The Age of Extraction: How Tech Platforms Conquered the Economy and Threaten Our Future Prosperity
by Tim Wu · 4 Nov 2025 · 246pp · 65,143 words
that it can be expected to automatically dissipate market power is just nonsense. A third major variant comes from the work of the influential theorist Simon Kuznets. A pioneer of empirical methods, Kuznets was also a theorist of inequality, and among his postulates was the idea that unequal societies would, if they
The State and the Stork: The Population Debate and Policy Making in US History
by Derek S. Hoff · 30 May 2012
the first meeting they fielded papers from several influential population experts with a wide range of views: Spengler; Arnold Harberger, a University of Chicago economist; Simon Kuznets, one of the giants of twentieth-century economics; geochemist Harrison Brown; Ansley Coale of Coale-Hoover fame; and Theodore Schultz, an agricultural economist about to
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, however, Simon’s views shifted 180 degrees to a full rejection of Malthusianism. Simon’s about-face came partly from studying the historical analyses of Simon Kuznets, Richard Easterlin, and others who noted the absence of a strict relationship between population and economic growth, as well as the work of the agricultural
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the high-birthrate 1950s was one of the few decades in modern American history during which the gap between the rich and poor narrowed. See Simon Kuznets, “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” American Economic Review 45 (March 1955): 1–28. On postwar inequality, see Derek S. Hoff, “Statistical Appendix: Historical Income Inequality
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Labor Statistics, “Summaries of Studies and Reports,” Monthly Labor Review 82 (February 1959): 25. 103. For the place of population in modern growth theory, see Simon Kuznets, Postwar Economic Growth: Four Lectures (Cambridge, Mass.: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1964), esp. lecture 1; Moses Abramovitz, Thinking about Growth and other Essays
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not only in product per capita but also in population does not imply that the latter was a necessary condition for the former” (2). 119. Simon Kuznets, Six Lectures on Economic Growth (New York: Free Press of Glencoe, 1959), 37. The next year, Kuznets suggested that larger populations 298 notes to chapter
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happily produce more geniuses (“Population Change and Aggregate Output,” in Demographic and Economic Change in Developed Countries [Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1960], 324–39). 120. Simon Kuznets, “Toward a Theory of Economic Growth,” in National Economic Welfare at Home and Abroad, ed. Robert Lekachman (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1955; New York
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in the Records of the Population Council, Rockefeller Archive Center, Tarrytown, N.Y., Box 39, Folder 560, “Schultz, Theodore W., 1956–1966.” 76. For example, Simon Kuznets believed that the ability of societies to invest in human capital upset traditional assumptions about the effects of population growth on capital formation. See his
Growth: A Reckoning
by Daniel Susskind · 16 Apr 2024 · 358pp · 109,930 words
versions of what would later turn into GDP started to take shape.29 And that work began with the efforts of an American economist called Simon Kuznets. When the Great Depression struck in the 1920s, it was clear that an economic catastrophe was unfolding: the stock market had collapsed, banks were failing
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not to feature in the narrative. As one commentator puts it, ‘Keynes’s role in constructing what eventually became GDP, and his concurrent debate with Simon Kuznets about the place for public spending … has been one of economic history’s best-kept secrets.’47 When people look back at the year 1944
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the calculation was failing to capture what we ought to value. In fact, the concern is as old as the GDP calculation itself. Remember that Simon Kuznets, when creating an early version of the measure, fell out of favour with the policymakers who were putting it to use at the time. The
