Westphalian system Concepts

The Stack: On Software and Sovereignty

by Benjamin H. Bratton · 19 Feb 2016 · 903pp · 235,753 words

that breaks down the order of the nomos: “With the religious wars, but perhaps also the English dominance of the sea—now leads to the Westphalian system of nation-states, in which, for the first time, the new nomos of state equality and friend-foe emerges. The friend-foe opposition is possible

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, 5, 309–310 Kojève on, 109 modern, 24 non-state actors functioning as, 10–11 socialist, platform in, 59 twentieth-century achievements of, 309, 443n23 Westphalian system of, 14, 397n19 Native Land-Stop Eject (Virilio and Depardon, curators), 265 Negarastani, Rezi, 390n19 Negroponte, Nicholas, 201 nemein, 379n12 neo-Austrian libertarians, 285 neo

The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder

by Sean McFate · 22 Jan 2019 · 330pp · 83,319 words

this corruption cannot be stopped, but it can be weaponized. Diplomacy also matters, but not in the way people think. Diplomatic statecraft evolved with the Westphalian system and is dying with it. Ministries of foreign affairs and the US State Department were designed to talk to other states, but now nonstate actors

When China Rules the World: The End of the Western World and the Rise of the Middle Kingdom

by Martin Jacques · 12 Nov 2009 · 859pp · 204,092 words

a counterweight to the megastate, both the old (the United States) and especially the new (China and India). Quite where this will leave the old Westphalian system is difficult to say. States of the scale, size and potential power of China and India will dwarf the vast majority of other countries. This

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earliest stages of their transformation, it is impossible at present to conceive what this might mean in terms of their relationship with other states. The Westphalian system may well survive the emergence of China and India as global powers, but it will certainly look very different from any previous stage in its

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.8 From the second half of the nineteenth century, with the growing power of the European nations and the decline of China, the European-conceived Westphalian system, together with its colonial subsystem, steadily replaced the tributary system as the organizing principle of interstate relations in the region, or, more accurately, perhaps, was

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is likely to evolve and, in particular, to what extent it might bear some of the hallmarks of the tributary system. The tributary system and Westphalian system are often regarded as polar opposites and mutually exclusive, the former involving a hierarchical relationship, the latter based on relations of equality between sovereign nation

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-states. In fact, as mentioned in Chapter 7, the Westphalian system in practice has never been quite that simple. For most of its history it was largely confined to a group of European states, since until

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varying degrees of limited sovereignty in their relationship with the United States. Given the profound inequalities in interstate relations, the concept of equality in the Westphalian system is thus legalistic rather than real. In practice, as with the tributary system, it has strong hierarchical features.85 Like the tributary system, the

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has an influential cultural component, namely the idea of hegemony or soft power. In other words, the distinction between the tributary and Westphalian systems is not quite as clear-cut as one might think. Seen in these terms, the restoration of elements of the tributary system in a modernized

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, indeed, Chinese attitudes towards concepts of sovereignty and interstate relations continue to owe at least as much to the tributary legacy as to the contemporary Westphalian system.86 The Chinese concept of sovereignty differs markedly from that in Western-inspired international law. Take the dispute over the sovereignty of the Spratly and

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principle of ‘one civilization, many systems’. In contrast, the Western notion of sovereignty rests on the principle of ‘one nation-state, one system’, and the Westphalian system on ‘one system, many nation-states’.97 The Chinese attitude towards sovereignty is closely related to the old Confucian concept of ‘harmony with difference’, which

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the idea of unity rather than fragmentation, that of the civilization-state rather than the nation-state, that of the tributary system rather than the Westphalian system, a distinctive Chinese notion of race, and an organizing political dynamic of centralization/decentralization rather than modernization/conservatism. Given the nodal importance of Chinese unity

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international relations will become more diverse, demanding room be made for competing concepts, different histories and varying sizes. THE RETURN OF THE TRIBUTARY SYSTEM The Westphalian system has dominated international relations ever since the emergence of the modern European nation-state. It has become the universal conceptual language of the international system

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. As we have seen, however, the Westphalian system has itself metamorphosed over time and enjoyed several different iterations. Even so, it remains what it was, an essentially European-derived concept designed to make

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this congruence has been least true in East Asia, where the legacy of the tributary state system, and the presence of China, mean that the Westphalian system exists in combination with, and on top of, pre-existing structures and attitudes. The specificity of the East Asian reality is illustrated by the fact

