Richard Stallman
description: American software freedom activist, short story writer and computer programmer, founder of the GNU project
107 results
Peers, Pirates, and Persuasion: Rhetoric in the Peer-To-Peer Debates
by John Logie · 29 Dec 2006 · 173pp · 14,313 words
the hackers’ visitation of others’ computers was participating in an expansive process of positive global transformation. One hacker who arguably deserves Levy’s hyperbole is Richard Stallman, whose has worked for two decades as the leader and inspiration for the “Free Software” movement and the chief developer of “GNU,” a resolutely free
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, apparently, incapable of conducting the debate over peer-to-peer technologies with simultaneous attention to nuance, civility, and basic fairness. True to his prescient form, Richard Stallman was among the first to identify and decry the content industries’ campaign to broaden the meaning of piracy. In his 1996 catalog of “21 Words
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. of Amer. v. Universal City Studios, Inc. Vol. 464 U.S. 417, 1984. Stallman, Richard M. (Cambridge Mass.). Free Software, Free Society : Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman. Ed. Joshua Gay. Boston, MA: Free Software Foundation, 2002. Stapp, Scott. “What Artists & Songwriters Say.” MusicUnited. 6 Nov. 2002. MusicUnited.org. 20 Aug. 2006 <http
Hacking Capitalism
by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;
most explicit vision of how public access to source code relates to social change is voiced by the Free Software Foundation. It was initiated by Richard Stallman as a response to the commercialisation of his own field of work.17 The foundation has set itself the task of liberating computers from proprietary
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in the computer underground, the General Public License (GPL). The need for legal protection of shared work has been learned the hard way by hackers. Richard Stallman made the discovery when he was working with GNU Emacs, an application for editing source code. An Emac for UNIX had previously been written by
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another programmer, James Gosling. Initially, Gosling distributed his source code for free of charge and without restrictions. Richard Stallman incorporated bits of James Gosling’s work into GNU Emacs. Later, James Gosling changed his mind and sold his copyright to UniPress. The company went
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after Richard Stallman and told him not to use the source code that was now had become theirs. That experience contributed to the creation of the General Public
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License. The nick-name for GPL is telling; ‘Copyleft—All Rights Reversed’. In Richard Stallman’s own words: “Copyleft uses copyright law, but flips it over to serve the opposite purpose: instead of a means of privatising software, it becomes
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relations are the ‘culprit’ in this drama, if we are to designate one, not any individual capitalist or a band of ‘disloyal’ hackers. Free software, Richard Stallman never tires of pointing out, means free liberties as in ‘free speech’. It does not mean free prices as in ‘free beer’. Against this viewpoint
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surprise is that in this impossible space, where the same object is simultaneously available for free and for a price, some people volunteer to pay. Richard Stallman supported himself initially by selling tapes with copies of GNU Emacs. This niche has been populated by a small but prospering flora of firms committed
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initiative caused a split in the computer underground. In April 1998, all the chieftains of the hacker subculture minus the politically most outspoken of them, Richard Stallman, met up at the Freeware Summit at Palo Alto, to discuss the future direction of the movement. They wished to encourage big businesses to get
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to capitalism today, that might not be the case with capitalism of tomorrow. This point can be clarified by elaborating on a famous catchphrase by Richard Stallman, the founder of the Free Software Foundation. In agreement with the ‘information exceptionalism’ hypothesis, he insists that free software is free as in free speech
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over the General Public License, it has a fairly organised member base with a shared sense of purpose, and it fronts a charismatic leader in Richard Stallman. He is outspoken about the intent not only to spread free software in society but to educate hackers on the ethical and political dimension of
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compiling. The reversed procedure is known as decompiling. It is much harder to decompile and it is often prohibited in law. 17. A collection of Richard Stallman’s speeches, where he outlines the major issues within the free software movement, as well as an appendix with the GNU General Public License, the
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Gay, Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman (Boston: GNU Press, 2002). An excellent study of the FOSS movement has been made by Glyn Moody, Rebel Code—Linux and the Open Source Revolution (London: Penguin Press, 2001); hereafter cited in text. 18. Richard Stallman, “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software
