Shoshana Zuboff

Snowden's Box: Trust in the Age of Surveillance
by Jessica Bruder and Dale Maharidge
Published 29 Mar 2020

p. 99 number of voice-activated assistants could rival earth’s human population: Judith Shulevitz, “Alexa, Should We Trust You?,” Atlantic, November 2018; Ronan De Renesse, “Digital Assistant and Voice AI–Capable Device Forecast: 2016–21,” Ovum, April 28, 2017, ovum.informa.com. p. 99 surveillance capitalism: Shoshona Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (PublicAffairs, 2019). p. 101 Amazon technology analyzes human voice to determine ethnic origin, gender, age, health, and mental state: Madison Malone Kircher, “I Don’t Want My Echo Dot to Be Able to Tell When I’m Sick,” New York, October 15, 2018; Belle Lin, “Amazon’s Accent Recognition Technology Could Tell the Government Where You’re From,” Intercept, November 15, 2018; Jon Brodkin, “Amazon Patents Alexa Tech to Tell if You’re Sick, Depressed and Sell You Meds,” Ars Technica, October 11, 2018, arstechnica.com.

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Market researchers estimated that in 2020 three-quarters of American homes would have smart speakers and that, by the following year, the number of voice-activated assistants could easily rival earth’s human population. As Amazon saturates the market with new smart speakers, it also works to expand the capabilities of those it has already sold via software updates. The “smarter” they get, the better such devices become at extracting continuous — and ever-greater — profits from users worldwide. The writer Shoshana Zuboff has referred to this model as “surveillance capitalism,’’ and most ordinary folk have more to fear from it than they do from the NSA. A panopticon in every parlor, after all, is good for business. Amazon’s patents offer what could be a sneak preview of the future. They include technologies to mine ambient speech for keywords and share them with advertisers, even in the absence of a “wake” command.

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See also Pentagon Papers Vimeo, 70–2 Walmart, 112 Wäscher, Till, 94 Washington Post, 41, 43, 45, 54, 86 Watergate Affair, 88 WhatsApp, 94, 136–7 WikiLeaks, 10, 16, 17, 23, 56, 67, 129–30 Wikipedia, 108 Wizner, Ben, 42–3, 45, 122 World Trade Center: 9/11, 52–3, 91 World War I, 142 World War II, 106, 118 Wyden, Ron, 8, 93 Yahoo, 48 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 11 Zuboff, Shoshana, 99 Zuckerberg, Mark, 137, 140

Social Life of Information
by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid
Published 2 Feb 2000

(Their resistance recalls a story of the famous British admiral Lord Nelson, who "turned a blind eye" to his telescope at the Battle of Copenhagen to avoid seeing his commander's signal to disengage.)38 In contemplating assumptions about the decentralizing role of information technology, Shoshona Zuboff, a professor at Harvard Business School, confessed to becoming much more pessimistic in the decade since she wrote her pathbreaking book on the infomated workplace, In the Age of the Smart Machine :"The paradise of shared knowledge and a more egalitarian working environment," she notes, "just isn't happening.

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The same long arm of technology has led to the direct intervention of politics into battlefield planning; for example, though President Bush said he would leave decisions in the Gulf War to local commanders, the White House began to exercise veto power and control over the conduct of the war, after a smart bomb went astray and drew bad press. 39. Shoshona Zuboff, quoted in Lohr, 1996. 40. Meanwhile, Royal Dutch/Shell, one of the most well known and widely applauded decentralizers of the past decade, has announced that it will recentralize its "treasury." Decentralization had been too costly and inefficient. More generally, the Economist magazine's "Intelligence Unit" has noted a trend toward "shared services" in large corporationsand what they describe reads very much like recentralization. 41.

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Change: The Magazine for Higher Learning 31 (1): 12 19. Yates, Jo Anne. 1989. Control through Communication: The Rise of System in American Management. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins Press. Ziman, John M. 1967. Public Knowledge: An Essay Concerning the Social Dimension of Science. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Zuboff, Shoshona. 1988. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books. Page 307 Index A A.B. Dick, 159 Aetna, 175 Age of the Smart Machine, 30 Alexa.com, 188 Amazon.com, 148 acquisitions activities of, 25 bot use on, 37, 44, 45, 47 48 American Airlines, 45 American Notes, 195 Anderson, Benedict, 194, 197 AOL, acquisitions activities of, 25, 26 Apple Computer, 70, 87 innovativeness of, 159 160 relations with PARC, 151, 157, 163, 166 structure of, 154 AT&T, 178 downsizing by, 122 reengineering of, 92 relations with Microsoft, 25, 28 Attewell, Paul, 29 Autonomous agents, 36 37 and delegation, 53 54 negotiation and, 48 52 and representation, 54 56 strengths and limitations of, 41 56 unethical use of, 56 59 See also Bots B Babbage, Charles, 86 Barlow, John Perry, 66, 198 Barnard, Chester, 114 Barnes & Noble, 148 Bateson, Gregory, 138 Being Digital, 15 Bell, Alexander Graham, 87 88 Bell, Gordon, 11 Berkeley, University of California at, 228 Bots (autonomous agents), 36 37 and delegation, 53 54 future of, 39 41, 61 62 negotiation and, 48 52 as representative, 54 56 strengths and limitations of, 41 56 unethical use of, 56 59 Page 308 Boyle, Robert, 191 British Telecom, and home office, 98 99 Bruner, Jerome, 128, 135, 138, 153 Burg, Urs von, 166 Bush, Vannevar, 179 180 Business processes formal versus informal, 113 115 improvisation in, 109 111 reengineering of, 91 93, 97 99 C Cameron, Stephen, 223 Cancelbots, 58 Canon, 157 Carlson, Chester, 159, 161 CDNow, bot use on, 37, 44 Champy, James, 92, 107, 111, 144 Chandler, Alfred, 161 Chaparral Steel, 123 Chatterbots, 36 Chaum, David, 60 Chiat, Jay, 71 Chiat/Day, 70 73, 75, 82 Chrysler Financial, technology costs at, 82 Claims processing, 96 Clustering, 161 164 and distance, 167 170 and ecologies of knowledge, 165 167 economic effects of, 164 165 Coase, Ronald, 23 24 Code of code, 249 Cole, Robert, 123 Common Sense, 195 Communities formed around Internet, 189 190 of practice, 141, 142 143, 162 scientific, 191 192 support of knowledge management, 125 127 textual, 190 Competition, changes in, 208 209 Conduit metaphors, 184 Constraints, complexities of, 244 245 Context, 202 Control Data Systems, 212 Copyright law, 248 software issues and, 249 250 Covidea (AT&T), 178 Credentialing, 214 215 bogus, 216 future of, 215 216, 234 235 meaning of, 217 221 Customization, 26 D Daniel, Sir John, 25, 223 Databases, versus documents, 186 Davenport, Tom, 122, 198 David, Paul, 83 de Long, Brad, 46, 52 Decentralization, 29 30 Dee, John, 211 Defoe, Daniel, 139 Degrees.

The Computer Boys Take Over: Computers, Programmers, and the Politics of Technical Expertise
by Nathan L. Ensmenger
Published 31 Jul 2010

By this point the rhetoric of crisis had become so commonplace in the computer industry literature that for many young programmers the software crisis was “less a turning point than a way of life.”16 This comes back to some of the central questions of this book: How can we explain the continued existence of a seemingly perpetual crisis in what is generally considered to be one of the most successful and profitable industries of all time? How can we understand the role of computer specialists—in many respects the paradigmatic “knowledge workers” of post-industrial society—within this troubled framework of crisis, conflict, and contested identity? If, as Shoshona Zuboff has suggested, computer-based technologies are not simply neutral artifacts, but rather “embody essential characteristics that are bound to alter the nature of work within factories and offices, and among workers, professionals, and managers,” then what are the “essential characteristics” of software and software development that shape our understanding of work, identity, and power in the information technology industry (and the many industries that rely on information technology)?

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Andrew Pollack, “Year 2000 Problem Tests Professionalism of Programmers,” New York Times (May 3, 1999): C1; Mark Manion and William M. Evan, “The Y2K Problem: Technological Risk and Professional Responsibility,” ACM SIGCAS Computers and Society 29, no. 4 (1999): 24–29. 16. John Shore, “Why I Never Met a Programmer I Could Trust,” Communications of the ACM 31, no. 4 (1988): 372. 17. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988). 18. Thomas Gieryn, “Boundary-Work and the Demarcation of Science from Non-Science: Strains and Interests in Professional Ideologies of Scientists,” American Sociological Review 48, no. 4 (1983): 781–795. 19.

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Redefining Success: Ethnographic Observations on the Careers of Technicians. In Broken Ladders: Managerial Careers in the New Economy, ed. Paul Osterman, 185–214. New York: Oxford University Press, 1996. Zaphyr, P. A. “The Science of Hypology” (letter to editor). Communications of the ACM 2 (1) (1959): 4. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988. Zussman, Robert. Mechanics of the middle class: Work and politics among American engineers. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1985. Index Abbott, Andrew, 234 ACM (Association for Computing Machinery) academic orientation of, 173–174, 191 Communications of the ACM, 101, 114–115, 173, 182 conflict with DPMA, 177, 182, 189, 196 Education Committee, 118, 173, 234 history of, 170–175 Journal of the ACM, 173 membership statistics, 170–171 Adaptive programming.

The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism
by Nick Couldry and Ulises A. Mejias
Published 19 Aug 2019

Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2010. Zittrain, Jonathan. The Future of the Internet—And How to Stop It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press, 2008. Žižek, Slavoj. Living in the End Times. 2nd ed. London: Verso, 2011. Zuboff, Shoshana. “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization.” Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine. New York: Basic Books, 1988. Zuckerberg, Ethan. “The Internet’s Original Sin.” The Atlantic, August 14, 2014. Zuckerberg, Mark. “Building Global Community.” Facebook, February 16, 2017. https://www.facebook.com/notes/mark-zuckerberg/building-global-community/10154544292806634.

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This captured data becomes the basis for demanding future changes of state. When computers are inserted into social space (because human beings use them), this capturing facility becomes available to reshape that social space too. Long before the general availability of the internet, sociologist Shoshana Zuboff predicted that the computerization of inputs to production would transform the workplace by changing flows of information and the forms of authority and power sustained by those flows.78 Added to such basic data capture came the possibility of interconnection between computers through the internet.

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But as David Harvey points out, the problem with this approach is that it relegates “accumulation based upon predation, fraud, and violence to an ‘original stage’ that is considered no longer relevant or . . . as being somehow ‘outside of’ the capitalist system.”24 Our thesis is that primitive accumulation does not precede capitalism but goes hand in hand with it. We follow authors such as Shoshana Zuboff, Julie Cohen, and Saskia Sassen25 in recognizing an emergent phase of primitive accumulation so unique and historically significant that it deserves treatment as a new stage of history that we call data colonialism. The Logic of the Cloud Empire Is the extraction of data like the extraction of bounty minerals, natural riches, or cash crops?

Uncharted: How to Map the Future
by Margaret Heffernan
Published 20 Feb 2020

So the more we depend on machines to think for us, the less good we become at thinking for ourselves. The fewer decisions we make, the less good we become at making them. We risk falling into a trap: more need for certainty, more dependency on technology; less skill, more need. We become addicted to the very source of our anxiety. Moreover, as Shoshana Zuboff has so eloquently diagnosed, the technological opportunity to nudge, tempt and even mandate behaviour is a wickedly clever way to enforce predictability. Enough carrots and sticks and there’s no need to anticipate behaviour that can be compelled. Knowing your car will be immobilised if you fail to pay its insurance extravagantly reduces uncertainty in decision-making.

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This is the thinking behind Amazon’s anticipatory shopping patent.43 Instead of customers making their own decisions, Amazon decides for them, sending what they want before they know they want it. It is, as one commentator noticed, one more step towards cutting out human agency altogether.44 Pervasive monitoring devices – smartphones, wearables, voice-enabled speakers and smart meters – allow companies to track and manage consumer behaviour. The Harvard business scholar Shoshana Zuboff quotes an unnamed chief data scientist who explains: ‘The goal of everything we do is to change people’s actual behavior at scale . . . we can capture their behaviours and identify good and bad [ones]. Then we develop “treatments” or “data pellets” that select good behaviours.’45 MIT’s Alex Pentland seems more interested in enhancing machines than human understanding.

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Wolmar, Christian, Driverless Cars: On a Road to Nowhere, London Publishing Partnership, 2018 19 For examples here, see Eubanks, Virginia, Automating Inequality: How High-Tech Tools Profile, Police and Punish the Poor, St Martin’s Press, New York, 2017, as well as O’Neill, Cathy, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy, Allen Lane, London, 2016, and reports from the AI Now Institute: ainowinstitute.org 20 ‘Overcoming Speed Bumps on the Road to Telematics’, www2.deloitte.com/­content/­dam/­insights/us/­articles/­telematics-in-auto-insurance/­DUP-695_Telematics-in-the-Insurance-Industry_vFINAL.pdf, accessed 20 August 2019. Also quoted in Zuboff, Shoshana, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Public Affairs, New York, 2019 21 ‘Good Judgment Project research found that super-forecasters can anticipate events 400 days ahead that other forecasters can only see 150 days ahead’, www.goodjudgment.com, accessed 29 January 2019 22 www.youtube.com/­watch?

Platform Capitalism
by Nick Srnicek
Published 22 Dec 2016

ZDNet, 23 February. http://www.zdnet.com/article/germanys-vision-for-industrie-4-0-the-revolutionwill-be-digitised (accessed 10 June 2016). Zuboff, Shoshana. 2015. ‘Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization’. Journal of Information Technology, 30 (1): 75–89. doi: 10.1057/jit.2015.5. Zuboff, Shoshana. 2016. ‘Google as a Fortune Teller: The Secrets of Surveillance Capitalism’. Frankfurter Allgemeine Zeitung, 5 March. http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/shoshana-zuboff-secrets-of-surveillance-capitalism-14103616.html (accessed 12 June 2016). Zucman, Gabriel. 2015. The Hidden Wealth of Nations: The Scourge of Tax Havens, translated by Teresa Lavender Fagan.

Don't Be Evil: How Big Tech Betrayed Its Founding Principles--And All of US
by Rana Foroohar
Published 5 Nov 2019

Tom Hamburger and Matea Gold, “Google, Once Disdainful of Lobbying, Now a Master of Washington,” The Washington Post, April 12, 2014. 17. Rana Foroohar, “Silicon Valley Has Too Much Power,” Financial Times, May 14, 2017; Foroohar, “Echoes of Wall Street in Silicon Valley’s Grip.” 18. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2019), introductory page. 19. Shoshana Zuboff, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology, April 17, 2015. 20. Niall Ferguson, The Square and the Tower: Networks and Power, from the Freemasons to Facebook (New York: Penguin, 2018).

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Big Tech has become the new Wall Street, and as such, is the prime target for a populist backlash in a world increasingly bifurcated, economically and socially. The changes Big Tech has wrought have become one of the most pressing economic issues of our time. Harvard Business School professor emerita Shoshana Zuboff and other scholars have decried the rise of “surveillance capitalism,” which is, as Zuboff defines it, “a new economic order that claims human experience as free raw material for hidden commercial practices of extraction, prediction and sales,” as well as “a parasitic economic logic in which the production of goods and services is subordinated to a new global architecture of behavioral modification” via digital surveillance technologies.18 She believes (and I would agree) that surveillance capitalism represents a significant threat to our economic and political systems, as well as a potential instrument for social control.19 I’ve also come to believe that curbing Silicon Valley’s nefarious side effects will become “the signature economic issue [for lawmakers] over the next five years, especially as automation increases and they make investments into other areas of the economy,” as one staffer for an influential senior Democratic senator has put it to me.

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Decades ago, in his book The Great Transformation, historian Karl Polanyi identified three “fictions” that needed to be sustained in order for the market economies of the industrial revolution to thrive.63 First was that human life could be rebranded as labor. Second was that nature could be rebranded as real estate. Third was that free exchanges of goods and services could be rebranded as money. In 2015, academic and tech scholar Shoshana Zuboff posited a fourth fiction for the age of Big Tech—that reality itself was undergoing the same kind of metamorphosis. “Data about the behaviors of bodies, minds, and things take their place in a universal real-time dynamic index of smart objects within an infinite global domain of wired things.

Paper Knowledge: Toward a Media History of Documents
by Lisa Gitelman
Published 26 Mar 2014

What follows in the book is an hour-­ by-­hour account of a day in the life of two imaginary corporations, one a packaged-­food multinational with 15,000 employees around the world, and the other a smaller manufacturing firm with 350 workers making office partitions, the cubicles that so decisively divide and relegate white-­collar workers to what Shoshana Zuboff terms “the realm of the machine.”52 Corporate managers figure prominently in the story that Beyond Paper tells, but so do the underlings on whom they make extraordinary demands. The copier jams repeatedly as an executive secretary tries to use it, and then her boss vanishes before she can protest how long it will take to fax 100 pages across the country; a mail boy with a cart already full of deliveries to make is hijacked by a marketing director who wants him to rush to deliver an important interoffice envelope; and a four-­person team struggles to prepare a new sales proposal needed immediately by their persnickety boss, only to come up with four separate files and two different handouts: all problems solved, of course, by Adobe™ Acrobat™, which aimed at reducing but not replacing the uses of paper and the uses of copiers, fax ma126 CHAPTER FOUR chines, express mail, interoffice mail, airplanes, envelopes, binders, staples, and paper clips.53 Reducing labor costs remains an unspoken benefit.

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See National Digital Information Infrastructure and Preservation Program, “Sustainability of Digital Formats: Planning for Library of Congress Collections,” 7 March 2007, accessed August 2009, http://www.digitalpreservation .gov/formats/intro/intro.shtml. “Lossy” encoding compresses files by discarding some of the data they contain; archivists prefer lossless compression. 51. Bienz and Richard Cohn, Portable Document Format Reference Manual; Ames, Beyond Paper. 52. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Nature of Work and Power (New York: Basic, 1984), 125. 53. Ames, Beyond Paper, 45–47, 85. 54. Ibid., 93. 55. Streeter, The Net Effect, 124 (emphasis in the original). A related point about the uneven penetration of technological change had been made before by Alvin Toffler in The Third Wave (New York: William Morrow, 1980), 207–8. 56.

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Structuring the Information Age: Life Insurance and Technology in the Twentieth Century. Baltimore, MD: Johns Hopkins University Press, 2005. Zielinski, Siegfried. Deep Time of Media: Toward an Archaeology of Hearing and Seeing by Technical Means. Translated by Gloria Custance. Cambridge, MA: mit Press, 2006. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Nature of Work and Power. New York: Basic, 1984. 204 WORKS CITED INDEX Adams, William Taylor, 142 Adobe Systems, 117, 118, 123–28 adolescents. See young adults Advanced Research Projects Agency Network (arpanet), 100 advertisements, 4, 45, 102, 112, 115, 139 amateurs, 12, 14, 15, 20, 38, 51–52, 62, 72, 74–78, 81–82, 116, 122, 136–50 American Antiquarian Society, 39, 42, 46, 47, 52, 80, 138, 139 American Council of Learned Societies, 14, 54–55, 57, 60, 80.

The Lonely Century: How Isolation Imperils Our Future
by Noreena Hertz
Published 13 May 2020

‘Social media marks a new era in the intensity, density and pervasiveness of social comparison processes especially for the youngest among us, who are “almost constantly online” at a time of life when one’s own identity, voice and moral agency are a work in progress,’ writes the Harvard professor Shoshana Zuboff. She continues, ‘The psychological tsunami of social comparison triggered by the social media experience is considered unprecedented’.94 It’s this constant process of having to sell oneself – and the constant fear that no one will want to buy – that’s the problem. Some social media companies are beginning to acknowledge the problem they’ve created here, at least tacitly.

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Even before the coronavirus struck, over half of global companies with more than 1,000 employees were using ‘non-traditional techniques to monitor staff, including tracking keystrokes, monitoring email conversations and even monitoring conversations between staff’.23 ‘User-activity monitoring’ – UAM, as this new world of workplace surveillance is known – was on track to be a $3.3 billion industry by 2023.24 Now, with a rapid rise in remote working as a result of the pandemic, as well as increased emphasis on productivity, worker surveillance has significantly ramped up. We are living in an age that Shoshana Zuboff has called the ‘Age of Surveillance Capitalism’.25 An age in which for increasing numbers of people your employer is not only constantly watching you, but constantly using AI, Big Data and a whole host of ever more intrusive and granular measuring devices to draw all kinds of conclusions about you.

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Twenge, Jean M. iGen: Why Today’s Super-Connected Kids Are Growing Up Less Rebellious, More Tolerant, Less Happy – and Completely Unprepared for Adulthood – and What That Means for the Rest of Us (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2017). Yang, Keming. Loneliness: A Social Problem (London; New York: Routledge, 2019). Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2019). Notes CHAPTER ONE: This is the Lonely Century 1 ‘Covid-19: One Third of Humanity under Virus Lockdown’, The Economic Times, 25 March 2020, https://economictimes.indiatimes.com/news/international/world-news/covid-19-one-third-of-humanity-under-virus-lockdown/articleshow/74807030.cms?

The New Ruthless Economy: Work & Power in the Digital Age
by Simon Head
Published 14 Aug 2003

In my journeys across America I was overwhelmed by the attention, support, and encouragement I received from so many people, among them: In Los Angeles, San Francisco, and the Bay Area: Charles Ackerman, xvii xvni ACKNOWLEDGMENTS Danny Bobrow, Michael Borrus, Sandy Close, John Hummer, Sandy Kurtzig, AnnaLee Saxenian, Franz Schurmann, Harley Shaiken, Marc Trachtenberg, Bob Treuhaft, Jack Whalen, Horace Wood, and John Zysman. In Cambridge, Mass.: Richard Freeman, Michael Porter, and Shoshana Zuboff. In Fairhaven, Mass.: Gary Johnson. In Boston: Frederick Reichheld. In Madison, Wise.: Frank Emspak and Joel Rogers. In Milwaukee: Ellen Bravo. In Iowa City: Dick Greenwood, Marc Linder, and Clara Olsen. In London: Robert Oakeshott. In New York City: Roger Alcaly, Nelson Aldrich, Dee Aldrich, Steven Aronson, Elizabeth Baker, Annabel Bartlett, Helen Bodian, Bill Bradley, Ernestine Bradley, Susanna Duncan, Ed Epstein, Frances Fitzgerald, Andrea Gabor, Edward Garmey, Joann Haimson, Alexandra Howard, Philip Howard, Bokara Legendre, Valerie Lucznikowska, Sidney Morgenbesser, Constancia Romilly, Richard Sennett, Sigrun Svavardsdottir, and Lou Uchitelle.

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The bloodletting can be taken as evidence of management's withering away, as the reengineers claim. But the culling of the cubicles can also signify that tasks of monitoring and control have been subject to partial automation, so that fewer managerial bodies are needed around the office. In her In the Age of the Smart Machine, Shoshana Zuboff draws a THE RISE OF THE REENGINEERS distinction between the power of information technology to "automate" and its power to "informate." Automation "replaces the human body with a technology that enables the smart processes to be performed with more continuity and control"—as in John Hall's and Henry Ford's machine shops.

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In the peripheric ring, one is totally seen, without ever seeing; in the central tower, one sees everything, without ever being seen.39 Foucault then deepens his analysis of the state of mind of those who are the objects of panoptic power: He who is subjected to a field of visibility, and who knows it, assumes responsibility for the constraints of power; he makes them play spontaneously upon himself; he inscribes in himself the power relation in which he simultaneously plays both roles; he becomes the principle of 165 166 THE NEW RUTHLESS ECONOMY his own subjection. By this very fact the external power may throw off its physical weight. . . . It is a perpetual victory that avoids any physical confrontation and which is always decided in advance.40 In her book In the Age of the Smart Machine, Shoshana Zuboff shows how Foucault's analysis and language can very easily be transferred to the non-penal setting of the business enterprise. The attainment of panoptic power has been a goal of scientific managers ever since Taylor created his shop floor planning departments, with their hordes of "functional foremen."

Artificial Whiteness
by Yarden Katz

As Nick Srnicek writes, “Platforms became an efficient way to monopolise, extract, analyse, and use the increasingly large amounts of data that were being recorded.” Nick Srnicek, Platform Capitalism (Malden, Mass.: Polity, 2017), 42–43.     6.   Glenn Greenwald, No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the US Surveillance State (New York: Macmillan, 2014).     7.   Shoshana Zuboff, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89.     8.   See the controversy surrounding Cambridge Analytica as reported, for instance, in “Cambridge Analytica Files,” Guardian, https://www.theguardian.com/news/series/cambridge-analytica-files.     9.   

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Chomsky’s technical arguments were echoed in later critiques of neural networks that pointed out the similarities between behaviorism and connectionism. See Jerry A. Fodor and Zenon W. Pylyshyn, “Connectionism and Cognitive Architecture: A Critical Analysis,” Cognition 28, no. 1–2 (1988): 3–71.   50.   Skinner, Reflections on Behaviorism and Society, 15.   51.   As Shoshana Zuboff has argued, the behaviorist frame aligns closely with the ideology of the major platform companies. These platforms are used to delegate “rewards and punishments of a new kind of invisible hand,” making it possible to modify “the behaviors of persons and things for profit and control.” Zuboff, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89.   52.   

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Human Systems Management 29, no. 4 (2010): 191–204. ________. “Self-Organization of Living Systems: A Formal Model of Autopoiesis.” International Journal of General System 4, no. 1 (1977): 13–28. Ziv, Amitai. “This Israeli Face-Recognition Startup Is Secretly Tracking Palestinians.” Haaretz, July 15, 2019. Zuboff, Shoshana. “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization.” Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89. INDEX Page numbers refer to the print edition but are hyperlinked to the appropriate location in the e-book. abolition, 143, 148, 247nn37–38 Action Technologies, 290n29 Adam, Alison, 6, 30, 99–100, 103, 187, 207 adaptation, of AI, 10, 65, 128, 167, 178–80 Afghanistan, 58, 209, 219 Agre, Philip, 50, 198–99, 248n84, 249n85, 291n32, 291nn33–34, 299n79 AI Magazine, 23, 56–57, 249n88 AI Now, 79–80, 135, 138–43, 147–49, 151, 261nn41–43, 272n19, 274n37, 276n43 air force, 54–55, 191, 211, 251n102 AI: The Tumultuous History of the Quest for Artificial Intelligence, 51–52, 249n89, 250n90 Algeria, 15 algorithmic accountability, 125, 129, 132 algorithmic bias, 132, 135, 138–40, 169, 175–76, 178–80, 272n22, 284n61, 285n65 algorithmic sentencing, 129 Allen, Theodore, 279n24 Allende, Salvador, 193 AlphaGo, 62, 106, 108 Amazon (company): and Amazon Mechanical Turk (AMT), 116–17; and facial recognition, 176; roles in carceral state, 131–33, 149, 151, 179; and platform companies, 254n5; and the rebranding of AI, 255n12, 256n15, 257n16, 272n19, 276n43 Amazon (place), 82, 86 American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU), 141, 143 American exceptionalism, 60–61 American Psychological Association, 21 analytic epistemology, 188–189, 192, 287n6.

Human + Machine: Reimagining Work in the Age of AI
by Paul R. Daugherty and H. James Wilson
Published 15 Jan 2018

Our framework goes beyond what is typically found in IT and business-transformation methodologies, specifically addressing advanced AI and its accompanying issues, including those that tend to be neglected such as corporate culture, ethics, consumer trust, and employee trust. 1. Mindset: Imagine Processes That Might Be Reimagination requires a completely different mindset—“a rupture with the world we take for granted,” to borrow a phrase from technology researcher Shoshana Zuboff.1 It is exactly such “ruptures” with the way things are currently done that enable companies to imagine novel business models and develop game-changing innovations. That is, when people simply accept an existing process and then use AI to automate it, they can achieve incremental improvements but little more.

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v=CROBmw5Txl. 11.Michael Reilly, “Rethink’s Sawyer Robot Just Got a Whole Lot Smarter,” MIT Technology Review, February 8, 2017, https://www.technologyreview.com/s/603608/rethinks-sawyer-robot-just-got-a-whole-lot-smarter/. 12.Cassie Werber, “The World’s First Commercial Drone Delivery Service Has Launched in Rwanda,” Quartz, October 14, 2016, https://qz.com/809576/zipline-has-launched-the-worlds-first-commercial-drone-delivery-service-to-supply-blood-in-rwanda/. 13.Jessica Leber, “Doctors Without Borders Is Experimenting with Delivery Drones to Battle an Epidemic,” Fast Company, October 16, 2014, https://www.fastcompany.com/3037013/doctors-without-borders-is-experimenting-with-delivery-drones-to-battle-an-epidemic. 14.Wings For Aid website, https://www.wingsforaid.org, accessed October 25, 2017. Chapter 7 1.Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1989), 13. 2.Autoline Network, “The ART of Audi,” YouTube video, 1:04:45, August 22, 2014, https://youtu.be/Y6ymjyPryRo. 3.Sharon Gaudin, “New Markets Push Strong Growth in Robotics Industry,” ComputerWorld, February 26, 2016, http://www.computerworld.com/article/3038721/robotics/new-markets-push-strong-growth-in-robotics-industry.html. 4.Spencer Soper and Olivia Zaleski, “Inside Amazon’s Battle to Break into the $800 Billion Grocery Market,” Bloomberg, March 20, 2017, https://www.bloomberg.com/news/features/2017-03-20/inside-amazon-s-battle-to-break-into-the-800-billion-grocery-market. 5.Izzie Lapowski, “Jeff Bezos Defends the Fire Phone’s Flop and Amazon’s Dismal Earnings,” Wired, December 2, 2014, https://www.wired.com/2014/12/jeff-bezos-ignition-conference/. 6.Ben Fox Rubin, “Amazon’s Store of the Future Is Delayed.

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See computer vision Volkswagen, 126 Wade & Wendy, 198–199 Wahba, Phil, 163 Walmart, 5, 162 Walton, Sam, 163 warehouses, 30–33 collaboration in, 150 Watson (IBM), 49, 99, 145–146 in drug discovery process, 82 Tone Analyzer, 196 Waze, 6–7 Wegner, Hans, 136–137 Wenchel, Adam, 191–192 Wingfield, Nick, 31 Woodside Petroleum, 49 work developing employee potential and, 14 future of, 12 redefining, 11–12 reimagining, 13–14 repetitive/routine, 26–27, 29–30, 46–47, 52–54 time and, 186–189 World Economic Forum, 184–185 worldview and localization trainers, 119–120 x.ai, 196 Yahoo!, 117 ZestFinance, 123–124 Zilis, Shivon, 70–72, 195 Zipline, 150 Zuboff, Shoshana, 155 ACKNOWLEDGMENTS The development of Human + Machine has been a fascinating journey, born over a cup coffee in Boston’s Copley Plaza almost two years ago, and influenced by thousands of experiences along the way—conversations with executives, entrepreneurs, workers, AI experts, technologists, economists, social scientists, policymakers, futurists, venture capitalists, educators, students, among others.

An Ugly Truth: Inside Facebook's Battle for Domination
by Sheera Frenkel and Cecilia Kang
Published 12 Jul 2021

“It’s about the business model,” one government official said in an interview. Sandberg’s behavioral advertising prototype treated human data as financial instruments bartered in markets like corn or pork belly futures. Her handiwork was “a contagion,” the official added, echoing the words of academic and activist Shoshana Zuboff, who a year earlier had described Sandberg as playing “the role of Typhoid Mary, bringing surveillance capitalism from Google to Facebook, when she signed on as Mark Zuckerberg’s number two.”3 With scant competition to force the leaders to consider the wellbeing of their customers, there was “a proliferation of misinformation and violent or otherwise objectionable content on Facebook’s properties,” the attorneys general alleged in their complaint.

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“What we believe we’ve done is we’ve taken the power of real trust, real user privacy controls, and made it possible for people to be their authentic selves online,” she said at a tech conference in November 2008. “And that is what we think explains our growth.”26 The statements were in direct contradiction to what privacy advocates were seeing. The company’s profits, after all, were contingent on the public’s cluelessness. As Harvard Business School professor Shoshana Zuboff put it, Facebook’s success “depends upon one-way-mirror operations engineered for our ignorance and wrapped in a fog of misdirection, euphemism and mendacity.”27 Silicon Valley’s other tech executives seemed only too happy to perpetuate this ignorance. (“If you have something that you don’t want anyone to know about, maybe you shouldn’t be doing it in the first place,” Sandberg’s former boss Eric Schmidt would famously quip in a 2009 interview on CNBC, echoing the law enforcement refrain to emphasize user responsibility.28) And in fact, Facebook was about to turbo-charge its data collection operation.

