Where Wizards Stay Up Late: The Origins of the Internet
by Katie Hafner and Matthew Lyon · 1 Jan 1996 · 352pp · 96,532 words
shipping the first Interface Message Processor to California the next day. IMP Number One was almost out the door. 5 Do It to It Truett Steve Crocker and Vint Cerf had been best friends since attending Van Nuys High School in L.A.’s San Fernando Valley. They shared a love for
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regularly set aside several days to reread The Lord of the Rings trilogy.Vint did particularly well in chemistry, but his passion was math. When Steve Crocker started the math club atVan Nuys High,Vint was one of the first to join. As a result of premature birth, Vint was hearing-impaired
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too bad we don’t have an O.E.D. Cerf: I know. Why don’t we look it up in The Oxford English Dictionary? Steve Crocker drifted in and out of Vint’s life. Steve’s parents were divorced, and he spent his high school years shuttling between suburban Chicago and
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a long time at a huge Kandinsky. “This thing reminds me of a green hamburger,” he finally remarked. A year later they were married, with Steve Crocker as Vint’s best man (roles that would be reversed a few years later). Crocker’s electronics expertise came in handy when, minutes before the
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side could initiate a simple dialogue and the other would be ready to respond with at least an acknowledgment of the other machine’s existence. Steve Crocker once likened the concept of a host-to-host protocol to the invention of two-by-fours. “You imagine cities and buildings and houses, and
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Net. Although in technical terms Tomlinson’s program was trivial, culturally it was revolutionary. “SENDMSG opened the door,” said Dave Crocker, the younger brother of Steve Crocker and an e-mail pioneer. “It created the first interconnectivity, then everyone took it from there.” But how to get this invention running out on
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our name off of it.” He understood the research and didn’t care if they did it, but didn’t want them bragging about it. Steve Crocker, now an IPTO program manager working under Roberts, was glad he wasn’t the one overseeing the dance automation project. But he did have a
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was changed frequently to improve performance or fix bugs, the company was uncomfortable with distributing software that would become obsolete. The company held its ground. Steve Crocker, by then a DARPA program manager who oversaw most of BBN’s contracts, took charge of the situation. He had control of about $6 million
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to three separate places for concurrent implementation: BBN, Cerf’s computer lab at Stanford, and University College, London. At about the same time, Kahn and Steve Crocker began talking to Cerf about taking a job as a DARPA program manager in Washington. “I flew there and landed in a big snowstorm and
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more theoretical topic for his thesis. Then in 1972, while on DARPA-related business for PARC, Metcalfe stayed at the Washington home of his friend Steve Crocker. Crocker had gathered together some of the best technical people from the early sites to assist new sites and called these people “network facilitators.” Metcalfe
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to recommend it most was the fact that it was unerringly “open.” Its entire design was an open process, following a path first blazed by Steve Crocker and the Network Working Group and continuing into the Internet. The ARPANET, and later the Internet, grew as much from the free availability of software
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for visitors at UCLA. The last IMP to go was at the University of Maryland. By coincidence, Trusted Information Systems, a company in Maryland where Steve Crocker now worked, was connected to that IMP. Crocker had been there at the birth and he was there at the death. By the end of
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, throw it out on the Net, and fix it if it breaks—permeated Net sensibility for years afterward. Openness in the protocol process started with Steve Crocker’s first RFC for the Network Working Group, and continued into the Internet. While at DARPA, Bob Kahn made a conspicuous choice to maintain openness
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hired a production company to put together an elaborate video presentation that would include interviews with a core group of pioneers—Larry Roberts, Bob Kahn, Steve Crocker, Len Kleinrock, Frank Heart, and Vint Cerf. Bob Metcalfe, the inventor of Ethernet, was now publisher of a computer trade newspaper called InfoWorld. He wrote
