/digital_learning

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Andrea Forte, Luigina Ciolfi, and David McDonald, 69–81. New York: ACM, 2015. https://doi.org/10.1145/2675133.2675282. Amico, Giulia. “Nickelodeon Partners with OLPC on Multimedia Contest.” One Laptop per Child blog, July 15, 2011. https://web.archive.org/web/20151212071530/http://blog.laptop.org/2011/07/15/nickelodeon

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Technology (EASST) Joint Conference, Copenhagen Business School, Copenhagen, Denmark, October 19, 2012. http://www.larsbo.org/publications/olpc/lines-of-marginalisation-in-an-one-laptop-per-child-project. ———. “A Travelogue of 100 Laptops: Investigating Development, Actor–Network Theory and One Laptop per Child.” PhD diss., Aarhus University, 2013. http://www.laptopstudy.net/. Anderson, Benedict. Imagined Communities: Reflections on the

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the Future at M.I.T. New York: Penguin, 1988. Breitkopf, Antje. “Observations of ‘Una Laptop Por Nino’ - OLPC Peru.” One Laptop per Child, December 15, 2010. http://laptop.org/news/observations-una-laptop-por-nino-olpc-peru. Brennan, Karen. “Scratch@MIT 2010: Reimagine, Rethink, Remix.” ScratchED (forum), 2009–2010. http://scratched.gse.harvard.edu/

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Education Technology Debate (blog), October 19, 2010. http://edutechdebate.org/olpc-in-south-america/will-paraguayeduca-scale/. ———. “OLPC in Peru: A Problematic Una Laptop por Niño Program.” Education Technology Debate (blog), October 27, 2010. http://edutechdebate.org/olpc-in-south-america/olpc-in-peru-one-laptop-per-child-problems/. ———. “Plan Ceibal Expands New Repair System to Address High

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London, 1693. Lowes, Susan, and Cyrus Luhr. Evaluation of the Teaching Matters One Laptop per Child (XO) Pilot at Kappa IV. Institute for Learning Technologies, Teachers College, Columbia University, June 2008. http://www.teachingmatters.org/files/olpc_kappa.pdf. Luyt, Brendan. “The One Laptop per Child Project and the Negotiation of Technological Meaning.” First Monday 13, no. 6 (June

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2, 2008). https://doi.org/10.5210/fm.v13i6.2144. Lydon, Christopher. “One Laptop per Child?” Radio Open Source, February 20, 2007. http://radioopensource.org/one-laptop-per-child/. MacKenzie, Donald. An Engine, Not

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2009. Accessed May 1, 2013. http://olpcnews.com/forum/?topic=4597.0 (forum discontinued). ———. “OLPC Mission Change: Constructionism & Competition, Gone!” OLPC News, April 11, 2007. http://www.olpcnews.com/commentary/olpc_news/olpc_mission_constructionism.html. ———. “One Laptop per Child ‘Trojan Horse’ Comparison.” OLPC News, May 11, 2007. http://www.olpcnews.com/people/negroponte/laptop_child_trojan_horse.html

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on, 29–30, 63–65, 68, 83, 87 View Source button as, 63 Ogata, Amy, 41, 227n41, 228n44, 231n90 Oldenziel, Ruth, 231n93 OLPC. See One Laptop per Child OLPC Association, split from OLPC Foundation, 134 One Laptop per Child (OLPC) African countries and, 3, 76, 125, 220n13 Bender on, 35–36, 47–48, 66–67 brittle charisma of, 106–108 charisma of

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schools and, Bender on, 35–36, 47–48 social imaginary in, 6–8 studying, methods used for, 209–210 teachers and, 35–36, 60–61 One Laptop per Child (OLPC) (cont.) technological determinism of, 11, 68–69, 74–75 translating vision of, in Paraguay, 75, 137 Uruguay project of (see Plan Ceibal

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) One Laptop per Child Community Summit, 209 Open-source software cultural imperialism and, 64–65 hacker ethic promoting, 62 in Latin America, 76–77 OLPC commitment to, 50, 233n23 in Peru, 196 Wine, 119, 247n11 XO laptop and, 54, 56

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It

by Jonathan Zittrain · 27 May 2009 · 629pp · 142,393 words

are held and monopolized by the faceless institutions anticipated and feared in 1973. Conclusion Nicholas Negroponte, former director of the MIT Media Lab, announced the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project at the beginning of 2005. The project aims to give one hundred million hardy, portable computers to children in the developing world. The laptops

