WikiLeaks

The WikiLeaks Files: The World According to US Empire

by Wikileaks  · 24 Aug 2015  · 708pp  · 176,708 words

.11 While such religious hysteria seems laughable to those outside the US national security sector, it has resulted in a serious poverty of analysis of WikiLeaks publications in American international relations journals. However, scholars in disciplines as varied as law, linguistics, applied statistics, health, and economics have not been so

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not merely odd, but suspicious. These journals, which dominate the study of international relations globally, should be a natural home for the proper analysis of WikiLeaks’ two-billion-word diplomatic corpus. The US-based International Studies Quarterly (ISQ), a major international relations journal, adopted a policy against accepting manuscripts based on

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the worldwide promotion of neoliberal economic reform, providing American corporations with access to “global markets.” The chapter draws on State Department cables published by WikiLeaks, as well as WikiLeaks publications dating back to 2007 concerning the “private sector,” including material on banks and global multilateral treaty negotiations. The chapter provides luminous examples

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Israel, the crux of American power in the region was formed by Egypt, the Gulf regimes, and the North African dictatorships. This is where WikiLeaks comes in. WikiLeaks has justifiably gained much credit for helping to ignite the Middle East rebellion. One explanation for this was that, while the space of “civil

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transformed or replaced through neoliberal modernization. This transition is worthy of some consideration. US support for dictatorships in Latin America is vividly illustrated by the WikiLeaks cables relating to three countries in particular: Haiti, Chile, and Honduras. They enable an understanding of the historical context that has motivated changing US

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perfectly congruent with America’s international legal obligations.79 Once again, the power to classify is an immense, indispensable asset for the empire.80 The WikiLeaks cables tell us much about America’s torture programs, alongside the evidence from the Taguba Report, the Senate Intelligence Committee, and investigative journalism. The

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deliberately attacked. The logs identify perpetrators from every corner of the Iraqi security apparatus—soldiers, police officers, prison guards, border enforcement patrols.100 Surveying the WikiLeaks documents, the Bureau of Investigative Journalism noted that, for the 180,000 people held captive in Iraqi prisons from 2004 to 2009, the US military

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governments, discloses reams of documents about corporate corruption and the links between governments and business. EXPOSING BUSINESS “Be afraid,” the Economist warned in 2010 when WikiLeaks announced it would release five gigabytes of secret files from a prominent financial institution. Having gone after states, it would now be targeting corporations. In

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constitute some good old-fashioned muck-raking journalism, exposing corporate malpractice and its almost inevitable corollaries of political corruption and repression. Indeed, the ramifications of WikiLeaks for investigative reporting and the future of the Fourth Estate have been the source of much academic hair-splitting and journalistic soul-searching.8 But

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US trade representative, is pressing for the globalization of the most severe current interpretations of copyright law. The portion of the TPP draft leaked via WikiLeaks centrally involves a chapter on intellectual property rights, which demands laws punishing the circumvention of Digital Rights Management technology (DRM), lengthens copyright terms, and

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treats the breach of trade secrets as a criminal act (which could potentially penalize journalists). In addition to such measures, WikiLeaks highlighted the threat to healthcare, as the United States cited intellectual property rights to defend the creation in law of artificial monopolies in the production

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collection in PlusD was Cablegate, which was originally published in 2010 as part of a partnership of international newspapers and media organizations globally, coordinated by WikiLeaks. We designed and implemented a system that allowed us to coordinate a publication schedule between over a hundred global mainstream media partners. Whenever the media

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history. This information is frequently available only through the actions of courageous individuals within secretive organizations: whistleblowers. Commensurate with the risks taken by such individuals, WikiLeaks undertakes to protect our journalistic sources with the best, most advanced techniques available. We promise our sources that we will publish in such a way

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these measures waned during Bush’s second term, but not because the administration’s hostility toward international law had diminished. Rather, as documents published by WikiLeaks show, some US politicians and diplomats were worried that the sanctions were having “unintended negative effects” on US policy objectives—and were undermining US power

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at first blush appear banal. Beyond the bits of gossip embedded throughout the European cables, this chapter makes the case that the documents published by WikiLeaks also contain groundbreaking disclosures that, while not fundamentally changing our sense of US imperialism, provide valuable and unique insights into the nature of American power

