Peace of Westphalia

The Dream of Europe: Travels in the Twenty-First Century

by Geert Mak  · 27 Oct 2021  · 722pp  · 223,701 words

the world. One such miracle, of course, was the European project itself, after the horrors of the Second World War. For centuries, ever since the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, European politicians had assumed that international disputes, whether of trade or war, were essentially problems between states, which needed to be resolved between

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Paris Agreement, The (2015) 327–8, 329, 416, 420, 480 Party for Freedom 178, 367, 375 Pasok 178, 237 Pavlovsky, Gleb 50–1, 52, 53 Peace of Westphalia (1648) 522 Pécs, Hungary 311, 313 pensions 28–9, 35, 40, 48, 52, 53, 90, 107, 152, 176–7, 178, 208, 217, 218, 221, 223

Against the Machine: On the Unmaking of Humanity

by Paul Kingsnorth  · 23 Sep 2025  · 388pp  · 110,920 words

to revisit. By systematising reality, utilising the new sciences, promoting reason over religion, and supporting the new pattern of nation-states which emerged from the Peace of Westphalia over local or feudal loyalties, Europeans could build a better world, one less amenable to irrational, bloody chaos. The dream of cosmopolis, in Toulmin’s

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, 296 “Other” (Thomas), xv The Outline of Sanity (Chesterton), 50–51 Ozymandias, 88 P pannage rights, 45 patriotism, 197, 198 Paul (Saint), 166, 220, 260 Peace of Westphalia, 108–9 peasants culture relation to, 24 in French Revolution, 56–57 perfection, 14, 15 Perpetual Peace (Kant), 197–98 Perry, Matthew, 101–2, 106

A Short History of British Architecture: From Stonehenge to the Shard

by Simon Jenkins  · 7 Nov 2024  · 364pp  · 94,801 words

by the opening up of Europe in 1648 and the return of the grand tour after the end of the Thirty Years War in the Peace of Westphalia. Gone were Hardwick’s walls of glass, Layer Marney’s gatehouse and Burghley’s turrets. The leading architect of the day, Roger Pratt, had begun

Global Crisis: War, Climate Change and Catastrophe in the Seventeenth Century

by Geoffrey Parker  · 29 Apr 2013  · 1,773pp  · 486,685 words

acted well or badly’ and to learn how to ‘ascertain what our subjects are hiding from us’. Thus on hearing that France had signed the peace of Westphalia in 1648, Louis XIV's preceptor seized the chance to give his 10-year-old charge a crash course in German history, and especially on

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not the only state that prospered during – and partly because of – the Thirty Years War: another beneficiary was the Swiss confederation. In 1648, although the Peace of Westphalia stopped short of granting the 13 Swiss cantons (and some associated territories) sovereign status, it recognized their ‘exemption’ from the laws and institutions of the

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and increasing the number of their defenders. Until 1648, the prosperity created by the Thirty Years War made such military spending bearable; but while the Peace of Westphalia brought security, it ended prosperity. German demand for Swiss produce, including soldiers, plunged; and the refugees from Germany returned home, causing a collapse in both

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: not only Germany but also northern Italy, the Dutch Republic, Sweden, Switzerland and Denmark all suffered effects that were ‘either negative or disastrous’. Nevertheless, the Peace of Westphalia brought eventual benefits not only to Germany but also to at least some of its neighbours. First, pressure from France and Sweden eventually created a

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of Europe that would successfully maintain peace among the Great Powers after 1815. Germany was therefore fully justified in organizing joyous ceremonies to commemorate the Peace of Westphalia. The city of Augsburg organized two celebrations: a general day of rejoicing followed by a peace festival for children, at which the Lutheran clergy distributed

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France would ever receive again – he could have immediately diverted the troops in the Netherlands to Germany, and thus extracted far better terms at the Peace of Westphalia. Instead, in the hope of gaining yet more, he poured all available resources into campaigns in Catalonia and Lombardy. The decision to continue the war

