SETI@home Concepts

Peer-to-Peer

by Andy Oram · 26 Feb 2001 · 673pp · 164,804 words

choice: after the initial search for material, clients connect to each other and exchange data directly from one system’s disk to the other. SETI@home This project attracted the fascination of millions of people long before the Napster phenomenon, and it brought to public attention the promising technique of distributing

…

which exploited the enormous amounts of idle time going to waste on PCs, had been used before in projects to crack encryption challenges, but after SETI@home began, a number of companies started up with the goal of making the technique commercially viable. Freenet Several years before the peer-to-peer mania

…

systems use this trick. Gnutella and Freenet, for example, bypass DNS the old-fashioned way, by relying on numeric IP addresses. United Devices and SETI@home bypass it by giving the nodes scheduled times to contact fixed addresses, at which times they deliver their current IP addresses.) A run of whois

…

way flow of tasks and compute cycles? Further, many of the key principles of Napster are also at play in distributed computation. Both Napster and SETI@home need to create and manage metadata about a large community of distributed participants. Both need to make it incredibly simple to participate. Finally, both

…

Napster and SETI@Home have tried to exploit what Clay Shirky (who contributed Chapter 2, to this book) memorably called “the dark matter of the Internet”—the hundreds

…

some identifier that allows the distributed data elements to be reassembled, and the address of the user who is working on a particular segment. SETI@home tracks user identity as a way of providing a game-like environment in which users and companies compete to contribute the most cycles. Startups aiming

…

a look at several current systems, giving a sense of what actual peer-to-peer systems look like and how they behave. Chapter 5. SETI@home David Anderson, SETI@home It was January 1986, and I was sitting in a cafe on Berkeley, California’s Telegraph Avenue. Looking up, I recognized a student in

…

common interests, both within and outside of computer science. This chance meeting led, twelve years later, to a project that may revolutionize computing and science: SETI@home. Gedye and I became running partners. Our long forays into the hills above the Berkeley campus occasioned many far-ranging discussions about the universe and

…

or even if radio signals are the right thing to look for. The best bet, SETI experts agree, is to try everything. How SETI@home works We decided that SETI@home would use SERENDIP’s antenna. Like all previous radio SETI projects, SERENDIP analyzes its signal using a dedicated supercomputer at the telescope; it

…

doesn’t record the signal. For SETI@home, we needed to digitally record the signal and transport it to our computers at Berkeley. The network connection from Arecibo to the mainland is too

…

tremendous load on it. Although we have spread it across two large server machines, it is frequently a performance bottleneck. The most visible component of SETI@home is the client program. For Windows and Macintosh users, this program is a screensaver: it only does its work when the computer isn’t

…

sky position, but at different times. Man-made interference changes from one month to the next, but (hopefully) alien signals will remain unchanged. So SETI@home’s detection of an extraterrestrial signal, if it happens, will show up first on a computer screen at Berkeley, sometime towards the end of the

…

teams, ordered by number of work units completed. These pages are generated by programs that obtain the latest information from the database. Trials and tribulations SETI@home has faced many difficulties and challenges. Server performance, for example, has been a major problem. As more and more people downloaded and ran the client

…

many areas (for example, there is no customer support), and some tasks have fallen far behind schedule. Another problem area involved processor-specific optimizations. The SETI@home client is written in C++, and we compile it using standard compilers such as Microsoft VC++ and Gnu’s gcc. Performance-conscious users disassembled the

…

to maintain lots of processor-specific versions of the code. However, several people figured out how to replace the FFT routine at the heart of SETI@home with a faster routine. Some of them did this incorrectly, producing clients that returned incorrect results. Doctored versions of the program were just one

…

more secure version of the client, which uses cryptographic checksumming to detect tampering with result files and with the program itself. Some people feel that SETI@home should be an “open source” project, that we should distribute the source code and solicit the help of volunteer programmers to fix bugs and

…

floating-point operations. We believe that this is the largest computation ever performed. And in terms of the potential of the Internet for scientific computing, SETI@home is the tip of the iceberg. There are projected to be one billion Internet-connected computers by 2003. If 10% of them participate in

…

distributed computing projects, there will be enough computing power for 100 projects the size of SETI@home. To what range of problems is this power applicable? Certainly not all problems. It must be possible to factor the problem into a large

…

research to the public and argue the merit of the research. This, I believe, is a worthwhile goal and will be a significant accomplishment for SETI@home even if no extraterrestrial signal is found. Chapter 6. Jabber: Conversational Technologies Jeremie Miller, Jabber Conversations are an important part of our daily lives.