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British environment secretary made clear the government’s position, arguing that criticisms of genetically modified products were “complete nonsense.”8 According to cables published by WikiLeaks, the State Department’s efforts on behalf of Monsanto and other biotech firms took a number of different forms in Europe. Washington looked to soften

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wing parties largely hostile to Palestinian rights, from the beginning he evinced little interest in negotiating the creation of a real Palestinian state. Instead, the WikiLeaks cables reveal an Israeli prime minister more concerned with pacifying the West Bank through a combination of repression, economic development, and security cooperation with the

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version of US policy in the Middle East concealed US motives and strategies, as well as objective political-diplomatic realities contradicting the approved narrative. The WikiLeaks cables excerpted and quoted above show how the Bush and Obama administrations subordinated US diplomatic freedom and impartiality on the crucial issue of Israeli-Palestinian

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of the standard operating procedures by military intelligence personnel to obtain confessions and extract information.” Amnesty International released similar findings.22 The majority of the WikiLeaks cables concerning torture in US military detention facilities were focused more on the media backlash against the release of the infamous photographs from Abu Ghraib

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acknowledged truth is that Japan is Washington’s most important ally anywhere on the globe.” The Obama administration wanted to keep it that way. The WikiLeaks diplomatic cables examined in this chapter underscore the deep continuity in policy between the supposedly progressive Obama Democrats and the utterly reactionary neoconservatives of the

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agreement designed to empower (American) multinational corporations at the expense of the welfare of consumers, especially those in the developing world. On November 13, 2013, WikiLeaks released the TPP’s secret negotiated draft text of the chapter on intellectual property rights. Interestingly, the draft even shows the negotiating position of individual

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the extent of quasi-espionage conducted by American diplomats, who were instructed to gather confidential information from their counterparts in the United Nations,42 the WikiLeaks documents caused unprecedented embarrassment for Washington. Among Southeast Asian leaders, Indonesian president Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono was angered by US diplomatic cables—which implicated his wife

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entities generally aligned with US interests through the US Agency for International Development (USAID) and para-governmental organizations like the National Endowment for Democracy (NED). WikiLeaks’ cables for Latin America and the Caribbean show how US diplomatic missions coordinate closely with USAID country offices to pursue a desired course of political

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intelligence and targeting fusion exercise led by the United States, which posits an insurgent challenge to occupying Anglophone forces, is called “Operation Empire Challenge.” (https://wikileaks.org/wiki/Anglo_spy_fusion:_Operation_Empire_Challenge_-_87_documents,_2008). 3“The United States may conduct some ARSOF [Army Special Operations Forces] UW [Unconventional

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from leaked diplomatic cables to elucidate the bilateral free trade agreement negotiations between the United States and Jordan.” Gabriel J. Michael, “Who’s Afraid of Wikileaks? Missed Opportunities in Political Science Research,” Review of Policy Research, December 22, 2014 (forthcoming). 13An example of political censorship by the New York Times

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also O’Malley and Craig, The Cyprus Conspiracy. 98PINOCHET REACTS TO UN HUMAN RIGHTS COMMISSION CABLE, 1974 March 7, 21:15 (Thursday), availalbe at https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1976SANTIA01734_b.html. 99Quoted in Mark Ensalaco, Chile Under Pinochet: Recovering the Truth (Philadelphia, PA: University of Pennsylvania Press, 2011), p.

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December 17, 2010, at spiegel.de. 8Jeremy Scahill, “The (Not So) Secret (Anymore) US War in Pakistan,” Nation, December 1, 2010. 9See https://wikileaks.org/gitmo. 10Jeremy Scahill, “WikiLeaks and War Crimes,” Nation, August 12, 2010. 11Philippe Sands, Lawless World: Making and Breaking Global Rules (London: Penguin, 2006); Philippe Sands, Torture Team

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that the US military suppressed the killings—which were subsequently exposed by human rights organizations—instead clinically recording an IED attack and escape: https://www.wikileaks.org/afg/event/2007/03/AFG20070304n586.html. 45Naomi Klein, “Iraq is not America’s to sell,” Guardian, November 7, 2003. 46Ahmed Janabi, “Iraqi Unemployment

