Possiplex
by Ted Nelson · 2 Jan 2010
of Ted Nelson POSSIPLEX • Movies, Intellect, Creative Control, My Computer Life and the Fight for Civilization First edition, 2010 POSSIPLEX: Movies, Intellect, Creative Control, My Computer Life and the Fight for Civilization, © 2010 Theodor Holm Nelson. All rights reserved. INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY NOTICES: The following are current trademarks of Project Xanadu, either registered or claimed: Xanadu®
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a lady I had been with a long time denounced my work as creating a system for ‘passive viewing’—totally the opposite of what Xanadu was about. Ted Nelson’s Softworld™: The Story Ends (~1978) William had done an excellent version of TRAC. I was going to call our version SuperLanguage™. Personal
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always believed that simplicity and depth could be created together. HyperTransactions Professor Hajime Ohiwa and his students (notably Yousuke Igarashi) implemented a number of other Xanadu features, again as a demonstration prototype. Marlene and I were overjoyed when MITI granted a million dollars (in yen) to our project at Keio.
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constrained to read in any particular order, but could follow links and delve into the original document from a short quotation.4 Ted described a 5 6 7 futuristic project, Xanadu[® ], in which all the world's information could be published in hypertext. For example, if you were reading this book in
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hypertext, you would be able to follow a link from my reference to Xanadu to further details of that project. In Ted's vision, every quotation
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believe he would have made a vast amount of money, but we will never know. • What about the 1992 collapse of Xanadu at Autodesk, you ask? Weren’t they backing Ted Nelson? No. Autodesk invested, not in my projects, but in the company founded by Roger Gregory-- XOC, Inc.-- which had a
Intertwingled: The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson (History of Computing)
by Douglas R. Dechow · 2 Jul 2015 · 223pp · 52,808 words
. We honor your perseverance and tenacity in working for nearly fifty years on the Xanadu system, your vision of the docuverse. In this volume, which takes its name from the conference, Intertwingled : The Work and Influence of Ted Nelson , Nelson, his colleagues and contemporaries from the computing world and the scholars who continue to
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I Artistic Contributions 1 The Computer Age Ed Subitzky 2 Odes to Ted Nelson Ben Shneiderman Part II Peer Histories 3 The Two-Eyed Man Alan Kay 4 Ted Nelson’s Xanadu Ken Knowlton 5 Hanging Out with Ted Nelson Brewster Kahle 6 Riffing on Ted Nelson—Hypermind Peter Schmideg and Laurie Spiegel 7 Intertwingled Inspiration Andrew Pam 8
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one of the three keynote speakers at the Hypertext 87 Workshop. Recently AutoCAD, Inc. initiated a collaboration with Nelson and his Xanadu project. 2.4 Second Admiration A year later I wrote about Ted Nelson for the world’s first electronic book [2], as determined by our Library of Congress colleagues asking for guidance
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about how to catalog it.Ted Nelson’s Xanadu. The first to coin the terms hypertext and hypermedia in his book Dream Machines. In his book “Dream Machines,” Nelson developed his ideas about augmentation with an emphasis on creating a global, unified literary environment
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?v=AnrlSqtpOkw). © The Author(s) 2015 Douglas R. Dechow and Daniele C. Struppa (eds.)IntertwingledHistory of Computing10.1007/978-3-319-16925-5_4 4. Ted Nelson’s Xanadu Caution – Four Letter Words Ahead Ken Knowlton1 (1)Bell Laboratories, Inc., Sarasota, FL 34232, USA Ken KnowltonRetired. Formerly Email: kckmosaics@aol.com
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Daniele C. Struppa (eds.)IntertwingledHistory of Computing10.1007/978-3-319-16925-5_6 6. Riffing on Ted Nelson—Hypermind Peter Schmideg and Laurie Spiegel1 (1)New York, NY 10013, USA Laurie Spiegel Email: laurie@xanadu.net Deceased Peter Schmideg was an actor, writer, director, and a radio personality. Laurie Spiegel is an
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what was being written as a part of the full sensorium of experience as we live it, and all word after word. PS: Metaphysically speaking Ted Nelson’s Project Xanadu is Proust wired, electronically/digitally expanding stream of consciousness. Borrowing its name from Samuel Taylor Coleridge’s unfinished poem, “Kubla Khan,” which endeavored to
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and the driven artistic need for them, not the technology, not an engineering vision or vantage point or concept, these were what unfurled Project Xanadu in Ted’s mind. Ted was a young artist in search of a medium capable of capturing what no existing medium could. It was a vision, just as Coleridge
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. Some of us watched similar just-not-the-same evolutions of what we had hoped would become the realizations of our own visions. PS: Project Xanadu is Ted Nelson’s holy mission. It all began in 1960 with that computer course at Harvard. Vannevar Bush and the Internet came to function as practical triggers
