This Is for Everyone: The Captivating Memoir From the Inventor of the World Wide Web
by Tim Berners-Lee · 8 Sep 2025 · 347pp · 100,038 words
T H I S I S F O R E V E R Y O N E Tim Berners-Lee with Stephen Witt For Rosemary and our children, Alice, Jamie, Ben, Lyssie and Indi Contents Prologue Chapter 1: Early Days Chapter 2: CERN Chapter 3:
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that passion is out there, and that if we dedicate our minds to it, we can take the web back. It’s not too late. Tim Berners-Lee CHAPTER 1 Early Days I was born in 1955, the same year as Steve Jobs and Bill Gates. Our cohort would ride the wave of
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Order of the British Empire, in recognition of ‘services to the global development of the Internet’. From that point forward, my official designation became Sir Tim Berners-Lee (you never say Sir Berners-Lee, it’s Sir Tim on special occasions; but call me Tim). Getting knighted at Buckingham Palace was a special
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us to watch a U2 concert some time later, and when we went he changed the lyrics to his song ‘Beautiful Day’: ‘And there’s Tim Berners-Lee, standing right in front of me.’ Wow. We haven’t seen Bono again so far, but it was a pretty good date, I must say
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love and energy and patience and her strength and her ideas. This story wouldn’t have happened without you. Picture Credits All images courtesy of Tim Berners-Lee and family unless otherwise stated. Images here, here, here and here © CERN Image here © Punch Cartoon Library/TopFoto Image here courtesy of the National Center
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(LHC) ref1, ref2 mission ref1, ref2, ref3 phone numbers website ref1 Proton Synchrotron Booster (PSB) ref1, ref2 real-time data acquisition ref1, ref2 Tim Berners-Lee’s arrival ref1 Tim Berners-Lee’s return ref1 WWW intellectual property rights ref1, ref2 Charlie (an AI that works for you) ref1, ref2 chatbots ref1 ChatGPT ref1, ref2, ref3
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of ref1, ref2 misinformation ref1, ref2 MIT Center for Constructive Communication ref1 Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Lab (CSAIL) ref1, ref2 speaking tours ref1 Tim Berners-Lee’s arrival ref1 Tim Berners-Lee’s early visits ref1, ref2 World Wide Web Consortium (W3C) ref1, ref2, ref3 mobile phones CSS (cascading style sheets) ref1 licences legislation ref1
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Mubarak, Hosni ref1 multimedia ref1, ref2 Murthy, Vivek ref1 music collaboration ref1 copyright ref1 illuminated Italian Renaissance website ref1 MP3s ref1 recommendation services ref1, ref2 Tim Berners-Lee’s interest ref1 Musk, Elon ref1, ref2 MyData ref1 MySpace ref1 Myst (game) ref1 narrowcasting ref1, ref2, ref3 National Science Foundation ref1 National Theatre, London
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motto ref1 organization and structure ref1, ref2 patent policy ref1 PNG (Portable Network Graphics) ref1 RDF (Resource Description Format) ref1 satellite offices ref1, ref2, ref3 Tim Berners-Lee steps down ref1 TPAC (Technical Plenary Advisory Committee) conferences ref1 WebRTC (Web Real-Time Communication) ref1 XML standard ref1 World Wide Web Worm ref1 WorldWideWeb
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‘As a company running computer networks before the dawn of the internet age, Bloomberg was an early beneficiary of the towering wave of change that Tim Berners-Lee ushered in with the World Wide Web. His book offers a fascinating look at the origin and evolution of a world-transforming invention and how
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we can harness its potential as a force for good’ Michael Bloomberg, founder of Bloomberg and Bloomberg Philanthropies and mayor of New York 2002–2013 ‘Tim Berners-Lee’s invention of the World Wide Web is a landmark event of the last fifty years – and his tireless work to keep the web accessible
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evolution and offers urgent and visionary guidance for its future’ Darren Walker, president of the Ford Foundation and author of From Generosity to Justice ‘Sir Tim Berners-Lee’s powerful memoir takes us on a guided tour through the creation and evolution of the web by the inventor himself with a humble, gripping
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chief investment officer of Alphabet and Google ‘How lucky we are that the first new major application built on top of the generative internet was Tim Berners-Lee’s brainchild, the web. The web’s affordances reflect Tim’s extraordinary brilliance, his deeply humanistic values and his humble outlook, and this book represents
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Berkman Klein Center for Internet & Society, Harvard University, and author of The Future of the Internet: And How to Stop It About the Author Sir Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web in 1989 at CERN in Switzerland. Since then, through his work with the World Wide Web Consortium (W3C), the Open
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, 117–126 Sheriff Street Upper, Dublin 1 D01 YC43 Associated companies throughout the world ISBN 978-1-0350-2370-7 Copyright © Tim Berners-Lee 2025 Cover image © iStock The right of Tim Berners-Lee to be identified as the author of this work has been asserted in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988
