Suez crisis 1956

The Post-American World: Release 2.0
by Fareed Zakaria
Published 1 Jan 2008

Petersburg, 83 Salafist Group for Call and Combat (GSPC), 13 salwar kurta, 88 samba, 95 Sarbanes-Oxley Act (2002), 221 saris, 88 Sarkozy, Nicolas, 252–53 Saudi Arabia, 8, 11, 13–14, 32, 38, 55, 125, 168, 232–33, 248n, 264, 278 savings rate, 25, 50, 104, 137–39, 151–52, 216–19, 233, 283 Schumer, Chuck, 220–21 Schwab, Klaus, 147 Schwarz, Benjamin, 37 scientific research, 68–70, 98, 123, 192, 198, 199, 200–202, 208–12, 218–19 Securities and Exchange Commission, 48 Security Council, UN, 40, 101, 118, 131, 165n, 254, 272 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks, xi, 6, 10–11, 14, 16, 17, 246, 247, 265, 271, 272, 277, 278 service sector, 43, 148, 151, 230–31 Setser, Brad, 48, 55 Shah Jahan, 70 Shakespeare Wallah, 94 Shanghai, 34, 102–3, 109, 118, 150, 185, 211 Shanghai Stock Exchange, 109–10, 118 Shanmugaratnam, Tharman, 210–11 sharia, 16 Sharma, Ruchir, 179 Sherif, Abdul-Aziz el-, 15 Shia Muslims, 11–12, 263 shopping malls, 3 Shultz, George, 265 Sicily, 37 Sikhs, 180 Silicon Valley, 48, 215 Singapore, 3, 26, 32, 115–16, 132, 153, 185, 195–96, 200, 209, 210–12 Singh, Manmohan, 159, 160, 162, 169 Sino-African summit (2006), 130 Sky News, 96 Slaughter, Anne-Marie, 268 slavery, 79 Slovakia, 223 “smiley curve,” 203 socialism, 23, 24, 120, 144, 157, 161, 173, 178, 197 Social Security, 235 Socrates, 123 “soft power,” 121, 186, 259 Somalia, 185, 223 South Africa, 3, 4, 53, 98, 132, 188–90, 257, 258 South America, 78–79 South Asia, 21n, 52, 60 South China Sea, 133, 267 South Korea, 2, 20, 26, 40–41, 55, 84, 93, 95, 98, 104, 112, 115, 116, 132, 157, 171, 214 Soviet Union: Afghanistan invaded by, 13, 101, 284 Chinese relations of, 133, 137, 142 collapse of, 9, 23–24, 53, 243, 244–45, 284 Communist regime of, 23–24, 120 Czechoslovakia invaded by (1968), 252 expansionism of, 10, 173, 256, 284 space program of, 71, 232 as superpower, 10, 101, 120, 173, 256, 266, 284 technology sector of, 71 U.S. relations with, 4, 8–9, 20, 38, 141, 143, 144, 163–66, 196, 199, 244–45, 247, 252, 254, 255–56, 274, 275, 277, 284 in World War II, 37 see also Russia space program, 71, 232 Spain, 17, 116, 187, 239–41, 278, 280 Spanish language, 96 special interests, 234, 236 Speer, Albert, 103 Speer, Albert, Jr., 103 Spence, Jonathan, 124 Spiegel, 251 Spielberg, Steven, 105 Sputnik launching (1957), 232 Sri Lanka, 157, 165 Stalin, Joseph, 37, 196, 254, 275, 277 Starbucks, 105 state-directed capitalism, 32 state socialism, 144 “stealth reforms,” 160 steel, 103–4 Steingart, Gabor, 50 Stiglitz, Joseph, 139–40 stocks, 43, 109–10, 222 sub-Saharan Africa, 80 Sudan, 31, 38, 41, 131, 188, 273 Suez Canal, 20, 168, 186, 195 Suez Canal crisis (1956), 20, 168 suicide bombings, 14–15 Summers, Lawrence, 246 Sunni Muslims, 11–12, 263 Sun Yat-sen, 84, 86 Sun Zi, 143 Sweden, 24, 116, 200 Switzerland, 200 Syria, 6, 8, 157 Taiwan, 2, 20, 26, 35, 112, 116, 118, 119, 132, 135–36, 137, 141, 142, 165n, 214, 263, 264 Taiwan Strait, 20 Taj Mahal, 70–71 Talbot, Strobe, 107 Taliban, 13, 172, 241 Tamil Nadu, 180 tariffs, 40, 197 Tata Group, 148–49, 153 Tata Motors, 230 Nano of, 229–30 taxation, 40, 64, 72, 75, 83–84, 107–8, 223, 235, 236, 262 Tay, Simon, 259 technology, xiii, 9, 36, 43, 58, 60–61, 87, 92–93, 113, 135, 142, 148–49, 161, 198, 199, 200–212, 215, 217, 224–26, 228–32, 233 Tehran Conference (1943), 254 telecommunications industry, 161 television, 95, 96 tennis, 219–20 terrorism, 5, 6, 9, 10–19, 29, 34, 59, 241, 246, 247, 264, 269–70, 271, 272, 276–80 textile industry, 28 Thailand, 28, 132 Tharoor, Shashi, 165n Thatcher, Margaret, 24, 197, 225, 244, 245 Third Plenum of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party (1978), 101–2 Third World, 10, 39, 102, 161, 177, 229, 232 Thirty Years’ War, 123 Thornton, John, 114 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989), 27, 137, 274–75 Tibet, 165 Time, 96 Times (London), 96 Times Higher Educational Supplement, 207 Tojo Hideki, 37 Tokyo, 91–92 totalitarianism, 112–17, 274 Toynbee, Arnold, 185, 197 Toyota, 225–26 trade balance, 21, 36, 57–58, 104–5, 216 traditional culture, 90–99 “treasure ships,” 62–63 treasury bills, U.S., 138 Treasury Department, U.S., 11 Trends in International Mathematics and Science Study (TIMSS), 208–9 Truman, Harry S., 253, 255–56 Tsongas, Paul, 245 tsunami disaster (2005), 155 Tunisia, 209 Turkey, 4, 8, 17, 28–29, 84, 115, 273–74, 278 Turkey bombings (2003), 17 Twain, Mark, 271 Ukraine, 3, 260 unemployment, xi, xiii, 2, 227 unemployment rate, 212, 217, 226, 284 unilateralism, 59, 246–55, 264, 267–69 “uni-multipolarity,” 53 unipolar order, 1–5, 39, 52, 233, 240–42, 243–50, 266–67, 274–75 United Arab Emirates, 3 United Nations, 40, 41, 101, 118, 131, 157, 165n, 213, 240, 244, 250, 253, 254, 264, 268, 272 United Nations Human Development Index, 157 United Nations Population Division, 213 United States, 239–85 African policy of, 270–71, 273 alliances of, 243–50, 270–75 Asian policies of, 90, 241–42, 245, 259–60, 266, 267, 273–74, 280–81 automobile industry of, 192, 225, 230, 244 British Empire compared with, 185–86, 189–90, 197–99, 237, 261–63, 266, 268 British relations of, 168, 189, 194–97, 241, 254, 261, 274 budget deficits of, 139, 219, 241–42, 244 capitalism in, xi, 23, 28, 47, 60, 120, 200–202, 223–24 China compared with, 100, 103, 108, 193, 200, 242, 263 Chinese relations of, 100, 104, 105–6, 108, 118, 136–44, 176–77, 190, 236, 254, 260–61, 263, 264, 266, 269, 280–82 colonial period of, 65, 194 culture of, xi, 1–5, 36, 90–91, 93, 94, 204, 212–16, 223–26, 271–72, 275–85 democratic ideals of, 141, 167, 232–38, 264, 274–75 demographics of, 212–16 diversity of, 212–16, 278, 283–84 domestic market of, 224, 241, 267, 283 economy of, xi–xiii, 18, 20, 22, 25–26, 29, 43–49, 50, 56–57, 86–87, 118–19, 120, 140, 152, 182, 186, 191, 192, 197–99, 212–19, 233–34, 237–38, 241, 244, 245, 255, 275, 282–83 education in, 48, 58, 200, 204–12, 215, 218–19, 225, 233 elections in, 245, 251, 276, 278–79 energy needs of, 38, 232–33 engineers trained in, 204–8 European relations of, 244–45, 251–55, 273–74 family values in, 93 film industry of, 90, 94 financial markets of, 217, 219–22 foreign investment in, 219 foreign policy of, 8, 42, 52, 59, 125, 130, 131, 132, 140, 142–44, 167–68, 189–90, 223, 235–85 foreign trade of, 20–21, 36, 57–58, 104, 200, 216, 217, 280–83 French relations of, 251, 252–53 future development of, 1–5, 94–99, 199–203, 204, 239–85 German relations of, 244, 245, 251 global influence of, see post-American world gross domestic product (GDP) of, 18, 104, 118–19, 191, 196, 198–99, 200, 207–8, 215, 217, 218, 219n, 255 growth rate for, 212–16, 233–34, 243 health care in, 225–26, 233n, 283 immigration to, 61, 87, 167, 212–16, 233, 272, 277, 278, 280, 282 income levels of, 212, 216, 217–18, 219 India compared with, 155–56, 200, 226–27 Indian relations of, 54–55, 144, 160, 166–68, 173, 174–78, 182, 249–50, 263, 264, 266, 269, 271, 274, 283 industrialization of, 2, 20, 65, 193, 200, 204, 217, 218 infrastructure of, 152 insularity of, 223–26, 275–85 Japanese relations of, 245, 266 labor force of, 225–26 legal system of, 225 manufacturing sector of, 202–3 middle class in, 226–32 Middle East policies of, 8, 31, 52, 274 military forces of, xi, 48, 54, 140, 142–43, 174–78, 182, 185, 198–99, 241, 254, 259–63, 265, 267, 269–71 military spending of, 18, 105n, 142, 198–99, 241, 262 Muslim population of, 272, 276, 278 national debt of, 138, 140, 217–19, 241–42 nationalism in, 36–39 nuclear weapons of, 140, 142, 174–78, 265 oil needs of, 38 political system of, 186, 216, 232–38, 275–85 population of, 22, 50–51, 100, 200, 212–16 productivity of, 200, 281, 282, 283 United States (continued) religious attitudes in, 122 rhetoric of fear in, 275–85 Russian relations of, 54, 190, 241, 247, 260, 266, 269 savings rate of, 216–19, 233, 241, 283 scientific research in, 198, 199, 200, 218–19 Soviet relations of, 4, 8–9, 20, 38, 141, 143, 144, 163–66, 196, 199, 244–45, 247, 252, 254, 255–56, 274, 275, 277, 284 special interests in, 234, 236 as superpower, 4, 49–61, 117, 120, 142–44, 182, 223–85 taxation in, 108, 223, 235, 236, 262 technology sector of, xiii, 58, 61, 198, 199, 200–212, 215, 217, 224–25, 228, 233 terrorist attacks against, 6, 10–11, 13, 16, 17, 29, 59, 241, 246, 247, 265, 270, 271, 272, 276, 277–80 unemployment in, xi, 227 unemployment rate in, 217, 226, 284 unilateralism of, 59, 246–55, 264–65, 267–69 as UN member, 118, 254, 264, 272 wage levels in, 229 in World War II, 36–37 urbanization, 102–3, 106, 110, 150, 153–55, 160, 167 U.S.

The Emperor's New Road: How China's New Silk Road Is Remaking the World
by Jonathan Hillman
Published 28 Sep 2020

Amal Soliman ElGhouty, “Public Debt and Economic Growth in Egypt,” Business and Economic Research 8, no. 3 (2018): 183–200, http://www.macrothink.org/journal/index.php/ber/article/view/13443. 14. “Ismail Pasha,” Encyclopedia.com, accessed February 4, 2020, https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/history/egyptian-history-biographies/khedive-egypt-ismail. 15. Caroline Piquet, “The Suez Company’s Concession in Egypt, 1854–1956: Modern Infrastructure and Local Economic Development,” Enterprise and Society 5, no. 1 (2004): 107–127, https://muse.jhu.edu/article/53850. 16. Isma’il would later agree to pay 130 million francs, roughly half of the company’s capital, to revise these provisions. Olukoya Ogen, “The Economic Lifeline of British Global Empire: A Reconsideration of the Historical Dynamics of the Suez Canal, 1869–1956,” Journal of International Social Research 1, no. 5 (Fall 2008): 527, http://www.sosyalarastirmalar.com/cilt1/sayi5/sayi5pdf/ogen_olukoya.pdf. 17.

How Long Will Israel Survive Threat Wthn
by Gregg Carlstrom
Published 14 Oct 2017

Dreams and Shadows: The Future of the Middle East
by Robin Wright
Published 28 Feb 2008

See Sunni-Shiite divide Syrian tradition of resistance Shikaki, Fathi Shikaki, Khalil Shrine of the Two Imams, bombing of Siniora, Fuad Soroush, Abdolkarim South African Truth and Reconciliation Commission South Lebanese Army Soviet Union; See also Russia Star Academy State Department, U.S. human rights reports list of terrorist groups report on Egypt’s elections of 2000 report on Egypt’s presidential election of 2005 Stethem, Robert Dean Street Is Ours, The Suez Canal crisis (1956) suicide bombers Sukkar, Nabil Sulaimaniyah Sunnis Iranian Iraqi Lebanese Syrian Sunni-Shiite divide Superstar Sutherland, Tom Sword of Islamic Righteousness Syria Alawite minority in Christians in clothing in Communist Party constitution of corruption in coups in Damascus Declaration Damascus Spring democracy and economy of Egypt and expatriates French colonialism and governmental reform package government’s hold on power Hariri’s assassination and Hezbollah and illusions of greatness of intelligence agencies; See also Mukhabarat Iran and Iraq and Iraqi oil and Iraqi refugees in Islam and Jews in Labor Party Law No.