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. Vaporware? For the moment, yes, but Project Xanadu is moving in the right direction with Ted’s ZigZag as a first step. And since how future artists and information providers reap benefit from their wares must impact culturally every bit as much as style and content, Transpublishing, Ted Nelson’s alternative approach to copyrighting, also
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-5_7 7. Intertwingled Inspiration Andrew Pam1 (1)Project Xanadu, 138 Lincoln Rd., 3136 Croydon, VIC, Australia Andrew Pam Email: xanni@xanadu.net Intertwingularity is the idea that everything is deeply interconnected on multiple levels. I will therefore describe my own background and experiences with Ted Nelson, comment on some issues raised by other contributors
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, around 1984. I was still in high school, I was sixteen at that time, and I immediately wrote off to Project Xanadu, which I believe was sponsored by Autodesk at that point. Ted’s book included an invitation to get involved in the project, and he responded by sending me some documentation. I
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it; he even sketched a quirky interior for a Xanadu café. What Nelson saw was an anarchic, global hypertext publishing system: a “digital repository scheme for world-wide electronic publishing” [9, p. 3/2]. While working at Harcourt in 1966 he dubbed the project Xanadu. Although he was not the first to build it
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, he predicted that hypertext would have domestic penetration before anyone else. Nelson had a rich vision for what Xanadu should look like and the experience it should deliver to the public
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data collection encompasses information relevant to documentation, writing, networks, and hypertext – anything that could possibly inform the design of Xanadu and related technologies. The common thread of the data collection projects of Ted Nelson and Gordon Bell is that both acquire heterogeneous data types that must be integrated. Bell, a distinguished computer scientist
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open framework for integrating widely distributed hypermedia resources. In: Proceedings of the third IEEE international conference on multimedia computing & systems 5. Nelson TH (1981) Literary machines: the report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow’s intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom
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JLR (eds) Encyclopédie, ou Dictionnaire Raisonné des Sciences, des Arts et des Métiers par une Société de Gens de Lettres 3. Nelson TH (1981) Literary machines: The report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, Thinkertoys, tomorrow’s intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including knowledge, education and freedom
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(4):129–134. Sebastopol: O’Reilly. http://www.xml.com/lpt/a/294 8. Nelson TH (2007) Toward a deep electronic literature: the generalization of documents and media. Project Xanadu. http://xanadu.com/XanaduSpace/xuGzn.htm. Accessed 16 Dec 2014 9. Nelson TH, Smith RA, Mallicoat M (2007) Back to the future: hypertext the way
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actor languages. Creat Comput 6(10):61–86 (edited collection of articles, with contributions by Nelson) Nelson TH (1980) The Atari machine. Creat Comput 6(6):34–35 Nelson TH (1981) Literary machines: the report on, and of, project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrows intellectual revolution, and certain other topics including
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. Workman Publishing, New York, pp 349–351 Nelson TH (1986) A technical overview of the Xanadu electronic storage and publishing system. VHS. [San Antonio, TX]: Project Xanadu. VHS *Nelson TH (1986) A vision of the future. Publishers Weekly, November 23 Nelson TH (1986) The posterity machine. VHS. [San Antonio, TX]: Project Xanadu. VHS. Lecture at Vassar College, 1986
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show. http://archive.org/details/Timothy_Leary_Archives_189.dv. A video short called “The Silicon Valley Show” featuring Ted Nelson, Douglas Engelbart, Rick Mascitti, Stewart Brand, and Timothy Leary. Directed by Ted Nelson Nelson TH (1992) Xanadu space, 1993. Autodesk, Sausalito. http://archive.org/details/01Kahle000838. Wide Area Information Servers Project Documentation, scanned in 2013
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royalty accounting. Inf Serv Use 14(4):255–265. http://iospress.metapress.com/index/MH27753662736246.pdf Nelson TH (1994) Xanadu publishing with royalty: 1994 One BBSCON. [S.l.]: PlaybackNow.com. Audio recording of lecture by Ted Nelson at the ONE BBSCON in August 1994 concerning his ideas for handling rights management in electronic publishing
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of paper delivered to first Wearable computer conference Nelson TH (1998) Xanadu ZigZag hyperstructure kit: ZigZag commands for version 0.49. http://www.xanadu.com/zigzag/zzDirex.html. “System designed by Ted Nelson, programmed by Andrew Pam. These instructions by TN” Nelson TH (1999) The unfinished revolution and Xanadu. ACM Comput Surv 31(4es), December, article 37
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future of information (scanned). May 4. http://web.archive.org/web/20010504071817/http://www.xanadu.com.au/ted/INFUTscans/INFUTscans.html Nelson TH (2001) Xanadu technologies – an introduction, 4 October.” http://xanadu.com/tech/ (A Joint Disclosure by Udanax.com and Project Xanadu as of August 23, 1999 to accompany our presentation at the O’Reilly Open
