Steve Wozniak

Apple in China: The Capture of the World's Greatest Company

by Patrick McGee  · 13 May 2025  · 377pp  · 138,306 words

a field of rivals who could achieve lower cost and better distribution for every computer they sold. Apple’s survival was testament to the twin and somewhat contradictory forces of its founders. The Steve Wozniak–led Apple II computer, released in 1977, was the first personal computer to define a standard for others to

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could have played this dominant role; in fact, it had played this role. At the behest of Steve Wozniak—overruling Jobs—the Apple II featured an open architecture with eight expansion slots and a floppy drive. This allowed third-party software and hardware companies to build applications for

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far more capacity than it would ever need. The poor decisions highlight the difficult-to-grasp nature of his peculiar genius. Whereas the brilliance of Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak was tangible—he could disassemble a computer, then rebuild it to work faster and with fewer parts—Jobs lacked such practical skills. But through

The Everything Blueprint: The Microchip Design That Changed the World

by James Ashton  · 11 May 2023  · 401pp  · 113,586 words

into a glass jar of chips. One of the people waiting in line was a young computer designer called Steve Wozniak, whose Apple I machine was released the following year featuring the 6502. The Apple Seed When Steve Jobs saw what his best friend had come up with, he was convinced he was on

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to something. Jobs and Steve Wozniak had met in 1971, united by pranks and electronics even though they were four school years

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resignation in September 1985, Sculley steered a recovery in Apple’s sales. Looking further out, in 1986 the company created an Advanced Technology Group (ATG) to hunt for and incubate cutting-edge ideas. Jobs the visionary was gone, as was a disillusioned Steve Wozniak. ATG looked and felt a lot like ‘AppleLabs’, the

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of high-end workstations, a market segment it was keen to pursue. Apple just wanted the Arm600 chip for what became the Newton and sent Allen Baum, an engineer who incidentally went along to the first Homebrew Computer Club with Steve Wozniak, to Cambridge to keep communication lines open. Neither product generated income

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web.archive.org/web/20120721114927/http://www.variantpress.com/view.php?content=ch001 16 Steve Wozniak, iWoz, Headline, 2007 17 Walter Isaacson, Steve Jobs, Simon & Schuster, 2011, p. 58. 18 https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Apple_II#/media/File:Apple_II_advertisement_Dec_1977_page_2.jpg 19 Berlin, The Man Behind the Microchip

Fire in the Valley: The Birth and Death of the Personal Computer

by Michael Swaine and Paul Freiberger  · 19 Oct 2014  · 459pp  · 140,010 words

Don Tarbell, George Tate, Paul Terrell, Larry Tesler, Glenn Theodore, John Torode, Jack Tramiel, Bruce Van Natta, Jim Warren, Larry Weiss, Randy Wigginton, Margaret Wozniak, Steve Wozniak, Larry Yaeger, Greg Yob, and Pierluigi Zappacosta. Thanks to Steven Haft, producer of Pirates of Silicon Valley, for seeing the movie possibilities in the book

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and seat-of-their-pants entrepreneurs like Bill Gates, Paul Allen, Lee Felsenstein, Alan Cooper, Steve Dompier, Gary Kildall, Gordon Eubanks, Steve Jobs, and Steve Wozniak working after hours in garages, basements, and bedrooms. These revolutionaries fueled the revolution using their own fascination with this technology. Their story is as strange

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. Others came from towns farther south, deep in the heart of Silicon Valley—Mountain View, Sunnyvale, Cupertino, and San Jose—people like Allen Baum, Steve Wozniak, and Tom Pittman. Pittman had worked with Intel developing software for the company’s microprocessors and was a self-described microcomputer consultant, perhaps the first

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be a sixer. The attendees of the Homebrew Computer Club in Silicon Valley were mostly eighters, with some notable exceptions, such as the young Steve Wozniak, a clearance-sale-shopping sixer who had recently taken a job at Hewlett-Packard. Although the chips weren’t all that different in their capabilities

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in fairly predictable clusters. Up front, performing for everyone, was Lee Felsenstein. Bob Marsh and the Proc Tech group usually assembled along one wall. Steve Wozniak and his protégés and the other 6502 processor fans sat in the back. Jim Warren of Dr. Dobb’s Journal sat on the aisle three

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the capabilities of a machine. The kaleidoscopic images and changing patterns of John Horton Conway’s game of Life were popular for that reason. Steve Wozniak’s Breakout and Steve Dompier’s Target were two real games that showcased the computers well. A clever programmer such as Dompier could easily make

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him and asked Terrell if he might be interested in a computer that a friend named Steve Wozniak had designed while working out of a garage. Steve Jobs was trying to convince Terrell to carry the Apple I. Terrell told Steve Jobs he had a deal. Terrell discovered, as Dick Heiser had

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expelled. At the time, the principal showed his appreciation of the joke by suspending Woz for two days. The Cream Soda Computer Soon after that, Steve Wozniak’s electronics teacher, John McCullum, decided to take him in tow. Woz clearly found high school less than stimulating, and McCullum saw that his

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going to build computers himself one day—he hadn’t the slightest doubt of that. But he wanted to build them now. During the years Steve Wozniak attended Homestead High, semiconductor technology advances made possible the creation of minicomputers like the PDP-8. The PDP-8 was one of the most

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Woz laughed the incident off and went back to his paper designs. The Two Steves Meet * * * Figure 54. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak Jobs and Woz look over an early Apple I circuit board. (Courtesy of Margaret Kern Wozniak) Besides assisting with the Cream Soda Computer, Bill Fernandez did something that would profoundly

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processor, but no one argued with the processor’s $20 price tag. He called his machine an Apple. * * * Figure 57. The Apple I Steve Wozniak’s original Apple I was a circuit board. (Courtesy of Apple Computer Inc.) The Apple I had only the bare essentials. It lacked a case, a keyboard, and a power supply. The

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fall of 1976, Woz had already made progress on the design of his new computer. The Apple II would embody all the engineering savvy he could bring to it. It would be the embodiment of Steve Wozniak’s dream computer, one he would like to own himself. He had made it considerably faster

