Visions of Inequality: From the French Revolution to the End of the Cold War
by Branko Milanovic · 9 Oct 2023
Copyright © 2023 by the President and Fellows of Harvard College All rights reserved Jacket art (clockwise from top left): Adam Smith (Science Source/Getty Images); Vilfredo Pareto; David Ricardo (Hulton Archive/Getty Images); Portrait du docteur François Quesnay (Musée Carnavalet); Simon Kuznets (AFP via Getty Images); Karl Marx (Hulton Archive/Getty Images
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Ricardo and the Absence of the Equity–Efficiency Trade-off 4 Karl Marx: The Decreasing Rate of Profit but Constant Pressure on Labor Incomes 5 Vilfredo Pareto: From Classes to Individuals 6 Simon Kuznets: Inequality during Modernization 7 The Long Eclipse of Inequality Studies during the Cold War Epilogue: The New Beginning
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be interpreted to deal, directly or indirectly, with income distribution and income inequality. They are Fran ç ois Quesnay, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, Karl Marx, Vilfredo Pareto, Simon Kuznets, and a group of economists from the second half of the twentieth century (the latter collectively influential even as they individually lack the
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) 1823 Karl Marx (65) 1818 (Just after the Napoleonic wars) 1848 (Revolutions in Europe) 1867 (Meiji Restoration) 1883 (Just before the division of Africa conference) Vilfredo Pareto (75) 1848 (Revolutions in Europe) 1896 1923 (Mussolini in power) Simon Kuznets (84) 1901 1955 (Cold War) 1985 (Gorbachev in power) While writing this book
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the real wage increased, and both the rate of profit and the labor share went down. CHAPTER FIVE Vilfredo Pareto: From Classes to Individuals As Michael McLure writes in his excellent editorial notes to Vilfredo Pareto’s Manual of Political Economy, Pareto was “born in Paris in the momentous year that was 1848 from
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of foreign affairs; Karl Marx, then thirty years old, editing and writing for the Rheinische Zeitung and soon to be re-expelled from France; and Vilfredo Pareto, born in the midst of the revolution. Pareto’s parents were affluent (his father was a marquis) and, throughout his life, Pareto lived in very
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of Chicago Press, 2016). 13 . As far as we know, Quesnay and Smith never sat down together to discuss their ideas tête-à-tête. 14 . Vilfredo Pareto, Les systèmes socialistes (Paris: V. Giard and E. Bri è re, 1902). 15 . Georges Weulersse, Le mouvement physiocratique en France (de 1750 à 1770), 2
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England and Wales for 1864, as well as the data sets from Ireland for the same two years. Marx, Capital, vol. 1, ch. 25. 118 . Vilfredo Pareto, “La courbe de la repartition de la richesse,” Universit é de Lausanne, Recueil publi é par la Facult é de Droit à l’occasion de
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Brentano (anonymously), “How Karl Marx Quotes,” Concordia 10, March 7, 1872. Concordia was the organ of the German Manufacturers’ Association. 5. Vilfredo Pareto 1 . Michael McLure, “Editor’s Notes,” in Vilfredo Pareto, Manual of Political Economy: A Critical and Variorum Edition, ed. Aldo Montesano, Alberto Zanni, Luigino Bruni, John S. Chipman, and Michael McLure
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(Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2014), 615. Original Italian edition: Vilfredo Pareto, Manuale di economia politica (Milan: Societ à Editrice Libraria, 1906). 2 . See Raymond Aron, “Paretian Politics,” in Pareto and Mosca, ed. James H. Meisel (Englewood
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go and convert people in Africa and Asia, yet who refuse to worship their God in an American church to which a Negro is admitted.” Vilfredo Pareto, Selections from His Treatise (New York: T. Y. Crowell, 1965), 73. 4 . Pareto scoffs: “If the Negroes were stronger than the Europeans, Europe would be