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Austerity: The New York City Financial Crisis (Westport, CT: Bergin & Garvey, 1986). 17Dianna Melrose, Nicaragua: The Threat of a Good Example? (London: Oxfam, 1989). 18https://wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/01HANOI686_a.html; “Vietnam: Progress on Reform under World Bank and IMF Poverty Reduction Loans,” November 20, 2000, [01HANOI3054_a]; https://www

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20The best overall guide to postwar Vietnam and its economic policies is Gabriel Kolko, Anatomy of a Peace (London/New York: Routledge, 1997). 21https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/06QUITO1157_a.html. 22On “dollar diplomacy,” see Eric Helleiner, “Dollarization Diplomacy: US Policy Toward Latin America Coming Full Circle?,” Review of International

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/cables/08QUITO191_a.html. 44Karl Polanyi, The Great Transformation: The Political and Economic Origins of Our Time (Boston, MA: Beacon Press, 2001). 45https://wikileaks.org/tisa-financial. 46https://wikileaks.org/tpp-ip2. 47An insightful critique of intellectual property is Christopher May, The Global Political Economy of Intellectual Property Rights: The New Enclosures

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? (London/New York: Routledge, 2000). See also Debora J. Halpert, Resisting Intellectual Property (London/New York: Routledge, 2003). 48https://wikileaks.org/tpp-ip2/attack-on-affordable-cancer-treatments.html. 49Ibid. 50“No Party may prevent a service supplier of another Party from transferring, accessing, processing

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, where such activity is carried out in connection with the conduct of the service supplier’s business.” This passage from TISA was released through the WikiLeaks-like organization the Associated Whistleblowing Press. “Proposal of New Provisions Applicable to All Services of the Secret TISA Negotiations,” Associated Whistleblowing Press, December 17,

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Thin-skinned and Authoritarian,” Guardian, November 30, 2010. 2“Internal Source Kept US Informed of Merkel Coalition Negotiations,” Der Spiegel, November 28, 2010. 3Annalisa Piras, “WikiLeaks Cables Portrait of Silvio Berlusconi Is a Worry Beyond Italy,” Guardian, December 3, 2010. 4Eric Lipton, Nicola Clark, and Andrew Lehren, “Diplomats Help Push Sales

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February 5, 2014. 9Murat Yetkin, “Kurdish and German Angles of Erdoğan-Gülen Rift,” Daily News, February 4, 2014. CHAPTER 9: ISRAEL 1Jill Lawless/Associated Press, “WikiLeaks Release: US Briefs Allies About Upcoming Revelations,” Huffington Post, November 26, 2010, at huffingtonpost.com. 2Ross Colvin, “‘Cut Off Head of Snake’ Saudis Told US

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12, 2014, at thediplomat.com. 36Robert Kaplan, Asia’s Cauldron. 37See Kaplan, Asia’s Cauldron. 38Heydarian, “Obama’s Free Trade Strategy Falters in Asia.” 39https://wikileaks.org/tpp. 40Henry Farrell, “US Isolated in the Trans-Pacific Partnership Negotiations,” Washington Post, November 18, 2013. 41Heydarian, “Obama’s Free Trade Strategy Falters in

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Asia”; “Japan, America and the Trans-Pacific Partnership: Stalemate.” 42Toby Harnden, “WikiLeaks: US diplomats ‘have been spying on UN leadership,” Daily Telegraph, November 28, 2010. 43“Cables ‘Character Assassination’: SBY,” Sydney Morning Herald, March 14, 2011. 44Kaplan

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Haiti Fund VP Green Lighted Assault on Slum Despite ‘Inevitable …civilian casualties,’” Haiti Relief and Reconstruction Watch, August 31, 2011, at cepr.net. 42Kim Ives, “WikiLeaks points to US meddling in Haiti,” Guardian, January 21, 2011. 43Haiti Information Project, “US Embassy in Haiti Acknowledges Excessive Force by UN,” January 24, 2007

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, “SOUTHCOM Faces Threats to Peace in Latin America, Caribbean,” US Department of Defense, American Forces Press Service, March 31, 2004, at defense.gov. 23https://www.WikiLeaks.org/plusd/cables/07TEGUCIGALPA1828_a.htm. 24Tim Padgett, “Is US Opposition to the Honduran Coup Lessening?,” Time, October 16, 2009. 25See, for example, [09GUATEMALA977]