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subculture, the name (Linux or GNU/Linux) is far from innocent. The use of either name sends signals of allegiance to those in-the-know. Richard Stallman advocates the use of GNU/Linux since the GNU toolbox plays a considerable part of the operating system out of which Linux is merely the
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, Forces of Production—A Social History of Industrial Automation (New York: Alfred A Knopf, 1984), 231, hereafter cited in text. 71. The story about how Richard Stallman came to realise the virtues of free source code is remarkably similar. A Xerox printer in Stallman’s laboratory frequently malfunctioned. He knew that he
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Decentralization, Cambridge Mass.: MIT Press, 2004. Garnham, Nicholas. Capitalism and Communication, London: Sage Publications, 1990 ed Gay, Joshua. Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman, Boston: GNU Press, 2002. Gervers, Veronika. Studies in Textile History—In Memory of Harold B. Burnham, Toronto: Alger Press, 1977. Gershenfeld, Neil. FAB—The Coming
The Secret War Between Downloading and Uploading: Tales of the Computer as Culture Machine
by Peter Lunenfeld · 31 Mar 2011 · 239pp · 56,531 words
digitizing their work and lives. And of course, fortunes were made and lost. Yet throughout the 1970s and 1980s, a few key figures, such as Richard Stallman in particular, felt that the earlier ethos of open-source software was something worth building on. Stallman wanted to extend the sense of scientific collegiality
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_projekt.asp?iProjectID=2183>. 25 . See <http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html>. See also Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Society: Selected Essays of Richard M. Stallman 196 NOTES (Boston: Free Software Foundation, 2002); Sam Williams, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman’s Crusade for Free Software (Boston: O’Reilly, 2002). 26 . See Linus Torvalds and David
Free as in Freedom
by Sam Williams · 16 Nov 2015
1 About Williams: Sam Williams is an American journalist. He is perhaps best known as the author of a biography of software programmer Richard Stallman, Free as in Freedom: Richard Stallman's Crusade for Free Software (2002). Copyright: Please read the legal notice included in this e-book and/or check the copyright status
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you by Feedbooks http://www.feedbooks.com Strictly for personal use, do not use this file for commercial purposes. 2 Preface The work of Richard M. Stallman literally speaks for itself. From the documented source code to the published papers to the recorded speeches, few people have expressed as much willingness to
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process of writing and editing this book, the editors and I have weighed the comments and factual input of various participants in the story, including Richard Stallman himself. We realize there are many technical details in this story that may benefit from additional or refined information. As this book is released
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Lippman for the interviews, cookies, and photographs. Thanks to my family, Steve, Jane, Tish, and Dave. And finally, last but not least: thanks to Richard Stallman for having the guts and endurance to "show us the code." - Sam Williams 4 Chapter 1 For Want of a Printer I fear the Greeks
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. Even when they bring gifts. —Virgil The Aeneid The new printer was jammed, again. Richard M. Stallman, a staff software programmer at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology's Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (AI Lab), discovered the malfunction the hard way. An hour after
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a new magnetic tape and shipping it. Not every programmer participating in this culture described himself as a hacker, but most shared the sentiments of Richard M. Stallman. If a program or software fix was good enough to solve your problems, it was good enough to solve somebody else's problems. Why
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about "the speech." Once inside the auditorium, a visitor finds the person who has forced this temporary shutdown of building security procedures. The person is Richard M. Stallman, founder of the GNU Project, original president of the Free Software Foundation, winner of the 1990 MacArthur Fellowship, winner of the Association of Computing
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to that speech on the same campus here today. 20 years is a long time in the software industry. Consider this: in 1980, when Richard Stallman was cursing the AI Lab's Xerox laser printer, Microsoft, the company modern hackers view as the most powerful force in the worldwide software industry
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years now, so it is not exactly new any more," Stallman says. Source: author notes and online transcript of "Free Software: Freedom and Cooperation," Richard Stallman's May 29, 2001, speech at New York University. http://www.gnu.org/events/rms-nyu-2001-transcript.txt , the amalgamated operating system built around
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says, summing up his early years succinctly in a 1999 interview. "After a certain age, the only friends I had were teachers."See Michael Gross, "Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-certified Genius" (1999). This interview is one of the most candid Stallman interviews on the record.