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of ‘civilized’ to conquer other peoples whom it pleases them to call ‘uncivilized,’ is altogether ridiculous, or rather, this right is nothing other than force.” Vilfredo Pareto, Sociological Writings, selected by Samuel E. Finer, trans. Derick Mirfin (New York: Frederick A. Praeger, 1966), 136. 5 . Pareto, Sociological Writings, 140. 6 . Pareto, Sociological
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Writings, 213. 7 . Pareto, Sociological Writings, 138. 8 . Vilfredo Pareto, Les Systèmes Socialistes: Cours professé à l’Université de Lausanne, 2 vols. (Paris: V. Giard et E. Bri è re, 1902), 1:7. The beginning
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University Press, 2017). 10 . Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought, trans. Richard Howard and Helen Weaver, vol. 2 (1967; London: Pelican, 1970), 177. 11 . Vilfredo Pareto, The Mind and Society , vol. 1, Non-Logical Conduct , ed. Arthur Livingston (New York: Harcourt, Brace, 1935), 9, 231–384. 12 . Werner Stark, “In Search
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Journal of Economics and Sociology 67, no. 3 (2008): 481–527. 27 . Pareto, Les Systèmes Socialistes, 1:158–159. My translation. 28 . They are in Vilfredo Pareto, “Aggiunta allo studio sulla curva delle entrate,” Giornale degli economisti, 2nd series, vol. 14 (January 1897): 15–26. 29 . The last five are in
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Vilfredo Pareto, “La courbe de la r é partition de la richesse,” in Recueil publié par la Faculté de Droit, University of Lausanne, 373–387 (Lausanne: Viret-
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Genton, 1896), reprinted in Vilfredo Pareto, Ėcrits sur la courbe de la répartition de la richesse, ed. Giovanni Busino (Geneva: Librairie Droz, 1965), 2, 4. 30 . In obtaining the data, according
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he lived. Giovanni Busino, “Pr é sentation,” in Pareto, Ėcrits sur la courbe, x. The data were gathered in 1893 and the first publication was Vilfredo Pareto, “La legge della demanda,” Giornale degli economisti, 2nd series, vol. 10 (January 1895): 59–68. 31 . Pareto, Ėcrits sur la courbe, 1–15. 32 . Pareto
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. 35 . Stark, “In Search of the True Pareto,” 111. 36 . Pareto, Manual of Political Economy, 197–198. 37 . Pareto, Manual of Political Economy, 195. 38 . Vilfredo Pareto, “La Courbe des Revenus,” Le Monde Économique, July 25, 1896, 99–100, reprinted in Pareto, Écrits sur la courbe, 16–18. 39 . Pareto, Manual of
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Political Economy, 195. 40 . Vilfredo Pareto, “La r é partition des revenus,” Le Monde Économique, August 28, 1897, 259–261, reprinted in Pareto, Écrits sur la courbe, 47. 41 . Pareto, “La
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r é partition des revenus,” 48. My translation. 42 . Vilfredo Pareto to Maffeo Pantaleoni, cited in Busino, “Pr é sentation,” in Pareto, Ėcrits sur la courbe, xv. My translation. 43 . Pareto, Manual of Political Economy, 196
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, 184 , 185 ; income distribution among English and Welsh taxpayers, 1865, 159 , 160 ; inverse, 322n46 ; inverted, 322n46 ; Pareto’s law of income distribution and, 179–185 Pareto, Vilfredo, 1 , 241 , 244 ; body of work, 2 , 3 ; class struggle and, 164 ; contributions and legacy, 185–188 , 213 ; with elite and general population, 12 , 14
The Haves and the Have-Nots: A Brief and Idiosyncratic History of Global Inequality
by Branko Milanovic · 15 Dec 2010 · 251pp · 69,245 words
Redistribution? Vignette 1.8 - Can Several Countries Exist in One? Vignette 1.9 - Will China Survive in 2048? Vignette 1.10 - Two Students of Inequality: Vilfredo Pareto and Simon Kuznets CHAPTER 2 Vignette 2.1 - Why Was Marx Led Astray? Vignette 2.2 - How Unequal Is Today’s World? Vignette 2.3
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in the mainstream position. It was only in the early 1900s that the distribution of income among individuals (not among classes) attracted the attention of Vilfredo Pareto, a Franco-Italian economist who taught at the University of Lausanne in Switzerland. (His contribution is highlighted in Vignette 1.10.) It was around the