…

mediated by a central server, although peers may later act on information received from the central server to contact one another directly. Napster and SETI@home fall into this category. A hierarchical peer-to-peer system devolves some or all of the coordination responsibility down from the center to a tree

…

. The Cypherpunks (Type I) and Mixmaster (Type II) remailers for anonymous email are run and maintained for free from around the globe. Processing for SETI@home and Distributed.net is also performed without compensation, other than the possibility of fame for finding an alien signature or cracking a key. Unfortunately, not

…

, we expect that a large amount of resources in peer-to-peer systems will be donated by users: people donate otherwise unused CPU cycles to SETI@home calculations, unused bandwidth to forward Mixmaster anonymous email, and unused storage for Free Haven data shares. For these situations, the sole role of micropayments

…

’98, pp. 236-250. [84] Colin Boyd and Chris Pavlovski (2000), “Attacking and Repairing Batch Verification Schemes,” ASIACRYPT 2000. [85] David Molnar (September 2000), “The SETI@home Problem,” ACM Crossroads, http://www.acm.org/crossroads/columns/onpatrol/september2000.html. [86] D. Chaum, “Untraceable Electronic Mail, Return Addresses, and Digital Pseudonyms,” op. cit

…

dHTTP (Distributed HTTP) Endeavors Technology, Inc. Jini Distributed Computation 2AM Applied MetaComputing Centrata Datasynapse Distributed.net DistributedScience Entropia Parabon Computation Popular Power Porivo Technologies, Inc. SETI@home: The Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence Ubero United Devices, Inc.: Individuals Accelerating Science Distributed Search Engines gonesilent.com (aka InfraSearch) OpenCOLA Plebio WebV2 File Sharing CuteMX

…

Gnutella’s first breath amortized pairwise payment model, The difficulty of distributed systems: How to exchange micropayments among peers Anderson, David, Contents of this book, SETI@home–The peer-to-peer paradigm, Contributors Anderson, Ross, Document revocation , The Eternity Service anonymity analysis of, An analysis of anonymity–An analysis of anonymity attacks

…

Haven, Elements of the system, Communications channel, Micropayments in the Free Haven context computational anonymity, An analysis of anonymity–An analysis of anonymity computations, SETI@home, How SETI@home works confidence values of Free Haven servers, Reputation systems for scores, Personalizing reputation searches congestion management micropayments and, General considerations in an economic analysis of

…

story: From free software to open source distributed computation, Maximizing use of far-flung resources: Distributed computation managing metadata and, Strategic positioning and core competencies SETI@home and, SETI@home–The peer-to-peer paradigm distributed denial of service (DDoS) attacks parallel solutions overwhelmed by, Nonparallelizable work functions resource allocation and, Conclusion using Publius

…

Gnutella network, Ethernet EUROCRYPT conference, Anonymous macropayment digital cash schemes Evans, Philip, Long-term vision expiration dates of shares (Free Haven), Share expiration extraterrestrial signals (SETI@home), SETI@home, How SETI@home works F fanout, message, Message fanout–Message fanout Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) algorithm, Radio SETI fault tolerance, Performance simulating in Freenet, Simulating fault tolerance

…

analysis of micropayment design flat-fee methods vs. pay-per-use methods, General considerations in an economic analysis of micropayment design floating-point operations and SETI@home, The world’s most powerful computer flooding attacks, Attacks on documents or the servnet common methods for dealing with, Common methods for dealing with flooding

…

revisionist history of, A revisionist history of peer-to-peer (1969-1995)–DNS scalability and, Performance security provided by Groove, Security–Taxonomy of Groove keys SETI@home and, The peer-to-peer paradigm social and technical solutions to problems, Technical solutions: Return to the old Internet social impact of, Some context and