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Digital Divide (Jan. 28, 2006), http://content.undp.org/go/newsroom/january-2006/100-dollar-laptop-20060128.en?categoryID=349425&lang=en; OLPC, One Laptop per Child http://wiki.laptop.org/go/ One_Laptop_per_Child. 2. See One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), Progress, http://www.laptop.org/en/vision/ progress/index.shtml; Tim Bloomberg, Quanta to start “One Laptop” Project in Sept., THE

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, 172 child abuse, online images of, 111 children: Children’s Internet Protection Act (CIPA), 325n148; Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act of 1998 (COPPA), 232; One Laptop Per Child, 235–41, 244; restricted online use by, 232–33 China: Google in, 113, 147; information regulation in, 105, 108, 114, 147, 180, 196; surveillance in

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, 239 NSF (National Science Foundation), 28, 38 Nupedia, 133, 134, 145 Nye, Joseph, 230 objectivism, 143 Ohm, Paul, 51 OhmyNews, 216, 228 Oink, 197, 198 One Laptop Per Child (XO), 235–41, 244 online map services, 123–24 OnStar, 109, 110, 113, 117, 118, 187 open proxy, 46 operating systems, 17 ORBS (Open Relay

The Revenge of Analog: Real Things and Why They Matter

by David Sax · 8 Nov 2016 · 360pp · 101,038 words

suggests that a program of broadening home computer access would be counterproductive.” The same logic of bridging the digital divide was behind the wildly ambitious One Laptop per Child (OLPC) nonprofit, spearheaded by MIT Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte and set up in 2005 with the backing of a vast coalition of philanthropists and technology

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nothing to improve scores across subjects, and less to bridge gaps between rich and poor students. In 2014 One Laptop per Child closed its Boston headquarters and drastically cut down on staff and new programs. OLPC’s great mistake was presuming the universal importance of a shiny imported technology in spite of the recommendations of

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L., and Helen F. Ladd. “Scaling the Digital Divide: Home Computer Technology and Student Achievement.” Urban Institute, June 2010. Warschauer, Mark, and Morgan Ames. “Can One Laptop per Child Save the World’s Poor?” Journal of International Affairs, Fall/Winter 2010. Zakaria, Fareed. “Why America’s Obsession with STEM Education Is Dangerous.” Washington Post

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omnichannel retail strategy, 126, 134 on-demand freelance work, 164, 165–166 on-demand printing of card games, 91 of newspapers, 117 of photos, 70 One Laptop per Child (OLPC), 184, 185 O’Neal, Johnny, 85 online communities, 38, 47, 60–61, 91, 96, 146, 215, 217–218, 218, 226 See also social media/networks

You've Been Played: How Corporations, Governments, and Schools Use Games to Control Us All

by Adrian Hon · 14 Sep 2022 · 371pp · 107,141 words

Whole Earth Catalog, it was only later that most people believed personal computers and the internet would genuinely change the world for the better. The One Laptop per Child (OLPC) initiative, born in 2005, aimed to disrupt education “for all kids—especially those in developing nations” by means of a one-hundred-dollar laptop.24

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TECHNOLOGY The allure of utopian gamification is best explained by a similar utopian project: One Laptop per Child, founded in 2005. The story is well told in Morgan Ames’s book The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child. Ames chronicles the project’s many mishaps: the laptops never reached the vaunted one

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Education 10, no. 3 (2013): 42–56, https://doi.org/10.7202/1035578ar. 34. Morgan Ames, The Charisma Machine: The Life, Death, and Legacy of One Laptop per Child (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2019), 21. 35. Ames, The Charisma Machine, 27. 36. Ames, The Charisma Machine, 176. 37. Ames, The Charisma Machine, 23. 38

The Village Effect: How Face-To-Face Contact Can Make Us Healthier, Happier, and Smarter

by Susan Pinker · 30 Sep 2013 · 404pp · 124,705 words

-grade students needed to adjust right away. Digital and especially mobile technology would go where no teacher had gone before. On the international scene, the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project envisioned a digital utopia in which all kids in developing countries would be online. Spearheaded by Nicholas Negroponte, one of the founders of the

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the laptops are children without access to indoor plumbing and electricity. One young American electrical engineer who volunteered with one of the first and biggest OLPC programs, in Peru, noted in his blog that the problems could be big (the kids were often sick) or small (easily broken laptop keyboards), but

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designed XO-1 laptop for the donor and one for a child in a developing country. In 2012, seven years after its inception, the annual One Laptop Per Child budget was $12 million a year and 2.5 million laptops had been shipped to children in developing countries.39 The upshot? Kids’ self-esteem