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regionally focused publications like the Asia Times and Informed Comment. Conn Hallinan can be read at dispatchesfromtheedgeblog.wordpress.com. Sarah Harrison is a journalist, and WikiLeaks’ investigations editor. In June 2013, Harrison accompanied Edward Snowden when he left Hong Kong to seek asylum, ensuring he could leave Hong Kong safely and

The End of Secrecy: The Rise and Fall of WikiLeaks

by The "Guardian", David Leigh and Luke Harding  · 1 Feb 2011  · 322pp  · 99,066 words

Investigative Journalism Heather Brooke – London-based American journalist and freedom of information activist Bradley Manning Bradley Manning – 23-year-old US army private and alleged WikiLeaks source Rick McCombs – former principal at Crescent high school, Crescent, Oklahoma Brian, Susan, Casey Manning – parents and sister Tom Dyer – school friend Kord Campbell –

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UK government special representative to Afghanistan and former ambassador to Kabul INTRODUCTION Alan Rusbridger Back in the days when almost no one had heard about WikiLeaks, regular emails started arriving in my inbox from someone called Julian Assange. It was a memorable kind of name. All editors receive a daily

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hackers. An agreement was struck. And so a unique collaboration was born between (initially) three newspapers, the mysterious Australian nomad – and whatever his elusive organisation, WikiLeaks, actually was. That much never became very clear. Assange was, at the best of times, difficult to contact, switching mobile phones, email addresses and encrypted

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, by comparison, stretched to two and a half million words). Once redacted, the documents were shared among the (eventually) five newspapers and sent to WikiLeaks, who adopted all our redactions. The extent of the redaction process and the relatively limited extent of publication of actual cables were apparently overlooked by

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had been sent. It provided an extraordinary picture of an extraordinary day. Manning was even more impressed, because with his specialist knowledge he knew that WikiLeaks must have somehow obtained the messages anonymously from a National Security Agency database. And that made him feel comfortable that he, too, could come

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a crowded student house in Melbourne, dreaming up a scheme for an idealistic information insurgency which was eventually to become celebrated – and execrated – worldwide as WikiLeaks. Assange had a striking and, some critics would say, damaged personality. It was on peacock display in this dating profile, but probably rooted deep

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website that will use Wikipedia’s open-editing format is hoping to become a place where whistleblowers can post documents without fear of being traced. WikiLeaks, according to the group’s website, will be ‘an uncensorable version of Wikipedia for untraceable mass document leaking and analysis. Our primary interests are

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attention to this news. For hackers, who had long lamented the inadequacies of the MSM, that came as no surprise. CHAPTER 4 The rise of WikiLeaks Annual congress of the Chaos Computer Club, Alexanderplatz, Berlin December 2007 “How do you reveal things about powerful people without getting your arse kicked?”

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about to become a key lieutenant. Domscheit-Berg eventually gave up his full-time job with US computer giant EDS, and devoted himself to perfecting WikiLeaks’ technical architecture, adopting the underground nom de guerre “Daniel Schmitt”. Domscheit-Berg’s friendship with Assange was to end in bitter recriminations, but the

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Wau” Holland-Moritz, whose friends set up the Wau Holland Foundation after his death. This charity was to become a crucial channel to receive worldwide WikiLeaks donations. Chaos Computer Club members at the Berlin congress such as Domscheit-Berg, along with his Dutch hacker colleague Rop Gonggrijp, had mature talents that

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drive, can encrypt it and send it on, and only later reveal the encryption key. The Jabber encrypted chat service is popular with WikiLeakers. “Tor’s importance to WikiLeaks cannot be overstated,” Assange told Rolling Stone, when they profiled Appelbaum, his west coast US hacker associate. But Tor has an interesting

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not as a traditional journalistic enterprise, but as a piece of opportunistic underground computer hacking. In other words: eavesdropping. On the verge of his debut WikiLeaks publication, at the beginning of 2007, Assange excitedly messaged the veteran curator of the Cryptome leaking site, John Young, to explain where his trove of

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is particularly noticeable among the ruling and intellectual elites.’” Assange would often pronounce to those around him: “Courage is infectious.” It was Kenya that gave WikiLeaks its first journalistic coup. A massive report about the alleged corruption of former president Daniel Arap Moi had been commissioned from the private inquiry firm

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a book not banned by any African government, not a secret document. It left me feeling pretty jaundiced.” She wrote protesting: “I was delighted when WikiLeaks was launched, and benefited personally from its fearlessness in publishing leaked documents exposing venality in countries like Kenya. This strikes me as a totally different