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-319-16925-5_17 17. What Box? Theodor Holm Nelson1 (1)Project Xanadu, 3020 Bridgeway #295, 94965 Sausalito, CA, USA Theodor Holm Nelson Email: tandm@xanadu.net Note: Xanadu® and ZigZag® are registered trademarks of Project Xanadu. XanaduSpace™, Zzogl™ and Utmos™ are claimed trademarks of Project Xanadu; and transliterature and sworfing are offered as generic terms for some of
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V (1945) As we may think. Atlantic 176:101–108 2. Nelson TH (1974) Computer Lib: you can and must understand computers now/dream machines. Hugo’s Book Service, Chicago 3. Nelson TH (1981) Literary machines: the report on, and of, Project Xanadu concerning word processing, electronic publishing, hypertext, thinkertoys, tomorrow’s intellectual revolution
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.1 technical edn). Mindful Press, Swarthmore 6. Nelson TH (1987) Computer Lib: you can and must understand computers now/dream machines, Rev and updated edn. Tempus Books of Microsoft Press, Redmond 7. Nelson TH (1998) Parallel visualization: transpointing windows. Project Xanadu. http://xanadu.com.au/ted/TN/PARALUNE/paraviz
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ZigZag® Database and visualization system. Project Xanadu. http://xanadu
Memory Machines: The Evolution of Hypertext
by Belinda Barnet · 14 Jul 2013 · 193pp · 19,478 words
many other things, this performance introduced me to hypermedia polemics, academic theater, and the Ted Nelson experience. Two decades later, my partner and I still recite Ted’s line, as if it * Xanadu is a registered trademark of Theodor H. Nelson. TO MANDELBROT IN HEAVEN xi were Shaw or Shakespeare, when someone in authority says
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questions and unbuilt devices that they view as their agenda for five years, ten years, and longer.’ Memex has never been built, but like Ted Nelson’s Xanadu, it has become an image of potentiality for hypertext. It has also had a formative role in information science. The social and cultural influence of
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bound together to form a new book’ (104). Ted Nelson noted in response to this chapter that items could be put on more than one trail – they could be reused (Nelson calls this ‘tranclusion’, a concept we will explore in more depth in the Xanadu chapter). Electro-optical devices borrowed from the Rapid Selector
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and influenced all future hypertext systems. The premature death of a technical project like this is not uncommon. We will see it again in Ted Nelson’s legendary project, Xanadu, and we saw it in Memex’s failure to translate into technical vision. These visionary systems failed at different times and for different reasons
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the heart of this book: the Magical Place of Literary Memory, Xanadu. Chapter 4 THE MAGICAL PLACE OF LITERARY MEMORY: XANADU What I thought would be called Xanadu is called the World Wide Web and works differently, but has the same penetration. —Ted Nelson, 1999 It was a vision in a dream. A computer filing
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vision – which is actually older than the Web, and aspects of it are older than personal computing – belongs to hypertext pioneer Theodor Holm Nelson, who dubbed the project Xanadu in October 1966.1 The name comes from the famous poem by Samuel Taylor Coleridge, ‘Kubla Khan’. In his tale of the poem’s
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ideas and evidential materials, not a pyramid of truth. So that preserving its structure, and improving its accessibility, is important to us all. (Nelson 1987, 157) Xanadu was proposed as a vast digital network to house this corpus of ideas and evidential materials, facilitated by a special linking system. The linking
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depth in this chapter the evolution of the Xanadu design and the ideas behind it. For now, I wish to emphasize this mythical dimension to Xanadu. Though Nelson does not like the word ‘mythical’ as it implies the project is imaginary, it must be said that Project Xanadu has been under development for 50 years
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and has never been completed. Nelson has, however, released numerous products along the way – including the multidimensional organizing system ZigZag (1996), and more recently XanaduSpace (2007),
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imagination of a whole generation of developers), but that the vision has failed to realize itself qua technical artefact. Much has been written about Project Xanadu over the years. Nelson himself doesn’t have the time to keep up with it all – and even when he does, as he put it to me
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can find that story elsewhere.5 It is also not the story of Ted Nelson’s life. He published his autobiography, Possiplex, in 2010. I am interested in Nelson’s vision and the impact of that vision. The remarkable thing about Xanadu is that, despite countless setbacks, it refuses to die. Its logo is
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nonetheless become the most important vision in the history of computing. THE MAGICAL PLACE OF LITERARY MEMORY: XANADU 69 Ted Nelson at Keio University, Japan 1999. Photo © Belinda Barnet. Ideas and Their Interconnections: The Evolution of the Idea People ask me why I carry a stapler.
