by Odd Arne Westad · 4 Sep 2017 · 846pp · 250,145 words
horrified Reagan, who as president avoided most briefings or simulations in which he would have to do so. Instead, the president in 1983 commissioned a Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), which would focus on preventing nuclear missiles from ever reaching the US mainland. Dubbed “Star Wars” by its detractors, these plans imagined the use
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?”11 Gorbachev, for some very good reasons, doubted the sincerity in Reagan’s appeal. But he worried about the increases in defense spending that the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) program would inflict on the Soviet Union. He also needed time to develop his European initiatives, which he hoped would split the western Europeans
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Soviet arsenal, 416, 485 Stalin’s program to develop, 101–102 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 413–414, 485, 487, 489, 492, 496, 506, 523 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 523, 537, 540 tactical, 304 test ban treaty, 311 threat of nuclear destruction, 537, 627–629 threat of Soviet use on China, 255 uranium
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and, 499, 532–533, 570 nuclear weapons and, 522–523, 537, 540–541 Soviet Union and, 497–498, 501, 504–505, 507–508, 522–523 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 523, 537, 540 Thatcher and, 519 Third World strategy, 562 on US destiny/leadership, 476–477 Reagan Revolution, 497 reconstructions, 99–127 Red Army
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Between the State, Marxism, and the Concentration Camps (Glucksmann), 417 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT), 413–414, 420, 485, 487, 489, 492, 496, 506, 523 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 523, 537, 540 Stresemann, Gustav, 37 Students for a Democratic Society (SDS), 378 Stuttgart Declaration (1983), 517–518 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 225
by Lawrence Freedman · 9 Oct 2017 · 592pp · 161,798 words
_a_washington_word.html. However, the word was introduced during the development of concepts for destroying missiles in space as part of President Reagan’s Strategic Defense Initiative (including a Kinetic Kill Vehicle). The kinetic energy of an object is the energy that it possesses due to its motion. 39. M. L. R
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and, 121 outer space and, 89 realism and, 109–110 technological advancement and, 88–89 US after, 136–137 See also ABM Treaty; flexible response; strategic defense initiative Cole, August, 250–252 collateral damage, 201 Collier, Paul, 162–163 Colomb, Philip, 12 Colombia, 257–258 colonialism Africa and, 150–152 capitalism and, 35
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states, war strengthening, 216–217 The Statistics of Deadly Quarrels (Richardson), 111 Stead, William, 15 Steer, George, 59–60 Stevenson, Adlai, 74 Stoessinger, John, 278 strategic defense initiative, 97 Streseman, Gustav, 49 A Study of War (Wright, Q.), 110–111 Stuxnet, 236 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs), 88, 90 submarines, 6, 19–20
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, 63–67, 118 See also Cold War; 11 September 2001; National Security Agency; navy, US; North American Aerospace Defense Command; Pacific War; Philippines War, Second; strategic defense initiative; US National Intelligence Council; Vietnam War Uppsala Conflict Data Program (UCDP), 117, 132 US. See United States US National Intelligence Council, 273–276 Valentino, Benjamin
by Paul Kennedy · 15 Jan 1989 · 1,477pp · 311,310 words
costly upgrading and modernization may not keep pace with newer weapons technology.118 This problem may become particularly acute if significant breakthroughs occur in American Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) technology, and if the Russians in their turn develop a much larger system of ballistic-missile defense. Nothing is more disturbing, from the French
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of weapons to carry out its various and disparate strategical tasks. The second sign of Soviet unease about technological obsolescence relates to the so-called Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) of the Reagan administration. It seems difficult at this stage to believe that it would really make the United States completely invulnerable to nuclear
by Robert B. Zoellick · 3 Aug 2020
dream of doing away with both MAD and nuclear weapons, the practical Reagan wanted some protection. He did not know what type of shield his Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) would eventually provide.46 At times, Reagan recognized that even just the prospect of an eventual defense against missiles added to Soviet fears about
by David Hoffman · 1 Jan 2009 · 719pp · 209,224 words
nuclear attack in the telegrams about the RYAN intelligence-gathering operation. Reagan had escalated the rhetoric with his "evil empire" speech and announced his futuristic Strategic Defense Initiative in March. Documents from the U.S.S. Enterprise about the navy's F-14 flyover and the provocative naval exercises off the Soviet coast
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this; they sent British press reports to Moscow instead. 7 Early in 1984, Reagan had signed an order formally launching the research effort into his Strategic Defense Initiative.8 In the Kremlin, however, Soviet leaders were still worried about the threat from Pershing IIs and the ground-launched cruise missiles. The Pershing IIs