The Finance Curse: How Global Finance Is Making Us All Poorer
by Nicholas Shaxson
Published 10 Oct 2018

D. 22, 76, 77 Ross, Wilbur 175, 200–1 Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS) 221, 227 Rubin, Robert 159 Russia 12, 51, 63, 84, 85, 167, 168, 264, 267, 274 Rutherford, Thomas F. 253 Sachsen LB 133 Sainsbury’s 83 Samuelson, Paul 29–30 Sandstorm Report (1991) 145 Saviano, Roberto 64 savings and loan crisis, U.S. (1989) 146, 161, 165 Schreck, Blake 41–4, 48 Schröder, Gerhard 97, 102 Schroder PLC 220 Schumer, Chuck: Sustaining New York’s and the US’ Global Financial Services Leadership 164 Scottish Police Authority 221, 222 Second Bank of the United States 75 Second World War (1939–45) 31, 32, 33, 49, 52, 77 securitisation 128, 151–6, 161, 162, 169, 174, 200 see also special purpose vehicle (SPV) Seides, Ted 209 Serious Fraud Office (SFO) 166 Shannon Airport, Ireland 116–17, 138 shareholders 2, 3, 63, 73, 87, 88, 89, 113, 143, 148, 149, 193, 196, 197, 199, 205, 206, 207, 209, 217, 220–1, 222, 223, 225–7, 233–4, 249, 266 Sheffield University 137, 207, 225, 234 Shelbourne Hotel, Dublin 129 Sheppard, Lee 65–6 Sherman Antitrust Act (1890) 76, 77 Sikka, Professor Prem 66, 237 Sinaloa cartel 12, 167 Sinclair Broadcast Group 88 Singapore 13, 70, 85, 97, 112, 113, 130, 166, 218, 273 Sky 70–1 Slater, Bob 19 Slim, Carlos 184, 185 Smith, Adam: Wealth of Nations 18, 35, 90 Smith, Greg 183 Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners (STEP) 177–8, 182, 185, 186 South Dakota, U.S. 188–9 Southern Cross Healthcare 202 Sovaldi 85–6 Soviet Union 76, 110, 129, 138, 197, 271 special economic zone (SEZ) 117, 130–1, 138 special purpose vehicle (SPV) 63, 66, 128, 134–5, 151–3, 154, 155, 161, 165, 169, 171, 220, 221, 222, 236 Standard Oil 19–21, 26–7, 71, 76, 77 sterling: flotation of 53; Sterling Zone 60, 61 Stewart, Professor Jim 133, 134, 135 Stigler, George 37, 72, 73–4 Stoller, Matt 86, 99 Strathclyde Limited Partnership 220 Strathclyde Police Training and Recruitment Centre, East Kilbride 220–2 streetcar scandal, American 25 structured investment vehicle (SIV) 140 Suez Canal crisis (1956) 54 Summers, Lawrence 159 Switzerland 13, 37, 45, 47, 55–6, 58, 63, 70, 83, 93, 95, 97, 101, 113, 125, 136, 142, 160, 166, 171, 175, 186, 202, 207, 216, 228, 258, 259, 268 Tarbell, Franklin 20 Tarbell, Ida 19–20, 26, 27 Tasker, George 178–9 tax: Celtic Tiger and see Celtic Tiger; City of London and see City of London; corporate tax cuts and competitiveness agenda 13, 26, 29, 30–1, 36, 38–48, 108–9, 113–14, 116–18, 121, 122, 123, 126, 127–30, 137–8, 178, 183, 207, 241–57, 260; high taxes for wealthy, economic growth and 33, 34, 52; inheritance tax 172–3, 182, 234; income tax, introduction of 98; monopolies and see monopolies; neoliberalism and see neoliberalism; private equity and see private equity; Third Way and see Third Way; trusts and see trusts tax havens 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 8, 13, 23–4, 25, 47, 55–6, 59–68, 84, 85, 86, 87, 92–7, 98, 103, 104, 111–13, 114, 117–18, 119, 120, 121, 122, 123, 125, 129, 130, 131, 132, 136, 137, 138, 140, 141, 142, 145, 150, 151, 152, 153–4, 155, 156, 157, 159, 162, 166, 169, 171, 173, 174–5, 176, 177, 178, 179, 180, 181, 185, 186– 7, 188, 200, 201, 202, 205, 207, 211, 216, 221, 222, 223, 228, 234, 236, 238, 240, 242, 243, 245, 249, 250, 258, 268, 269, 270, 271, 272 see also individual tax haven name Tax Justice Network 5, 67–8, 113, 270 Tett, Gillian: Fool’s Gold 146 Texas Pacific Group (TPG) 201 Thatcher, Margaret 37, 58, 104, 143, 216 The Big Short (film) 154, 235 TheCityUK 257–9 think tanks 13, 37, 74, 178, 216, 241, 247, 251 Third Way 91, 92–115, 121, 122, 159 Thomas, Kenneth 138 Tiebout, Professor Charles 28–9; ‘A Pure Theory of Local Expenditures’ 29, 30–1, 38, 39, 40, 45, 46–7, 48, 73 TIM Hellas 201 Tomlinson Report (2014) 26 Toyota 84 Trainline 1–2, 3, 195 transfer pricing 24, 85 Traynor, Dennis 136 Treasury, U.K. 52, 59, 221, 222, 238, 249, 257–8 Treaty of Rome (1957) 77, 98 Troup, Edward 234 Trump, Donald 88, 100, 108–9, 122, 166, 167, 175, 182, 183, 200, 245, 247, 253–4, 273 trusts 20–2, 61, 62, 66, 169–89, 191, 221, 272 Turks and Caicos 60, 62, 141 21st Century Fox 70 Tyco 235 Union Cold Storage 24–5 United Front 264 United Nations (UN) 4, 104 United States 2, 6, 10, 21, 54, 55, 62, 64, 69, 124, 126, 134, 259, 264, 265, 271; Eurodollar and see Eurodollar/Euromarkets; finance curse and 10–11; London loophole/global financial crisis and 140–68; monopoly/antitrust in 4, 19–22, 71–91; neoliberalism and see neoliberalism; private equity and 194–7, 200–1, 210–11, 214, 225, 235; sabotage in 19–24, 25, 26–7; taxes in 33, 39–49, 108– 9, 183, 244–5, 247, 253–6; Third Way and 98–100, 101; relocation of companies within 39–49 see also Wall Street and individual company name Universal Credit 230 University of Chicago 16, 72, 196 U.S.

The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power
by Daniel Yergin
Published 23 Dec 2008

[5] Cooper, Lion's Last Roar, p. 103 ("De Lesseps"); Alistair Home, Harold Macmillan, vol. 1, 1894-1956 (New York: Vintage, 1989), p. 397 (Macmillan); Wm. Roger Louis and Roger Owen, eds., Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989), p. 110; Interview with John C. Norton (pilots). [6] Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951-1956 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986), p. 23 ("Master"); Neff, Warriors at Suez, p. 39 (Ike on Dulles); Interview with Winthrop Aldrich, p. 27, Tape 27, Box 244, Aldrich papers; Eden, Full Circle, p. 487 ("disgorge"); Louis and Owen, Suez 1956, pp. 198-99 ("out of date" and "white men"), 210 ("mantle"); Dwight D. Eisenhower, Waging Peace: The White House Years, 1956-1961 (Garden City, N.Y.: Doubleday, 1965), p. 670 ("drama"); Interview with Robert Bowie; Heikal, Cairo Documents, p. 103 ("Which side"); Deborah Polster, "The Need for Oil Shapes the American Diplomatic Response to the Invasion of Suez" (Ph.D., Case Western Reserve University, 1985), pp. 65-66

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Los Angeles: Pacific Enterprises, 1990. Lloyd, Selwyn. Suez 1956: A Personal Account. London: Jonathan Cape, 1978. Longhurst, Henry. Adventure in Oil: The Story of British Petroleum. London: Sidgwick and Jackson, 1959- Longrigg, Stephen H. Oil in the Middle East: Its Discovery and Development. 3d ed. London: Oxford University Press, 1968. Louis, William Roger. The British Empire in the Middle East 1945-1951: Arab Nationalism, the United States, and Postwar Imperialism. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1985. Louis, William Roger, and Roger Owen, eds. Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences. Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989.

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For his part, Dulles, along with other Americans, found Eden both arrogant and languid. But their discord went beyond style; there were specific grievances as well. Eden and Dulles had already clashed over the French Indo-Chinese war two years earlier. Eden had promoted diplomacy, but Dulles was not interested in that kind of peaceful resolution. Now, over Suez, they would trade roles. Yet in August 1956, a few days after the nationalization, Dulles reassured the British and French foreign ministers that "a way had to be found to make Nasser disgorge" the canal. That expression was to ring as comfort in Eden's ear for the next couple of months. But the Americans came up with a number of diplomatic stratagems that seemed unrealistic to the British—or, if looked upon more cynically, seemed aimed at postponing more direct action on the part of the British and French.

Prisoners of Geography: Ten Maps That Explain Everything About the World (Politics of Place)
by Tim Marshall
Published 10 Oct 2016

Thirteen Days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp David
by Lawrence Wright
Published 15 Sep 2014

Azouqa, “Frederico García Lorca and Salah ’Abd al-Sabur as Composers of Modern Ballads: A Comparative Study,” Journal of Arabic Literature 36, no. 2. (2005). “The ballad dwells”: Sadat, In Search of Identity, p. 6. Sadat’s account of the incident is somewhat at variance with modern sources. See Turner, Suez 1956, pp. 39–40; Mustafa Bassiouni, “A Modern-Day Dinshaway in Egypt?” Al Akhbar English, http://english.al-akhbar.com/node/2887. “the odious sight”: Sadat, In Search of Identity, p. 10. “nothing but a scrap”: Quoted in Yunan Labib Rizk, “Gandhi in Egypt,” Al-Ahram, Dec. 19–25, 2002. “I began to imitate”: Sadat, In Search of Identity, p. 13.

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“He may be a Soviet”: British Foreign Office telegram to Washington, Nov. 13, 1948, in the Menachem Begin files of British Intelligence. “He was made ‘better-looking’ ”: Undated newspaper clipping in Begin files of British Intelligence, probably summer of 1946. They were already spending: Turner, Suez 1956, p. 80. “unworkable”: Gervasi, The Life and Times of Menahem Begin, p. 187. Sensing victory, Begin: Temko, To Win or to Die, p. 102. “For hundreds of years”: Jake Eyre, “The Story of Irgun: Terrorism, Propaganda, and the State of Israel,” thesis, Norwich University, Nov. 16, 2010, p. 18. “anti-Hebrew activities”: Temko, To Win or to Die, p. 106.

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“an eye for an eye”: Ibid., p. 283. His strategy was to provoke: Ibid., p. 286. Fifty-eight civilians: Ibid., p. 287. “Yesterday morning Roy was”: Bar-On, Moshe Dayan, pp. 74–76; Dayan, Living with the Bible, pp. 165–66. The phased departure of: Neff, Warriors at Suez, pp. 55–56. “The Suez Canal was”: Turner, Suez 1956, p. 180. Although Britain had: Neff, Warriors at Suez, p. 18. The scheme was: Dayan, Story of My Life, p. 202. That would become: Grief, The Legal Foundation and Borders of Israel under International Law, p. 233. Finally, Israel would: Ibid., p. 215; Neff, Warriors at Suez, pp. 342–43; Sand, The Invention of the Land of Israel, p. 238.

The Hundred Years' War on Palestine: A History of Settler Colonialism and Resistance, 1917–2017
by Rashid Khalidi
Published 28 Jan 2020

Unable to respond to Israeli attacks, and embarrassed before Egyptian and Arab public opinion, the government meanwhile ordered its military intelligence services to help the Palestinian militants they had previously suppressed to launch operations against Israel. The response to this new development was not long in coming, and it was devastating. Thus a few bloody raids launched in the early 1950s by small Palestinian militant groups, actions taken against the wishes of most Arab governments, ultimately led to Israel launching the Suez War of October 1956. Israel did not do so alone, and its partners had their own reasons for attacking Egypt. Old-school imperialists in office in Britain and France were enraged by Egypt’s nationalization of the Franco-British Suez Canal Company, which was carried out in retaliation for the cancellation by the US secretary of state of a planned World Bank loan to build the Aswan Dam.

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See also Shlaim, “Conflicting Approaches.” 77. Matthew Connelly, A Diplomatic Revolution: Algeria’s Fight for Independence and the Origin of the Post-Cold War Era (New York: Oxford University Press, 2002). 78. There is a vast literature on the 1956 Suez war. For a good collection of essays on the topic see Suez 1956: The Crisis and Its Consequences, ed. Roger Louis and Roger Owen (Oxford: Clarendon Press, 1989). See also Benny Morris, Israel’s Border Wars. 79. “Special Report of the Director of the United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East,” A/3212/Add.1 of December 15, 1956, https://unispal.un.org/DPA/DPR/unispal.nsf/0/6558F61D3DB6BD4505256593006B06BE. 80.