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’s proposal. Chapter Five The description of UCLA’s preparations for and receipt of the IMP Number One is based on interviews with Len Kleinrock, Steve Crocker, Mike Wingfield, andVint Cerf. The description of the Network Working Group’s early work in layered protocols was based on interviews with
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Steve Crocker, Jon Postel, andVint Cerf. The description of the first log-in session between UCLA and SRI was based on interviews with Len Kleinrock and Charley
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Heart, Severo Ornstein, and Alex McKenzie. The description of the ICCC ’72 demonstration of the ARPANET was based on interviews with Al Vezza, Bob Kahn, Steve Crocker, Len Kleinrock, Jon Postel, Alex McKenzie, and Larry Roberts. “PARRY Encounters the Doctor” was published in its entirety as an RFC and appeared in Datamation
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Kahn, Severo Ornstein, Bob Taylor, Larry Roberts, Jon Postel, Frank Heart, Alex McKenzie, Dave Walden, Ben Barker, Donald Davies, Paul Baran, Len Kleinrock, Steve Lukasik, Steve Crocker, and Bob Metcalfe. Louise Licklider, Bill McGill, John Swets, and Karl Kryter shared their memories of J. C. R. Licklider with us, and Mitch Waldrop
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in the development of the Internet. The manuscript was read in whole or in part in various stages of completion by Vint Cerf, Lyman Chapin, Steve Crocker, Peter Denning, Frank Heart, Bob Kahn, John Kelley, Larry Landweber, Steven Levy, Hank Long, Paul McJones, Alex McKenzie, Peter Preuss, Larry Roberts, Einar Stefferud, Bob
The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal
by M. Mitchell Waldrop · 14 Apr 2001
conference started in July 1968, with no one knowing quite what to expect. "It turned out to be a really amazing group of people," recalls Steve Crocker, who was just in the process of returning to UCLA after eighteen months in Minsky's AI Lab. "It was probably the smartest, most intense
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larger than merely this or that research group. They were part of a na- tionwide community-the ARPA community. Certainly the twenty-three-year- old Steve Crocker thought so. Before that meeting, he says, "I had been keeping track of where I thought the hot research was: BBN, MIT, CMU, Stanford-I
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figure out just how they were going to handle the network. "We were mostly second- and third-level people-meaning grad students, not PIs," says Steve Crocker, who had been drafted to be a delegate for UCLA. Indeed, he found a lot of fa- miliar faces there from Illinois. "But we were
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nothing else for it: all they could do was keep their fingers crossed and watch the calendar count down toward Labor Day. Out at UCLA, Steve Crocker was watching the calendar, too, and if anything, he was even more apprehensive than the BBNers. To begin with, he explains, there was this business
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had successfully connected anything at all to the network, Metcalfe found himself becoming an "Arpanet facilitator." "That was a group that included me, Jon Postel, Steve Crocker, Vint Cerf, and a bunch of others," he says. "Our job was wandering around helping people get on the Arpanet. Now, this was the Vietnam
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to be a proto- col at all. They had to agree, or the bits wouldn't flow. "There was a mixture of competitive ideas," says Steve Crocker as he thinks back on those meetings. "But people were also talking to each other. There weren't armed camps saying, 'You've got to
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the later development of the network. Certainly they were already moving out into the world. By the time of the ICCC demonstration in October 1972, Steve Crocker had long since gone to ARPA, of course. And Bob Kahn was about to follow him; Roberts had already made him an offer. After half
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." This last task, especially, kept him in a more or less constant state of jet lag, which was how he happened to find himself in Steve Crocker's guest room one night during a swing through Washington, D.C., tossing and turning on the sofa bed. Desperate for something to put him
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: this couldn't be right. As he wrote about it later, "The Abramson paper. . . made two assumptions about the computer terminal user behavior that, on Steve Crocker's sofabed late at night, I found totally unacceptable. Abramson's model assumed that there were an infi- nite number of terminal users, and that
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BBN networking subsidiary called Telenet. Panic time. "It was as if Larry had been there forever, and nobody was pre- pared for his leaving," says Steve Crocker, recalling the crisis atmosphere that immediately descended over the ARPA computer community. "There wasn't LIVING IN THE FUTURE 395 any machinery in place for