The Age of Extraction: How Tech Platforms Conquered the Economy and Threaten Our Future Prosperity
by Tim Wu · 4 Nov 2025 · 246pp · 65,143 words
2010s. Chapter 3 The Golden Age of Tech Optimism The extent of tech optimism over the late 1990s and early 2000s is hard to overstate. Tim Berners-Lee announced that “the goal of the Web is to serve humanity. We build it now so that those who come to it later will be
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, and helping others would be harnessed to remake commerce and everything else in the world. There was much talk of “the power of sharing.” As Tim Berners-Lee put it, “the original idea of the web was that it should be a collaborative space” and “an act of love.”[7] Unfortunately, there were
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://backlinko.com/facebook-users; “Instagram Statistics: Key Demographic and User Numbers,” Backlinko, November 21, 2024, https://backlinko.com/instagram-users. BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE 6 Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: Harper, 1999). BACK TO NOTE REFERENCE
Learning SPARQL
by Bob Ducharme · 22 Jul 2011 · 511pp · 111,423 words
databases on different platforms behind the same firewall, SPARQL is making it easier to access it. In the words of W3C Director and web inventor Tim Berners-Lee, “Trying to use the Semantic Web without SPARQL is like trying to use a relational database without SQL.” SPARQL was not designed to query relational
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this definition one or two phrases at a time, and then we’ll look at these issues in more detail. A set of standards Before Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, more powerful hypertext systems were available, but he built his around simple specifications that he published as public standards. This
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if two sets of elements for two different domains use the same name for two different things? For example, if I want to say that Tim Berners-Lee’s title at the W3C is “Director” and that the title of his 1999 book is “Weaving the Web,” I need to distinguish between these
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. We’ll look at how several formats represent the following three facts: The book with ISBN 006251587X has the creator Tim Berners-Lee. The book with ISBN 006251587X has the title “Weaving the Web”. Tim Berners-Lee’s title is “Director”. The examples use the URI http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i to
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above of processing it with popular XML tools. Another serialization format is N3, which is short for “Notation 3.” This was a personal project by Tim Berners-Lee (“with his director hat off ,” as he put it) that he described as “basically equivalent to RDF in its XML syntax, but easier to scribble
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of these files will give you the same answer. Making RDF More Readable with Language Tags and Labels Earlier we saw a triple saying that Tim Berners-Lee’s job title at the W3C is “Director”, but to W3C staff members at their European headquarters in France, his title would be “Directeur”. RDF
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an RDF best practice to assign rdfs:label values to resources so that human readers can more easily see what they represent. For example, in Tim Berners-Lee’s FOAF file, he uses the URI http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i to represent himself, but his FOAF file also includes
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the following triple: # filename: ex038.ttl <http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/card#i> <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#label> "Tim Berners-Lee" . Using multiple rdfs:label values, each with its own language tag, is a common practice. The DBpedia collection of RDF extracted from Wikipedia infoboxes has
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few of the triples from the RDF Schema vocabulary description of the Dublin Core vocabulary. They describe the term “creator” that I used to describe Tim Berners-Lee’s relationship to the book represented by the URI urn:isbn:006251587X: # filename: ex042.ttl @prefix dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> . @prefix
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to share data across the Web. You can then use semantic web technologies such as RDFS, OWL, and SPARQL to build applications around that data. Tim Berners-Lee came up with these four principles of Linked Data in 2006 (I’ve bolded his wording and added my own commentary): Use URIs as names
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to query that may be a local or remote file to query. For example, this next query asks for any Dublin Core title values in Tim Berners-Lee’s FOAF file, which is stored on an MIT server: # filename: ex166.rq PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> SELECT ?title FROM
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the SPARQL Update LOAD operation, which lets you load an entire web-accessible dataset at once. For example, the following will load RDF data about Tim Berners-Lee’s book Weaving the Web from the OCLC’s WorldCat enormous collection of data about published works: # filename: ex546.ru LOAD <http://worldcat.org/oclc