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, and the money is still flowing.47 Meanwhile, in 2012, the Australian prime minister of the day, Julia Gillard, allocated $11.7 million to the One Laptop Per Child project, for fifty thousand laptops for students living in remote areas.48 When such heads of state, not to mention scores of well-meaning parents

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Francisco: Jossey Bass, 2012). 34. Carlo Rotella, “No Child Left Untableted,” New York Times Magazine, September 15, 2013. 35. Mark Warschauer and Morgan Ames, “Can One Laptop Per Child Save the World’s Poor?,” Journal of International Affairs 64, no. 1 (2010). 36. Ibid.; Nicholas Negroponte, “No Lap Un-topped: The Bottom Up Revolution

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Development: How the $100 Laptop Could Change Education,” USINFO Webchat, http://www.olpctalk.com/seymour_papert/seymour_papert_usinfo.html. 37. Warschauer and Ames, “Can One Laptop Per Child Save the World’s Poor?”; Mark Warschauer and Tina Matuchniak, “New Technology and Digital Worlds: Analyzing Evidence of Equity in Access, Use, and Outcomes,” Review

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Thing?” [blog], 2010. 39. All figures from the OLPC website. 40. J. Hourcade et al., “Early OLPC Experiences in a Rural Uruguayan School,” in Mobile Technology for Children: Designing for Interaction and Learning, ed. A. Druin (Boston: Morgan Kaufmann, 2009); Pierre Varly, “Evaluations in One Laptop Per Child: What For? What Has Been Done, What Could

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, U.S. Department of Labor’s 2010 Findings on the Worst Forms of Child Labor (Washington, D.C.: ILAB, 2011); Varly, “Evaluations in One Laptop Per Child.” 42. Varly, “Evaluations in One Laptop Per Child.” 43. Philip Elliott, “Study: US Education Spending Tops Global List,” Huffington Post, June 25, 2013. 44. Geoffrey York, “Congo’s Malaria Surge Confounds

Geek Heresy: Rescuing Social Change From the Cult of Technology

by Kentaro Toyama · 25 May 2015 · 494pp · 116,739 words

developing-world education. We were not alone. An even bigger splash was made by a nonprofit with an ambitious name that reflected its ambitious plan: One Laptop Per Child. Led by Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) Media Lab founder Nicholas Negroponte, the organization sought to design a $100 laptop that could be sold to

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doesn’t? Rigorous studies say no. The economist Ana Santiago and her colleagues at the Inter-American Development Bank found no educational advantage in a One Laptop Per Child program in Peru. Three months after an enthusiastic nationwide rollout, the novelty factor had worn off, and each week saw less use of the laptops

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of a charitable impulse he handed out laptops to twenty children. When he found both the students and their families making innovative use of them, One Laptop Per Child was born.32 And Professor Warschauer at UC Irvine, no utopian when it comes to technology, found that in some American schools with one-to

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technologies – to make things only rich people could own affordable for everyone. This was the idea behind One Laptop Per Child. Its early media buzz was based on a projected $100 price tag.21 The Indian government rejected OLPC and proposed instead its own low-cost tablet, the Aakash, for $35.22 And as early

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save lives. They work quickly. They don’t need any follow-through. And they’re so effective that other packaged interventions have vaccine envy. Of One Laptop Per Child, Negroponte has dubiously said, “Think of it as inoculating children against ignorance. And think of the laptop as a vaccine.”26 Vaccines are a bit

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transfer and productization. 3.United Nations (2005). 4.Negroponte frequently repeats this mantra in public appearances. It also appears on the “Mission” page of the One Laptop Per Child (n.d.) website. 5.Surana et al. (2008) measured power surges as high as 1,000 volts in the rural Indian power grid; most consumer

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about 80 percent of what their male peers earn. 26.The laptop-as-vaccine statement was made by Negroponte (2008) at a TED talk about One Laptop Per Child. He repeated the same claim when he and I were on a panel at MIT (Boston Review 2010). He must have felt that the analogy

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/10.1109/TIP.2004.833105. Cristia, Julián P., Pablo Ibarrarán, Santiago Cueto, Ana Santiago, and Eugenio Severín. (2012). Technology and child development: Evidence from the One Laptop Per Child Program. IDB Working Paper Series, No. IDB-WP-304, http://idbdocs.iadb.org/wsdocs/getdocument.aspx?docnum=36706954. CTIA. (2011). More wireless devices than Americans