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the line into asthma-he never went anywhere without an inhaler-and his hands had a noticeable tremor. "Although he was extremely well motivated," says Steve Crocker, "it showed through: he just didn't seem to have the energy anymore." Happily, though, that was one problem Lick's boss could solve. Reaching
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the highest-level paperwork, was able to do what he did best, which was set the tone and direction of the office. Of course, notes Steve Crocker, to people who were used to the hyperener- getic, do-it-all-myself style of Larry Roberts, their new office director looked sus- piciously like
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's papers that I had missed. · to Tim Anderson, Gordon Bell, Leo Beranek, Marjory Blumenthal, David Burmaster, Vint Cerf, Paul Ceruzzi, Wes Clark, Fernando Corbato, Steve Crocker, Mike Dertouzos, Jerry Elkind, Doug Engelbart, Bill English, Bob Fano, Ed Feigenbaum, Jack Goldman, Charlie Herzfeld, Bob Kahn, Alan Kay, Len Kleinrock, Karl Kryter, Butler
The System: Who Owns the Internet, and How It Owns Us
by James Ball · 19 Aug 2020 · 268pp · 76,702 words
a start, even if it was an awkward one. ONE OF THE men in the room at that very first test of the internet was Steve Crocker. I meet him, now a sprightly man in his seventies with close-cropped grey hair, in Bethesda, a small town in south Maryland, not far
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what you’re doing and why, or set your standards? You certainly can’t just proclaim a new rule without provoking a backlash. It was Steve Crocker who hit on a solution – the main reason for his inclusion in the Hall of Fame. And it’s not a revolutionary piece of code
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. While that doesn’t seem to have been the case, it’s clear where the confusion could have come from. It is, however, a story Steve Crocker – one of very few people to have seen ARPANET as both a university researcher and an ARPA staffer, working under Lukasik – finds easy to dismiss
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its founding, prior to his premature death in 1998.4 Vint Cerf, the ‘father of the internet’, served as its chair, before being replaced by Steve Crocker. In the small world of early internet-era hipsters, ICANN has attracted the big names. GÖran Marby, ICANN’s current CEO, is very keen to
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the result of what they built – but it is. This is what their insight tells us about its relationship to power, whether corporate or governmental. Steve Crocker, and the records from his contemporaries and DARPA, showed us that the origins of the internet were the product of several different groups with very
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, Emily Bell, Frank Eliason, Göran Marby, Jeff Greene, Jeff Jarvis – special thanks to him for his generosity with his contacts book – Jimmy Wales, John Borthwick, Steve Crocker, everyone at Symantec, Tom Daly, Tom Wheeler and Wael Ghonim. Bonus thanks to Brad White at ICANN for all his help, and Julia Powles for
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very readable) transcript: https://archive.icann.org/meetings/losangeles2014/en/schedule/mon-crocker-kleinrock/transcript-crocker-kleinrock-13oct14-en.pdf 3https://www.internethalloffame.org//inductees/steve-crocker 4https://ai.google/research/people/author32412 5Wired have a great feature with much more detail on ‘the mother of all demos’ here: https://www.wired
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the funding, but had taken more than twenty minutes’ persuasion (https://www.wired.com/2012/08/herzfeld/). 7Full video and transcript: http://opentranscripts.org/transcript/steve-crocker-internet-hall-fame-2012-profile/ 8This is also from Kleinrock’s 2014 transcript: https://archive.icann.org/meetings/losangeles2014/en/schedule/mon-crocker-kleinrock/transcript
The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
by Walter Isaacson · 6 Oct 2014 · 720pp · 197,129 words
.” After a while, that word got shortened a bit, to “internet.” To be his partner in this endeavor, Kahn tapped Vint Cerf, who had been Steve Crocker’s sidekick on the group writing Requests for Comments and figuring out the protocols of the ARPANET. Cerf was raised in Los Angeles, where his
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visionaries such as Licklider, crisp decision-making engineers such as Larry Roberts, politically adroit people handlers such as Bob Taylor, and collaborative oarsmen such as Steve Crocker and Vint Cerf. Another key to fielding a great team is pairing visionaries, who can generate ideas, with operating managers, who can execute them. Visions
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Alcorn, Marc Andreessen, Tim Berners-Lee, Stewart Brand, Dan Bricklin, Larry Brilliant, John Seeley Brown, Nolan Bushnell, Jean Case, Steve Case, Vint Cerf, Wes Clark, Steve Crocker, Lee Felsenstein, Bob Frankston, Bob Kahn, Alan Kay, Bill Gates, Al Gore, Andy Grove, Justin Hall, Bill Joy, Jim Kimsey, Leonard Kleinrock, Tracy Licklider, Liza