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extracurriculars and was soon commuting uptown to the Columbia University campus on Saturdays. Dan Chess, a fellow classmate in the Columbia Science Honors Program, recalls Richard Stallman seeming a bit weird even among the students who shared a similar lust for math and science. "We were all geeks and nerds, but
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saying, 'That's right. You haven't got rid of me yet.'" 34 Chapter 4 Impeach God Although their relationship was fraught with tension, Richard Stallman would inherit one noteworthy trait from his mother: a passion for progressive politics. It was an inherited trait that would take several decades to emerge
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, however. For the first few years of his life, Stallman lived in what he now admits was a "political vacuum."See Michael Gross, "Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-certified Genius" (1999). Like most Americans during the Eisenhower age, the Stallman family spent the 50s
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Of that 10, 8 would go on to become future mathematics professors, 1 would go on to teach physics. "The other one," emphasizes Harbater, "was Richard Stallman." Seth Breidbart, a fellow Math 55 classmate, remembers Stallman distinguishing himself from his peers even then. "He was a stickler in some very strange ways
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, but he used the correct terminology, which no one else did. That's just the way he was." It was in Math 55 that Richard Stallman began to cultivate a reputation for brilliance. Breidbart agrees, but Chess, whose competitive streak refused to yield, says the realization that Stallman might be
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birds starting to chirp; you can get a real feeling of gentle satisfaction, of tranquility about the work that you have done that night."See Richard Stallman, "RMS lecture at KTH (Sweden)," (October 30, 1986). The more Stallman hung out with the hackers, the more he adopted the hacker worldview. Already
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didn't implement that kind of a feature. The result was, that whenever something in the system was broken, you could always fix it."See Richard Stallman (1986). Through such vigilance, hackers managed to keep the AI Lab's machines security-free. Over at the nearby MIT Laboratory for Computer Sciences,
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: communal responsibility, trust, and the hacker spirit of direct action. Expressed in softwarecomputing terms, the null string represents the 1.0 version of the Richard Stallman political worldview-incomplete in a few places but, for the most part, fully mature. Looking back, Stallman hesitates to impart too much significance to an
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describes the Stallman smile as the smile of "a disciple seeing Jesus."See "Programmer on moral high ground; Free software is a moral issue for Richard Stallman believes in freedom and free software." London Guardian (November 6, 1999). These are just a small sampling of the religious comparisons. To date, the
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who, in his autobiography-see Linus Torvalds and David Diamond, Just For Fun: The Story of an Accidentaly Revolutionary (HarperCollins Publishers, Inc., 2001): 58-writes "Richard Stallman is the God of Free Software." Honorable mention goes to Larry Lessig, who, in a footnote description of Stallman in his book-see Larry Lessig
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says it would have been an even more touching tribute. Unfortunately, Stallman notes, the kernel project's eventual main developer renamed the kernel HURD.See Richard Stallman, "The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement," 61 Open Sources (O'Reilly & Associates, Inc., 1999): 65. Although Stallman and the girlfriend later
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broke up, the story triggers an automatic question: for all the media imagery depicting him as a wild-eyed fanatic, is Richard Stallman really just a hopeless romantic, a wandering Quixote tilting at corporate windmills in an effort to impress some as-yet-unidentified Dulcinea? "I wasn'
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entire documents in edit mode, but as Stallman himself would later point out, the process required "a mental skill like that of blindfold chess."See Richard Stallman, "EMACS: The Extensible, Customizable, Display Editor," AI Lab Memo (1979). An updated HTML version of this memo, from which I am quoting, is available
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meant that a user could manipulate the file by moving through the displayed text, as opposed to working through a back-end editor program."See Richard Stallman, "Emacs the Full Screen Editor" (1987). Impressed by the hack, Stallman looked for ways to expand TECO's functionality in similar fashion upon his
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would carry all the usual components-a text editor, a shell program to run Unix-compatible applications, a compiler, "and a few other things."See Richard Stallman, "Initial GNU Announcement" (September 1983). It would also contain many enticing features that other Unix systems didn't yet offer: a graphic user interface
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some readers' part, the author made sure to follow up his operating-system outline with a brief biographical sketch titled, "Who am I?": I am Richard Stallman, inventor of the original much-imitated EMACS editor, now at the Artificial Intelligence Lab at MIT. I have worked extensively on compilers, editors, debuggers,
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Lab were losing membership while "the professors and the students who didn't really love the [PDP-10] were just as numerous as before."See Richard Stallman (1986). The breaking point came in 1982. That was the year the lab's administration decided to upgrade its main computer, the PDP-10.