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to ‘invest’ in analysis without additional incentives. The economics are counter-intuitive – temporarily restrict supply to increase uptake … a known paradox in economics. Given that WikiLeaks needs to restrict supply for a period to increase perceived value to the point that journalists will invest time to produce quality stories, the question

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elsewhere; many “mirror sites” sprang up carrying the offending documents; and the court ruling was reversed as a stream of US organisations rallied behind WikiLeaks in the name of free speech. They included the American Civil Liberties Union and the Electronic Frontier Foundation, as well as a journalistic alliance which

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royal family. Today, however, Davies’s attention was caught by the Guardian’s foreign pages: “American officials are searching for Julian Assange, the founder of WikiLeaks, in an attempt to pressure him not to publish thousands of confidential and potentially hugely embarrassing diplomatic cables that offer unfiltered assessments of Middle East

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to have given the whistleblower website a classified video of American troops killing civilians in Baghdad. The soldier, Bradley Manning, also claimed to have given WikiLeaks 260,000 pages of confidential diplomatic cables and intelligence assessments. The US authorities fear their release could ‘do serious damage to national security’.” Davies was

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a haven for dodgy oligarchs and other dubious “libel tourists”. What was needed, Davies felt, was a multi-jurisdictional alliance between traditional media outlets and WikiLeaks, possibly encompassing non-governmental organisations and others. If the material from the cables were published simultaneously in several countries, would this get round the threat

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.” He added: “Politicians? NGOs? Other interested parties?” Maybe the Guardian could preview the leaked cables and select the best story angles. The Guardian and WikiLeaks would then pass these “media missiles” to other friendly publications. He liked that plan. But would Assange buy it? Over in Brussels, Traynor was discovering

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“This is one hell of a spreadsheet,” he said. After working on those spreadsheets, he concluded: “Sometimes people talk about the internet killing journalism. The WikiLeaks story was a combination of the two: traditional journalistic skills and the power of the technology, harnessed to tell an amazing story. In future, data

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redactions. The papers planned only to publish a relatively small number of significant stories, and with them the text of the handful of relevant logs. WikiLeaks, on the other hand, intended simultaneously to unleash the lot. But many of the entries, particularly the “threat reports” derived from intelligence, mentioned the

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about the impact of a tactic which is inherently likely to kill, injure and alienate the innocent bystanders whose support the coalition craves.” The Guardian/WikiLeaks publication smoked out profound divisions about these tactics among the occupying coalition. “The war logs confirm the impression that this is a military campaign

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GMT on Sunday evening, a White House spokesman emailed newspapers’ Washington correspondents a note not intended for publication under the subject line: “Thoughts on WikiLeaks”. They even attached some handy quotes from senior officials highlighting concerns about the ISI and safe havens in Afghanistan. “This is now out in the

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employees shot in Baghdad in 2007 by an Apache helicopter gunship – the episode captured on a gun-camera video, and subsequently discovered and leaked to WikiLeaks – were registered. As so often, further journalistic investigation was needed to improve these raw and statistically dirty figures. Iraq Body Count, an NGO offshoot

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an on-the-record interview to Mark Hosenball of Newsweek, betraying in advance the entire top-secret plan to publish the Iraq war logs. “Exclusive: WikiLeaks Collaborating With Media Outlets on Release of Iraq Documents”, ran the headline above the article, which opened: “A London-based journalism nonprofit is working

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to have described her. In Weiss’s witness statement, she explained that some weeks earlier she had seen Assange on television and had followed the WikiLeaks news avidly thereafter. She thought Assange “interesting, brave and admirable”, had been Googling his name, and excitedly discovered he was actually coming to speak

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, although the US has threatened repeatedly that it will seek to bring its own indictment against Assange for information crimes. The claim certainly muddied the WikiLeaks waters, as conspiracy theories began to rage up and down the internet. That summer, contemplating the imbroglio in Sweden from afar, the Guardian’s

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acutely aware that to ignore the fresh controversy that had erupted around their new collaborator could only increase the risk that it might taint the WikiLeaks enterprise as a whole. CHAPTER 13 Uneasy partners Editor’s office, the Guardian, Kings Place, London 1 November 2010 “I’m a combative person”