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. “NSFNET: A Partnership for High-Speed Networking: Final Report,” 1995, http://www.merit.edu/documents/pdf/nsfnet/nsfnet_report.pdf. 86. Author’s interview with Steve Crocker. 87. Author’s interview with Leonard Kleinrock. 88. Author’s interview with Robert Taylor. 89. Author’s interview with Vint Cerf; Radia Joy Perlman, “Network
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.info/index.html, 2.9; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 1528. 95. The tale of Steve Crocker’s RFCs has been told in many variations. This account comes from my interviews with Steve Crocker, Vint Cerf, Leonard Kleinrock; Hafner and Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late, 2192 and passim; Abbate, Inventing
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Got Its Rules,” New York Times, Apr. 6, 2009; Cade Metz, “Meet the Man Who Invented the Instructions for the Internet,” Wired, May 18, 2012; Steve Crocker, “The Origins of RFCs,” in “The Request for Comments Guide,” RFC 1000, Aug. 1987, http://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc1000.txt
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; Steve Crocker, “The First Pebble: Publication of RFC 1,” RFC 2555, Apr. 7, 1999. 96. Author’s interview with Steve Crocker. 97. Crocker, “How the Internet Got Its Rules.” 98. Stephen Crocker, “Host Software,” RFC 1, Apr
Open Standards and the Digital Age: History, Ideology, and Networks (Cambridge Studies in the Emergence of Global Enterprise)
by Andrew L. Russell · 27 Apr 2014 · 675pp · 141,667 words
were building it. Several ARPA researchers began to meet regularly and named themselves the Network Working Group (NWG). At first, the NWG was led by Steve Crocker, a graduate student at UCLA, and consisted mostly of graduate students at other ARPA-funded computer research projects at UCLA, the University of California at
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subgroups acknowledged they would have to frame their technical work in a way that could inform the ongoing efforts of the “official protocol designers” that Steve Crocker anticipated when he created the Arpanet Request for Comments series in 1969. Their desire to design protocols that would connect private and public networks – that
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strategic agendas of INWG participants. Support for INWG 96 included Pouzin and Zimmermann from Cyclades, Cerf from Stanford, McKenzie from BBN, Scantelbury from NPL, and Steve Crocker from the University of Southern California. Notable votes against were cast by Rémi Déspres, the representative of the French PTT who was drafting the X
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Reynolds and Jon Postel, eds. (1987), “The Request for Comments Reference Guide,” RFC 1000, http://tools.ietf.org/rfc/rfc1000 (accessed September 25, 2013). 22 Steve Crocker, oral history interview by Judy E. O’Neill, October 24, 1991, Glenwood, Maryland. Charles Babbage Institute, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis. See also Reynolds and Postel
Bootstrapping: Douglas Engelbart, Coevolution, and the Origins of Personal Computing (Writing Science)
by Thierry Bardini · 1 Dec 2000
around three different teams with various contracts and links between them: the NWG itself; 6 Leonard Kleinrock and his team of graduate students (in- cluding Steve Crocker, Vint Cerf, and Jon Postel) at UCLA, which was to be- ARPANET, E-matl, and est 185 come the Network Measurement Center (NMC); and finally
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the Network Information Center (NIC). Early in the history of the NWG, Elmer Shapiro insisted that "the work of the group should be fully documented." Steve Crocker, one of the members of Kleinrock's team of graduate students, volunteered to write the first meeting note, which he labeled "Request For Comments" in
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: Crocker meet with Rulifson at SRI on November 18, 1968, and Stoughton meet with Rulifson at SRI on December 12, 1968 (Rulifson, RFC 0005, 1969). Steve Crocker gave an account of these meetings ("The Origins of RFCs") in RFC 1000 ("The Re- quest for Comments Reference Guide" by Jon Postel, August 1987
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). Soon it was adapted to the other computers on the network, such as the IBM 360 and the XDS Sigma 7. Other individuals, such as Steve Crocker and Larry Roberts himself, started to improve the application as soon as it was released. Larry Roberts's program was called RD, for "read." Vint
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chance to check out my hypothesIs about relations with ARPA when Doug invited me down to be around when Larry Roberts VIS- ited ARC with Steve Crocker. The visit frankly stunned me. The communication between ARC and ARPA about goals was nonexistent. Larry communicated clearly his displeasure with where he thought ARC