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system DEC marketed for the PDP-10. Bolt Beranek Newman had deveoped an improved version, dubbed Tenex, which TOPS-20 drew upon.Multiple sources: see Richard Stallman interview, Gerald Sussman email, and Jargon File 3.0.0. Stallman, the hacker who coined the Twenex term, says he came up with the
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to surrender the rights. These restrictions translate to certain responsibilities for you if you distribute copies of the software, or if you modify it.See Richard Stallman, et al., "GNU General Public License: Version 1," (February, 1989). In fashioning the GPL, Stallman had been forced to make an additional adjustment to
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it as a form of intellectual jujitsu, using the legal system that software hoarders have set up against them."See David Betz and Jon Edwards, "Richard Stallman discusses his public-domain [sic] Unix-compatible software system with BYTE editors," BYTE (July, 1996). (Reprinted on the GNU Project web site: http://www
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I have been in the field a long time and worked on many other systems. I therefore have many ideas to bring to bear."See Richard Stallman, BYTE (1986). Nevertheless, as GNU tools made their mark in the late 1980s, Stallman's AI Lab-honed reputation for design fastidiousness soon
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as my address," Stallman would later recall. "A newspaper article about the MacArthur grant said that and then they let me register."See Michael Gross, "Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-certified Genius" (1999). Most importantly, the MacArthur money gave Stallman more freedom. Already dedicated to the
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newsgroup. One of the first responding email messages was from rms@ai.mit.edu . As a hacker, Murdock instantly recognized the address. It was Richard M. Stallman, founder of the GNU Project and a man Murdock knew even back then as "the hacker of hackers." Seeing the address in his mail queue
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do was sit back and wait for the next major wave to come crashing down on their heads. Even the shaggy-haired head of one Richard M. Stallman. Ready or not. 132 Chapter 11 Open Source In November , 1995, Peter Salus, a member of the Free Software Foundation and author of the
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redistributable software and publishers of such software (on various media). There will be tutorials and refereed papers, as well as keynotes by Linus Torvalds and Richard Stallman.See Peter Salus, "FYI-Conference on Freely Redistributable Software, 2/2, Cambridge" (1995) (archived by Terry Winograd). One of the first people to receive
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official languages. Even more surprising, says Raymond, was Torvalds' equal willingness to take potshots at other prominent hackers, including the most prominent hacker of all, Richard Stallman. By the end of the conference, Torvalds' half-hacker, half-slacker manner was winning over older and younger conference-goers alike. "It was a
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like that. Whether you agree with him or not, you really have to respect that." 144 Chapter 12 A Brief Journey Through Hacker Hell Richard Stallman stares, unblinking, through the windshield of a rental car, waiting for the light to change as we make our way through downtown Kihei. The
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the sound of a cello and a violin trio playing the mournful strains of an Appalachian folk tune. 148 Chapter 13 Continuing the Fight For Richard Stallman, time may not heal all wounds, but it does provide a convenient ally. Four years after " The Cathedral and the Bazaar," Stallman still chafes
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Stallman is guaranteed a footnote in future history books thanks to the GPL. Given that fact, it seems worthwhile to step back and examine Richard Stallman's legacy outside the current time frame. Will the GPL still be something software programmers use in the year 2102, or will it have long
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to do with Richard's personality, which lots of people will, when writing about him, try to depict as epiphenomenal or even a drawback in Richard Stallman's own life work." Gilmore, who describes his inclusion between the erratic Nelson and the irascible Stallman as something of a "mixed honor," nevertheless
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, I was writing stories for the ill-fated BeOpen web site (http://www.beopen.com/). One of my first assignments was a phone interview with Richard M. Stallman. The interview went well, so well that Slashdot (http://www.slashdot.org/), the popular "news for nerds" site owned by VA Software, Inc. (formerly
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before an enterprising programmer revealed how to hack e-books. We also knew that a major publishing house releasing an encryption-protected e-book on Richard M. Stallman was the software equivalent of putting "Steal This E-Book" on the cover. After my meeting with Henning, I put a call into Stallman.