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claiming “the people were happy, fully employed, and satisfied with their government.” Assange himself subsequently maintained that he had only a “brief interaction” with Shamir: “WikiLeaks works with hundreds of journalists from different regions of the world. All are required to sign non-disclosure agreements and are generally only given limited

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published cables that described it as a “virtual mafia state”. He did not disclose, however, details of the relationship he had privately struck up with WikiLeaks’ new “Russian representative”, the bizarre figure of Israel Shamir. How much did the US administration know of this planned challenge to their secrets? The

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since the summer, when Private Bradley Manning had been specifically indicted for purloining them. But the Obama administration appeared remarkably unaware of just which cables WikiLeaks and its media partners now had in their possession. In the week before publication, the state department warned many of its allies about the

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Assange invited the US government to “privately nominate” examples where publication of a cable could put an individual “at significant risk of harm”. He promised WikiLeaks would quickly consider any US government submissions ahead of publication. The state department’s legal adviser Harold Koh sent an uncompromising letter back. It stated

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to obstruct “the lines of communication for terrorists, sympathisers, fixers, facilitators, oppressive regimes and general bad guys”. As the attacks continued to pummel WikiLeaks, he tweeted excitedly: “www.wikileaks.org – TANGO DOWN – for attempting to endanger the lives of our troops, ‘other assets’ & foreign relations.” Normally, The Jester preferred to disrupt

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served as authentication and verification of things that were suspected. In fact, far from being routine, the leak was unprecedented, if only in size. WikiLeaks called it, accurately, “the largest set of confidential documents ever to be released into the public domain”. There were 251,287 internal state department communiqués

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the plot given his “attention to detail”. The Russians were behaving with “increasing self-confidence to the point of arrogance”, Fried noted. The Guardian published WikiLeaks’ Russia disclosures on 2 December 2010, over five pages and under the striking headline: “Inside Putin’s ‘mafia state’”. The front-page photo showed

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ambassador’s comments were prescient. Within a month of the cable’s publication, Tunisia was in the grip of what some were calling the first WikiLeaks revolution. CHAPTER 17 The ballad of Wandsworth jail City of Westminster magistrates court, Horseferry Road, London 7 December 2010 “I walked, with other souls

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human rights lawyer and Assange’s newly hired Australian-born barrister. Standing to address the judge, Robertson began seductively. In melodious tones he described the WikiLeaks founder as a “free-speech philosopher and lecturer”. The idea that he would try and escape was preposterous, he said. Robertson announced that Vaughan

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Sir John Sulston; former Labour minister and chairman of Faber & Faber publishing house Lord Matthew Evans; and Professor Patricia David, a retired educationalist. The WikiLeaks team spilled out of the Gothic architecture of the British court in high spirits. Vaughan Smith promised Assange a rustic dinner of stew and dumplings

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sense of living for the moment. But, above all, there was uncertainty. Nobody quite knew what would happen next. CHAPTER 18 The future of WikiLeaks Ellingham Hall, Norfolk, England Christmas 2010 “Julian is a spectacular showman for the youngsters of the internet era who are disgusted with the seniors” JOHN

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own spokesmen to deal with the torrent of media demands. In January he advertised for some novel vacancies: “Four graduates wanted to staff newly established WikiLeaks press office. Appropriate remuneration. Successful candidates will be disciplined, articulate, quick-witted, capable of multi-tasking and accustomed to lack of sleep. Ability to

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the administration felt compelled to say publicly that the revelations had seriously damaged American interests in order to bolster legal efforts to shut down the WikiLeaks website and bring charges against the leakers. “I think they want to present the toughest front they can muster,” the officials said. The tacit

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traditional media partners like us – have we helped to create, as it were, a brand which people will go to in place of traditional media?” WikiLeaks had also spawned a host of clone sites which were not so much competitors as admiring tributes: IndoLeaks, BrusselsLeaks, BalkanLeaks, ThaiLeaks, PinoyLeaks. Some were

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sending leaked cables to journalists in an ever-widening range of countries. One of the most interesting – and subtle – immediate positive outcomes of the WikiLeaks saga was in one of those normally obscure countries. Following the publication of excoriating leaked cables from the US mission in Tunisia, about the corruption

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unwittingly helped restore American influence in a place where it had lost credibility. It was ironic. By increasing the amount of information in the system, WikiLeaks had generated unpredictable effects. For all the ironies and ambiguities of his campaign, and for all the problematic nature of his personality, Assange himself