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”’ and in a ‘Press Conference Announcing the Commerce Department’s Achievement of the Century’, the then head, William Daley, noted ‘Pioneered by our own Dr. Simon Kuznets in the early 1930s … Obviously, I don’t have to convince our guests – Chairman Greenspan and Chairman Baily – or any economist or business leader that
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(London: Bloomsbury, 2018), p. 25. 31 Quoted in Jon Gartner, ‘The Rise and Fall of GDP’, The New York Times, 16 May 2010. 32 See Simon Kuznets, National Income, 1929–1932, Report prepared by the Division of Economic Research of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (Washington DC: US Goverment Printing
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. 9, and Ehsan Masood, The Great Invention: The Story of GDP and the Making (and Unmaking) of the Modern World (2016), pp. 15–16. 33 Simon Kuznets, ‘National Income, 1929–1932’, NBER Bulletin 49 (1934), variously. 34 ‘The volume of net income paid out to individuals shrank by 40 per cent during
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‘In these periods, short as they may be, the military conflict itself dominates economic activity and war output is properly treated as a final product’, Simon Kuznets, National Product in Wartime, NBER Publication (1945). See Syrquin, ‘A Review Essay’ and Rockoff, ‘On the Controversies’ on Kuznets’ concession during wartime. 42 See John
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be turned on its head. The government had to be considered part of the economy.’ See Lepenies, The Power, p. 76, for, ‘Colin Clark and Simon Kuznets rated state activity very similarly.’ Also see Lepenies, The Power, p. 48, for, ‘In this, Keynes departed fundamentally from the position Colin Clark had adopted
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’, PNAS, 116:15 (March 2019), 7250–55. 23 President Kennedy, ‘Remarks at the University of Kansas, March 18, 1968’, John F. Kennedy Presidential Library. 24 Simon Kuznets, National Income, 1929–1932, Report prepared by the Division of Economic Research of the Bureau of Foreign and Domestic Commerce (Washington DC: US Government Printing
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office, 1934), p. 7. 25 Simon Kuznets, Clark Warburton and M. A. Copeland, ‘Concepts of National Income’, in Studies in Income and Wealth, Volume 1, NBER Conference on Research in National Income
The Limits of the Market: The Pendulum Between Government and Market
by Paul de Grauwe and Anna Asbury · 12 Mar 2017
the market system sails inevitably towards its limits. Kuznets’s Dream Based on a statistical analysis of US tax data between and , the American economist Simon Kuznets came to the remarkable conclusion in that income inequality in the US had dropped substantially. Based on this fact, Kuznets decided that capitalism contains a
Milton Friedman: A Biography
by Lanny Ebenstein · 23 Jan 2007 · 298pp · 95,668 words
part-time at Columbia and associated socially with many from the Columbia crowd. At the National Bureau, Friedman served as research assistant to Columbia graduate Simon Kuznets, a Mitchell disciple, who had organized the Conference on Research in National Income and Wealth. Kuznets was one of Friedman’s last mentors, along with
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the degree would be awarded. A major controversy arose with respect to Friedman’s dissertation, Income from Independent Professional Practices, which he co-wrote with Simon Kuznets of the National Bureau. Kuznets wrote a preliminary manuscript, which Friedman completely rewrote between 1938 and 1941. The study covers five professional fields, including doctors
Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet
by Klaus Schwab and Peter Vanham · 27 Jan 2021 · 460pp · 107,454 words
: The Issues of the World Economy Today There might have been no better person to piece together the puzzle of the world economy today than Simon Kuznets, a Russian-born1 American economist, who died in 1985. It may seem odd at first that a man who passed away in the mid-1980s
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the root of the feeling of betrayal people have toward their leaders. But before we get deeper into this curse, let's examine who exactly Simon Kuznets was and find out what people remembered him for. The Original Kuznets’ Curse: GDP as Measure of Progress Simon Smith Kuznets was born in Pinsk