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.humanosphere.org/social-business/2014/09/toms-shoes-harm-local-shoe-sellers/. ———. (2014b). Is this the nail in the One Laptop Per Child coffin? Humanosphere, Sept. 30, 2014, www.humanosphere.org/basics/2014/09/nail-one-laptop-per-child-coffin/. Narayan, Deepa, Robert Chambers, Meera Kaul Shah, and Patti Petesch. (2000). Voices of the Poor, vols. 1–3

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.html. Olson, Gary M., and Judith S. Olson. (2000). Distance matters. Human-Computer Interaction 15:139–178, http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=1463019. One Laptop Per Child. (n.d.). Mission, http://laptop.org/en/vision/mission/. Oppenheimer, Todd. (2003). The Flickering Mind: Saving Education from the False Promise of Technology. Random House

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enterprise, 84–87 telecenters and Internet cafés, 19, 105, 246–247(n8) Walkman, 38–40 See also Economics; Microcredit; Nonprofit organizations Cairncross, Frances, 46 Cambodia: One Laptop Per Child, 15 Cameron, David, 89 Capacity building, 124 Digital Green, 108–109, 206 health care, 136–137 packaged interventions, 66–68 See also Education and training

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, 32–33 Cold chain of vaccine delivery, 65 Coleman, James, 145, 256(n42) Collective action. See also Self-help groups Collectivism, individualism and, 93 Colombia: One Laptop Per Child, 8 Communications Arab Spring suppression of, 33–34 cyberbalkanization, 47 history of technologies, 7–8 latent desires driving habits, 40–41 management, 44–46 personal

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, 4–8, 11–12, 22, 29–30, 77–80 high-tech economy, 182–185 microcredit programs, 59, 236(n7), 236–237(n14) NREGA, 112–114 One Laptop Per Child, 8 rote learning system, 145 rural-to-urban migration, 268(n21) social change through computer literacy, 17–20 social implications of technological innovation, 16 societal

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. National Rural Employment Guarantee Act (NREGA), 112–114 National Security Agency (NSA), 52 Negroponte, Nicholas, 5, 11, 21, 64, 227(n4), 238(n26). See also One Laptop Per Child Nehru, Jawaharlal, 183 The Net Delusion: The Dark Side of Internet Freedom (Morozov), 23, 35–36 The New Argonauts (Saxenian), 183 The New Digital Age

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plant disaster, 235(n29) Numeracy, 27–28 Nussbaum, Martha, 274–275(n4) Obama, Barack, 42, 89, 170 Obesity, 52–53, 235(n32) Olojede, Dele, 63 One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) program, 5, 8, 15, 48, 64–65, 227(n4), 227(n10), 238(n26) Oppenheimer, Todd, 10, 228(n17) Opportunity, rhetoric of, ix–xii, 71, 170

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Personal growth, 174–177, 269(n37). See also Intrinsic growth Personality, human maturation and, 161 Personality development, 161, 260(n17). See also Intrinsic growth Peru: One Laptop Per Child, 8 Phablets, 48, 234(n23) Philippines: microcredit programs, 59–60 Piaget, Jean, 161, 260(n18) Pilotitis, 70. See also “The Iron Law of Evaluation and

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’s status, 178 United States Agency for International Development (USAID), 86, 272(n12) Universal suffrage, 63 Untouchables, India’s, 64 Urban migration, 268(n21) Uruguay: One Laptop Per Child, 8 Usury, 58. See also Microcredit Utilitarianism, 88 Utopians, technological, 20–22 Arab Spring as Facebook revolution, 33 characteristics and views, 21–22 faith in

The Cultural Logic of Computation

by David Golumbia · 31 Mar 2009 · 268pp · 109,447 words

where very little existed before.”8 It is also no surprise that Negroponte now spearheads a worldwide effort to distribute computers to children (the One Laptop Per Child program, or OLPC) that can also be seen as realizing a desire to propagate computationalism, and in this mode emerges not from a prior base of interest

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it would be better to just leave them off the computer altogether. There are few more obviously disturbing applications of such thinking than in the One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) project spearheaded by Nicholas Negroponte. This project, which promises to give many of the world’s disadvantaged children inexpensive laptops which they can use freely

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: Penguin Books. Nye, David E. 2003. America as Second Creation: Technology and Narratives of New Beginnings. Cambridge, MA: The MIT Press. References p 245 OLPC. 2008. “One Laptop Per Child: Vision: Mission.” http://www.laptop.org. O’Gorman, Bill. 2004. “The Road to ERP: Has Industry Learned or Revolved Back to the Start?” In Adam