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See War of 1967 Sourani, Raji South Africa South Lebanese Army Soviet Oriental Institute Soviet Union (USSR). See also Russia collapse of Lebanon War of 1982 and Madrid talks and PLO and Suez War and War of 1948 and War of 1967 and Stalin, Joseph Stalingrad, Battle of Stern gang Sternhell, Zeev St. James’s Palace conference (1939) Suez War of 1956 Suez War of Attrition (1968–70) suicide bombings Sunnis Supreme Muslim Council Suriyya al-Janubiyya Sykes-Picot Agreement Syria. See also Golan Heights Abu Nidal and civil war Fatah and Israel and Lebanese civil war and Lebanon War of 1982 and Madrid-Washington talks and Oslo and PLO and Skykes-Picot and UNSC 242 and War of 1967 and Syrian National Party Tacitus Tal, Wasfi al- Tal al-Rish Tal al-Za‘tar massacre Tannous, ‘Izzat Tel Aviv terrorism “three nos” Touqan, Fadwa Transfer Agreement (Nazi) Transjordan (later Jordan) renamed Jordan West Bank takeover by Tripoli Truman, Harry Trump, Donald Tunis Turkey Umayyad period UNESCO Unified National Command Unified National Leadership Union of Palestinian Students United Arab Emirates (UAE) United Nations 14 partition and War of 1967 and UN Charter UN General Assembly PLO and Resolution 181 (UNGA 181) Resolution 194 (UNGA 194) Suez War and UN High Commissioner for Refugees UN Political and Security Council Affairs Division UN Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) Special Report on Israeli Massacres in Gaza UN Security Council Resolution 235 (UNSC 235, 1967) Resolution 242 (UNSC 242, 1967) Resolution 338 (UNSC 338, 1973) Resolution 2334 (UNSC 2334, 2106) on settlements War of 1967 and UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) Minority Report United States Anglo-American Committee of Inquiry and Camp David summit of 2000 and Egypt and Egypt-Israel treaty and elections of 2016 First Intifada and Gulf War and Hamas and Israel and Israeli attacks on Gaza and Khalidi family in King-Crane Commission and Lebanese civil war and Lebanon War of 1982 and Madrid-Washington talks and national self-determination and oil and Oslo and PA and Palestinians and PLO and policy shifts and public opinion in rejecting, as mediator Saudi Arabia and settler-colonialism and Suez War and Transjordan and UNSC 242 and UNSCOP and USSR and War of 1948 and War of 1967 and WW II and Yemen and Zionism and US Congress US-Israel Memorandum of Agreement (1975) US Marines, Beirut barracks bombed US National Security Council US Senate US State Department University of Chicago University of Michigan ‘Uraysi, ‘Abd al-Ghani al- Uris, Leon USA Patriot Act (2001) Vance, Cyrus Versailles Conference (1918) Vienna airport massacre Vietnam War village leagues project WAFA Wafd Wahhabism War of 1948.

Lords of the Desert: The Battle Between the US and Great Britain for Supremacy in the Modern Middle East
by James Barr
Published 8 Aug 2018

Asseily and Asfahani, eds, A Face in the Crowd, 30/11 ‘The Situation in Jordan’, n.d., 33/11, ‘Report from Amman’, 11 March 1956. 23. MEC, Slade-Baker Papers, diary, 6 March 1956; Beeston, Looking for Trouble, p. 21. 24. TNA, CAB 195/14, meeting of 5 March 1956; Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 341, 3 March 1956. 25. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 345, 7 March 1956; Thorpe, Eden, p. 466. 26. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 346, 12 March 1956. 27. Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, p. 345, 8 March 1956. Chapter 18 Ditching Nasser 1. Von Tunzelmann, Blood and Sand, p. 100. 2. FRUS, 1955–57, Vol. XV, p. 307, Anderson to Dulles, 6 March 1956. 3. Ferrell, ed., The Eisenhower Diaries, p. 318, 8 March 1956; Lucas and Morey, ‘The Hidden “Alliance” ’, p. 103. 4.

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Following the signature of the Turco-Pakistan Pact on 2 April 1954, and the US government’s announcements that it would supply military aid to Iraq and Pakistan weeks later, they realised that they had no time to lose if they were to maintain any semblance of influence in the region. Otherwise, as one Foreign Office minister admitted, ‘the Iraqis and others may get the idea that we are leaving it to the Americans to make the running in that part of the world’.1 Following the withdrawal from Palestine in 1948, and with the departure of British forces from Suez now scheduled for June 1956, Jordan and Iraq were the two remaining countries where the British retained a presence in the northern Middle East. When Eden reviewed the implications of Dulles’ Northern Tier strategy he argued that Britain should build up her position in each country to resist American encroachment.

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‘Foster assures me that the US is as determined to deal with Nasser as we are – but I fear he has a mental caveat about November 6th.’ Eden desperately needed a breakthrough – one that would simultaneously provide him with a casus belli and ensure American acquiescence. Three weeks before polling day in the United States, he got it. 20 THE SUEZ MISCALCULATION Sunday 14 October 1956 was ‘a glorious autumn day, radiant with sunshine and crisp as a biscuit’, the Foreign Office minister, Anthony Nutting, later remembered. He had come to the prime minister’s country residence, Chequers, in the countryside northwest of London, to bring Eden Selwyn Lloyd’s overnight report from the United Nations.

Imperial Legacies
by Jeremy Black;
Published 14 Jul 2019

As with previous shifts in imperial thinking, this argument was far more than simply a case of presentation, as the government, in practice, reshaped its imperial mission to respond to the condition, needs, and opportunities of the postwar world. Opposition views were also significant. Hugh Gaitskell, the Labour leader from 1955 to 1963, who had opposed military action at Suez in 1956, declared in 1962 his opposition to Britain joining the EEC. Gaitskell added that he would not sell “the Commonwealth down the river” and, with reference to World War I, that “We, at least, do not intend to forget Vimy Ridge and Gallipoli,” battles in which Dominion forces (respectively Canadian, and Australian and New Zealand) had played a major role.

The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977
by Gershom Gorenberg
Published 1 Jan 2006

Made to Break: Technology and Obsolescence in America
by Giles Slade
Published 14 Apr 2006

Although the PDP-8 was still as large as an eight cubic foot box freezer, Kenneth Olsen, one of the founders of Digital Equipment Corporation (DEC), the company that manufactured the PDP-8, called his new product a minicomputer. He derived the term from two British imports that were then enjoying considerable success in the United States—the miniskirt, and the Morris Mini Minor, a small automobile whose ingenious design had emerged in response to the Suez Canal crisis of 1956, which reduced oil supplies to Britain.5 Olsen knew that Morris had directed the famous automobile designer Alec Issigonis to create a car that was lightweight, fuel effici nt, and highly economical to operate. Similarly,compact integrated circuits would soon drive the computer revolution.

Britain's Europe: A Thousand Years of Conflict and Cooperation
by Brendan Simms
Published 27 Apr 2016

Robert W. Heywood, ‘West European Community and the Eurafrica Concept in the 1950s’, Journal of European Integration, 4 (1981), pp. 199–210. 42. Quoted in Ralph Dietl, ‘Suez 1956. A European Intervention?’, Journal of Contemporary History, 43, 2 (2008), pp. 259–78, p. 261. 43. See John C. Campbell, ‘The Soviet Union, the United States, and the Twin Crises of Hungary and Suez’, in William Roger Louis and Roger Owen (eds.), Suez 1956. The Crisis and Its Consequences (Oxford, 1989), pp. 233–53. 44. See Diane Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Chapel Hill and London, 1991), especially pp. 113–14, 192–3. 45.

Origins: How Earth's History Shaped Human History
by Lewis Dartnell
Published 13 May 2019

Shadows of Empire: The Anglosphere in British Politics
by Michael Kenny and Nick Pearce
Published 5 Jun 2018

Nearly bankrupted by the Second World War, Britain turned – in both economic and imaginative terms – back to the ‘Old Commonwealth’ and her remaining colonies to underpin her economic revival and the financing of the newly created welfare state. It did so within the new conditions created by the USA after the war, including a global economy governed by Bretton Woods institutions. But, following the debacle of Suez in 1956, repeated currency crises, and the drift into relative economic decline, Britain's political establishment looked for new solutions and so came to seek entry to the EEC. Now, the Anglosphere came to play a very different role in British political culture. It enabled the expression of powerful forms of guilt, nostalgia and anti-European prejudice – as much on the political left as on the right – in the form of support for the Commonwealth.

Nine Crises: Fifty Years of Covering the British Economy From Devaluation to Brexit
by William Keegan
Published 24 Jan 2019

The ‘dear boy’ was apparently not actually said by Macmillan, but it did sound like him. Such great remarks become clichés for a good reason. They strike a chord. His comment was also a dig at the weakness of the opposition. ‘Events’ can include the impact of wars or other military operations – Suez in 1956; the Falklands in 1982 – and what economists call ‘shocks’: the two oil crises of the 1970s; the unexpected financial crash of 2007–09; and, more recently, Brexit. The Queen, not known for her views on economic policy, became celebrated in November 2008 for her observation about the unanticipated nature of the crash.

…

Shortly after I had been there a year, I was approached by The Observer and offered what for me was an ideal job: to be economics editor of The Observer, the newspaper for which I had the most respect, and had done ever since discovering it on my newspaper round in the early 1950s. It was, among other things, the paper that had opposed the Suez venture of 1956, which brought down Eden and cleared the path for Macmillan to move from the Treasury to No. 10; it had also printed Khrushchev’s denunciation of Stalin in full, taking up most of what was then a paper with few pages by modern standards. In circulation and size, The Observer was then, as now, a poor relation to the massive Sunday Times.

The World for Sale: Money, Power and the Traders Who Barter the Earth’s Resources
by Javier Blas and Jack Farchy
Published 25 Feb 2021

The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World
by Daniel Yergin
Published 14 May 2011

A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order
by Richard Haass
Published 10 Jan 2017

Winds of Change
by Peter Hennessy
Published 27 Aug 2019

He spoke of them, I remember, as three leaves of a piece of clover, or, again, as three intersecting circles. Of course, he was right in his analysis, but ever since then we have been, in one way or another, trying to find a practical solution to the problem of their interconnection’ (a remarkably insouciant description of what, certainly since Suez in 1956, had been an increasingly desperate business).fn14 With a quick glance towards ‘the moral side’ of European integration – ‘the reconciliation of France and Germany’167 – the Prime Minister began his pitch to Parliament and the British people by depicting the Treaty of Rome in a reassuring fashion.

…

When a grand Frenchman was to lunch or dine at No. 10, he took care to have a portrait of either Wellington or Nelson over the door to the dining room. 8 This hugely influential book by the Regius Professor of Modern History at Cambridge remained in print for seventy-three years until, appropriately enough, the year of Suez (1956) (William Roger Louis, ‘The Historiography of the British Empire’ (1999), reproduced in William Roger Louis, Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonisation. Collected Essays (I. B. Tauris, 2006), pp. 955–98. The longevity of Seeley’s book is dealt with on pp. 962–3). 9 De Gaulle: ‘We were, of course, old friends … These [wartime] memories, combined with the respect which I had for his character, and the interest and enjoyment which I derived from his company, caused me to listen to him with confidence and speak to him with sincerity’ (Charles de Gaulle, Memoirs of Hope: Renewal 1958–62 (Weidenfeld & Nicolson, 1971), pp. 216–17).

Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy
by Rory Cormac
Published 14 Jun 2018

In the chairman’s words they were ‘all people who knew what clandestine activities were’. Dodds-Parker’s committee was disbanded in February 1957, but the Executive continued to run. See CAB 21/3406, Lloyd to Brook, 27 February 1957; FO 1110/880, Dean to Rennie, ‘Organisation of Political Warfare for Suez’, 3 August 1956; Rennie, ‘Organisation for Political Warfare’, 8 August 1956; Kirkpatrick, ‘Information Coordination Executive’, 21 August 1956; ‘Record of Meeting of Mr DoddsParker’s Advisory Committee at 10.30am, August 24, 1956’; LHCMA: SUEZOHP6:DP, ‘Interview with Sir Douglas Dodds-Parker conducted by Anthony Gorst and W Scott Lucas’. 134.

…

Johnson (ed.), Strategic Intelligence Volume 3: Covert Action, Behind the Veils of Secret Foreign Policy (Westport CT: Praeger Security International, 2007): 23–60. Omissi, D., Air Power and Colonial Control:The Royal Air Force, 1919–1939 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1990). Onslow, S., ‘Julian Amery and the Suez Operation’, in S. Smith (ed.), Reassessing Suez 1956: New Perspectives on the Crisis and its Aftermath (Abingdon: Routledge, 2008): 67–78. Ovendale, R., British Defence Policy since 1945 (Manchester: Manchester University Press, 1994). Owen, D., In Sickness and in Power: Illness in Heads of Government during the last 100 Years (London: Praeger, 2008).

The Empire Project: The Rise and Fall of the British World-System, 1830–1970
by John Darwin
Published 23 Sep 2009

To strengthen the export economy, he pressed on with the struggle to cut defence spending (‘It is defence expenditure that has broken our backs’, he had told Eden in March 1956),61 and the demands it imposed on the wider economy, not least through conscription. He was anxious to reassert Britain's authority in Europe – the aim behind ‘Plan G’ whose formulation had coincided with the intense preoccupation with Suez in late 1956. ‘The inner balance of Europe is essential to the balance of world power’, he declared as an axiom in March 1953.62 Finally, Macmillan turned a critical eye on the vast tail of dependencies that Britain still dragged in its wake. It is easy to exaggerate both the degree of Macmillan's detachment from the old ‘colonial mission’ and the coherence of his ideas about profit and loss on the colonial account.

…

British Documents on the End of Empire: Kent (ed.), Middle East, Part 3, p. 437: Minute by E. Shuckburgh, 23 September 1955. 87. Ibid., p. 447: Cabinet Conclusions, 4 October 1955. 88. Shuckburgh, Descent, p. 345. 89. Ibid., p. 346. 90. The best accounts of the Suez crisis can be found in D. Carlton, Anthony Eden (1981); W. R. Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); K. Kyle, The Suez Conflict (1989); and D. J. Dutton, Anthony Eden: A Life and a Reputation (1997). D. R. Thorp, Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden (2003), offers a more sympathetic view of Eden than most. The best recent short account is in R.