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our policy answers will work? Economic metrics were scarce, and GDP, the measure we use today to value our economy, had not been invented. Enter Simon Kuznets. An expert in statistics, mathematics, and economics, he developed a standard way of measuring the gross national income (GNI) or gross national product (GNP) of
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growth is good reigned supreme. But there is a painful end to this story, and we could have foreseen it had we better listened to Simon Kuznets himself. In 1934, long before the Bretton Woods Agreement, Kuznets warned US Congress not to focus too narrowly on GNP/GDP: “The welfare of a
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: lacking public investments—an increasingly likely reality for budget-strained governments—economic mobility in many countries could get worse, rather than better. So, what would Simon Kuznets have to say about all these findings, many of which go against his own theory? We do not need to speculate. According to his colleague
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many people behind economically. It was Kuznets’ final curse. He had never suggested that our economic system was indefinitely sustainable. ▪ ▪ ▪ We did not listen to Simon Kuznets’ cautious warnings: he told us GDP was a poor measure for broad societal progress, as it was more geared toward measuring production capacity than any
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was born in Pinsk, then part of the Russian Empire. Nowadays, Pinsk is part of Belarus. 2 “Political Arithmetic: Simon Kuznets and the Empirical Tradition in Economics”, Chapter 5: The Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets, Robert William Fogel, Enid M. Fogel, Mark Guglielmo, Nathaniel Grotte, University of Chicago Press, p. 105, https://www.nber
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.org/system/files/chapters/c12917/c12917.pdf. 3 A direct quotation of Kuznets’ autobiography for the Nobel Prize committee. The Nobel Prize, “Simon Kuznets Biographical,” 1971, https://www.nobelprize.org/prizes/economic-sciences/1971/kuznets/biographical/. 4 “GDP: A brief history,” Elizabeth Dickinson, Foreign Policy, January 2011, https://foreignpolicy
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://www.oecd.org/economy/outlook/Decoupling-of-wages-from-productivity-november-2018-OECD-economic-outlook-chapter.pdf. 36 “Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets,” Robert Fogel, National Bureau of Economic Research, December 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf. 37 “Global Inequality is Declining—Largely Thanks to China
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.worldbank.org/en/topic/poverty/publication/fair-progress-economic-mobility-across-generations-around-the-world. 59 “ibidem”. 60 “Some Notes on the Scientific Methods of Simon Kuznets,” Robert Fogel, NBER, December 1987, https://www.nber.org/papers/w2461.pdf. 61 These two sentences are adapted from “The World Economic Forum, A Partner
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production capacity of a country—no luxury with the Second World War around the corner. Since then, however, not only the inventor of the metric, Simon Kuznets, but many other economists, including Mariana Mazzucato, Diane Coyle, and Nobel Prize winner Joseph Stiglitz, pointed out some of the fundamental flaws of GDP.39
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Zealand's focus on social issues instead of, 234–236 post-World War II low level of, 105 private sector percentage of China's, 172 Simon Kuznets' warning on progress measured by, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 Singapore (1965–2019), 123–125 stakeholder model going beyond profits and, 189–193 trade globalization
Enlightenment Now: The Case for Reason, Science, Humanism, and Progress
by Steven Pinker · 13 Feb 2018 · 1,034pp · 241,773 words
inequality (measured by the Gini or income shares) is not mathematically necessary, but it is highly likely. According to a famous conjecture by the economist Simon Kuznets, as countries get richer they should get less equal, because some people leave farming for higher-paying lines of work while the rest stay in
Global Inequality: A New Approach for the Age of Globalization