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fall of communism may be interpreted in many different ways. As far as inequality is concerned, it holds several important lessons. First, it unambiguously disproves Vilfredo Pareto’s contention of an “iron law” of income distribution: It shows that distributions can be altered by different political arrangements. Second, it shows that economic
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danger to Chinese national unity, it is very likely to come from the economic split within the nation. Vignette 1.10 Two Students of Inequality: Vilfredo Pareto and Simon Kuznets It may surprise the reader that there are few theories or theoretical insights into the formation and evolution in time of income
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distributed among citizens in societies, not only what percentage of the total income is appropriated by capitalists or workers. This is where our first hero, Vilfredo Pareto, comes in. But before we move to him, it is worth mentioning the second reason (not often explicitly stated), why studies of interpersonal inequality are
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the era of classless and equal society. It was safer to believe that than to investigate it too closely. Let us now go back to Vilfredo Pareto. Pareto was a strange character. Born as a marquis in Paris, in the year of the Pan-European revolution (1848), to an Italian father and
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, born at 10 rue Guy-de-la Brosse, in the Fifth Arrondissement, see Pier Carlo Ferrera, “Appunti e precisazioni su alcuni aspetti della biografia di Vilfredo Pareto,” Paretiana, no. 160. For Marx, living from June 3 to August 24, 1849, at 45 rue de Lille, in the Seventh Arrondissement, see Saul K
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am grateful to Andrea Brandolini for the information on Pareto. 5 Raymond Aron, Main Currents in Sociological Thought (New York: Pelican, 1967), 2:176. 6 Vilfredo Pareto, Manual of Political Economy, translated by Ann S. Schwirr (New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971), 2. 7 “This is why Pareto will always remain apart
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U inequality curve.] ———. Economic Growth and Structure: Selected Essays. New Delhi: Oxford University Press and IBH, 1965. [Selected papers on inequality, industrial structure, and demography.] Pareto, Vilfredo. Manual of Political Economy. Translated by Ann S. Schwirr. 1906. Reprint, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971. [Pareto’s economics textbook, and much more.] ———. “On
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U inequality curve.] ———. Economic Growth and Structure: Selected Essays. New Delhi: Oxford University Press and IBH, 1965. [Selected papers on inequality, industrial structure, and demography.] Pareto, Vilfredo. Manual of Political Economy. Translated by Ann S. Schwirr. 1906. Reprint, New York: Augustus M. Kelley, 1971. [Pareto’s economics textbook, and much more.] ———. “On
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and class and economic development and fiscal distribution and fixity of functional global in Great Britain household surveys and inequality and “iron law” of market Pareto, Vilfredo and Parisian political economy and in Russia socialism and society and state and taxation and theory of workers and Income divergence Income inequality. See Global
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justice and economy and education and ethics and evolution of high history of investment and justice and Kuznets, Simon and Kuznets’ hypothesis and measurement of Pareto, Vilfredo and Parisian arrondissements and positive vs. negative Pride and Prejudice (Austen) and redistribution and Roman Empire and social arrangements, desirability of and socialism and society
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Nights Oregon Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Orwell, George Overcoat (Gogol) Pakistan Pallas, Marcus Antonius Panama Pan-European revolution (1848) Papua New Guinea Pareto, Vilfredo background of income distribution and “law” of income distribution of Pareto improvement (Pareto optimum) and Paris, France income distribution in wealth distribution in Parisian arrondissements
The 80/20 Principle: The Secret of Achieving More With Less
by Richard Koch · 15 Dec 1999 · 296pp · 78,227 words