…

Fforde, Bank of England, p. 544. 97. See D. Kunz, The Economic Diplomacy of the Suez Crisis (Durham, NC, 1991), p. 132. 98. Fforde, Bank of England, p. 555. 99. For Commonwealth reactions, see J. Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey (1964). 100. For a recent account, see Barry Turner, Suez 1956 (2006), which stresses the muddle and uncertainty of British operations. 101. See R. Worrall, ‘Britain and Libya: A Study of Military Bases and State Creation, 1945–1956’ (DPhil., Oxford University, 2007 ). Chapter 14 1. For two recent surveys, see S. Howe, ‘When If Ever Did Empire End? Internal Decolonization in British Culture since the 1950s’, in M.

Unfinished Empire: The Global Expansion of Britain
by John Darwin
Published 12 Feb 2013

Louis and R. Owen (eds.), Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989). D. R. Thorpe, Eden: The Life and Times of Anthony Eden (London, 2003) offers a more sympathetic view of Eden. 32. See J. Eayrs (ed.), The Commonwealth and Suez: A Documentary Survey (London, 1964): the exceptions were Australia and New Zealand. 33. See W. R. Louis, ‘Public Enemy Number One: Britain and the United States in the Aftermath of Suez’, in his Ends of British Imperialism: The Scramble for Empire, Suez and Decolonisation (London, 2006). 34. Macmillan’s diary, 15 September 1956, P. Catterall (ed.), The Macmillan Diaries: The Cabinet Years 1950–1957 (London, 2003), p. 599. 35.

…

Until 1960, it was still possible to think that despite the war and its aftermath, and a growing unease about South Africa’s racial politics, a special relationship with the Old Commonwealth lay at the heart of Britain’s claim to world power. Australia and New Zealand had been vociferously loyal over Suez in 1956. Indeed, from one point of view, Australia’s relations with Britain became closer than ever because Canberra was London’s invaluable partner in developing and testing the British nuclear deterrent, at Woomera in South Australia. By 1970, however, the Old Commonwealth link had been greatly diluted where it had not vanished completely.

Legacy of Empire
by Gardner Thompson

Crude Volatility: The History and the Future of Boom-Bust Oil Prices
by Robert McNally
Published 17 Jan 2017

Vulture Capitalism: Corporate Crimes, Backdoor Bailouts, and the Death of Freedom
by Grace Blakeley
Published 11 Mar 2024

Empireland: How Imperialism Has Shaped Modern Britain
by Sathnam Sanghera
Published 28 Jan 2021

Empire: What Ruling the World Did to the British
by Jeremy Paxman
Published 6 Oct 2011

II, p. 20. 265 ‘altogether a most’: Lindsay, The Crawford Papers, p. 590. 265 ‘It was I’: Quoted in McDonald, A Man of The Times, p. 149. 265 ‘Politicians don’t know’: New Statesman, 15 December 1956, quoted in James, The Rise and Fall of the British Empire, p. 580. 265 ‘The seizure is’: The Times and the Daily Mail, 28 July 1956, quoted in Pearson, Sir Anthony Eden and the Suez Crisis, p. 29. 266 ‘The United States’: Dulles press conference, quoted in ibid., p . 115. 267 ‘I want him murdered’: Quoted in Kyle, Suez, p. 99. 267 ‘Britain and the’: Daily Herald, 28 July 1956; quoted in Parmentier, ‘The British Press in the Suez Crisis’, p. 437, n. 12. 268 ‘I’m finished. I’: Quoted in Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, p. 496. 268 ‘Your return is’: Quoted in Rhodes James, Anthony Eden, pp. 588–9. 268 ‘the same very’: Quoted in ibid., p. 592. 268 ‘For a moment’: Quoted in ibid., p. 594. 268 ‘The doctors have’: Quoted in ibid., p. 597. 270 ‘the Mecca of’: Quoted in Berman, Control and Crisis in Colonial Kenya, pp. 372–3. 271 ‘All government, all’: Quoted in Brendon, The Decline and Fall of the British Empire, p. 564. 272 ‘Are these people’: Quoted in Horne, Macmillan, vol.

Dirty Secrets How Tax Havens Destroy the Economy
by Richard Murphy
Published 14 Sep 2017

Can We Talk About Israel?: A Guide for the Curious, Confused, and Conflicted
by Daniel Sokatch
Published 18 Oct 2021

The Israeli public, once largely supportive of the invasion of Lebanon, which they were told was meant to bring peace and quiet to Israel’s North, was now overwhelmingly against it, shocked at what had happened at Sabra and Shatila and furious at the government that had dragged them into the maelstrom of Lebanon’s civil war. Hundreds of Israeli soldiers had been killed in the fighting, as well as many thousands of Lebanese and Palestinian civilians. For the first time, Israelis felt (perhaps conveniently forgetting the Suez Campaign of 1956) that their country had initiated a war of choice as opposed to necessity. The traditional faith Israelis had had in their government and institutions, especially the IDF, was badly shaken. By September 1983, Begin, broken and depressed, resigned as prime minister in the midst of his term and withdrew from public life.

Lemon Tree: An Arab, a Jew, and the Heart of the Middle East
by Sandy Tolan
Published 1 Jan 2006

The details on rationing and the role of the Ministry of Supply and Rationing come from the Israel Government Year Book for 1950, pp. 198-203, and was corroborated by the Eshkenazis" experience. The Year Book (p. 199) describes "a severance from former sources of supply—the markets of the British Empire . . ." The Egyptian restrictions in the Suez are mentioned on p. 220 of J. C. Hurewitz's The Historical Context for Suez 1956: The Crisis and Its Consequences. Dalia's memory of her early education about Arabs is corroborated by a review of Israeli school curriculum in The Arab-Israeli Conflict in Israeli History Textbooks, 1948 2000, by Elie Podeh, pp. 102-10. Nasser's appeal as third world leader and a leader of the Arab Nation is discussed in Sayigh's Armed Struggle and the Search for State, pp. 27-33.

The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War
by Norman Stone
Published 15 Feb 2010

The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
by John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt
Published 3 Sep 2007

South Africa; apartheid in South Korea Soviet Jews Soviet Union; aid to Cuba by; and Cold War; collapse of; invasion of Afghanistan by; Israel and; nuclear weapons in; see also Russia Spain Spiegel, Der Spiegel, Steven; The Other Arab-Israeli Conflict: Making America’s Middle East Policy from Truman to Reagan Stahl, Lesley Stalin, Joseph Stand for Israel Stanford University “Star Wars,” State Department, U.S. State of Israel Bonds Stein, Kenneth Steinberg, Gerald Steiner, David Steinitz, Yuval Steinlight, Stephen Stephens, Bret Sternhell, Zeev Stevenson, Adlai stockpile program Straits of Tiran Sudan Suez Canal Suez War (1956) suicide terrorism Sunday Telegraph Sunday Times (London) Sunnis Sununu, John Suskind, Ron, The Price of Loyalty Symms, Steven Synagogue Council of America Syria; Assad regime in; and Golan Heights conflict; intelligence about; Israel and; Israel lobby and; Lebanon war (2006) and; U.S. policy toward; WMD programs in Syria Accountability Act Syrian Muslim Brotherhood Takeyh, Ray Taliban Tanzania, 1998 U.S. embassy bombing in Taub Foundation taxes Tehran Telhami, Shibley Tenet, George terrorism; increase in, due to Iraq war; Islamic; Lebanon war reinforcement of; offshore balancing strategy and; Palestinian; post–9/11; suicide; U.S.

The Politics of Pain
by Fintan O'Toole
Published 2 Oct 2019

Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism From Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda
by John Mueller
Published 1 Nov 2009

However, where that fear is lacking—as with the Argentines when they launched military action against the interests of the (nuclear-armed) United Kingdom in 1982—war can come about. British nuclear retaliation was certainly possible, yet the Argentines apparently did not find it credible or relevant. Similarly, its nuclear weapons were scarcely of help, or relevance, to France in its war in Algeria, to Britain in its venture in Suez in 1956, or to the Soviet Union in its disaster in Afghanistan. Nor did Israel’s probable nuclear capacity restrain the Arabs from attacking in 1973 or help it during its lengthy intervention in the civil war in Lebanon or its armed conflicts with neighboring substate groups in 2006 and 2009. Nor did the Chinese find the bomb helpful in their brief and rather humiliating war against their erstwhile ally, Vietnam, in 1979.

…

Bundy 1984, 44–47; Bundy 1988, 232–33, 238–43. For the argument that Truman never made a threat, see Thorpe 1978, 188–95. See also Gaddis 1987, 124–29; Betts 1987, 42–47; Holloway 1994, 271. On Soviet leader Nikita Khrushchev’s fanciful conviction that his nuclear blandishments caused Britain and France to reverse their invasion at Suez in 1956, see Fursenko and Naftali 2006, 133–37. 13. Gaddis 1997, 107–10, emphasis in the original. 14. Halperin 1987, 30. George and Smoke 1974, 383. Betts 1987, 218–19. As for the Soviet-Chinese confrontations of the 1960s, Roy Medvedev notes Soviet fears of “war with a poorly armed but extremely populous and fanatical China” (1986, 50; see also Shevchenko 1985, 165–66; on many of these issues, see Bundy 1988).

Inflated: How Money and Debt Built the American Dream
by R. Christopher Whalen
Published 7 Dec 2010

Rule Britannia: Brexit and the End of Empire
by Danny Dorling and Sally Tomlinson
Published 15 Jan 2019

Egypt Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

When two small fleets, one originating in Port Said and the other in Suez, met at the new town of Ismailia on 16 November 1869, the Suez Canal was declared open and Africa was officially severed from Asia. Ownership of the canal remained in French and British hands for the next 86 years until, in the wake of Egyptian independence, President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez in 1956. The two European powers, in conjunction with Israel, invaded Egypt in an attempt to retake the waterway by force. In what came to be known as the ‘Suez Crisis’, they were forced to retreat in the face of widespread international condemnation. Today, the Suez Canal remains one of the world’s most heavily used shipping lanes.

The Rise of the Israeli Right: From Odessa to Hebron
by Colin Shindler
Published 29 Jul 2015

In parallel, he believed that any opportunity to expand Israel to its rightful dimensions should be seized. 44 45 46 47 Yehiam Weitz, ‘The Road to the “Upheaval”: A Capsule History of the Herut Movement, 1948–1977’, Israel Studies, vol. 10, no. 3 (Fall 2005), pp. 54–86. Mendilow, Ideology, Party Change and Electoral Campaigns, p. 49. Bader, ha-Keneset ṿa-ani, pp. 170–73. Menahem Begin, Herut, 12 July 1952. Coalition Construction 269 On the eve of the Suez campaign in 1956, he looked more to Jordan than to Egypt in the hope of reclaiming the East Bank. After having criticised the government for its prevarication, he strongly supported it during the war, only to propose a motion of no confidence in the government in the Knesset when Israel was forced to withdraw from conquered territory under American pressure.48 In April 1957 he called on Ben-Gurion not to accept that the armistice lines of 1949 were now the actual borders of Israel.49 By the early 1960s, Begin had toned down his demands for seeking ‘the completeness of the Land’.

…

He had at various times been accused of insubordination, recklessness, manipulation, and disobedience, yet he was also a courageous commander on the battlefield who led by example. He was credited with having turned the tide during the Yom Kippur War. On the other hand, despite instructions not to enter the Mitla Pass during the Suez campaign in 1956, he did so, resulting in a quarter of all Israeli casualties taking place there. An official account of the 1973 Yom Kippur War 1 2 David Landau, Arik: The Life of Ariel Sharon (New York, 2013), p. 49. Ibid., p. 53. 344 The Struggle to Leave Gaza 345 by the IDF’s History Department in 2002 pointed to Sharon’s violation of orders as the commander of the 143rd Division, and discussions were held to remove him.