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product that actually did something. * * * Figure 62. Steve Wozniak Woz scrambles for a phone in one of Apple’s early offices. (Courtesy of Margaret Kern Wozniak) Steve Wozniak is justly credited with the technical design of the Apple I and Apple II. Nevertheless, an essential contribution to making the Apple II a commercial success came from Jobs. Early

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of the brochure was a mock performance chart comparing the Zaltair to other microcomputers—including the Apple. * * * Figure 63. From Altair to Zaltair One of Wozniak’s practical jokes; this one fooled Jobs. (Courtesy of Steve Wozniak) Jobs, knowing nothing of the joke, picked up one of the brochures and read it

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a digital telephone card for the Apple II. No one understood telephone technology better than Captain Crunch. Scott had granted Woz a separate office in which to work, hoping that it might encourage his creativity, and soon John Draper was working there, too. * * * Figure 65. Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs Wozniak at the

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the programmer returned, it took him more than a few minutes to figure out why his Apple was squeaking. Meanwhile, without the singular vision of a Steve Wozniak, the Apple III project was floundering. Delays in the Apple III were soon causing concern in the marketing department. The young company was beginning to feel

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Apple—as a company—had designed and built from scratch. The Apple III was also the first Apple not conceived by Steve Wozniak in pursuit of his personal dream machine. Instead

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were thinking about producing a personal computer. Some companies, like Hewlett-Packard, had started much earlier, though. Project Capricorn Hewlett-Packard hadn’t rejected Steve Wozniak’s Apple I design because it didn’t believe in the idea of a personal computer. It did. HP built large computers as well as calculators, so

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the same year, Personal Computing asked its readers to pick the most influential people in computing from a list that included Bill Gates, Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, Adam Osborne, and the historical Charles Babbage. Only billionaire Bill made everyone’s list. There was a lot of money being made, and that

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check the commute traffic on Highway 17 coming up from the Santa Cruz beaches into Silicon Valley, or monitor the waves along the California coast. Steve Wozniak set up a Wozcam so friends could watch him work. The Web was a wave and Clark and Andreessen were riding it. They hired Eric

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things finally quieted down, Jobs described NeXTSTEP and his view of the challenges facing Apple. He could have said anything. He had the crowd in his hand. Later, Amelio called Jobs back to the stage, along with cofounder Steve Wozniak. The packed house rose to its feet again, and again there was thunderous

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long-suffering employees (and had stock options that were now worth real money). And both Jobs and Apple were simply older; the company was now as old as the man was when he and Steve Wozniak founded it. What followed was not quite what Amelio expected. The correct word for it is coup

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It supported the ideas of open source software and nonproprietary architectures, a collaborative perspective that John “Captain Crunch” Draper had called “the Woz principle” (for Steve Wozniak). How have these ideas—the Woz principle and computer power for the people—fared with the deconstruction of the personal computer? The Woz Principle There

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(EFF). They put out the word to a few high-profile computer-industry figures who they thought would understand what they were up to. Steve Wozniak kicked in a six-figure contribution immediately, as did Internet pioneer John Gilmore. Merely fighting the defensive battles in the courts was a passive strategy

Hackers: Heroes of the Computer Revolution - 25th Anniversary Edition

by Steven Levy  · 18 May 2010  · 598pp  · 183,531 words

The pioneering microcomputer that galvanized hardware hackers. Building this kit made you learn hacking. Then you tried to figure out what to do with it. Apple II. Steve Wozniak’s friendly, flaky, good-looking computer, wildly successful and the spark and soul of a thriving industry. Atari 800. This home computer gave great

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him violent. Mark Duchaineau. The young Dungeonmaster who copy-protected On-Line’s disks at his whim. Chris Espinosa. Fourteen-year-old follower of Steve Wozniak and early Apple employee. Lee Felsenstein. Former “military editor” of the Berkeley Barb and hero of an imaginary science-fiction novel, he designed computers with a “

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. Batch-processed and intolerable. Jerry Jewell. Vietnam vet turned programmer who founded Sirius Software. Steven Jobs. Visionary, beaded, nonhacking youngster who took Wozniak’s Apple II, made lots of deals, and formed a company that would make a billion dollars. Tom Knight. At sixteen, an MIT hacker who would name

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. Dobbs Journal, later started the lucrative Computer Faire. Randy Wigginton. Fifteen-year-old member of Steve Wozniak’s kiddie corps, he helped Woz trundle the Apple II to Homebrew. Still in high school when he became Apple’s first software employee. Ken Williams. Arrogant and brilliant young programmer who saw the writing on

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In any case, as Dompier later recalled, “they had to drag Tom Snyder off the computer to have him finish the show.” Chapter 12. Woz Steve Wozniak did not sit near the front of the SLAC auditorium along with Lee Felsenstein during Homebrew meetings. His participation in the mapping sessions were infrequent

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great social scheme, did not incubate plans for a Community Memory-style assault on the foundations of the batch-processed society. Meeting after meeting, Steve Wozniak would be at the back of the room, along with a loose contingent of followers of his digital exploits—mostly high school-age computer nuts

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of shaving than to enhance appearance, and his clothes—jeans and sports shirts, with little variation—never seemed to fit quite right. Still, it was Steve Wozniak, known to his friends as “Woz,” who would best exemplify the spirit and the synergy of the Homebrew Computer Club. It was Wozniak and

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boards); a 30-chip TV display. Skills: digital design, interfacing, I/O devices, short on time, have schematics. The Homebrew atmosphere was perfect for Steve Wozniak; there was activity and energy focusing on the experimentation and electronic creativity which were as essential to him as the air he breathed or the

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Chicken Hawk, his home terminal would inexplicably begin printing out these semi-obscene Polish jokes, and he never did figure out that somewhere miles away Steve Wozniak was doubled up in laughter. Woz also met Randy Wigginton, an athletic, blond-haired fourteen-year-old computer kid who had managed to get

