Turing test

The Secret War Between Downloading and Uploading: Tales of the Computer as Culture Machine

by Peter Lunenfeld  · 31 Mar 2011  · 239pp  · 56,531 words

’s intentional blurring of the boundary between human and nonhuman is directly related to one of the foundational memes of artificial intelligence: the still-provocative Turing Test. In “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” a seminal paper from 1950, Turing created a thought experiment. He posited a person holding a textual conversation on any

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the person believes he or she is communicating with another person, but is in reality conversing with a machine, then that machine has passed the Turing Test. In other words, the test that Turing proposes that a computer must pass to be considered “intelligent” is to simulate the conversational skills of another

Prime Obsession:: Bernhard Riemann and the Greatest Unsolved Problem in Mathematics

by John Derbyshire  · 14 Apr 2003

Table 16-1. That A.M. Turing, for example, is the very same Alan Turing who worked in mathematical logic, developing the idea of the Turing Test (a way of deciding whether a computer or its program is intelligent), and of the Turing machine (a very general, theoretical type of computer, a

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, Harry S., 166 Turán, Paul, 238, 239, 378 Turing, Alan, 258, 261-262, 357, 377, 391; pl. 5 Turing machine, 261, 391 Turing Prize, 261 Turing Test, 261 Twiddle principle, 46 Twiddle sign, 45, 368 U Uncle Petros and Goldbach’s Conjecture (Doxiadis), 90 Universal Computer, The (Davis), 187 Universities, academies distinguished

The Information: A History, a Theory, a Flood

by James Gleick  · 1 Mar 2011  · 855pp  · 178,507 words

the terms machine and think. His idea was to replace the question with a test called the Imitation Game, destined to become famous as the “Turing Test.” In its initial form the Imitation Game involves three people: a man, a woman, and an interrogator. The interrogator sits in a room apart and

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THE FORMULA IS NEITHER PROVABLE NOR DISPROVABLE”: Alan M. Turing, “Intelligent Machinery, A Heretical Theory,” unpublished lecture, c. 1951, in Stuart M. Shieber, ed., The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence (Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004), 105. ♦ THE ORIGINAL QUESTION, “CAN MACHINES THINK?”: Alan M. Turing, “Computing Machinery and

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of Communication. Urbana: University of Illinois Press, 1949. Shenk, David. Data Smog: Surviving the Information Glut. New York: HarperCollins, 1997. Shieber, Stuart M., ed. The Turing Test: Verbal Behavior as the Hallmark of Intelligence. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 2004. Shiryaev, A. N. “Kolmogorov: Life and Creative Activities.” Annals of Probability 17, no

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symbols tape, 7.1, 7.2 thermodynamics of, 13.1, 13.2 two-state model U machine, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 12.1 Turing Test, 8.1, 8.2, 8.3, 8.4 Twitter, 11.1, epl.1, epl.2 Uglow, Jenny uncertainty entropy as measure of, 7.1, 9

The Demon in the Machine: How Hidden Webs of Information Are Finally Solving the Mystery of Life

by Paul Davies  · 31 Jan 2019  · 253pp  · 83,473 words

the nature of artificial intelligence. His main contribution was to define consciousness by what he called ‘the imitation game’,fn3 often referred to as ‘the Turing test’. The basic idea is that if someone interrogates a machine and cannot tell from the answers whether the responses are coming from a computer or

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defined as conscious. Some people object that just because a computer may convincingly simulate the appearance of consciousness doesn’t mean it is conscious; the Turing test attributes consciousness purely by analogy. But isn’t that precisely what we do all the time in relation to other human beings? Descartes famously wrote

How to Create a Mind: The Secret of Human Thought Revealed

by Ray Kurzweil  · 13 Nov 2012  · 372pp  · 101,174 words

messages.13 Turing felt that all of human intelligence was embodied and represented in language, and that no machine could pass a Turing test through simple language tricks. Although the Turing test is a game involving written language, Turing believed that the only way that a computer could pass it would be for it

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these forms of information in a true test of intelligence. Yet I agree with Turing’s original insight that the text-only version of the Turing test is sufficient. Adding visual or auditory input or output to the test would not actually make it more difficult to pass. One does not need

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remember who she is for subsequent requests.) Tracking all of the information in a conversation—a task that would clearly be required to pass the Turing test—is a significant additional requirement but not fundamentally more difficult than what Watson is doing already. After all, Watson has read hundreds of millions of

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other thinkers, is another matter. Doing so would constitute a higher-level task than Watson is capable of today—it is what I call a Turing test–level task. (That being said, I will point out that most humans do not come up with their own original thoughts either but copy the

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ideas of their peers and opinion leaders.) At any rate, this is 2012, not 2029, so I would not expect Turing test–level intelligence yet. On yet another hand, I would point out that evaluating the answers to questions such as finding key ideas in a novel