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Facebook, Inc., antitrust case filed in the United States District Court for the District of Columbia, Case 1:20-cv-03589-JEB, Document 4, filed December 9, 2020. https://ag.ny.gov/sites/default/files/state_of_new_york_et_al._v._facebook_inc._-_filed_public_complaint_12.11.2020.pdf. 3. the words of academic and activist Shoshana Zuboff: John Naughton, “‘The Goal is to Automate Us’: Welcome to the Age of Surveillance Capitalism,” Observer, January 20, 2019. 4. Zuckerberg and Sandberg met at a Christmas party: Elise Ackerman, “Facebook Fills No. 2 Post with Former Google Exec,” Mercury News, March 5, 2008. 5. $85.9 billion in revenue in 2020: Facebook, “Facebook Reports Fourth Quarter and Full Year 2020 Results,” press release, January 27, 2021.

Badvertising
by Andrew Simms

They can have a behavioural influence that consumers don’t expect.44 * * * So what is coming next? The combination of priming techniques and the ongoing migration of human experience to the online world ought to make us nervous, partly because those who dominate the online sphere now know a very great deal about us. In 2019, Shoshona Zuboff published a massive tome called The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, where she revealed that – for Google at least – they did not at first realise the sheer power this gave them. She dated the phenomenon back to April 2002 when, after a series of unexpected spikes across the USA in the googling of the same question about an obscure TV character from the 1970s (‘what was Carol Brady’s maiden name?’)

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(tv programme) 26 Wilde, Oscar 91−2 Willys-Overland Company 110 Wilson, Harold 60−1 Wilson, Melissa 101 Wilson, Woodrow 30 winter sports: impact of climate change on 101 women and smoking 31 marketing to 127 Women’s National Basketball Association 95 work and spend cycle 43−5 World Cup 95 (2018 Russia) 98, 99 World Health Organisation 91, 176 Framework Convention on Tobacco Control 49, 79 MPOWER (WHO) 49 World War I: 30 Worldwatch Institute 7 Wright, Orville and Wilbur 144 Wynder, Ernst 58 Yankelovich Corporation 5 Yarnold, Lizzy 105 Young, Sir George 68 young people 9, 38−9 and cigarette smoking 48 ZAP Games 194 Zenit FC 99 Zuboff, Shoshana The Age of Surveillance Capitalism 26 The Pluto Press Newsletter Hello friend of Pluto! Want to stay on top of the best radical books we publish? Then sign up to be the first to hear about our new books, as well as special events, podcasts and videos. You’ll also get 50% off your first order with us when you sign up.

They Don't Represent Us: Reclaiming Our Democracy
by Lawrence Lessig
Published 5 Nov 2019

But when the tech companies tripped onto the gold that was flowing across the wires, they realized that this was the enormous surplus—the “behavioral surplus”—that would make Silicon Valley rich. All of that is insanely great. Indeed, I want to exaggerate here so you don’t miss my point. My argument is fundamentally different from the work of surveillance skeptics, like Shoshana Zuboff. Her magisterial book, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, tells a terrifying story of the emergence of a new form of capitalism that trades fundamentally on surveillance. There is tons to learn from her analysis, and much to be anxious about. We do not begin to understand the scope of this surveillance, or how it is changing, fundamentally, our relation to each other.

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Think about it: if we had destroyed democracy so we could end world hunger, if we had made it impossible to find common ground, so that we could cure cancer, or end climate change, then one might well wonder whether the sacrifice was worth it. But all of the sacrifice here is so that some can sell more ads. A “bet-the-farm commitment,” as Shoshana Zuboff puts it, “for the sake of [advertising] revenues.”122 A business that literally did not exist in anything like its present form twenty years ago has now infected and corrupted critical domains of public life. Yes, I can find the Nike shoes I want much more easily. Yes, with a single click, they are on their way.

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On the potential contributions of the media to mitigating the Downs effect, see Alexander Dyck, David Moss, and Luigi Zingales, “Media versus Special Interests,” The Journal of Law & Economics 56, no. 3 (August 2013): 521–53. 51.Ewan Palmer, “Barack Obama: ‘If You Watch Fox News, You’re in One Reality, and If You Read the New York Times, You’re in a Different Reality,’” Newsweek, March 7, 2019, available at link #97. 52.Tufekci, Twitter and Tear Gas, 270. 53.Stephan Guyenet, “Fast Food, Weight Gain and Insulin Resistance,” Whole Health Source, May 22, 2011, available at link #98. 54.Lessig, Republic, Lost, 43–52 (discussing food regulation). 55.Herbert Hoover, quoted in Wu, The Attention Merchants, loc. 1624. 56.Eric Barnouw, quoted in Wu, The Attention Merchants, loc. 2907. 57.Larry Page and Sergey Brin, quoted in Wu, The Attention Merchants, loc. 4920. 58.John Battelle, quoted in Wu, The Attention Merchants, loc. 4933–34. 59.This road has been cleared by others before. For the most compelling accounts, see Wu, The Attention Merchants; McChesney and Nichols, Death and Life of American Journalism. For the most comprehensive and theorized recent account, see Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). 60.Lawrence Lessig, The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World (New York: Random House, 2001), 7. 61.Compare Cass R. Sunstein, “The First Amendment in Cyberspace,” Yale Law Journal 104 (1995): 1757–1804, available at link #99, with Eugene Volokh, “Cheap Speech and What It Will Do,” Yale Law Journal 104 (1995): 1805–50, available at link #100.

Butler to the World: How Britain Became the Servant of Tycoons, Tax Dodgers, Kleptocrats and Criminals
by Oliver Bullough
Published 10 Mar 2022

‘I just think people are weak,’ an account manager at a Gibraltar-based gambling company told Cassidy. ‘If you get addicted it’s because you are weak, you have no willpower. Maybe I’m harsh. I see everything in black and white. I am addicted to cars because I want to be.’ But that is not what is happening. Bookmakers have learned all the tricks of what Shoshana Zuboff calls surveillance capitalism, the system invented in Silicon Valley which monetises customers’ data to get ever better at predicting what they will want and then selling it to them. The computer learns your habits and how to indulge you to keep you playing: notifications come at the right time to encourage you to have a bet at the weekend.

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For the modern history of Gibraltar, I relied on Fortress to Democracy, The Political Biography of Sir Joshua Hassan by Sir William Jackson and Francis Cantos, Rock of Contention by George Hills and Gibraltar: a Modern History, by Chris Grocott and Gareth Stockey. For issues around gambling, I relied on Better Betting with a Decent Feller by Carl Chinn and Vicious Games by Rebecca Cassidy, which is superb. Thanks to James Noyes for talking me through the issues. I found the insights in Shoshana Zuboff’s Surveillance Capitalism very important for understanding how online gambling sucks people in. I also very much appreciated the many parliamentary reports into the betting industries, which provided useful statistics, insights and transcripts. I really like parliamentary reports, and if I was in charge I’d make sure there were more of them.

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INDEX A accountants regulators 185, 186 Suspicious Activity Reports 189 Acheson, Dean 58 Action Fraud 214, 218 Aliyev family 191–3 Aliyev, Nurali 199, 200, 202 Aliyev, Rakhat 198, 199, 200 Allard Prize 145 Aloi, Tony 229–30, 231 Altman, Oscar 52 Angola 155 Anguilla 198, 235, 243 Apple 223 Archbishop of Canterbury’s Faculty Office 186–8 Asquith, Lord Julian 234 Asquith, Raymond 159, 169, 173 Assad, Hafez al- 159 Assange, Julian 171 Assets Recovery Agency 204 Association of Accounting Technicians 135 Australia 19 visas 244 Austria 166, 170, 171 autonomy 31, 38, 57 Azerbaijan 191–3, 197 B BAE Systems 85–9 Ballester, Freddie 98–100, 104, 105, 114, 121 Bank of England 36–40 cultural uniformity 45–6 Eurodollars 45–7, 49, 50–1, 54–5, 58–9, 232 governors 32, 33, 36 and Midland Bank 42 Suez Crisis 44 banknotes 8 banks and money laundering 194 Suspicious Activity Reports 189–90 Baring, Evelyn, first Earl of Cromer 16, 32 Baring, George Rowland Stanley, third Earl of Cromer 32–3, 36, 39, 55, 232 Baring, Rowland, second Earl of Cromer 32 Barings Bank 57 Barker, Alison 183 Barkshire, John 34, 40, 229–31 BBC, Orwell statue 8 Bean, David 88 Bell, Geoffrey 45–6, 51 Bell, Lord 171 Bercow, John 163 Berry, Elspeth 138, 146–7 Betfair 115 Better Regulation Task Force 111 betting see gambling Betting and Gambling Council 119 Billion Bright Trading Limited 213 billionaires, and COVID-19 pandemic 58 Birnbaum, Eugene 54 Blair, Tony 109 blockchain 242, 243 Boeing 170 BOLSA (Bank of London and South America) 50, 57 Bolton, George 43, 50 Bossano, Joe 95, 96–7, 123, 124 Bretton Woods 30, 31 Brexit 12–13, 140, 142, 144, 248, 249 Bridgen, Andrew 140–1 British empire 18–20, 58 and City of London 30 British Private Equity and Venture Capital Association 142 British Syrian Society 159–60 British Ukrainian Society (BUS) 159–60, 172–3, 174 British Virgin Islands (BVI) 68–71, 74, 79–81, 91, 227 Firtash 161 Khassenov 209 shell companies 72–9, 81–5, 86–9, 90, 123, 124, 235, 238, 239, 240 Brompton Road Tube station 151–3, 164–5, 170, 172, 174, 176–7 Brown, Gordon 132 Brown, John 108, 109–10 Budapest Project 167–8, 169 Burma 20 Butler, Paul 71, 72–3, 75–6 butlers 4–6 Jeeves 6–7, 10–11 C Callaghan, James 36 Cambridge University 160–1, 162, 163, 169, 171–2, 237 Canada 19 visas 244 capital flows 31–2, 50, 51, 55, 59 Eurodollars 40–2, 44–57, 58–9, 232, 238 funk money 64–6, 78–9, 82, 208 capitalism 35 Cassidy, Rebecca 111–12, 113, 116–17, 119 Cayman Islands 233–5, 241, 243, 247 Ceylon 20 Chambers, Ajit 149–50, 151, 152, 153, 165, 176–7 Chandler, Victor 104–7, 108 Child & Child 192–3 China British investment in 19 cultural revolution 66 and Hong Kong 78, 82 money laundering 1–4 socialism 123 and Tanganyika 63 Church of England 186–8 Churchill, Winston 7, 21 City of London 29–30, 32, 57–8 Big Bang 56 cultural uniformity 32–4, 35–6 deregulation 56–7 Eurodollars 44–57, 58–9 financial innovation 48 and funk money 64, 65 Midland Bank 40–2 money laundering 182, 184 offshore finance 249 regulation 39–40 Scottish limited partnerships 137–9, 141, 142–3 and Suez Crisis 42–4 Clarke, Kenneth 240 Clinton, Bill 109, 121, 236 Cobbold, Cameron 33 Colston, Edward 7 Columbus, Christopher 69 communism 35 Tanganyika 62, 63 Coomes, Mr and Mrs 101 Coral 103, 107 Countrywide 193 COVID-19 pandemic 13, 15 and billionaires 58 Crimea 164 Cromer, Evelyn Baring, first Earl of 16, 32 Cromer, George Rowland Stanley Baring, third Earl of 32–3, 36, 39, 55, 232 Cromer, Rowland Baring, second Earl of 32 Crown Prosecution Service 204, 218 Cuban Missile Crisis 52 Curaçao 71–2, 198 Cyprus 19 Firtash 166 D Daily Telegraph 108 Danske Bank 144–5 Davies, Philip 115 defence against money laundering (DAML) SARs 195 Department for Culture, Media and Sport 110 Deripaska, Oleg 226 DF Foundation 161 dirty money see money laundering dollars 41–2, 44, 48 see also Eurodollars double taxation treaties 72, 75 E The Economist 151–2 Eden, Anthony 23, 24, 26 Edmonds, Tamlyn 219–20, 221, 222 Edmonds Marshall McMahon (EMM) 219–20, 225 Egypt, Suez Crisis 15–19, 20–7 Eisenhower, President 24 ELMER 195, 205 Envers 87, 88 estate agents 193 Suspicious Activity Reports 189 Eurobonds 45 Eurodollars 40–2, 44–57, 58–9, 232, 238 exchange rates 31–2, 38 F Fawcett, Millicent 8 FBI Budapest Project 168 Firtash 168–71, 200, 202 Federal Reserve 46, 48 Eurodollars 51, 53–4 Financial Action Task Force (FATF) 182–4 Financial Conduct Authority (FCA) 183, 185, 186 financial innovation 48 see also Eurodollars Financial Intelligence Unit (FIU) 190, 195 Financial Security Index (Tax Justice Network) 235 Financial Times 38 Firtash, Dmitry 157–66, 171–6, 177, 181, 219, 227 Brompton Road Tube station 164–5, 170, 172, 174, 177 Cambridge University 160–1, 162, 163, 169, 171–2, 237 FBI case 168–71, 200, 202 Firtash, Lada 163, 172 fixed-odds betting terminals (FOBTs) 112 Fonseca, Ramon 78 Foreign Affairs Committee 166, 179–81, 248 Fortuna United LP 128–30 France Eurodollars 49 overseas territories 243 prosecutions 216 Suez Crisis 23–4 Franco, Francisco 93, 95 Franklin, Professor Simon 161 Fraser, Ian 128–9 Freud, Jane McAdam 165 Fry, Richard 29–30, 57 funk money 64–6 Hong Kong 78–9, 82 Kazakhstan 208 G gambling 10, 102–5 deregulation 107–14, 236–7 gambling addiction 111, 116– 20, 121, 124 Gibraltar 98–102, 104, 105–7, 113, 114–17, 122–4, 242–3 Gambling Commission 118, 119, 185 Gambling with Lives 118 Gamesys 120 Garcia, Joe 122–3 Gartcosh 125–6 gas 153–5, 168 Gazprom 153, 155, 156, 157, 158, 161 Gazprombank 161 Germany, Eurodollars 49 ghost stations 149–53, 164–5 Gibraltar 91–8, 114–15, 122, 227, 235, 238, 241–3, 245 blockchain 242, 243 gambling 10, 98–102, 104, 105–7, 109, 110, 113, 114– 17, 119–20, 121–4, 242–3, 245 smuggling 92, 97 Global Witness 157–8, 169, 196, 198, 200, 205 golden visas 244–5 Goodman, Helen 172–3 Granovski, Vladimir 159 Greece financial crisis 31 visas 244 Green, Jeremy 57 Greenspan, Alan 46 Grogan, John 159, 160 Group DF 161 Grundy, Milton 233–4, 235–6 Guernsey 235 Guyana 19 H Hambro, Charles 49 Hambros Bank 57, 65 Hayek, Friedrich 35 Hayward, Mark 188 hedge funds Cayman Islands 234 and limited partnerships 138 Her Majesty’s Revenue and Customs 185 Herald 125, 147 Hitler, Adolf 21 Hodge, Margaret 239–40, 241, 247–8 Hodivala, Jama 223 Home Office, UWOs 197 Hong Kong and British Virgin Islands 78–9, 82 Khassenov 208–9, 211–12, 213, 220 Horrocks, Ian 210, 214–15, 218, 219, 220, 221 HSBC 189, 193 Hungary 166, 167–8, 169 Hunte, Lewis 76, 77 Huntington, Earl of 107 I India 19, 20 Institute of Chartered Accountants 194–5 Intelligence and Security Committee 175–6, 201 international business companies (IBCs) 77–8, 83–4 International Centres Forum 90 Ireland betting duty 106 petrol taxes 47, 54, 56, 236 Isle of Man 235, 243 Isola, Albert 241–2 Israel, Suez Crisis 23–4 Italy, visas 244 J Jaspert, Augustus James Ulysses 80–1 Jeeves, Reginald 6–7, 9, 11, 59, 101, 110–11, 232, 246 Jersey 235 Johnson, Boris Brexit campaign 225 London Underground 149–50, 151 and Russian influence in UK 175 Jowell, Tessa 110 Justice Committee 225 K Kazakhstan 198–201, 207, 208 Kennedy, John F. 63 Kenya 19, 61 Keynes, John Maynard 35 Khassenov, Argyn 207–15 private prosecution 215, 219– 23, 226 Kleinwort Benson 64 Kroll 126, 127, 128 Kulich, Aleksandr 209, 213 Kulich, Andrey 208–9, 210, 211, 213–14, 220, 221–3, 226 L Ladbrokes 103, 104, 107, 115 Laird, Judge Francis 220, 221 Lancet 124 Lasser Bros 229 Law Commission 190–1 Law Society of Scotland 136–7 lawyers 11–12 private prosecutions 223–4 regulators 185 Suspicious Activity Reports 188–9 Leask, David 125–6, 128, 131, 134, 135, 136, 144, 147 Lebedev, Yevgeny 248 legislative reform orders (LROs) 139–40 Levin, Carl 247 Li Ka-Shing 78–9 limited partnerships (LPs) 138, 143–4, 146–7 Northern Ireland 146 private fund limited partnerships 142, 145–6 Scottish limited partnerships 128–45, 227, 245, 246 London Kleptocracy Tours 162–3, 196 London Underground 149–51 Brompton Road Tube station 151–3, 164–5, 170, 172, 174, 176–7 M McMafia 179, 196, 214 Macmillan, Harold 20, 23 Malaya 19, 20 Malone, Jeff 17–18, 25–6, 34–5 Malta 242 Marx, Karl 35 May, Theresa 182 Mercantile House 229 merchant banks 36, 44 Metcalf, David 244 Micky Blue Eyes 230–1 Midland Bank 40–2, 44, 45, 51–2, 57 Migration Advisory Committee 244 Mills, Nigel 203 Ministry of Defence Brompton Road Tube station 152, 164–5, 172 Gibraltar 94–5, 114–15 Mishcon de Reya 199, 201 Mitchell, Andrew 239–40, 241, 247–8 Mkapa, Benjamin 89 Mogilevich, Semyon 157, 158, 167–8, 169 Moldova 126–7, 128, 129, 131, 132, 142, 143, 147 money laundering 1–4, 9, 179– 82, 196–8, 203–6, 246 Aliyev family 191–3 Cayman Islands 247 Financial Action Task Force 182–4 limited partnerships 128–45, 146, 245 Mogilevich 167–8 Nazarbayeva case 198–203 Panama Papers 191–2 UK regulation 184–96 Moneyland (Bullough) 30, 45, 130 Montado, Ernest 94, 95 Montegriffo, Peter 114 Moscow Narodny Bank (MNB) 41 Mossack Fonseca 78, 83, 191 Mullin, Roger 132, 134–6, 138– 42, 143–4 Mynors, Humphrey 39 N Nasser, Gamal Abdel 22, 23 National Crime Agency (NCA) 197, 201–4, 241 and Khassenov 214 Nazarbayeva case 199–201, 202, 203 National Lottery 103–4 Nazarbayev family 208 Nazarbayev, Nursultan 198, 201 Nazarbayeva, Dariga 198, 199, 200, 202 Ndibe, Okey 10 Netherlands 190 New Deal 31, 56 New York 229–31 New York Times 53, 89–90 New Zealand 19 Nigeria 155 healthcare 9–10 Nixon, Richard 55 Noriega, Manuel 78 Northern Ireland limited partnerships 146 petrol taxes 47, 54, 56, 236 notaries 187–8 Noyes, James 120 Nurse, Gwyneth 141–2, 143 Nyerere, Julius 62–3, 85, 89–90 O O’Brien, Leslie 54 Ogle, Vanessa 64 online gambling 114–17, 119– 20, 124 Only When I Larf 212 Orange Revolution 155–7, 159 Orban, Victor 169 Ormerod, David 191 Orwell, George 8 overseas territories 235, 239–41, 243, 245 see also British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Gibraltar Owens, Lynne 201 P Panama 78, 82, 240 Panama Papers 83, 191–2 partnerships 132 see also limited partnerships Party Gaming 114, 121–2 Patel, Priti 181 Peel, Robert 7–8 Petfre 120 Philip, Prince 61, 161, 162, 169 police 216–17 and financial crime 218, 219– 20, 246 funding 224 Gartcosh 125–6 Hungary 168 and Khassenov 214, 219–20 and London Kleptocracy Tours 163 and private sector 202 and Scottish limited partnerships 126, 144, 146, 246 Portugal, visas 244 private equity, and limited partnerships 137–9, 142 private fund limited partnerships (PFLPs) 142, 145–6 private prosecutions 215–19, 223–8 Khassenov 215, 219–23, 226 problem gamblers 111, 116–20, 121, 124 Pryor, Henry 195 Public Accounts Committee 248 Purplebricks 193 Putin, Vladimir 155 and Ukraine 156, 164, 166 R Racing Post 106 Rankin, Ian 125, 134 Reagan, Ronald 56 Red Diamond Trading Limited 86, 88 Regulatory Reform Committee 139, 141–2 Rhodes, Cecil 7, 18–19 Riegels, Colin 71 Riegels, Michael in British Virgin Islands 68, 71, 73–4, 75, 76, 77, 78, 82, 83–5 in Tanzania 61–2, 63, 65–7, 85 and Tanzania radar contract 89 Riegels, Norma 67, 68, 73, 75, 84–5 Risby, Lord 159–60, 163–4, 173 Rock Turf Accountants 98, 100–1 RosUkrEnergo (RUE) 155, 156–7, 158, 169 Rothermere, Viscount 32 Royal Navy, Gibraltar 92, 93, 94–5 Russia money in UK 175–6, 179, 182, 222 organised crime 167 and Ukraine 154, 155, 164 S Saudi Arabia, and BAE Systems 87, 90 Scotland, police force 246 Scotsman 125 Scottish limited partnerships (SLPs) 128–45, 227, 245, 246 Scottish National Party 131–2 Scottish private fund limited partnerships 146 Scottish Property Federation 136, 142 Serious Fraud Office (SFO) 206 and BAE Systems 88–9, 90 Seychelles 128–9 Sharif, Khalid Mohammed 192–3 Shaw, David 84 shell companies 72–84, 86–9, 90, 123, 124, 130–1, 196, 237, 239–40 Scottish limited partnerships 128–32 Shetler-Jones, Robert 159, 171, 175 Shonfield, Andrew 37–9, 59 Shor, Ilan 127, 128 Short, Clare 86 Skripal, Sergei 179 Smith, Richard 128–9, 133–4 Solicitors Regulation Authority (SRA) 192–3 Soviet Union 153 see also Kazakhstan; Russia; Ukraine Spain, and Gibraltar 93, 95, 97–8, 124 Spink, Mike 162, 165 sportsbook.com 114 Spring, Richard (Lord Risby) 159–60, 163–4, 173 Standard Chartered 209, 210, 211–12, 220 Stark, Pete 75 sterling 30, 42–3 The Sting 212 Stoutt, Lavity 75, 76 Suez Crisis 15–19, 20–7, 34–5, 42–4, 58, 249 Suez Veterans’ Association (SVA) 15, 16–18, 22, 24, 25–6 suicides, and gambling addiction 118 surveillance capitalism 117 Suspicious Activity Reports (SARs) 2–4, 187–91, 192, 193, 194 ELMER 195, 205 Switzerland Eurodollars 49 Firtash 166 T Tanchel, Vivienne 225–6 Tanganyika 61–3 Tanzania 63, 65–7, 85 corruption 89–90 radar contract 85–9 tax havens 72, 84 see also British Virgin Islands; Cayman Islands; Curaçao Tax Justice Network (TJN) 235 taxation treaties 71–2, 75 Thank You, Jeeves (Wodehouse) 110–11 Thatcher, Margaret 56 Thompson, Mark 181, 206 The Times 131, 140 Tortola 69 Trainspotting 128 Transparency International 185, 194, 196 Transport for London (TfL) 149 Traynor, Brian 99–100 Treasury and Bank of England 37–8 limited partnerships 136, 139, 141–2, 143 Treaty of Utrecht 93 Tube see London Underground Turpin, Neil 187, 188 U UK Finance 190 Ukraine 131, 170, 174–5 British Ukrainian Society 159–60 corruption 155, 164 gas 153–5, 156–7, 158, 168 Orange Revolution 155–7, 159 unexplained wealth orders (UWOs) 196–202, 203–4 United Nations General Assembly, Suez Crisis 43 United States and BAE Systems 87 and British Virgin Islands 78, 82 and Cayman Islands 247 Eurodollars 51, 52, 55 financial deregulation 56–7 and Firtash 166, 168–71, 176, 177 gambling 102, 120–2, 236 and Gibraltar 96 and money laundering 189, 191, 193 New Deal 31, 56 offshore business 71–2, 73, 74–5 and organised crime 166–71 and Panama 78 Regulation Q 41, 56 Suez Crisis 24–5, 43–4 and Tanganyika 63 and Ukraine 164 visas 244 United States Virgin Islands (USVI) 70 V Venezuela 155 Vicious Games (Cassidy) 111– 12, 113, 116–17, 119 Virgin Islands 69, 70 see also British Virgin Islands visas 244–5 Vithlani, Shailesh 85–8 Volcker, Paul 46 W Walker, David 50–1 Wall Street Journal 168–9 Wallace, Ben 194, 196 Washington, George 63 welfare state 31, 56 Westwood, Neville 71, 73 Wheatley, Sowande 240 whistle-blowers 246–7 Whittingdale, John 173–4 Wilkinson, Howard 145 William Hill 103, 107, 108, 115 Without the Option (Wodehouse) 6–7 Wodehouse, P. G. 6–7, 9, 11, 59, 64, 101, 110–11, 232, 234, 238, 246 Wooster, Bertie 6–7, 64, 110–11, 232, 234, 238, 246 X Xi, President 123 Y Yanukovich, Viktor 156, 159, 161, 164 Yushchenko, Viktor 156–7 Z Zirneleyte, Viktoriya 129–30 Zuboff, Shoshana 117 273 Table of Contents Title Page Copyright Contents 1. The Butler Business 2. Sun, Sand, Canal 3. Practical People 4. Shell Shock 5. Rock Solid 6. The Scottish Laundromat 7. Down the Tubes 8. Giving Evidence 9. ‘Justice’ 10. The End? Sources Acknowledgements Index

The Smart Wife: Why Siri, Alexa, and Other Smart Home Devices Need a Feminist Reboot
by Yolande Strengers and Jenny Kennedy
Published 14 Apr 2020

To complicate matters, the companies designing, making, and selling smart wives are often not fully aware of the potential value of the data that they collect from their users when releasing their products, but they plan to collect them anyway, and establish markets for them down the road. “The real aim of the Internet of Things,” believes digital economy researcher Miranda Hall, “is to suck up as much data as possible [and] then work out what to do with it at a later point.”61 In her landmark book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, the professor emerita Shoshana Zuboff launches a scathing attack on some of the Big Five internet companies (notably Google, Facebook, and Microsoft, and to a lesser extent Amazon) for their unilateral claims to human experience “as free raw materials for translation into behavioral data.” Surveillance capitalism, writes Zuboff, is “parasitic and self-referential”—like a “vampire,” it feeds on the human experience, and packages these up as commodities for third parties and “means to others’ ends.”

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This corresponds with the findings in International Risk Governance Council, IRGC Guidelines for Emerging Risk Governance (Lausanne, Switzerland: International Risk Governance Council, 2015), https://www.irgc.org/risk-governance/emerging-risk/a-protocol-for-dealing-with-emerging-risks/. 61. Miranda Hall, “Beware the Smart Home,” Autonomy, November 2018, http://autonomy.work/portfolio/beware-the-smart-home/. 62. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019), 8, 9–10 (emphasis in original). 63. Zuboff, Age of Surveillance Capitalism, 21. 64. Maggie Astor, “Your Roomba May Be Mapping Your Home, Collecting Data That Could Be Shared,” New York Times, July 25, 2017, https://www.nytimes.com/2017/07/25/technology/roomba-irobot-data-privacy.html. 65.

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Means Yes,” Only with Consent, accessed December 3, 2019, http://onlywithconsent.org/blog/yes-means-yes. 55. Shere Hite, The Hite Report: A Nationwide Study of Female Sexuality (1976; repr., New York: Seven Stories, 2004). 56. Sinziana M. Gutiu, “The Roboticization of Consent,” in Robot Law, ed. Ryan Calo, A. Michael Froomkin, and Ian Kerr (Cheltenham, UK: Edward Elgar, 2016), 186–212. 57. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). 58. Google established an external advisory board called the Advanced Technology External Advisory Council to monitor its use of artificial intelligence. The board quickly dissolved, however, due to controversy over Google’s selection of members, including outspoken conservative figures.

Power, for All: How It Really Works and Why It's Everyone's Business
by Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro
Published 30 Aug 2021

It can even know where we are at a given time, what we sound like, and how we look.33 Because they know what we need and want, these companies have tremendous power that can benefit or harm us depending on how it is used and by whom. The temptation to use control over highly valued resources for less than virtuous purposes is ever-present. In her book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, social psychologist Shoshana Zuboff meticulously documented how companies profit from using and selling our personal data.34 Initially, tech companies captured users’ data to improve the services they offered. Then, in the 1990s, some began using this information to generate revenue by targeting us with ads they knew we were likely to respond to.

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See Michel Foucault, Discipline and Punish: The Birth of the Prison (New York: Vintage Books, 1995). 31 Yuval Noah Harari, “Why Technology Favors Tyranny,” The Atlantic, September 13, 2018, https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2018/10/yuval-noah-harari-technology-tyranny/568330/. 32 Adam Satariano, “How My Boss Monitors Me While I Work From Home,” New York Times, May 6, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/05/06/technology/employee-monitoring-work-from-home-virus.html. 33 Amy Webb, The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity (New York: PublicAffairs, 2020). 34 Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2020). 35 Tobias Rose-Stockwell, “This Is How Your Fear and Outrage Are Being Sold for Profit,” Medium, August 12, 2019, https://medium.com/@tobiasrose/the-enemy-in-our-feeds-e86511488de.

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Senate Judiciary Committee, 157 Vaillant, George, 49 valued resources, 41–64 achievement, 50–51, 58, 194 affiliation, 48–50, 58, 194, 220–21n36 as fulfilling basic human needs, 57 autonomy, 52–54, 58, 73, 161, 194 material possessions, 45–47, 58 morality, 54–57, 58, 164, 192, 194 needs assessment, 61–63 observation of, 58–61, 194 social status, 46–48, 58, 194, 220n32 See also safety, self-esteem veil of ignorance, 193 Versace, Donatella, 65–66, 68, 84, 85, 86, 88, 89 Versace, Gianni, 65, 66, 85 Vietnam War, 14, 15, 16 virtue, 54–57 Voting Rights Act, 14 vTaiwan, 191 Wagner, Richard, x Weber, Max, 261n1 Weinstein, Harvey, 137 West, Cornel, 185 White, Micah, 118–19 Whittaker, Meredith, 154–55, 157 William, Prince (Duke of Cambridge), 30 Wilson, Edward O., 55, 56 withdrawal strategy, 8, 9, 12–13 Women & Power (Beard), 101 women’s rights, 86, 125 worker-owner cooperatives, 180–81 workers’ rights, 11–12, 110–12, 157–58, 160, 177–82, 187–88 World Economic Forum, 29 World War II, 20, 56–57, 109, 114 World Wide Web, 147–48 Wrong, Dennis H., 201, 261n7, 261n15 Wyche, Vanessa E., 172 #YoTambien, 137 Yourcenar, Marguerite, 41 Yousafzai, Malala, 56 YouTube, 152, 153 Zhang, Evelyn, 86 Zuboff, Shoshana, 152 Simon & Schuster 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2021 by Julie Battilana and Tiziana Casciaro Charts on pages 71 & 72 republished with permission of John Wiley & Sons, from “Social Networks and the Liability of Newness for Managers” in Trends in Organizational Behavior, David Krackhardt, 1996; permission conveyed through Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

Stolen Focus: Why You Can't Pay Attention--And How to Think Deeply Again
by Johann Hari
Published 25 Jan 2022

So they can gather more info; so the voodoo doll can consist not just of what you search for on a screen but what you say in your home. This is the business model that built and sustains the sites on which we spend so much of our lives. The technical term for this system—coined by the brilliant Harvard professor Shoshana Zuboff—is “surveillance capitalism.” Her work has made it possible for us to understand a lot of what is happening now. Of course, there have been increasingly sophisticated forms of advertising and marketing for over a hundred years—but this is a quantum leap forward. A billboard didn’t know what you googled at three in the morning last Thursday.