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later said. But when Sokol put the blue box together it didn’t work; he let Draper know and that next Saturday, Draper, accompanied by Steve Wozniak, came over. They looked over Sokol’s box. “Looks OK,” said Draper, and began adjusting the tones by ear. This time, when Sokol tried

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cassette tape player to the board, you would have a working computer with video display, mass storage, and input/output. You could then load in Steve Wozniak’s “Integer BASIC” and write programs. There were several amazing things about his computer, not the least of which was that he had delivered

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memory and see what instructions were stored, in magazines like Dr. Dobbs. The Apple ad even said, “our philosophy is to provide software for our machines free or at minimal cost.” While the selling was going on, Steve Wozniak began working on an expanded design of the board, something that would impress

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design, and he started getting financing, support, and professional help for the day the product would be ready. The new version of Steve Wozniak’s computer would be called the Apple II, and at the time no one suspected that it would become the most important computer in history. • • • • • • • • It was the

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fertile atmosphere of Homebrew that guided Steve Wozniak through the incubation of the Apple II. The exchange of information, the access to esoteric technical hints, the swirling creative energy, and the chance to blow everybody’s mind

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with a well-hacked design or program . . . these were the incentives which only increased the intense desire Steve Wozniak already had: to build the

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itself, both of which were products which did their job cleanly, in a not overly flashy manner, and with a proletarian lack of sentimentality. Steve Wozniak’s Apple was another story. Growing up in a conventional family in the sheltered, suburban California world of single homes, science fairs, and McDonald’s burgers

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Apple II was just super was Chris Espinosa, a young acquaintance of Randy Wigginton. Espinosa was a skinny, pale fourteen-year-old high school kid who loved computers and flunked math classes because he felt that doing homework was a nonoptimal use of time. He was enthralled by this computer of Steve Wozniak

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as a planner, someone with vision to see how computers could extend to a point of usefulness beyond that dreamed of by pure hackers like Steve Wozniak. He was also wise enough to realize that as a long-haired twenty-two-year-old whose customary garb was jeans and bare feet,

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, Processor Technology, was struggling with the inexperienced management of hardware hackers Bob Marsh and Gary Ingram, Apple was set for growth. This real-world activity hadn’t really sunk in as far as Steve Wozniak was concerned. Chris Espinosa and Randy Wigginton would come over to his house from playing with Wigginton

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in this by the experienced hand of Mike Markkula, who was taking the Apple venture very seriously. One thing he apparently recognized was that Steve Wozniak’s commitment was to the computer rather than to the company. To Woz, the Apple was a brilliant hack, not an investment. It was his art, not

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Tech, and Cromemco were too damned busy. And the companies themselves provided the communities around which to share information. Apple was a good example. Steve Wozniak and his two young friends, Espinosa and Wigginton, were too busy with the young firm to keep going to Homebrew. Chris Espinosa later explained: “[

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company.” In some senses, the “computer club” at Apple’s Cupertino headquarters reflected the same community feeling and sharing of Homebrew. The company’s formal goals were traditional—making money, growing, gaining market share—and some secretiveness was required even of Steve Wozniak, who considered openness the central principle of the Hacker

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boasted one major success story. A company built, in a sense, by the hacker dream, and made possible only by the wizardry of Steve Wozniak and his Apple Computer. A company that symbolized how the products of hacking—computer programs which are works of art—had been recognized as such in significant

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pictures were in color; Ken used a technique called "dithering" to blend the six colors of the Apple, mixing dot by dot, to get twenty-one colors. He was performing stunts on the Apple that Steve Wozniak never dreamed of. Magic stuff. The game’s only problem was the first puzzle, where the

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down into the deepest recess of the machine, the 6502 chip, to speak in the Apple’s assembly language. This was changing: Steve Wozniak had recently hacked a brilliant design for a disk-drive interface for the Apple, and the company was able to offer low-cost floppy-disk drives which accessed thousands

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join that elite in learning the system at its most primal level. Programmers, would-be programmers, and even users buying Apples would invariably purchase disk drives along with them. Since Steve Wozniak’s Apple adhered to the Hacker Ethic in that it was a totally “open” machine, with an easily available reference guide

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little beep it emits when you turn it on shows a special enthusiasm.” Margot Tommervik learned the story of how Apple Computer began, and she marveled at how the machine conveyed Steve Wozniak’s “life-loving spirit into the computer. He had that ability to bite all the big pieces of life

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like any “professional” programmer, probably had to submit code regularly, allow for proper supervision. What Atari’s lawyers did not realize was that Ed Roberts, Steve Wozniak, and even the designers of their own Atari 800 had wrought a Third Generation of hackers, idiot savants of the microprocessor, kids who didn’t

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extra room in the office of a venture capital firm. Hawkins brought together a team from Apple, Atari, Xerox PARC, and VisiCorp, and, in a coup sure to charm the heart of any hacker, got Steve Wozniak to agree to sit on the board of directors. Electronic Arts had no booth at

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, some to check things out, others genuinely interested in this newer-than-new-age venture. The center of attention, though, was EA board member Steve Wozniak, cited in a series of speeches as “the man who started it all.” It was an epithet that would have haunted some young genius eager

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schnapps—large swigs of it from a bottle with a metal drink-pourer attached. Many of the toasts were directed to the guest of honor, Steve Wozniak. Ken had run into him that afternoon, and to Ken’s delight the legendary hacker had accepted the belated invitation to dinner. Ken Williams

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just write articles at night. Who knows?” Gates had to stray from the hacker’s rigid moral code to become a mainstream success. All Steve Wozniak had to do was don a pair of dancing shoes. While Woz remains a hacker legend, he has also become an unlikely pop-culture icon

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, Margot Tommervik, Mark Turmell, Robert Wagner, Jim Warren, Howard Warshaw, Joseph Weizenbaum, Randy Wigginton, John Williams, Ken Williams, Roberta Williams, Terry Winograd, Donald Woods, Steve Wozniak, and Fred Wright. I would like to particularly thank those of the above who gave me extraordinary amounts of attention, people who include (but are