WikiLeaks and the Age of Transparency

by Micah L. Sifry  · 19 Feb 2011  · 212pp  · 49,544 words

citizens are the ultimate authority requires the best, most timely, and most accurate information. Interestingly, that’s the same reason Julian Assange says he created WikiLeaks in the first place. 12 MICAH L. SIFRY INTRODUCTION All governments lie, but disaster lies in wait for countries whose officials smoke the same hashish

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advocates. But everyone seemed slightly awed by Assange and Domscheit-Berg, who were already known then among the digerati for what they had achieved with WikiLeaks. Since its founding in late 2006, the nonprofit online media organization had published hundreds of exposés and critical documents, including more than 6,500 Congressional

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Guantánamo Bay prison procedures manual that the American Civil Liberties Union had been unable to obtain under the Freedom of Information Act. Amnesty International gave WikiLeaks an award for its reporting on Kenya, and the British organization Index on Censorship honored it for having stared down the Swiss bank Julian

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base east of Baghdad, on suspicion of having given classified military documents and videos, along with hundreds of thousands of secret State Department cables, to WikiLeaks. According to Wired.com, which broke the news, the authorities learned of Manning’s alleged activities from a former computer hacker named Adrian Lamo,

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the peaceful relations between nations.”22 And Senator Joe Lieberman, the chairman of the Senate committee on homeland security, started threatening companies providing services to WikiLeaks, starting with Amazon, whose resilient servers were helping keep the site online. Within days, a host of name-brand companies, from Amazon and PayPal

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political arena, even among members of the so-called “progressive community.” And unlike my comrades from the political world, open source developers were embracing 43 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY change. Their systems went through a literal reboot every few years. I was intrigued. In early 2004, on assignment

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with a big screen on stage behind our panelists. But what happened next was magic. During a panel on “Money, Votes, and Community,” 45 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY Republican lobbyist David Metzner said something to the effect of the Internet having democratized campaign fundraising and shifted politics away

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the Capitol, rather than posting them online in searchable, downloadable form, is seen as being ridiculously secretive.3 Charging exorbitant fees to access public 51 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY information, or preventing people from contributing their own knowledge, is seen as hopelessly behind the times. And a government body

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s chairman, Arthur Levitt, as well as public officials like then House Speaker Newt Gingrich and Vice President Al Gore, both of whom were 67 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY themselves advocating making more government information available online. Soon the agency capitulated, took over from Malamud, and started making this

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it.”13 Marshall and Co.’s distributed digging eventually led to the resignation of Attorney General Alberto Gonzales. The grassroots government-transparency movement has 77 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY branched in many directions in recent years. In 2007, in a first for courtroom transparency, a rotating team of

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Thousands of bloggers zeroed in on the extraneous earmarks in the bill, like a reduction in taxes on wooden arrow manufacturers. Others focused on 81 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY members who voted for the bill, analyzing their campaign contributors and arguing that Wall Street donations influenced their vote.18

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of transparency projects, because the software itself is open source and designed to be relatively easy to customize for other projects. These include efforts 93 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY to monitor elections in Bolivia, Brazil, Burundi, Colombia, Egypt, Ethiopia, Ghana, Guinea, Kyrgyzstan, India, Mexico, the Philippines, and Tanzania;

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biannual ones), online posting of earmark requests, and electronic filing of financial disclosure statements and lobbyist reports. Pelosi and her Republican counterpart, Rep. John 107 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY Boehner, also announced that they were interested in improving how the House of Representatives made use of the Internet. In

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of citizen-to-citizen information sharing and collaboration. They recommended a strategy in which government: y welcomes and engages with users and operators of 121 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY user-generated sites in pursuit of common social and economic objectives; y supplies innovators that are re-using government-held

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steam on other fronts and politicians like Watson were caught up in Labour Party infighting as the Parliament expenses scandal broke and general elections 123 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY approached. The idea of government websites enabling public collaboration is also probably still ahead of its time. As Steinberg

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like Washington, have begun making their own public reports available directly in structured form. Since 2006, all the raw data the District of Columbia 127 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY has collected on government operations, education, health care, crime, and dozens of other topics has been available for free