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discovered the world was no longer Eurocentric.20 The idea that East Asia in future will owe as much to the tributary system as the Westphalian system will inevitably influence how China views the wider international system. Moreover if East Asia, as the most important region in the world, operates according to

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and countries, notably Africa. Wang Gungwu suggests that even when China was forced to abandon the tributary system and adapt to the disciplines of the Westphalian system, in which all states enjoyed formal equality, China never really believed that this was the case. ‘This doubt partly explains,’ argues Wang Gungwu, ‘the current

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entirely extinguished but continued - as a matter of habit and custom, the product of an enduring history - in a submerged form beneath the newly dominant Westphalian system. Up to a point, then, it never completely disappeared, even when China was a far less important actor in East Asia than it had been

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; and it should not be forgotten that it was Europe which forced China, against its wishes, to forsake the tributary system in favour of the Westphalian system in the first place. It is not inconceivable, however, that in the long run Australia and New Zealand might enter into some elements of a

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polity. As a civilization-state masquerad ing in the clothes of a nation-state, its underlying nature and identity will increasingly assert itself. The present Westphalian system of international relations in East Asia is likely to be steadily superseded by something that resembles a modern incarnation of the tributary system. A nation

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modernity inequality, in China Inner Mongolia interest groups internal wars, in Europe international financial system international gold standard system international system see also tributary system; Westphalian system international trade East Asia in Ming dynasty in Song dynasty internet inventions Iran Iraq Japan agriculture and ASEAN and China clothing democracy distinctiveness of and

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decline of and the developing world share of world population view on Asia modernity view on China Westernization food language physical appearance politics and power Westphalian system wet rice farming Wolferen, Karel van Wong Bin workplace World Bank world history writing system WTO Xinjiang Xu Zongheng Xuchang Man Yan Xuetong Yang Qingqing

Capital Without Borders

by Brooke Harrington · 11 Sep 2016 · 358pp · 104,664 words

the one hand, there is recognition of a profound change occurring in the configuration of state power. Some view this as the end of the Westphalian system: “A key feature of the current epoch is the supersession of the nation-state as the organizing principle of capitalism.… [T]ransnational or global space

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been barred from reentering the country.70 At the other extreme, some observers argue that it is better to acquiesce to the crumbling of the Westphalian system by giving up on the notion of citizenship altogether. A recent book of policy scholarship proposes “abolishing borders and transforming all human beings into citizens

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the world are largely ungoverned, and ungovernable. It is this, even more than the emptying of state coffers, that poses the direst threat to the Westphalian system. This brings us to the third and final contribution of this book to the study of states and political economy: the suggestion that a kind

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: the offshore nations have the same right to make their own rules, and to ignore those of other countries, as the sovereign states in the Westphalian system. But the aims of the parasite are totally different: rather than offering governance and public services to the populace at large, the parasitic system offers

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rule of law, 149–60; wealth managers and confiscatory, 12; wealth managers’ conflicted position regarding, 17–18, 21–22, 25, 233–70, 272, 289, 297; Westphalian system, 133, 234, 235, 290, 293–97. See also regulation; sovereignty; taxes Statute of Elizabeth (1571), 155, 156, 157 STEP (Society of Trust and Estate Practitioners

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, 217–18; on expert authority, 276; sociology defined, 28; on traditional authority wrapped in rational-legal structure, 113; on value spheres, 277; on vaqf, 112 Westphalian system, 133, 234, 235, 290, 293–97 Whyte, William, 25, 27 wills: British limitations on writing of, 57, 58; in financial architecture, 7; land transference by

The Virtue of Nationalism

by Yoram Hazony · 3 Sep 2018 · 333pp · 86,628 words

, Kant was merely offering yet another version of the German-led Holy Roman Empire.55 Adenauer’s repeated proposals to restrain Germany by eliminating the Westphalian system of national states did not, for this reason, envision Germans giving up on much that had been historically significant to them. The chancellor was in

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. This point is discussed at length by Croxton, who suggests that the interpretation of the treaties as having been responsible for giving birth to a “Westphalian” system of sovereign states goes unnoticed in the international-relations literature until Pierre-Joseph Proudhon points it out in 1863. Derek Croxton, Westphalia (New York: Palgrave