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to Teresa Carpenter, who coped magnificently with the book and its author through the long process of research and writing. Finally, thanks to Steve Wozniak for designing that Apple II on which I wrote the book. Had it not been for the revolution which I address in Hackers, my labors might have

Valley of Genius: The Uncensored History of Silicon Valley (As Told by the Hackers, Founders, and Freaks Who Made It Boom)

by Adam Fisher  · 9 Jul 2018  · 611pp  · 188,732 words

the sheen of legend. Doug Engelbart’s 1968 demonstration of his new computer system is known as the Mother of All Demos. Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak have become archetypes: the Genius Entrepreneur and the Genius Engineer. Collectively, these tales serve as the Valley’s distinctive folklore. They are the stories that

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MacNiven: And that allowed us to turn switches on and off even faster, faster-faster-faster. In the binary world, on/off is very important. Steve Wozniak: William Shockley invented the transistor and that was going to be the growing industry. Andy Hertzfeld: In some ways Silicon Valley itself was an accident

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that an operator has. Steve Jobs: It was miraculous. Blue boxing, it was called. R. U. Sirius: It was an idea that Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak and Lee Felsenstein at the Homebrew Computer Club loved. That’s the connection between the hacker culture and the counterculture going all the way back

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. Brad Templeton: As a personal computing nerd, I think of Nolan Bushnell as the first round. Yes, there was much stuff before: There was Fairchild. Steve Wozniak: Engelbart! When you get to computers, Engelbart is great. Brad Templeton: But I count Atari actually as the beginning. Don Valentine: Steve Jobs was the

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son of Nolan Bushnell. Not literally, but he evolved the same way, and Apple was in many ways an evolution of Atari. A lot of Steve’s original thinking came from Nolan. Steve Wozniak: Atari, yes, they started an industry of arcade games, but what was the first arcade game

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one of the backbone models for the internet. These guys around here invented the new world. John Battelle: They also gathered around science fiction, right? Steve Wozniak: Science fiction leads to real products, but first you’ve got to deal with the laws of physics, and ask, “What’s it going to

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hippie ethics and the Whole Earth Catalog to a mainstream belief system shared by young entrepreneurs around the world. Steve Wozniak: And they are usually young people. Look at the people who started Apple, look at the people who started Google and Facebook—very young people, just out of college. Jim Levy: I

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end. Breakout Jobs and Woz change the game When Xerox PARC and Atari were both just getting started, so were two Silicon Valley whiz kids: Steve Wozniak and his best buddy and sometime business partner, Steve Jobs. In the spring and summer of 1972, they built and sold “blue boxes” door-to

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, and one or two more individuals who were UC Berkeley students. Steve Wozniak was going there for his engineering degree. Steve Wozniak: We both sold it to people in the dorms for a year. Ron Rosenbaum: It was the beginning of the Apple partnership, even though as far as I can tell they weren’t

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making much money, and besides, Silicon Valley had just spawned something even more exciting than phone phreaking—Atari had just invented the video game industry. Steve Wozniak: I had a friend that worked at Stanford Artificial Intelligence Lab, so I’d ride my bike over there and it was just open. You

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was changing: Mainframes were not the future, and even minicomputers were just continuing to shrink very quickly. And that’s why everybody was so excited. Steve Wozniak: I’d already built a terminal that talked to faraway computers. And I just did it for fun; it was a hobby. Lee Felsenstein: The

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was really an extension of this terminal—putting a microprocessor on the back end. Randy Wigginton: That’s how the whole Apple I came to be. And it was really fast. Steve Wozniak: I was a hero at the club. I had built a computer. I had given the plans away for free

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at the start. Dan Kottke: So Steve Jobs had nothing to do with the Apple I—Woz just completely did it on his own, showed it off to Jobs, and Jobs was thinking ka-ching! Cash registers. Steve Wozniak: He suggested that we make a company. Steve Jobs: I sold my Volkswagen bus

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had a bunch of circuit boards on it, and a bunch of really smelly geeky people talking jargon. Steve Wozniak: So that was how we ran for, you know, a good year with the Apple I computer. Trip Hawkins: It was not really a commercial product. It was a kit. They only made

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that. Randy Wigginton: While Woz was doing the Apple I, he also started thinking about how he could do color graphics. Because what he always wanted to do from the very beginning was to write Breakout on his own computer at home. Steve Wozniak: Back when I designed Breakout for Atari I was

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’t done. Dan Kottke: Color television was new and expensive then. And it wasn’t like you could read Popular Electronics explaining how it worked. Steve Wozniak: I knew the analog world of color televisions well, but I had crossed over to the digital world. Andy Hertzfeld: Woz just kind of tuned

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. Randy Wigginton: When he first started showing it at the Homebrew meetings people were amazed, because it was like this little tiny board running things. Steve Wozniak: Color in those days was very complicated analog stuff—hardware circuits with feedback and resistors and capacitors and inductors. Andy Hertzfeld: It was an incredible

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as the rest of the computer pretty much. But Woz designed it to use a standard color television set, which could be gotten very cheaply. Steve Wozniak: It made it possible for a little one-dollar chip to generate color instead of a thousand-dollar color-generation board. Lee Felsenstein: Nobody had

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to do all that vector generation and phasing and so forth. Andy Hertzfeld: It was the single cleverest thing in the Apple II. That was one of the first revolutions. Steve Wozniak: And then I thought, I wonder if I can write a game that’s playable with my slow BASIC? Dan Kottke

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gave you the feeling that anything was possible, if you were just clever enough. That’s what the main lesson of the Apple II is: that it had infinite horizons. Steve Wozniak: So I programmed Breakout, and in half an hour I had tried a hundred variations that would have taken me ten

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! Joe was, you know, Joe was a great guy, but Steve was barefoot and this was just too much. This was like, Geez. Steve Wozniak: The story of Apple is a little misunderstood. It’s not like Steve and I did it ourselves. Al Alcorn: We helped them get the account to get