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. After weeks of gleefully recording other people's laments, I found myself in the position of trying to pull off the rarest of feats: a Richard Stallman compromise. 163 When I continued hemming and hawing, pleading the publisher's position and revealing my growing sympathy for it, Stallman, like an animal
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of the button, the program introduced lines linking each sentence in the parent to its conceptual offshoot in the derivative. An e-book biography of Richard M. Stallman didn't have to be Udanax-enabled, but given such technological possibilities, why not give users a chance to play around?Anybody willing to "
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my own reasons for writing this book. Since July, 2000, I have learned to appreciate both the seductive and the repellent sides of the Richard Stallman persona. Like Eben Moglen before me, I feel that dismissing that persona as epiphenomenal or distracting in relation to the overall free software movement would
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Stallman-indeed, after reading this book, some might feel zero affinityI'm sure most will agree. Few individuals offer as singular a human portrait as Richard M. Stallman. It is my sincere hope that, with this initial portrait complete and with the help of the GFDL, others will feel a similar urge
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modular nature and the community surrounding it, and partly because of the apolitical nature of the Linux name. Given that this is a biography of Richard Stallman, it seemed inappropriate to define the operating system in apolitical terms. In the final phases of the book, when it became clear that O'
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of computer programmer evolved a cooperativesome might say symbiotic-relationship. It is a testament to the original computer hackers' prodigious skill that later programmers, including Richard M. Stallman, aspired to wear the same hacker mantle. By the mid to late 1970s, the term "hacker" had acquired elite connotations. In a general sense,
Free culture: how big media uses technology and the law to lock down culture and control creativity
by Lawrence Lessig · 15 Nov 2004 · 297pp · 103,910 words
's left or on his right. The inspiration for the title and for much of the argument of this book comes from the work of Richard Stallman and the Free Software Foundation. Indeed, as I reread Stallman's own work, especially the essays in Free Software, Free Society, I realize that all
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a Data General machine on an IBM machine, so Data General and IBM didn't care much about controlling their software. That was the world Richard Stallman was born into, and while he was a researcher at MIT, he grew to love the community that developed when one was free to explore
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if I have missed anyone; with computers come glitches, and a crash of my e-mail system meant I lost a bunch of great replies.) Richard Stallman and Michael Carroll each read the whole book in draft, and each provided extremely helpful correction and advice. Michael helped me to see more clearly
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Music—Again 7. Fire Lots of Lawyers Notes Acknowledgments [1] David Pogue, "Don't Just Chat, Do Something," New York Times, 30 January 2000. [2] Richard M. Stallman, Free Software, Free Societies 57 ( Joshua Gay, ed. 2002). [3] William Safire, "The Great Media Gulp," New York Times, 22 May 2003. [4] St. George
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link #83; Declan McCullagh, "Verizon's Copyright Campaign," CNET News.com, 27 August 2002, available at link #84. Fisher's proposal is very similar to Richard Stallman's proposal for DAT. Unlike Fisher's, Stallman's proposal would not pay artists directly proportionally, though more popular artists would get more than the
The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
by Walter Isaacson · 6 Oct 2014 · 720pp · 197,129 words
visits Xerox PARC. 1980 IBM commissions Microsoft to develop an operating system for PC. 1981 Hayes modem marketed to home users. 1983 Microsoft announces Windows. Richard Stallman begins developing GNU, a free operating system. 2011 1984 Apple introduces Macintosh. 1985 Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant launch The WELL. CVC launches Q-Link
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could do the job in four days. Steve Jobs (1955–2011) and Steve Wozniak (1950– ) in 1976. Jobs graphic on the original Macintosh in 1984. Richard Stallman (1953– ). Linus Torvalds (1969– ). The March 1975 first gathering of the Homebrew Computer Club came just after Wozniak had finished designing Breakout. At the outset