…

censor retrieving a, Retrieve operation–Retrieve operation tamper-check mechanism, Publius and other systems in this book, Retrieve operation updating, Update operation pulses (signals), How SETI@home works PUSH REQUEST packet type, Reducing broadcasts makes a significant impact puzzles client (see client puzzles) time-lock (see time-lock puzzles) PWS (Personal Web

…

systems based on IP addresses, Quota systems R Rabin, Michael O., Publication Rabin, Tal, Other considerations from the case study radio frequency interference (RFI), How SETI@home works radio SETI, Radio SETI random graphs, The small-world model ratings collecting, Collecting ratings of eBay trades, Reputations worth real money: eBay fairness of

…

revocation keys (web of trust), Codifying reputation on a wide scale: The PGP web of trust Rewebber.de, Anonymizing proxies RFI (radio frequency interference), How SETI@home works Rich Site Summary (RSS) and content syndication, Web services and content syndication Rifkin, Adam, Codifying reputation on a wide scale: The PGP web of

…

servers) servnet, Free Haven (see Free Haven, servnet) SETI@home, Some context and a definition, Maximizing use of far-flung resources: Distributed computation, SETI@home–The peer-to-peer paradigm client program of, How SETI@home works computations, How SETI@home works data distribution server, How SETI@home works detecting signals, How SETI@home works difficulties and challenges, Trials and tribulations drift

…

rates and, How SETI@home works floating-point operations and, The world’s most

…

powerful computer how it began, SETI@home–Radio SETI how it works, How SETI@home works–How SETI@home works peer-to

…

to avoid, Collecting ratings Shirky, Clay, Contents of this book, Listening to Napster–New winners and losers, Contributors Shostack, Adam, Communications channel signals, detecting (SETI@home), How SETI@home works Signature Verification Keys (SVKs), Signature Verification Keys (SVKs) signature/verification key pairs, Anatomy of a mutually-trusting shared space, Taxonomy of Groove keys signatures

…

Return to the old Internet Sokol-Margolis, Joseph, Acknowledgments spam (see junk mail) spent-coin database, Varieties of micropayments or digital cash spikes (signals), How SETI@home works SSL (Secure Sockets Layer) encrypting traffic between Publius client/server, SSL hub/client relationship in Red Rover, Putting low-tech “weaknesses” into perspective protecting

…

nonfungible micropayments, Moderating security levels: An accountability slider subscribers (Red Rover), The subscribers risks involved in becoming, Putting low-tech “weaknesses” into perspective Sullivan, Woody, SETI@home Sun Microsystems and revocation of browser certificates, Codifying reputation on a wide scale: The PGP web of trust super peers Gnutella and, File sharing: Napster

…

theory Freenet case study, Case study 1: Freenet transmission loss over TCP (Gnutella), Lossy transmission over reliable TCP Trellix, The writable Web triplets (signals), How SETI@home works true names vs. pseudonyms, Reliability with anonymity trust, Trust–Conclusions bottlenecks, A reputation system that resists pseudospoofing: Advogato in the physical world, Trust in

…

Peer-to-peer is a horseless carriage filling shared databases, Ways to fill shared databases–Napster: Harnessing the power of personal selfishness intense interest in SETI@home, Human factors maximizing contributions from, The Cornucopia of the Commons–The commons preferring HTML over CD-ROMs, Users reward simplicity refusing to accept per-unit

…

web site for Publius, Publius in a nutshell Website web server, The writable Web Werbach, Kevin, Napster: Harnessing the power of personal selfishness Werthimer, Dan, SETI@home Whitten, Alma, Future work Wiki, The writable Web Wiley, Brandon, Contents of this book, Interoperability Through Gateways–Acknowledgments, Contributors Winamp, Gnutella’s first breath Winer

Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution

by Howard Rheingold · 24 Dec 2011

were banding together. When nobody was using them, the PCs were swarming with other computers around the world in an amateur cooperative venture known as SETI@home—a collective supercomputer spread all over the Net. “What are they computing?” I asked. They’re searching for extraterrestrial communications,” he replied. He wasn’t

…

into the power to analyze, simulate, calculate, search, sift, recognize, render, predict, communicate, and control. By the spring of 2000, millions of people participating in SETI@home were contributing their PCs’ processors to crunch radio astronomy data.1 They did it voluntarily, because finding life in outer space would be “way, way