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specification in SPARQL 1.1: the Graph Store HTTP Protocol, which describes ways to add, delete, and modify graphs of triples with HTTP commands. When Tim Berners-Lee invented the World Wide Web, along with writing the first web browser and web server, he and his team wrote early drafts of three specifications
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its prefix. For example, in dc:title, the local name is title. See Also prefixed name. N3 A non-XML RDF serialization format developed by Tim Berners-Lee. Turtle is a simplified version of N3. See Also serialization, Turtle. N-Triples A very simple RDF serialization format that shows complete URIs with no
Computer: A History of the Information Machine
by Martin Campbell-Kelly and Nathan Ensmenger · 29 Jul 2013 · 528pp · 146,459 words
whisk the reader to related documents. It was all very much as Vannevar Bush had envisioned the memex. The World Wide Web was invented by Tim Berners-Lee. Its origins dated back to Berners-Lee’s early interest in hypertext in 1980, long before the Internet was widely known. Berners-Lee was born
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.R. Licklider and the Revolution That Made Computing Personal (2001). The context and evolution of the World Wide Web has been described by its inventor Tim Berners-Lee in Weaving the Web (1999), and by his colleagues at CERN James Gillies and Robert Cailliau in How the Web Was Born (2000). The “browser
Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World
by Timothy Garton Ash · 23 May 2016 · 743pp · 201,651 words
word ‘internet’ to 1974.19 In August 1981 there were just 213 internet hosts.20 The idea of the World Wide Web was proposed by Tim Berners-Lee in 1989, and he created the first ever website at the end of 1990.21 Then it was fast forward. As Figure 4 shows, what
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2020.26 Some 85 percent of the world’s population is within reach of a mobile phone tower which has the capacity to relay data. Tim Berners-Lee and Mark Zuckerberg have been among those campaigning to achieve internet access for all.27 Billions of people are still excluded from this unprecedented network
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this writing) have regular access to the internet, in the broad sense in which I am using the term. What about those who don’t? Tim Berners-Lee, the inventor of the World Wide Web, argues that internet access is a necessary condition for the effective exercise of the right to free speech
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than 150 million unique monthly visitors viewing more than six billion pages. He was involved in pioneering the widely used RSS web feed, worked with Tim Berners-Lee to improve data sharing through the Semantic Web and with cyberlaw guru Lawrence Lessig on the Creative Commons licences. All this by age 26.38
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free speech? Having worked out what our goals are, how can we use the power of the mouse to promote them? What we need, as Tim Berners-Lee observed on the 25th anniversary of his invention of the World Wide Web, is an open, neutral internet, ‘without worrying about what’s happening at
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growing proportion of the world’s internet users, especially those on mobile devices in unfree or semifree countries. A careful ‘Web Index’ survey commissioned by Tim Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web Foundation found that, in 2014, three quarters of the countries surveyed either lacked clear and effective net neutrality rules and/or
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. Wohlstetter 1990–1991, 679–85 47. my attention was drawn to this term by Evgeny Morozov. Morozov 2011, 196–97 48. a notable exception was Tim Berners-Lee, who invented the World Wide Web while working at CERN, the European Organisation for Nuclear Research, on the French-Swiss border. But his World Wide
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-of-expression-anchored-in-international-law/ 5. on human capabilities, see Sen 1985 and Sen 1999 6. see ‘Tim Berners-Lee on “Stretch Friends” & Open Data’, Free Speech Debate, http://freespeechdebate.com/en/media/tim-berners-lee-on-stretch-friends-open-data/ 7. the poll was conducted in 2009/10. See http://perma.cc/7XP7-VCSJ
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, 5 July 2014, http://perma.cc/Y3W8-W4AZ 17. conversation with Michael Hayden, Palo Alto, 8 October 2014 18. Lanier 2011, 125 19. quoted in Tim Berners-Lee, ‘An Online Magna Carta: Berners-Lee Calls for Bill of Rights for Web’, The Guardian, 12 March 2014, http://perma.cc/22F4-AVKZ 20. see
The Invisible Web: Uncovering Information Sources Search Engines Can't See
by Gary Price, Chris Sherman and Danny Sullivan · 2 Jan 2003 · 481pp · 121,669 words
and share information via the Net. We show how the limitations of these relatively primitive tools ultimately spurred the popular acceptance of the Web. As Tim Berners-Lee, creator of the Web, has written, “To understand the Web in the broadest and deepest sense, to fully partake of the vision that I and
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broadest and deepest sense, to fully partake of the vision that I and my colleagues share, one must understand how the Web came to be. —Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web Most people tend to use the words “Internet” and “Web” interchangeably, but they’re not synonyms. The Internet is a networking protocol