well.” In fact, the book has sold more than 700,000 copies worldwide and been translated into twenty-four languages. More than a century since Vilfredo Pareto noted the consistently lopsided relationship between inputs and outputs, and a decade since this book reinterpreted Pareto’s principle, I think we can now say
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discovery: systematic and predictable lack of balance The pattern underlying the 80/20 Principle was discovered in 1897, about 100 years ago, by Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923). His discovery has since been called many names, including the Pareto Principle, the Pareto Law, the 80/20 Rule, the Principle of Least
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even the select band of cognoscenti who know and use the 80/20 Principle only exploit a tiny proportion of its power. So what did Vilfredo Pareto discover? He happened to be looking at patterns of wealth and income in nineteenth-century England. He found that most income and wealth went to
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course of history. We can best appreciate the importance of alliances by a brief historical excursion. History is driven by individuals who form effective alliances Vilfredo Pareto, the “bourgeois Karl Marx,” claimed that history was essentially a history of the succession of élites.4 The objective of energetic individuals or families was
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do is put it in the right place and then leave it there.1 MONEY OBEYS THE 80/20 PRINCIPLE It is no accident that Vilfredo Pareto discovered what we now know as the 80/20 Principle when he was researching the distribution of incomes and wealth. He found that there was
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the introduction, and Pareto does not even appear in the index. Like many writers, Cotter is anachronistic in attributing the 80/20 formulation itself to Pareto: “Vilfredo Pareto was a French-born economist who observed 100 years ago that 20% of the factors in most situations account for 80% of what happens (that
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the ultimate source of) the 80/20 Principle as we know it today. 3 Living with the car, (1996) The Economist (22 June): 8. 4 Vilfredo Pareto (1896/7) Cours d’Economique Politique, Lausanne University. Despite the conventional mythology, Pareto did not use the “80/20” phrase in his discussion of income
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philology, the economic faculty demonstrated a hearty appreciation of the “Pareto law.” For what is still the best explanation of this, see the article by Vilfredo Pareto in Quarterly Journal of Economics, 68, no. 2, May 1949 (President and Fellows of Harvard College). 7 For an excellent explanation of Zipf’s law
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-friendly. Without this move, fiercely resisted by St. Peter and most of the other original disciples, Christianity would have remained an obscure sect. 4 See Vilfredo Pareto (1968) The Rise and Fall of Elites, intr. Hans L. Zetterberg (New York: Arno Press). Originally published in 1901 in Italian, this is a shorter
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, 1997) Selecting Shares that Perform (London: Pitman). 2 Based on the BZW Equity and Gilt Study (1993, London: BZW). See Koch, ibid., p. 3. 3 Vilfredo Pareto, op. cit. 4 See Janet Lowe (1995) Benjamin Graham, The Dean of Wall Street (London: Pitman). 5 Besides the historic P/E, which is based
The Misbehavior of Markets: A Fractal View of Financial Turbulence
by Benoit Mandelbrot and Richard L. Hudson · 7 Mar 2006 · 364pp · 101,286 words
from Earth, the gravitational pull on it falls to a fourth its original value. In economics, one classic power law was discovered by Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto a century ago. It describes the distribution of income in the upper reaches of society. That power law concentrates much more of a society’s
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power law. Whether we are rich or poor, thriving or starving, also appeared subject to strong influence. Clue No. 2: Early Power Laws in Economics Vilfredo Pareto was an Italian industrialist, economist, and sociologist with a turbulent career and a somewhat jaundiced view of the human enterprise. He was born in 1848