…

Firstly: what are the specific changes to this invasive tech that could be made, in practice, to prevent it from harming our attention and focus? And secondly: how do we compel these huge corporations to introduce these changes in the real world? Tristan and Aza—drawing on their own experiences, and the essential work of Professor Shoshana Zuboff—believe that if we are going to find a lasting solution, we need to go right to the root cause of the problem. That’s why, one morning, Aza said to me starkly: “We could just ban surveillance capitalism.” I paused to try to process what he was saying. This would mean, he explained, that the government would ban any business model that tracks you online in order to figure out your weaknesses and then sells that private data to the highest bidder so they can change your behavior.

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To one side there is the rapidly escalating power of invasive technologies, which are figuring out how we work and fracking our attention. On the other side there needs to be a movement demanding technologies that work for us, not against us; technologies that feed our ability to focus, instead of fracturing it. At the moment, the movement for humane technology consists of a few brave people like Professor Shoshana Zuboff, Tristan, and Aza. They are the equivalent of the scattered bands of brave feminists of the early 1960s. We all need to decide—are we going to join them and put up a fight? Or are we going to let the invasive technologies win by default? CHAPTER TEN Cause Eight: The Surge in Stress and How It Is Triggering Vigilance When I first admitted to myself I had an attention problem and fled to Provincetown, I had a simple story about what had happened to my focus—the internet and cellphones had broken it.

The Winner-Take-All Society: Why the Few at the Top Get So Much More Than the Rest of Us
by Robert H. Frank, Philip J. Cook
Published 2 May 2011

The result has been a reduction in demand for craftsmen and an in­ crease in demand for the designers of the robots that replace them. Perhaps the most significant change in production methods is that the new machines not only perform the work but also gather, record, and transmit detailed information about what they are doing. As technology analyst Shoshana Zuboff describes the change: "The same technology simultaneously generates information about the underly­ ing productive and administrative processes through which an organization accomplishes its work. It provides a deeper level of trans- The Growth a/Winner-Take-A!! Markets 55 parency to activities that had been either partially or completely opaque."19 T he newly available information, Zuboff argues, will have profound effects on the ways in which businesses are organized and managed.

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The Moral Animal: Evolutionary Psychology and Everyday Li/e. New York: Pantheon, 1994. Wriston, Walter B. The Twilight 0/ Sovereignty: How the In/onnation Revolu­ tion Is Trans/onning Our World. New York: Scribner's, 1992. Wylie, R. C. The Self-Concept. vol. 2. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, Wortman, Marc. "Can Need-Blind Survive?" 1979. Zuboff, Shoshana. 1 988. In the Age 0/ the Smart Machine. New York: Basic Books, Index AT. Kearney, 73 Abortion, 1 84-185 Absolute performance, 24, 26, 1 15-1 1 6 Academia. See Education Academic rankings, 36, 162-164 Accountants, 88 Acquired tastes, 40-4 1 Adair, Red, 5 1 Advertising and promotion, 1 3 9-142, 176 Agassi, Andre, 66 Aikman, 'froy, 82 Airline industry, 49-50, 56 Alba Madonna, The (Raphael), 83 American Airlines, 49-50 American Psycho (Ellis), 200 America's Cup, 1 7 1 Anabolic steroids, 1 0 , 133-134, 170 Analog system, 27, 33 Andersen Consulting, 73 Anheuser-Busch, 1 4 1 Antitrust policy, 1 6, 177, 225-227 Apple Computer, 56 Arab oil embargo ( 1974 ), 86 Arbitration, 178 Arledge, Roone, 77 Art, 3 , 26, 29, 44, 82-84, 88 Arthur, Brian, 34-35 Arl o/the Deal, The ('frump), 192 Asher, Aaron, 62 Assembly workers, 24, 25 Athletic directors, 79-80 AT&T Company, 72 Attractiveness, 14-15 Auctions, 30, 12 1-122 Auel, Jean, 65 Auletta, Ken, 77 Automobile industry, 3 , 27, 36, 1 16 Avon Books, 63, 64 Bach, Richard, 63-64 Bader, Jim, 96, 97 Bailyn, Lotte, 143 Baker, Lansing, 1 37 Banking industry, 56 Bantam Books, 64, 140 Bardeen, John, 120 Barnes & Noble, 62 Baseball, 8, 56, 80-8 1 , 168, 169 262 Index Basketball, 79, 8 1 , 104, 135, 137, 168, 169, 185 Battle, Kathleen, 2 Bazerman, Max, 129-130 Beatty, Warren, 75 Becker, Boris, 38 Bendetti, Caprice, 78 Berlyne, David, 40 Besaw, Jim, 158 Best-seller lists, 34, 62, 65, 140, 1 4 1 , 1 92 Beta, 27, 33 Bidding, 55-56, 75, 76, 80, 9 1 , 120, 149, 1 65 Billington, Elizabeth, 45 Black, Shane, 74-75 Blair, Margaret, 67 Bluebeard (Vonnegut), 1 Blue laws, 15, 1 8 1 Body piercings, 174-175 Bogdanovich, Peter, 195 Bohl, Helmut, 133 Bok, Derek, 5, 68, 69 Bonds, Barry, 6 Books.

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See also Education; Entertain­ ment; Income inequality; Positional arms control agreements; specific pro­ fessions; Sports challenges posed by, 19-20 contestants in, 26-30 defined, 23-25 everyday life and, 14-15 fairness norms and, 17 growth of, 45-60 mass and deep-pocket markets, 26, 43, 50 in media and culture, 1 8-19, 1 89-209 minor-league superstars, 85-99 misallocation of talent, 7-1 1 overcrowding and, 8, 2 1 , 1 0 1-123 process for determining winners, 30-32 sources of, 32-44 technological competition, 26-27, 33-35 wasteful investment, 125-146 Wolfe, Tom, 75 WordPerfect, 36 Working hours, 15, 16, 1 42-144, 1 8 1 , 227-228 Workplace safety, 180-181 Worthy, James, 8 1 Wriston, Walter, 4 8 Yachting competitions, 1 7 1 Yale University, 147, 152-154, 158, 266 Zuboff, Shoshana, 54-55 F O R T H E B E S T I N PA P E R B A C K S , L O O K F O R T H E � In every corner or the world, on every ,ubject under the ,un, I'enguin repre,ents quality and variety-the very best in publishing today. For complete inrormation about books available rrom Penguin-including PuRin<, Penb'lli n Classics, and Arkana-and how to order them, write to us at the appropriate address below.

Frenemies: The Epic Disruption of the Ad Business
by Ken Auletta
Published 4 Jun 2018

What if you have a knee replacement that failed and you sue the manufacturer and the manufacturer goes to Acxiom and subpoenas your behavioral history to show you viewed ads about canoeing? Does that mean you went canoeing? It means you’re interested in canoeing.” Advertisers would be keen on having access to medical records so they could market pharmaceutical products. The accumulation of data to predict future behavior has been labeled surveillance capitalism by Shoshana Zuboff, a professor of business administration at Harvard Business School. Its pioneers have been digital companies like Google and Facebook that derive their marketing power from shadowing citizens and using data to become fortune-tellers. “The game,” Zuboff wrote, “is no longer about sending you a mail-order catalogue or even about targeting online advertising.

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See WPP Wired, 326 Wojcicki, Susan, 199 World Federation of Advertisers, 77 WPP, 8, 10, 11, 13, 328–30, 332–33 ad spending on Snapchat versus on Facebook/Google, 137–38 agency reviews and, 22, 79 communication services and, 109 companies owned by, 109 data and tech company investments of, 110–11 founding of, 107 geographic diversification of revenue streams of, 108 global expansion of, 144–47 GroupM (See GroupM) Johnson sexual harassment suit against Martinez and, 230–32 lack of new leadership at, 99 programmatic advertising and, 264–65 public relations agencies owned by, 218 revenues of, 100 Sorrell on threats facing, 30–31, 82, 117 succession planning at, 328 takeovers of, 107–9 Wren, John, 100 Wu, Tim, 24, 172, 311 Xaxis, 111, 140, 264–65 Young, Miles, 40, 45, 111, 112, 144 Young & Rubicam, 108 YouTube, 197, 199–200, 272, 314 Zenith, 143 Zuboff, Shoshana, 164 Zuckerberg, Mark, 129, 130, 179, 273, 276–77 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABOUT THE AUTHOR KEN AULETTA has written the “Annals of Communications” profiles for The New Yorker since 1992. He is the author of eleven books, five of them national bestsellers, including Three Blind Mice, Greed and Glory on Wall Street, World War 3.0, The Highwaymen, and Googled.

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* Sue Halpern, “They Have, Right Now, Another You,” The New York Review of Books, December 22, 2016. * Julia Angwin, Terry Parris, Jr., and Surya Mattu, “What Facebook Knows About You,” ProPublica, September 28, 2016. * Sarah Perez, “Google’s New ‘About Me’ Page Lets You Control What Personal Info Others Can See,” TechCrunch.com, November 11, 2015. * Shoshana Zuboff, “The Secrets of Surveillance Capitalism,” Frankfurter Allgemeine, March 5, 2016. * Sandy Parakilas, “Facebook Won’t Protect Your Privacy,” New York Times op-ed page, November 20, 2017. * As we see, data on the size of the ad-blocking community vary wildly. * The disparity between Mary Meeker’s figure of 5.2 billion mobile phones and Carolyn Everson’s figure of 7.2 billion is a reminder that gathering global data involves some guesswork

Reset
by Ronald J. Deibert
Published 14 Aug 2020

The combined effect of each of us turning the most intimate aspects of our digital lives inside out has created a new emergent property on a planetary scale that has taken a life of its own — derived from but separate from us, a datasphere. “Social media” (strictly understood) refers to the breed of applications that emerged in the past decade and a half, thanks largely to the extraordinary business innovations of Google and Facebook, and gave rise to what the political economist and business management professor Shoshana Zuboff has termed “surveillance capitalism.” Merriam-Webster defines social media narrowly as “forms of electronic communication (such as websites for social networking and microblogging) through which users create online communities to share information, ideas, personal messages, and other content (such as videos).”15 But missing from this definition is the underlying business model, an appreciation of which is essential in order to fully understand the dynamics of social media.

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The first stage was very much about pointing out the negative implications of our reliance on fossil fuels, toxic industrial processes, and unbridled consumption. It wasn’t long before those raising the alarms were asked, “So what do you propose instead?” The growing critical commentary on social media and surveillance capitalism is at a stage similar to the environmentalism of the 1960s and 1970s. The works of Shoshana Zuboff, Siva Vaidhyanathan, Bruce Schneier, and others are, in this respect, the social media equivalent of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring, Barry Commoner’s The Closing Circle, and Paul Ehrlich’s The Population Bomb.413 They have dissected what’s wrong and have helped wake us up to a serious pathology, but they have yet to carve out a confident alternative way to organize ourselves

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See also internet Wu, Timothy, 79, 296–297, 298–299, 304–305, 307 Xiao, Robert, 188 Xi Jinping, 86, 302 Yang, Catherine, 47 YouTube, 237 activism on, 138, 156–157 false information on, 2, 82, 84, 87, 139 YY (app), 86 Zeigarnik effect, 100 Ziblatt, Daniel, 196–197, 287 Zika virus, 87 Zoom, 4, 231–232 security/privacy concerns, 73, 195–196 zte Corp., 166 Zuboff, Shoshana, 14, 27, 48, 50–51, 52, 64, 78 Zuckerberg, Mark, 72, 93, 260–261, 266. See also Facebook Zuckerman, Ethan, 129 Zynga Inc., 63 ( the CBC massey lectures series ) Power Shift Sally Armstrong 978-1-4870-0679-2 (CAN) 978-1-4870-0682-2 (U.S.) All Our Relations Tanya Talaga 978-1-4870-0573-3 (CAN) 978-1-4870-0574-0 (U.S.)

Who’s Raising the Kids?: Big Tech, Big Business, and the Lives of Children
by Susan Linn
Published 12 Sep 2022

Today, when parents describe their quandaries about children and commercialism, I find myself thinking about that television executive’s tossed-off comment about capitalism. Children in the United States today are growing up in a culture profoundly shaped by a troubling combination of what psychologist and philosopher Shoshana Zuboff and others have called “surveillance capitalism,” which is fueled by the tech industry’s mining of personal information for profit, and “corporate capitalism,” which is dominated by huge privately owned businesses whose primary obligation is to make money for their shareholders. Today, these forces combine to create what’s best described as “consumer capitalism,” a sociopolitical economic system driven by, and in thrall to, consumption.

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Reclaiming Conversation: The Power of Talk in a Digital Age. New York: Penguin, 2015. Wu, Tim. The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads. New York: Knopf, 2016. Zomorodi, Manoush, Bored and Brilliant: How Spacing Out Can Unlock Your Most Productive and Creative Self. New York: St. Martin’s Press, 2017. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. London: Profile, 2019. Viewing Kantayya, Shalini, dir. Coded Bias. 2020, Brooklyn, NY: 7th Empire Media. Orlowski, Jeff, dir. The Social Dilemma. 2020, Exposure Labs Productions. Rossini, Elena, dir. The Illusionists. 2016, Media Education Foundation (Distributor).

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See awe and wonder World Economic Forum, 85 Worrollo, Emma, 111–12 Your Baby Can Read, 145–46 YouTube, 5–6 default autoplay setting, 77–78 FCC investigations, 4, 177 influencers, 5–6 predictive algorithms and “recommended” videos, 48 racism and racial biases, 152–53 Ryan’s World, 72, 204 self-posted videos, 6 “unboxing videos,” 5–6, 177 YouTube Kids, 4, 77n, 121, 177 Zavattaro, Staci, 69–70 Zinn, Howard, 179 Zuboff, Shoshana, 80–81 Zuckerberg, Mark, 74, 239, 240 About the Author Susan Linn is a psychologist, award-winning ventriloquist, and a world-renowned expert on creative play and the impact of media and commercial marketing on children. She was the Founding Director of Campaign for a Commercial-Free Childhood (now called Fairplay) and is currently a lecturer on psychiatry at Harvard Medical School.

The Age of Surveillance Capitalism
by Shoshana Zuboff
Published 15 Jan 2019

Used by permission of Penguin Press, an imprint of Penguin Publishing Group, a division of Penguin Random House LLC. All rights reserved. The publisher is not responsible for websites (or their content) that are not owned by the publisher. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Zuboff, Shoshana, 1951- author. Title: The age of surveillance capitalism : the fight for a human future at the new frontier of power / Shoshana Zuboff. Description: First edition. | New York : PublicAffairs, 2018. | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018003901 (print) | LCCN 2018039998 (ebook) | ISBN 9781610395700 (ebook) | ISBN 9781610395694 (hardcover) Subjects: LCSH: Consumer behavior—Data processing. | Consumer profiling—Data processing. | Information technology—Social aspects.

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Copyright Copyright © 2019 by Shoshana Zuboff Hachette Book Group supports the right to free expression and the value of copyright. The purpose of copyright is to encourage writers and artists to produce the creative works that enrich our culture. The scanning, uploading, and distribution of this book without permission is a theft of the author’s intellectual property. If you would like permission to use material from the book (other than for review purposes), please contact permissions@hbgusa.com. Thank you for your support of the author’s rights. PublicAffairs Hachette Book Group 1290 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10104 www.publicaffairsbooks.com @Public_Affairs First Edition: January 2019 Published by PublicAffairs, an imprint of Perseus Books, LLC, a subsidiary of Hachette Book Group, Inc.

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Finally, these declarations of acknowledgment are not complete without mention of Pachi Maxmin, my stalwart loving companion. Every author acknowledges what I am about to write, because it is true: In the end, one faces the page in solitude. Anything in this book that falls short of the trust invested in me is my responsibility alone. SHOSHANA ZUBOFF is the Charles Edward Wilson Professor emerita at Harvard Business School and a former faculty associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet and Society at Harvard Law School. She joined HBS’s faculty in 1981, where she was one of its first tenured women. She received her PhD in social psychology from Harvard University and her BA in philosophy from the University of Chicago.

Track Changes
by Matthew G. Kirschenbaum
Published 1 May 2016

The unnamed office that Ackerman worked in when the poem was written was, we may surmise, a product of what was once widely known as the “office of the future”—the name the business administration literature of the late 1970s and early 1980s had given to the nexus of information technology, scientific management theory, and labor practices that was supposed to maximize workplace productivity in the face of the ever-increasing amounts of data, text, and information swirling through a modern organization. And word processing was envisioned as its cornerstone. “The electronic text exists independently of space and time,” wrote Shoshana Zuboff of just such an office as Ackerman’s (and at about the same time). “[It] can infuse an entire organization, instead of being bundled into discrete objects, like books or pieces of paper.”17 Yet word processing itself originally entailed something rather different from what we know today. It was understood as something far more than just a passive verb: it would have connoted a full-fledged system or paradigm for automating the flow of textual production in the office of the future.

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Closure thus comes with a touch of comic relief, the realization that the gaffer—the only individual not dressed in business attire and situated in the only locale that is not an office interior or an industrial site—is perhaps the figure we can all aspire to be with the aid of IBM.22 Cinematically, the sort of imagery one finds in the Henson film—close-ups of machines for sorting and stacking and typing and copying reams of paper—would become the stock visual signature of its era, much like the cascades of luminescent ones and zeroes that would follow a decade and a half later. There would have been no question for any member of the professional managerial class that they were then living in an information age. “Information,” declared one authority, “is the end product of paperwork.”23 This is what Shoshana Zuboff meant by what she termed “informatting,” the way in which information was capable of autonomously generating more information.24 And computerization notwithstanding, information was still largely made out of paper: “No data come out of the computer without having been somewhere, somehow, part of a paperwork operation,” as the same industry authority put it.25 Though the words are never spoken in the film, the solution to the paperwork explosion—the means to harness all that undirected energy—was of course word processing.

…

The colophon reads, “A book composed by hand in 10 point Garamond Bold, printed by the poet, me, on a Vandercook 219, at the New College Print Shop, sometime in June and July, wanting to finish.” (That last phrase an echo of the title.) There are no other overt references to word processing among the fifteen other poems in the book. The copy I consulted is in the Fales Library at New York University. 17. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988), 179–180. 18. Thomas Haigh, “Remembering the Office of the Future,” IEEE Computer Society 28, no. 4 (2006): 7. 19. Thomas J. Anderson and William R. Trotter, Word Processing (New York: Amacom, 1974), 5; emphasis in original. 20.

Why We Drive: Toward a Philosophy of the Open Road
by Matthew B. Crawford
Published 8 Jun 2020

The senior product manager for Google Maps introduced the Ground Truth project by saying, “If you look at the offline world, the real world in which we live, that information is not entirely online.” This is a defect in reality. It represents darkness and inaccessibility, and these are bad. More cheerfully, it is a gap to be bridged. Because we can. As Shoshana Zuboff reports, “Ground Truth is the ‘deep map’ that contains the detailed ‘logic of places’: walking paths, goldfish ponds, highway on-ramps, traffic conditions, ferry lines, parks, campuses, neighborhoods, [the interiors of] buildings, and more. Getting these details right is a source of competitive advantage in the contest for behavioral surplus accrued from mobile devices.”

…

“Location information can reveal some of the most intimate details of a person’s life—whether you’ve visited a psychiatrist, whether you went to an A.A. meeting, who you might date,” said Senator Ron Wyden, Democrat of Oregon . . . .3 Like many interested citizens, I have been reading analyses and critiques of Silicon Valley for the last twenty-five years, and even contributed a few of my own. But it was only upon reading Shoshana Zuboff’s masterwork The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, published in 2019, that the big picture came into view. What follows is heavily indebted to her work, both the details and the larger frame. Let’s start with the big picture of surveillance capitalism and some definitions, and work our way to the implications for internet-mediated mobility.

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See also neighborhoods as act of faith, 2–3 cities made for, 247–248 exposure in, 20 WALL-E (film), 6, 189 Wang, Forrest, 165 Warren County Fair, 185 Wasilla, 249 Werlin, Jacko, 139 White, Adam J., 291 Whitfield, Randy, 87–89 Wiener, Earl, 101 Williams, Bernard, 119–120, 283 windows, tinted, 253 women female riders, 192–194 girl-power affirmation, 194 in kitchen restaurant culture, 194–195 overcomer complex, 197–198 working-class, 195–196 working class, 196 Works Progress Administration, 38 World Health Organization, 242 World War One aerial combats, 173–176 calvary, 174–175 Churchill, Winston, 174, 177 RAF fighter pilots, 177–178 Richthofen, Manfred von, 174–176 wrecking yard. See junkyards Wyden, Ron, 302 Yamaha, 164 yam-houses, 69 yard wealth, 68–71 Yellow Vest movement, 29–30, 224–226 Zients, Jeffrey, 4 Zuboff, Shoshana, 273–274, 302–303, 305–306, 309 Zündapp, 139–140 © Shutterstock / Dudarev Mikhail Also by Matthew B. Crawford SHOP CLASS AS SOULCRAFT THE WORLD BEYOND YOUR HEAD Copyright WHY WE DRIVE. Copyright © 2020 by Matthew B. Crawford. All rights reserved under International and Pan-American Copyright Conventions.

System Error: Where Big Tech Went Wrong and How We Can Reboot
by Rob Reich , Mehran Sahami and Jeremy M. Weinstein
Published 6 Sep 2021

Governments and citizens have been in a constant tug-of-war over data since the very inception of what we think of today as a “state.” What’s new is that we’ve willingly handed over to private companies the permission to collect our personal data almost without constraint, creating an entire political economy aptly labeled by Harvard professor Shoshana Zuboff “surveillance capitalism.” By contrast, democratic governments are far more protective of personal privacy because they value individual liberty and therefore impose limitations on their own ability to collect and use data. Taylor Swift didn’t ask the police to set up a facial recognition system for fans at her concerts; she asked a private company to do it because there were far fewer restrictions on what kind of data it could collect and what it could do with it.

…

See also Joy Buolamwini and Timnit Gebru, “Gender Shades: Intersectional Accuracy Disparities in Commercial Gender Classification,” Proceedings of Machine Learning Research 81 (2018): 1–15, http://proceedings.mlr.press/v81/buolamwini18a/buolamwini18a.pdf. billionaire John Catsimatidis: Kashmir Hill, “Before Clearview Became a Police Tool, It Was a Secret Plaything of the Rich,” New York Times, March 5, 2020, https://www.nytimes.com/2020/03/05/technology/clearview-investors.html. “surveillance capitalism”: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). $130 billion in advertising revenue: J. Clement, “Google: Ad Revenue 2001–2018,” Statista, 2020, https://www.statista.com/statistics/266249/advertising-revenue-of-google/.

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See also free speech and the internet Wu, Tim, 57, 219 Y Combinator (YC), xxii, 43–45 Yang, Andrew, 182 You Are Not a Gadget (Lanier), 169, 238 YouTube, xii, xxvii, 8, 21, 33–34, 40, 188, 192, 193, 194, 197, 199, 201, 209. 210, 212–13, 221, 227 Zero to One (Thiel and Masters), 38 Zhang, Cathy, 243 Zoom’s automated language translation channel, 163 Zuboff, Shoshana, 115 Zuckerberg, Mark, 47, 51, 53, 64–65, 193–94, 254. See also Facebook About the Authors ROB REICH is a philosopher who directs Stanford University’s Center for Ethics in Society and is associate director of its new Institute for Human-Centered Artificial Intelligence. He is a leading thinker at the intersection of ethics and technology, a prizewinning author, and has won multiple teaching awards.

Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism
by Harsha Walia
Published 9 Feb 2021

Since the fall of the Berlin Wall, seventy walls now exist in our barbwired and walled world.17 Securitization has also turned the border into a dystopic testing ground, constituting a five-hundred-billion-dollar border security industry18 that flaunts virtual walling through intrusive electronic surveillance technologies, automated decision-making, predictive data analytics, facial recognition software, and biometric systems tested on migrants and refugees by blood-sucking leeches like Amazon, Palantir, Elbit Systems, and European Dynamics. Migrants and refugees are at the forefront of becoming, as Shoshana Zuboff calls it, “the sources of surveillance capitalism’s crucial surplus: the objects of a technologically advanced and increasingly inescapable raw-material-extraction operation.”19 These physical, digital, and symbolic changes to border security are “the most durable and profound consequence of the global war on terror” and are some of the most expensive projects undertaken by states.20 Cutting through and hurting fragile habitats and armed with surveillance drones hunting humans, border walls are key technologies of state governance.

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Shear and Julie Hirschfeld Davis, “Shoot Migrants’ Legs, Build Alligator Moat: Behind Trump’s Ideas for Border,” New York Times, October 1, 2019, www.nytimes.com/2019/10/01/us/politics/trump-border-wars.html. 13.Ryan Devereaux, “Mining the Future,” The Intercept, October 3, 2019, https://theintercept.com/2019/10/03/climate-change-migration-militarization-arizona/. 14.Associated Press, “Trump Administration to Expand DNA Collection at Border and Give Data to FBI,” Guardian, October 3, 2019, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/oct/02/us-immigration-border-dna-trump-administration. 15.Wendy Brown, Walled States, Waning Sovereignty (New York and Cambridge: Zone Books, 2017), 132. 16.Brown, Walled States, 105. 17.Reece Jones, “Introduction,” in Open Borders: In Defense of Free Movement, Reece Jones, ed. (Athens: University of Georgia Press, 2019), 3. 18.Todd Miller, Border Patrol Nation: Dispatches from the Front Lines of Homeland Security (San Francisco: City Lights Books, 2014), 42. 19.Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019), 10. 20.Reece Jones, Border Walls: Security and the War on Terror in the United States, India, and Israel (London: Zed Books, 2012), 2. 21.Kate Smith, “Immigrant Deportation Filings Hit Record High in 2018, New Report Shows,” CBS News, November 8, 2018, www.cbsnews.com/news/ice-deportations-in-2018-hit-record-high/. 22.Emily Kassie, “Detained: How the US Built the World’s Largest Immigrant Detention System,” Guardian, September 24, 2019, www.theguardian.com/us-news/2019/sep/24/detained-us-largest-immigrant-detention-trump. 23.National Catholic Reporter Editorial Staff, “Editorial: Don’t Look Away from Concentration Camps at the Border,” National Catholic Reporter, June 19, 2019, www.ncronline.org/news/opinion/editorial-dont-look-away-concentration-camps-border. 24.César Cuauhtémoc Garcia Hernández, “Abolishing Immigration Prisons,” Boston University Law Review 97, no. 1 (2017): 245–300. 25.UN High Commissioner for Refugees, Women on the Run: First-Hand Accounts of Refugees Fleeing El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, and Mexico, October 26, 2015, www.unhcr.org/5630f24c6.html. 26.Alice Speri, “Detained, Then Violated,” The Intercept, April 11, 2018, https://theintercept.com/2018/04/11/immigration-detention-sexual-abuse-ice-dhs/. 27.Nicoll Hernández-Polanco quoted in Adam Frankel, “Do You See How Much I’m Suffering Here?

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See also Customs and Border Protection arrests by, 39, 68 Department of Homeland Security and, 55 Department of Labor and, 35 formation of, 33 US Border Patrol Tactical Unit, 3 US–Canada Safe Third Country Agreement, 88–89 US-Canadian border, 34, 57, 89 US Green Berets, 39 US Marine Corps, 180 US Marshals Service, 81 US-Mexico border, 3, 46 asylum and, 20 Black movement over, 29 detention at, 19, 33, 44, 52, 90–91 drones and, 55, 77 formation of, 19, 21–23, 36 maquiladoras and, 63 Tohono O’odham land and, 77–78 US Strategy for Engagement in Central America, 89 US Sugar Company, 135 US Supreme Court, 24, 28, 32 Utah, 23 V Valeria, Angie, 2, 19 Valletta Summit, 109, 121 Vancouver, 1 Verma, Gita Dewan, 67 Vial refugee camp, 114 Victorian Act, 96 Viennese Citizen’s Initiatives, 185 Viet Cong, 47 Vietnam, 119, 136 Vietnam War, 37, 39–41, 44, 47 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 53 Vishwa Hindu Parishad, 175 Vogl, Anthea, 98 Vox, 183 Vucjak refugee camp, 116 W Wackenhut, 55 Waiãapi, Emyra, 181 Walcott, Rinaldo, 28, 159 Walmart, 61 Wang, Jackie, 82 Warsaw, 185 Washington, 135 Washington Consensus, 64 West Bank, 57, 69, 172, 177 Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, 45 West Sahel Project, 112 Wet’suwet’en movement, 210 White Australia, 4, 92, 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104 White, Ralston, 156 Whole Foods, 201, 214 Wilders, Geert, 187 Wilderson, Frank, 30 Wilson, Woodrow, 33 Wolfe, Patrick, 25 Women in Migration Network, 145 Woods, Clyde, 45 Woods, Tryon P., 126 Woomera detention center, 102–103 Workingmen’s Party of California, 204 World Anti-Communist League, 41 World Bank, 49, 62–65, 70, 143–144 World Cup, 152 World Health Organization, 10 World War I, 132 World War II, 21, 35, 132, 134, 164 Wyoming, 23 Y Yapu, David, 94 Yaqui people, 25 Yemen, 55, 60, 121, 149, 151 Yugoslavia, 133 Z Zaghawa people, 94 Zambia, 71 Zapatistas, 51 Zapotec people, 51 Zara, 61 Zelaya, José Manuel, 45 Zimbabwe, 214 Zionism, 171–178, 175, 201, 209 Zuboff, Shoshana, 80 About the Author Harsha Walia is the award-winning author of Undoing Border Imperialism (2013). Trained in the law, she has been a community organizer in migrant justice, anticapitalist, feminist, abolitionist and anti-imperialist movements, including No One Is Illegal, for two decades.

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson
Published 15 May 2023

“Leaked Documents Show How China’s Army of Paid Internet Trolls Helped Censor the Coronavirus.” ProPublica, December 19. www.propublica.org/article/leaked-documents-show-how-chinas-army-of-paid-internet-trolls-helped-censor-the-coronavirus. Zuboff, Shoshana. 1988. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books. Zuboff, Shoshana. 2019. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile Books. Zweig, Stefan. 1943. The World of Yesterday. Translated by Benjamin W. Huebsch and Helmut Ripperger. New York: Viking.

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The Modern Panopticon Another popular use of modern AI illustrates how enthusiasm for autonomous technology, together with massive data collection, has forged a very specific direction for digital technologies and how it has again caused modest gains for corporations and significant losses for society and workers. The use of digital tools for worker monitoring is nothing new. When the social psychologist and business scholar Shoshana Zuboff interviewed workers experiencing the introduction of digital technologies in the early 1980s, a common refrain was about the intensification of monitoring by management. As one office worker put it, “The ETS [digital expense tracking system] has become a vehicle for management to check up on us.

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It reveals the realpolitik of technology as a persistent Trojan horse for economic powers that favor the profit-seeking aims of the few over the many. Power and Progress is the blueprint we need for the challenges ahead: technology only contributes to shared prosperity when it is tamed by democratic rights, values, principles, and the laws that sustain them in our daily lives.” —Shoshana Zuboff, Charles Edward Wilson Professor Emerita, Harvard Business School, and author of The Age of Surveillance Capitalism

The Smartphone Society
by Nicole Aschoff

Sociologist Chris Rojek says our mediated exchanges—FaceTiming with friends, for example—“are not natural.”32 Bernard Harcourt, a critical theorist at Columbia Law School, is one of many skeptics who say our smartphone addiction has left us vulnerable to giant corporations such as Google and Facebook who capitalize on and reinforce our attachment to our hand machines to steal our data, spy on our every blink and whisper, and manipulate our beliefs and ideas with fake news and rigged news feeds.33 These developments, argues Shoshana Zuboff, professor emerita at Harvard Business School, are part of a new mutant form of capitalism called “surveillance capitalism.”34 Worse, critics say we’ve allowed our phones to victimize our children. Catherine Price, in a piece for the New York Times, confessed, “I recently had a baby and was feeding her in a darkened room.

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The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads. New York: Knopf, 2016, Kindle edition. Yang, Yuan. “Beijing Now Able to Flag Weibo Posts as ‘Rumour.’” Financial Times, November 5, 2018. ———. “Apple Investigates Illegal Student Labour at Watch Assembly Plant.” Financial Times, October 28, 2018. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: PublicAffairs, 2019. Zucman, Gabriel. “Global Wealth Inequality.” NBER Working Paper 25462. Cambridge, MA: National Bureau of Economic Research, January 2019. ———. “How Corporations and the Wealthy Avoid Taxes (and How to Stop Them).”

Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World
by Bruce Schneier
Published 3 Sep 2018

The websites you visit are trying to figure out who you are and what you want, and they’re selling that information. The apps on your smartphone are collecting and selling your data. The social networking sites you frequent are either selling your data, or selling access to you based on your data. Harvard Business School professor Shoshana Zuboff calls this “surveillance capitalism,” and it’s the business model of the Internet. Companies build systems that spy on people in exchange for services. This surveillance is easy because computers do it naturally. Data is a by-product of computer processes. Everything we do that involves a computer creates a transaction record.