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protocol that runs on top of the Internet, allowing users to easily access files stored on Internet computers. The Web was created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee, a computer programmer working for the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN). Prior to the Web, accessing files on the Internet was a challenging task
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between things that might seem unrelated but somehow did, in fact, share a relationship. A Web of information would form.” — Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web The Web was created in 1990 by Tim Berners-Lee, who at the time was a contract programmer at the Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) high-energy physics laboratory in
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for Windows software. Weaving the Web The foundations and pieces necessary to build a system like the World Wide Web were in place well before Tim Berners-Lee began his tinkering. But unlike others before him, Berners-Lee’s brilliant insight was that a simple form of hypertext, integrated with the universal communication
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earlier Gopher tools had done, or simply broker requests to local Web search services on individual computers, following the WAIS model? The First Search Engines Tim Berners-Lee’s vision of the Web was of an information space where data of all types could be freely accessed. But in the early days of
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2000+ Search Service Vannevar Bush Proposes “MEMEX” Hypertext Coined by Ted Nelson Dialog—First Commercial Proprietary System OWL Guide Hypermedia Browser Archie for FTP Search, Tim Berners-Lee creates the Web Gopher: WAIS Distributed Search ALIWEB (Archie Linking), WWWWander, JumpStation, WWWWorm EINet Galaxy, WebCrawler, Lycos, Yahoo! Infoseek, SavvySearch, AltaVista, MetCrawler, Excite HotBot, LookSmart
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a computer, ranging from a simple text file to a complex “relational” database consisting of a wide range of data types. In creating the Web, Tim Berners-Lee sought to solve all three of these problems. To a large extent, he succeeded in solving the problems of hardware and software incompatibilities. Like the
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Las Vegas Show and Event Calendar http://www.vegasfreedom.com/play-1.asp 198 This Page Intentionally Left Blank CHAPTER 13 Computers and Internet When Tim Berners-Lee conceived the Web, his vision included a wide range of information resources and even network-connected devices of virtually any kind. As the Web matures
The Future of Ideas: The Fate of the Commons in a Connected World
by Lawrence Lessig · 14 Jul 2001 · 494pp · 142,285 words
not control how it would grow. Applications would. That was the key to end-to-end design. As the inventor of the World Wide Web, Tim Berners-Lee, describes it: Philosophically, if the Web was to be a universal resource, it had to be able to grow in an unlimited way. Technically, if
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documents linked across the Internet. These protocols were developed in the late 1980s by researchers at the European particle physics lab CERN—in particular by Tim Berners-Lee. These protocols specify how a “Web server” serves content on the WWW. They also specify how “browsers”—such as Netscape Navigator or Microsoft's Internet
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World Wide Web is a perfect illustration of how innovation works on the Internet and of how important a neutral network is to that innovation. Tim Berners-Lee came up with the idea of the World Wide Web after increasing frustration over the fact that computers at CERN couldn't easily talk to
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must have been obvious. But what is amazing about the story of the birth of the World Wide Web is how hard it was for Tim Berners-Lee to convince anyone of the merit in the plan. When Berners-Lee tried to sell the plan at CERN, management was unimpressed. As Berners-Lee
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successful, cause a change in the Internet market, with innovation and creativity becoming more the province of vertically integrated corporations.”41 It would, Web founder Tim Berners-Lee worries, be dangerous for innovation generally. “Keeping the medium and the content separate,” Berners-Lee writes, “is a good rule in most media. When I
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from the small, non-American inventor in favor of the large, American inventor.104 The harms are even more pronounced, however, for open code projects. Tim Berners-Lee has noticed its effect on Web development already. (“Developers are stalling their efforts in a given direction when they hear rumors that some company may
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/IP Clearly Explained, 2nd ed. (Boston: AP Professional, 1997), 12-18; and Berners-Lee's four-layer description (trans-mission, computer, software, and content) in Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 129-30. 14 Certain
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Principles of the Internet,” Brian E. Carpenter, ed. (1996), available at http://www.ietf.org/rfc/ rfc1958.txt. 36 Ibid, §2.1. 37 Ibid. 38 Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 99. 39 As background