…

pulls down about 50 billion bytes of data per day, far more than SETI’s servers can analyze. That’s where community computing comes in. SETI@home participants install client software (a program they download from the Net and run on their home computer; the client communicates automatically with the central “server

…

radio telescope signals and processes it, looking for interesting patterns consistent with intelligent life. When the task is complete, the program uploads the results to SETI@home headquarters and collects a new chunk of digitized space signal to search. When the computer’s user logs into the machine, the

…

SETI@home client goes dormant, awakening again when the human user pauses for more than a few minutes. It was a sunny day, so Anderson and I

…

of a long-distance runner, takes his time thinking about a response and then tends to speak in perfectly formed paragraphs. I asked him how SETI@home started. “In 1995,” Anderson recalled, “I was contacted by a former Berkeley grad student named David Gedye. Inspired by documentaries about the Apollo moon landing

…

a similar impact and hit upon the idea of harnessing the public’s fascination with both the Internet and the SETI program.” In mid-1999, SETI@home clients were made available online for free downloading. “It’s been a wild ride since then,” says Anderson. “We were hoping for at least 100

…

week, we had 200,000 participants, after four or five months it broke through a million, and now it’s past 2 million.”4 Although SETI@home put distributed computing on the map, it wasn’t the first such attempt to link computers into a cooperating network. In the early 1980s, I

…

promising pharmaceuticals has been prohibitively slow. A variety of voluntary and for-profit distributed computation enterprises are addressing the computational needs of “rational drug design.” SETI@home instigator David Anderson became Chief Technology Officer of a for-profit enterprise, United Devices, which offers incentives such as frequent flier miles and sweepstakes prizes

…

much, but it hooked me into the bidding patterns of people who bid on vintage railroad stuff, which I found quite charming and beautiful. Like SETI@home, OpenCOLA requires a population of volunteers. While you put documents in a folder on your computer, waiting for similar documents to appear, others must do

…

cooperation for the fun of it finds its own channels. After the dotcom and telecom bubbles burst, the emergence of new voluntary community resources, from SETI@home to blogging, made it clear again that the big IPO is not the only reason people decide to work together. Is the kind of return

…

, “My Date with the Gnomes of San Jose,” Mindjack, 15 October 2000.http://www.mindjack.com/feature/p2p.html. (25 January 2002). 1. Charlene Anderson, “SETI@home and the Planetary Society: A Reminiscence and a Hope for the Future,” May 2000, <http://www.planetary.org/UPDATES/seti

…

/seti@home_and_planetary_society.html > (20 January 2002). See also: Roving Mouse, “SETI@home Stats,” <http://www.roving-mouse.com/setiath-ome/> (25 January 2002). 2. Robert Wright, Nonzero: The Logic of Human Destiny

…

, the Environment, and Homeland Defense" conference "Servant" software Servers and CoolTown defined and Napster and p2p networking and SETI SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence) project SETI@home SFLan Shardanand, Upendra Sharing: files food forestry resources knowledge public goods Shibuya Crossing (Tokyo) and distributed computing and mesh networks Shipley, Peter Shoch, John F

The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World

by Lawrence Lessig · 14 Jul 2001 · 494pp · 142,285 words

computer along with a program to be run; that program would run on the data and send it back to the mother ship. When the SETI@home project first began, within ten days it had 350,000 participants in 203 countries. In four months, it broke a million users. The service grew

…

the equivalent of 280,000 years of processing time devoted to the SETI mission.29 Just as Napster had latched on to unused disk space, SETI@home had latched on to unused computer cycles living at the edge of the Net. Idle machines could be turned to large-scale cooperative projects. OTHERS

…

, and other factors). 28 For background on SETI, see “History of SETI,” at http://www.seti-inst.edu/ general/history.html; Eric Korpela et al., “SETI@home: Massively Distributed Computing for SETI,” at http://www.computer.org/cise/articles/seti.htm. 29 Howard Rheingold, “You Got the Power,” Wired (August 2001), at

The Wealth of Networks: How Social Production Transforms Markets and Freedom

by Yochai Benkler · 14 May 2006 · 678pp · 216,204 words

and give it away for free? Why do 4.5 million volunteers contribute their leftover computer cycles to create the most powerful supercomputer on Earth, SETI@Home? Without a broadly accepted analytic model to explain these phenomena, we tend to treat them as curiosities, perhaps transient fads, possibly of significance in one