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–103, 165; in psychoanalysis, 185–188 OHCO thesis, 105–112, 116–117, 211 Oligarchical power, 129–131, 134–135, 149–151, 154, 169, 172, 174 One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), 11, 124 Ong, Walter, 78, 120 Open source software, 4–5, 26, 147, 208, 221–222 Outsourcing, 147, 163, 171, 173, 175, 213 Index Part

Artificial Unintelligence: How Computers Misunderstand the World

by Meredith Broussard · 19 Apr 2018 · 245pp · 83,272 words

salary. The challenges don’t stop there. As teachers and administrators learned from the $20 million One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) initiative announced in 2005, simply handing students laptops doesn’t mean they will use them for education. An OLPC deployment in Paraguay found that unless there were specific instructions given for how the computers should

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. Paper-Based Tasks”; Keim, “Why the Smart Reading Device of the Future May Be … Paper.” 4. Ames, “Translating Magic.” 5. Kraemer, Dedrick, and Sharma, “One Laptop per Child”; Purington, “One Laptop per Child.” 6. Broussard, “Why Poor Schools Can’t Win at Standardized Testing.” 7. School District of Philadelphia, “Budget Adoption Fiscal Year 2016–2017.” 6 People Problems

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New Jim Crow: Mass Incarceration in the Age of Colorblindness. Revised ed. New York: New Press, 2012. Ames, Morgan G. “Translating Magic: The Charisma of One Laptop per Child’s XO Laptop in Paraguay.” In Beyond Imported Magic: Essays on Science, Technology, and Society in Latin America, edited by Eden Medina, Ivan da Costa

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. Blur: How to Know What’s True in the Age of Information Overload. New York: Bloomsbury, 2011. Kraemer, Kenneth L., Jason Dedrick, and Prakul Sharma. “One Laptop per Child: Vision vs. Reality.” Communications of the ACM 52, no. 6 (June 1, 2009): 66. doi:10.1145/1516046.1516063. Kroeger, Brooke. 2017. The Suffragents: How

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, an Autonomous Land Vehicle in a Neural Network.” Carnegie Mellon University, 1989. http://repository.cmu.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=2874&context=compsci. Purington, David. “One Laptop per Child: A Misdirection of Humanitarian Effort.” ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 40, no. 1 (March 1, 2010): 28–33. doi:10.1145/1750888.1750892. Quach, Katyanna

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Amendment, 78 Northpointe, 155–156 Norvig, Peter, 93, 118 Nutter, Michael, 53 NVIDIA, 140–141 Obama Administration, 147, 194 Object, 97 O’Neil, Cathy, 94 One Laptop Per Child (OLPC) initiative, 65 oN-Line System (NLS), 25 OpenBazaar, 159 Operating systems, 24–25 Opioid crisis, 158–160 O’Reilly, Tim, 81 OSX, 25 Otto, 142

The Architecture of Open Source Applications

by Amy Brown and Greg Wilson · 24 May 2011 · 834pp · 180,700 words

it's in place, the same commands will be executed on all users connected to the same spreadsheet. When this feature was first implemented for OLPC (One Laptop Per Child2) by SEETA's Sugar Labs3 in 2009, the broadcast function was built with XPCOM calls into D-Bus/Telepathy, the standard

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exists alongside the main Connection object (hence the name sidecar, like on a motorcycle). The History of Sidecars In the early days of Telepathy, the One Laptop Per Child project needed to support custom XMPP extensions (XEPs) to share information between devices. These were added directly to Telepathy-Gabble (the XMPP Connection Manager), and

Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia

by Anthony M. Townsend · 29 Sep 2013 · 464pp · 127,283 words

.”9 A Computer for the Rest of Us Undeterred by Lincos’s failure, in 2005 MIT Media Lab cofounder Nicholas Negroponte announced an ambitious project, One Laptop Per Child, with a bold goal: to deploy millions of laptops to children in the developing world, for less than $100 per unit. By 2012 the group

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citizens.”42 Since the 1990s, ICT4D projects mostly operated on an approach that Richard Heeks calls “pro-poor.” As he puts it, in projects like One Laptop Per Child, “innovation occurs outside poor communities, but on their behalf.” Truly sustainable solutions require people to participate in a project’s design and implementation. Heeks calls

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and Development), 288 O’Hagan, John, 80 Olivetti, 137 Olympic Games: Summer 1996, 66 Summer 2016, 66 O’Malley, Martin, 211 O’Neill, Tip, 212 One Laptop Per Child (OLPC), 177, 188, 190 open-data legislation, 228 Open Plans, 158, 228, 307 open source: advocates of, 126–34, 209, 223, 237, 241, 291 in computer