by Branko Milanovic · 10 Apr 2016 · 312pp · 91,835 words
in some cases to the Middle Ages, to reformulate the Kuznets hypothesis, the workhorse of inequality economics. This hypothesis, formulated by Nobel Prize–winning economist Simon Kuznets in the 1950s, states that as countries industrialize and average incomes grow, inequality will at first increase and then decrease, resulting in an inverted-U
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long swings in income inequality must be viewed as part of a wider process of economic growth and interrelated with similar movements in other elements. —SIMON KUZNETS The Origins of Dissatisfaction with the Kuznets Hypothesis Dissatisfaction with the Kuznets hypothesis—the idea that inequality is low at very low income levels, then
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to discuss these four tensions. The fallacy is the view that the reduction of absolute poverty worldwide would somehow alleviate or even eliminate these tensions. Simon Kuznets dismissed this idea long ago (in 1954). Huge gaps in income and standard of living between, for example, a New Yorker and a member of
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.7 percent) to $4.5 trillion out of world GDP of $73 trillion (6.1 percent). 2. Inequality within Countries Epigraph: Kuznets (1955, 21). 1. Simon Kuznets first stated this hypothesis in his 1955 presidential address to the American Economic Association; he later restated and expanded it (Kuznets 1966). An important precursor
Visions of Inequality: From the French Revolution to the End of the Cold War
by Branko Milanovic · 9 Oct 2023
(clockwise from top left): Adam Smith (Science Source/Getty Images); Vilfredo Pareto; David Ricardo (Hulton Archive/Getty Images); Portrait du docteur François Quesnay (Musée Carnavalet); Simon Kuznets (AFP via Getty Images); Karl Marx (Hulton Archive/Getty Images) 978-0-674-26414-4 (cloth) 978-0-674-29462-2 (EPUB) 978-0-674
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–Efficiency Trade-off 4 Karl Marx: The Decreasing Rate of Profit but Constant Pressure on Labor Incomes 5 Vilfredo Pareto: From Classes to Individuals 6 Simon Kuznets: Inequality during Modernization 7 The Long Eclipse of Inequality Studies during the Cold War Epilogue: The New Beginning Notes Acknowledgments Index Prologue The objective of
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to deal, directly or indirectly, with income distribution and income inequality. They are Fran ç ois Quesnay, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, Vilfredo Pareto, Simon Kuznets, and a group of economists from the second half of the twentieth century (the latter collectively influential even as they individually lack the iconic status
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in Europe) 1867 (Meiji Restoration) 1883 (Just before the division of Africa conference) Vilfredo Pareto (75) 1848 (Revolutions in Europe) 1896 1923 (Mussolini in power) Simon Kuznets (84) 1901 1955 (Cold War) 1985 (Gorbachev in power) While writing this book, I unexpectedly encountered a similar structure in Leszek Kolakowski’s Main Currents
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on which the elite is built may vary, but the elite versus the population split remains. Elites just take different sociological forms in different societies. Simon Kuznets worked and lived in the United States of the 1950s and the 1960s, in an entirely different environment from the other authors considered here. Inequality
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early twentieth. The sixth author marks a break in the lineage. Perhaps too much time—time that included two world wars—elapsed between Pareto and Simon Kuznets. Kuznets’s work was strongly empirical, and he did not have much (or almost anything) in common with Ricardo or Marx. Nor did he and
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be impervious to subjective feelings or preferences, might have been duped at that very point—the same one where he saw many others commit mistakes. Simon Kuznets would, about a half century after Pareto, go precisely in the direction Pareto refused to take: he would argue that income inequality changes in a
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because there is no ceiling to income. This is, of course, very different from other phenomena, where there are natural limits. CHAPTER SIX Simon Kuznets: Inequality during Modernization Simon Kuznets was arguably (with the other contender being John Maynard Keynes) the most important economist of the twentieth century. 1 He laid the foundations of