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: Mandelbrot 1997b. Mandelbrot, Benoit B. 1960. The Pareto-Lévy law and the distribution of income. International Economic Review 1: 79-106. • Reprint: Mandelbrot 1997a.• Reprint: Vilfredo Pareto: Critical Assessments. Edited by John C. Wood and Michael McLure. London: Routledge, 1999, IV, 155-182. • Reprint: Income Distribution, Edited by Michael Sattinger. The International
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. Mandelbrot, Benoit B. 1961. Stable Paretian random functions and the multiplicative variation of income. Econometrica 29: 517-543. • Reprint: Chapter E11 of Mandelbrot 1997a. • Reprint: Vilfredo Pareto: Critical Assessments. Edited by John C. Wood and Michael McLure. London: Routledge, 1999, IV, 183-209. Mandelbrot, Benoit B. 1962a. Paretian distributions and income maximization
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. Quarterly Journal of Economics 76: 57-85. • Reprint: Chapter E12 of Mandelbrot 1997a • Reprint: Vilfredo Pareto: Critical Assessments. Edited by John C. Wood and Michael McLure. London: Routledge, 1999, IV, 210-240. Mandelbrot, Benoit B. 1962b. Sur certains prix spéculatifs: faits
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71, 421-440. • Reprint: Bulletin of the International Statistical Institute, 34th Session, Ottawa 40 (book 2), 1964, 699-720. • Reprint: Chapter E3 Mandelbrot 1997a. • Reprint: Vilfredo Pareto: Critical Assessments. Edited by John C. Wood and Michael McLure. London: Routledge, 1999, IV, 241-263. • Reprint: Forecasting Financial Markets. Edited by Terence C. Mills
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of five to two million square kilometers, one day to 75 years. Journal of Hydrology 208: 62-81. Pareto, Vilfredo. 1896. Cours d’économie politique. Reprinted in Oeuvres Complètes, 1966, Vol.I. Geneva: Librairie Droz. Pareto, Vilfredo. 1909. Manuel d’économie politique. Traduction française sur l’édition italienne par Alfred Bonnet (revue par l
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theories influencing Chicago Board Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development P/E Effect P/E ratio. See Price/earnings ratio PanAgora Asset Management Panorama fractals Pareto, Vilfredo birth of books of economics studied by formula of income studied by power law studied by scaling understood by short biography of Paris Bourse Paris
Make Your Own Job: How the Entrepreneurial Work Ethic Exhausted America
by Erik Baker · 13 Jan 2025 · 362pp · 132,186 words
a resurgence of working-class militancy in the early 1930s, characterized by powerful demonstrations of worker spontaneity and collectivity.41 The Italian economist and sociologist Vilfredo Pareto was just as influential at HBS as Whitehead—on the page rather than in person, since Pareto died in Italy in 1923. Henderson discovered Pareto
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intellectual-historical significance, see Joel Isaac, Working Knowledge: Making the Human Sciences from Parsons to Kuhn (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2012). 45Joseph A. Schumpeter, “Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923),” Quarterly Journal of Economics 63, no. 2 (1949): 147–173, at 173. 46Joseph A. Schumpeter, Capitalism, Socialism, and Democracy (New York: Harper, 2008
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, 234; and mass services, 30; and modeling, 121; and New Thought, 31; and personnel management, 44; and stabilization policy, 70; and Timothy Bates, 226; and Vilfredo Pareto, 57 economy, 78, 82, 91–92, 106, 116, 129, 131, 151, 166, 172, 208; capitalist, 98, 159, 177; consumer, 29; and dislocation, 154, 161; and
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Cabot, 66; Research Center, 118–19; Research Center in Entrepreneurial History, 118; and researchers, 55–56; and Robert Hayes, 188; and Rockefeller Foundation, 65; and Vilfredo Pareto, 57; and Wallace Donham, 64; and William Abernathy, 188 Harvard University, 1, 45, 50, 59–60, 63, 70, 108, 120, 122, 162, 234; and business