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of space." Shultz said Dobrynin brought up kosmos--the Russian word for outer space--at every meeting. 23 This was aimed directly at Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, although the actual program was barely getting started. By one account, that summer the program comprised two dozen people working out of a dilapidated office
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"eloquent and emotional," Gorbachev remembered. Thatcher also knew Gorbachev might give her a message for Reagan. She listened closely when he spoke about Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Privately, Thatcher had little confidence in Reagan's dream of making nuclear weapons obsolete, but kept her counsel. What caught her ear at Chequers was
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. Thatcher said Gorbachev was more charming and more open to discussion and debate than his predecessors. She recounted how Gorbachev had zeroed in on the Strategic Defense Initiative. In response, Reagan opened up with a fulsome description of his great dream as both a technological quest and a moral imperative, with an ultimate
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night, "What if we tell the world, we want to protect our people, not avenge them...?" [Ronald Reagan Library] Reagan unveiled his vision for the Strategic Defense Initiative in a televised speech on March 23, 1983. [Ray Lustig/Washington Post] The nuclear accident at Chernobyl in April 1986 was a turning point for
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met with Dobrynin in Washington in June and offered a trade-off: if both sides made deep cuts in offensive nuclear weapons, perhaps Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative could be slowed down. Shultz also proposed that negotiations be started through a confidential back channel, bypassing the deadlocked Geneva talks. In two weeks, the
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Soviet military-industrial complex laid on Gorbachev's desk a plea for their own "Star Wars." It came two years after Reagan had announced his Strategic Defense Initiative. It would propel the Soviet Union on the path of previous decades, faithful to the Cold War trajectory of two worlds in collision and ceaseless
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for deploying weapons in space, the U.S. effort to build an anti-satellite weapon; and they were given extensive tasks to spy on the Strategic Defense Initiative. Woven into the KGB's instructions were details already plucked from newspapers about Reagan's program, such as the budget sums and the broad direction
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Americans were deliberately trying to choke Moscow with fear by leaking a flood of information.36 In the two years since Reagan's announcement, the Strategic Defense Initiative was not even close to blueprints--it was still little more than a dream--but it had grabbed the attention of the Soviet leadership. To
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Union, by itself, would stop nuclear testing, and invited the United States to follow suit. Reagan did not. To Velikhov's confident assertion that the Strategic Defense Initiative would not work, his Soviet colleagues often posed a difficult question: if it was not possible to create an effective missile shield with America's
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Americans were always distinguished by their systematic approach to problems, that they "do nothing in vain." Rather than a hoax or bluff, they decided the Strategic Defense Initiative was a cover story for a gigantic, hidden effort to subsidize American defense contractors, save them from "bankruptcy" and produce a fresh surge of superior
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1985, Gorbachev gave an interview to Time magazine, his rhetoric offering a refreshing change from the decades of Cold War confrontation. When asked about the Strategic Defense Initiative, Gorbachev said Soviet experts believed it was "sheer fantasy and a pipe dream." His progressive brain trust had helped prepare his remarks. 51Two weeks later
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. In one passage, the document noted that many of them had signed a letter published in the New York Times in opposition to Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative in 1983. Velikhov was named and singled out with a photo. It was noted accurately that Velikhov had been head of the Institute of Atomic
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Gorbachev in a feisty, uncompromising mood. Gorbachev's remarks followed the broad outline of the "asymmetrical response," but he was clumsy. He attacked Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, saying at one point the purpose was to bail out the military-industrial complex in the United States, which Gorbachev claimed employed 18 million Americans
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the afternoon, Gorbachev came roaring back, this time deploying the "asymmetrical response" with energy and verve. Gorbachev fired volley after volley of arguments against the Strategic Defense Initiative. It would lead to an arms race in space, not just a defensive one, but an offensive one, he said. Scholars say any shield can
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day, tempers rose even higher. Gorbachev said a Soviet scientist had done research and found out the explanation for Reagan's determination to build the Strategic Defense Initiative was that it would add $600 billion to $1 trillion in new military expenditures. Reagan said the scientist was dealing in fantasy. If a defensive
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the ground-launched cruise missiles. He also demanded that the United States and Soviet Union mutually renounce "space strike weapons," a reference to Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. In the second stage, to begin in 1990 and last five to seven years, the United States and Soviet Union would continue to reduce their