…

See Eshkol, Levi Shlomzion, 309, 345 Shlonsky, Avraham, 60 Shmuelevitch, Matityahu, 240 406 Shoah Begin on, 312–13, 328 Ben-Gurion on, 251 Shostak, Eliezer and establishment of Free Centre, 273 and Histadrut, 268 joins Herut, 244 Shoval, Zalman advocates alliance of parties, 296 and election of 2015, 361 Shuckburgh, John, 139 Sicarii, 113–14, 202 Sienkiewicz, Henryk, 124 Silberg, Moshe, 258, 259 Silver, Abba Hillel, 144, 224 Simon, Leon, 52 Sinai, 285 Begin on, 279, 318–21 and ceasefire, 293 disposition of after Six Day War, 285 return to Egypt, 321–22 Sharon and evacuation of settlements, 348 Six Day war, 274, 276–79 Slavinsky, Maksym, 66–68, 127 Slavinsky Accord, 67–68, 127 Slowacki, Yuliusz, 124–25 Smolenskin, Peretz, 157–58 Sneh, Moshe, 209, 216 Sobol, Yehoshua, 313 socialism Jabotinsky on, 74 Spengler on, 61–62 Sokol youth movement, 151, 153 Sokolov, Nahum, 52, 117, 134 Soloveitchik, Joseph B., 302 Sombart, Werner, 77 Sonnino, Sidney, 18 Sorel, Georges, 21–22, 26, 152 Soskin, Selig Eugen, 75, 118 South Africa, 265, 306–7 Spaventa, Bertrando, 20 Spengler, Oswald, 61–63 Spinoza, Baruch, 20–21, 41 ‘spiritual mechanism,’ 132 Springer theory, 130 Stalin, Josef, 84, 112 and partitioning of Palestine, 231–32 rejection of non-territorial autonomy, 128 Index State List and election of 1969, 291 and election of 1973, 295, 300 and Histadrut election of 1973, 296–97 and Likud, 308, 335 move to Centre Right, 291 Shoval advocates alliance of parties with, 296 support for Dayan, 285 State of Ishmael, 276 Stavsky, Avraham, 110, 111, 112i6 Stern, Avraham on Altman, 192–93 arrest of, 192 and attacks on British and Arabs, 189 background of, 178–79 on Begin, 169 on British, 194, 200–1 and cultural romanticism, 198 ideological differences with Raziel, 194, 195, 202 and Irgun, 181 and Irgun B’Yisrael, 192, 194 and Jabotinsky, 3, 164–65 killing of, 201 legacy of, 201, 203 literary works of, 195–98 meets Scheib, 168–69 messianism of, 198–99 opposition to plan for armed revolt, 170 and Polish Betar, 164 establishment of Irgun cells in, 184–85 religiosity of, 196–98 and World War II, 199–201 difference in ideology from Raziel, 192 Stern Gang, 194 Stolypin, Alexandr, 132 Strachey, John, 105–6 Strasser, Gregor, 107 Stricker, Robert, 103, 118 Struma, sinking of, 201 Struve, Pyotr, 40 student demonstrations, Jabotinsky on, 25–26, 27 Suez campaign, 1956, 269, 294 suicide bombings, 334, 339, 351 Suhba discussion group, 178 Sulam, 261–62 Supreme Muslim Council, 184 Sweden, 52 Index symbolism, 20, 27 syndicalism, 22 Syria and Lebanon war (1982), 346 opposition to return of Golan Heights to, 338 Szold, Robert, 144 Taba negotiations, 351 Tabenkin, Yitzhak, 4 on disposition of territorial gains after Six Day war, 283, 286 and Golan Heights settlements, 289 on kibbutzim on West Bank, 278 and LIM manifesto, 282 and partitioning of Palestine, 144 sons of, establish labour committee for Land of Israel, 296.

The Biggest Prison on Earth: A History of the Occupied Territories
by Ilan Pappé
Published 21 Jun 2017

William 43, 61, 75 Galili, Israel 32–3, 64, 96 Gaza Strip xiii, xv, xvi–xvii, xix, xxviii–xxix, 2–3, 6 and Alon 91–2, 93 and Cast Lead 213–14 and citizenship xxvi and colonization 79–80, 98–100 and curfews 182–4 and division 204 and economics 105–6 and Egypt 12 and genocide 219–21, 223–4, 228–9 and Israeli rule xx, xxi, xxv, 46–7, 48–50, 77–8 and Jabaliyya camp 175, 176 and legal system 139–45 and living standards 170, 218–19 and militarization 214–15 and missile strikes 215–16, 225–8 and peace negotiations 1 and refugees 53–4, 115 and resistance 135–6 and Sharon 108–9 and Six-Day War 39, 42 and violence 188 and West Bank 127 Gazit, Shlomo xvi, 128, 138, 187 Geneva Convention xv, xvii, 87, 99, 126, 133, 140 genocide 3, 10, 219–21, 223–4 Givat Ram (Hill of Ram) xi–xiii, xx Givati, Haim 37, 98 Glahn, Gerhard von xvii Gluska, Ami 38 Golan Heights 29, 77 Goldberg, Arthur 41, 61 government 49–52, 54, 68–70 and 1967 policies xx–xxii, xxiii–xxv, xxvii–xxviii, 1–2, 4, 116–28 see also Labour party; Likud Granit Plan xvii Great Britain xiii, xxiii, 10, 12, 17, 70 and Egypt 14 and Jerusalem 83 and Palestinians 107, 109 and refugees 113 and Suez campaign 16 see also British Mandate; 1945 Mandatory regulations Green Line 140–1 guerrilla operations 25–6, 27 Gulf War (1991) 22, 195 Gush Emunim 130, 131–4, 155 Gush Etzion 56, 131 Haaretz (newspaper) 64, 77, 225 Haetzni, Eliakim 73 Hague Convention xvii, 178–9 Halutz, Dan 213 Hamas 177–8, 189, 191–2, 213, 217 and Gaza Strip 222, 224, 226 and retaliation 214, 215–16 Hammarskjöld, Dag 21, 25, 31 Hashemite Kingdom, see Iraq; Jordan Hashud (‘suspect’) 109–10 Hebrew University xi, xii–xiii, xiv, xvi–xvii, 84–5 Hebron 24, 56, 92, 102, 116 and Khalil 130–1, 161 Helms, Richard 34–5, 36 Herzl, Theodor 55 Herzog, Chaim xv–xvi, 77, 113, 121 Hezbollah 207, 213, 217 hijackings 134, 158 Histadrut (trade union) 106, 148 Holocaust, the xxiii, 10, 33, 220 Huberman, Hagai 136 human rights 116, 139, 170, 185–6, 209; see also B’Tselem Hussein of Jordan, King 17, 25, 39–40, 42, 50 al-Husseini, Faisal 86, 195, 245 n. 10 al-Husseini, Haj Amin 10 Inbar, Zvi xv, xix, 139 informers 110 international law xv, 87–8, 100–1, 139, 141, 171 and Alon 92–3 and punishment 178–9 see also Geneva Convention International Red Cross xxiii, 126 Intifadas xxi first (1987) 5, 77, 168, 169–70, 173–9, 192–3 second (2000) 113, 206–8 Iraq 13, 17, 20, 23 Islam xiii, 177, 178 Islamic Jihad 191, 216 Israel xx–xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 2–3, 5–7, 10–11 and Arab states 13–15 and Egypt 134 and expansionism xxv, 11–12, 21–3 and image 70–1, 72–3 and independence day 182–4 and Jordan 20–1 and law xv and Lebanon 158, 159 and occupied territories 46–50 and provocations 24–5, 28–9 and self-defence 30–2 and Syria 18–19, 27–8 and USA 33–6 see also government Israel Defense Forces (IDF) xiii, xiv, xxi, 32–3, 35 and colonization 97 and elite units 185–6 and Eshkol 38 and expulsions 118, 121, 124 and Gaza Strip 223, 224 and Haruv (‘Carob’) 110 and iron fist policy 167 and second Intifada 207 and Six-Day War 43 and terrorism 192 and 2006 attacks 217–18, 220 and weaponry 18 Israeli air force 26, 27–8, 29 Israeli army, see Israel Defence Forces; military rule Israeli Communist party 73 Israeli-Palestinian Federation 73 Italy 71 Jenin 56 Jericho 116, 120–2 Jerusalem 24, 45, 162, 179–80 and Alon 92 and annexation 56–9, 60–1, 62–6 and checkpoints 185 and expropriation 80–8 and Hebraization 74 and land 143, 164 and Six-Day War 40, 41 and wedges 97–8 see also Givat Ram; Old City Jewish Agency 94 Jewish National Fund (JNF) 85, 98, 136 Jewish settlers 1, 7, 80 and Gaza Strip 98–100, 135–6, 215 and Golan Heights 29 and Gush Emunim 130–3 and Jerusalem 56, 81, 83, 84–5 and Jordan Valley 95–6 and violence 161, 187–8, 197 and West Bank 155–7 Jibril, Ahmed 169 Johnson, Lyndon B. 26, 33, 34–5, 60, 74 and Jerusalem 61, 63 Jordan xii, xiii–xiv, xv, xxvi, 197 and Alon 23–4, 90–1, 92 and Hussein 17 and land 95 and Palestinians 51 and PLO 134–5, 167 and refugees 114–15, 118 and River Jordan 48 and Six-Day War 39–41, 42 and West Bank 11, 12–13, 20–1, 50 Jordan Valley 48, 91, 92, 95–6, 153 Judaization 56, 58, 80, 82, 84, 93–4 Judea and Samaria, see West Bank judiciary xix, 4, 189, 190–1 Kadima party 221–2 Kanafani, Ghassan 207–8 Kenan, Amos 119–20 Kenen, Isaiah ‘Si’ 43 Kennedy, John F. 60 Khalaf, Karim 161 al-Khatib, Yusuf 160 kibbutzim movement 95, 119–20, 123, 136 Knesset (parliament) xi, xii, xx, 39, 58, 65 Kol, Moshe 48, 64, 68, 123, 124 Kook, Rabbi Abraham Yitzhak 131 Kook, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda 131–2 labour market 52, 105–6, 146, 147–9, 168–9, 186–7 Labour party 50, 129–31, 132–4, 150–1, 194 Lajnat al-Tawjih 159 land 142–4, 152–3, 162–4 and expropriation 11, 80–8, 94–5 Landau, Eli 109 Latrun 116, 117, 119–20 Lebanon 20, 23, 135, 166, 167 and civil war 158, 159 and 2006 war 217, 220, 225 legal system 139–45, 189–93 Lenczowski, George 59 Liberty, USS 59–60, 65–6 Lieberman, Avigdor 103, 221 Likud 96, 130, 142, 154–6 Ma’arach (‘Alliance’) 130 MacBride, Seán 166 Madrid Conference (1991) 195 al-Majali, Habis 40 Malley, Robert 205 Mapai party, see Labour party Mapam party xx, 53, 122–3 marketing 47, 65, 66–7, 68–71 maximum security prison xxviii, xxix, 5, 6, 92–3, 138 media, the xxiii, xxix, 22, 64, 70, 186 and Dayan 71–2 and dual language 113 mega-prison xix, xx, xxvii–xxviii, xxx, 4–6, 7, 79–80 Meir, Golda 96, 129–30, 133–4 Merkaz Harav institute 131–2 military rule xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii–xix, xxvi, 18 and the law 100–1, 140–2 and Sharon 160 Milson, Menachem 160, 161 missile strikes 214, 215–16, 222, 225–8 Mitchell, George J. 208 Mizrahi Jews 154, 155 Moledet party 42 Mollet, Guy 16 Mordechai, Yitzhak 157 Mossad 34, 35, 190–1 Mount Scopus (Jerusalem) xii, 22 Munich massacre 110, 135 Muslim Brotherhood 177 Nablus 24, 56, 92, 132 Narkiss, Uzi xvi, 41, 77, 149 Nasser, Gamal Abdel xiii, 13, 14, 15, 23, 28, 44 and Sinai Peninsula 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Nathan, Abie 73 NATO 19 Nazi Germany xviii, 10 Negev 14–15, 213–14 Netanyahu, Benjamin 146, 196, 199–200, 211 9/11 attacks 178 1945 Mandatory regulations xiv, xv, xviii–xix 1967 war, see Six-Day War 1973 war, see Yom Kippur War Nitzan, Yehuda 138 Nixon, Richard 74 nuclear weapons 19 Nusseibeh, Sari 76 Obama, Barack 210 occupation xvii–xviii, 2–3, 104–6 Occupation of Enemy Territory: a Commentary on the Law and Practice of Belligerent Occupation, The (von Glahn) xvii Occupied Territories, see Gaza Strip; Golan Heights; Sinai Peninsula; West Bank Old City 112–14 Olmert, Ehud 165, 197, 218 open-air prison xxviii, xxix, 5, 6, 7 and Alon 92, 101–2 and CDG 138 and economics 146–50 and marketing 47 and working rights 167–9 operations: Cast Lead (2008–9) 71, 213–14 First Rain (2005) 214–16 Moked (1965) 26, 41 Pillar of Defense (2012) 227 Protective Edge (2014) 228 Returning Echo (2012) 227 Rotem (1960) 24, 25 Yevusi (1948) xiii Oslo Accord xxi, 83, 192–3, 194, 195–197 and failure 198–201 and land 164 and refugees 202–4 Ottoman law 95 Palestine xi–xii, xiii, xxii, xxiii–xxv and imprisonment xxvii–xxviii and military rule xvii–xviii and 1966 raids 26–7 and occupation 45–6 and partition 197–9 and Syria 25–6 and UN 10 and withdrawal 73–5 see also Gaza Strip; West Bank Palestine Authority (PA) 7, 209, 210 Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) 145 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) xxvi, 5, 76, 134–5, 157–8 and assassinations 110 and assistance 145 and de-terrorization 192 and Intifada 174–5 and Lebanon 166, 167 and Oslo Accord 194–5 and Sharon 159, 161 see also Arafat, Yasser Palestinians 1, 7 and annexation 50–3 and citzenship 102 and containment 121–2 and deportations 170–1 and detention 189–90 and downsizing 118–19 and freedom of movement 179–82, 209 and Jerusalem 56–7, 82–8, 98 and labour 105–6 and 1948 expulsion 9–11 and 1967 expulsion 71 and punishment 109–10 and resettlement 54–5, 221–2 and resistance 76–7, 92–3, 103, 106–7, 134–6 and rewards 145–6 and right to return 200–3 and sects 107–8 see also Intifadas; refugees pan-Arabism 13, 14, 17 Panopticon xxvii, xxviii Patenkin, Don 79 Paul VI, Pope 66 peace process xxviii–xxix, 5–6, 53, 195 and dual language 49 and Egypt 14–15 and marketing 68, 69 and 1970s 110–11, 151–2 and Obama 210–1 and partition 197–8 and refugees 201–3 and USA 62–3 see also Camp David Summit; Oslo Accord Peres, Shimon 129, 133, 144, 194 Plan Dalet (1948) 9–10 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 80–1, 169 Porath, Elisha 152–3 prisons xxvi, xxvii–xxix, 4 propaganda 33, 53 protests xviii–xix, 190 punishment 26–7, 106–7, 108–10, 182–4, 186–7 Al-Qaeda 217 Qalqilya 116–17, 118–19 Rabin, Yitzhak 29–30, 32, 37, 96, 98, 117 and assassination 155, 200 and Intifadas 169–70, 175 and legal system 188, 190 and Oslo Accord 194 and Six-Day War 41, 42 refugees 6, 15, 66–8, 76, 92, 113 and Gaza Strip 45, 53–5, 99 and Jordan 114–15, 118 and peace process 201–3 repatriation 118, 121, 123–4, 125 Riad, Gen Abd al-Munim 40 Right to Return 200–3 River Jordan 25, 28, 48, 90 and bridges 126, 146, 209 Rogers, William 110 Rokach, Livia 16 Rostow, Walt 72 Rusk, Dean 65 Sabra and Shatila massacre 164, 166 Sadat, Anwar 69, 154 Sadiq, Abdel-Rahman 14 Said, Hussein Ghassan 166 Samu 27 Sapir, Pinchas 37, 52, 55, 105–6, 119, 146–7 Sasson, Eliyahu 35, 48, 51, 67, 68 Schiff, Ze’ev 109, 169 secret service, see Mossad secularism xxi Seven Stars programme 103 Shabak (General Security Services) xviii, 75, 110 Shacham, Mishael xiv, xv, xvi, xviii Shacham Plan xiv–xvii, 139 Shalit, Gilad 222 Shamgar, Col Meir 139–40 Shapira, Haim Moshe 58, 123, 124 Shapira, Yaacov Shimshon 36, 71, 100–1, 115, 123 Shaq’a, Bassam 161 Sharett, Moshe 12, 13–15 Sharon, Ariel xiv, 49, 91, 142, 158–60, 221–2 and colonization 161, 162–5 and Gaza Strip 98, 99, 135, 136, 215 and PLO 166–7 and punishment 108–9 and Temple Mount tour 206, 208 and Wadi Ara 103 Shefi, Maj Dov 139 Shehadeh, Aziz 76 Shehadeh, Raja 76–7 Sheikh al-Badr xi–xii Shelah, Ofer 206–7 Shoham, David xvi Siboni, Col Gabi 225 Silwan 114 Simon, Ernest 19 Sinai Peninsula xiii, 16 and Egypt 24, 25, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 36 Six-Day War xii, xvi–xvii, 39–44, 77 Southern Lebanese Army (SLA) 158 Soviet Union (USSR) 14, 23, 33, 34, 43 and borders 65, 68 and peace process 151–2 and Syria 26, 28 Straits of Tiran 23, 29, 30, 36 Suez campaign (1956) 16–17 Sufian, Fatmah Hassan Tabashe 183–4 suicide bombs xxx, 83, 189, 192, 206 Supreme Court of Israel xx, 141–2, 163 Susser, Leslie 81 Syria 17, 18–19, 20, 23, 44 and Israel 24, 25–6, 27–8, 29 and peace process 53, 62 Tafakji, Khalil 81, 82 Tal, Israel 42 taxation 82, 140, 156, 190 Tekoah, Yosef 126 terrorism 83, 109, 134, 135, 192, 224; see also suicide bombs U Thant 25, 31, 43 torture 142, 186 trade 105, 106, 146, 150 trade unions, see Histadrut Tripartite Declaration (1950) 17 Tul Karem 116, 117, 118–19 ultra-Orthodox Jews 155–6 UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) 197 Unified National Leadership 174–5 United Nations (UN) xxiii, xxv, 2, 10, 210 and first Intifada 174, 176 and Gaza Strip 228 and human rights 116 and May Protocol (1949) 201 and peace process 68, 70 and refugees 76 and 2012 resolution 126 and UNIFIL 158 and withdrawal 75 see also Hammarskjöld, Dag; U Thant United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) 51, 53–4, 67–8, 114 United States of America (USA) xxviii, 21, 23 and aid 26, 105 and arms 72, 130 and Egypt 14, 15 and expulsions 71 and Hamas 191 and Intifadas 176 and Israel 17, 18, 19–20, 33–6 and Jerusalem 59, 60–3, 88 and Jewish community 37 and Liberty, USS 65–6 and peace process 5, 68, 151–2, 195 and Six-Day War 41, 42–3 and withdrawal 74–5 USSR, see Soviet Union Vardi, Col Rehavia 138 Vatican, the 66 Village Leagues 160–1 voluntary transfer 54, 56–7, 121 Wadi Ara 102–3 war crimes 87, 92 War on Terror 62, 178 water 54–5, 187 weaponry 18, 19, 26, 72, 130 wedges 95–100, 185 Weitz, Raanan 94 Weitz, Yosef 94, 127 Weizman, Eyal 83 Weizman, Ezer 158–9 West Bank xiii, xiv–xvii, xix, 2–3, 208–12, 221 and Alon 90–2, 93, 96–7, 102 and Ben-Gurion 21–2 and citizenship xxvi and colonization 79–80 and division 55–6, 204 and economics 146–50 and Gaza Strip 127 and imprisonment xxviii–xxix and Israeli rule xx, xxi, xxv, 46–7, 48–50, 77–8 and Jewish settlers 130–4, 155–7 and Jordan 11, 12–13, 20–1, 24 and legal system 139–45 and living standards 170 and Olmert 218 and open-air prison 6 and peace negotiations 1 and Six-Day War 39–40, 41, 42 and Suez campaign 16–17 and violence 188 see also Jerusalem Wilson, Harold 70 Wolfe, Patrick 3 women 193 Yaacobi, Gad 167 Yaalon, Moshe ‘Bogie’ 227 Ya’ari, Ehud 169 Yariv, Aharon 37 Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed 177, 189, 191 Yemenite Jews 113–14 Yeshayahu, Israel 113–14, 123 Yom Kippur War (1973) 144, 151 Ze’evi, Rehavam 42, 80–1 Zionists xviii, xxiii, 9–10, 55, 89, 197 and anti-occupation 171–2 and ideologies xx–xxii, 4 and withdrawal 74 Zohar, Uri 73 Zur, Zvi 137 A Oneworld book First published in North America, Great Britain and Australia by Oneworld Publications, 2017 This ebook edition published 2017 Copyright © Ilan Pappe, 2017 The moral right of Ilan Pappe to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-85168-587-5 eISBN 978-1-78074-433-9 Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Oneworld Publications 10 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3SR England