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EVERYONE FAVORS INSECURITY 56The FBI wants you to have security: I’ll talk about this in Chapter 11, but here’s just one recent example: Cyrus Farivar (7 Mar 2018), “FBI again calls for magical solution to break into encrypted phones,” Ars Technica, https://arstechnica.com/tech-policy/2018/03/fbi-again-calls-for-magical-solution-to-break-into-encrypted-phones. 57“surveillance capitalism”: Shoshana Zuboff (17 Apr 2015), “Big other: Surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization,” Journal of Information Technology 30, https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_id=2594754. 57Companies are trying to figure out: Aaron Taube (24 Jan 2014), “Apple wants to use your heart rate and facial expressions to figure out what mood you’re in,” Business Insider, http://www.businessinsider.com/apples-mood-based-ad-targeting-patent-2014-1.

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P., “The Two Cultures,” 221 Snowden, Edward, 22, 103, 118, 163, 169 software: “Agile” development model of, 42–43 algorithms, see algorithms bugs in, 20–21 copyright of, 62 international, 197–98 licensing of, 130, 140 for offensive autonomous attack, 85 patching of, see patching pirated copies of, 37 and product liability, 129–32 quality standards of, 20–21, 34 restriction on availability of, 204–6 and robots, 86–87 vulnerabilities of, 20–22, 35, 83–84 “Waterfall” development model of, 42–43 Soltani, Ashkan, 149 Sony Pictures, hacking of, 54, 71, 78, 178 Spafford, Gene, 19 spam, 16, 84, 99–100, 154 Spectre, 21 spyware, 64–68 standard: mandatory, 145 use of term, 122 voluntary, 151 stingray, 168 stock market, flash crash of, 85 Stuxnet computer worm, 50, 71, 72, 79 supply-chain attacks, 87–89 surveillance: anonymity eliminated via, 53, 201 baby monitors, 133–35 and censorship, 67–68 and control, 62–63, 65–68 and espionage, 65–68 government, 64–68, 172, 195, 208 mass, 201–2 networked with smart devices, 4 by social media, 58–59, 169 ubiquitous, 201–2 by US law enforcement, 67, 173–76 surveillance capitalism, 57–59, 65, 209 Suskind, Ron, 93–94 Sutton, Willie, 74 Sweeney, Latanya, 222 Symantec, 74 Syrian Electronic Army, 69 Tailored Access Operations (TAO), 45 Target Corporation, 45 Tay chatbot, 84 TechCongress, 223 technical determinism, 218 technology: advances in, 90–91, 92, 201–2, 218–19 extrapolation of, 218 incentives to improve, 100–101 and policy, 217–25 speed of innovation in, 152 telephones: cell phone towers, 168–70 as computers, 3–4, 24 government collection of metadata on, 201 invention of, 152 iPhones, 42–43, 174, 197 networks of, 119 television, development of, 152 terms of service, 129 terrorism: and “movie-plot threats,” 96 risk of, 92–96 Thomlinson, Matt, 158 Three Mile Island, 29 Titan Rain, 66 tokens, authentication via, 46 Tor Project, 162, 198, 200 Toyota Prius, 63 toys, Internet-connected, 105–6 trade secrets, 111 transparency, 108, 110, 111–12, 135, 196 trust, 10, 81, 190, 207–10 Turkey, oil pipeline hacked in, 116 Turnbull, Malcolm, 222 Uber, hacking of, 125 Ulbricht, Ross, 52 Underwriters Laboratories, 136 UN Economic Commission for Europe, 187 unpeace, 71–74 UN Security Council, 214 updates, 36–37, 38, 196 US: likelihood of doing nothing, 181–84 mistrust of, 208 offense prioritized over defense in, 73 regulatory gap in, 187 US Cyber Command, 86, 162, 173, 178 user credentials, 199 username, authentication via, 45–46 VASTech, 65 voice recognition, 135 Volkswagen, 42, 127 voting machines, 220 vulnerabilities, 20–22 cost of, 126 in cyberweapons, 72, 74 disclosing and fixing, 162–67 discovered by researchers, 35–36, 41–43, 138 in interconnections, 28–30 markets for, 162 NOBUS (nobody but us), 164–65 patching of, 35–36, 38–40, 108–9 publication of, 35–36, 138 “responsible disclosure” of, 36 simultaneous, 94 types of, 30–32 vendors resistant to fixing, 35–36, 38, 41–42, 109 VEP (vulnerabilities equities process), 164–66 WannaCry malware, 37, 71 weapons: autonomous, 86 electromagnetic pulse, 93 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), 92–94, 158, 212 WhatsApp, 170, 195, 196, 197 Wildavsky, Aaron, Searching for Safety, 211 wiretapping, 131, 168, 170 World Anti-Doping Agency, 80 World Economic Forum, 211 Worldwide Threat Assessment, 70, 80–81, 89–90, 93 Wyndham Hotels, 151–52 Xi Jinping, 66 Yahoo, hacking of, 125 YouTube, 60 zero days, 162, 163, 165 Zerodium, 162 ZTE (Chinese company), 87 Zuboff, Shoshana, 57 ALSO BY BRUCE SCHNEIER Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World (2015) Carry On: Sound Advice from Schneier on Security (2013) Liars and Outliers: Enabling the Trust That Society Needs to Thrive (2012) Schneier on Security (2008) Beyond Fear: Thinking Sensibly about Security in an Uncertain World (2003) Secrets and Lies: Digital Security in a Networked World (2000) Applied Cryptography: Protocols, Algorithms, and Source Code in C (1994 and 1996) ABOUT THE AUTHOR Bruce Schneier is an internationally renowned security technologist, called a security guru by the Economist.

Doppelganger: A Trip Into the Mirror World
by Naomi Klein
Published 11 Sep 2023

Because here is a non-snide version of the “Wait until they hear about cell phones” quip: They know all about cell phones. They just don’t know what to do about cell phones (or smart speakers or search histories or shadow banning or email and social media metadata…). And neither, it seems, does anyone else, including those in power, who are patently unwilling to rein in what the Harvard professor Shoshana Zuboff has called “surveillance capitalism.” And Wolf, with her “Five Freedoms” campaign and her calls for anti-vax civil disobedience, is giving her followers something to do. She is telling them that it’s not too late to get their privacy, and their freedoms, back. Of course this is an appealing message.

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one of the leading states … vaccine passports were akin: Craig Mauger, “Michigan Leads the Nation in New COVID Cases, According to CDC Data,” Detroit News, November 16, 2021; Bruce Walker, “Michigan House Oversight Committee Considers Legislation to Ban Vaccine Passports,” Center Square, May 6, 2021; Dave Boucher, “Michigan Lawmakers Invite COVID-19 Conspiracy Theorist to Testify on Bill to Ban Vaccine Passports,” PolitiFact, May 6, 2021. “the infrastructure, globally”: Jason Horowitz, “Steve Bannon Is Done Wrecking the American Establishment. Now He Wants to Destroy Europe’s,” New York Times, March 9, 2018. “good enough”: Jennifer Senior, “American Rasputin,” The Atlantic, June 6, 2022. “surveillance capitalism”: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (London: Profile Books, 2019). Israeli-designed spyware: Stephanie Kirchgaessner et al., “Revealed: Leak Uncovers Global Abuse of Cyber-surveillance Weapon,” The Guardian, July 18, 2021. “nanny cams” … Ring doorbell footage … “God View” … personal photos … period-tracking apps: Allyson Chiu, “She Installed a Ring Camera in Her Children’s Room for ‘Peace of Mind.’

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Wilcken, Patrick Wilde, Oscar, The Picture of Dorian Gray wildfires “William Wilson” (Poe) Willis, Mikki Wilson, Chip Winfrey, Oprah Wing, Lorna Winthrop, John “woke” ideology; capitalism and; in school curricula Wolf, Leonard Women, Race & Class (Davis) Women’s Bodies, Women’s Wisdom (Northrup) Women’s Warrior Song words working class World and Africa, The (Du Bois) World Economic Forum (WEF) World Health Organization (WHO) World Trade Organization World War I World War II “Writing About Jews” (Roth) Wuhan Yarvin, Curtis Yeltsin, Boris Yeoh, Michelle yoga yoga apparel Yoon, Suk-yeol You Have Not Yet Been Defeated (Abd el-Fattah) Young Karl Marx, The Youngkin, Glenn YouTube; Wolf’s “slavery forever” video on Zionism Žižek, Slavoj zozobra Zuboff, Shoshana Zuckerberg, Mark Also by Naomi Klein No Logo Fences and Windows The Shock Doctrine This Changes Everything No Is Not Enough The Battle for Paradise On Fire How to Change Everything A Note About the Author Naomi Klein is an award-winning journalist and documentary filmmaker, and a New York Times bestselling author of books including No Logo, The Shock Doctrine, This Changes Everything, No Is Not Enough, and On Fire, which have been translated into more than thirty-five languages.

In the Age of the Smart Machine
by Shoshana Zuboff
Published 14 Apr 1988

fi." t ve" o paa e IN THE AGE OF THE SMART MACHINE The Future of Work and Power SHOSHANA ZUBOFF BASIC BOOKS, INC., PUBLISHERS NEW YORK "Home" reprinted by permission; @ 1984 John Witte. Originally in The New Yorker. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Zuboff, Shoshana, 1 95 1- In the age of the smart machine. Includes index. 1. Automation-Economic aspects. 2. Automation-Social aspects. 3. Machinery in industry. 4. Organizational effectiveness. I. Title. HD45.2.Z83 1988 338'.06 87-47777 ISBN 0-465-03212-5 Copyright @ 1988 by Basic Books, Inc. Printed in the United States of America 88 89 90 91 HC 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 To Bob, Who hears the world's heart And has taught me much about how to listen.

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Howell John Harris, The Right to Manage: Industrial Relations Policies of Ameri- can Business in the 1940s (Madison: University of Wisconsin Press, 1982), 97. 29. Ibid., 98. 30. Bendix, Work and Authority 323; see Fox, IIManagerial Ideology," 369; for a more extensive discussion of this point see Shoshana Zuboff, liThe Work Ethic and Work Organization," in Jack Barbash, ed., The Work Ethic: A Critical Analysis (Madison, WI: Industrial Relations Research Association, 1983), 165-73. 31. Elton Mayo, The Social Problems of an Industrial Civilization (Boston: Harvard University Graduate School of Business Administration, 1945), 120, 122. 32.

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Gendlin, "A Philosophical Critique of the Concept of Narcissism: The Significance of the Awareness Movement," in D. M. Levin, ed., Pathologies of the Modern Sell Postmodern Studies (New York: New York University Press, 1987), 251-304. 10. For a more elaborate discussion of this view of traditional work organiza- tion, see Shoshana Zuboff, "I Am My Own Man: The Democratic Vision and Workplace Hierarchy," in Robert Schrank, ed., Industrial Democracy at Sea: Author- ity and Democracy on a Norwegian Freighter (Cambridge: The MIT Press, 1983), 171-92. 11. In their analysis of ordinary language, Lakoff and Johnson define the func- tion of metaphor as "understanding and experiencing one kind of thing in terms of another."

Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology
by Anu Bradford
Published 25 Sep 2023

This is exactly what happened in the infamous Cambridge Analytica scandal that involved the harvesting of Facebook data to build psychological profiles that were then used in political campaigns—without obtaining consent of those individuals whose data had been used.185 While the Cambridge Analytica scandal was rather extreme in its scope and impact, large online platforms have tremendous leeway to infringe user privacy and individual autonomy on a daily basis. These platforms engage in what Shoshana Zuboff has termed “surveillance capitalism,” extracting users’ data for commercial gain and compromising their “decisional privacy” in the process.186 This surveillance capitalism enables behavioral advertising and other forms of manipulation, which then subvert individual choice, liberty, and self-governance.187 This way, technology suppresses human autonomy and individual freedom and, with that, deprives individuals of the ability to exercise their agency and to participate in democracy.

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We owe it to you to govern technology in ways that it serves you, protects you, empowers you, and never undermines you. New York December 2022 Notes Introduction 1.Cass Sunstein, Is Social Media Good or Bad for Democracy?, Sur: Int’l J. on Hum. Rts. 83, 84–87 (2018). 2.See generally Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (2019). 3.Alison Beard, Can Big Tech Be Disrupted?, Harv. Bus. Rev., Jan.–Feb. 2022. 4.Leo Lewis, Tokyo Stock Market Eclipsed by the Four Tech Leviathans, Fin. Times (Sep. 1, 2021), https://www.ft.com/content/460747da-a410-41aa-a8a4-0c991f264c06. 5.Naushad K.

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F. 335 (2014). 184.Gilad Edelman, How Facebook’s Political Ad System Is Designed to Polarize, Wired (Dec. 13, 2019), https://www.wired.com/story/facebook-political-ad-system-designed-polarize/. 185.Josh Constine, Zuckerberg’s Response to Cambridge Scandal Omits Why It Delayed Investigating, TechCrunch (Mar. 21, 2018), https://techcrunch.com/2018/03/21/zuckerberg-cambridge-analytica/. 186.Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the Frontier of a New Power 17 (2019). 187.Karl Manheim & Lyric Kaplan, Artificial Intelligence: Risks to Privacy and Democracy, 21 Yale J.L. & Tech. 106, 133–134 (2019). 188.Jack Goldsmith & Stuart Russell, Strengths Become Vulnerabilities: How a Digital-World Disadvantages the United States in its International Relations, Aegis Series Paper No. 1086, at 2–3 (2018), available at https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/381100534-strengths-become-vulnerabilities.pdf. 189.Josh Rogin, NSA Chief: Cybercrime Constitutes the “Greatest Transfer of Wealth in History,” The Cable (July 9, 2012), https://foreignpolicy.com/2012/07/09/nsa-chief-cybercrime-constitutes-the-greatest-transfer-of-wealth-in-history/. 190.Goldsmith & Russell, supra note 188, at 2–3, available at https://www.hoover.org/sites/default/files/research/docs/381100534-strengths-become-vulnerabilities.pdf.

The Future Is Analog: How to Create a More Human World
by David Sax
Published 15 Jan 2022

What separated Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, Discord, and the other new platforms of the social media age from earlier communities like Metafilter and The WELL wasn’t simply their scale, features, or topics. It was the business model that underpinned them, a potent version of economic and ideological libertarianism that saw conversation as a natural resource to be exploited for commercial gain. In her groundbreaking 2019 book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, academic and writer Shoshana Zuboff thoroughly dissects the effects of surveillance capitalism’s unchecked rise on individuals and our broader society. “Innocent hangouts and conversations are embedded in a behavioral engineering project of planetary scope and ambitions,” Zuboff writes. “Everything depends upon feeding the algorithms that can effectively and precisely bite on him and bite on her and not let go.

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Ten Arguments for Deleting Your Social Media Accounts Right Now. New York: Henry Holt, 2018. Headlee, Celeste. We Need to Talk: How to Have Conversations That Matter. New York: HarperCollins, 2017. Odell, Jenny. How to Do Nothing: Resisting the Attention Economy. Brooklyn, NY: Melville House, 2019. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. New York: PublicAffairs, 2019. Chapter 7 Reedy, Christianna. “Kurzweil Claims That the Singularity Will Happen by 2045.” Futurism. May 10, 2017. Buber, Martin. I and Thou. New York: Charles Scribner and Sons, 1958. Louv, Richard. Last Child in the Woods: Saving Our Children from Nature-Deficit Disorder.

Code Dependent: Living in the Shadow of AI
by Madhumita Murgia
Published 20 Mar 2024

The technology’s dramatic progress over the last few years has been contingent on three things: the explosion of available data on human behaviour and creativity, the increasingly powerful chips needed to crunch this data, and the consolidated power of a few large technology companies that could dedicate the considerable resources required to supercharge its development. Tech giants like Google and Meta have applied machine learning to target advertising as narrowly as possible and grow their worth up to $1tn. This lucrative business model that monetizes personal data is what American social psychologist and philosopher Shoshana Zuboff has called ‘surveillance capitalism’. As the artist James Bridle wrote in an essay last year, ‘These companies made their money by inserting themselves into every aspect of everyday life, including the most personal and creative areas of our lives: our secret passions, our private conversations, our likenesses and our dreams.’2 * Nowadays, we live daily alongside automated systems built on data, their inner workings dictating our personal bonds, power dynamics at work, and our relationship with the state.

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Q. ref1 Massachusetts Institute of Technology ref1 Material Bank ref1 Mbembe, Achille ref1, ref2 Meareg, Abraham ref1 Megvii ref1 Meituan ref1, ref2 Mejias, Ulises: The Costs of Connection ref1, ref2 Mercado Libre ref1 Merck ref1 Meredith, Sarah ref1 Meta ref1 advertising and ref1 communal violence and ref1 content moderators ref1, ref2 databases of faces and ref1 ethics policy ref1 metaverse and ref1 Sama and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 violence-inciting content ref1 see also Facebook Metiabruz ref1 Metropolitan Police ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Mexico ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Miceli, Milagros ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Microsoft Azure software ref1, ref2 Bing ref1 Bletchley Park summit (2023) and ref1 ethical AI charter ref1 face recognition systems and ref1, ref2 gig workers and ref1 Microsoft-Salta predictive system/public policy design and ref1, ref2 OpenAI and ref1 Rome Call and ref1, ref2, ref3 Midjourney ref1, ref2 Mighty AI ref1 migration ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13, ref14 Ministry of Early Childhood, Argentina ref1 Mort, Helen ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 A Line Above the Sky ref1 ‘Deepfake: A Pornographic Ekphrastic’ ref1 ‘This Is Wild’ ref1, ref2 Mosul, Iraq ref1 Motaung, Daniel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Mothers (short film) ref1 ‘move fast and break things’ ref1 Movement, The ref1 Mozur, Paul ref1 M-PESA ref1, ref2 MRIs ref1 Mukasa, Dorothy ref1 multi-problem families ref1 Mumbai, India ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Murati, Mira ref1 Museveni, Yoweri ref1 Musk, Elon ref1, ref2 Muslims ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11, ref12, ref13 Mutsaers, Paul ref1 Mutemi, Mercy ref1, ref2 My Image My Choice ref1 Nairobi, Kenya ref1, ref2 facial recognition in ref1 gig workers in ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Sama in ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Nandurbar, Western India ref1, ref2, ref3 National Health Service ref1, ref2 National Union of Professional App-Based Transport Workers ref1 National University of Defense Technology, China ref1 Navajo Nation ref1, ref2 NEC ref1 necropolitics ref1 Neruda, Pablo ref1 Netflix ref1 New Delhi, India ref1, ref2, ref3 New York Fashion Week ref1 New York Times ref1, ref2, ref3 Neymar ref1 Ngito, Benjamin ref1 Ni un Repartidor Menos (Not one Delivery Worker Killed) ref1 9/11 ref1, ref2 ‘no-fly’ zones ref1 Noble, Safiya Umoja ref1 non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Northpointe ref1 Not Your Porn ref1 Notting Hill carnival ref1 NTech Labs ref1 Obama, Barack ref1 Obermeyer, Ziad ref1 Oculus Quest 2 virtual reality headset ref1 Ofqual ref1 Ola Cabs ref1, ref2 Olympics (2012) ref1, ref2 One Card System ref1 Online Safety Bill, UK ref1 OpenAI AI alignment and ref1 Bletchley Park summit and ref1 ChatGPT and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 creativity and ref1, ref2 Rome Call and ref1 Sama and ref1, ref2 Operation Condor ref1 Optum ref1 organ-allocation algorithm ref1 Orwell, George ref1, ref2 osteoarthritis ref1 outsourcing ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 Ovcha Kupel refugee camp ref1 Oxford Internet Institute ref1 pain, African Americans and ref1 Palestine ref1 Parkinson’s disease ref1 Parks, Nijer ref1, ref2 Parvati (tuberculosis patient) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Peled, Nirit ref1 Pena, Paz ref1, ref2 Perth, Western Australia ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Photoshop ref1, ref2, ref3 physiognomy ref1 Pi ref1 pilot programmes abandonment of ref1, ref2 ‘graveyard of pilots’ ref1 public disclosure of ref1 replacement of with human solution ref1 PimEyes ref1 policing CCTV cameras and see CCTV Crime Anticipation System ref1 De Moeder Is de Sleutel (The Mother Is the Key) ref1 diffuse policing ref1 facial recognition and see facial recognition forgiveness and ref1 predictive policing algorithms ref1 ProKid ref1, ref2, ref3 Right To Be Forgotten and ref1 Polosukhin, Illia ref1, ref2 Pontifical Academy of Sciences ref1 Pontifical Gregorian University ref1 pornography deepfake see deepfakes revenge porn ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Portal De La Memoria ref1 Posada, Julian ref1 pregnancy, teenage ref1 abandonment of AI pilot in Argentina ref1 abortion and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 digital welfare state and ref1 Microsoft Azure software and ref1 public disclosure of AI pilot in Argentina ref1 replacement of AI pilot with human solution in Argentina ref1 Princeton ref1 ProKid ref1, ref2, ref3 ProPublica ref1, ref2 proxy agents ref1, ref2 PTSD (post-traumatic stress disorder) ref1, ref2 public disclosure ref1, ref2 public-private surveillance state ref1 pulse oximeter ref1 Puma ref1 Puna Salteña, Andes ref1 qTrack ref1, ref2, ref3 Qure.ai ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 qXR ref1 race facial recognition and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 medical treatment and ref1, ref2, ref3 predictive policing and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 radiologists ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 Raji, Deborah ref1, ref2 Rappi ref1 recruitment systems ref1 Red Caps ref1 red-teamers ref1 Reddit ref1, ref2, ref3 regulation ref1 benefits fraud ref1 content moderators ref1 deepfakes ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 exam grades ref1 facial recognition ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Foxglove and see Foxglove hateful content ref1 military weapons ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 non-disclosure agreements (NDAs) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 organ-allocation algorithm ref1 political prisoners in Guantanamo Bay ref1 Right To Be Forgotten ref1 visa-awarding algorithms ref1 Reprieve ref1, ref2 responsible innovation ref1 Rest of the World ref1 retinopathy ref1 revenge porn ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Ricanek, Karl ref1, ref2 Ricaurte, Paola ref1, ref2 Right To Be Forgotten ref1 Roblox ref1 Roderick, Emily ref1 Rome Call ref1 Roose, Kevin ref1 Rosen, Rabbi David ref1, ref2 Russell, Stuart ref1 Salta, Argentina ref1, ref2 Sama ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Samii, Armin ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Sana’a, Yemen ref1 SAP ref1, ref2, ref3 Sardjoe, Damien ref1, ref2 Sardjoe, Diana ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9 Sardjoe, Nafayo ref1, ref2, ref3 Scale AI ref1 Scarlett, Cher ref1 Scarlet Letter, The ref1 Schwartz, Steven ref1 Scsky ref1 Secretariat for Early Childhood and Families ref1 self-attention ref1 SenseTime ref1 Sensity AI ref1, ref2, ref3 Sequoia Capital ref1 sexual assault ref1, ref2, ref3 Shelley, Mary: Frankenstein ref1 Silver Lake ref1 Singh, Dr Ashita ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Singh, Dr Deepak ref1 ‘slaveroo’ ref1 Slyck, Milo Van ref1 Smith, Brad ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Snow, Olivia ref1 social media ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 content moderators ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 deepfakes and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 electoral manipulation and ref1, ref2 SoftBank ref1 South Wales Police ref1 Sri Lanka: Easter Day bombings (2019) ref1 Stability AI ref1 Stable Diffusion ref1 Stratford, London ref1, ref2, ref3 Suleyman, Mustafa ref1 super-recognizers, Metropolitan Police ref1 Supreme Court, UK ref1 surveillance capitalism ref1, ref2 Syria ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 targeting algorithms ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Taylor, Breonna ref1 Tekle, Fisseha ref1 Telegram ref1, ref2 Tesla ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Tezpur ref1 Thiel, Peter ref1 Thuo, David Mwangi ref1 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989) ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Tibet ref1, ref2 Tiger Global ref1 TikTok ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Top400 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 Top600 ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 transformer ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 translation ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 TS-Cop ref1 Tséhootsooí Medical Center, Fort Defiance, Arizona ref1, ref2 tuberculosis ref1, ref2, ref3 Tuohy, Seamus ref1 Uber ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 UberEats ref1, ref2 UberCheats ref1, ref2, ref3 Uganda ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 Ukraine, war in ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 UN (United Nations) Declaration of Human Rights ref1 Food and Agriculture Organization ref1 Special Rapporteur on extreme poverty and human rights report on emergence of a digital welfare state (2019) ref1 University of Buenos Aires ref1 University of California Berkeley ref1 Los Angeles ref1 University of Michigan ref1 University of Western Australia ref1, ref2 Urtubey, Juan Manuel ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 US Department of Defense ref1, ref2 US National Institutes of Health ref1 US Navy ref1 Uszkoreit, Jakob ref1 Valbuena, Tess ref1 Vara, Vauhini ref1 Vaswani, Ashish ref1 Vatican, Rome ref1, ref2, ref3 Vazquez Llorente, Raquel ref1 Venezuela ref1, ref2, ref3 Vice News ref1 virtual private network (VPN) ref1 visa awards ref1 vocabulary, AI-driven work-related ref1 voice-over artists ref1 Wadhwani AI ref1 wages app workers ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10, ref11 data annotation/data-labelling and ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 global wage for AI data workers ref1, ref2 Walmart ref1, ref2 Wang, Maya ref1 Washington Post ref1 Waymo ref1 webcams ref1 WeChat ref1, ref2, ref3 ‘weights’ (strength of connections) ref1 welfare systems ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 digital welfare state ref1, ref2 White, Andrew ref1 Whittaker, Meredith ref1 Wichi ref1 Wientjes, Jacqueline ref1 Wine, Bobi (Robert Kyagulanyi Ssentamu) ref1, ref2 Wipro ref1 Wired ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5 WITNESS ref1 Witt, Hays ref1 Woodbridge, New Jersey ref1 Woods, Kat ref1 worker collectives ref1 Worker Info Exchange ref1 World Health Organization ref1 Wright, Robin ref1 Writers Guild of America ref1 Xi Jinping ref1 Xinjiang, China ref1, ref2 X-rays ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8, ref9, ref10 YouTube ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 Yu, Amber ref1 Yuan Yang ref1 Zuboff, Shoshana ref1 Zuckerberg, Mark ref1 About the Author MADHUMITA MURGIA is the first Artificial Intelligence Editor of the Financial Times and has been writing about AI, for Wired and the FT, for over a decade. Born and raised in India, she was educated as an immunologist in the UK. She lives in London.

Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks
by Scott J. Shapiro

The Department of Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC) designated the cryptocurrency exchange SUEX a sanctioned entity. U.S. citizens and financial institutions are generally banned from doing business with sanctioned entities. OFAC also warned U.S. entities that they can be sanctioned if they pay ransomware to sanctioned entities, even if they are unaware that the entities are sanctioned. Liability As Shoshana Zuboff has argued, we live in the age of “surveillance capitalism.” Entire industries exist for the sole purpose of harvesting consumer information and selling it to advertisers. Google, Facebook, and Twitter want consumers to use their platforms so they can collect reams of personal information. Even companies such as Amazon, Best Buy, and Target, which sell actual things like books, televisions, and socks, relentlessly surveil and amass data on their customers.

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Bitcoin: For the original white paper, see the (pseudonymous) Satoshi Nakamoto, “Bitcoin: A Peer-to-Peer Electronic Cash System,” https://bitcoin.org/bitcoin.pdf. “over-the-counter brokers: Connor Dempsey, “How Does Crypto OTC Actually Work?,” Circle Research, Medium, March 25, 2019, https://medium.com/circle-research/how-does-crypto-otc-actually-work-e2215c4bb13. “surveillance capitalism”: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). failed to patch: Dan Goodin, “Failure to Patch Two-Month-Old Bug Led to Massive Equifax Breach,” September 13, 2017, arstechnica.com/information-technology/2017/09/massive-equifax-breach-caused-by-failure-to-patch-two-month-old-bug.

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Vienna virus: Bontchev re-creation and study of; origin and function of; Prevalsky viruses created from viruses; Brain; Brunnstein book on; Bulgarian “factory” for; Cohen research on; criminal punishments for creating; debates on defining; Dedicated (for Gordon); Dimov creation of; DOS; Eddie; Elk Cloner; email exploitation by; ethics and; fear of; FidoNet network for; financial damages of; first major internet; first Russian; Gordon study of writers of; Happy99; House of Commons library; human vulnerability exploited by; ILOVEYOU; Jerusalem; macro; malware contrasted with; Melissa; MtE; Murphy; naming convention; Nomenklatura; polymorphic; Prevalsky; psychology behind writing; recursive self-replication of; sneakernet spread of; terminology and biological metaphors with; term origins; Todorov bulletin board for; 1260; Vascina; Vienna; viruses infected with; worms compared to; writers’ education and ages; see also antivirus research and software; Bontchev, Vesselin; Dark Avenger Von Neumann, John: background; hacking vulnerability in designs of; self-replication research vorms: Anna Kournikova; definition of; eradication of; first internet warfare: cybercrime using paradigm of; history relation to future of cyberwarfare; international law on; nation-states norm of; Ukraine and Russia; see also cyberwarfare WarGames (movie) website security: Bitly and URL; certificates; cloned web pages and West, Kanye We-Vibe “What the Tortoise Said to Achilles” (Carroll) When HARLIE Was One (Gerrold) White, Josiah white-hat hacking (ethical hacking) WHOIS WikiLeaks: on Assange; Clinton campaign in 2016 and; DNC emails published by; on internet outages before 2016 election; on October 21, 2016, internet attack; OVH and Winner Take All market wiruses Wolf, Mark women hackers WordPerfect World Wide Web: cybersecurity issues in early days of; early use of; first companies to capitalize on; growth in early 1990s; invention of; Microsoft development for; news sites; virus writing and worms; attack vectors of; Code Red; Creeper and Reaper; data and code difference exploited by; defining; financial damages of; first responders in battling; function and trajectory of; internet design and; Nimda; reinfection rate role in; Shoch and Hupp experiments with; Stuxnet; terminology origins; viruses compared with; see also Morris Worm X-Agent Xerox Yale Law School Yee, Peter Yermakov, Ivan youth: “aging out” of cybercrime and; as cybercrime feature; cybercrime interventions for; of DDoS attackers; of virus writers Zidar, Bryan ZIT consortium Zuboff, Shoshana Zuckerberg, Mark ALSO BY SCOTT J. SHAPIRO The Internationalists (with Oona A. Hathaway) Legality A Note About the Author Scott J. Shapiro is the Charles F. Southmayd Professor of Law and Professor of Philosophy at Yale Law School and the director of the Yale Center for Law and Philosophy and Yale’s CyberSecurity Lab.

Animal Spirits: The American Pursuit of Vitality From Camp Meeting to Wall Street
by Jackson Lears

Nightingale wrote at a time when Providence and Progress moved forward hand in glove; some people think they still do. But if we were to replace Nightingale’s God with the money god of capital, we would have a better sense of where we are today. It is, among other things, a world where quantified information serves the system Shoshana Zuboff has called “surveillance capitalism,” and where human beings have been transformed into human capital—persons without qualities indeed. Irving Fisher is mostly remembered today as the man who, six days before the Great Crash of 1929, announced that the stock market had reached a permanently high plateau.

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I am indebted to Joe Davis of the Institute for Advanced Studies in Culture for this reference. “To understand God’s thoughts”: Eileen Magnello, “Florence Nightingale: The Compassionate Statistician,” Plus, plus.maths.org/content/florence-nightingale-compassionate-statistician. “surveillance capitalism”: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (2019). 9. RACE, SEX, AND POWER “a wild ‘goat dance’”: “Pavlowa in ‘Goat Dance,’” Washington Post, Nov. 2, 1921, 26. “a smooth son of a bitch”: Sherwood Anderson to Floyd Dell, cited in Malcolm Cowley, introduction to Sherwood Anderson, Winesburg, Ohio [1919] (Viking Press ed., 1964), 3.

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Wolfe, Thomas Wolfowitz, Paul Wollstonecraft, Mary wolves Woman’s World (paper) women; black; feminism and; in New Thought; as religious authorities; wellness for; see also sex Wood, Fernando Woodhull, Victoria Woodward, Bob Woolf, Virginia Wordsworth, William Workers’ Dreadnought, The World War I World War II passim Wright Aviation X-rays Yale; Dwight at Yeats, John Butler Young, Brigham Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) youth; idealism of; perpetual; physicality of Youth and Life (Bourne) Zen Buddhism Zola, Emile Zoonomia (Darwin) Zouaves Zuboff, Shoshana Zulus ALSO BY JACKSON LEARS Rebirth of a Nation: The Making of Modern America, 1877–1920 Something for Nothing: Luck in America Fables of Abundance: A Cultural History of Advertising in America No Place of Grace: Antimodernism and the Transformation of American Culture, 1880–1920 A Note About the Author Jackson Lears is a Board of Governors Distinguished Professor of history at Rutgers University and the editor of Raritan.