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user experience. Microsoft’s approach led to a wider choice of hardware. It also turned out to be a better path for gaining market share. RICHARD STALLMAN, LINUS TORVALDS, AND THE FREE AND OPEN-SOURCE SOFTWARE MOVEMENTS In late 1983, just as Jobs was preparing to unveil the Macintosh and Gates was
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the creation of software emerged. It was pushed by one of the diehard denizens of the MIT Artificial Intelligence Lab and Tech Model Railroad Club, Richard Stallman, a truth-possessed hacker with the looks of an Old Testament prophet. With even greater moral fervor than the Homebrew Computer Club members who copied
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was a collaborative and communitarian ethic that permeated hacker culture, the free and open-source software movements ended up being powerful forces. Born in 1953, Richard Stallman was intensely interested in math as a child growing up in Manhattan, and he conquered calculus on his own as a young boy. “Mathematics has
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, and it just happens. No voting. No orders. No recounts.”140 The combination of GNU with Linux represented, at least in concept, the triumph of Richard Stallman’s crusade. But moral prophets rarely indulge in victory celebrations. Stallman was a purist. Torvalds wasn’t. The Linux kernel he eventually distributed contained some
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code, both source and binary form, and permission is granted for anyone to use, duplicate, modify, and redistribute it.”29 Eventually CERN joined forces with Richard Stallman and adopted his GNU General Public License. The result was one of the grandest free and open-source projects in history. That approach reflected Berners
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had two attributes: it would be written by volunteers, and it would be free. It was an idea that had been proposed in 1999 by Richard Stallman, the pioneering advocate of free software.90 Wales hoped eventually to make money by selling ads. To help develop it, he hired a doctoral student
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addition to the sources cited below, this section is based on my interview with Richard Stallman; Richard Stallman, essays and philosophy, on http://www.gnu.org/gnu/gnu.html; Sam Williams, with revisions by Richard M. Stallman, Free as in Freedom (2.0): Richard Stallman and the Free Software Revolution (Free Software Foundation, 2010). An earlier edition of the
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the book can be found at http://oreilly.com/openbook/freedom/. 118. Author’s interview with Richard Stallman. See also K. C. Jones, “A Rare Glimpse into Richard Stallman’s World,” InformationWeek, Jan. 6, 2006; Richard Stallman interview, in Michael Gross, “Richard Stallman: High School Misfit, Symbol of Free Software, MacArthur-Certified Genius,” 1999, www.mgross.com/interviews
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/stallman1.html; Williams, Free as in Freedom, 26 and passim. 119. Richard Stallman, “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement,” in Chris DiBona and Sam Ockman, editors, Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution (O
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’Reilly, 1999). 120. Author’s interview with Richard Stallman. 121. Richard Stallman, “The GNU Project,” http://www.gnu.org/gnu/thegnuproject.html. 122. Williams, Free as in Freedom, 75. 123. Richard Stallman, “The GNU Manifesto,” http://www.gnu.org/gnu/manifesto.html. 124. Richard Stallman, “What Is Free Software?” and “Why Open Source Misses the
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Point of Free Software,” https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/. 125. Richard Stallman, “The GNU System,” https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/. 126. Interview
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with Richard Stallman, conducted by David Betz and Jon Edwards, BYTE, July 1986. 127. “Linus Torvalds,” Linux Information Project, http://www.linfo.org
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; Packard edition), Kindle location 3041. 140. Torvalds and Diamond, Just for Fun, 122, 167, 120, 121. 141. Richard Stallman interview, Reddit, July 29, 2010, http://www.redditblog.com/2010/07/rms-ama.html. 142. Richard Stallman, “What’s in a Name?” https://www.gnu.org/gnu/why-gnu-linux.html. 143. Torvalds and Diamond
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Jimmy Wales; Eric Raymond, “The Cathedral and the Bazaar,” first presented in 1997, reprinted in The Cathedral and the Bazaar (O’Reilly Media, 1999). 90. Richard Stallman, “The Free Universal Encyclopedia and Learning Resource” (1999), http://www.gnu.org/encyclopedia/free-encyclopedia.html. 91. Larry Sanger, “The Early History of Nupedia and