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[in the diagram in that paper] is essentially the xanological transclusion. (Nelson 2010c) THE MAGICAL PLACE OF LITERARY MEMORY: XANADU 73 Vassar College Lecture Invitation, 1965. This was the first time Nelson’s word hypertext (or ‘hypertexts’) appeared in public. Thanks to Ted Nelson for permission to republish. Crucially, the design also got him published
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his head a lot in this interview; he clearly has some regrets. By 1983 Gregory claims that he wanted to ‘get some work done’ on Xanadu without Nelson interfering (‘Ted can be very distracting. [He] is really brilliant but…’ (Gregory 2010)). So Gregory set the company up so that ‘we had
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a whimsical idea, but it predicted the domestic penetration of ISPs and Ted Nelson with the author, 2010. Photo © data portals in what would eventually Belinda Barnet. become the Web. Sceptical readers, Stuart Moulthrop writes, might see in this vision of Xanadu yet another domain of the postmodern theme park. ‘Gentle readers, welcome
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business plan. Visions take longer to influence the engineering world than prototypes. Nelson’s ideas have been absorbed over time, but not always due to his direct advocacy. In the next section, I look more closely at his major project, Xanadu, and at the design of this system – a task more difficult than
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also allows each item to remain connected to its original source. For accuracy, for the availability of context, with micropayment for the quote’ (Nelson 2012). The Xanadu system tracks the location of spans of text, in the same document or in other documents. Liberatory rhetoric aside, this fact cannot be ignored
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systems that had a good deal more functionality, like FRESS, and we sort of resented being told, “here’s hypertext”’ (Joyce 2011a). Ted Nelson also presented a paper on Xanadu (‘All for One and One for All’) and Janet Walker presented a paper on the Document Examiner. ‘It was fabulous,’ recalls Joyce, ‘
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room, lots of big systems, systems we’d been reading about for years but that you’d never actually seen before. There in one room: Ted Nelson’s Xanadu, Engelbart’s NLS/Augment, Walker’s Symbolics Document Explorer, Joyce and Bolter with Storyspace, [Bernstein’s] Hypergate, Meyrowitz and Landow and Yankelovich and van
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underneath that would be some text, and underneath that some subtext. This imposed structure would repel Ted Nelson, who declined an offer from Engelbart to work on the project. It also distinguishes the system from Xanadu, which is opposed to such structures. But in NLS the user could always link from any
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together like the Web. At around the same time Engelbart was building NLS, however, Ted Nelson was designing a system that was intended to do just that. It was worldwide hypertext, like the Web. It was called Xanadu. Xanadu would be the perfect archive; it would capture the deeply interconnected structure of human knowledge
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http://xanadu.com.au/ted/transcopyright/transcopy.html (accessed April 2013). . 1995b. ‘Errors in “The Curse of Xanadu” by Gary Wolf ’. Xanadu Australia. Online: http://www.xanadu.com.au/ararat (accessed March 2012). . 1997. ‘Embedded Markup Considered Harmful’. XML.com: XML from the Inside Out. Online: http://www.xml.com/pub/a/w3j/s3.nelson.html
This Is for Everyone: The Captivating Memoir From the Inventor of the World Wide Web
by Tim Berners-Lee · 8 Sep 2025 · 347pp · 100,038 words
the associative processes of the human mind. Influenced by Bush’s work, in 1963 the visionary entrepreneur Ted Nelson coined the terms ‘hypertext’ and ‘hypermedia’ as part of an ambitious computing platform he termed Project Xanadu. Nelson envisioned a universal, interconnected information space where every piece of content could be linked to every other piece
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run by the Xanadu Operating Company. Both Xanadu and Ted had a significant fanbase. The project was developed by an informal group of enthusiasts for a while, then adopted by the company Autodesk. On the
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it was soon rebranded as Google. Another academic problem, and one that we have never completely resolved, is the problem of broken hyperlinks. Projects like Xanadu envisioned a central registry of links, but that required a central overseer, which I did not want the web to have. Still, even early on
Who Owns the Future?