…

. They produce economic, not public, goods--computation, storage, and communications capacity. 168 As of the middle of 2004, the fastest supercomputer in the world was SETI@home. It ran about 75 percent faster than the supercomputer that [pg 82] was then formally known as "the fastest supercomputer in the world": the IBM

…

Blue Gene/L. And yet, there was and is no single SETI@home computer. Instead, the SETI@home project has developed software and a collaboration platform that have enabled millions of participants to pool their computation resources into a single powerful computer

…

project must download a small screen saver. When a user's personal computer is idle, the screen saver starts up, downloads problems for calculation--in SETI@home, these are radio astronomy signals to be analyzed for regularities--and calculates the problem it has downloaded. Once the program calculates a solution, it automatically

…

the fastest supercomputers in the world that private firms, using full-time engineers, developed for the largest and best-funded government laboratories in the world. SETI@home is the most prominent, but is only one among dozens of similarly structured Internet-based distributed computing platforms. Another, whose structure has been the subject

…

, is Folding@home. As of mid-2004, Folding@home had amassed contributions of about 840,000 processors contributed by more than 365,000 users. 169 SETI@home and Folding@home provide a good basis for describing the fairly common characteristics of Internet-based distributed computation projects. First, these are noncommercial projects, engaged

…

in pursuits understood as scientific, for the general good, seeking to harness contributions of individuals who wish to contribute to such larger-than-themselves goals. SETI@home helps in the search for extraterrestrial intelligence. Folding@home helps in protein folding research. Fightaids@home is dedicated to running models that screen compounds for

…

a few of these is the ability to create "teams" of users, who in turn compete on who has provided more cycles or work units. SETI@home in particular taps into ready-made nationalisms, by offering country-level statistics. Some of the team names on Folding@home also suggest other, out-of

…

chapter 3) and rendering them in small segments with a simple marking tool is a way of modularizing the task of mapping craters. In the SETI@home project (see chapter 3), the task of scanning radio astronomy signals is broken down into millions of little computations as a way of modularizing the

…

other. 203 The characteristics of planned modularization of a problem are highly visible and explicit in some peer-production projects--the distributed computing projects like SETI@home are particularly good examples of this. However, if we were to step back and look at the entire phenomenon of Web-based publication from a

…

like surviving medieval Spanish irrigation regions or the shores of Maine's lobster fishing grounds, or even to the ubiquitous phenomenon of the household. As SETI@home and Slashdot suggest, it is not necessarily limited to stable communities of individuals who interact often and know each other, or who expect to continue

…

of the day, prove true. However, this was also thought of complex software projects or of supercomputing, until free software and distributed computing projects like SETI@Home and Folding@Home came along and proved them wrong. The basic point is to see how distributed nonmarket efforts are organized, and to see how

…

to help them decipher messages of senders, without anyone having exclusive use of the spectrum. Just as PCs can cooperate to create a supercomputer in SETI@Home by sharing their computation, and a global-scale, peer-to-peer data-storage and retrieval system by sharing their hard drives, computationally intensive radios can

…

and final economic observation describes and analyzes the rise of peer production. This cluster of phenomena, from free and open-source software to Wikipedia and SETI@Home, presents a stark challenge to conventional thinking about the economics of information production. Indeed, it challenges the economic understanding of the relative roles of marketbased

…

flow with, 281-284, 296, 298, 355-358, 702 influence exaction, 296, 298-300 Rubin, Aviel, 408 S SBG (Sinclair Broadcast Group), 360, 396-402 SETI@home project, 168-170 Sabel, Charles, 123, 218, 266 Saltzer, Jerome, 705 Sampling, digital (music), 777 Samuelson, Pamela, 63, 730 Sarnoff, David, 351 Scholarly Lawyers model

The Art of Scalability: Scalable Web Architecture, Processes, and Organizations for the Modern Enterprise

by Martin L. Abbott and Michael T. Fisher · 1 Dec 2009

offices where personal computers are used after hours for parallel computing. One of the most well known public network examples of grid computing is the SETI@home project. This project uses computers connected to the Internet in the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI). Individuals can participate by running a program on their