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ideas, such as tackling some disputes one by one rather than all together, and some old roadblocks, such as Soviet demands to stop Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Paul Nitze was fascinated. "I wonder whose work of art on the Soviet side this is," he said. 8 Weeks earlier, Reagan had appointed a
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is the moment when our bargaining position is at its strongest." Shultz wanted to signal to the Soviets that Reagan would trade limits on his Strategic Defense Initiative for deeper cuts in offensive weapons, like ballistic missiles, but Shultz was opposed at every turn by Weinberger, the defense secretary, who urged Reagan not
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in 1985, marking forty years since Hiroshima, he challenged the United States to follow suit. Gorbachev hoped the moratorium would crimp research for Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative. Tests would be needed to develop an effective nuclear-pumped X-ray laser. "If there is no testing, there will be no SDI," Chernyaev wrote
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each remark was translated after it was spoken, which took time. Reagan's presentation repeated the idea in his July 25 letter that once his Strategic Defense Initiative was ready, he would share it, and the ABM treaty would disappear, replaced by a new agreement, while both sides would reach "total elimination of
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all on Gorbachev's demand to keep the research in the laboratory. Gorbachev's temper flared, and he warned Reagan that if he built the Strategic Defense Initiative, there would be a Soviet response--an "asymmetrical" one. He did not say what it would be, only that it would be "different." Reagan apparently
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Soviet Union would remain locked in Cold War competition, that there would be no deep cuts and they would have to retaliate against Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, "especially its outer space components." For all Gorbachev's enthusiasm, they thought, the arms race might not end soon.5 Although the Politburo members did
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trail, he evoked enthusiastic cheers from audiences when he declared that at Iceland, "I just said, 'No!'" Reagan portrayed his refusal to give up the Strategic Defense Initiative as a triumph, even though SDI did not even exist. Soon, however, Reagan was plunged into a season of troubles. Serious questions were raised about
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it. Gorbachev repeatedly called it the "package": concessions on the intermediate-range missiles and on the long-range weapons must be contingent on limiting the Strategic Defense Initiative. "We will stand on this, firmly," Gorbachev confidently told the Politburo on October 14. "We do not need any cheap tricks, only the package." But
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it, such as laser, particle beam, kinetic energy and microwave electronics. This argument was often made by U.S. officials to build support for the Strategic Defense Initiative. But it was hype. Katayev wrote in his spravka the Soviets were in fact way behind the level of technology suggested by Gates. The alarmist
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special glow. Even more significant was Sakharov's message: it was time to get on with reducing dangerous missiles and break the deadlock over the Strategic Defense Initiative. It was time to crack open the Gorbachev "package" from Reykjavik.18 Gorbachev had earlier been certain the package deal would bring results. But now
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years had passed since the space designers and rocket builders had put on Gorbachev's desk their blueprints for a sprawling Soviet version of the Strategic Defense Initiative. To see their handiwork, Gorbachev flew to the Soviet cosmodrome at Baikonur, in Kazakhstan, on May 11. The next day, he toured the launch pad
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, Alexander Nadiradze, the missile designer who created the Pioneer, sent a panicky letter to the Central Committee. Four years after Reagan had first announced the Strategic Defense Initiative, Nadiradze declared he had figured out the truth: it was a plan to use space to shoot a nuclear warhead back down to Earth! This
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in St. Vladimir's Hall at the Kremlin on the afternoon of July 31, there was almost no trace of the old dispute over the Strategic Defense Initiative, the single issue on which the Reykjavik summit foundered. Gorbachev, who had protested so long and so loudly about weapons in space, did not mention
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of Gorbachev's greatest accomplishments was in the things he did not do. An argument was often made in later years that it was the Strategic Defense Initiative that bankrupted the Soviet Union. It is true that Reagan's vision gave Soviet leaders a fright--it symbolized the unbridled nature of American ambitions
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Donald R. Baucom, The Origins of SDI: 1944-1983 (Lawrence, Kansas: University Press of Kansas), p. 184. Baucom was staff historian for the U.S. Strategic Defense Initiative Organization. 48 Bob Sims, interview, Feb. 26, 1985. 49 Skinner, pp. 430-432. The essay is dated May 7, 1931. 50 Anderson, Hoover presentation. 51