Ghost Work: How to Stop Silicon Valley From Building a New Global Underclass
by Mary L. Gray and Siddharth Suri
Published 6 May 2019

Geneva, Switzerland: International World Wide Web Conferences Steering Committee, 2016. https://doi.org/10.1145/2872427.2883036. Yin, Ming, Siddharth Suri, and Mary L. Gray. “Running Out of Time: The Impact and Value of Flexibility in On-Demand Crowdwork.” In CHI ’18: Proceedings of the 2018 CHI Conference on Human Factors in Computing Systems, 1–11. New York: ACM, 2018. https://doi.org/10.1145/3173574.3174004. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988. Zyskowski, Kathryn, Meredith Ringel Morris, Jeffrey P. Bigham, Mary L. Gray, and Shaun K. Kane. “Accessible Crowdwork?: Understanding the Value in and Challenge of Microtask Employment for People with Disabilities,” In CSCW ’15: Proceedings of the 18th ACM Conference on Computer Supported Cooperative Work & Social Computing, 1682–93.

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“This drive to develop, produce, and market new products relies on the human ability to manage and solve analytical problems and communicate new information, so it keeps expert thinking and complex communication in strong demand.” See Frank Levy and Richard Murnane, The New Division of Labor: How Computers Are Creating the Next Job Market (Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 2004). [back] 42. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988). [back] 43. Also called “piece-rate,” “putting-out,” British “cottage industries,” “industrial home work,” and the American “commission system.” See Albrecht, “Industrial Home Work,” 413–30. [back] 44.

Power Button: A History of Pleasure, Panic, and the Politics of Pushing
by Rachel Plotnick
Published 24 Sep 2018

Michel Foucault, Essential Works of Foucault 1954–1984: Power, vol. 3 (London: Penguin Books, 2000); and Bruno Latour, Science in Action: How to Follow Scientists and Engineers through Society (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 1988). 10. William H. Sewell Jr., “Toward a Post-Materialist Rhetoric for Labor History,” in Labor History: Essays on Discourse and Class Analysis, ed. Lenard R. Berlanstein (Champaign-Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1993), 15–38. 11. Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988). 12. “Work” depends on definition. “What counts” as work might vary significantly across industries and between actors. See Susan Leigh Star and Anselm Strauss, “Layers of Silence, Arenas of Voice: The Ecology of Visible and Invisible Work,” Computer Supported Cooperative Work 8 (1999): 9–30.

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New Movie Film of N.E.L.A.” Electric Traction 18 (1922): 636. Zandy, Janet. Hands: Physical Labor, Class, and Cultural Work. New Brunswick, NJ: Rutgers University Press, 2004. Zenith Radio Corporation. “Why You Can Operate Zenith TV from Your Easy Chair.” Coronet, February 1951. Retrieved from Duke Ad*Access. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988. Index Alarms. See also Bells; Communication bank, 18, 33–34, 163, 179 burglar, xx, xxv, 32–34, 38, 114, 173, 176, 178, 278n68, 279n70, 303n4 fire, xxv, 17–18, 32, 40, 156, 173–177, 246, 273n7, 314n31, 322n32 Annunciators, 19–20, 64–65, 67–68, 167–168, 173–174, 222, 230–231, 284n13.

Democracy's Data: The Hidden Stories in the U.S. Census and How to Read Them
by Dan Bouk
Published 22 Aug 2022

Some early and influential enthusiasts for Big Data were Viktor Mayer-Schönberger and Kenneth Cukier in Big Data: A Revolution That Will Transform How We Live, Work, and Think (New York: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2013); and Christian Rudder, Dataclysm: Who We Are (When We Think No One’s Looking) (New York: Crown, 2014). One of its most influential critics is Shoshana Zuboff in The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2019). See also Cathy O’Neil, Weapons of Math Destruction: How Big Data Increases Inequality and Threatens Democracy (New York: Crown, 2016). 14.  Lindsay Poirier, “Reading Datasets: Strategies for Interpreting the Politics of Data Signification,” Big Data and Society (2021): 1–19; Caitlin Rosenthal’s approach to reading the “frame” of the data informs the analysis of chapter 1 and is discussed further there.

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The History and Growth of the United States Census, Prepared for the Senate Committee on the Census. Washington, D.C.: Government Printing Office, 1900. Zotigh, Dennis. “The Treaty That Forced the Cherokee People from Their Homelands Goes on View.” Smithsonian Magazine, April 24, 2019. https://www.smithsonianmag.com/blogs/national-museum-american-indian/2019/04/24/treaty-new-echota/. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2019. Acknowledgments This book began in 2017 in the reading room of the U.S. National Archives in Washington, D.C. I went there looking for records pertaining to Elbertie Foudray, hoping to explain the significant role this seldom-discussed woman scientist had played in the development of population research.

How to Stand Up to a Dictator
by Maria Ressa
Published 19 Oct 2022

And finally, Sinan Aral’s The Hype Machine: How Social Media Disrupts Our Elections, Our Economy, and Our Health—and How We Must Adapt (New York: Currency, 2020) details some of the dangers but remains a favorable view of the giant, providing the possibility of redemption. 43.Naughton, “The Goal Is to Automate Us.” 44.James Bridle, “The Age of Surveillance Capitalism by Shoshana Zuboff Review—We Are the Pawns,” Guardian, February 2, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/books/2019/feb/02/age-of-surveillance-capitalism-shoshana-zuboff-review. 45.Shoshana Zuboff wants the market in our behavioral data, like the slave trade, abolished. She and I, along with Roger McNamee and other Facebook critics, meet as part of the Real Facebook Oversight Board, created by the journalist Carole Cadwalladr, who broke the Cambridge Analytica story in 2018.

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“Duterte Declares State of Lawlessness in PH,” Rappler, September 3, 2016, https://www.rappler.com/nation/145043-duterte-declares-state-of-lawlessness-ph/. 36.Editha Caduaya, “Man with Bomb Nabbed at Davao Checkpoint,” Rappler, March 26, 2016, https://www.rappler.com/nation/127132-man-bomb-nabbed-davao-checkpoint/. 37.These were the specific stories on the websites that had the misleadingly repurposed Rappler story: http://ww1.pinoytribune.com/2016/09/man-with-high-quality-of-bomb-nabbed-at.html; http://www.socialnewsph.com/2016/09/look-man-with-high-quality-of-bomb.html; http://www.newstrendph.com/2016/09/man-with-high-quality-of-bomb-nabbed-at.html. 38.Rappler Research, “Davao Bombing,” Flourish, July 8, 2019, https://public.flourish.studio/visualisation/230850/. 39.Ralf Rivas, “Gambling-Dependent Philippines Allows POGOs to Resume Operations,” Rappler, May 1, 2020, https://www.rappler.com/business/259599-gambling-dependent-philippines-allows-pogos-resume-operations-coronavirus/. 40.This is the now-nonexistent link to the Rappler Facebook post that was taken down: https://www.facebook.com/rapplerdotcom/posts/1312782435409203. 41.John Naughton, “The Goal Is to Automate Us: Welcome to the Age of Surveillance Capitalism,” Guardian, January 20, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2019/jan/20/shoshana-zuboff-age-of-surveillance-capitalism-google-facebook. 42.There are four books about Facebook that I would recommend: David Kirkpatrick’s The Facebook Effect: The Inside Story of the Company That Is Connecting the World (New York: Simon & Schuster, 2010) traces the beginning and the development of Mark Zuckerberg. Published in 2010, it came out at a time of wonder. On the business model, Shoshana Zuboff coined the term surveillance capitalism in 2019; see The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2019).

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I believe that Facebook represents one of the gravest threats to democracies around the world, and I am amazed that we have allowed our freedoms to be taken away by technology companies’ greed for growth and revenues. Tech sucked up our personal experiences and data, organized it with artificial intelligence, manipulated us with it, and created behavior at a scale that brought out the worst in humanity. Harvard Business School professor emerita Shoshana Zuboff called this exploitative business model “surveillance capitalism.”41 We all let it happen.42 Facebook today favors moneymaking over public safety. Its company lobbying efforts enable it to bend and break the often lax content rules it sets itself. It rarely prioritizes safeguards for the nearly 3 billion users on its platform, which in 2020 had revenues of $85.9 billion.

The Twittering Machine
by Richard Seymour
Published 20 Aug 2019

Knopf: New York, 2010, p. 117; Bruce Sterling, The Epic Struggle of the Internet of Things, Strelka Press: Moscow, 2014, Kindle Loc. 32. 53. Every time we fill . . . Moshe Z. Marvit, ‘How Crowdworkers Became the Ghosts in the Digital Machine’, The Nation, 5 February 2014. 54. From the point of view of freedom, says Shoshana Zuboff . . . Shoshana Zuboff, ‘Big Other: surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilisation’, Journal of Information Technology, 2015, No. 30, pp. 75–89; Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Profile Books, 2019. 55. Ludwig Börne . . . Quoted in Walter Benjamin, The Arcades Project, Harvard University Press: Cambridge, MA: 1999, p. 514. 56.

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This is about the industrialization of writing. It is about the code (the writing) which shapes how we use it, the data (another form of writing) which we generate in doing so, and the way in which that data is used to shape (write) us. III. We are swimming in writing. Our lives have become, in the words of Shoshana Zuboff, an ‘electronic text’.7 More and more of reality is being brought under the surveillance of the chip. While some platforms are about enabling industry to make its work processes more legible, more transparent and thus more manageable, data platforms like Google, Twitter and Facebook turn their attention to consumer markets.

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Every time we fill in a Captcha, where we are asked to transcribe some letters and numbers to ‘prove we are human’ and get access to our emails, we may be helping a commercial firm digitize an archive.53 In the emerging world, free labour is extracted from customers under the guise of ‘participation’ and ‘feedback’. From the point of view of freedom, says Shoshana Zuboff, this new ‘surveillance capitalism’ is worse than the panopticon.54 The panopticon teaches us to conform with dominant norms. But that sort of power at least acknowledges that we might not conform. In surveillance capitalism, by contrast, the mechanisms of observation and manipulation are designed without any assumption of psychological self-determination.

Internet for the People: The Fight for Our Digital Future
by Ben Tarnoff
Published 13 Jun 2022

The quality score helped soften Page and Brin’s antipathy to advertising, because it ensured that even a deep-pocketed advertiser couldn’t flood the site with spam. There were guardrails. But these same guardrails also guided users to ads they were more likely to click on, which pleased advertisers. Money poured in and the investors were happy. In The Age of Surveillance Capitalism, Shoshana Zuboff describes this moment as a turning point not only in the history of Google but in the history of capitalism. In her view, the discovery of “behavioral surplus”—a trove of user data so rich and plentiful that it could be put to work selling ads and not just improving search—gave birth to a new economic logic called “surveillance capitalism.”

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These enclosures would be particularly well suited to the business model popularized by Google, because their social nature encouraged users to offer up more data about themselves—data that could in turn be applied to the task of ad targeting. In the case of Facebook, the line of transmission was direct: in 2008, Zuckerberg hired Sheryl Sandberg, who had over-seen Google’s transformation into an advertising company, as his chief operating officer. Sandberg thus became, in Shoshana Zuboff’s memorable phrase, “the ‘Typhoid Mary’ of surveillance capitalism.” The online mall of social media would look a bit different than the online mall of search. The goal would be to keep users locked inside of it as long as possible: to maximize “engagement,” as executives would tell their engineers.

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Immense amounts of data are being synthesized in the online malls built by Google and Facebook, and metabolized in various ways to help match ads to eyeballs. Yet the complexity of this operation does not mean that the individuals behind those eyeballs are necessarily clicking on the ads, much less buying anything. It would be a mistake to suggest, as Shoshana Zuboff often does, that Zuckerberg and his fellow surveillance capitalists have built a mind-control machine. Zuckerberg may want his customers—advertisers—to believe he has a mind-control machine, but beneath the marketing hype is a somewhat less impressive reality. This is not to downplay the technical intricacy of these systems, or the unprecedented state of affairs they have brought about.

The Rise of the Network Society
by Manuel Castells
Published 31 Aug 1996

At the end of this intellectual itinerary, impressive on many grounds, one fundamental idea emerges: automation, which received its full meaning only with the deployment of information technology, increases dramatically the importance of human brain input into the work process.49 While automated machinery, and later computers, have indeed been used for transforming workers into second-order robots, as Braverman argued,50 this is not the corollary of technology, but of a social organization of labor that stalled (and still does) the full utilization of the productive capacity generated by the new technologies. As Harley Shaiken, Maryellen Kelley, Larry Hirschhorn, Shoshana Zuboff, Paul Osterman, and others have shown in their empirical work, the broader and deeper the diffusion of advanced information technology in factories and offices, the greater the need for an autonomous, educated worker able and willing to program and decide entire sequences of work.51 Notwithstanding the formidable obstacles of authoritarian management and exploitative capitalism, information technologies call for greater freedom for better-informed workers to deliver the full promise of their productivity potential.

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. —— (2000b) “Old hierarchies or new networks of centrality: the global geography of the Internet content market”, submitted for a special issue of the American Behavioral Scientist. —— (2000c) “The role of regional venture capital in the development of the Internet commerce industry: the San Francisco Bay region and the New York Metropolitan area”, unpublished PhD dissertation, Berkeley, CA: University of California. Zuboff, Shoshana (1988) In the Age of the Smart Machine, New York: Basic Books. Zukin, Sharon (1992) Landscapes of Power, Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. Index Abbate, Janet Abegglen, J. C. Abeles, Ronald P. Abelson, Harold Abolaffia, Michael Y. Abrahamson, Jeffrey Acorda Adam, Barbara Adleman, Leonard Adler, David E.

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Ybarra, Josep-Antoni Yeltsin, Boris Yergin, Daniel Yeung, Yue-man Yonekura, Seiichiro Yoo, S. Yoshihara, K. Yoshino, Kosaku Yoshino, M. Y. Young, K. Young, Michael YouTube zaibatsu Zaldivar, Carlos Alonso Zaloom, Caitlin Zapatistas Zerubavel, Eviatar Zhivov, Victor M. Zook, Matthew Zuboff, Shoshana Zukin, Sharon Zysman, John

New Laws of Robotics: Defending Human Expertise in the Age of AI
by Frank Pasquale
Published 14 May 2020

Andrew Brooks, “The Hidden Trade in Our Second-Hand Clothes Given to Charity,” Guardian, February 13, 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/sustainable-business/sustainable-fashion-blog/2015/feb/13/second-hand-clothes-charity-donations-africa. 72. Shoshana Zuboff, “The Secrets of Surveillance Capitalism,” Frankfurter Allegemeine Zeitung, March 5, 2016, http://www.faz.net/aktuell/feuilleton/debatten/the-digital-debate/shoshana-zuboff-secrets-of-surveillance-capitalism-14103616-p2.html. 73. Steven Rosenfeld, “Online Public Schools Are a Disaster, Admits Billionaire, Charter School-Promoter Walton Family Foundation,” AlterNet, February 6, 2016, http://www.alternet.org/education/online-public-schools-are-disaster-admits-billionaire-charter-school-promoter-walton; Credo Center for Research on Education Outcomes, Online Charter School Study 2015 (Stanford, CA: Center for Research on Education Outcomes, 2015), https://credo.stanford.edu/pdfs/OnlineCharterStudyFinal2015.pdf. 74.

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ACLU of California, “Metadata: Piecing Together a Privacy Solution,” February 2014, https://www.aclunc.org/sites/default/files/Metadata%20report%20FINAL%202%2021%2014%20cover%20%2B%20inside%20for%20web%20%283%29.pdf. 63. Ajunwa, Crawford, and Schultz, “Limitless Workplace Surveillance.” 64. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). 65. Davis Polk, “Time to Get Serious about Microchipping Employees and Biometric Privacy Laws,” Law Fuel, February 14, 2019, http://www.lawfuel.com/blog/time-to-get-serious-about-microchipping-employees-and-biometric-privacy-laws/. 66.

12 Bytes: How We Got Here. Where We Might Go Next
by Jeanette Winterson
Published 15 Mar 2021

That a person might not be a place at all, but a carrier of history, a second chance at the future, a being capable of love, a moment that is not capturable, an interior force, a private act with public consequences, but not ultimately public – in the way a park or a shopping mall is public – is what? Romantic? Foolish? Wrong? Or a view of the self that is worth sustaining? * * * In her excellent book The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (2019), Shoshana Zuboff, professor emerita at Harvard Business School, makes the case for a different kind of future human – one that is participatory, not behaviourally modified. A future where technology is a tool for the greater good of all, not only for the money-makers and decision-takers. A future where democracy still has a place, and where Facebook, Google, Apple and Amazon are not carving the world up between them just as the Imperial powers once did.

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Le Guin, 1966 The Midwich Cuckoos, John Wyndham, 1957 Brave New World, Aldous Huxley, 1932 Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, 1999 ‘We Can Remember It for You Wholesale’ (short story), Philip K. Dick, 1966 The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power, Shoshana Zuboff, 2018. The Four: The Hidden DNA of Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google, Scott Galloway, 2017 Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart, Brent Schlender and Rick Tetzeli, 2015 How Google Works, Eric Schmidt and Jonathan Rosenberg, 2014 The Art of Electronics, Paul Horowitz and Winfield Hill, 1980 (NOTE: I only bought this because I thought it said Winifred Hill – and girls don’t do circuits, do they?

Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy
by Andrew Yang
Published 15 Nov 2021

Also sometimes you might see a news story about a company that you use, like Yahoo, getting hacked. But the repercussions and impact of our data being harvested to this extreme are significantly worse than most people realize. First, it has led to “surveillance capitalism”—a term coined by the Harvard professor Shoshana Zuboff—in which companies have an incentive to keep feeding us advertisements and keep track of us to the point where our attention is being bought and sold. Our email exchanges, direct messages, likes and clicks, and even phone conversations and voice commands are incorporated into building a profile that is used to target us no matter where we are.

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Special thanks to editorial assistant Katie Berry for all the legwork with the images, diagrams, and other production details. I owe a massive intellectual debt in this book to Ezra Klein, Katherine Gehl, Michael Porter, and Lawrence Lessig, whose work I reference heavily. Thank you to Roger McNamee, Tristan Harris, Jim Steyer, Jaron Lanier, Enoch Liang, Mark Mao, Shoshana Zuboff, and Alastair Mactaggart for being voices of conscience in technology and data and steering my thinking. Thank you to Sam Altman, Rutger Bregman, Annie Lowrey, Andy Stern, Scott Santens, Gisele Huff, Michael Tubbs, and everyone else who has been leading us to universal basic income. Thank you to everyone who has supported Humanity Forward and its vision of an economy that works for people, including Albert Wenger, Susan Danziger, Daniel Negreanu, J.

Mine!: How the Hidden Rules of Ownership Control Our Lives
by Michael A. Heller and James Salzman
Published 2 Mar 2021

Collecting, analyzing, and selling this data is truly what drives the Internet economy. In 2018, insights into American’s desires, attitudes, and activities online were worth an estimated $76 billion—if just half of that revenue were shared with individuals, each would receive a check for $122. Shoshana Zuboff has named this business model “surveillance capitalism.” As one economist puts it bluntly: “Imagine if General Motors did not pay for its steel, rubber or glass—its inputs. That’s what it’s like for the big internet companies. It’s a sweet deal.” This is why so many apps are free. But as tech articles repeat: when the app is free, you are the product.

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In 2018, insights: Steve Lohr, “Calls Mount to Ease Big Tech’s Grip on Your Data,” New York Times, July 25, 2019. If you want a sense of what companies know about you, see Thorin Klosowski, “Big Companies Harvest Our Data. This Is Who They Think I Am,” New York Times, May 28, 2020. “surveillance capitalism”: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). “Imagine if General Motors”: Lohr, “Calls Mount.” Chapter 4: My Home Is Not My Castle “Dad, there’s a drone”: “Hillview Man Arrested for Shooting Down Drone; Cites Right to Privacy,” WDRB, July 28, 2015.

The Cheating Culture: Why More Americans Are Doing Wrong to Get Ahead
by David Callahan
Published 1 Jan 2004

For another treatment of individualism's global reach, see Thomas M. Franck, The Empowered Self: Law and Society in the Age of Individualism (New York: Oxford University Press, 2000). [back] 12. "The Widening Rift between Corporations and Society," interview with James Maxmin and Shoshana Zuboff, Working Knowledge, 14 October 2002. See their discussion of individualism in Shoshana Zuboff and James Maxmin, The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism (New York: Viking, 2002), 93–117. [back] 13. Christopher Lasch, The Culture of Narcissism: American Life in an Age of Diminishing Expectations (New York: W.

The Wake-Up Call: Why the Pandemic Has Exposed the Weakness of the West, and How to Fix It
by John Micklethwait and Adrian Wooldridge
Published 1 Sep 2020

China’s use of facial recognition technology is designed to make a Panopticon out of the entire country. Is the West slipping into the same trap? Google and Facebook make their money by monitoring their customers, providing them with free and useful services but also raising the specter of what Shoshana Zuboff has called the “Age of Surveillance Capitalism.” The Western state is collecting ever more data on us, somewhat chaotically. Covid has given the state an excuse to create a surveillance society. Israel has even authorized Shin Bet, its domestic security force, to break into people’s mobile phones without their permission.

Why Things Bite Back: Technology and the Revenge of Unintended Consequences
by Edward Tenner
Published 1 Sep 1997

The question is whether the ethical burden is on employers to control stress even at the expense of profits and "competitiveness," or on workers (whether data tabulators or editorial writers) to stiffen their upper lips as well as their lower backs.4° In the last thirty years, the office may have grown more quiet but it has also become more tense and lonely. Shoshana Zuboff, a social psychologist, has explored the unintended consequences of the automation of office work. Electronic mail has replaced not only face-to-face conferences but even telephone conversations. One clerk standing and asking a question at another's station more often than not signals a problem to supervisors.

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On computer issues, Rob Kling, Computerization and Controversy, 2nd edn. (San Diego: Academic, Press, 1995), is the most comprehensive and diverse collection of articles, with some original contributions. Joseph Weizenbaum, Computer Power and Human Reason (San Francisco: W. H. Freeman, 1976), is still on target after twenty years. On the computerized office, Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine (New York: Basic Books, 1984), and Juliet B. Schor, The Overworked American: The Unexpected Decline of Leisure (New York: Basic Books, 1991), illustrate the sources of our ambiguity; Daniel Crevier, AI: The Tumultuous History of the Search for Intelligence (New York: Basic Books, 1993), blends sober realism with unquenchable optimism, as does Thomas K.

Competition Overdose: How Free Market Mythology Transformed Us From Citizen Kings to Market Servants
by Maurice E. Stucke and Ariel Ezrachi
Published 14 May 2020

In the advertising world, this is known as “behavioral advertising”—in which personal and behavioral data mined from online activities are used to match ads to the interests of the target audience. The Fun Kid Racing app’s marketing of its users’ data through the Google ecosystem is one small instance of the phenomenon Harvard Business School Professor Emerita Shoshana Zuboff has defined as “surveillance capitalism.” Surveillance capitalism “operates through unprecedented asymmetries in knowledge and the power that accrues to knowledge. Surveillance capitalists know everything about us, whereas their operations are designed to be unknowable to us. They accumulate vast domains of new knowledge from us, but not for us . . . for the sake of others’ gain, not ours.”8 By piecing together information gleaned from multiple sources, including the 2018 lawsuit brought by New Mexico’s attorney general against Tiny Lab, Google, and others,9 and recent reports from the United Kingdom,10 French,11 Australian,12 and German13 antitrust agencies, we can get a few glimpses of how this environment is designed by the likes of Google and Facebook.

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Alyssa Newcomb, “Google Hit with FTC Complaint over ‘Inappropriate’ Kids Apps,” NBC News, December 19, 2018, https://www.nbcnews.com/tech/tech-news/google-hit-ftc-complaint-over-inappropriate-kids-apps-n949666; Google Play Developer Policy Center, “Families,” accessed April 30, 2019, https://play.google.com/about/families/. 5.Tiny Lab, “Tiny Lab Kids,” accessed April 30, 2019, https://www.tinylabkids.com. 6.Scott Goodson, “If You’re Not Paying for It, You Become the Product,” Forbes, March 5, 2012, https://www.forbes.com/sites/marketshare/2012/03/05/if-youre-not-paying-for-it-you-become-the-product. 7.NM AG Complaint ¶ 3. 8.Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2019), 11. 9.NM AG Complaint. 10.Unlocking Digital Competition: Report of the Digital Competition Expert Panel (London: March 2019), https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/government/uploads/system/uploads/attachment_data/file/785547/unlocking_digital_competition_furman_review_web.pdf (the “Furman Report”). 11.Autorité de la Concurrence, Opinion no. 18-A-03 of 6 March 2018 on Data Processing in the Online Advertising Sector, http://www.autoritedelaconcurrence.fr/doc/avis18a03_en_.pdf (“Autorité Report”). 12.Australian Competition & Consumer Commission (ACCC), Digital Platforms Inquiry: Preliminary Report (December 2018), https://www.accc.gov.au/focus-areas/inquiries/digital-platforms-inquiry/preliminary-report (“ACCC Preliminary Report”). 13.Bundeskartellamt, “Bundeskartellamt Prohibits Facebook from Combining User Data from Different Sources,” news release, February 7, 2019, https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2019/07_02_2019_Facebook.html; Bundeskartellamt, “Preliminary Assessment in Facebook Proceeding: Facebook’s Collection and Use of Data from Third-Party Sources Is Abusive,” news release, December 19, 2017, https://www.bundeskartellamt.de/SharedDocs/Meldung/EN/Pressemitteilungen/2017/19_12_2017_Facebook.html. 14.James B.

People, Power, and Profits: Progressive Capitalism for an Age of Discontent
by Joseph E. Stiglitz
Published 22 Apr 2019

Some have referred to the market economy that is evolving using Big Data as surveillance capitalism. See, for instance, John Bellamy Foster and Robert W. McChesney, “Surveillance Capitalism,” Monthly Review, July 1, 2014; Shoshana Zuboff, “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89; and Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 2019). 17.“Perfect” price discrimination is the practice of trying to charge each consumer the maximum he is willing to pay for a good or service.

Futureproof: 9 Rules for Humans in the Age of Automation
by Kevin Roose
Published 9 Mar 2021

The book that kicked off the futurist craze, and still one of the best examples of writing about the psychological effects of technological change. The Human Use of Human Beings by Norbert Wiener (1950). An examination of the morality of machines, written by one of my all-time favorite technological thinkers. In the Age of the Smart Machine by Shoshana Zuboff (1988). Zuboff is better known these days as the author of Surveillance Capitalism, but her earlier book was a prescient look at the future of work during the first IT boom of the 1980s. Notes Introduction I got my first glimpse Kevin Roose, “The Hidden Automation Agenda of the Davos Elite,” New York Times, January 25, 2019.

Survival of the Richest: Escape Fantasies of the Tech Billionaires
by Douglas Rushkoff
Published 7 Sep 2022

Although the company was wildly successful and profitable simply from putting a few “sponsored links” next to its search results, investors wanted more. Luckily for them, every web search conducted by Google’s billions of users also generates a surplus of “collateral data”—whole histories of searches and clicks and other information the company didn’t care much about. As Shoshana Zuboff chronicled in her book Surveillance Capitalism , instead of simply continuing to deliver search results to users, Google got into the even more profitable business of delivering user data to its real customers—the market researchers seeking to target users and manipulate their behavior. Likewise, Mark Zuckerberg left college to pursue his (probably borrowed ) dream of building an online social network for college students to make friends and get dates.

Ours to Hack and to Own: The Rise of Platform Cooperativism, a New Vision for the Future of Work and a Fairer Internet
by Trebor Scholz and Nathan Schneider
Published 14 Aug 2017

Only recently have we begun to view online platforms as meta-utilities, with the information layer feeding all other services, rapidly changing the way services are managed and delivered. Data, identity, and reputation are critical in the platform economy. Silicon Valley aspires to turn data into a new asset class—a commodity to be sold and traded in financial markets, with property regimes surrounding it. Shoshana Zuboff of Harvard Business School calls this new reality “surveillance capitalism.” We have to move from surveillance capitalism to a system that is able to socialize data—such as with new forms of cooperativism and democratic social innovation. Cities, for instance, should be able to run distributed common data infrastructure on their own, with systems that ensure the security, privacy, and sovereignty of citizens’ data.

Bottoms Up and the Devil Laughs
by Kerry Howley
Published 21 Mar 2023

The End of Intelligence: Espionage and State Power in the Information Age. Redwood City: Stanford University Press, 2014. United States & Feinstein, D. (2014). Report of the Senate Select Committee on Intelligence: Committee Study of the Central Intelligence Agency’s Detention and Interrogation Program. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. New York: Public Affairs, 2019. A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Kerry Howley is a feature writer at New York magazine and the author of Thrown, a New York Times Editors’ Choice and pick for best-of-the-year lists in Time, Salon, Slate, and many other venues.

The System: Who Owns the Internet, and How It Owns Us
by James Ball
Published 19 Aug 2020

aat=1&t=111&dnt=111 15https://www.eff.org/privacybadger 16https://www.eff.org/https-everywhere 17https://certbot.eff.org/ 18This is a pseudonym, but one Kidane uses in real life with his diaspora community too. 19https://uk.kantar.com/tech/social/2018/gen-z-is-the-generation-taking-a-stand-for-privacy-on-social-media/ 20Cohn notes this line of reasoning is central to Cory Doctorow’s online privacy themes in his young adult book, Little Brother. 21https://www.alexa.com/siteinfo/wikipedia.org 22https://stats.wikimedia.org/v2/#/en.wikipedia.org 23https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Statistics 24https://foundation.wikimedia.org/wiki/2016-2017_Fundraising_Report 25https://www.vogue.co.uk/article/how-the-conduit-plans-to-change-the-world 26https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bomis 27https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Block_of_Wikipedia_in_Turkey 28https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/File:LE15_Gender_overall_in_2018.png 29https://www.theatlantic.com/technology/archive/2015/10/how-wikipedia-is-hostile-to-women/411619/ 30https://www.nature.com/articles/d41586-018-05947-8 31As highlighted in a Twitter thread from Demos’s Carl Miller here: https://twitter.com/carljackmiller/status/1022055586471534592 32Zittrain is the author of The Future of the Internet – And How To Stop It, which is well worth a read. CONCLUSION 1https://www.populationpyramid.net/world/2018/ 2I was at first relatively sure I had coined this term myself, but a Google search throws up a few results, including this from Shoshana Zuboff (author of The Age of Surveillance Capitalism) article from 2014: https://www.shoshanazuboff.com/new/my-new-article-on-the-weapons-of-mass-detection/ 3http://www.cityam.com/273662/sainsburys-shares-crash-asda-merger-torpedoed 4https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/business-26266689 5https://www.theguardian.com/business/2012/jan/31/fred-goodwin-stripped-of-knighthood 6The idea that the internet is an essential service may still be contentious to some, but consider this: the idea would have been laughable a decade ago, but now in a country like the UK it is immensely difficult to access information on utility bills and payments, taxation, social housing lists, benefit information and applications, and more, without it.

How Boards Work: And How They Can Work Better in a Chaotic World
by Dambisa Moyo
Published 3 May 2021

Fortune, May 29, 2019. https://fortune.com/2019/05/29/netflix-abortion-georgia-angela-merkel-2019-ipos-broadsheet-may-29/. . “A VC Community Introduces a Gender Quota: The Broadsheet.” Fortune, July 12, 2019. https://fortune.com/2019/07/12/a-vc-community-introduces-a-gender-quota-the-broadsheet/. Zuboff, Shoshana. The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London: Profile Books, 2019. ALSO BY DAMBISA MOYO Edge of Chaos: Why Democracy Is Failing to Deliver Economic Growth—and How to Fix It Winner Take All: China’s Race for Resources and What It Means for the World How the West Was Lost: Fifty Years of Economic Folly—and the Stark Choices Ahead Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa Praise for How Boards Work “How Boards Work is exactly what any prospective—or sitting—board member needs to understand the true rigors and realities of board life.