…

. For grids that are utilizing surplus capacity, this approach is known as CPU scavenging. One of the most well-known grid scavenging programs has been SETI@home that utilizes unused CPU cycles on volunteers’ computers in a search for extraterrestrial intelligence in radio telescope data. There are obviously drawbacks of utilizing spare

…

other advantage in terms of cost can come from scavenging spare cycles on desktops or other servers, as described in the previous paragraph referencing the SETI@home program. Pros of Grid Computing We have identified three major benefits of grid computing. These are listed in no particular order and are not all

…

networks, 429 Grid computing, uses for back office grid, 464 build grid, 462–463 data warehouse grid, 463–464 MapReduce, 464 production grid, 461–462 SETI@home project, 429 Grids, cons complexity, 459–460 monolithic applications, 459 not shared simultaneously, 459 summary of, 460 Grids, pros cost, 457–458 high computational rates

…

environments, saving, 403–404 Session storage avoiding, 403–404, 405 centralizing, 404, 405 decentralizing, 404, 405 Set method, 382 SETI (Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence), 429 SETI@home project, 429 Sharding, definition, 311 Shards, definition, 311 Shared infrastructure, grid benefit, 457 Shareholder test, 24 Shareholder value, dilution by data cost, 415 Shareholder values

Hadoop: The Definitive Guide

by Tom White · 29 May 2009 · 933pp · 205,691 words

16. Volunteer Computing When people first hear about Hadoop and MapReduce, they often ask, “How is it different from SETI@home?” SETI, the Search for Extra-Terrestrial Intelligence, runs a project called SETI@home in which volunteers donate CPU time from their otherwise idle computers to analyze radio telescope data for signs of intelligent

…

life outside earth. SETI@home is the most well-known of many volunteer computing projects; others include the Great Internet Mersenne Prime Search (to search for large prime numbers) and

…

problem they are trying to solve into chunks called work units, which are sent to computers around the world to be analyzed. For example, a SETI@home work unit is about 0.35 MB of radio telescope data, and takes hours or days to analyze on a typical home computer. When the

…

precaution to combat cheating, each work unit is sent to three different machines and needs at least two results to agree to be accepted. Although SETI@home may be superficially similar to MapReduce (breaking a problem into independent pieces to be worked on in parallel), there are some significant differences. The

…

SETI@home problem is very CPU-intensive, which makes it suitable for running on hundreds of thousands of computers across the world,[9] since the time to

…

run jobs that last minutes or hours on trusted, dedicated hardware running in a single data center with very high aggregate bandwidth interconnects. By contrast, SETI@home runs a perpetual computation on untrusted machines on the Internet with highly variable connection speeds and no data locality. * * * [6] In January 2007, David J

…

://mahout.apache.org/) is a project to build machine learning libraries (such as classification and clustering algorithms) that run on Hadoop. [9] In January 2008, SETI@home was reported at http://www.planetary.org/programs/projects/setiathome/setiathome_20080115.html to be processing 300 gigabytes a day, using 320,000 computers (most

…

of which are not dedicated to SETI@home; they are used for other things, too). A Brief History of Hadoop Hadoop was created by Doug Cutting, the creator of Apache Lucene, the widely

Blockchain: Blueprint for a New Economy

by Melanie Swan · 22 Jan 2014 · 271pp · 52,814 words

for safely sharing unused hard disk space have been developed by other community computing models like Folding@Home and BOINC, whose software is used by SETI@Home. Of course, as with any distributed project that involves opening your computer to others’ use, caveat emptor applies, and participants in Storj or any similar

…

to peer-to-peer distributed computing projects for which individual volunteers provide unused computing cycles to Internet-based distributed computing projects. Two notable projects are SETI@home (the Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence, which uses contributed computing cycles to help analyze radio signals from space, searching for signs of extraterrestrial intelligence), and Folding

…

computational drug design and other molecular dynamics problems). Per blockchain technology, remunerative coin has been set up to reward participants in both the SETI@home and Folding@home projects. For SETI@home, there is Gridcoin, which is the remunerative coin available to all BOINC (Berkeley Open Infrastructure for Network Computing) projects, the infrastructure upon