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heal the scars, end the fears and create a climate of trust. Many authorities prohibited any discussion of the recent contentious past. In 1648 the peace of Westphalia forbade ‘any person to impugn in any place, in publick or in private, by preaching, teaching, disputing, writing or consulting, the Transaction of Passau [of

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John Ray. He was immediately struck by the rapid post-war repopulation and reconstruction of Germany. ‘Since the instrument of peace,’ wrote Skippon (meaning the Peace of Westphalia in 1648), ‘the people of this country have recruited themselves very much’. An anonymous Italian visitor the previous year confirmed this impression: ‘although you see

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(Lincoln, NE, 1995) Ganeri, J., The lost age of reason: Philosophy in early modern India, 1450–1700 (Oxford, 2011) Gantet, C., ‘Peace celebrations commemorating the peace of Westphalia’, in Bussmann and Schilling, eds, 1648, II, 649–56 García Cárcel, R., Pau Claris. La revolta catalana (Barcelona, 1980) García Cárcel, R., ‘La revolución catalana

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Luis de (i) Peace-making (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii) n 50 Peace of Westphalia, see Westphalia Peking Gazette (i), (ii) Pellicer y Tovar, José de (i) La Pelosa, Antonino (i), (ii) Pembroke Castle (i) Peñaranda, Gaspar de Bracamonte, count

The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times

by Giovanni Arrighi  · 15 Mar 2010  · 7,371pp  · 186,208 words

a major reorganization of the pan-European system of rule found more and more supporters among European rulers until Spain was completely isolated. With the Peace of Westphalia of 1648, a new world system of rule thus emerged: The idea of an authority or organization above sovereign states is no longer. What takes

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United Kingdom took the lead in tightening the loose system of consultation between the great powers of Europe which had been in operation since the Peace of Westphalia. The result was the Concert of Europe which, from the start, was primarily an instrument of British governance of the continental balance of power. For

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and relative to subordinate and competing territorialist organizations, France and England in particular. And as the imperial center weakened, wars and rebellions proliferated until the Peace of Westphalia institutionalized the emerging European balance of power. Throughout these struggles the primary source of Dutch wealth and power was control over supplies of grain and

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York: International Publishers 1971. Greenberg, Michael, Britis/7 Trade and the Opening of China 1800-1842, New York: Monthly Review Press 1979. Gross, Leo, “The Peace of Westphalia, 1648-1948,” in R.A. Falk and WH. Hanrieder, eds., International Law and Organization, Philadelphia: Lippincott 1968,pp.45-67. Guha, Ranajit, “Dominance Without Hegemony

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, Ravi, 160 Panama, 327 Paris Peace Accords, 306 Patriots’ Revolution, 179 Peace of Lodi (1454), 40, 92, 97, 130 Peace ofTurin (1381), 92, 117, 146 Peace of Westphalia (1648), 44, 135 Peel’s Bank Act (1844), 265 Perez, Carlota, 9 periwig period (Holland), 178-79 petrodollars, 322, 324, 333 Phelps Brown, E. H

Europe: A History

by Norman Davies  · 1 Jan 1996

case. Europeans in the Age of Absolutism were no more uniform absolutists than they were uniform rationalists. In the century and a half between the Peace of Westphalia and the French Revolution, the map of Europe underwent few radical changes. Each of the wars of the period ended with a certain amount of

Worldmaking After Empire: The Rise and Fall of Self-Determination

by Adom Getachew  · 5 Feb 2019

: Class, Geopolitics, and the Making of Modern International Relations (New York: Verso, 2003); Sebastian Schmidt, “To Order the Minds of Scholars: The Discourse of the Peace of Westphalia in International Relations Literature,” International Studies Quarterly 55 (September 2011): 601–­23; Jennifer Pitts, “Intervention and Sovereign Inequality: The Legacy of Vattel,” in Just and

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Ignoring the Local—­Introduction.” Journal of Genocide Research 10 (June 2008): 191–­99. Schmidt, Sebastian. “To Order the Minds of Scholars: The Discourse of the Peace of Westphalia in International Relations Literature.” International Studies Quarterly 55 (September 2011): 601–­23. Schmitt, Carl. The Nomos of the Earth in the International Law of the