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Britain had engaged in an elaborate plot with the French and the Israelis which hid the real reasons for the intervention by presenting it as the arrival of a so-called ‘peace-keeping’ force for the disputed Suez Canal Zone. Eisenhower and his Secretary of State John Foster Dulles were astonished by Anglo–French–Israeli collusion over Suez. In the autumn of 1956 Washington’s eyes were elsewhere, distracted by the uprising in Hungary, while in the Middle East its focus was on the possible breakup of Jordan and the likelihood of Israeli and Arab attempts to divide the spoils. American U-2 flights out of Turkey detected an Israeli mobilisation, but this was interpreted by some as part of Israeli ambitions on the West Bank.

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by Paul Kennedy
Published 15 Jan 1989

This ambitious scheme was swiftly halted by Khrushchev, who saw no purpose in building large, expensive warships in an age of nuclear missiles; in this his views were identical to those of many politicians and air marshals in the West. What probably shook that assumption was the repeated examples of the use of surface sea power by Russia’s most likely foes—the Anglo-French sea-based attack upon Suez in 1956, the landing of U.S. forces in Lebanon in 1958 (thus checking the Russian-backed Syrians), and especially the cordon sanitaire which American warships placed around Cuba in the tense confrontation of the missile crisis of 1962. The lesson which the Kremlin (urged on by the influential Admiral Gorschkov) drew from these incidents was that until Russia also possessed a powerful navy, it would continue to be at a serious disadvantage in the world-power stakes—a conclusion reinforced by the U.S.

…

The frailty of Britain’s international and economic position was partially disguised in the early post-1945 period by the even greater weakness of other states, the prudent withdrawals from India and Palestine, the short-term surge in exports, and the maintenance of empire in the Middle East and Africa.226 The humiliation at Suez in 1956 therefore came as a greater shock, since it revealed not only the weakness of sterling but also the blunt fact that Britain could not operate militarily in the Third World in the face of American disapproval. Nonetheless, it can be argued that the realities of decline were still disguised—in defense matters, by the post-1957 policy of relying upon the nuclear deterrent, which was far less expensive than large conventional forces yet suggested a continued Great Power status; and in economic matters, by the fact that Britain also shared in the general boom of the 1950s and 1960s.

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by Tony Norfield

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by Lonely Planet

When two small fleets, one originating in Port Said and the other in Suez, met at the new town of Ismailia on 16 November 1869, the Suez Canal was declared open and Africa was officially severed from Asia. Ownership of the canal remained in French and British hands for the next 86 years until, in the wake of Egyptian independence, President Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalised the Suez in 1956. The two European powers, in conjunction with Israel, invaded Egypt in an attempt to retake the waterway by force. In what came to be known as the ‘Suez Crisis’, they were forced to retreat in the face of widespread international condemnation. Today, the Suez Canal remains one of the world’s most heavily used shipping lanes and toll revenues represent one of the largest contributors to the Egyptian state coffers with more than 50 ships passing through the Suez each day.

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In chess terms, the king will still be the USA, and the queen will be the USA’s foreign policy as it moves around the board. Britain can be a knight, capable of making its own moves, but major British decisions will have to be referred to the king and queen to see how they fit with America’s game strategy. The lessons of the Suez debacle in 1956 showed that Washington is prepared to sacrifice its own ally. However, that is an extremely rare event and Britain does have a built-in advantage in remaining a key player – the geography and politics of the last three centuries are still relevant. The UK is a member of the ‘Five Eyes’ intelligence-sharing community along with the USA, Canada, Australia and New Zealand.

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by Rashid Khalidi
Published 31 Aug 2006

See Muhammad al-Az‘ar, Hukumat ‘umum Filastin fi dhikraha al-khamsin [The All Palestine Government: On Its Fiftieth Anniversary] (Cairo: Dar al-Shuruq, 1998), for more on this body. 36. The only exception was after Israel’s February 1955 Gaza raid embarrassed the Egyptian government, which had not previously made confronting Israel a priority, and led to Egypt briefly encouraging Palestinian raids into Israel. After the Suez war of 1956, the Egyptian authorities clamped down again. 5. Fateh, the PLO, and the PA: The Palestinian Para-State An earlier version of sections of this chapter appeared in the London Review of Books under the title “After ‘Arafat” 27, no. 3 (Feb. 3, 2005): 16–18. 1. These “noms de guerre,” in these cases meaning “father of Iyyad” and “father of Jihad,” were often based on real names: thus Salah Khalaf had a son named Iyyad, and Khalil al-Wazir a son named Jihad.

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Horne, Macmillan: The Official Biography (London, 2008), p. 447. 17Cited by McNamara, Britain, Nasser and the Balance of Power, p. 46. 18McNamara, Britain, Nasser and the Balance of Power, pp. 45, 47. 19‘Effects of the Closing of the Suez Canal on Sino-Soviet Bloc Trade and Transportation’, Office of Research and Reports, Central Intelligence Agency, 21 February 1957, Freedom of Information Act Electronic Reading Room, Central Intelligence Agency. 20Kirkpatrick to Makins, 10 September 1956, FO 800/740. 21Papers of Dwight David Eisenhower: The Presidency: The Middle Way (Baltimore, 1970), 17, p. 2415. 22See here W. Louis and R. Owen, Suez 1956: The Crisis and its Consequences (Oxford, 1989); P. Hahn, The United States, Great Britain, and Egypt, 1945–1956: Strategy and Diplomacy in the Early Cold War (Chapel Hill, NC, 1991). 23Eisenhower to Dulles, 12 December 1956, in P. Hahn, ‘Securing the Middle East: The Eisenhower Doctrine of 1957’, Presidential Studies Quarterly 36.1 (2006), 39. 24Cited by Yergin, The Prize, p. 459. 25Hahn, ‘Securing the Middle East’, 40. 26See above all S.

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by Tim Mackintosh-Smith
Published 2 Mar 2019

export of aromatics and other products (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) languages (i), (ii), (iii), (iv); see also Saba and Sabaeans, Sabaic language script (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) South-East Asia see East Indies Spain (i), (ii), (iii); see also al-Andalus Spanish language (i), (ii), (iii) Spanish Sahara see Western Sahara Sri Lanka (i), (ii) Stack, Sir Lee (i) Standard Oil Company (i) Stark, Freya (i) Stephenson, Robert (i), (ii) Stern Gang (i) Strabo (i) Sudan and the Sudanese (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) Suez (i), (ii), (iii) Canal (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii) Crisis (1956) (i), (ii) Sufis and Sufism (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix) Sulawesi (i) Sulaym, Banu (tribe) (i) Sulayman b. Abd al-Malik, Caliph (i), (ii) Sulayman al-Mahri (i) sultan, meaning of (i) su’luks see ‘vagabonds’ Sumatra (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) sunnah, meanings of (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Sunnah and Sunnis (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv); see also Shi’ah–Sunnah relations Surabaya (i) al-Suyuti (i), (ii), (iii) Swahili coast (i), (ii) Swahili language (i) Sykes–Picot Agreement (i), (ii), (iii) Syr Darya (Jaxartes) River (i) Syria (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii), (viii), (ix), (x), (xi), (xii), (xiii), (xiv), (xv), (xvi), (xvii), (xviii), (xix), (xx), (xxi), (xxii), (xxiii), (xxiv), (xxv), (xxvi), (xxvii), (xxviii), (xxix), (xxx), (xxxi), (xxxii), (xxxiii), (xxxiv), (xxxv), (xxxvi), (xxxvii), (xxxviii), (xxxix), (xl), (xli), (xlii), (xliii), (xliv), (xlv), (xlvi), (xlvii), (xlviii), (xlix), (l), (li), (lii), (liii), (liv), (lv), (lvi), (lvii), (lviii), (lix), (lx), (lxi), (lxii), (lxiii), (lxiv), (lxv), (lxvi), (lxvii), (lxviii), (lxix), (lxx), (lxxi), (lxxii), (lxxiii), (lxxiv), (lxxv), (lxxvi), (lxxvii), (lxxviii), (lxxix), (lxxx), (lxxxi), (lxxxii) Syriac language and script (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi), (vii) Syrian Orthodox Church (i) Ta’abbata Sharran (i) al-Tabari (i), (ii) Tabaristan (i) Tabua (i) Taghlib (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Taha, Mahmud Muhammad (i), (ii) Tahart (i) al-Tahtawi (i) al-Ta’if (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Ta’izz (i) Tajikistan (i) Ta’lab (deity) (i) Talas (Taraz), battle of (i) Talhah (i) Tamerlane see Timur Lang Tamil Nadu (i) Tamim (tribe) (i), (ii), (iii) Tang dynasty and period (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) Tangier (i), (ii), (iii) Tanukh (tribe) (i), (ii) Tanzania (i), (ii) Tarifah (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Tariq b.