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by technological revolutions. Despite its ups and downs, the Kuznets hypothesis is still with us. Kuznets’s Contributions Several very important contributions were made by Simon Kuznets. For the first time in the history of economics, his hypothesis clearly linked movements in income inequality to structural transformations of economies (or to rising
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, British Economic Growth 1270–1870: An Output-Based Approach (Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 2015). 14 . Modern growth, according to Simon Kuznets, implies a per-capita growth rate of 2 percent per year. Simon Kuznets, Economic Growth of Nations: Total Output and Production Structure (Cambridge, MA: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1971), 10–27
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China: An Empirical Investigation,” Stone Center on Socio-Economic Inequality Working Paper 64, April 2023. 49 . Pareto, Manual of Political Economy, 199–200. 6. Simon Kuznets 1 . Simon Kuznets was born in 1901 in the city of Pinsk, then part of the Russian Empire and now in Belarus. During World War I and the
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, Kuznets emigrated, via Danzig (Gda ń sk), to the United States. The only detailed account of his early life can be found in Moshe Syrquin, “Simon Kuznets and Russia: An Uneasy Relationship,” in Russian and Western Economic Thought: Mutual Influences and Transfer of Ideas, ed. Vladimir Avtonomov and Harald Hagemann (Berlin: Springer
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, 2022). 2 . Simon Kuznets, “Regional Economic Trends and Levels of Living” (1954), reprinted in Kuznets, Economic Growth and Structure: Selected Essays (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965). 3 . Branko
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Development Center, Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Groningen, https://www.rug.nl/ggdc/historicaldevelopment/maddison/releases/maddison-project-database-2020?lang = en . 6 . Simon Kuznets, “Inequalities in the Size Distribution of Income” (1963), reprinted in Kuznets, Economic Growth and Structure: Selected Essays (New York: W. W. Norton, 1965), 303. 7
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Marx and Engels in their correspondence but was never adequately reflected in Marx’s own economic research. 14 . Simon Kuznets, “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” American Economic Review 45 (1955): 1–28, 18. 15 . Simon Kuznets, Modern Economic Growth (New Haven: Yale University Press, 1966), 217. 16 . For support of the assumption of less
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and Row, 1968), 6. 24 . See Gertrude Himmelfarb, “Introduction,” in Alexis de Tocqueville’s Memoir on Pauperism, trans. Seymour Drescher (London: Civitas, 1997) , 3. 25 . Simon Kuznets, Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1953). 26 . Arthur F. Burns, “Looking Forward,” in Burns
Capitalism and Its Critics: A History: From the Industrial Revolution to AI
by John Cassidy · 12 May 2025 · 774pp · 238,244 words
fall toward zero. But in 1936, Britain and most other advanced countries were far from full employment. Relying on figures from the Russian American economist Simon Kuznets, Keynes estimated that the US multiplier had been about 2.5 during the late 1920s, and he said it was likely even higher now that
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wealth distribution, an area that many members of the economics profession had neglected. In mainstream economics, the modern study of inequality dates to 1953, when Simon Kuznets, a Russian émigré who taught at Harvard, published a pioneering study of income trends in the United States. Kuznets’s paper showed that between 1913
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.com/books/best-sellers/2014/05/18/hardcover-nonfiction. 5. Piketty, Capital in the Twenty-First Century, 31. 6. Simon Kuznets and Elizabeth Jenks, “Shares of Upper Income Groups in Savings,” in Simon Kuznets and Elizabeth Jenks, Shares of Upper Income Groups in Income and Savings (New York: National Bureau of Economic Research, 1953