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of Business Jackson Library). 41 National Research Council, The Internet's Coming of Age (Washington, D.C.: National Academy Press, 2000), chapter 3, 24. 42 Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 130. 43 See Daniel
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new generation of companies like Sun . . . to develop a revenue stream out of their patent portfolio.” Telephone interview with Gary Reback, November 21, 2000. 105 Tim Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web by Its Inventor (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999), 196. 106 Richard Stallman
The Innovators: How a Group of Inventors, Hackers, Geniuses and Geeks Created the Digital Revolution
by Walter Isaacson · 6 Oct 2014 · 720pp · 197,129 words
. 1985 Stewart Brand and Larry Brilliant launch The WELL. CVC launches Q-Link, which becomes AOL. 1991 Linus Torvalds releases first version of Linux kernel. Tim Berners-Lee announces World Wide Web. 1993 Marc Andreessen announces Mosaic browser. Steve Case’s AOL offers direct access to the Internet. 1994 Justin Hall launches Web
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was funded primarily by public dollars, but it paid off thousands of times over by seeding a new economy and an era of economic growth. Tim Berners-Lee (1955– ). Marc Andreessen (1971– ). Justin Hall (1974– ) and Howard Rheingold (1947– ) in 1995. CHAPTER ELEVEN THE WEB There was a limit to how popular the
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a name that managed to be, as he was personally, both expansive and simple: the World Wide Web. TIM BERNERS-LEE As a kid growing up on the edge of London in the 1960s, Tim Berners-Lee came to a fundamental insight about computers: they were very good at crunching step by step through programs, but
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is one of the basic desires that drive the digital world.”79 WARD CUNNINGHAM, JIMMY WALES, AND WIKIS When he launched the Web in 1991, Tim Berners-Lee intended it to be used as a collaboration tool, which is why he was dismayed that the Mosaic browser did not give users the ability
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directories. Some were quirky and frivolous, like Hall’s Links from the Underground and Paul Phillips’s Useless Pages. Others were sober and serious, like Tim Berners-Lee’s World Wide Web Virtual Library, NCSA’s “What’s New” page, and Tim O’Reilly’s Global Network Navigator. Somewhere in between, and taking
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the value of a Web page was to look at how many other Web pages linked to it. There was a problem. The way that Tim Berners-Lee had designed the Web, much to the consternation of hypertext purists such as Ted Nelson, anyone could create a link to another page without getting
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machines cannot do—play chess, drive a car, translate language—and then checking them off the list when machines become capable of these things,” said Tim Berners-Lee. “Someday we will get to the end of the list.”18 These latest advances may even lead to the singularity, a term that von Neumann
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the beauty of both. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS I want to thank the people who gave me interviews and provided information, including Bob Albrecht, Al Alcorn, Marc Andreessen, Tim Berners-Lee, Stewart Brand, Dan Bricklin, Larry Brilliant, John Seeley Brown, Nolan Bushnell, Jean Case, Steve Case, Vint Cerf, Wes Clark, Steve Crocker, Lee Felsenstein, Bob Frankston
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, Mar. 12, 2009. 2. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 3. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 4. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 5. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 6. Tim Berners-Lee interview, Academy of Achievement, June 22, 2007. 7. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 8. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 9. Enquire Within Upon Everything (1894), http://www.gutenberg
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.org/files/10766/10766-h/10766-h.htm. 10. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 1. 11. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 12. Tim Berners-Lee interview
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the Web, 4. 15. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 14. 16. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 17. Tim Berners-Lee interview, Academy of Achievement, June 22, 2007. 18. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 15. 19. John Naish, “The NS Profile: Tim Berners-Lee,” New Statesman, Aug. 15, 2011. 20. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 16, 18. 21
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. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 61. 22. Tim Berners-Lee, “Information Management: A Proposal,” CERN, Mar. 1989, http://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html
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, “Licensing the Web,” CERN, http://home.web.cern.ch/topics/birth-web/licensing-web. 30. Tim Berners-Lee, “The World Wide Web and the ‘Web of Life,’ ” 1998, http://www.w3.org/People/Berners-Lee/UU.html. 31. Tim Berners-Lee, posting to the Newsgroup alt.hypertext, Aug. 6, 1991, http://www.w3.org/People/Berners