…

For the time being, however, he was too busy at home to pursue that wider aim – busy using his charm to disarm his own people (they had liked the fatherly General Neguib), arming himself against the Israelis, looking for finance for the Aswan Dam, and mucking out the Augean stable of corruption that was Cairo. What would change everything, giving Nasser an intercontinental audience and inspiring him to gather the word of Arabs everywhere, was Suez. In July 1956 the Americans, true to their threat, withdrew the offer of funding for the Aswan Dam. A week later Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal Company, on the grounds that its takings would go towards making up the shortfall of $200 million for the dam. At this, Britain, France and Israel got together and did a secret deal.

…

And I banged my book shut. A VERY TEMPORARY MARRIAGE The Balfour Declaration; mandates and military bases; client-kings, fat-cat courts and cabinets; the British in Palestine; the French in Algeria, where a bloody war for independence had begun in 1954; Britain, France and Israel in cahoots at Suez in 1956 . . . It was all a crescendo of broken promises, a catalogue of duplicity and dashed hopes, and it left Arabs both suspicious of outsiders’ intentions towards their world and unconvinced – as they still are, a lifetime later – that the Westerners’ solution of supposedly harmonious multiplicity could work for them.

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Egypt
by Matthew Firestone
Published 13 Oct 2010

When two small fleets, one originating in Port Said and the other in Suez, met at the new town of Ismailia on 16 November 1869, the Suez Canal was declared open and Africa was officially severed from Asia. Ownership of the canal remained in French and British hands for the next 86 years until, in the wake of Egyptian independence, President Nasser nationalised the Suez in 1956. The two European powers, in conjunction with Israel, invaded Egypt in an attempt to retake the waterway by force. In what came to be known as the ‘Suez Crisis’, they were forced to retreat in the face of widespread international condemnation. Today, the Suez Canal remains one of the world’s most heavily used shipping lanes and toll revenues represent one of the largest contributors to the Egyptian state coffers.

American Secession: The Looming Threat of a National Breakup
by F. H. Buckley
Published 14 Jan 2020

It’s only larger countries that to seek to dominate their region, or the world, and having done so they find it very painful to retreat into smallness. Churchill said he did not become prime minister to preside over the dissolution of the British Empire, and he didn’t. That task he passed on to his successors, who presided over Indian independence in 1947 and the Suez debacle in 1956. After Britain gave up its empire, America became the world’s policeman. In a widely praised address at the American Enterprise Institute in 2004, Charles Krauthammer explained what this entailed: “If someone invades your house, you call the cops. Who do you call if someone invades your country?

A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption
by Steven Hiatt; John Perkins
Published 1 Jan 2006

Start-Up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle
by Dan Senor and Saul Singer
Published 3 Nov 2009

The Man Who Was Saturday
by Patrick Bishop
Published 21 Jan 2019

Circus Maximus: The Economic Gamble Behind Hosting the Olympics and the World Cup
by Andrew Zimbalist
Published 13 Jan 2015

Heroic Failure: Brexit and the Politics of Pain
by Fintan O'Toole
Published 22 Jan 2018

Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East
by Michael B. Oren
Published 2 Jun 2003

Prokhorov, ed., Sovetskii Entsiklopedicheskii Slovar, 4th ed. (Moscow: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1989), p. 486. Khrushchev quote in Yosef Govrin, Israeli-Soviet Relations, 1953-1967: From Confrontation to Disruption (London: Frank Cass, 1990), p. 66. 13. Alpha plan discussed in Evelyn Shuckburgh, Descent to Suez, 1951-1956 (London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986), pp. 242-67, and Michael B. Oren, “Secret Efforts to Achieve an Egypt-Israel Settlement Prior to the Suez Campaign,”Middle Eastern Studies 26, no. 3 (1990). 14. Gamal Abdel Nasser, The Philosophy of the Revolution (Washington, D.C.: Public Affairs Press, 1955).

Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence
by Robert Bryce
Published 16 Mar 2011

Treasure Islands: Uncovering the Damage of Offshore Banking and Tax Havens
by Nicholas Shaxson
Published 11 Apr 2011

I Shall Not Hate
by Izzeldin Abuelaish
Published 15 Jan 2010

Inside British Intelligence
by Gordon Thomas

From the Ruins of Empire: The Intellectuals Who Remade Asia
by Pankaj Mishra
Published 3 Sep 2012

This conviction had been building up over decades among many Muslims. Two destructive world wars and the Great Depression had revealed serious structural flaws in the Western models of politics and economy. Decolonization further undermined the political power of Western countries; and desperate attempts to regain it – in Suez in 1956, and in Algeria and Vietnam – destroyed any fragments of remaining political and moral authority. A further devastating blow to the reputation of the West was the creation of the state of Israel on Palestinian lands in 1948. It confirmed the duplicity that the West had shown with the secret 1916 Sykes-Picot agreement (revealed to the world by Lenin after the Bolshevik Revolution) by which the British and French planned to divvy up the Arabic-speaking countries between them after the First World War; and the racial arrogance revealed at the Paris Peace Conference seemed to have been institutionalised by the imposition of a European settler nation on the Middle East.

After Tamerlane: The Global History of Empire Since 1405
by John Darwin
Published 5 Feb 2008

Gaza in Crisis: Reflections on Israel's War Against the Palestinians
by Ilan Pappé , Noam Chomsky and Frank Barat
Published 9 Nov 2010

Empire: How Britain Made the Modern World
by Niall Ferguson
Published 1 Jan 2002

A Brief History of Neoliberalism
by David Harvey
Published 2 Jan 1995

The Labour government of the 1960s had refused to send troops to Vietnam, thus saving the country from direct domestic traumas over participation in an unpopular war. After the Second World War, Britain had (albeit reluctantly and in some instances not without violent struggle and considerable prodding from the US) agreed to decolonization, and after the abortive Suez venture of 1956 gradually (and again often reluctantly) shed much of the mantle of direct imperial power. The withdrawal of its forces east of Suez in the 1960s was an important signifier of this process. Thereafter, Britain largely participated as a junior partner within NATO under the military shield of US power.

The Global Minotaur
by Yanis Varoufakis and Paul Mason
Published 4 Jul 2015

The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder
by Sean McFate
Published 22 Jan 2019

Ten Lessons for a Post-Pandemic World
by Fareed Zakaria
Published 5 Oct 2020

Winning the War on War: The Decline of Armed Conflict Worldwide
by Joshua S. Goldstein
Published 15 Sep 2011

Journalist James Traub calls him “the standard against which all successive secretaries-general have been measured, and found wanting, for the very simple reason that the Security Council did not make the same mistake twice.” Hammarskjöld would be, after Bernadotte, the second Swede Bunche served, and the second one killed in the line of duty. II. The Suez War, 1956 At first, Hammarskjöld kept Bunche off the Middle East, but in 1956, during another Arab-Israeli war, the secretary-general put Bunche back on the job. Israel had invaded Egypt, after guerrilla attacks on Israel from the Egyptian-controlled Gaza Strip. Two days later came a British-French invasion force to take control of the Suez Canal, which Egyptian president Nasser had recently nationalized.

Radical Uncertainty: Decision-Making for an Unknowable Future
by Mervyn King and John Kay
Published 5 Mar 2020

Politics on the Edge: The Instant #1 Sunday Times Bestseller From the Host of Hit Podcast the Rest Is Politics
by Rory Stewart
Published 13 Sep 2023

A Very Strange Way to Go to War: The Canberra in the Falklands
by Andrew Vine
Published 30 Jun 2012

There were hoops to be jumped through to satisfy officialdom, and they revealed the bizarre nature of the operation under way, as well as how long it had been since the Navy had mounted anything on this scale. The reporters were ordered to the Ministry of Defence to sign the Official Secrets Act and be issued with accreditation papers. ‘It was absurd,’ said Shirley. ‘All these accreditation papers are in English and Arabic. All these things had been printed for Suez, they hadn’t done this sort of stuff since 1956 – nonsense, complete nonsense. Kim Sabido, from Independent Radio News, was also taken aback by the archaic nature of the documentation: ‘There was this little green book with advice for war correspondents, and it was so old it was unbelievable. They didn’t have any template to run things off apart from Suez; it was all being done on the hoof and it was so surreal, you couldn’t take in all that was happening.’

Bastard Tongues: A Trailblazing Linguist Finds Clues to Our Common Humanity in the World's Lowliest Languages
by Derek Bickerton
Published 4 Mar 2008

Now I began to realize that most of them just knew more dogma, sported a fancier vocabulary, and had more confidence in their own opin­ ions than the rest of us. 114 BASTARD TONGUES 8 It was around this time that I first came into contact with Tom Givon. Tom, who began life as Talmy, was born in Israel and raised on a kibbutz. He was a lieutenant in the Israeli army and fought in the Suez War of 1956, but being fond of Arabs he became disillusioned Israeli policy and fi,nally wound up as a linguistics prof at UCLA. Now he was interested in language change and wanted to know what Creoles could tell him about it. Tom is far from your standard prof, which of course was why we got on so welL He is in love with the American West.

Barometer of Fear: An Insider's Account of Rogue Trading and the Greatest Banking Scandal in History
by Alexis Stenfors
Published 14 May 2017

The first to exploit this opportunity was, perhaps paradoxically, the Soviet Union, when it transferred deposits to its bank in Paris, the Banque pour l’Europe du Nord (more commonly known by the telex address ‘Eurobank’). US dollars deposited at Eurobank became known as Eurodollars.7 Investors in the Middle East also began to place US dollars in Europe, quite possibly influenced by the resulting instability after the outbreak of the Suez War in 1956, when the US reacted by freezing some US assets held by foreigners. Later, with the oil shocks of 1973 and 1979, OPEC countries began accumulating large US dollar surpluses that they preferred to invest in European countries with large funding requirements. However, the key driver of the Eurodollar market was financial regulation – or, more specifically, the banks’ determination to avoid it.

The Unknowers: How Strategic Ignorance Rules the World
by Linsey McGoey
Published 14 Sep 2019

The Rough Guide to Egypt (Rough Guide to...)
by Dan Richardson and Daniel Jacobs
Published 1 Feb 2013

Saladin changed it from the hotbed of Shi’ite heresy it had been under the Fatimids into a bastion of Sunni orthodoxy, while Napoleon’s troops desecrated it to punish Cairenes for revolting against French occupation in 1798. A nationalist stronghold in colonial times, Al-Azhar was the venue for Nasser’s speech of defiance during the Suez invasion of 1956. The mosque is an accretion of centuries and styles, harmonious if confusing. You come in through the fifteenth-century Barber’s Gate, where students traditionally had their heads shaved, onto a great sahn (courtyard) that’s five hundred years older, overlooked by three minarets.

Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn
by Daniel Gordis
Published 17 Oct 2016

Servant Economy: Where America's Elite Is Sending the Middle Class
by Jeff Faux
Published 16 May 2012

Paper Promises
by Philip Coggan
Published 1 Dec 2011

Why the Allies Won
by Richard Overy
Published 29 Feb 2012

No other major power had much interest in the survival of the Franco-British world order. Other nations could see a gap widening between the apparent and the real strength of Britain and France. Less than a generation separated the two major world powers of the 1930s from the humiliating débâcle at Suez in 1956. The United States shared the liberal politics of western Europe, but was hostile to old-fashioned colonialism, and deeply distrusted what American leaders saw as a reactionary and decadent Europe. The Soviet leadership saw the old imperial states as historically doomed, and, though the Soviet Union did little in the 1930s to hasten their demise, Stalin looked in the long run for what he called a ‘new equilibrium’.7 There was no hint in the 1930s of the later wartime coalition.

Roller-Coaster: Europe, 1950-2017
by Ian Kershaw
Published 29 Aug 2018

The Rise and Fall of the British Nation: A Twentieth-Century History
by David Edgerton
Published 27 Jun 2018

It was a national-European war, a joint enterprise with the French and Israelis, which was opposed by the United Nations and the Commonwealth, as well as the USA. It was, for these reasons, and for others, an aberration. It was essentially the work of an insecure and unwell prime minister. Goaded by die-hard Tories organized as the ‘Suez group’, he took actions which many inside the government machine thought insane.51 The Suez group was formed not in 1956, but in 1954, to campaign against the British withdrawal from the military bases in the Canal Zone in that year. The British government wanted to go back into Egypt. It was not a matter of keeping an imperial possession or vassal. However, the British government couldn’t decide what the aim of the invasion was actually to be.

…

There was anti-British feeling in Egypt: British forces had killed fifty policemen in the Canal Zone in 1952, which had led to riots in Cairo that destroyed much British property. These events led to the formation of a new nationalist government in Egypt in 1952, which forced the British out of the Canal Zone in 1954. But in the interim more than 400 members of the British armed forces had been killed, many more than died in the Suez operation of 1956. The typical operations were in internal counter-insurgency against British subjects, notably in Malaya, Kenya, Cyprus, Aden and Northern Ireland (the last of which peaked at over 20,000 troops). The so-called ‘Malayan emergency’ ran from 1948 to 1960. The campaign was fought against the fighters of the Malayan Communist Party, which was made up almost entirely from the poor Chinese minority of Malaya.