We-Think: Mass Innovation, Not Mass Production
by Charles Leadbeater
Published 9 Dec 2010

Available from http://www.dwheeler.com/sloc/ redhat71-v1/redhat71sloc.html Williams, Eliza, ‘The Future of TV?’, Creative Review, August 2006 Wright, Robert, Nonzero (Abacus, 2001) Zeldin, Theodore, Conversation (Harvill Press, 1998) Zittrain, Jonathan L., ‘The Generative Internet’, Harvard Law Review 119. 1974 (2006) Zuboff, Shoshana, and James Maxim, The Support Economy: Why Corporations Are Failing Individuals and the Next Episode of Capitalism (Allen Lane, 2002) Web addresses www.blizzard.com/inblizz/profile.shtml www.bookcrossing.com c2.com/cgi/wiki?WikiHistory counter.li.org/ english.ohmynews.com/ www.fark.com www.ige.com www.plastic.com portal.eatonweb.com www.slashdot.org www.technorati.com/about www.worldofwarcraft.com INDEX 42 Entertainment 10, 11 A ABC 173 academia, academics 6, 27, 48, 59 Acquisti, Alessandro 210 Adam, James 95 adaptation 109, 110, 121 advertising 104, 105, 129, 173, 180, 219 Aegwynn US Alliance server 99 Afghanistan 237 Africa broadband connections 189 mobile phones 185, 207 science 196 use of Wikipedia 18 Aids 193, 206, 237 al-Qaeda 237 Alka-Seltzer 105 Allen, Paul 46 Altair BASIC 46 Amadeu, Sérgio 202 amateurism 105 Amazon 86 America Speaks 184 American Chemical Society 159 anarchy cultural 5 Wikipedia 16 Anderson, Chris: The Long Tail 216 Apache program 68 Apple 42, 103, 104, 135, 182 iPhone 134 iPods 46 Arendt, Hannah 174, 176 Argentina 203 Arrayo, Gloria 186 Arseblog 29, 30 Arsenal Football Club 29, 30 Arsenal.com 29 arXiv 160 Asia access to the web 5, 190 attitude to open-source 203 and democracy 189 mobile phones 166, 185 and open-source design communities 166–7 Ask a Ninja 57, 219 assembly line 93, 130 assets 224 astronomy 155, 162–3 authority 110, 115, 233 authorship and folk culture 57, 58 and mapping of the human genome 62 Azerbaijan 190 B bacteria, custom-made 164 Baker, Steve 148 Banco do Brazil 201 Bangladesh 205–6 banking 115, 205–6 Barber, Benjamin: Strong Democracy 174 Barbie, Klaus 17 Barbie dolls 17 Barefoot College 205 barefoot thinking 205–6 Barthes, Roland 45 Batchelor, Charles 95 Bath University 137 BBC 4, 17, 127, 142 news website 15 beach, public 49, 50, 51 Beach, The (think-tank) xi Bebo 34, 85, 86 Bedell, Geraldine x, xii–xiii Beekeepers 11, 15 Benkler, Yochai 174 The Wealth of Networks 194 Berger, Jorn 33 Bermuda principles 160 Billimoria, Jeroo 206 BioBrick Foundation 164 biology 163 open-source 165 synthetic 164–5 BioMedCentral 159 biotechnology 154, 163–4, 196–7, 199 black fever (visceral leishmaniasis) 200 Blackburn Rovers Football Club 29 Blades, Joan 188 Blizzard Entertainment 100 Bloc 8406 191 Blogger.com 33 blogs, blogging 1, 3, 20, 29–35, 57, 59, 74, 75, 78, 86, 115, 159, 170, 171, 176, 179, 181–2, 183, 191, 192, 214, 219, 229 BMW 140 Bohr, Neils 93 bookshops 2 Boulton, Matthew 54–5 Bowyer, Adrian 139, 140, 232 Boyd, Danah 213, 214 Bradley, Bill 180 Brand, Stewart 39–40, 43, 63 brands 104, 109 Brazil 201–2 Brenner, Sydney 62–5, 70, 77, 118, 231 Brief History of Time, A (Hawking) 163 Brindley, Lynne 141, 142, 144–5 British Library, London 141, 142, 144, 145 British Medical Journal 159 British National Party 169 Brooks, Fred 77–8 Brooks Hall, San Francisco 38 BT 112 bugs, software 70, 72, 165 bulletin boards 34, 40, 68, 77 Burma 190, 191 Bush, President George W. 18, 33–4, 180, 183 business services 130, 132, 166 C C. elegans (Caenorhabditis elegans) 62–5 Cambia 197 Cambridge University Press 159 camcorders 11 Campbell, Anne 176 Cancer Genome Atlas 160 capital 224 capitalism 224 commune 121, 125 managerial 24 modern 91, 121 social dimension of 90 Carlson, Rob 164 Carnegie Mellon University 210 cars manufacture 135–6 sharing 153 CBS 173 Center for Bits and Atoms, MIT 139 CERN (European Organization for Nuclear Research) 30–31, 159 Chan, Timothy 106, 107 chat rooms 165 Chavez, President Hugo 203 Cheney, Dick 180 Chevrolet 105 Chicago: Full Circle council project 184 China based on privileged access to information 236 creative and cultural sectors 129–30 hackers 234 Internet connection 190, 204 makes available genetic data 199 motor-cycle production 136–7 online games market 106 open-access scientific data 159–60 open-source designs 141 politics 171, 192 power struggle in 235 spending on R & D 96, 159 web censorship 190–91 Chinese Communist Party 171, 235 Chongquing, China 136 Cisco 190 Citibank 207 Citizendium 14 climate change 170, 239 Clinton, Bill 174, 188 Clinton, Senator Hillary 181, 182, 183 CNN 15 co-operatives 121, 122, 123, 188 co-ordination 109, 110–11 coffee houses, London 95 Coke 109–10, 239 Cold War 169, 235 Coles, Polly xiii collaboration 9, 22, 31, 32, 36, 67, 79–80, 81, 82 collaborative innovation 65, 70, 75 and commerce 227 computer game 99, 100 Cornish tin-mining 55 and healthcare 150 and the library of the future 145 new technologies for 227–8 open 126, 128 peer 239 public services 145, 146, 152, 153 scientific 154, 155–6 We-Think 21, 23, 24, 146 Collis, Charles 134 Columbia University 212 commerce 25, 38, 48, 52, 57, 98, 227 commons 49, 50, 51–3, 79, 80, 124, 191, 226 communes 39–40, 46, 90, 121, 122, 128 communication(s) 130, 168, 174, 206, 239 mobile 186 Communism, collapse of 6 communities collaborative 117 and commerce 48 and commons 52 conversational 63 Cornish tin-mining 55 creative 70, 95 diverse 79–80 egalitarian 27, 48, 59, 63, 64 hacker 232 healthcare 151, 152 independence of 23 of innovation 54 libertarian, voluntaristic 45 Linux 65, 227 and loss of market for local newspapers 3 meritocratic 63 open-source 45, 68, 75, 80, 83, 95–6, 102, 109, 110, 111 open-source design 166–7 of scientists 53, 228 self-governing 59, 79, 80, 97, 104, 232 sharing and developing ideas 25 web 21, 23 worm-genome researchers 62–5 community councils 77, 80, 82 Community Memory project 42–3 companies computer-games 128 employee-owned 121, 122 shareholder-owned 122, 123, 125 see also corporations; organisations computer games 60, 127, 218 children and 147 created by groups on the web 7, 23, 87 modularity 78 multi-player 7, 204 success of World of Warcraft 98–9 tools for creating content 74 and We-Think 23 computer-aided design 134 computers democratising how information is accessed 139 distrust of 39 Goa School Computers Project 200–201 laptop 5, 36, 82, 155 mini- 135 personal 39, 46, 203 punch-cards 38 and science 154, 155 viruses 3, 4 connect 67, 75–9 Connectiva 201 consumer spending 131 consumers 98–108 consumer innovators 101–3 consumption constraints 25–6 engaging 89 fans 103–4 freedom 218 and innovation risk 100–101 participant 98–108 urban 124 contribute 67, 70, 71, 72, 73, 74–5 conversation 53, 54, 63, 69, 77, 93, 95, 113, 118, 174 Copernicus, Nicolaus 162 copyright 124, 157, 196 core 66, 67, 68–9, 70 Cornell University 233 ‘Cornish’ engines 55–6, 136, 229 Cornish tin-mining industry 54–6, 63, 125, 136 corporations centralisation of power 110 closed 128 and collaborative approaches to work 109 the cost of corporate efficiency 89–90 difficulty in making money from the web 7 hierarchies 88, 110 industrial-era 88 leadership 115, 117–19 loss of stability 122 restructuring and downsizing 88–9 see also companies; organisations counter-culture (1960s) 6, 27, 39, 45, 46, 59 Counts, David 183 Craigslist 3, 40, 118, 128, 218 Creative Commons 124 creative sector 129–30 creativity 1–2, 3, 5, 6, 9, 67, 82–3 collaborative 7, 20, 58, 86, 154 collective 39, 57–8 consumers 89 corporate 91–2 emergence of 93, 96 enabled by the web 1–2, 3, 5, 19, 26, 218–21, 222, 227 freedom to create 218–21 and interaction 119 and open innovation 93 origin of 112–13 social 5, 7, 58, 59, 82, 83, 86 tools for 218, 219 Crick, Francis 52, 62, 76 crime 153, 169, 183 criminality 1, 3 crowds 23, 61, 70, 72, 77 Crowdspirit 134 cultural élite 2 cultural sector 129–30 culture academic 38 anti-industrial 27, 28 basis of 4 collaborative 135 consumerist 172 corrosion of 4 cultural anarchy 5 folk 6, 27, 56–9, 220, 226 hippie 38 individual participation 6 political 171 popular 102 post-industrial 27, 28 pre-industrial 27, 28 We-Think 28, 59, 62, 169, 194, 230, 232–3, 238 Web 2.0 45 web-inflected 27 Western 239 wiki 14 work 114 YouTube cultural revolution 3 Cunningham, Ward 35–6 cyber cafés 107, 190, 192, 201, 204 Cyworld 34, 85, 86 D Dali, Salvador 105 Darby, Newman 102 Darpa 164 David, Paul 53 de Soto, Hernando 224–5 The Mystery of Capital 224 de Vellis, Phil 182 Dean, Howard 176–7, 178, 180, 185 Dean Corps 177 Debian 66 Debord, Guy 45, 46 decentralisation 7, 13, 39, 46, 59, 78, 226, 232 decision-making 78, 82, 84, 115, 173, 174 del.i.cious 86 democracy 1, 3, 5, 6, 7, 16, 24, 170–74, 175, 176–92 basis of 174 conversational democracy at a national level 184 ‘craftsmen of democracy’ 174 Dean campaign 178 democratic advances 184 depends on public sovereignty 172 formal 195 geek 65 Homebrew 176 public debate 170, 171 and We-Think 170, 221, 239 Department for International Development (DFID) 207 Descartes, René 19–20 design 166 modular 136–7 open-source 133–5, 140, 141, 162–3, 166–7 developing world Fab Labs in 166 government attitudes to the Internet 190 impact of the web on 166 mobile phones 185–6 and open-access publishing 166 and open-source design communities 166–7 and open-source software 200–203 research and development 196 and We-Think’s style of organisation 204 diabetes 150 Digg 33 discussion forums 77 diversity 9, 23, 72, 76, 77, 79–80, 112, 121 division of labour 111 DNA description of the double helix (Watson and Crick) 52, 62, 76 DNA-sequencing 164–5 Dobson, John 102, 162–3 Doritos 105 dot.com boom 106 Dupral 68 Dyson (household-goods company) 134 Dyson, Freeman 163, 164 E E-Lagda.com 186 Eaton, Brigitte 33 Eatonweb 33 eBay 40, 44, 102, 128, 152, 165, 216–18, 221, 229, 235 Ebola virus 165 Eccles, Nigel xi economies of scale 137 economy digital 124, 131, 216 gift 91, 226 global 192 global knowledge 239 of ideas 6 individual participation 6 industrial 122 market 91, 221 a mass innovation economy 7 networked 227 of things 6 UK 129, 130 and We-Think 129 Edison, Thomas 72, 93, 95 EditMe 36 education 130, 146–50, 167, 183, 194, 239 among the poorest people in the world 2, 193 civic 174 a more convivial system 44 Edwards, John 181 efficiency 109, 110 Einstein, Albert: theory of relativity 52 elderly, care of 170 Electronic Arts 105, 106, 128, 177 Electronic Frontier Foundation 40 electronics 93, 135 Eli Lilly (drugs company) 77 Ellis, Mark: The Coffee House: a social history 95 enclosures 124 Encyclopaedia Britannica, The 15–18, 126 encyclopaedias 1, 4, 7, 12–19, 21, 23, 36, 53, 60, 61, 79, 161, 231 Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) 161, 226 Endy, Drew 164, 165 energy 166, 232, 238 Engelbart, Doug 38–9, 59 engineering 133, 166 Environmental Protection Agency 152 epic poems 58, 60 equality 2, 24, 192–7, 198, 199–208 eScholarship repository, University of California 160 Estonia 184, 234 Estrada, President Joseph 186 ETA (Basque terrorist group) 187 European Union (EU) 130 Evans, Lilly x Evolt 68, 108 F Fab Labs 139, 166, 232 fabricators 139 Facebook 2, 34–5, 53, 142, 152, 191, 193, 210 factories 7, 8, 24 families, and education 147 Fanton, Jonathan 161 Fark 33 Feinstein, Diane 176 Felsenstein, Lee 42, 43, 44 fertilisers 123 Field Museum of Natural History, Harvard University 161 file-sharing 51, 58, 135, 144, 233 film 2, 3, 4, 47, 86, 129, 216, 218, 220–21 film industry 56 filters, collaborative 36, 86 financial services 130, 132 Financial Times 118 First International Computer (FIC), Inc. 136, 141 flash mobbing 10, 11 Flickr 34, 85, 86, 210, 218–19 Food and Drug Administration (US) 92 Ford, Henry 24, 93, 96 Fortune 500 company list 122 Frank, Ze (Hosea Jan Frank) 57, 219 freedom 1, 2, 6, 24, 208, 209, 210–21, 226 French, Gordon 41, 42 friendly societies 188 Friends Reunited 34 friendship 5, 233 combinatorial 95 Friendster 34, 35 fundamentalists 232 G Gaia Online 35 Galileo Galilei 154 gambling 169 GarageBand software 57, 135, 148 Gates, Bill 46, 47, 51, 227 Gates Foundation 160 geeks 27, 29–36, 37, 38, 48, 59, 65, 179 gene-sequencing machines, automated 64 genetic engineering 164, 196–7, 235 Georgia: ’colour revolution’ 187 Gershenfeld, Neil 139–40, 166, 232 GetFrank 108 Ghana, Fab Lab in 139 Gil, Gilberto 202 Gjertsen, Lasse 56, 218 Gland Pharma 200 global warming 238 globalisation 202, 228, 239 Gloriad 155 GM 135 Goa School Computers Project 200–201 Goffman, Erving 103–4 Goldcorp Inc. 132–3, 153 Golden Toad 40 GoLoco scheme 153 Google x, 1, 29, 32, 33, 47, 66, 97, 104, 113–14, 128, 141, 142, 144, 212 Google Earth 161 Gore, Al 64 governments in developing countries 190 difficulty in controlling the web 7 GPS systems 11 Grameen Bank 205–6, 208 ‘grey’ sciences 163 grid computing 155 Gross, Ralph 210 group-think 23, 210–11 groups 230–31 of clever people with the same outlook and skills 72 decision-making 78 diverse 72, 80, 231 and tools 76–7 Guthrie, Woody 58 H Habermas, Jurgen 174 hackers 48, 74, 104, 140, 232, 234 Hale, Victoria 199 Halo 2 science fiction computer game 8 Hamilton, Alexander 17–18 Hampton, Keith 183–4 Hanson, Matt xi health 130, 132, 146, 150–52, 167, 183, 239 Heisenberg, Werner 93 Henry, Thierry 29 Hewlett Packard 47 hierarchies 88, 110, 115 hippies 27, 48, 59, 61 HIV 193 Homebrew Computer Club 42, 46–7, 51, 227 Homebrew Mobile Phone Club 136 Homer Iliad 58 Odyssey 58 Homer-Dixon, Thomas: The Upside of Down 238–9 Hubble, Edwin 162 Human Genome Project 62, 64, 78, 155, 160, 161, 226 human rights 206 Hurricane Katrina 184 Hyde, Lewis: The Gift 226 hypertext 35, 39 I I Love Bees game 8, 10–12, 15–16, 19, 20, 69, 231 IBM 47, 66, 97 System/360 computer 77 idea-sharing 37, 94, 237, 239 as the biggest change the web will bring about 6 with colleagues 27 and consumer innovators 103 dual character of 226 gamers 106 Laboratory of Molecular Biology 63 through websites and bulletin boards 68 tools 222 We-Think-style approach to 97 and the web’s underlying culture 7 ideas combining 77 and creative thinking 87 from creative conversations 93, 95 gifts of 226 growth of 222, 239 and the new breed of leaders 117–18 ratifying 84 separating good from bad 84, 86 testing 74 the web’s growing domination 1 identity sense of 229 thieves 213–14 Illich, Ivan 43–5, 48 Deschooling Society 43, 44, 150 Disabling Professions 43 The Limits to Medicine 43, 152 Tools for Conviviality 44 independence 9, 72, 231 India Barefoot College 205 creative and cultural sectors 129–30 Fab Lab in 139 Internet connection 190, 204 mobile phones 207 and One World Health 200 spending on R & D 96 telephone service for street children 206 individuality 210, 211, 215, 216, 233 industrialisation 48, 150, 188 information barriers falling fast 2 computers democratise how it is accessed 139 effect of We-Think 129 large quantities on the web 31–2 libraries 141, 142, 143, 145 looking for 8 privileged access to 236 sharing 94, 136 the web’s growing domination 1 Wikipedia 19 Innocentive 77 innovation 5, 6, 91–3, 94, 95–8, 109 among the poorest people in the world 2 biological 194 collaborative 65, 70, 75, 90, 119, 146, 195 collective 170, 238 and competition/co-operation mix 137 Cornish mine engines 54–6 corporate 89, 109, 110 and creative conversations 93, 95 creative interaction with customers 113 cumulative 125, 238 decentralised 78 and distributed testing 74 and diverse thinking 79 and education 147 independent but interconnected 78 and interaction 119 and Linux 66 local 139 a mass innovation economy 7 medical 194 open 93, 96–7, 125, 195 in open-source communities 95–6 and patents 124 pipeline model 92, 93, 97 R & D 92, 96 risks of 100–101 social 170, 238 successful 69 user-driven 101 and We-Think 89, 93, 95, 125, 126 the web 2, 5, 7, 225 Institute for One World Health 199–200 Institute for Politics, Democracy & the Internet (IPDI) 179 Institute of Fiscal Studies 131 institutions convivial 44 industrial-era 234 and knowledge 103 and professionals 3, 5 public 142, 145 Instructables site 134 Intel 97 intellectual property 75, 122, 124, 125, 234 law 124–5 intelligence, collective bloggers 33 getting the mix right 23 Google’s search system 32 I Love Bees and Wikipedia examples 8, 10–19 milked by Google 47 the need to collaborate 32 self-organisation of 8 and social-networking sites 35 the web’s potential 3, 5 International Polar Year (IPY) 156, 226 Internet broadband connection 178, 189, 192 combined with personal computers (mid-1990s) 39 cyber cafés 107, 190, 192, 201, 204 Dean campaign 177 in developing countries 190 draws young people into politics 179, 180 an early demonstration (1968) 38 and Linux 66 news source 178–9 open-source software 68 openness 233 and political funding 180 pro-am astronomers 163 used by groups with a grievance 168 in Vietnam 189–90, 191 investment 119, 121, 133, 135 Iran 190, 191 Iraq war 18, 134, 191 Israel 18 Ito, Joi 99 J Japan politics 171 technology 171 JBoss 68 Jefferson, Richard 197, 199 Jodrell Bank Observatory, Macclesfield, Cheshire 162 JotSpot 36 journalism 3, 74, 115, 170–71 Junker, Margrethe 206 K Kampala, Uganda 206 Kazaa music file-sharing system 144 Keen, Andrew 208 The Cult of the Amateur 208 Kelly, Kevin 211 Kennedy, John F. 176 Kenya 207 Kepler, Johannes 162 Kerry, John 180 Khun, Thomas 69 knowledge access to 194, 196 agricultural 194 barriers falling fast 2 collaborative approach to 14, 69 encyclopaedia 79 expanding 94 gifts of 226 individual donation of 25 and institutions 103 and networking 193 and pro-ams 103 professional, authoritative sources of 222 sharing 27, 44, 63, 70, 199 spread by the web 2, 3 Wikipedia 16, 18, 19, 195 Korean War 203 Kotecki, James (’EmergencyCheese’) 182 Kraus, Joe 36 Kravitz, Ben 13 Kuresi, John 95 Kyrgyzstan: ’colour revolution’ 187 L Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Cambridge 62–3, 77 labour movement 188 language 52–3 Lanier, Jaron 16, 210–11, 213 laptop computers 5, 36, 82, 155 lateral thinking 113 leadership 89, 115, 116, 117–19 Lean, Joel 55 Lean’s Engine Reporter 55, 63, 77 Lee, Tim Berners 30–31 Lego: Mindstorms products 97, 104, 140 Lewandowska, Marysia 220, 221 libraries 2, 141–2, 143, 144–5, 227 life-insurance industry (US) 123 limited liability 121 Linked.In 35 Linux 65–6, 68, 70, 74, 80, 85, 86, 97, 98, 126, 127, 128, 136, 201, 203, 227 Lipson Community College, Plymouth 148 literacy 194 media 236 Lloyd, Edward 95 SMS messaging (texting)"/>London coffee houses 95 terrorist bombings (July 2005) 17 Lott, Trent 181–2 Lula da Silva, President Luiz Inacio 201 M M-PESA 207, 208 MacArthur Foundation 161 McCain, John 180 MacDonald’s 239 McGonigal, Jane 11, 69 McHenry, Robert 17 McKewan, Rob 132–3, 153 McLuhan, Marshall: Understanding the Media 45 Madrid bombings (March 2004) 186–7 Make magazine 165 management authoritative style of 117 and creative conversation 118 hierarchies 110 manufacturing 130, 132, 133–7, 138, 139–41, 166, 232 niche 139 Marcuse, Herbert 43 Marin 101 Mark, Paul xi market research 101 market(s) 77, 90, 93, 102, 123, 216, 226–7 Marsburg virus 165 Marx, Karl 224 mass production 7, 8, 24, 56, 96, 227, 232, 238 Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT) 139, 164, 233 Matsushita 135 media 129, 130, 156, 172, 173, 182, 211 literacy 236 Meetup 179, 185 Menlo Park laboratory, New Jersey 95 Merholz, Peter 33 meritocracy 16, 63 Microsoft 46, 47, 51, 56, 75, 109–10, 126, 127, 144, 202, 203, 204, 239 Office 201 Windows 200 Windows XP 66 Middle East 170, 189, 190, 192 Milovich, Dimitry 102 ‘minihompy’ (mini homepage) 204 Minnesota Mining and Materials 121 mobile phones 5 in Africa 185, 207 in Asia 166, 185 camera phones 74, 115, 210 children and 147 in developing-world markets 207–8 with digital cameras 36 flash mobs 10 I Love Bees 11 in India 207 open-source 136, 203 politics 185–9 SMS messaging (texting) 101–2, 185, 187, 214, 215 mobs 23, 61 flash 10, 11 modularity 77, 84 Moore, Fred 41–2, 43, 46, 47, 59, 227 More, Thomas: Utopia 208 Morris, Dick 174 Morris, Robert Tappan 233 Mosaic 33 motivation 109–12, 148 Mount Wilson Observatory, California 162 mountain bikes 101 MoveOn 188–9 Mowbray, Miranda xi music 1, 3, 4, 47, 51, 52, 57, 102, 135, 144, 218, 219, 221 publishing 130 social networking test 212–13 mutual societies 90, 121 MySpace 34, 44, 57, 85, 86, 152, 187, 193, 214, 219 MySQL 68 N National Football League (US) 105 National Health Service (NHS) 150, 151 National Public Radio (NPR) 188 Natural History Museum, London 161 Nature magazine 17 NBC 173 neo-Nazis 168 Netflix 216, 218 Netherlands 238 networking by geeks 27 post-industrial networks 27 social 2–7, 20, 23, 34–5, 36, 53, 57, 86, 95, 147, 149, 153, 159, 171, 183–4, 187, 193, 208, 210, 212, 213–15, 230, 233 New Economy 40 New Orleans 184 New York Magazine 214 New York Review of Books 164 New York Stock Exchange 95 New York Times 15, 182, 191 New Yorker magazine 149 Newmark, Craig 118 news services 60, 61, 171, 173, 178–9 newspapers 2, 3, 30, 32, 34, 171, 172, 173 Newton, Sir Isaac 25, 154 niche markets 216 Nixon, Richard 176 NLS (Online System) 39 Nokia 97, 104, 119, 140 non-profits 123 Nooteboom, Bart 74 Noronha, Alwyn 200–201 Norris, Pippa 189 North Africa, and democracy 189 Nosamo 35, 186 Noyes, Dorothy 58 Nupedia 13, 14 Nussbaum, Emily 214–15 O Obama, Barack 181, 191 Ofcom (Office of Communications) 31 OhmyNews 34, 87, 204, 231 oil companies 115 Oldenburg, Henry 25, 53–4, 156 Ollila, Jorma 119 Online System (NLS) 39 Open Architecture Network (OAN) 133–4 Open Net Initiative 190 Open Office programme 201 Open Prosthetics 134 Open Source Foundation 97 OpenMoko project 136 OpenWiki 36 O’Reilly, Tim 31 organisation commons as a system of organisation 51 pre-industrial ideas of 27, 48 social 20, 64, 165 We-Think’s organisational recipe 21 collaboration 21, 23 participation 21, 23 recognition 21 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 196 organisations civic 189 open/collaborative vs. closed/hierarchical models 89, 126, 127, 128 public 152 successful 228 see also companies; corporations Orwell, George: 1984 182 Ostrom, Elinor 51–2, 80 ownership 6, 119, 120, 121–6, 127, 128, 225 Oxford University 234 P paedophiles 3, 168, 213–14 Page, Scott xi, 72 Pakistan 237 Palace of Fine Arts, San Francisco 40 parallel universes 7 participation 23, 216, 223, 230, 232 consumers 98, 100 public services 145, 146, 150, 152, 153 a We-Think ingredient 21, 24 Partido Populaire (PP) (Spain) 187 patents 55, 56, 92, 97, 102, 124, 154, 196, 197, 199 Paul, Ron 185 Pawson, Dave x–xi Pax, Salam 57 peasants 27, 48, 59 peer recognition 54, 106, 111, 156, 228–9 peer review 53, 54, 156, 165, 236 peer-to-peer activity 53–4, 135, 148, 151 People’s Computer Company 41 People’s Democratic Party (Vietnam) 191 performance art/artists 2, 10 performance management 110 Perl 68 Peruvian Congress 202 Pew Internet & American Life 31, 179 pharmaceutical industry 92–3, 195–6, 197, 199, 200 Phelps, Edmund 114–15, 220 Philippines: mobile phones 185–6 Philips, Weston 105 photographs, sharing of 34, 75, 86, 218–19 Pitas.com 33 Plastic 33 Playahead 35 podcasts 142 Poland 220–21 polar research 156 politics bloggers able to act as public watchdog 181–2, 183 decline in political engagement 171–2 democratic 173 donations 179 funding 180–81 and journalism 170–71 and mobile phones 185–9 online 183 the online political class 179 and online social networks 35, 86 political advocates of the web 173–4 racist groups on the web 169 and television 173, 183 ultra-local 183, 184 US presidential elections 173, 179 videos 182 the web enters mainstream politics 176 young people drawn into politics by the Internet 179 Popper, Karl 155 Popular Science magazine 102 pornography 169, 214 Post-it notes 121 Potter, Seb 108–9 Powell, Debbie ix power and networking 193 technological 236 of the We-Think culture 230 of the web 24–5, 185, 233 PowerPoint presentations 140, 142, 219 privacy 210, 211 private property 224, 225 Procter and Gamble (P & G) 96–7, 98 productivity 112, 119, 121, 151, 227, 232 agricultural 124 professionals, and institutions 3, 5 property rights 224 public administration 130 Public Broadcasting Service 188 Public Intellectual Property Research for Agriculture initiative 199 Public Library of Science 159 public services 132, 141–2, 143, 144–53, 183 public spending 146 publishing 130, 166 science 156–7, 159–60 Putnam, Robert 173, 184 Python 68 Q quantum mechanics 93 ‘quick-web’ 35 R racism 169, 181–2 radio 173, 176 RapRep (Rapid Replicator) machines 137, 138, 139, 140, 141, 232 Rawls, John: A Theory of Justice 194 Raymond, Eric 64 recognition 21, 223 peer 54, 106, 111, 156 record industry 56, 102 recycling 111 Red Hat 66, 227 Red Lake, Ontario 132, 133 research 166 market 101 pharmaceutical 195–6 research and development (R & D) 92, 96, 119, 196 scientific 154–7, 159–65 retailing 130, 132 Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil 201 Roh Moo-hyun, President of South Korea 35, 186 Roosevelt, Franklin 176 Roy, Bunker 205 Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, Surrey 161 Royal Society 54 Philosophical Transactions 25, 156 Ryze.com 34 S Sacca, Chris 113, 114 Safaricom 207 St Louis world fair (1904) 75–6 Samsung xi, 203 Sanger, Larry 13, 14, 16 Sanger Centre, Cambridge 155 Sao Paolo, Brazil 201 SARS virus 165 Sass, Larry 139 satellite phones 11 Saudi Arabia 190 scanners 11 Schumacher, E.

Lurking: How a Person Became a User
by Joanne McNeil
Published 25 Feb 2020

Goodreads and Twitch, the livestreaming video platform, are Amazon subsidiaries, but their social media operations are small in comparison to services like cloud computing, logistics, and retail. A good explanation of the difference between users and customers can be found in “The Discovery of Behavioral Surplus,” in Shoshana Zuboff’s The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (Public Affairs, 2019): “There is no economic exchange, no price, and no profit. Nor do users function in the role of workers … Users are not paid for their labor, nor do they operate the means of production.” 1. SEARCH In 2015, Google restructured itself and renamed its holding company “Alphabet,” but no one seems to actually call it that other than its shareholders.

The Autonomous Revolution: Reclaiming the Future We’ve Sold to Machines
by William Davidow and Michael Malone
Published 18 Feb 2020

,” The Economist, May 31, 2018, https://www.economist.com/leaders/2018/05/31/does-chinas-digital-police-state-have-echoes-in-the-west. 2. “More Data and Surveillance Are Transforming Justice Systems,” The Economist,, June 2, 2018, https://www.economist.com/technology-quarterly/2018-05-02/justice. 3. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 2019), 282–290. 4. Surveillance-Video, product catalog, https://www.surveillance-video.com/license-plate-cameras/ (accessed June 27, 2019). 5. Will Oremus, “Forget Security Cameras. Stores Are Using Face Recognition to See If You’re a Shoplifter,” Slate, November 24, 2015, http://www.slate.com/blogs/moneybox/2015/11/24/stores_are_using_face_recognition_to_catch_shoplifters.html (accessed June 27, 2019). 6.

Digital Dead End: Fighting for Social Justice in the Information Age
by Virginia Eubanks
Published 1 Feb 2011

In Deliberative Democracy: Essays on Reason and Politics, ed. James Bohman and William Rehg, 383–406. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press. Yunus, M. 2001. Microcredit and IT for the Poor. New Perspectives Quarterly 18 (1): 25–26. Zimmerman, Andrew D. 1995. Toward a More Democratic Ethic of Technological Governance. Science, Technology & Human Values 20:86–107. Zuboff, Shoshana. 1989. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books. Index Academia, 33 Addams, Jane, 105 Advanced Micro Devices (AMD), 158–159 African Americans earnings, 70 education, 57–58, 67 poverty, 61 unemployment, 58, 69 Aid to Families with Dependent Children (AFDC), 85–86, 97 Allen, Dorothy, 42, 45, 91, 97, 134, 136 American Graduation Initiative, 153 ARISE (A Regional Initiative Supporting Empowerment), 168 Autonomous Technology, 83 Banta, Martha, 74 Barney, Darrin, 36 Basel hazardous waste ban, 169 Beat the System: Surviving Welfare, 119–125, 215 Benner, Chris, 61 Bernhardt, Annette, 162–163 Borda, Orlando Fals, 106 Bush (George W.) administration, 36 Call centers, 72–73 Campbell, Nancy D., 13, 145, 149–150 Campus architecture, 83–84 Capital Region, 158–159 Caregiving, 65, 75–77, 160–163 Caseworkers, 94–95 Child care, 160–162 Citizenship conceptions of, 30 as contract, 25 and IT, 29–31, 89 and political learning, 85–86 and popular technology, 96–98, 104, 125–127, 131–132, 136 Clinton, Bill, 35 Code: And Other Laws of Cyberspace, 84 Cognitive justice, 147–148, 151–152, 163 Collar Laundry Union, 50 Collective process, 18–19 Collingwood, Harris, 53–55 Colorful cards, 133 Community Asset Bank (CAB), 120, 215 Community benefits agreements (CBAs), 167 Community building, 144–146 Community Technology Center Program, 166 Community technology centers (CTCs), 165–166 Community Technology Laboratory, 109–114, 215 260 Index Composite stories, 120, 123, 125 Confidentiality, 92–93 Consensus conferences, 163–164 DuBois, W.