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, 164, 222, 242, 248, 253, 258; and Divine Science, 38; and Mental Science, 32 Nisbet, Robert, 100 Noyce, Robert, 146 Occupy Wall Street movement, 250 Pareto, Vilfredo, 57–60, 62, 65 Peale, Norman Vincent, 85–88, 134–35, 164, 177, 210, 245 Pichai, Sundar, 6 Pinchot, Elizabeth, 190–93, 199, 201, 221
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entrepreneurship, 52, 58, 61–62, 66, 70, 120, 234; and expertise, 61; and industrial creativity, 70; and L. J. Henderson, 57; and rationalism, 58; and Vilfredo Pareto, 57–58; and work, 53, 58 Scott, Ridley, 150 Scott, Walter Dill, 45–47, 49 Sears, Richard, 46 Sears Roebuck, 123–24 Self-Help (1859
Termites of the State: Why Complexity Leads to Inequality
by Vito Tanzi · 28 Dec 2017
., p. 306). Keynes’s view on the religious side of socialism was similar to those that, in 1900, had been expressed by the Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto in a review of a book on socialism, written by G. le Bon, a French sociologist, called Psychologie du socialism. As Keynes would comment twenty
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the frequent fiscal deficits that had characterized the Italian public finances after the unification of Italy in 1861 (see Tanzi, 2012). The famous Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto had dismissed that hypothesis and had concluded that it was too far-fetched to have much practical relevance. He had expressed strong doubts that individuals
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could be justified by the traditional interpretation of the Pareto Optimum, the criterion that has dominated welfare economics for much of the past century, since Vilfredo Pareto, an Italian economist, first proposed it at the beginning of the twentieth century. The criterion states that if one group, for example, the top 1
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, 2013, Tax Havens: How Globalization Really Works (Cornell, NY: Cornell University Press) Palmer, Tom G., 2012, After the Welfare State, (Ottawa, IL: Jameson Books, Inc.). Pareto, Vilfredo, [1900] 1973, “La Psicologia del socialismo” in Pareto: Un’ Antologia, edited by Franco Ferrarotti (Milan: Oscar Mondadori), pp. 139–142. Pascual, Pasky, Wendy Wagner, and
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Organization of Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 149, 241–42, 278, 296–97 Outsourcing, 112 Pacioli, Luca, 291 Pakistan, Constitution, 270 Panama Papers, 370 Pareto, Vilfredo, 28, 37, 63, 318–19 Pareto Optimum, 217–18 Pareto Welfare Criterion, 318–19 Patents, 347, 359, 361 Paternalistic governments, 65 Paternalistic regulations, 36 Peacock
How Markets Fail: The Logic of Economic Calamities
by John Cassidy · 10 Nov 2009 · 545pp · 137,789 words
general equilibrium theory. Friedman’s brand of utopian economics is much better known, but it is the mathematical exposition, associated with names like Léon Walras, Vilfredo Pareto, and Kenneth Arrow, that explains the respect, nay, awe with which many professional economists view the free market. Even today, many books about economics give
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applied to individual firms and businesses. Building on the Tableau Economique (Economic Table) that François Quesnay, the eighteenth-century philosopher, had constructed, Léon Walras and Vilfredo Pareto, who both taught at the University of Lausanne, set out to create a coherent mathematical theory of the entire economy. Walras was born in northern
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: by no means was he a reactionary. However, he believed that many critics of capitalism had neglected its inner logic. On his retirement in 1893, Vilfredo Pareto, a disputatious Ligurian aristocrat, took his place. Walras and Pareto didn’t get on well, but their names will forever be linked to the “Lausanne
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Exporting Countries (OPEC) O’Rourke, Kevin O’Toole, Bob Ove Arup Ownit Mortgage Solutions Oxford University Pacific Investment Management Company Padilla, Mathew paradox of thrift Pareto, Vilfredo Pareto efficiency Parker Brothers Pasternak, Boris Paulson, Henry “Hank” Pearl Harbor, Japanese attack on Pender, Kathleen Penn Square Bank Pennsylvania, University of, Wharton School of Business