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that too. So our first-generation word processors looked like hell. Alan Kay: But Apple was starting to get interesting. Not because there was anything interesting about the Apple II. The thing that was really interesting was the spreadsheet. Steve Wozniak: VisiCalc was the killer app. Alan Kay: We had almost invented the spreadsheet

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of people who did who use that kind of tool—enormously. Butler Lampson: It was a success of the Apple II and VisiCalc that created the whole personal computer industry, really. Steve Wozniak: The Apple II was the only one of those computers, the three of them that existed, that had enough memory to

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staring. And then they left. Trip Hawkins: Steve had his private visit. So then he comes back to Apple and he goes, “Okay, we’ve all got to go back and see this again.” Steve Wozniak: There were about five of us. Dan Kottke: It was the members of the Lisa team. The

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had them. It’s just what you could do with them on an Apple II was kind of limited. Trip Hawkins: What PARC had was completely innovative thinking about the entire user experience. Steve Wozniak: Multiple windows on the same computer screen? When I saw that I said, “God, it’s like you

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Goldberg: We started losing personnel to Apple over the next couple years. John Couch: A lot of the people that were at Xerox PARC ended up joining my team, like Larry Tesler and others. Larry Tesler: And Apple ended up getting all this technology, improving on it. Steve Wozniak: Steve Jobs felt that Xerox

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board says, “Well, then we will run an Apple II spot.” So they went to the vault and looked at them but none of them were relevant. So reluctantly they said, “All right, run it.” And it was shown on the Super Bowl. Steve Wozniak: And there’s Big Brother on the television

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death. And we will bury them with their own confusion! We shall prevail! Andy Hertzfeld: It was clearly an allegory. Most commercials aren’t allegorical. Steve Wozniak: You know, kind of like IBM World: “Everybody has to have the identical thought. Contrary thoughts will not be tolerated.” And then the young track

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: Wozniak made the point that there’s a whole bunch of work creating a piece of software that does something useful and actually works well. Steve Wozniak (at the Hackers Conference): Information should be free—but your time should not. Stewart Brand: So, putting these things out for free is kind of

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the Macintosh II in ’87. It had color. Larry Tesler: One of the things that grew out of it was the Apple Fellows Program. The first three Apple Fellows were Steve Wozniak, Bill Atkinson, and Rich Page. The initial definition of a fellow was someone who had made a big impact on the industry

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put “a thousand songs in your pocket”? Where are you getting a thousand songs? Jon Rubinstein: People were stealing music, yes, no question about it. Steve Wozniak: Then Steve did a strange thing. Ron Johnson: Several members of the executive team, most notably Phil Schiller, and probably Jon Rubinstein, convinced Steve to

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it was infinitely bigger. Music crosses cultures, and operating systems, and everything that was limiting the growth of Apple. It was a big thing. Steve Wozniak: Apple didn’t grow in size ever over the Apple II days until the iPod. And it didn’t grow in size when he introduced the iMac. It all

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music players. Ron Johnson: The iPod gave Steve confidence that when we’re not competing with a monopoly, Apple could win, because we got up to almost 90 percent market share on music players. Steve Wozniak: The openness made our revenues double, our profits double, our stock double—and the board gave him

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Google came along and said, “We’re doing Android.” So what’s the difference? Android was going to allow people to download third-party apps. Steve Wozniak: The first iPhone did not have the App Store. Guy Bar-Nahum: Steve panicked, and literally all of a sudden everything clicks through his head

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pushed into putting apps on the iPhone. And then apps became the way people touched the web. Steve Wozniak: People ask me, “What Apple product has changed your life the most?” There were times when I said, “The iPhone,” but it’s definitely the third-party App Store. Having

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fundamentally guided every hardware design, every software design; his fingerprints were all over everything that was done. These were his products; we were his tools. Steve Wozniak: He made sure every little detail was right for the phone that he himself used. He had a really good mind for elegance and simplicity

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living food because the planet would be better off in the long run if you only ate living food. And it was a great conversation. Steve Wozniak: Steve Jobs was very different before we started Apple. Personality settles in around age twenty. So, going to India was before that. When we started

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and preemptory and harsh. But seventeen thousand people worked for him and would have killed to continue working for him, because he made them better. Steve Wozniak: But people close to Steve had to deal with just wrong behavior. Jon Rubinstein: Steve had all kinds of issues, but he had a bunch

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life is not time, it’s impact. And Steve’s impact is as profound as anybody who has walked this planet. Steve Wozniak: Look, I came up with the product that made Apple! If Steve Jobs had started without me, where would he have gone? Keep in mind, Steve tried to make four

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to a new generation of entrepreneurs. Michael Dhuey is a hardware engineer who spent thirty-five years working at Apple. On his first day on the job he had lunch with his heroes, Steve Wozniak and Andy Hertzfeld—and then stayed at the company until his retirement day. John Doerr chairs one of

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a firestorm of controversy over the ethics of downloading copyrighted music. Lee Felsenstein ran the Homebrew Computer Club, the place that inspired Steve Wozniak to build his own computer and where Apple got its start. The club spawned dozens of computer companies, and Felsenstein designed the hardware for two of the most important

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help launch the original iPod. Today he’s an executive at Facebook, living in London. Steve Jobs and his friend Steve Wozniak cofounded Apple, the company most responsible for bringing the personal computer to the masses. Jobs didn’t manage to gain full control of his company until twenty

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a new calling as one of the first-ever computer animators, eventually cofounding Pixar with Ed Catmull. Burrell Smith was to the Macintosh what Steve Wozniak was to the Apple II—the hardware genius who made the machine fast, cheap, and sexy. After the Macintosh launched, Smith founded a company, Radius, with Andy

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Wizardry, a version of Dungeons and Dragons played on the Apple II computer. Kristina Woolsey was the director of Atari Research after the first director, Alan Kay, left for Apple. Later she, too, went to Apple in order to run Apple’s research project in multimedia. Steve Wozniak, aka Woz, was the technical genius behind the