The Cultural Logic of Computation
by David Golumbia
Published 31 Mar 2009

Semantic Analysis. Ithaca, NY: Cornell University Press. Zittrain, Jonathan. 2008. The Future of the Internet—and How to Stop It. New Haven, CT: Yale University Press. Žižek, Slavoj. 1997. “Cyberspace, Or, The Unbearable Closure of Being.” In The Plague of Fantasies. New York: Verso, 127–167. Zuboff, Shoshana. 1988. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books. Zuse, Konrad. 1993. The Computer—My Life. New York: Springer-Verlag. Acknowledgments he friendship and support of Suzanne Daly, Shaun Fletcher, Sonali Perera, Elliott Trice, Chandan Reddy, Jen Leibhart, Lisa Henderson, Peter Mahnke, and Jodi Melamed were indispensible for writing this book; so was the inspiration offered by many people in the English Department at the University of Pennsylvania, especially James F.

Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America
by Christopher Wylie
Published 8 Oct 2019

Keith Martin PC (for nurturing my independent spirit); Jeff Silvester (for mentoring my younger self, despite everything that happened later); Tom Brookes (for your support throughout); David Carroll and Paul-Olivier Dehaye (for your persistence in defending our data rights); Dr. Emma Briant (for uncovering critical evidence); Harry Davies, Ann Marlowe, and Wendy Siegelman (for your early investigative work); my former academic supervisor Dr. Carolyn Mair (for reviewing this book and teaching me so much about psychology, data, and culture); and Professor Shoshana Zuboff (whose work on surveillance capitalism helped me refine so many ideas). Perhaps most important, I want to recognize the hundreds of thousands of people who shared this story, called their representatives, marched in protests, held up placards, and sent me encouraging messages—there are so many people I have never even met who have passionately had my back throughout this journey.

Ghost Road: Beyond the Driverless Car
by Anthony M. Townsend
Published 15 Jun 2020

Goldwyn, “An Informal Transit System Hiding in Plain Sight: Brooklyn’s Dollar Vans and Transportation Planning and Policy in New York City” (PhD diss., Columbia University, 2017), 96. 100hauling upwards of 35,000 workers on 800 vehicles: Eillie Anzilotti, “The Reach of the Bay Area’s ‘Tech Buses,’” CityLab, September 16, 2016, https://www.citylab.com/transportation/2016/09/the-reach-of-the-bay-areas-tech-buses/500435/. 101“able to provide point-to-point service”: Christopher Alexander, A Pattern Language: Towns, Buildings, Construction (New York: Oxford University Press, 1977), 112. 101gone back to the public-transit lines: Laura Bliss, “Bridj Is Dead, but Microtransit Isn’t,” CityLab, May 3, 2017, https://www.citylab.com/tran sportation/2017/05/bridj-is-dead-but-microtransit-isnt/525156/. 102causing traffic and creating safety risks for pedestrians: Georgios Kalogerakos, “Driverless Mobilities: Understanding Mobilities of the Future” (master’s thesis, Aalborg University, 2017), 79. 102More than 12,000 people rode the six shuttles: “City Overview: Trikala,” CityMobil2, accessed June 13, 2018, http://www.citymobil2.eu/en/city-activities/large-scale-demonstration/trikala/(site discontinued). 102more accepting of the technology than were townspeople in France: City-Mobil2, Experience and Recommendations (CityMobil2, 2016), 32. 103a stylish name—the Navia: Melissa Riofrio, “The Little Shuttle That Can: Induct Navia Is First Self-Driving Vehicle,” PC World, January 8, 2014, https://www.pcworld.com/article/2085006/the-little-shuttle-that-can-induct-navia-is-first-self-driving-vehicle.html. 103the company filed for bankruptcy: Derek Christie et al., “Pioneering Driverless Electric Vehicles in Europe: The City Automated Transport Systems (CATS),” Transportation Research Procedia 13 (2016): 30–39, https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01357309/document. 103a completely redesigned vehicle: “Sion, CH Is Piloting AVs,” Initiative on Cities and Autonomous Vehicles, Bloomberg Philanthropies, accessed February 20, 2019, https://avsincities.bloomberg.org/global-atlas/europe/ch/sion-ch; “Project ‘SmartShuttle,’” PostBus, accessed February 2019, https://www.postauto.ch/en/project-smartshuttle. 103driverless shuttles crawled along: “These 61 Cities Are Piloting AVs for Transit,” Initiative on Cities and Autonomous Vehicles, Bloomberg Philanthropies, accessed February 2019, https://avsincities.bloomberg.org/global-atlas/tags/transit. 104ferried more than 1.5 million passengers: National League of Cities, “Sustainability: Weaving a Microtransit Mesh,” Autonomous Vehicles: Future Scenarios, accessed April 12, 2019, http://avfutures.nlc.org/sustainability. 104sold more than 100 Armas and went public: “Navya Updates Its 2018 Revenue Target,” Navya, December 7, 2018, https://navya.tech/en/press/navya-updates-its-2018-revenue-target/. 105cut operating costs by as much as 40 percent: National League of Cities, “Sustainability: Weaving a Microtransit Mesh.” 106a “curb kiss” fee: Michael Cabanatuan and Kurtis Alexander, “Google Bus Backlash: S.F. to Impose Fees on Tech Shuttles,” SFGate, January 21, 2014, https://www.sfgate.com/bayarea/article/Google-bus-backlash-S-F-to-impose-fees-on-tech-5163759.php. 107a planned driverless-shuttle network: City of Bellevue, Washington, and City of Kirkland, Washington, “A Flexible, Electric, Autonomous Commutepool System,” Bellevue-Kirkland USDOT (grant proposal, 2018). 108leftover data has value in predicting human behavior: Shoshana Zuboff, Surveillance Capitalism (New York: Public Affairs, 2019). 109launched its own MaaS effort in 2019: Adele Peters, “In Berlin, There’s Now One App to Access Every Mode of Transportation,” Fast Company, February 18, 2019, https://www.fastcompany.com/90308234/in-berlin-theres-now-one-app-to-access-every-mode-of-transportation. 109draws on a highly successful deployment in Vilnius: Douglas Busvine, “From U-Bahn to E-Scooters: Berlin Mobility App Has It All,” Reuters, September 24, 2019, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-tech-berlin/from-u-bahn-to-e-scooters-berlin-mobility-app-has-it-all-idUSKBN1W90MG. 110the role of mobility-service integrator: Peters, “In Berlin.” 110off to a slow start selling subscriptions: Julia Walmsley, “Watch Out, Uber.

Augmented: Life in the Smart Lane
by Brett King
Published 5 May 2016

Our educational system is not adequately preparing us for work of the future, and our political and economic institutions are poorly equipped to handle these hard choices. So the major disconnect seems to be whether you believe that these new technologies will augment our abilities or replace them. Harvard social scientist Shoshana Zuboff examined how companies used technology in her 1989 book In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. She looked at how some employers used technology to “automate”, or take power away from, the employee while some used technology to “informate”, or empower, the employee. Obviously, our thesis is that the latter is far more preferable!

Human Compatible: Artificial Intelligence and the Problem of Control
by Stuart Russell
Published 7 Oct 2019

For details on Stasi files, see Cullen Murphy, God’s Jury: The Inquisition and the Making of the Modern World (Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 2012). 3. For a thorough analysis of AI surveillance systems, see Jay Stanley, The Dawn of Robot Surveillance (American Civil Liberties Union, 2019). 4. Recent books on surveillance and control include Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (PublicAffairs, 2019) and Roger McNamee, Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe (Penguin Press, 2019). 5. News article on a blackmail bot: Avivah Litan, “Meet Delilah—the first insider threat Trojan,” Gartner Blog Network, July 14, 2016. 6.

The Problem With Work: Feminism, Marxism, Antiwork Politics, and Postwork Imaginaries
by Kathi Weeks
Published 8 Sep 2011

In Women and Revolution, edited by Lydia Sargent, 43–69. Boston: South End. Zerilli, Linda. 2005. Feminism and the Abyss of Freedom. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. Zerowork, eds. 1975. Introduction. Zerowork 1:1–6. Zournazi, Mary. 2003. Hope: New Philosophies for Change. New York: Routledge. Zuboff, Shoshana. 1983. “The Work Ethic and Work Organization.” In The Work Ethic—A Critical Analysis, edited by Jack Barbash, Robert J. Lampman, Sar A. Levitan, and Gus Tyler, 153–81. Madison, Wis.: Industrial Relations Research Association. KATHI WEEKS is associate professor of women’s studies at Duke University.

Filterworld: How Algorithms Flattened Culture
by Kyle Chayka
Published 15 Jan 2024

As digital platforms have expanded, the homogeneity they cause has spread, too. Filterworld and its slick sameness can induce a breathtaking, near-debilitating sense of anxiety. The sameness feels inescapable, alienating even as it is marketed as desirable. “Surveillance capitalism,” as the scholar Shoshana Zuboff has labeled it, is how tech companies monetize the constant absorption of our personal data, an intensification of the attention economy. And yet for all that data, algorithmic feeds oftentimes misunderstand us, connecting us to the wrong people or recommending the wrong kinds of content, encouraging habits that we don’t want.

AI in Museums: Reflections, Perspectives and Applications
by Sonja Thiel and Johannes C. Bernhardt
Published 31 Dec 2023

Available online at https://doi.org/10.1080/13500775 .2019.1638019. Wittkower, Dylan E. (2017). Technology and Discrimination. In: Joseph C. Pitt/ Ashley Shew (Eds). Spaces for the Future: A Companion to Philosophy and Technology. London, Routledge, 37–64. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780203735657. Zuboff, Shoshana (2019). The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power. London, Profile Books. Managing AI Developing Strategic and Ethical Guidelines for Museums Sonja Thiel How can a strategy and ethical guidelines be developed for the use of AI in museums?

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It
by Azeem Azhar
Published 6 Sep 2021

Many thanks to the dozens of guests on my podcast whose ideas have helped enrich my thesis, including Laetitia Vitaud, Bill Janeway, Carissa Véliz, Tony Blair, Demis Hassabis, Sam Altman, Philip Auerswald, Scott Santens, Jeff Sachs, Andrew Yang, Jack Clark, Trent McConaghy, Michael Liebreich, Casper Klynge, Kate Raworth, Sir Richard Barrons, Joanna Bryson, Stuart Russell, Cory Doctorow, Kai-Fu Lee, Matt Clifford, Marietje Schaake, Yuval Noah Harari, Mariana Mazzucato, Mike Zelkind, Josh Hoffman, Binyamin Applebaum, Kate Crawford, Matt Ocko, Jeremy O’Brien, Sam Altman, Audrey Tang, Vijay Pande, Matt Clifford, Fei-Fei Li, Adena Friedman, Kersti Kaljulaid, Astro Teller, Deep Nishar, Cesar Hidalgo, Ian Bremmer, Brad Smith, Nicole Eagan, Meredith Whittaker, Gary Marcus, Andrew Ng, Shoshana Zuboff, Jürgen Schmidhuber, Gina Neff, Missy Cummings, Eric Topol, Cathie Wood, Michael Liebreich, Mariarosaria Taddeo and Ronit Ghose. Thanks to my parents, Aleem and Kaneez Azhar, who introduced me to the ideas of economics and its development impact, especially in those early years. And an extra mention for my mum, who was responsible for getting computers into our home in the early 1980s.

Arriving Today: From Factory to Front Door -- Why Everything Has Changed About How and What We Buy
by Christopher Mims
Published 13 Sep 2021

Bringing in the Kiva robots meant Amazon could “replace all that walking, and instead it’s the shelf that comes to the worker,” says Marc. “You could not have done robotization if you had not first standardized the stowing process.” “Surveillance capitalism” is a term used by social scientist Shoshana Zuboff to describe the business models of companies like Facebook and Google that make money by harvesting our data. But it’s hard not to look at the state of the modern workplace as exemplified by Amazon, where surveillance is far more intrusive, and not see Bezosism as the real surveillance capitalism.

Our Own Devices: How Technology Remakes Humanity
by Edward Tenner
Published 8 Jun 2004

Bender, 1985) is based on original documents. Donald A. Norman’s The Psychology of Everyday Things (New York: Basic Books, 1988), now reprinted as The Design of Everyday Things, emphasizes the mental side of physical objects. The most important recent study of the body in today’s workplace is Shoshana Zuboff, In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power (New York: Basic Books, 1988). For the history of the visionary side of technology, mind, and body, there is Thierry Bardini’s Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2000).

Building and Dwelling: Ethics for the City
by Richard Sennett
Published 9 Apr 2018

Saunders (1981) (London: Penguin Books, 1992). 11. William James, ‘Pragmatism, Action and Will’, in Pragmatism: The Classic Writings, ed. H. S. Thayer (Cambridge, Mass.: Hackett, 1982), p. 181. 12. Yochai Benkler, ‘Degrees of Freedom, Dimensions of Power’, Daedalus 145, no. 1 (2016): 20, 23. See also Shoshana Zuboff, ‘Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of Information Civilization’, Journal of Information Technology 30, no. 1 (2015): 75–89, and Tim Wu, The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires (New York: Knopf, 2010). 13. The Burckhardt phrase appears in English in Ernst Cassirer, ‘Force and Freedom: Remarks on the English Edition of Jacob Burckhardt’s “Reflections on History”’, The American Scholar 13, no. 4 (1944): 409–10. 14.

Humankind: A Hopeful History
by Rutger Bregman
Published 1 Jun 2020

Originally published in 1944. 39Tine de Moor, ‘Homo Cooperans. Institutions for collective action and the compassionate society’, Utrecht University Inaugural Lecture (30 August 2013). 40See, for example, Paul Mason, Postcapitalism. A Guide to Our Future (London, 2015). 41See, for example, Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism. The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (London, 2019). 42Damon Jones and Ioana Elena Marinescu, ‘The Labor Market Impacts of Universal and Permanent Cash Transfers: Evidence from the Alaska Permanent Fund’, NBER Working Paper (February 2018). 43I’ve also written about this study in North Carolina and about universal basic income elsewhere.

Tools and Weapons: The Promise and the Peril of the Digital Age
by Brad Smith and Carol Ann Browne
Published 9 Sep 2019

Back to note reference 13. Julia Carrie Wong, “Mark Zuckerberg Apologises for Facebook’s ‘Mistakes’ over Cambridge Analytica,” Guardian, March 22, 2018, https://www.theguardian.com/technology/2018/mar/21/mark-zuckerberg-response-facebook-cambridge-analytica. Back to note reference 14. See Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, 2019). Back to note reference 15. Julie Brill, “Millions Use Microsoft’s GDPR Privacy Tools to Control Their Data — Including 2 Million Americans,” Microsoft on the Issues (blog), Microsoft, September 17, 2018, https://blogs.microsoft.com/on-the-issues/2018/09/17/millions-use-microsofts-gdpr-privacy-tools-to-control-their-data-including-2-million-americans/.

What Should I Do With My Life?
by Po Bronson
Published 2 Jan 2001

Don told me this upcoming passage felt different from the one he made a decade ago. He’s not trying to play it down, minimize the change it will surely bring. “Transition’s not the right word—it’ll require a transformation.” Last October, he went to a continuing education retreat at Harvard, taught by a sociology professor named Shoshana Zuboff. Her course was called “Odyssey,” and it was mostly attended by businesspeople looking for the next thing in life. She had Don write his autobiography, then helped him expand on it, write more and more into it, picking out themes, adding layers. She built her course around the metaphor of an oyster shell; the outside layer, the formative layer, is fragile and vulnerable, but the old layers are hard and strong.

The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts
by Richard Susskind and Daniel Susskind
Published 24 Aug 2015

Zittrain, Jonathan, The Future of the Internet—And How to Stop It (New Haven: Yale University Press, 2009). Zittrain, Jonathan, and Benjamin Edelman, ‘Documentation of Internet Filtering in Saudi-Arabia’, 12 Sept. 2002 <http://cyber.law.harvard.edu/filtering/saudiarabia/> (accessed 7 March 2015). Zuboff, Shoshana, In the Age of the Smart Machine, paperback edn. (Oxford: Heinemann Professional Publishing, 1988). Index 3-D printing 53, 98–9, 131 Abbott, Andrew 19, 23, 30–1 Accenture 2, 78, 80, 84, 139 accountants 14, 16, 33, 84, 86, 106–7, 118, 206–7 accounting firms 83, 85, 89, 119, 140, 184, 204 acquisitive society 24 administrative work 111, 238 advisers, trusted 106, 169, 205, 236, 251 affective capability 277, 280 affective computing 54, 160, 168, 170–2, 187 affective data 172 affordable expertise 242, 268 affordable practical expertise 239, 246, 254, 257–8, 268 agents 93, 121, 226 AI (artificial intelligence) 45, 85, 94, 160, 164, 182, 186, 226–7 fallacy 45, 165, 170, 192, 227, 272, 277–8, 294 second wave 160, 165, 187 weak 274–5 winter 183 algorithms 48, 52, 65, 75, 77–8, 87, 92–3, 119 Alterman, Eric 72 alternative providers 110, 135, 261, 301 alternatives 3, 31–2, 36–7, 40, 42, 112, 129, 215 altruism 18, 237, 239 analysts, process 107, 124, 127, 212, 266, 293 Anderson, Chris 98 anxieties 231–3, 235, 237, 239, 241, 243, 245, 247 arbitrage 102, 122–4, 136 ArchDaily 100 architects 16, 19–20, 94–5, 97–8, 100, 107, 121, 123–4 architecture 41, 94–100, 123, 129, 133, 150, 219, 224 Aristotle 32 artificial intelligence, see AI Asimov, Isaac 257, 282 aspiring professionals 17, 259, 262–3 asymmetry 24, 39–40, 44, 129 audit 41, 84–94, 140, 184, 202, 226, 273 practices 2, 93, 140, 264 auditors 89–93, 101, 107, 115, 134, 140, 205, 207 automation 102, 109–12, 114, 125, 217, 219–20, 245, 271 autonomous flying robots 1, 99 autonomy 17, 21–2, 126, 282 Autor, David 214, 292, 294 Ayasdi 82 Baggini, Julian 244–5 baristas 244–5 beliefs 42, 62, 141, 239, 267, 289 Benkler, Yochai 180, 191, 299 bespoke production 244–5 bespoke service 101, 105–6, 137 move away from 102 BetterDoctor 48, 129, 181, 219, 249 BeyondCore 82 biases 43–6 Big Data 59, 80, 92, 152, 160–3, 172, 175, 187 techniques 69, 162–4, 279 blogs 56, 75, 82, 123, 177 Bostrom, Nick 274 brains 128, 171, 227, 274, 276 Brazil 87–8 brute-force computing 164, 187 brute-force processing 45, 186–7, 275 Brynjolfsson, Erik 117, 293 bypassed gatekeepers 102, 106, 127 CAAT (computer-assisted audit techniques) 90–1 CAD (computer aided design) 94–7, 113, 201 software 95, 100, 246 CAE (computer aided engineering) 95, 113 Cambridge 11–12, 56 capabilities 126, 128, 158–9, 162, 269, 271, 277, 280 cognitive 277, 279 capable machines, see increasingly capable machines capitalism 29, 257 death of gentlemanly 106 Carr-Saunders, Alexander 25 central questions 31–2 charge online 197, 203 checklists 47, 106, 119–20, 185, 194, 200–1, 266, 279 children 10–11, 54–5, 57, 116 choice 134–5, 177, 197, 241–3, 277–8, 307 Christensen, Clayton 78, 83, 109–10 classroom 55–7, 59, 113, 271 clergy 1, 61–6, 250 clients 38–40, 78–82, 92–4, 114–16, 118, 136–40, 189–90, 204 cognitive capabilities 277, 279 collaboration mass 178–9 online 102, 114, 128, 132–3 collective knowledge 38, 153, 303, 307 commoditization 195–7, 207, 245, 257, 303 commons 197, 203–4, 210, 227, 296–7, 299–301, 307 basis 203, 224, 302 creative 224 of practical expertise 203, 300–1 tragedy of the 297, 301 communication, new ways 114–15 communities 83, 86, 132–3, 147–9, 177–80, 182, 223–4, 297 of experience 107, 132–3, 178, 204, 224, 237, 262 model 216, 223–4, 266 online 1, 53, 97, 128–9, 132, 215–16 of practice 133, 178 Company of Barber-Surgeons 20 competences 102, 114, 238 competition 12, 27, 34, 78, 88, 106–7, 207, 300 competitors 45, 108, 115, 118, 180, 190, 193, 195 complexity 39, 142, 146, 149–52, 200, 218, 233–4 computer aided design, see CAD computer aided engineering (CAE) 95, 113 computer-assisted audit techniques, see CAAT computer scientists 65, 156, 162, 273 computer systems 98, 119–20, 164–6, 171, 185, 272 computerization 48–9, 77, 86, 88–9, 92, 201–2, 213, 257 computers 162, 165, 167, 170, 175, 180, 185–6, 274–6 computing 157, 170–1, 173 affective 54, 160, 168, 170–2, 187 brute-force 164, 187 pervasive 173–4 confidentiality 3–4, 17, 233 conflicts of interest 17, 30 connected humans 155, 159, 175, 177 consciousness 252, 271, 273–5 consolidation 134, 138–9 conspiracies 26, 28 constituent tasks 122, 124, 198, 212–14, 245, 255–6, 266, 286 consultants 101, 106, 109, 115, 118, 134, 216, 219 management 20, 31, 33, 36, 39, 78–84, 194, 199 consulting 2, 5, 38, 78, 80, 83–4, 222, 224 businesses/firms 78–81, 83–4, 115, 124, 204 consumers 67, 70, 108, 112, 116, 254, 256, 258 contracts 189, 238–9, 246 control 28, 39, 203–4, 211, 216, 296–7, 300, 304–6 and ownership 203–4, 297, 300, 305 social 21, 25 Corruption Objection 241–3 costs 51, 53–4, 98–9, 109, 206–9, 285, 287, 296–300 development 226–7 fixed 206–7, 298 lower 36, 68, 113, 124, 196, 259, 261, 300 marginal 206–7, 298, 300 set-up 298, 302 craft 20, 106, 119, 196–201, 205, 208–10, 244–7, 268 guilds 19–20 lost 244–8 traditional 199, 206, 215, 244, 246 craftsmanship 2, 142, 208, 215, 262 craftspeople 106, 198–9, 201–2, 205, 264 creative commons 224 credentials 15–16, 128 crowdsourcing 53, 82, 93, 133, 179–81, 223 Cukier, Kenneth 59, 92, 162, 191 culture 30, 147, 180, 188, 262 customization 103, 222 individual 130 mass 98, 102–3, 128, 130, 222, 225 cuteness 169–70 data affective 172 big, see Big Data exhausts 79, 163 financial 84, 93 mastery of 102, 115–16 mining 115 raw 87, 146 scientists 60, 107, 127, 161–2, 264, 267 sets 59–60, 82, 92, 115–16, 163, 172 volumes of 52, 87, 92, 115–16, 161–2 databases 79, 164, 187, 201 large 172, 252, 275 decomposed tasks 124–5, 134, 212, 238 decomposition 101–2, 119, 122–6, 134, 137, 198, 252, 258 of professional work 211–14 Deep Blue 164, 276 delegation 102, 123–5, 282 Deloitte 2, 80, 83–4, 86, 88–9, 139 demand, latent, see latent demand demystification 140–2, 303 dentistry 41, 168, 201 Dershowitz, Nachum 65 designers 96–7, 266–7 developers 179, 226–7, 295 development costs 226–7 devices 50–2, 59, 69, 76, 276, 303 increasingly pervasive 155, 159, 172–5 mobile 64, 74–5, 185 dexterity 128, 159–60, 168, 201, 255–6, 278 diagnoses 48, 163–4, 166, 190, 228, 254 diagnostic systems 113, 269, 295, 298 digitization 130, 202, 303 disintermediation 102, 119, 121–2, 303 disruption 78, 110 distribution 5, 28, 188, 206, 212, 215, 217–18, 252 of knowledge 188–9, 191, 193, 195, 197, 199, 201, 203 models 225, 246, 290 of practical expertise 145, 216, 259, 261, 263, 283, 298, 304 diversification 84, 102, 114, 117–19 division of labour 123, 214, 235, 255–8 doctors 1, 16–17, 47–53, 110–11, 115, 190, 212–14, 249–50 traditional 113, 249 Doerr, John 59 domain experts 183, 226 due diligence work 68, 70, 89 Duolingo 60 Durkheim, Émile 24–5 e-mail 3, 68, 114–15, 136, 152, 176, 201, 210 eBay 129, 181–2 economic characteristics of knowledge 189–93, 211, 305 economics 157, 207, 214, 285 economists 13, 22, 167, 189, 191, 254–5, 289, 292 Edmodo 56, 224 education 55–61, 131, 133, 163, 166, 198–9, 258–60, 262 embedded expertise 132, 225 embedded knowledge 102, 128, 131, 216, 262, 267 model 216, 225–8 emotional states 168, 171, 251–3, 280 emotions 160, 170–2, 252–3, 273, 277, 280 empathy 169, 232, 249–54, 265, 268–9, 280 employment 5, 10, 126, 136, 255, 258, 284, 289–92 engineers 54–5, 98, 100, 113, 123, 226, 267, 276 knowledge 107, 127, 221–2, 226, 264–5, 267 structural 95–7 errors 49, 100, 165, 190, 192, 200–2, 268 ethics 30, 233, 239, 278 professional 18, 29, 233, 237 evolution of professional work 123, 145, 195–202 evolutionary path 197–8, 201–2, 204–5, 208, 211 exclusivity 11, 14, 22, 26–9, 135, 296, 298–9, 301–2 experience 2–5, 32–6, 40–2, 121–2, 127, 132–4, 177–8, 266–8 communities of 107, 132–3, 178, 204, 224, 237, 262 and knowledge 2, 10, 32–3, 36, 42, 106, 127, 134 expert professionals 137, 220–1, 259 expert systems 31, 182–5, 273, 276 functional definition 184–5 in law 183–4, 273, 276 expertise 1–3, 31, 33–4, 38–42, 146–50, 209–11, 220–3, 300–2 affordable 242, 268 embedded 132, 225 liberation 134, 210–11, 302, 304–5 machine-generated 262 practical, see practical expertise production and distribution 5, 145, 215–28, 259, 261, 263, 298, 304 professional 9, 34, 132 experts 32–3, 81, 133, 149–50, 200–1, 205–8, 220–1, 279–80 becoming expert 258–63 domain 183, 226 human 85–6, 119–20, 128, 192, 196, 215–16, 220–1, 279–80 traditional 196, 220 exponential growth 164–5, 175, 304 externalization 196–7, 215, 244–5, 299 drive towards 202–10 EY 118–9 face-to-face interaction 33, 36, 111, 128–9, 217, 219, 248–50, 268 Facebook 52, 66, 74–7, 177–8, 182 facial expressions 171–2 failures 46, 129, 132, 178, 200, 268 faith 61–2, 65 feasibility 295–301, 305 Feynman, Richard 43, 54, 275–6 financial data 84, 93 Fish, Stanley 28 fixed costs 206–7, 298 flexible self-employment 102, 123, 126 Forbes 77, 216 formal knowledge 16, 41–2, 189, 221 formats 73, 92–3, 202, 215, 217, 220, 223 Freidson, Eliot 14 Frey, Carl Benedikt 88, 294 functions 25–6, 51, 184, 200, 262 gatekeepers 23, 28, 42, 106–7, 133–4, 204, 210–11, 303–4 bypassed 102, 106, 127 Gawande, Atul 21, 47 Gleick, James 149 Global Voices 75 globalization 134–6 good faith 11, 17, 22, 236, 238 good work 254–8, 264 goods, physical 189, 191, 300 Google 50, 54, 76, 152, 167, 169, 176, 187 grand bargain 9–45, 107, 190, 243, 296–8, 301, 304 explained 21–3 historical context 18–21 guidance 120–2, 127, 129–33, 163, 185, 187, 217, 233–4 guilds 20–1, 149 craft 19–20 handcrafting 119, 199, 209, 265 Hardin, Garrett 297, 300–1 Hart, Herbert 39, 141 health 4, 22, 25, 38, 46–55, 108, 295, 298 healthcare 10, 47, 50, 52, 132–3, 166, 169, 243 heuristics 40, 91, 192 high-performing systems 163, 274–5, 277, 280, 303 honesty 11, 18, 235, 238 hospitals 49, 109, 124, 168, 175, 264, 271 hotdog story 285–8 hourly billing basis 37–8, 137, 206 Huffington Post 1, 76, 123 Hughes, Everett 22, 27 human beings 145–7, 186–7, 222–3, 225–7, 247–8, 252–3, 267–75, 292–4 need for 277–84 human experts 85–6, 119–20, 128, 192, 196, 215–16, 220–1, 279–80 human specialists 15, 45, 165, 211, 273, 294 humans beings, connected 155, 159, 175–82 IBM, Watson 48–9, 82, 152, 160, 164–6, 186–7, 272–5, 278 ignorance, veil of 306–7 Illich, Ivan 15, 28 incentives 30, 89, 295 incomes 290, 305–6 increasingly capable machines 2, 5, 155, 159–72, 226, 231, 303, 305 non-thinking 272–7, 293, 306 increasingly connected humans 155, 159, 175–82 increasingly pervasive devices 155, 159, 172–5 India 4, 63, 79–80, 87, 97, 124 industrial society, print-based 2–3, 128, 151, 153, 268, 270, 300, 304 inequality 34, 241–3 Inequality Objection 241–3 information 79, 145–7, 149–52, 161, 163, 176–7, 179–80, 298–9 information and technology 145–87 information substructure 145–7, 152–3, 188 information technology 145–7, 150–1, 155–8, 160, 165, 293 exponential growth 155–9, 304 innovation 102, 109–10, 112–14, 202, 208, 217, 219, 271 intellectual property 218, 221, 223, 227, 305 intelligence 159, 187, 271, 275 interaction 111–12, 198, 202, 211, 218, 248–9, 251, 253 face-to-face 33, 36, 111, 128–9, 217, 219, 248–50, 268 personal 139, 248–51, 268 intermediaries 61, 121, 150 Internet 61–2, 66, 72–3, 81–3, 147, 150, 173–5, 180–1 technology-based Internet society 32, 34–5, 150–3, 188–9, 236–7, 246, 304, 306–7 users 127, 129, 132, 174, 177–8, 180, 182, 204 Internet of Things 174–5 Japan 54–5, 61 jargon 3, 13, 149 jobs, new 213, 257, 263, 286, 291, 293–4 Johnson, Terence 26 journalism 71–8, 123, 132, 216, 224, 235, 249 journalists 1, 72, 75–7, 121, 190, 198, 212, 216 junior professionals 125, 138, 260 Kasparov, Garry 276 Kenny, Anthony 36, 308 Keynes, John Maynard xi, 284 Khan Academy 57–8, 178 knowledge 16, 26–9, 34–6, 38–43, 146–50, 188–95, 200–4, 220–7 asymmetry 40, 44 collective 38, 153, 303, 307 economic characteristics 189–93, 211, 305 embedded 102, 128, 131, 216, 225–6, 262, 267 engineers 107, 127, 221–2, 226, 264–5, 267 and experience 2, 10, 32–3, 36, 42, 106, 127, 134 formal 16, 41–2, 189, 221 management 187, 194–5 processing 151–2, 165 production and distribution 188–228 and professions 193–5 special characteristics 189, 201–2, 210 specialist 3, 15, 24, 38, 41, 231, 270 knowledge engineering model 216, 221–3, 225, 265 KPMG 38, 92 Krause, Elliot 29 Kurzweil, Ray 157–8 labour arbitrage 122–4 laptops 122, 147, 173, 293 Larson, Magali 27 latent demand 113, 128, 130, 133, 181, 208, 290–1, 300 law, expert systems in 183–4, 273, 276 law firms 67–9, 71, 204, 214, 264 lawyers 3–4, 22–4, 66–71, 106–7, 136–7, 188–90, 206–7, 250–1 legal profession, see lawyers legal services 4, 67, 69, 71, 133 Lessig, Lawrence 203 Levy, Frank 167 LexisNexis 68, 87 liberalization 134–5, 240, 242–3 liberation of expertise 134, 210–11, 302, 304–5 limited understanding 3, 39, 42, 231, 234, 268, 270 litigation 17, 68–9, 123 livery companies 20, 199 London 1, 20, 95–6, 199 lost craft 244–8 McAfee, Andrew 117, 293 McChesney, Robert W. 72 MacDonald, Keith 26 machine-generated expertise 262 machine-generated model 216, 226, 267 machine learning 115, 165, 183 machines 116–17, 128–34, 159–60, 167–70, 225–8, 247–8, 251–3, 271–2, 274–94; see also systems expectations of 269 increasingly capable 2, 5, 155, 159–60, 226, 231, 303, 305 McKinsey 78–80, 83–4 Maister, David 19, 103 management 14–15, 78, 84, 119, 139 knowledge 187, 194–5 management consultants 20, 31, 33, 36, 39, 78–84, 194, 199 marginal costs 206–7, 298, 300 market, values 240, 243, 260 market forces 89, 196, 199, 272 market norms 239–43 markets 27, 45, 51, 90, 115, 135, 191, 209 moral limits 239–44, 247 Marx, Karl 29, 254, 256 Maslow, Abraham 43 mass collaboration 178–9 mass customization 98, 102–3, 128, 130, 222, 225 Mayer-Schönberger, Viktor 59, 92, 162, 191 means and ends 268 medicine 17, 19, 41, 47, 49–50, 107–8, 131–2, 200 messy data 92 Mill, John Stuart xi mobile devices 64, 74–5, 185 money 10, 34, 108, 112, 179, 195, 296, 299 monopolies 9, 20, 27, 67, 79, 82, 134–5, 141 Moore’s Law 156–7, 173 moral character 232, 236, 239, 241, 243–4 moral limits of markets 239–44, 247 more-for-less challenge 102, 105, 108–9 motivations 24, 29–30, 127, 203, 236, 239, 258, 273 Murnane, Richard 167 mystification 37, 141–2 National Health Service, see NHS Negroponte, Nicholas 77 Neo-Luddites 288 networked experts, model 216, 218–23, 261, 264 networking, social 114, 153, 177, 224 networks 52, 55, 74, 175, 177, 179–80, 182, 218–19 social 56, 66, 77, 114–15, 150, 155 new mindset 37–43 new practical expertise 163, 295–7 new roles 60, 114, 258, 267, 271, 303 new specialists 102, 107, 123, 127–8 new tasks 246, 288–9, 291, 294 new technologies 44–5, 115, 117, 151, 213, 249, 287–9, 292–3 New York Times 1 newspapers 72–4, 77, 235 NHS (National Health Service) 50, 54, 243, 300 non-experts 35, 218, 223–4 non-professionals 26, 32, 185, 290 non-routine tasks 120, 291, 294 non-thinking machines 272, 274, 276–7, 279–80, 293, 306 norms 172, 239–40, 242–3 market 239–43 professional 234, 239–40, 242 nurses 49–50, 54, 106, 135, 221 objections and anxieties 231–69 occupations 12, 15, 18, 20, 26–7, 29, 239, 243 ODR, see online dispute resolution omissions 36, 46, 91, 201, 308 Ong, Walter 146, 147–8 online collaboration 102, 114, 128, 132–3 online communities 1, 53, 97, 128–9, 132, 215–16 online dispute resolution (ODR) 1, 70 online platforms 55, 57–8, 72–3, 76–7, 81–2, 96–7, 111, 113 online selection 102, 128, 219 online self-help 102, 128–30, 222 online services 119–21, 129–30, 133, 137–8, 204, 221–2, 237–8, 265–6 online systems 76, 86, 185, 222, 225, 266 Osborne, Michael 88, 294 owners 33, 138, 174–5, 190, 223, 226, 297 ownership 188, 203–4, 221, 226, 296–7, 300, 304–5 and control 203–4, 297, 300, 305 para-professional model 216, 219–22, 226, 265 para-professionalization 102, 123–5, 138 para-professionals 125–6, 135, 137–8, 220–2, 249–50, 252, 262, 264–6 paralegals 68–9, 107, 220 parents 11, 56–7, 59, 105, 198 Parsons, Talcott 18, 25 partnerships 67, 86, 138–9, 293 patients 16–17, 38–40, 46–52, 54–5, 111, 114–16, 168–9, 190 personal interaction 139, 248–51, 268 personalization 102, 128, 131 pervasive computing 173–4 pessimists 288–9 philosophers 13, 22, 35, 188, 255, 273–5, 277–8 physical goods 189, 191, 300 physicians 19, 21–2, 47, 149, 249; see also doctors Picard, Rosalind 170 policymakers 45, 133, 153, 253, 262 post-professional society 15, 18, 105, 231, 263, 303 practical expertise 127–34, 192–3, 202–7, 210–11, 215–19, 221–7, 265–70, 295–307 affordable 239, 246, 254, 257–8, 268 distribution of 145, 216, 259, 261, 263, 283, 298, 304 machine-generated 267 new 163, 295–7 new sources 107, 128, 189 ownership and control 296, 304 production 295–6 production and distribution 145, 216, 259, 261, 263, 298, 304 sharing 215, 224, 251, 268, 271, 297–8, 303 pre-print communities 147–50 predictions 45, 54, 147, 152, 155, 158, 160, 162 predictive analytics 115, 161 prestige 11, 18, 20, 27–8, 244 prices 207, 209, 241, 243, 250, 284, 287, 292 print-based communities 147–50 print-based industrial society 2–3, 128, 151, 153, 268, 270, 300, 304 printing 53, 64, 72, 131, 150 3-D 53, 98–9, 131 problems 33–7 process analysts 107, 124, 127, 212, 266, 293 processes, standard 71, 87, 119, 125, 265 processing brute-force 45, 186–7, 275 power 153, 156–8, 164 production, bespoke 244–5 production and distribution of expertise 5, 145, 215–28, 259, 261, 263, 298, 304 of knowledge 188–228 productivity 121, 170, 255–7, 289 professional ethics 18, 29, 233, 237 professional expertise 9, 34, 132 professional firms 10, 30, 34, 36, 109, 118, 126, 137–40 preoccupations 134–40 professional norms 239, 242 professional organizations 29, 179, 201, 211, 260 professional providers 2, 42, 101, 110, 134, 137, 139, 207 professional services 18–19, 32–4, 39–40, 103–4, 108–9, 133–4, 217, 222–3 professional tasks 119, 192, 207, 291 professional work 32–4, 101–11, 122–4, 128–30, 195–9, 205–9, 211–14, 259 decomposition 211–14 evolution 123, 145, 195–202 impact of technology 289–95 reconfigured 119–34 traditional 107, 111, 113, 217, 305 professionalism 12–13, 27, 31, 84 professionals 15–17, 34–45, 114–21, 126–31, 133–42, 192–8, 256–63, 289–94 aspiring 17, 259, 262–3 junior 125, 138, 260 traditional 127, 129, 137, 139, 151, 205–6, 208, 249 work of 112, 133, 138, 168, 187, 216, 260, 270–1; see also professional work young 138, 258–62 professions, see also Introductory Note after 270–302 and knowledge 193–5 as one object of study 3–4 patterns across 101–42 scope of 13–18 theories of 23–31 traditional 39, 42, 106–7, 215–16, 231–2, 246, 248, 263 profit 29–30, 34, 74, 138, 295–6, 298–300 providers 39–41, 104, 126–7, 208–9, 219, 238, 302, 305–7 psychologists 13, 43, 273, 275, 277 psychology 43, 171, 273 PwC 90, 92 quasi-trust 233, 237–8 raw data 87, 146 Rawls, John 306–7 realization of latent demand 102, 133 reassurance 38–40, 234, 237, 260, 265 regulation 17, 39, 41, 89, 134–6, 140, 233, 238–9 reintermediation 102, 119, 121–2 reliability 12, 91, 233, 236–8, 301 religions 61, 132, 149 reputation 22, 94, 128, 234, 237 resources 33, 43, 127, 203–4, 217, 225, 299, 306–7 responsibility 16, 35, 139, 277, 280, 282, 305 Rifkin, Jeremy 298 robotics 54, 99, 112, 160, 166–9, 172, 183, 187 robots 49, 54–5, 98–9, 166–72, 247, 257, 281–2, 284 autonomous flying 1, 99 Rocketship Education 55, 216 roles absence of future roles for traditional professionals 263–7 new 60, 114, 258, 267, 271, 303 Rose, David 168, 170 routine work 111, 138, 159, 232, 260, 279 routinization 101–2, 119–21, 130, 303 rule-based expert systems 165, 281 Sandel, Michael 240–2 sceptics 3, 14, 44, 91, 151, 156, 190, 196 Scheer, David Ross 95 scholars 18, 29, 41, 149, 188, 277 Schön, Donald 21, 26 scientists 54, 187, 273–5 computer 65, 156, 162, 273 data 60, 107, 127, 161–2, 264, 267 scope of professions 13–18 script 146–8, 153 second wave of AI 160, 165, 187 selection, online 102, 128, 219 self-employment, flexible 102, 123, 126 self-help, online 102, 128–30, 222 self-interest 24, 135, 180, 239, 297 sensors 162, 171, 174, 225 services 32–5, 37–41, 105–7, 117–22, 128–32, 206–9, 217–24, 241–4 legal 4, 67, 69, 71, 133 online 119–21, 129–30, 133, 137–8, 204, 221–2, 237–8, 265–6 professional 18–19, 32–4, 39–40, 103–4, 108–9, 133–4, 217, 222–3 set-up costs 298, 302 Shaw, George Bernard 28 skills 3, 34, 41–2, 220, 227, 232, 244–6, 265 new 114–15, 117, 285 smartphones 51, 132, 165, 170, 173 Smith, Adam 22, 255 social control 21, 25 social media 76–7, 82, 151, 154, 219, 221, 235 social networking 114, 153, 177, 224 social networks 56, 66, 77, 114–15, 150, 155 society 1–2, 21–7, 30–3, 145–9, 151–3, 239–41, 243, 306–7 sociologists 13, 18, 22, 25–7, 29–30, 134, 141, 188 software 85, 87–8, 93, 95, 107, 179, 295, 298 source materials 42, 150, 152, 187 special pleading 44, 89, 205, 232 specialist knowledge 3, 15, 24, 38, 41, 231, 270 specialists 19–20, 24, 123, 149–51, 161–2, 218–19, 221–2, 265–7 human 15, 45, 165, 211, 273, 294 new 102, 107, 123, 127–8 specialization 4, 21, 134, 136–7 standard processes 71, 87, 119, 125, 265 standardization 89, 131, 196, 199–202, 210, 212, 245 standards 17, 22, 25, 135, 141, 201, 208, 220 statistics 14, 92–3, 120, 186, 275 status quo bias 43–4 students 16, 19, 55–60, 111, 113, 115–16, 171, 261 subject matter experts 127, 222, 233, 252, 267 substructure, information 145–7, 152–3, 188 Summers, Larry 60–1 surgeons 12, 19–21, 50, 54, 168, 198, 244, 249–51 Susskind, Richard 39, 66, 109, 151–2, 183–4, 214 systematization 201, 210, 245 systems 127–32, 162–6, 169–72, 182–8, 201–5, 219–28, 269–75, 277–83; see also machines computer 98, 119–20, 164–6, 171, 185, 272 diagnostic 113, 269, 295, 298 expert 31, 182–5, 273, 276 high-performing 163, 274–5, 277, 280, 303 online 76, 86, 185, 222, 225, 266 tablets 61, 147, 155, 173, 175, 210 tasks 122–5, 165–8, 212–14, 257–9, 261–7, 277–81, 285–92, 294–5 constituent 122, 124, 198, 212–14, 245, 255–6, 266, 286 decomposed 124–5, 134, 212, 238 professional, see professional tasks tax 31, 41–2, 84–94, 183–4, 202, 204, 224, 226 advisers 33, 39, 109, 115, 194, 198, 200, 206–7 authorities 85, 87–8, 108 professionals 85, 88–9, 140 specialists 68, 86, 89 teachers 1, 3, 55–9, 107, 121–4, 206, 208, 249–50 technological change 46, 111, 159, 254, 256, 307 technological myopia 44, 159 technological unemployment 213, 272, 284–91, 294–5 technology 44–6, 109–14, 116–17, 145–7, 149–55, 159–61, 163–7, 181–8 future impact 153–5 impact on professional work 289–95 new relationships with 116–17 textbooks 40, 43, 109, 221, 266 theories of professions 23–31 theorists 13, 16, 18–19, 23, 25–9, 31, 40 tools 43, 45, 83, 97–8, 100, 123, 201–2, 215 Topol, Eric 46–7 traditional crafts 199, 206, 215, 244, 246 traditional model 55, 112–13, 132, 210, 216–21, 223, 252, 264 traditional professionals 127, 129, 137, 139, 151, 205–6, 208, 249 absence of future roles 263–7 tragedy of the commons 297, 301 training 12, 39–40, 94, 96, 193, 195, 259–62, 295–6 transformations 1–2, 89, 102, 104–5, 231–2, 235, 245–6, 267–8 by technology 109–14 trust 22, 39–40, 195, 233–8; see also quasi-trust objection 233–7, 239 trusted adviser 106, 169, 205, 236, 251 trustworthiness 18, 236–7 Turing Test 275 Twitter 2, 62, 74–5, 78, 182, 235, 249 United Kingdom 10–11, 72, 74, 86, 88–9, 241, 243, 245 United States 47, 50–3, 57, 72–3, 83, 85, 87, 240–1 University of Oxford 183, 274 users 74–5, 77–8, 120–2, 150–2, 177–9, 202–3, 221–2, 252–3 Internet 127, 129, 132, 174, 177–8, 180, 182, 204 values, market 240, 243, 260 Varian, Hal 81, 191, 207 veil of ignorance 306–7 videos 56–8, 74, 77, 162, 177, 298 wages 10, 124, 284–5, 295 Watson 48–9, 82, 152, 160, 164–6, 186–7, 272–5, 278 weak AI 274–5 wealth 28, 55, 59, 236, 255, 306 Weber, Max 27, 257 websites 1, 41, 43, 63, 150, 165, 178, 185 Weizenbaum, Joseph 253 WikiHouse 1, 96, 133, 224 Wikipedia 59, 127, 178, 223, 299 Wittgenstein, Ludwig 15 work 16–20, 29–32, 115–26, 205–9, 212–14, 216–21, 254–63, 283–6 good 254–8, 264 professional, see professional work routine 111, 138, 159, 232, 260, 279 young professionals 138, 258–62 YouTube 74–5, 177, 182 ZocDoc 48, 129, 181, 219, 249 Zuboff Soshana 160–1