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” and “sovereign” states in Europe in 1758, a century after the Westphalia treaties, but Croxton’s point is basically right: What is later called the Westphalian system is hardly the only possible view of the order emerging during the Thirty Years’ War. 27. The English common lawyer Matthew Hale, a disciple of

The Road to Ruin: The Global Elites' Secret Plan for the Next Financial Crisis

by James Rickards · 15 Nov 2016 · 354pp · 105,322 words

the desolation was the Peace of Westphalia, from which emerged the modern state system of sovereignty and diplomacy we have had ever since. Under the Westphalian system, states existed within recognized borders. Each state’s sovereignty was recognized by others. Principles of noninterference were agreed. Religious differences between states were tolerated. States

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the primary threats. Great Britain, and later the United States, served as principal counterweights first to French, and then to German and Russian power. The Westphalian system collapsed utterly in the horrors of the First and Second World Wars. The interwar period, 1919–39, saw efforts to build another world order based

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-based empire, the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, and proxy states including Cuba, North Korea, and North Vietnam. This postwar condominium included elements of the Westphalian system such as statehood, sovereignty, and diplomacy, now supplemented with more robust versions of the failed multilateral institutions of the interwar period. The United Nations, International

The Social Life of Money

by Nigel Dodd · 14 May 2014 · 700pp · 201,953 words

) in the Holy Roman Empire, and the Eighty Years’ War (1568–1648) between Spain and the Dutch Republic. As a model of global order, the Westphalian system is underpinned by recognition of the fundamental right of a state to political self-determination, the assumption of states’ legal equality, and the principle that

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, 217 Weimar inflation, 131n57, 142, 224, 387 welfare. See social welfare Wendt, Alexander, 220 Wergild, 24, 302 Western Union, 380n Westphalia. See Peace of Westphalia Westphalian system, 216–27, 238 Where’s George?, 226 Wherry, Frederick, 164n Whuffie, 214, 316, 381 WikiLeaks, 380n Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 390 workers, 59, 72, 73, 74, 75

State-Building: Governance and World Order in the 21st Century

by Francis Fukuyama · 7 Apr 2004

. It has also become a critical problem at the level of the international system as a whole. Sovereignty and the nation-state, cornerstones of the Westphalian system, have been eroded in fact and attacked in principle because what goes on inside states—in other words, their internal governance—often matters intensely to

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1998; for a critical view, see Carpenter 1997). In the debates over humanitarian intervention, the case was made that the Westphalian system was no longer an adequate framework for international relations. The Westphalian system was built around a deliberate agnosticism over the question of legitimacy. The end of the Cold War, it was argued

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vouchers, 59 index Washington consensus, 5, 15, 17 weapons of mass destruction (WMD), xi, 93, 98, 105, 108 Weber, Max, 6, 67 Weingast, Barry, 33 Westphalian system, 92, 97 Wiley, Harvey, 64 Williamson, Oliver, 46, 52, 79 Wilson, James Q., 79 Wilson, Woodrow, 109 Winthrop, Governor, 113 Wood, Robert, 71 137 Woolcock

Equality

by Darrin M. McMahon · 14 Nov 2023 · 534pp · 166,876 words

perfectly coincide, and the principle of sovereign equality as it had developed since the early modern period was no exception. In theory, the so-called Westphalian system of states, said to have come into being when the Peace of Westphalia (1648) put an end to the European religious wars of the sixteenth

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, gave birth to the sovereign equality that Vattel described, with its attendant principles of territorial integrity and nonintervention. But as historians have made clear, the Westphalian system is largely a myth, and even in Vattel’s aspirational form, it admitted of numerous exceptions.10 More to the point, the European state system

War for Eternity: Inside Bannon's Far-Right Circle of Global Power Brokers

by Benjamin R. Teitelbaum · 14 May 2020 · 307pp · 88,745 words

to dominate it: “What the Chinese have in mind is anti-Westphalian. This is why Olavo and I are exactly on the same page. The Westphalian system is a system of nation-states—individual, independent, robust nation-states where the citizen can get the most value and have the most ability to

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of justification. Being a nationalist for one’s self must involve, he would tell you, being a nationalist on behalf of others. That is the Westphalian system of governance that he idolizes. It’s about respect for the sovereignty of the nation-state as a transcendent principle. And it’s about respecting