Germany

by Andrea Schulte-Peevers  · 17 Oct 2010

refused to die. Rather, it degenerated into the bloody Thirty Years War, which Sweden and France had joined by 1635. Calm was restored with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), signed in Münster and Osnabrück, but it left the Reich – embracing more than 300 states and about 1000 smaller territories – a nominal, impotent state

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elegant boutiques and cafes. The key building here is the Gothic Historisches Rathaus, with its elegant filigree gable. In 1648, an important subtreaty of the Peace of Westphalia was signed here, marking the first step in ending the calamitous Thirty Years War. You can visit the splendidly wood-carved hall where the historic

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by Albrecht Dürer. MARKT & AROUND It was on the Rathaus (admission free; 8am-8pm Mon-Fri, 9am-4pm Sat, 10am-4pm Sun) steps that the Peace of Westphalia was proclaimed on 25 October 1648, ending the Thirty Years’ War. The preceding peace negotiations were conducted partly in Münster, about 60km south, and partly

Germany Travel Guide

by Lonely Planet

and protestant Osnabrück are forever linked – at least in the minds of suffering middle-school history students – as the dual sites chosen to sign the Peace of Westphalia, the series of treaties that ended the Thirty Years War (one of the longest and comparatively most destructive wars in history). Today you can find

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. The key building here is the Gothic Historisches Rathaus Offline map Google map, with its elegant filigree gable. In 1648, an important subtreaty of the Peace of Westphalia was signed here, marking the first step in ending the calamitous Thirty Years War. To the left, the beautifully porticoed Renaissance building is the Stadtweinhaus

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find some gems. Rathaus HISTORIC BUILDING (Markt; 8am-6pm Mon-Fri, 9am-4pm Sat, 10am-4pm Sun) It was on the Rathaus steps that the Peace of Westphalia was proclaimed on 25 October 1648, ending the Thirty Years’ War. The preceding peace negotiations were conducted partly in Münster, about 60km south, and partly

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issue refused to die. It degenerated into the bloody Thirty Years’ War, which Sweden and France had joined by 1635. Calm was restored with the Peace of Westphalia (1648), signed in Münster and Osnabrück, but it left the Reich – embracing more than 300 states and about 1000 smaller territories – a nominal, impotent state

The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities

by John J. Mearsheimer  · 24 Sep 2018  · 443pp  · 125,510 words

free to build empires throughout the world. So sovereignty had little effect on the behavior of European states for roughly two hundred years after the Peace of Westphalia.19 With the growth of nationalism—in Europe during the nineteenth century and in the colonial empires during the twentieth century—sovereignty became a more

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1945 was and still is a rejection of the European balance-of-power principle and the hegemonic ambitions of individual states that emerged after the Peace of Westphalia in 1648, a rejection that took the form of a closer meshing of vital interests and the transfer of nation-state sovereign rights to supranational

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Tragedy (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2011). Regarding the importance of the Treaty of Westphalia for beginning the age of sovereignty, see Leo Gross, “The Peace of Westphalia, 1648–1948,” American Journal of International Law 42, no. 1 (January 1948): 20–41. Some scholars, however, challenge Gross’s interpretation. See Andreas Osiander, “Sovereignty

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, International Relations, and the Westphalian Myth,” International Organization 55, no. 2 (April 2001): 251–87; Derek Croxton, “The Peace of Westphalia of 1648 and the Origins of Sovereignty,” International History Review 21, no. 3 (September 1999): 569–91. I agree with Daniel Philpott’s assessment “that

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, 204–9 liberal institutionalism and, 189–90, 210–16 liberalism as basis for, 121, 124–26, 154, 188–216 obstacles to possibility of, 191–94 Peace of Westphalia. See Treaty of Westphalia peasantry, 255n12 Peceny, Mark, 169–70 Peloponnesian War, 134–35 Philippines, 169 philosophy, 28 Pickering, Jeffrey, 169–70 Pinker, Steven, 57

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