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, 240. 42. Author’s interview with Marc Andreessen. 43. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 70; author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 44. Author’s interview with Marc Andreessen. 45. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 46. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 70. 47. Berners-Lee, Weaving the Web, 65. 48. Ted Nelson, “Computer Paradigm
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Nisenholtz, and Paul Sagan, “Riptide,” Harvard Kennedy School, http://www.niemanlab.org/riptide/. 51. Author’s interview with Marc Andreessen. 52. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 53. Author’s interview with Marc Andreessen. 54. John Markoff, “A Free and Simple Computer Link,” New York Times, Dec. 8, 1993. 55. This section
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,” May 1, 1995, http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?InvitationToThePatternsList. 82. Ward Cunningham, correspondence on the etymology of wiki, http://c2.com/doc/etymology.html. 83. Tim Berners-Lee interview, Riptide Project, Schornstein Center, Harvard, 2013. 84. Kelly Kazek, “Wikipedia Founder, Huntsville Native Jimmy Wales, Finds Fame Really Cool,” News Courier (Athens, AL), Aug
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.html), and he maintains a pinboard of stories making such claims (https://pinboard.in/u:beaucronin/t:like-the-brain/#). 18. Author’s interview with Tim Berners-Lee. 19. Vernor Vinge, “The Coming Technological Singularity,” Whole Earth Review, Winter 1993. See also Ray Kurzweil, “Accelerating Intelligence,” http://www.kurzweilai.net/. 20. J. C
The Code: Silicon Valley and the Remaking of America
by Margaret O'Mara · 8 Jul 2019
became ever more urgent. For the same May that the feds made that predawn raid on a San Jose subdivision, a British computer scientist named Tim Berners-Lee began to circulate a modest proposal to adapt Ted Nelson’s thirty-year-old notion of “hypertext” to organize the sprawling surge of information on
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British scientist employed by the European Organization for Nuclear Research, or CERN, in Geneva. Nonetheless, American hacker-and-homebrew culture provided soul and inspiration for Tim Berners-Lee. He wanted information to be organized, but he also wanted it to flow freely and transparently. Working on a NeXT workstation (just like any self
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to realize its promise later. Bipartisan support enabled the Gore-sponsored High Performance Computing Act to become law in December 1991, only five months after Tim Berners-Lee released his Internet browser. President Bush endorsed it, and so did House Minority Whip Newt Gingrich. The Act ushered in an era of better standards
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more grandiose moments, we think of building industries.” In the 1990s, Doerr and his partners did exactly that.3 Mosaic was their launching pad. If Tim Berners-Lee’s Web client was the Apple II of the Internet, Mosaic was its Macintosh: the portal that opened up the online world for millions. Created
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and Matthew Lyon, Where Wizards Stay Up Late (1996) as well as the account of the Web’s creation by the man who invented it, Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web (1999). Once we reach the 1990s, the academic histories become scarcer; instead, we have a torrent of book-length
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infrastructure projects like the transcontinental railroad. See Richard White, Railroaded: The Transcontinentals and the Making of Modern America (New York: W. W. Norton, 2011). 7. Tim Berners-Lee, “Information Management: A Proposal,” March 1989, May 1990, w3.org, https://www.w3.org/History/1989/proposal.html, archived at https://perma.cc/56D4-RJLE
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Janet Abbate, Inventing the Internet (Cambridge, Mass.: The MIT Press, 1999), 214–18. 12. Berners-Lee quoted in Abbate, Inventing the Internet, 215. Also see Tim Berners-Lee with Mark Fischetti, Weaving the Web: The Original Design and Ultimate Destiny of the World Wide Web (San Francisco: HarperSanFrancisco, 1999). 13. National Research Council
Cataloging the World: Paul Otlet and the Birth of the Information Age
by Alex Wright · 6 Jun 2014
G. Cerf and Robert E. Kahn; as well as hypertext seers like Vannevar Bush, J. C. R. Licklider, Douglas Engelbart, Ted Nelson, and of course Tim Berners-Lee and Robert Cailliau, who in 1991 released their first version of the World Wide Web. The dominant influence of the modern computer industry has placed
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Internet has been hotly and endlessly debated. As Gore himself was quick to point out, credit cannot and should not go to any one individual. Tim Berners-Lee, for example, did not invent the Internet. Nor did Vannevar Bush, H. G. Wells, or Paul Otlet. Most wisdom on the subject has now settled
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traffic—a turning point that would ultimately transform the Internet into something very much like the global network that Licklider had envisioned. That same year, Tim Berners-Lee and his partner, Robert Cailliau (a notable Belgian information scientist), released the first public version of the World Wide Web, while working at the CERN