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Atkinson’s quotes are from an August 2012 Berkeley Cybersalon event on the creation and legacy of Hypercard. Doug Carlson’s, Robert Woodhead’s, and Steve Wozniak’s quotes from the Hackers Conference are as reported in the May 1985 Whole Earth Review. The Whole Earth ’Lectronic Link Ram Dass’s quotes

Founders at Work: Stories of Startups' Early Days

by Jessica Livingston  · 14 Aug 2008  · 468pp  · 233,091 words

. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix PREFACE . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xi ABOUT THE AUTHOR . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xv INTRODUCTION . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xvii CHAPTER 1 MAX LEVCHIN PayPal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 CHAPTER 2 SABEER BHATIA Hotmail. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 CHAPTER 3 STEVE WOZNIAK Apple Computer . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 CHAPTER 4 JOE KRAUS Excite . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 61 CHAPTER 5 DAN BRICKLIN Software Arts . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73 CHAPTER 6 MITCHELL KAPOR Lotus Development. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89 CHAPTER 7 RAY

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earliest phase is usually the most productive. That’s when they have the really big ideas. Imagine what Apple was like when 100 percent of its employees were either Steve Jobs or Steve Wozniak. The striking thing about this phase is that it’s completely different from most people’s idea of what

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Little did he know that I was actually up all night writing a business plan, not partying. C H A P T 3 E R Steve Wozniak Cofounder, Apple Computer If any one person can be said to have set off the personal computer revolution, it might be

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Steve Wozniak. He designed the machine that crystallized what a desktop computer was: the Apple II. Wozniak and Steve Jobs founded Apple Computer in 1976. Between Wozniak’s technical ability and Jobs’s mesmerizing energy, they were a

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myself.” For a lot of entrepreneurs, they see something and they say, “I have to have this,” and that will start them building their own. Steve Wozniak 33 I couldn’t really afford to buy the pieces I needed. I couldn’t buy a teletype, so I had to design my own

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called “address,” and they would hook a wire from one to the other. It’s a very simple job—if your RAMs are static RAMs. Steve Wozniak 35 The dynamic RAMs were going to be one-half to one-quarter the price. The dynamic RAMs meant that instead of 32 chips to

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the best things that I did at Apple came from (a) not having money, and (b) not having done it before, ever. Every single thing that we came out with that was really great, I’d never once done that thing in my life. Steve Wozniak 37 Livingston: Do you think that that

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ideas and add some chips in. I was the technician and everything for all of the Apple projects I ever did. Livingston: So where were you when you first realized that you could build the Apple I? Steve Wozniak 39 Wozniak: I got this idea that I was going to have the computer that

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he phoned me at work, if I was at his house, if he was visiting me—I can’t remember. Livingston: How did you know Steve? Wozniak: That computer that was like the Altair that I’d built 5 years before— Cream Soda Computer—I’d told a friend down the block

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talk technology. And then we both agreed on music too. We had very strong music influences in those days, and it was more songs about Steve Wozniak 41 living and life and where we’re going and where we’re from and what’s it all about and what works and what

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color TV the way there are sine waves and complicated calculus to develop how color TV was established in the television world? Would it work? Steve Wozniak 43 Man, when I actually finally put together this little circuit and put some data into memory that should show up as color and it

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would plug in the PC boards of the Apple Is and test them on a keyboard. If they worked, we’d put them in a box. If they didn’t work, we’d fix them and put them in a box. Eventually, Steve Steve Wozniak 45 would drive the boxes down to the

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chart, on the bottom of the org chart—never once been anything but an engineer who works. 46 Founders at Work Livingston: So you called Steve? Wozniak: I made my decision by that evening and I called Steve and told him I would. Then the next day I came in (to Hewlett

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was too important for this political type stuff. It was sad to see him go because he supported good people so well in the company. Steve Wozniak 47 Livingston: What about Ron Wayne? Wasn’t he one of the founders? Wozniak: Yes, but not when we incorporated as a real company.

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And he wanted just one slot for a printer and one for a modem. Today, we’re sort of in a much different, freer world. Steve Wozniak 49 We got the computer finished up enough. We don’t have much to add on besides a printer and a telecommunications of some sort

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out manuals that had just hundreds of pages of listings of code, descriptions of circuits, examples of boards that you would plug in—so that Steve Wozniak 51 anyone could look at this and say, “Now I know how I would do my own.” They could type in the programs on their

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normal, but it had this beautiful little 8-bit chip register, and 8 bits is a magic number—it’s a byte. And I had Steve Wozniak 53 thought, “That chip would be beautiful for getting 8 bits of data off of a computer and shift it out to a cassette tape

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data hand-massaged to get it just right. So I stuck it in the floppy and wrote a little program, and I typed in some Steve Wozniak 55 data and I said “read track 0;” stuck in the other floppy and said “write track 0, read track 1, write track 1.”

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have a venture deal in place from well before we shipped an Apple II. And sometime after we were shipping the Apple IIs, we got, I think, $800,000 or $300,000—some large amount—from one venture capital place. Steve Wozniak 57 Livingston: On the East Coast? Wozniak: I believe that’s

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opportunity for me. When I designed the Apple stuff, I never thought in my life I would have enough money to fly to Hawaii or make a down payment on a house. So it was huge deal for me. Steve Wozniak 59 Steve Jobs (left) and Steve Wozniak (right) in 1975 with a blue box

Exploding the Phone: The Untold Story of the Teenagers and Outlaws Who Hacked Ma Bell

by Phil Lapsley  · 5 Feb 2013  · 744pp  · 142,748 words

or permissions@groveatlantic.com. Excerpt from IWOZ: COMPUTER GEEK TO CULT ICON: HOW I INVENTED THE PERSONAL COMPUTER, COFOUNDED APPLE, AND HAD FUN DOING IT by Steve Wozniak and Gina Smith. Copyright © 2006 by Steve Wozniak and Gina Smith. Used by permission of W. W. Norton & Company, Inc. ISBN-13: 978-0-8021-9375-9