Multitool Linux: Practical Uses for Open Source Software
by Michael Schwarz, Jeremy Anderson and Peter Curtis · 7 May 2002
it away. We get paid back in the form of the other free software written by other programmers. At this point, thanks to people like Richard Stallman of the Free Software Foundation and Linus Torvalds (author of the Linux kernel), you can now have a complete multiuser network server operating system and
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GNU Public License. GNU stands for "GNU's not Unix." GNU is a project launched by the founder of the Free Software Foundation (FSF), one Richard M. Stallman, or RMS, as he is often called. He believes that all software should be free. He does not mean that all software should be gratis
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mean software that is free and for which you get the source code.) The split is between Richard Stallman and his "Free Software" philosophy and Eric Raymond and Bruce Perens with their "Open Source" philosophy. Richard Stallman We have already talked about RMS, the father of the GPL and the first to codify a
Working in Public: The Making and Maintenance of Open Source Software
by Nadia Eghbal · 3 Aug 2020 · 1,136pp · 73,489 words
this cacophony of tools and customs and processes, because it meant that no one tool dominated the space, and nobody could capture full developer mindshare. Richard Stallman, the MIT hacker who’s generally credited with starting the free software movement, was inspired to launch the GNU project, a free software operating system
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of the Computer Revolution. In Hackers, Levy profiles a number of well-known programmers of the time, including Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Richard Stallman. He suggests that hackers believe in sharing, openness, and decentralization, which he calls the “hacker ethic.”17 According to Levy’s portrait, hackers care about
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and ’90s was closely intertwined with the early generation of free and open source software, as evinced by a trio of leaders: Richard Stallman, Eric S. Raymond, and Linus Torvalds. Richard Stallman (also known as RMS) was the hacker who kicked off the free software movement at MIT in the 1980s. Eric S. Raymond
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calling it a “‘look in the mirror’ moment.”53 Eric S. Raymond was banned from the OSI’s mailing lists for combative language.54 And Richard Stallman resigned from his positions at MIT and the Free Software Foundation after making controversial comments on MIT’s Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory (CSAIL
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. It’s a living organism, like a tree in a forest. It depends on other things, and other things depend on it to survive. When Richard Stallman first described free software as “free as in speech, not free as in beer,” the distinction he wished to make is that the term “free
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for Entrepreneurship (ACE), “Aalto Talk with Linus Torvalds [Full-Length],” June 15, 2012, YouTube video, 49:58, https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=MShbP3OpASA. 22 Richard Stallman, “Why Open Source Misses the Point of Free Software,” GNU Operating System, January 7, 2020, https://www.gnu.org/philosophy/open-source-misses-the-point
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, 2020, http://esr.ibiblio.org/?p=8609. 55 Richard Stallman, “Political Notes from 2019: July - October,” Richard Stallman’s Personal Site, October 31, 2019, https://stallman.org/archives/2019-jul-oct.html. Free Software Foundation, “Richard M. Stallman Resigns,” Free Software Foundation, n.d., https://www.fsf.org/news/richard-m-stallman-resigns. 56 Sindre Sorhus (@sindresorhus), “An observation after
The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
by Lawrence Lessig · 14 Jul 2001 · 494pp · 142,285 words
its writing than the text might reveal. These are the figures who are truly fighting for a cause. Some of them are quite well known—Richard Stallman, for example. Others are well known among lawyers, at least—Dennis Karjala, Jessica Litman, Marc Rotenberg, Pam Samuelson. But others inspire more through their simple
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French, libre rather than gratis, or for us non-French speakers, and as the philosopher of our age and founder of the Free Software Foundation Richard Stallman puts it, “free, not in the sense of free beer, but free in the sense of free speech.”12 A resource is “free” if (1