by Jaron Lanier · 6 May 2013 · 510pp · 120,048 words
, it was still almost impossible to find someone with whom you could talk about this stuff. Best Thought There wasn’t only one version of Xanadu, as the project evolved over many decades, becoming ever more obscure as personal computers, the Internet, and all the other familiar digital set pieces appeared
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part to recapture those kinds of connections that were jettisoned when they need not have been, when the Web was born. Why Isn’t Ted Better Known? Xanadu wasn’t merely a technical project; it was a social experiment of its time. The most hip thing in the Bay Area from the
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context. Ted had a band of followers/collaborators. It would have been uncool to be specific about exactly what they were. They sometimes lived in a house here or there, or vagabonded about. They broke up and reconciled repeatedly, and were perpetually on the verge of presenting the ultimate software project, Xanadu, in
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some formulation, which would have been remembered as the first implementation of the Web, or perhaps even the Internet itself. To be clear, the key technical insight that allowed networking to become decentralized and scale was packet switching, and that insight did not arise from Ted Nelson or the Xanadu project
Intertwingled: Information Changes Everything
by Peter Morville · 14 May 2014 · 165pp · 50,798 words
its users to share an associative “web of trails.”lxv In the early 60s, Ted Nelson coined “hypertext” and set out to build Xanadu, a non-sequential writing system with visible, clickable, unbreakable, bi-directional hyperlinks. lxvi Figure 3-1. Ted Nelson’s Xanalogical Structure. In 1968, Doug Englebart “real-ized” these dreams by showing
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helped the Web to spread like wildfire, yet it also ruled out core features of earlier visions. Ted Nelson imagined a vertically integrated system that managed everything from code and interface to copyright and micropayment. Xanadu’s transpointing windows would support bidirectional links, transclusion, and side-by-side comparison. It would elevate the
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Love Soon by Vienna Teng. lxiv Cataloging the World by Alex Wright (2014). lxv As We May Think by Vannevar Bush (1945). lxvi Project Xanadu by Ted Nelson, http://www.xanadu.com. lxvii A Research Center for Augmenting Human Intellect by Doug Englebart (1968). lxviii Englebart’s violin was a chorded keyboard designed to be
Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology
by Howard Rheingold · 14 May 2000 · 352pp · 120,202 words
. Chapter Fourteen: Xanadu, Network Culture, and Beyond "Computer was a bad name for it. It might just as well have been called an Oogabooga Box. That way, at least, we could get the fear out in the open and laugh at it." Ted Nelson is one of
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] Ibid., p. 19. [13] Ibid., p.22. Chapter Fourteen: Xanadu, Network Culture, and Beyond [1] Ted Nelson, Dream Machines/Computer Lib (self-published, 1974). [2] Ted Nelson, Literary Machines (self-published, 1983). [3] Ibid., 1/17. [4] Ibid., 1/18. [5] Ted Nelson, "A New Home For the Mind," Datamation, March 1982, 174. [
Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution - 25th Anniversary Edition
by Steven Levy · 18 May 2010 · 598pp · 183,531 words
to hack the phone system. Later cofounded Systems Concepts company. Ted Nelson. Self-described “innovator” and noted curmudgeon who self-published the
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, people set about building, right there at MIT, a hacker Xanadu, the likes of which might never be duplicated. Chapter 3. Spacewar
Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Writing Science)
by Thierry Bardini · 1 Dec 2000
, and there were in fact two different approaches to communication at the origin of current hypertext and hypermedia systems. The first is represented by Ted Nelson and his Xanadu Project, which was aiming at facilitating individual literary creativity. The second is represented by Douglas Engelbart and his NLS, as his oN-Line System
Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age
by Alex Wright · 6 Jun 2014
together by editors.” These editors would have much in common with Otlet’s bibliologists. Though ultimately never launched, Nelson’s Xanadu system exerted a powerful influence on the subsequent trajectory of the Web, whose present incarnation continues to appall him.
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