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System, and especially to the members of the technical staff of Bell Laboratories, without whom none of this would have been possible CONTENTS FOREWORD BY STEVE WOZNIAK A NOTE ON NAMES AND TENSES CHAPTER 1 FINE ARTS 13 CHAPTER 2 BIRTH OF A PLAYGROUND CHAPTER 3 CAT AND CANARY CHAPTER 4 THE

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a little bit about phone phreaking turns out to be one tenth as much fun for you as it was for me to experience it. Steve Wozniak Cofounder, Apple Computer A NOTE ON NAMES AND TENSES ANONYMITY AND PSEUDONYMS have been a thorn in my side throughout the writing of this book. Despite

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first issue of the Youth International Party Line. Assorted blue boxes, 1961 through the late 1970s. Photos courtesy Ed Turnley or author unless otherwise indicated Steve Wozniak with blue box in the dorms at Berkeley, 1970s. Wozniak’s blue box. Photo courtesy of the Computer History Museum Bernard Cornfeld and friends, 1974

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Little Blue Box” continued to spread. “You know how some articles just grab you from the first paragraph? Well, it was one of those articles,” Steve Wozniak recalls. “It was the most amazing article I’d ever read!” Wozniak happened to pick up a copy of Esquire from his mother’s kitchen

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it all working and then go out to a pay phone in the cold night air only to find that it doesn’t work anymore. Steve Wozniak had been designing electrical circuits for years; just a year earlier he had designed his own tiny computer, the “Cream Soda Computer,” so named because

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three others for using a blue box from a recording studio in Los Angeles—a blue box that was later said to have come from Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs. Then there was the case of Bernard Cornfeld, the flamboyant financier who had built a $2.5 billion hedge fund called International

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a potluck dinner every Wednesday night. The potlucks were a big draw, not to be missed events for microcomputer hobbyists in the Valley in 1975. Steve Wozniak was a frequent attendee; Bill Gates showed up on one occasion as well. Kaylor recalls a PCC potluck in which he tried to convince Wozniak

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its fourth meeting more than one hundred people were on its mailing list. The Homebrew Computer Club rapidly attracted the likes of John Draper and Steve Wozniak, who often hung out together in the back of the meetings. Wozniak would show off his latest hardware hacks and Draper—before his 1976 bust

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fun job that might pay the bills beckoned. In 1976 former phone phreaks Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak were selling Apple I computers to their fellow hobbyists. “Jobs placed ads in hobbyist publications and they began selling Apples for the price of $666.66,” journalist Steven Levy wrote. “Anyone in Homebrew could take a

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job. While there, Draper claims, he taught the art of phone phreaking to dozens of other inmates. Draper soon went to work for his friend Steve Wozniak at Apple Computer, designing an innovative product called the Charley Board. Charley was an add-in circuit board for the

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playground. They noticed things that others ignored, and they saw joy and opportunity in the otherwise mundane. Nothing captures this spirit more than the inspiration Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs found in Ron Rosenbaum’s Alice in Wonderland tale of blind kids hacking the telephone network, the two Steves jumping for joy

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-973 RFP (SJ), November 29, 1972 <db1029>. 217 “Your electronic gymnastics”: Carroll, “They Got His Number.” Chapter 15: Pranks 218 “You know how some articles”: Steve Wozniak with Gina Smith, iWoz: Computer Geek to Cult Icon (New York: W. W. Norton & Company, 2006), p. 93. 218 “most amazing thing”: The Secret History

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FBI that Roth built “excellent quality blue boxes.” See FBI file 139-SF-188, serial 179, February 25, 1976, p. 2. 221 By early 1972: Steve Wozniak, author interview, 2008. Isaacson, in Steve Jobs (p. 28), states that Wozniak had the digital box “built before Thanksgiving,” but Wozniak, in my 2008 interview

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suspected it was Sheridan: Hopper, author interview, 2006. 280 Just two miles from Stanford: Description of the 1900 block of Menalto and the story about Steve Wozniak from Roy Kaylor, author interview, 2008. Additional information from John Draper, author interview, 2008. 280 “Computers are mostly used against people”: Levy, Hackers, p. 142

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Ross, Jim Roth, John Sawyer, Adam Schoolsky, Robert Shaw, Bill Squire, Hoyt Stearns, David Tarnowski, Denny Teresi, John Treichler, Brough Turner, Rick Turner, Richard Weissberg, Steve Wozniak, Herb Yeates, and Norm Zimon. Former employees of the telephone companies and their associates, friends, and families: H. W. William (Bill) Caming of AT&T

Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions

by Temple Grandin, Ph.d.  · 11 Oct 2022

there we’ll look at the brilliant collaborations between verbal and visual thinkers, including the work of Richard Rodgers and Oscar Hammerstein, Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak, and architect Rem Koolhaas and engineer Cecil Balmond. We’ll look at studies that show how diverse thinkers advantage teams. Then we’ll explore the

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’t be happy if your teen took apart your laptop, though you might be happier if he or she turned out to be the next Steve Wozniak. With adults, I suggest taking what I call the IKEA Test to help identify where you fall on the visual-verbal spectrum. It’s not

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tech companies, four started as a garage operation or in a college dorm room, with two brilliant minds tinkering and dreaming together: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak created Apple, Bill Gates and Paul Allen created Microsoft, Sergey Brin and Larry Page created Google, and Mark Zuckerberg and Eduardo Saverin created Facebook. In the

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. (Pranking is often appealing to people on the spectrum, who may lack the nuanced social cues that jokes and ordinary banter require. As a teenager, Steve Wozniak loved pranking with electricity. According to Walter Isaacson in his biography of Steve Jobs, Wozniak “found an outlet playing juvenile pranks.” In high school, Wozniak

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could use. To make a beautiful computer functional, there needs to be a techie who can design the electronic circuits that will make it work. Steve Wozniak was the perfect partner for Jobs. Walter Isaacson writes, “It may have been the most significant meeting in a Silicon Valley garage since Hewlett went

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object visualization at its most elegant—caring about the parts you can see with only your mind’s eye. When Jobs was sixteen, he met Steve Wozniak. The teenagers heard about a guy who had made a pirated phone off a flaw in AT&T’s network, using a device called a