Vulture Capitalism: Corporate Crimes, Backdoor Bailouts, and the Death of Freedom
by Grace Blakeley
Published 11 Mar 2024

Tepper and Hearn, The Myth of Capitalism. 112. Karl Marx, Theories of Surplus Value, Volume II, Marxist Internet Archive, accessed July 27, 2023, https://www.marxists.org/archive/marx/works/1863/theories-surplus-value/. 113. Tepper and Hearn, The Myth of Capitalism; Dayen, Monopolized. 114. Baran and Sweezy, Monopoly Capital. 115. Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the Frontier of Power (London: Profile Books, 2018). 116. Meagher, Competition Is Killing Us. Yanis Varoufakis, Technofeudalism: What Killed Capitalism (London: Allen Lane, 2023). 117. Ibid. 118. Ibid. 119. Tepper and Hearn, The Myth of Capitalism. 120.

From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism
by Fred Turner
Published 31 Aug 2006

New York: Free Press, 1980. Zelizer, Barbie. Covering the Body: The Kennedy Assassination, the Media, and the Shaping of Collective Memory. Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1992. Zicklin, Gilbert. Countercultural Communes: A Sociological Perspective. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 1983. Zuboff, Shoshana. In the Age of the Smart Machine: The Future of Work and Power. New York: Basic Books, 1988. Index abstract expressionism, 46, 47 “Access Mobile,” 71 Acid Tests, 65, 66 Advanced Research Projects Agency (ARPA), 108, 213 Albrecht, Bob, 70, 101, 113, 114, 133 Alinsky, Saul, Rules for Radicals, 98 Allison, Dennis, 252 Alloy, 96 –97, 273n54 Alpert, Richard (Baba Ram Dass), 61 Altair, 114, 274n1 alternative energy, 233 Alto, 111 American Indian Movement, 97 America Online, 161 analog computers, 20 Andreesen, Marc, 213 Ant Farm art and design collective, 86, 272n36 anti-aircraft predictor, 21, 25, 26, 95, 178 anti-automationists, 29 antiwar protests, 64, 74, 118, 209 AOL, 217 Apple Computer, 106, 116, 129, 139, 198, 247 Architecture Machine Group, 163, 177–78 Arcosanti, 81 ARPA community, 116 ARPANET, 28, 109, 117, 213 artificial intelligence, 177 Artificial Intelligence (AI) Laboratory, 116, 133, 134, 177 Artificial Life Conference, 198 –99 artificial-life movement, 203 Ashby, Ross, 26, 178 “Aspen Summit: Cyberspace and the American Dream II,” 230 Association for Computing Machinery / Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (ACM/IEEE), 110 AT&T, 182, 193 Atari, 134, 163 Atkinson, Bill, 137 Atlas missile system, 19 atomic bomb, 18 atomic era, 17, 30 –31, 243 atomic forecasting, 187 Aufderheide, Patricia, 230 Augmentation Research Center (ARC), 61, 106, 107– 8, 109, 110 Autodesk, 163 automaton, 21 Baba, Meher, 75 back-to-the-land movement, 73, 76, 244, 245 Baer, Steve, 81, 95, 96, 97, 109; Dome Cookbook, 94 Baldwin, Jay, 94 Barayón, Ramón Sender, 65, 146 Barbrook, Richard, 208, 259, 279n43 Bardini, Thierry, 105, 274n1 Barlow, John Perry: and Aspen conference, 223; and computational metaphor, 16; conference on bionomics, 224; contributions to Wired, 217, 218; “Crime and Puzzlement,” 171, 172 –74, 195; “Declaration of [ 313 ] [ 314 ] Index Barlow, John Perry (continued) the Independence of Cyberspace,” 13 –14; and Electronic Frontier Foundation, 172, 218, 220; experiences with mysticism and LSD, 165; forum on hacking on the WELL, 168 –70; and Grateful Dead, 166; and Kapor, 172; linked hacking and free speech as central components of “cyberspace,” 171; linking of virtual reality to LSD, 163, 165; longing to return to an egalitarian world, 248; notion of cyberspace as an electronic frontier, 162, 172 –74; shift from agricultural work to information work, 166; and the WELL, 3, 142, 155, 167; and the Whole Earth network, 7 Barnett, Steve, 191 Basch, Reva, 154, 155 BASIC programming language, 113, 114 Bateson, Gregory, 121–25; attacked mechanistic visions of the social and natural worlds, 126; bridged high technology and communitarian idealism, 124; Communication: The Social Matrix of Psychiatry, 53; on ecological crisis, 276n42; intellectual influence on CQ, 124; and Macy Conferences, 26; rejection of transcendence, 123; and second-generation cybernetics, 123, 148; Steps to an Ecology of Mind, 123, 124, 165; theory of immanent mind, 123 –24; and “the pattern that connects,” 243; transformed cybernetic principles into communication-based theories of alcoholism, schizophrenia, and learning, 123; vision of material world as information system, 104 Bateson, Mary Catherine, 182, 189, 191 Battelle, John, 209, 216 Baxter, Richard, 171 Bay area computer programmers, 103 Beach, Scott, 102 Beat movement, 62 “Behavior, Purpose, and Teleology” (Rosenblueth, Wiener, and Bigelow), 22 “be-in,” 51–52, 269n20 Bell, Daniel, 32, 228, 245; The Coming of PostIndustrial Society, 241– 42 Berkeley Barb (magazine), 80, 114 Berners-Lee, Tim, 213 Berry, Wendell, 126 –27 Bertalanffy, Ludwig von, 265n43 Best, Eric, 221 Bevirt, Ron, 81 Big Brother & the Holding Company, 66 Bigelow, Alice, 226 Bigelow, Julian, 20, 21, 22, 122, 226 Big Rock Candy Mountain publishers, 70 Biondi, Frank, 208 bionomics, 224, 225 Biosphere, 176, 182, 190 Black Mountain College, 47 Black Panthers, 97 Black Power, 34 Blanchard, Chuck, 172 Boczkowski, Pablo, 271n7 Bolt, Baranek, and Newman, 134 Bonestell, Chesley, The Conquest of Space, 42 Bonner, Jay, 99 Borsook, Paulina, 226 “boundary object,” 72 Bourdieu, Pierre, 157 Bowker, Geoffrey, 25 –26, 84 Brand, Lois, 71, 74, 76, 113 Brand, Stewart, 3, 223; aimed to imitate the goals and tactics of American research culture, 78; at Alloy, 97; America Needs Indians, 66, 69, 270n49; analytical framework drawn from ecology and evolutionary biology, 44 – 45; argument that personal computer revolution and Internet grew out of counterculture, 103; and “Aspen Summit,” 231; association of cybernetics with alternative forms of communal organization, 43; authority across technological, economic, and cultural eras, 250 –51; brought together representatives of the technical world and former New Communalists, 109 –10, 116, 132, 216, 246, 247, 250, 255; buttons, 69; celebrated as a socio-technical visionary, 101; and coevolution, 121; coverage of Alloy, 96; crossing of disciplinary and professional boundaries, 249; cybernetic notion of organization-as-organism, 90; cybernetics as social and rhetorical resources for entrepreneurship, 5; definition of purpose of Catalog, 82 – 83; “Demise Party,” 101–2; depicted Media Lab as living demonstration of an alternative society, 179 – 81; description of Whole Earth as a “research organization,” 96; drew on systems theory to design the Catalog, 78; on Dyson, 227; editorial tactics, 79, 273n43; Index and Electronic Frontier Foundation, 172, 218; enthusiasm for computer-conferencing, 130; on faculty of School of Management and Strategic Studies, 129 –30; fear of living in a hyperrationalized world, 42 – 43; fear of Soviet attack in 1950s, 41– 42; first experience with LSD, 61; forum on hacking on the WELL, 168 –70; and Global Business Network, 176, 184, 188, 189, 191, 192, 193; and Hackers’ Conference, 139 – 40, 254; helped computers to be seen as “personal” technology, 105, 238; and Herman Kahn, 186; How Buildings Learn, 205; idealized vision of Native Americans, 59; idea that information-based products embodied an economic paradox, 136; imagined world as a series of overlapping information systems, 250; influence of Fuller on, 57; influence of Kesey on, 60; integration of ideas and people of Whole Earth into world of networked computing, 132; interview with Newsweek in 1980, 128 –29; introduction to Signal, 196; issues facing hackers to the themes of countercultural work and the Whole Earth group, 139; Kesey as role model, 65; and Learning Conferences, 181– 83; linking of information technologies to New Communalist politics, 216; Long Now Foundation, 206, 285n67; as a manager, 79, 89 –90; The Media Lab: Inventing the Future at MIT, 178 – 81; and the Merry Pranksters, 61– 62; military service, 46; mirror logic of cybernetics, 259; at MIT’s Media Lab, 177; modeled the synthesis of counterculture and research culture, 253; multimedia pieces, 270n49; networked cultural entrepreneurship, 251– 55; network forums, 239, 249 –50; “New Games Tournament,” 120; in New York art scene, 46; on outer space, 127; Point Foundation, 120; at Portola Institute, 70; portrayal of Nicholas Negroponte, 179 – 80; principle of juxtaposition, 84; private online conference for software reviewers, 131; reaction to the libertarianism of the mid-1990s, 287n49; reconfigured the cultural status of information and information technologies, 8, 238 –39, 249; repudiated the Catalog’s New Communalist origins, 121; response to criticism of Catalog’s poli- [ 315 ] tics, 99 –100; return to the Whole Earth Catalog, 120; search for individual freedom, 45; search for new, flexible modes of living, 59; and Software Catalog, 130 –31; “Spacewar: Fanatic Life and Symbolic Death among the Computer Bums,” 116 –18; “Sticking Your Head in Cyberspace,” 195; “Transcendental planning,” 90 –91; transcript of the Hacker Ethic forum, 138; travels after discharge from the army, 48; and Trips Festival, 65 – 68; turn back toward the computer industry, 104; visit to Drop City, 74; and the WELL, 141, 142 – 43, 145 – 46; work with USCO, 49, 51; writing for Wired, 217; and Xerox PARC, 246 – 47 Branwyn, Gareth, 81 Brautigan, Richard, “All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace,” 38 –39 Breines, Wini, 267n80 Briarpatch Society, 70 Brilliant, Larry, 141, 142 Britton, Lois, 273n44 Brockman, John, 129, 130, 290n24 Broderbund Software Inc., 135 Bronson, Po, 225 Brown, Jerry, 186 Browning, Page, 61 Budge, Bill, 135 bulletin board system (BBS), 144, 247 Burnham, Jack, 268n13 Burroughs, William, 62 Burstein, Daniel, 287n37 Burt, Ronald, 5, 135 Bush, Vannevar, 17, 20, 24, 229; “As We May Think,” 106 –7 Business 2.0 (magazine), 207 butterfly ecology, 43 Byte (magazine), 137 Cage, John, 43, 46 – 47, 67; Theatre Piece No. 1, 47– 48 “Californian Ideology,” 208, 285n4 Callahan, Michael, 48, 51, 66 Callon, Michelle, 277n71 Calvert, Greg, 35 Calvin, William, 191 Cameron, Andy, 208, 259 Carlston, Doug, 135 Carpenter, Edmund, 53 Carroll, Jon, 143, 155 [ 316 ] Index Castañeda, Carlos, 92 Castells, Manuel, 149, 242, 278n23 Center for Linear Studies, 198 Centre Européenne pour la Recherche Nucléaire (CERN), 213 Ceruzzi, Paul, 105 – 6, 129 “Cheerful Robot,” 29 Christian right, 215 CIA, MK-ULTRA program, 60 Citibank/Citicorp, 198 Citizens’ Band radio, 144 civil rights movement, 31, 34, 35 Clinton, Bill, 215 closed informational system, 17 Club of Rome, The Limits to Growth, 120 Coate, John, 146 – 47, 148, 155, 159 “coevolution,” 121 CoEvolution Quarterly, 97, 120 –22, 131, 132, 176, 186, 194 cold war era: artistic process, 47; engagement of universities with, 12; mechanistic world, 62.

Data and Goliath: The Hidden Battles to Collect Your Data and Control Your World
by Bruce Schneier
Published 2 Mar 2015

McDonald, Pablo Molina, Ramez Naam, Peter Neumann, Joseph Nye, Cirsten Paine, David M. Perry, Leah Plunkett, David Prentiss, Barath Raghavan, Marc Rotenberg, Martin Schneier, Seth David Schoen, Adam Shostack, Peter Swire, Kit Walsh, Sara M. Watson, David Weinberger, Dustin Wenzel, Marcy Wheeler, Richard Willey, Ben Wizner, Josephine Wolff, Jonathan Zittrain, and Shoshana Zuboff. Every one of these people gave me suggestions that I incorporated into the book. A few people were invaluable in writing this book. Kathleen Seidel is the best researcher I have ever found, and I can no longer imagine writing a book without her help. Same with Rebecca Kessler, who edited the book twice during my writing process and gave me critical suggestions each time.

The Lost Bank: The Story of Washington Mutual-The Biggest Bank Failure in American History
by Kirsten Grind
Published 11 Jun 2012

(Hereafter cited as Senate Investigations Subcommittee.) 26. Kirsten Grind, “Insiders Detail Reasons for WaMu’s Failure,” Puget Sound Business Journal, Jan. 23, 2009. 27. Melissa Allison, “Less Office, More Space for WaMu,” Seattle Times, Mar. 10, 2006. 28. Robert Slater, Jack Welch and the GE Way (New York: McGraw-Hill, 1999). 29. Shoshana Zuboff, “The New Adulthood,” Fast Company, Aug. 1, 2004. 30. Senate Investigations Subcommittee, Wall Street and the Financial Crisis: The Role of High Risk Loans, Steve Rotella interview. 31. Stephanie Anderson Forest, “Is This Any Way to Run a Bank?” Bloomberg BusinessWeek, Oct. 13, 2003. 32. Bill Virgin, “Class-Action Bid in WaMu Lawsuit Will Be Argued at Court Hearing,” Seattle Post-Intelligencer, May 9, 2002. 33.

Facebook: The Inside Story
by Steven Levy
Published 25 Feb 2020

had gotten a patent: Facebook, Inc., Menlo Park, CA (US) got patent No. US 8,825,764 B2 with Michael Nowak, San Francisco, CA (US); Dean Eckles, Palo Alto, CA (US) as inventors. The date of patent is September 2, 2014. While it’s unclear how this specific technique was employed, a detailed discussion of Facebook’s data mining is found in Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: Public Affairs, 2019). “Entity Graph”: This was described to me by Cameron Marlow, who was once head of Facebook’s Data Science team. the most controversial study: Adam D. I. Kramer, Jamie E.

Four Battlegrounds
by Paul Scharre
Published 18 Jan 2023

Advantage,” Slate, June 13, 2019, https://slate.com/technology/2019/06/data-not-new-oil-kai-fu-lee-china-artificial-intelligence.html. 20China is “the Saudi Arabia of data”: “China May Match or Beat America in AI,” The Economist, July 15, 2017, https://www.economist.com/business/2017/07/15/china-may-match-or-beat-america-in-ai; Kai-Fu Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order (Boston: Mariner Books, September 1, 2018), 55, https://www.amazon.com/AI-Superpowers-China-Silicon-Valley/dp/132854639X. 20data is not a fungible resource: Husanjot Chahal, Ryan Fedasiuk, and Carrick Flynn, Messier Than Oil: Assessing Data Advantage in Military AI (Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2020), https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/messier-than-oil-assessing-data-advantage-in-military-ai/. 21surveillance capitalism: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, January 15, 2019), https://www.amazon.com/Age-Surveillance-Capitalism-Future-Frontier/dp/1610395697. 22900 million internet users as of 2020: “Number of Internet Users in China from 2008 to 2020,” Statista, 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/265140/number-of-internet-users-in-china/. 22750 million internet users in 2020: The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators: April–June, 2020 (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, November 9, 2020), https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_09112020_0.pdf. 22400 million users: “Internet access,” in “Digital economy and society statistics—households and individuals,” Eurostat, September 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_households_and_individuals#Internet_usage. 22290 million internet users: “Digital Population in the United States as of January 2021,” Statista, February 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1044012/usa-digital-platform-audience/. 22Facebook has 2.7 billion users: Facebook, “Facebook Reports Third Quarter 2020 Results,” news release, October 29, 2020, https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2020/Facebook-Reports-Third-Quarter-2020-Results/default.aspx. 22YouTube over 2 billion: “YouTube for Press,” YouTube Official Blog, n.d., https://blog.youtube/press/. 22WeChat’s 1.2 billion: Monthly active users as of 30 September 2020.

Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems
by Martin Kleppmann
Published 17 Apr 2017

W. Norton, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-393-35217-7 [97] The Grugq: “Nothing to Hide,” grugq.tumblr.com, April 15, 2016. [98] Tony Beltramelli: “Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning,” Masters Thesis, IT University of Copenhagen, December 2015. Available at arxiv.org/abs/1512.05616 [99] Shoshana Zuboff: “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology, volume 30, number 1, pages 75–89, April 2015. doi:10.1057/jit.2015.5 [100] Carina C. Zona: “Consequences of an Insightful Algorithm,” at GOTO Berlin, November 2016. [101] Bruce Schneier: “Data Is a Toxic Asset, So Why Not Throw It Out?

Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems
by Martin Kleppmann
Published 16 Mar 2017

Norton, 2015. ISBN: 978-0-393-35217-7 [97] The Grugq: “Nothing to Hide,” grugq.tumblr.com, April 15, 2016. [98] Tony Beltramelli: “Deep-Spying: Spying Using Smartwatch and Deep Learning,” Masters Thesis, IT University of Copenhagen, December 2015. Available at arxiv.org/abs/1512.05616 [99] Shoshana Zuboff: “Big Other: Surveillance Capitalism and the Prospects of an Information Civilization,” Journal of Information Technology, volume 30, number 1, pages 75–89, April 2015. doi:10.1057/jit.2015.5 [100] Carina C. Zona: “Consequences of an Insightful Algorithm,” at GOTO Berlin, November 2016. [101] Bruce Schneier: “Data Is a Toxic Asset, So Why Not Throw It Out?