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, Nelson built on the ideas of Bush and Engelbart and proposed an even more individualistic, humanistic vision of networked computing—one that would directly inspire Tim Berners-Lee’s ideas for the World Wide Web. A former Harvard sociology student and onetime filmmaker who took an interest in computers, Nelson—like Otlet and
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Internet in 1991, the decision came just as a promising new hypertext program emerged from the CERN particle physics research center in Switzerland. CERN researcher Tim Berners-Lee had been working for several years on a system that would allow the center’s researchers to share information with each other more easily. Berners
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needs of this large and constantly evolving organization. “Keeping a book up to date becomes impractical, and the structure of the book needs to 268 Tim Berners-Lee’s original proposal for the World Wide Web, 1989. ©CERN. C ATA L O G I N G T H E WO R L D
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in a state of perpetual anarchy. In 1998, just as the World Wide Web was establishing itself as a transformative force in the world economy, Tim Berners-Lee wrote an essay reflecting on his conversion to the Unitarian Universalist church. The church has its roots in the universalist movement of the late nineteenth
Learning SPARQL
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The Fourth Age: Smart Robots, Conscious Computers, and the Future of Humanity
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AngularJS Essentials
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Full Stack Web Development With Backbone.js
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I'm Feeling Lucky: The Confessions of Google Employee Number 59
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Money: The True Story of a Made-Up Thing
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Loneliness: Human Nature and the Need for Social Connection
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Rebel Ideas: The Power of Diverse Thinking
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The Art of UNIX Programming
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Confessions of a Crypto Millionaire: My Unlikely Escape From Corporate America
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The Internet of Money
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The AI Economy: Work, Wealth and Welfare in the Robot Age
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Financing Basic Income: Addressing the Cost Objection
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Designing Data-Intensive Applications: The Big Ideas Behind Reliable, Scalable, and Maintainable Systems
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Sex Power Money
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NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity
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Bitcoin: The Future of Money?
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The Data Journalism Handbook
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The Blockchain Alternative: Rethinking Macroeconomic Policy and Economic Theory
by Kariappa Bheemaiah · 26 Feb 2017 · 492pp · 118,882 words
Black Code: Inside the Battle for Cyberspace
by Ronald J. Deibert · 13 May 2013 · 317pp · 98,745 words
Against Intellectual Monopoly
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Culture & Empire: Digital Revolution
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Lost in Math: How Beauty Leads Physics Astray
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Digital Empires: The Global Battle to Regulate Technology
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AI in Museums: Reflections, Perspectives and Applications
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Pattern Breakers: Why Some Start-Ups Change the Future
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Architects of Intelligence
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Ten Billion Tomorrows: How Science Fiction Technology Became Reality and Shapes the Future
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The Dark Net
by Jamie Bartlett · 20 Aug 2014 · 267pp · 82,580 words
How We Got Here: A Slightly Irreverent History of Technology and Markets
by Andy Kessler · 13 Jun 2005 · 218pp · 63,471 words
The Choice Factory: 25 Behavioural Biases That Influence What We Buy
by Richard Shotton · 12 Feb 2018 · 184pp · 46,395 words
Orwell Versus the Terrorists: A Digital Short
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Connectography: Mapping the Future of Global Civilization
by Parag Khanna · 18 Apr 2016 · 497pp · 144,283 words
The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism
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I Live in the Future & Here's How It Works: Why Your World, Work, and Brain Are Being Creatively Disrupted
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European Spring: Why Our Economies and Politics Are in a Mess - and How to Put Them Right
by Philippe Legrain · 22 Apr 2014 · 497pp · 150,205 words
Augmented: Life in the Smart Lane
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This Sceptred Isle
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