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Reagan letter to Gorbachev, April 30, 1985, RRPL. 27 Chernyaev diary, April 16, 1985. 28 A contentious issue this year was whether Reagan's proposed Strategic Defense Initiative would remain within a narrow interpretation of the 1972 treaty on missile defense, or whether the administration was seeking to use a broader interpretation of
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(as in 'up top 38') warheads," http://russian forces.org. For the U.S. expectations of asymmetric response, see "Possible Soviet Responses to the US Strategic Defense Initiative," NIC M 83-10017, Sept. 12, 1983, Director of Central Intelligence. 49 Gorbachev interview, June 30, 2006. 50 Nichols, p. 133. 51 Chernyaev diary, Sept
by Raj M. Shah and Christopher Kirchhoff · 8 Jul 2024 · 272pp · 103,638 words
programs launched over the decades that followed. The most ambitious came to be known as “Star Wars.” Announced in 1983 by President Ronald Reagan, the Strategic Defense Initiative was a program to put lasers and particle-beam weapons into a fleet of orbiting killer satellites that would blast incoming missiles out of the
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defenses, 77 “Brilliant Pebbles,” 78 Datahub AI system, 80, 81, 86, 98 “left-of-launch” solution, 78, 79, 91 Nike air defense system, 77, 79 Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars), 77–78 Banazadeh, Payam, ix, 82, 83, 84, 151 Butow and, 82, 84, 85–86 Capella Space and, 81, 82, 85, 199 DoD
by Allan J McDonald and James R. Hansen · 25 Apr 2009 · 787pp · 249,157 words
SRM technology that I had worked on earlier in my career in support of a kinetic energy weapons system being studied as part of the Strategic Defense Initiative, or “Star Wars” program. I was supposed to be in Elkton for a week but had to return home early because I was notified that
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the causes of the accident. Cook claimed that the administration was in the process of militarizing the Space Shuttle program in support of Reagan's Strategic Defense Initiative, or “Star Wars” program, and that this was the real reason why Reagan had replaced former NASA Administrator James Beggs with Bill Graham, a nuclear
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), 118, 269–70, 274–75 Stever, Dr. H. Guyford (NRC), 408, 538–40 Stewart, Bob (astronaut), 293 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty II (SALT II), 558 Strategic Defense Initiative, 354 Sucher, John (MTI), 543 Surely You're Joking, Mr. Feynman! Adventures of a Curious Character (Feynman), 363. See also Feynman, Dr. Richard P. Sutter
by Taylor Downing · 23 Apr 2018 · 400pp · 121,708 words
, 215, 236, 255, 264, 275, 312, 317, 319 Prague Spring 47 President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) 339, 349–50 protective missile system see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) psychological operations (PSYOPS) 139–43, 147, 162, 182, 187, 310, 340 Putin, Vladimir 341 Pym, Francis 37 radiation sickness 3–4, 249 radioactive contamination
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, 78, 80, 85, 240 technology gap 72, 73, 104, 120, 143, 144 The Soviet War Scare, 1983 (documentary) 346 Soyuz spacecraft 14 space weapons see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Speakes, Larry 169, 176 Sputnik 9, 194 SS-18 missiles 90 SS-19 missiles 242 SS-20 missiles 29, 53, 75, 75, 78, 94
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, Joseph 5, 23, 24, 35, 146, 237, 329 anti-Jewish purges 47 death of 42 and the Great Terror 36, 39–40 ‘Star Wars’ see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Stasi 85, 128, 130, 133, 335 Stewart, Nina 349 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles 310 Stombaugh, Paul, Jr 284 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I
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) 13, 14, 94, 156 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) 30, 77 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) 94, 105, 270, 334 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 103 costs 102 Geneva summit and 298, 299, 304 Gorbachev’s hostility to 273, 298, 299, 304, 305, 306, 309, 313, 314, 315, 316
by Joseph N. Pelton · 5 Nov 2016 · 321pp · 89,109 words
from Crusades. The new technologies that are being envisioned for space-based strategic operations are very high tech indeed. Although we did not deploy the strategic defense initiative known popularly as “star wars ,” most of the underlying technical capability is now available. Clearly the United States, Russia and China, at least, have anti
by Giovanni Arrighi · 15 Mar 2010 · 7,371pp · 186,208 words
spectacular increase in the US national debt was associated with an escalation of the Cold War with the USSR — primarily, though not exclusively, through the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) — and a whole series of punitive shows of military muscle against select unfriendly regimes of the Third World — Grenada in 1983, Libya in 1986
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, 108 Schor, Juliet, 306-7 Schumpeter, Joseph, 30, 36-37, 122-23, 219, 336-38, 370 Schurmann, Franz, 66, 350-51 Scotland, 189, 202 SDI (Strategic Defense Initiative), 327 Second Cold War, 17 Second World, 22, 333, 334 secular cycles, 7, 8, 174 self-regulation markets, 72, 263-66 September 1 1, 2001
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; production and, 185; United Kingdom and, 51; Venice and, 149-50 Statute ofArtificiers (1563), 199 Steensgaard, Niels, 148, 149 stock markets, 142 Strange, Susan, 321 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI), 327 subcontracting systems, 355-58 substitution, principle of, 260, 261 Supple, Barry, 201 surplus capital: in Britain, 266; conversion to commodities, 307; described, 167
by Yarden Katz
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