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largely assigned our personal, social, and historical memories to them. Although I’m not prepared to move up my prediction of a computer passing the Turing test by 2029, the progress that has been achieved in systems like Watson should give anyone substantial confidence that the advent of Turing-level AI is

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close at hand. If one were to create a version of Watson that was optimized for the Turing test, it would probably come pretty close. American philosopher John Searle (born in 1932) argued recently that Watson is not capable of thinking. Citing his “Chinese

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neocortex has enabled us to sublimate them. Watson’s goal was to respond to Jeopardy! queries. Another simply stated goal could be to pass the Turing test. To do so, a digital brain would need a human narrative of its own fictional story so that it can pretend to be a biological

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to turn a computer into a brain. Alan Turing introduced this goal in his 1950 paper “Computing Machinery and Intelligence,” which includes his now-famous Turing test for ascertaining whether or not an AI has achieved a human level of intelligence. In 1956 von Neumann began preparing a series of lectures intended

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, and my prediction is that the consensus in society will accept them as well. Note that this definition extends beyond entities that can pass the Turing test, which requires mastery of human language. The latter are sufficiently humanlike that I would include them, and I believe that most of society will as

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well, but I also include entities that evidence humanlike emotional reactions but may not be able to pass the Turing test—for example, young children. Does this resolve the philosophical question of who is conscious, at least for myself and others who accept this particular leap

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destruction, and may not have a need for the emotions we see in humans or in any biological creature. Perhaps they could still pass the Turing test, or perhaps they wouldn’t even be willing to try. We do in fact build robots today that do not have a sense of self

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discussion of the issue of consciousness I noted that my own leap of faith is that I would consider a computer that passed a valid Turing test to be conscious. The best chatbots are not able to do that today (although they are steadily improving), so my conclusion with regard to consciousness

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answer questions in Chinese. Searle compares this to a computer and concludes that a computer that could answer questions in Chinese (essentially passing a Chinese Turing test) would, like the man in the Chinese room, have no real understanding of the language and no consciousness of what it was doing. There are

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. It appears to me that many critics will not be satisfied until computers routinely pass the Turing test, but even that threshold will not be clear-cut. Undoubtedly, there will be controversy as to whether claimed Turing tests that have been administered are valid. Indeed, I will probably be among those critics disparaging early

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claims along these lines. By the time the arguments about the validity of a computer passing the Turing test do settle down, computers will have long since surpassed unenhanced human intelligence. My emphasis here is on the word “unenhanced,” because enhancement is precisely the

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, 273, 280 invariance and, 197 memory requirements of, 196–97 parallel processing in, 197 processing speed in, 195–96 redundancy in, 197 singularity and, 194 Turing test and, 159–60, 169, 170, 178, 191, 213, 214, 233, 276, 298n von Neumann on, 191–95 see also neocortex, digital brain, mammalian: hierarchical thinking

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–60, 185, 191 thought experiments of, 185–87, 188 unsolvable problem theorem of, 187, 207–8 Turing machine, 185–87, 186, 188, 192, 207–8 Turing test, 159–60, 169, 170, 178, 191, 213, 214, 233, 276, 298n UIMA (Unstructured Information Management Architecture), 167–68 Ulam, Stan, 194 Unitarianism, 222 universality of

A Mind at Play: How Claude Shannon Invented the Information Age

by Jimmy Soni and Rob Goodman  · 17 Jul 2017  · 415pp  · 114,840 words

of the last thing to be putting up a fight.” While Shannon did not expect a computer to pass the famous, and famously open-ended, Turing Test—a machine indistinguishably mimicking a human—within his lifetime, in 1984 he did propose a set of more discrete goals for artificial intelligence. Computer scientists

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Turing, Alan, xiii, 42–43, 99, 150 cryptography and, 103–6 CS’s friendship with, 104, 106–9 death of, 109 Turing Machines, 103, 106 Turing Test, 209 “Turk, The” (hoax), 210–11, 212 Turkey, 261 Tuxedo Park laboratory, 93 U-boats, 167 Ultimate Machine, xv, 207, 278 uncertainty, in information theory

Nine Algorithms That Changed the Future: The Ingenious Ideas That Drive Today's Computers

by John MacCormick and Chris Bishop  · 27 Dec 2011  · 250pp  · 73,574 words

computer could masquerade as a human. The paper introduced a scientific way of evaluating the similarity between computers and humans, known these days as a “Turing test.” But in a less well-known passage of the same paper, Turing directly analyzed the possibility of modeling a human brain using a computer. He

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data transaction: abort; atomic; in a database; on the internet; rollback travel agent Traveling Salesman Problem trick, definition of TroubleMaker.exe Turing, Alan Turing machine Turing test TV Twain, Mark twenty questions, game of twenty-questions trick two-dimensional parity. See parity two-phase commit U.S. Civil War Ullman, Jeffrey D