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), https://www.nber.org/system/files/chapters/c3060/c3060.pdf. 7. Simon Kuznets, “Economic Growth and Income Inequality,” The American Economic Review 45, no. 1 (March 1955), https://assets.aeaweb.org/asset-server/files/9438.pdf. 8. Edward
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Termites of the State: Why Complexity Leads to Inequality
by Vito Tanzi · 28 Dec 2017
Homeland: The War on Terror in American Life
by Richard Beck · 2 Sep 2024 · 715pp · 212,449 words
What Would the Great Economists Do?: How Twelve Brilliant Minds Would Solve Today's Biggest Problems
by Linda Yueh · 4 Jun 2018 · 453pp · 117,893 words
The Rise and Fall of Nations: Forces of Change in the Post-Crisis World
by Ruchir Sharma · 5 Jun 2016 · 566pp · 163,322 words
Money and Government: The Past and Future of Economics
by Robert Skidelsky · 13 Nov 2018
The Second Machine Age: Work, Progress, and Prosperity in a Time of Brilliant Technologies
by Erik Brynjolfsson and Andrew McAfee · 20 Jan 2014 · 339pp · 88,732 words
What's Mine Is Yours: How Collaborative Consumption Is Changing the Way We Live
by Rachel Botsman and Roo Rogers · 2 Jan 2010 · 411pp · 80,925 words
Human Frontiers: The Future of Big Ideas in an Age of Small Thinking
by Michael Bhaskar · 2 Nov 2021
The Patterning Instinct: A Cultural History of Humanity's Search for Meaning
by Jeremy Lent · 22 May 2017 · 789pp · 207,744 words
Invisible Women
by Caroline Criado Perez · 12 Mar 2019 · 480pp · 119,407 words
How to Change the World: Reflections on Marx and Marxism
by Eric Hobsbawm · 5 Sep 2011 · 621pp · 157,263 words
Wealth, Poverty and Politics
by Thomas Sowell · 31 Aug 2015 · 877pp · 182,093 words
The Meritocracy Trap: How America's Foundational Myth Feeds Inequality, Dismantles the Middle Class, and Devours the Elite
by Daniel Markovits · 14 Sep 2019 · 976pp · 235,576 words
Crisis and Leviathan: Critical Episodes in the Growth of American Government
by Robert Higgs and Arthur A. Ekirch, Jr. · 15 Jan 1987
The Great Surge: The Ascent of the Developing World
by Steven Radelet · 10 Nov 2015 · 437pp · 115,594 words
Other People's Money: Masters of the Universe or Servants of the People?
by John Kay · 2 Sep 2015 · 478pp · 126,416 words
Free to Choose: A Personal Statement
by Milton Friedman and Rose D. Friedman · 2 Jan 1980 · 376pp · 118,542 words
The Rise and Decline of Nations: Economic Growth, Stagflation, and Social Rigidities
by Mancur Olson
The Hour of Fate
by Susan Berfield
Extreme Economies: Survival, Failure, Future – Lessons From the World’s Limits
by Richard Davies · 4 Sep 2019 · 412pp · 128,042 words
The War on Normal People: The Truth About America's Disappearing Jobs and Why Universal Basic Income Is Our Future
by Andrew Yang · 2 Apr 2018 · 300pp · 76,638 words
Men Without Work
by Nicholas Eberstadt · 4 Sep 2016 · 126pp · 37,081 words
Life Inc.: How the World Became a Corporation and How to Take It Back
by Douglas Rushkoff · 1 Jun 2009 · 422pp · 131,666 words
Forward: Notes on the Future of Our Democracy
by Andrew Yang · 15 Nov 2021
The Great Economists: How Their Ideas Can Help Us Today
by Linda Yueh · 15 Mar 2018 · 374pp · 113,126 words
Life as a Passenger: How Driverless Cars Will Change the World
by David Kerrigan · 18 Jun 2017 · 472pp · 80,835 words
The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
by John J. Mearsheimer · 1 Jan 2001 · 637pp · 199,158 words
Hubris: Why Economists Failed to Predict the Crisis and How to Avoid the Next One
by Meghnad Desai · 15 Feb 2015 · 270pp · 73,485 words
The Corruption of Capitalism: Why Rentiers Thrive and Work Does Not Pay
by Guy Standing · 13 Jul 2016 · 443pp · 98,113 words
Radical Uncertainty: Decision-Making for an Unknowable Future
by Mervyn King and John Kay · 5 Mar 2020 · 807pp · 154,435 words
I'm a stranger here myself: notes on returning to America after twenty years away
by Bill Bryson · 6 Jun 2000 · 303pp · 93,545 words
Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies
by Judith Stein · 30 Apr 2010 · 497pp · 143,175 words
The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril
by Satyajit Das · 9 Feb 2016 · 327pp · 90,542 words
The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age
by Roger Bootle · 4 Sep 2019 · 374pp · 111,284 words
Affluenza: The All-Consuming Epidemic
by John de Graaf, David Wann, Thomas H Naylor and David Horsey · 1 Jan 2001 · 378pp · 102,966 words