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wrIting of RFC 3, accordIng to Crocker, the Network Working Group "seemed to consist" of Steve Carr (Utah), Jeff Rulifson and Bill Duvall (SRI), and Steve Crocker and Gerard Deloche (UCLA). The distribution list of the RFCs also Included Bob Kahn (BBN), Larry Roberts (ARPA), and Ron Stoughton (UCSB). At the end
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of July 1969, the constitution of the NWG had changed slIghtly. It con- sisted then of Steve Carr (Utah), Elmer Shapiro and Bill English (SRI), Steve Crocker (UCLA), John Heafner (RAND), and Paul Rovner and Jim Curry (Lincoln Labs). The distribution list of the RFCs also included Ron Stoughton (UCSB), Bob Kahn
Protocol: how control exists after decentralization
by Alexander R. Galloway · 1 Apr 2004 · 287pp · 86,919 words
, however transformed, in various parts of chapter 7. The following people agreed to be interviewed by me: Bernard Aboba, Fred Baker, Bob Braden, Vinton Cerf, Steve Crocker, Stacy Leistner (ANSI), Tony Rutkowski, and Stefaan Verhulst. Kristen DelGrosso provided invaluable research assistance for portions of this book. I would also like to thank
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other protocols have been created for a variety of other purposes by many 8. The expression derives from a memorandum titled “Host Software” sent by Steve Crocker on April 7, 1969, which is known today as RFC 1. 9. Pete Loshin, Big Book of FYI RFCs (San Francisco: Morgan Kaufmann, 2000), p
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. And sometimes not so far around the globe. Of the twenty-five or so original protocol pioneers, three of them—Vint Cerf, Jon Postel, and Steve Crocker—all came from a single high school in Los Angeles’s San Fernando Valley.6 Furthermore, during his long tenure as RFC editor, Postel was
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of protocological institutionalization shows, the primary source materials for any protocological analysis of Internet standards are the RFC memos. They began circulation in 1969 with Steve Crocker’s RFC “Host Software” and have documented all developments in protocol since.43 “It was a modest and entirely forgettable memo,” Crocker remembers, “but it
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the MIL-STD series maintained by the Department of Defense. Some of the MIL-STDs overlap with Internet Standards covered in the RFC series. 44. Steve Crocker, “30 Years of RFCs,” RFC 2555, April 7, 1999. 45. See Minar and Hedlund, “A Network of Peers,” p. 10. Chapter 4 140 universal techniques
What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry
by John Markoff · 1 Jan 2005 · 394pp · 108,215 words
users. Meetings had begun the previous summer between representatives from the four initial sites, and they continued into the fall. After the March 1969 meeting, Steve Crocker, a member of the UCLA group, had drawn up a preliminary set of notes he referred to as “Request for Comments 1.” Such RFCs would
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first chance to check out my hypothesis about relations with ARPA when Doug invited me down to be around when Larry Roberts visited ARC with Steve Crocker. The visit frankly stunned me. The communication between ARC and ARPA about goals was nonexistent. Larry communicated clearly his displeasure with where he thought ARC
Culture & Empire: Digital Revolution
by Pieter Hintjens · 11 Mar 2013 · 349pp · 114,038 words
and initial experiments on the network. There emerged from these meetings a working group of three, Steve Carr from Utah, Jeff Rulifson from SRI, and Steve Crocker of UCLA, who met during the fall and winter. The most recent meeting was in the last week of March in Utah. Also present was
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Bill Duvall of SRI who has recently started working with Jeff Rulifson. Crocker, Carr, and Rulifson are not household names. Steve Crocker and his team invented the Requests for Comments, or RFC series. These documents became the laws of the Internet, specifying every standard in a clear
Peers Inc: How People and Platforms Are Inventing the Collaborative Economy and Reinventing Capitalism
by Robin Chase · 14 May 2015 · 330pp · 91,805 words
the Chicago Skyway in exchange for keeping all the toll revenue). Why bother to innovate during the first seven years of a ten-year contract? Steve Crocker, one of the Internet’s founding fathers, wrote a really wonderful piece for the New York Times that describes how the Internet’s open standards
Dealers of Lightning
by Michael A. Hiltzik · 27 Apr 2000 · 559pp · 157,112 words
Tubes: A Journey to the Center of the Internet
by Andrew Blum · 28 May 2012 · 314pp · 83,631 words
Dawn of the Code War: America's Battle Against Russia, China, and the Rising Global Cyber Threat
by John P. Carlin and Garrett M. Graff · 15 Oct 2018 · 568pp · 164,014 words
The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
by Lawrence Lessig · 14 Jul 2001 · 494pp · 142,285 words
Consent of the Networked: The Worldwide Struggle for Internet Freedom
by Rebecca MacKinnon · 31 Jan 2012 · 390pp · 96,624 words