After Steve: How Apple Became a Trillion-Dollar Company and Lost Its Soul

by Tripp Mickle  · 2 May 2022  · 535pp  · 149,752 words

had drawn comparisons to both Leonardo da Vinci and Thomas Edison. Working from his parents’ ranch home in Los Altos, California, he and his friend Steve Wozniak, a self-taught engineer, developed one of the first computers for the masses, a gray box with a keyboard and power supply that could display

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,” he said. COOK LANDED AT IBM at the dawn of the PC age. Working from a California garage, his future boss, Steve Jobs, together with Steve Wozniak, had popularized the personal computer. Its widespread appeal had inspired the world’s technology heavyweight, IBM, to broaden its business line from the colossal mainframe

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wanted to beat the other in catching minor flaws that would make an Apple product fall short of the greatness to which they both aspired. Jobs was skilled at finding creative partners. Apple had sprouted out of his partnership with Steve Wozniak. His relationship with Ive over the next few years would become central

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with a carbon-fiber roof that rested on a twenty-two-foot-tall glass cylinder. It looked like a supersize MacBook Air. The building bewildered Apple cofounder Steve Wozniak, who was among the throng. As he stopped and gazed up at it, he thought, This is not normal. He scanned the exterior of

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chief operating officer, Jeff Williams, a mechanical engineer with an MBA. Epilogue The alchemy of Apple has long depended on visionary pairs. It was birthed by Steve Wozniak and Steve Jobs, revived by Jobs and Jony Ive, and sustained by Ive and Tim Cook. In the months and years after Jobs’s death

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and Eliot Brown, “Apple’s New Headquarters Is a Sign of Tech’s Boom, Bravado,” Wall Street Journal, May 14, 2017, https://www.wsj.com/articles/apples-new-headquarters-is-a-sign-of-techs-boom-bravado-1494759606. As he stopped: Interview with Steve Wozniak, September 14, 2017. Ive settled into: Apple, “Apple Special Event, September 2017

A People’s History of Computing in the United States

by Joy Lisi Rankin

monolithic mainframes. They ­were young men in the greater San Francisco Bay Area, and they tinkered in their garages. They started companies: Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak established Apple; Bill Gates and Paul Allen developed Microsoft. Then, in the 1990s, along came the Internet to connect all of ­t hose personal computers, and

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programs shared freely around the Dartmouth network and on the pages of the ­People’s Computer Com­pany newsletter fueled the imaginations of many—­including Steve Wozniak and Bill Gates. Gates first learned to program in BASIC , the language on which he built his Microsoft empire. Wozniak adapted Tiny BASIC into Integer

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personal 106 The Promise of Computing Utilities 107 computers. IBM dominated computing in the 1960s ­until the homebrew hobbyists of Silicon Valley (including Steve Jobs, Steve Wozniak, and Bill Gates) offered liberation with their personal computers and software during the latter half of the 1970s. In that story, Americans ­didn’t gain

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would have to purchase computers and software (now, devices and apps) for their personal and social computing. BASIC also figures prominently in the history of Apple. Steve Wozniak produced his own “Integer BASIC” for his homemade computer, built around MOS Technology’s 6502 micropro­cessor chip; he shared Integer BASIC , and he even

The Four: How Amazon, Apple, Facebook, and Google Divided and Conquered the World

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Ghost in the Wires: My Adventures as the World's Most Wanted Hacker

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Jony Ive: The Genius Behind Apple's Greatest Products

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Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet

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From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism

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The Best of 2600: A Hacker Odyssey

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Dogfight: How Apple and Google Went to War and Started a Revolution

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Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World

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The Attention Merchants: The Epic Scramble to Get Inside Our Heads

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Capitalism in America: A History

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Running Money

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Super Founders: What Data Reveals About Billion-Dollar Startups

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100 Plus: How the Coming Age of Longevity Will Change Everything, From Careers and Relationships to Family And

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Steve Jobs

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Troublemakers: Silicon Valley's Coming of Age

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The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution

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The Master Switch: The Rise and Fall of Information Empires

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Commodore: A Company on the Edge

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Becoming Steve Jobs: The Evolution of a Reckless Upstart Into a Visionary Leader

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The Big Score

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The Power Law: Venture Capital and the Making of the New Future

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Start With Why: How Great Leaders Inspire Everyone to Take Action

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Quiet: The Power of Introverts in a World That Can't Stop Talking

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Insanely Great: The Life and Times of Macintosh, the Computer That Changed Everything

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All Your Base Are Belong to Us: How Fifty Years of Video Games Conquered Pop Culture

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What the Dormouse Said: How the Sixties Counterculture Shaped the Personal Computer Industry

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Inventor of the Future: The Visionary Life of Buckminster Fuller

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Equal Is Unfair: America's Misguided Fight Against Income Inequality

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The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America

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Game Over Press Start to Continue

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The Dream Machine: J.C.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal

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Originals: How Non-Conformists Move the World

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Loonshots: How to Nurture the Crazy Ideas That Win Wars, Cure Diseases, and Transform Industries

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The New Geography of Jobs

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The Hacker Crackdown

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Thinking Machines: The Inside Story of Artificial Intelligence and Our Race to Build the Future

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Whole Earth: The Many Lives of Stewart Brand

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The Self-Made Billionaire Effect: How Extreme Producers Create Massive Value

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Racing the Beam: The Atari Video Computer System

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Dealers of Lightning

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So Good They Can't Ignore You: Why Skills Trump Passion in the Quest for Work You Love

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The Entrepreneurial State: Debunking Public vs. Private Sector Myths

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Tools for Thought: The History and Future of Mind-Expanding Technology

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All the Money in the World

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Brotopia: Breaking Up the Boys' Club of Silicon Valley

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The Rise of the Network Society

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Track Changes

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Elon Musk

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The Secret War Between Downloading and Uploading: Tales of the Computer as Culture Machine

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The One Device: The Secret History of the iPhone

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