The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty

by Benjamin H. Bratton  · 19 Feb 2016  · 903pp  · 235,753 words

has Turing's later conceptualization of “thinking machines,” verified by their ability to convincingly simulate the performance of human-to-human interaction, the so-called Turing test.8 In the decades since Turing's logic machine, computation-in-theory became computers-in-practice, and the digitalization of formal systems into mechanical systems

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high-speed trading algorithms that even their programmers cannot entirely predict and comprehend). The forms of inhuman intelligence that they manifest will never pass the Turing test, nor should we bother asking this of them. It is an absurd and primitive request.18 It is inevitable that synthetic algorithmic intelligences can and

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(September 2012). 17.  Luciana Parisi, Contagious Architecture: Computation, Aesthetics, and Space (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2013). 18.  See my editorial “Outing A.I.: Beyond the Turing Test,” New York Times, February 23, 2015. 19.  To me this is the purchase of the Promethean accelerationism of Reza Negarastani and Ray Brassier. See Brassier

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unclear for everyday human-robotic interaction whether one is encountering a fully autonomous, partially autonomous, or completely human-piloted synthetic intelligence. Everyday interactions replay the Turing test over and over. Is there a person behind this machine, and if so how much? In time, the answer will matter less, and the postulation

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(The Real-Time Operating system Nucleus) (Sakamura), 59–61 Tsar Bomba, 182 Tsiolkovsky, Konstantin, 328 tungsten (wolframite), 82 Turing, Alan, 78–80, 262, 388n5, 389n9 Turing test, 78, 81, 362 Turkey, 403n63 Twitter, 401n47, 403n63, 428n58 2001: A Space Odyssey, 319 Typhoon Morakot, 96 Uber, 308 ubiquitous computing, 198, 200–201, 203

The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant From Two Centuries of Controversy

by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne  · 16 May 2011  · 561pp  · 120,899 words

universities. Among that handful of men was Alan Mathison Turing, who would father the modern computer, computer science, software, artificial intelligence, the Turing machine, the Turing test—and the modern Bayesian revival. Turing had studied pure mathematics at Cambridge and Princeton, but his passion was bridging the gap between abstract logic and

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for Britain’s atomic bomb. Working in Manchester, Turing pioneered the first computer software, gave the first lecture on computer intelligence, and devised his famous Turing Test: a computer is thinking if, after five minutes of questioning, a person cannot distinguish its responses from those of a human in the next room

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of sequential analysis (obituary note on retired RAdm. Garret Lansing Schuyler). Amstat News (33:3). Epstein R, Robert G, Beber G., eds. (2008) Parsing the Turing Test: Philosophical and Methodical Issues in the Quest for the Thinking Computer. Springer. Erskine, Ralph. (October 2006) The Poles reveal their secrets: Alastair Denniston’s account

From Bacteria to Bach and Back: The Evolution of Minds

by Daniel C. Dennett  · 7 Feb 2017  · 573pp  · 157,767 words

a term means unless we can define an operation that we can use to determine when it applies to something. Some have declared that the Turing Test is to be taken as an operationalist definition of intelligence. The “operationalist sleight of hand” that Searle warns against is the claim that we really

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deserve an A+ in any case!) Then how about the task of simply having a sensible conversation with a human being? This is the classic Turing Test, and it really can separate the wheat from the chaff, the sheep from the goats, quite definitively. Watson may beat Ken Jennings and Brad Rutter

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lists of known side effects whenever they advertise a new drug on television). Contests to expose the limits of comprehension, along the lines of the Turing Test, might be a good innovation, encouraging people to take pride in their ability to suss out the fraudulence in a machine the same way they

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” (1984c) that can be found on my website: http://ase.tufts.edu/cogstud/dennett/recent.html. 395Turing Test. For an analysis and defense of the Turing Test as a test of genuine comprehension, see my “Can Machines Think?” (1985), reprinted in Brainchildren, with two postscripts (1985) and (1997); “Fast Thinking” in The

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imagination. I discuss the prospects of such a powerful theory or model of an intelligent agent, and point out a key ambiguity in the original Turing Test, in an interview with Jimmy So about the implications of Her, in “Can Robots Fall in Love” (2013), The Daily Beast, http://www.thedailybeast.com

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natural selection in, 385 plasticity and, 164–65 self-revision and, 158 symbolists and, 384–85 top-down approach to, 195n Turing and, 56, 72 Turing Test in, 395–96 working assumptions of, 156 artists, tradition and, 377 Aspects of the Novel (Forster), 345–46 Aspen groves, 144–45, 146 Asperger’s

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, 58–59 inversion of reasoning by, 4, 55–56, 57–58, 68–69, 75, 162, 411 Pilot ACE computer of, 59 Turing-compatibility, 55–56 Turing Test, 365n, 395–96, 403 types, tokens vs., 182–83, 186–87, 200 typos, 321 Uexküll, Jakob von, 78–79 Umwelt, 88, 98–99, 122, 125

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2312

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