Armed Humanitarians
by Nathan Hodge
Published 1 Sep 2011

Moneyland: Why Thieves and Crooks Now Rule the World and How to Take It Back
by Oliver Bullough
Published 5 Sep 2018

The Establishment: And How They Get Away With It
by Owen Jones
Published 3 Sep 2014

Giving the Devil His Due: Reflections of a Scientific Humanist
by Michael Shermer
Published 8 Apr 2020

The Abandonment of the West
by Michael Kimmage
Published 21 Apr 2020

The Great Delusion: Liberal Dreams and International Realities
by John J. Mearsheimer
Published 24 Sep 2018

Posh Boys: How English Public Schools Ruin Britain
by Robert Verkaik
Published 14 Apr 2018

Water: A Biography
by Giulio Boccaletti
Published 13 Sep 2021

As the U.S. withdrew its support: Borzutzky and Berger, “Dammed If You Do, Dammed If You Don’t: The Eisenhower Administration and the Aswan Dam.” Nasser instantly sealed the deal: Goldman, “A Balance Sheet of Soviet Foreign Aid.” Surprising the world, at a speech: “Discours de Gamal Abdel Nasser sur la nationalisation de la Compagnie du canal de Suez (Alexandrie, 26 juillet 1956),” in Notes et études documentaires: Écrits et Discours du colonel Nasser (Paris: La Documentation française, 1956), 16–21. Naturally, the decision to build the dam: Mansfield, A History of the Middle East, 277. A few details aside, the agreement: Abdalla, “The 1959 Nile Waters Agreement in Sudanese-Egyptian Relations.”

The Making of an Atlantic Ruling Class
by Kees Van der Pijl
Published 2 Jun 2014

On the European side, globalism in the sense of national empires around the world has diminished to the vanishing point — symbolized … by Britain’s abandonment of their traditional role “East of Suez” ’.56 Unavoidably, the Anglo-Saxon ‘special relationship’ underlying the Atlantic Union concept was the eventual victim of this development. The Suez affair in 1956 and the establishment of the EEC a year later may be seen as the watersheds in the tendential shift in economic power from the traditional colonialist configuration of the European imperialism under Franco-British leadership to the Fordist, corporate-liberal configuration centering on West Germany and the Common Market.

The Book: A Cover-To-Cover Exploration of the Most Powerful Object of Our Time
by Keith Houston
Published 21 Aug 2016

England: Seven Myths That Changed a Country – and How to Set Them Straight
by Tom Baldwin and Marc Stears
Published 24 Apr 2024

The Tyranny of Nostalgia: Half a Century of British Economic Decline
by Russell Jones
Published 15 Jan 2023

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
by Robert Fisk
Published 2 Jan 2005

The Secret World: A History of Intelligence
by Christopher Andrew
Published 27 Jun 2018

Civilization: The West and the Rest
by Niall Ferguson
Published 28 Feb 2011

The Gamble: General David Petraeus and the American Military Adventure in Iraq, 2006-2008
by Thomas E. Ricks
Published 14 Oct 2009

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order
by Parag Khanna
Published 4 Mar 2008

Globalists: The End of Empire and the Birth of Neoliberalism
by Quinn Slobodian
Published 16 Mar 2018

Money: 5,000 Years of Debt and Power
by Michel Aglietta
Published 23 Oct 2018

The New Map: Energy, Climate, and the Clash of Nations
by Daniel Yergin
Published 14 Sep 2020

The Strangest Man: The Hidden Life of Paul Dirac, Mystic of the Atom
by Graham Farmelo
Published 24 Aug 2009

Power and Progress: Our Thousand-Year Struggle Over Technology and Prosperity
by Daron Acemoglu and Simon Johnson
Published 15 May 2023

The Wise Men: Six Friends and the World They Made
by Walter Isaacson and Evan Thomas
Published 28 Feb 2012

The Defence of the Realm
by Christopher Andrew
Published 2 Aug 2010

The Age of Turbulence: Adventures in a New World (Hardback) - Common
by Alan Greenspan
Published 14 Jun 2007

One Minute to Midnight: Kennedy, Khrushchev and Castro on the Brink of Nuclear War
by Michael Dobbs
Published 3 Sep 2008

The Future of War
by Lawrence Freedman
Published 9 Oct 2017

Ghosts of Empire: Britain's Legacies in the Modern World
by Kwasi Kwarteng
Published 14 Aug 2011

The Battle of Bretton Woods: John Maynard Keynes, Harry Dexter White, and the Making of a New World Order
by Benn Steil
Published 14 May 2013

Horizons: The Global Origins of Modern Science
by James Poskett
Published 22 Mar 2022

The Cold War: A World History
by Odd Arne Westad
Published 4 Sep 2017

Citizens of London: The Americans Who Stood With Britain in Its Darkest, Finest Hour
by Lynne Olson
Published 2 Feb 2010

Persian Gulf Command: A History of the Second World War in Iran and Iraq
by Ashley Jackson
Published 15 May 2018

The Rough Guide to Sweden (Travel Guide eBook)
by Rough Guides
Published 1 Nov 2019

Sweden Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

The London Compendium
by Ed Glinert
Published 30 Jun 2004

Three years later the space was allocated to the United States army for their signals centre, being where General Eisenhower, the US’s wartime commander-in-chief, planned the D-Day landings in 1944. In 1951 the station was used as a hostel for visitors to the Festival of Britain, and five years later as a transit camp for troops on their way to Suez. Since 1956 the British Library has used the abandoned works for storage space. east side: Euston Road to New Oxford Street Heal’s, Nos. 191–199 An innovative furniture store founded by John Harris Heal in 1810 at 33 Rathbone Place, Heal’s moved to Tottenham Court Road in 1840 and through the work of Ambrose Heal, one of John’s sons, played a leading role in the development of the Arts and Crafts movement in England.

A Pipeline Runs Through It: The Story of Oil From Ancient Times to the First World War
by Keith Fisher
Published 3 Aug 2022

Frommer's Egypt
by Matthew Carrington
Published 8 Sep 2008

Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers Who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation
by Yossi Klein Halevi
Published 4 Nov 2014

Enemies and Neighbours: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017
by Ian Black
Published 2 Nov 2017

Kill Chain: The Rise of the High-Tech Assassins
by Andrew Cockburn
Published 10 Mar 2015

The Key Man: The True Story of How the Global Elite Was Duped by a Capitalist Fairy Tale
by Simon Clark and Will Louch
Published 14 Jul 2021

The Sum of All Fears
by Tom Clancy
Published 2 Jan 1989

David Askenazi walked around the table to Prince Ali, who had handled his country's part in the negotiations, and extended his hand. That wasn't good enough. The Prince gave the Minister a brotherly embrace. "Before God, there will be peace between us, David." "After all these years, Ali," replied the former Israeli tanker. As a lieutenant, Askenazi had fought in the Suez in 1956, again as a captain in 1967, and his reserve battalion had reinforced the Golan in 1973. Both men were surprised by the applause that broke out. The Israeli burst into tears, embarrassing himself beyond belief. "Do not be ashamed. Your personal courage is well known, Minister," Ali said graciously.

1948: A History of the First Arab-Israeli War
by Benny Morris
Published 27 Apr 2009

Total Recall: My Unbelievably True Life Story
by Arnold Schwarzenegger and Peter Petre
Published 30 Sep 2012

Does Capitalism Have a Future?
by Immanuel Wallerstein , Randall Collins , Michael Mann , Georgi Derluguian , Craig Calhoun , Stephen Hoye and Audible Studios
Published 15 Nov 2013

Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
by Robert Fisk
Published 1 Jan 1990

Money Changes Everything: How Finance Made Civilization Possible
by William N. Goetzmann
Published 11 Apr 2016

Available at: http://citeseerx.ist.psu.edu/viewdoc/summary?doi=10.1.1.195.459 10. Hobson, J. H. 1902. Imperialism: A Study. London: Cosimo, p. 63. 11. Scham, Sandra A. 2013. The Making and Unmaking of European Cairo. Journal of Eastern Mediterranean Archaeology and Heritage Studies (1)4: 313–318. 12. Piquet, Caroline. 2004. “The Suez Company’s concession in Egypt, 1854–1956: Modern infrastructure and local economic development.” Enterprise and Society 5(1): 107–127. 13. Cain, P. J. 2002. Hobson and Imperialism: Radicalism, New Liberalism, and Finance, 1887–1938. New York: Oxford University Press. CHAPTER 24 1. The modern Romanizations of the names of these cities are: Guangdong, Xiamen, Fuzhou, and Ningbo, respectively. 2.

…

Available at: http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444338386.wbeah04267/full. Parkins, Helen, and Christopher Smith (eds.). 2005. Trade, Traders and the Ancient City. London: Routledge. Peng, Xinwei, and Edward H. Kaplan. 1994. A Monetary History of China, vol. 1. Bellingham, WA: Western Washington University. Piquet, Caroline. 2004. “The Suez Company’s concession in Egypt, 1854–1956: Modern infrastructure and local economic development.” Enterprise and Society 5(1): 107–127. Plato. 1967. Plato in Twelve Volumes, vol. 3, W.R.M. Lamb (trans.). London: William Heinemann. Polo, Marco. 1920. Marco Polo; Notes and Addenda to Sir Henry Yule’s Edition, Containing the Results of Recent Research and Discovery, by Henri Cordier.

This Sceptred Isle
by Christopher Lee
Published 19 Jan 2012

The Road Not Taken: Edward Lansdale and the American Tragedy in Vietnam
by Max Boot
Published 9 Jan 2018

In the City of Bikes: The Story of the Amsterdam Cyclist
by Pete Jordan
Published 20 Aug 2012

No Such Thing as Society
by Andy McSmith
Published 19 Nov 2010

1948. A Soldier's Tale – the Bloody Road to Jerusalem
by Uri Avnery and Christopher Costello
Published 14 Jul 2008

Israel: A Simple Guide to the Most Misunderstood Country on Earth
by Noa Tishby
Published 5 Apr 2021

Fateful Triangle: The United States, Israel, and the Palestinians (Updated Edition) (South End Press Classics Series)
by Noam Chomsky
Published 1 Apr 1999

The Economic Weapon
by Nicholas Mulder
Published 15 Mar 2021

The Lion's Gate: On the Front Lines of the Six Day War
by Steven Pressfield
Published 5 May 2014

The Deluge: The Great War, America and the Remaking of the Global Order, 1916-1931
by Adam Tooze
Published 13 Nov 2014

The Next Decade: Where We've Been . . . And Where We're Going
by George Friedman
Published 25 Jan 2011

Rush Hour: How 500 Million Commuters Survive the Daily Journey to Work
by Iain Gately
Published 6 Nov 2014

Slowdown: The End of the Great Acceleration―and Why It’s Good for the Planet, the Economy, and Our Lives
by Danny Dorling and Kirsten McClure
Published 18 May 2020

The Rough Guide to England
by Rough Guides
Published 29 Mar 2018

The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
by David Abulafia
Published 4 May 2011

Fallen Idols: Twelve Statues That Made History
by Alex von Tunzelmann
Published 7 Jul 2021

Liberalism at Large: The World According to the Economist
by Alex Zevin
Published 12 Nov 2019

Frommer's Israel
by Robert Ullian
Published 31 Mar 1998

The Dead Sea, heavily saturated with minerals, has only begun to be exploited (though the price of mining this bonanza may be the destruction of The Dead Sea as one of the world’s great natural wonders). Oil, however, must be imported. Israel’s brilliant medical community, scientific establishment, and computer industries may one day benefit the entire region. WAR & THE SEARCH FOR PEACE During the Suez War of November 1956, 326–614 Hundreds of Byzantine churches and monastic communities built. Restrictions against Jews. ■ 351 Jews of Galilee rebel against Byzantine/Christians. ■ 400 Codification of Jerusalem Talmud. ■ 614–629 Jerusalem conquered by Persians, recaptured by Byzantines. ■ 638 Islamic conquest of Palestine.

Capital in the Twenty-First Century
by Thomas Piketty
Published 10 Mar 2014

On Thermonuclear War
by Herman Kahn
Published 16 Jul 2007

Culture and Imperialism
by Edward W. Said
Published 29 May 1994

How to Hide an Empire: A History of the Greater United States
by Daniel Immerwahr
Published 19 Feb 2019

The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance
by Ron Chernow
Published 1 Jan 1990

In a reply marked “personal and confidential,” the president agreed, but added resignedly, “The attitude [among politicians] seems to be ’do the thing that seems most popular at this moment.’ ”9 Henry Alexander was so popular at the White House that the press dubbed him “Ike’s banker.” Although Alexander was the most domestically oriented chairman in Morgan history—he came in after the foreign loans of the twenties and never lived abroad—he fully internalized the Morgan identification with Britain. This was patent during the Suez affair. On July 26, 1956, Egypt’s prime minister Gamal Abdel Nasser nationalized the Suez Canal. The next day, the British prime minister, Sir Anthony Eden, informed Eisenhower that Britain was drawing up military contingency plans to reclaim the canal. By early November, Britain, France, and Israel invaded Egypt, to the great dismay of Eisenhower and his secretary of state, John Foster Dulles.

The Boundless Sea: A Human History of the Oceans
by David Abulafia
Published 2 Oct 2019

Europe: A History
by Norman Davies
Published 1 Jan 1996

Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980
by Rick Perlstein
Published 17 Aug 2020