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their code to be copied by others. One instance of this increase in control turned out to be quite important in the history of computing. Richard Stallman was a researcher at MIT. He was an early disciple of the norms of openness (as in “the open society") or, more generally, freedom. The
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. . . give the recipients all the rights that you have. You must make sure that they, too, receive or can get the source code.”27 As Richard Stallman describes it: A program is free software, for you, a particular user, if: You have the freedom to run the program, for any purpose. You
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. For we just have to look around to see the extraordinary amount of open code being written, despite the inability to control its copying. As Richard Stallman has said, “We do develop a lot of free software. If a theory says we can't, you have to look for the flaws in
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was most striking about this explosion of law regulating innovation was that the putative beneficiaries of this regulation—coders—were fairly uniformly against it. As Richard Stallman put it, “We did not ask for the change that was imposed upon us.”82 And this attitude was not limited to free software advocates
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of privacy on the Web.) And open code proponents—like software developers generally—have been among the strongest opponents to patents in this field. As Richard Stallman writes, “The worst threat we face comes from software patents, which can put . . . features off-limits to free software for up to twenty years.”106
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; if we were less like Jay Walker, eager to view every government-granted privilege as a God-given property right; if we were more like Richard Stallman, committed to a principle of freedom in knowledge and to a practice that assures that the power to control is minimized; if there weren't
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of Caribbean music as well. “Every new version will slightly modify the original tune,” but then, obviously, draw upon and copy it. Ibid., 136. 12 Richard Stallman has been likened to the Moses of what I will call the “open code” movement. The likeness is indeed striking. As I describe in chapter
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Ibid., 92. 7 Ibid., 283 (The result was that “UNIX was a godsend for university computer science departments"). 8 Young and Rohm, 20. 9 See Richard Stallman, “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement,” in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, Chris DiBona, Sam Ockman, and Mark Stone
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. So proprietary software is mutually exclusive with free software, but there can be commercial software that [is] free software.” Telephone interview by Hiroo Yamagata with Richard M. Stallman, August 8, 1997. 11 Peter Wayner, Free for All: How Linux and the Free Software Movement Undercut the High-Tech Titans (New York: HarperBusiness, 2000
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), 36. 12 For a discussion of Stallman and the history of GNU/Linux, see ibid., 9, 34-36, 67-68; Stallman, 53-66; Mark Leon, “Richard Stallman, GNU/Linux,” InfoWorld (October 9, 2000): 62. 13 See, e.g., Linus Torvalds and David Diamond, Just for Fun: The Story of an Accidental Revolutionary
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Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 196. 106 Richard Stallman, “The GNU Operating System and the Free Software Movement,” in Open Sources: Voices from the Open Source Revolution, Chris DiBona, Sam Ockman, and Mark Stone
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were determined to take this new communications revolution into the marketplace. Gates was the first to draw the line in the sand. Another young hacker, Richard M. Stallman, who worked at MIT’s Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, took the challenge and crossed the line. Rallying around Free Software Stallman argued that software code was
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possibility, even hope, that we could have a world in which much more of intellectual and inventive production is free. “‘Free’ as in ‘free speech,’” Richard Stallman says, not “‘free’ as in ‘free beer.’” But we could hope that much of it would be both free of centralized control and low cost
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). 8. Moglen, “Anarchism Triumphant.” 9. Ibid. 10. “History of the OSI,” Open Source Initiative, September 2012, http://opensource.org/history (accessed June 13, 2013). 11. Richard Stallman, “Why ‘Open Source’ Misses the Point of Free Software,” Communications of the ACM 52(6) (2009): 31. 12. Ibid. 13. Ibid., 33. 14. Eric Steven
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