When More Is Not Better: Overcoming America's Obsession With Economic Efficiency
by Roger L. Martin · 28 Sep 2020 · 600pp · 72,502 words
Pareto Economy The Gaussian distribution is by no means the only distribution of economic outcomes imaginable. At the turn of the twentieth century, Italian economist Vilfredo Pareto noted that, at the time, 20 percent of Italian families owned 80 percent of Italy’s land.1 Most of the remaining 80 percent, who
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the historically Gaussian patterns that we have always assumed. It is most obvious in wealth, where the distribution is far beyond the 80–20 of Vilfredo Pareto’s Italy. The richest 1 percent of Americans own almost 40 percent of the country’s wealth, while the bottom 90 percent own just 23
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. Kolasky and Dick, “The Merger Guidelines.” 12. Matthew Stewart, The Management Myth: Debunking Modern Business Philosophy (New York: W. W. Norton, 2009). Chapter 3 1. Vilfredo Pareto, “The Curve of the Distribution of Wealth,” translated by John Caincross for History of Economic Ideas, vol. 17, no. 1 (2009): 132–143. Pareto’s
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, 92 Office of the Superintendent of Financial Institutions (OFSI), 139–141 off-shoring, 155 oligopolies, 63 optimal financial structure, 173 options trading, 55 outsourcing, 155 Pareto, Vilfredo, 59 Pareto distribution, 46, 57, 59–76, 100 challenge of, 75–76 in companies, 71–73 of income, 161–162 monocultures and, 73–75 Parker
Statistics in a Nutshell
by Sarah Boslaugh · 10 Nov 2012
and Accessory) to the right-hand y-axis. This is a simplified example and violates the 80:20 rule (discussed in the next sidebar about Vilfredo Pareto) because only a few major causes of defects are shown. In a more realistic example, there might be 30 or more competing causes, and the
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the left-hand y-axis and the percent on the right, and the actual number of cases for each cause are displayed within each bar. Vilfredo Pareto Vilfredo Pareto (1843–1923) was an Italian economist who discovered what is now called the Pareto principle, also known as the principle of “the vital few and
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, in descriptive statistics, Inferential Statistics, Populations and Samples parametric statistics, Data Transformations, Nonparametric Statistics, Glossary of Statistical Terms Pareto charts (diagrams), Pareto Charts–Pareto Charts Pareto, Vilfredo, Pareto Charts partial correlation, Methods for Building Regression Models PCA (Principal Components Analysis), Factor Analysis–Factor Analysis, Factor Analysis, Factor Analysis–Factor Analysis Pearson correlation coefficient
Strategy: A History
by Lawrence Freedman · 31 Oct 2013 · 1,073pp · 314,528 words
and political positions within Italy during a long life; the German sociologist Robert Michels, who spent most of his career in Italy; and the Italian Vilfredo Pareto, who began his career in Italy but then decamped to Geneva. Their ideas developed as an explicit correction to expectations of a progressively more equal
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leading figure in the university and a colleague of Mayo’s. This was based on their shared interest in the Italian sociologist and notable elitist Vilfredo Pareto. Having discovered Pareto in the mid-1920s, Henderson became something of an evangelist in the 1930s, establishing what became known as the “Pareto Circle” at
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, Pareto, and Weber: A Historical Comparison,” in Wolfgang Mommsen and Jurgen Osterhammel, eds., Max Weber and His Contemporaries (London: Allen & Unwin, 1987), 139–158. 8. Vilfredo Pareto, The Mind and Society, edited by Arthur Livingston, 4 volumes (New York: Harcourt Brace, 1935). 9. Geraint Parry, Political Elites (London: George Allen & Unwin, 1969
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–58, 63, 617 Mammon in, 60–61 Moloch in, 60–61 Pandemonium in, 60–61 Satan in, 54, 56–64, 617 Paret, Peter, 86, 204 Pareto, Vilfredo circulation of elites and, 325 legacy of, 335, 471–472, 515 lion and fox analogies of, 324–325 logical conduct and, 324 Pareto efficiency and
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