…

which SETI@home runs. For Folding@home, there is FoldingCoin, a Counterparty token that runs and is exchangeable to the more liquid XCP cryptocurrency (and therefore out to

…

maintain the blockchain, and 3.0 innovations could be expected. One response is cryptocurrencies that are apparently more energy efficient, such as Mintcoin. Community Supercomputing SETI@home and Folding@home are community supercomputing projects in the sense that a community of individual volunteers contributes the raw resource of computing cycles; they are

…

Challenges self-bootstrapped organizations, DASs and Self-Bootstrapped Organizations self-directing assets, Automatic Markets and Tradenets self-enforced code, Smart Property self-sufficiency, Smart Contracts SETI@home, Blockchain Science: Gridcoin, Foldingcoin, Community Supercomputing size and bandwidth, Technical Challenges smart contracts, Smart Contracts-Smart Contracts, Smart Contract Advocates on Behalf of Digital Intelligence

Hacking Capitalism

by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;

for variable capital (i.e. living labour), but also to cheapen constant capital (infrastructure, machineries etc.). That could be the deeper implication of the SETI@home project. SETI@home is a favourite example in hacker literature, mingling high technology with fascination for science fiction. SETI stands for: Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence. SETI searches for

…

personal computers. For a succession of years the project has out-performed state-of-the-art supercomputers at a fraction of the cost.21 The SETI@home project is not as dramatic as the controversies surrounding filesharing networks, nor does it have the zeal of grassroots journalism. Nonetheless, peer-to-peer computing

…

, 2006). 20. Eben Moglen, “Anarchism Triumphant, Free Software and the Death of Copyright”, First Monday, vol.4, no.8 (August 1999). 21. See David Anderson, “SETI@home” in Andy Oram, Peer-to-Peer—Harnessing the Benefits of a Disruptive Technology, (Sebastopol: O’Reilly, 2001), 2001. 22. Mark Poster, What’s the Matter

…

23, 10, 154, 160–163, 184 Schumpeterian competition state 143 Schumpeter, Joseph 30 SCO/Caldera 43–44, 87 Self-administrated poverty 172 Sennett, Richard 45 SETI@home 127 Sham property 141 Shiva, Vandana 209 n.45 Shrinkwrap license 21 Shy, Oz 122, 143–144 Silicon Valley 44, 180 Simputer 210 n.54

The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It

by Jonathan Zittrain · 27 May 2009 · 629pp · 142,393 words

or barter computing cycles or bandwidth for causes they care about by simply installing a small piece of software.58 This could be something like SETI@home, through which astronomers can distribute voluminous data from radio telescopes to individual PCs,59 which then look for patterns that might indicate the presence of

…

: “Donate the time your computer is turned on, but is idle, to projects that benefit humanity!” Id. 59. See SETI@home, http://setiathome.berkeley.edu (last visited Dec. 1, 2007); see also Wikipedia, SETI@home, http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seti_at_home (as of May 12, 2007, 02:06 GMT). 60. BitTorrent allows

…

visited June 1, 2007); Rosetta@home, What is Rosetta@home?, http://boinc.bakerlab.org/rosetta/rah_about.php (last visited June 1, 2007); SETI@home, The Science of SETI@home, http://setiathome.berkeley.edu/sah_about.php (last visited June 1, 2007); World Community Grid, About Us, http://www.worldcommunitygrid.org/about_us/viewAboutUs

…

semiotic democracy, 147 Sender ID, 193–94 sensors: cheap, 206, 208–9, 210, 221; ubiquitous, 212–13 September 11 attacks and PATRIOT Act, 186–87 SETI@home, 90 ShotSpotter, 314n43 signal neutrality, 182 Simpson, Jessica, 53 Skype, 56–57, 58, 59, 60, 102, 113, 178, 180, 182 Slashdot, 217 smoking bans, 118

As the Future Catches You: How Genomics & Other Forces Are Changing Your Work, Health & Wealth

by Juan Enriquez · 15 Feb 2001 · 239pp · 45,926 words

MICROSYSTEMS Hewlett-Packard. Those who founded Search for Extraterrestrial Intelligence (SETI) hoped 100,000 global citizens would sign up … More than two million did. And SETI@home is now the world’s largest community computer project … With 280,000 years of processing time available … And a network that grows every week.10