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Icelandic MP Birgitta Jonsdottir, Dutch hacker Rop Gonggrijp, and American anticensorship hacker Jacob Appelbaum. This is an extremely worrisome development. For there is nothing that WikiLeaks has done that is different from any other newspaper or media outlet that has received leaked government documents, verified their authenticity, and then published their

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contents and analysis. If WikiLeaks can be prosecuted and convicted for its acts of journalism, then the foundations of freedom of the press in America are in serious trouble. No

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electronic barriers that prevent their people from accessing portions of the world’s networks. They’ve expunged words, names, and phrases from search engine 141 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY results. They have violated the privacy of citizens who engage in nonviolent political speech. Realigning our policies and our priorities

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they actually do. Compounding this challenge, today when a crisis strikes, information moves faster than the “authorities” can know using their own, slower methods. WikiLeaks, and other channels for the unauthorized release and spread of information, are symptoms of this change, not its cause. Two years ago, all of this

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claimed only seven people were killed; a subsequent investigation found at least fift y-five people died). But, writes Gowing, “The ‘courtiers [in government 147 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY systems] like behavior that masks the truth’ was how one former senior government figure described institutional reactions to the new

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government felt needed to be kept out of public view. “Subject to the general objective of ensuring maximum disclosure of information in the public interest, WikiLeaks would be grateful for the United States government to privately nominate any specific instances (record numbers or names) where it considers the publication of information

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“go after anyone who provides them with any help or contributions or assistance whatsoever.”22 But other authorities have been much calmer in their 151 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY response. Most notably, Defense Secretary Robert Gates (reportedly a close ally of Hillary Clinton), said on November 30, 2010:

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26 There are also signs that the government is deliberately overstating the seriousness of the leaks in order to intimidate Internet service providers and push WikiLeaks off the Internet without a criminal conviction. Reuters’s Mark Hosenball reported in mid-January 2011 that State Department officials were privately telling Congress that

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early February 2011 only about 3,900 cables had been released, and nearly all of those through a process of collaboration, redaction, and editing with WikiLeaks’ major newspaper partners. For example, Senator Dianne Feinstein started a Wall Street Journal op-ed calling for Assange’s prosecution under the Espionage Act

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with these words, “When WikiLeaks founder Julian Assange released his latest document trove— more than 250,000 secret State Department cables—he intentionally harmed the U.S. government.”29 Dozens

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within it or exactly how many agencies do the same work,” The Washington Post recently reported.34 Schneier adds: This has little to do with WikiLeaks. WikiLeaks is just a website. The real story is that “least trusted person” who decided to violate his security clearance and make these cables public.

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Fourteen years ago, Senator Daniel Patrick Moynihan led a bipartisan Commission on Protecting and Reducing Government Secrecy. Its recommendations are worth revisiting in light of WikiLeaks. “It is time for a new way of thinking about secrecy,” the commission’s report began. “Secrecy is a form of government regulation. Americans

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was necessary.2 Instead, Jonsdottir left the organization and focused her energies on the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative, an effort 168 MICAH L. SIFRY that WikiLeaks helped inspire to make Iceland into a safe haven for the most robust investigative journalism possible worldwide. Jonsdottir wasn’t the only person raising concerns

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about Assange’s autocratic management of WikiLeaks or his personal life. Her public comments appeared a few days after Newsweek had reported on dissension within the group. According to reporter Mark Hosenball

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, many WikiLeaks activists in Europe “were privately concerned that Assange has continued to spread allegations of dirty tricks and hint at conspiracies against him without justification. Insiders

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and indeed that message was received. PayPal,17 Visa, MasterCard, Bank of America, and a small company called Tableau Software all stopped providing services to WikiLeaks in rapid succession. And all of them were acting within their rights as private companies. The First Amendment says “Congress shall make no law . . .

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abridging the freedom of speech, or of the press,” not that private corporations must also embrace free speech. But what happened to WikiLeaks in America shows how easily government can pressure private companies, merely by threatening a criminal investigation of one of their clients and breathing heavily down

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their necks. 177 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY As the editors of the Honolulu Civil Beat, a small nonprofit investigative site, wrote in reaction: Alas, the Internet

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Google to remove videos produced by Islamist terrorist organizations from YouTube. The company took down some that breached its rules against hate speech or 179 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY promoting violence, but it left many of them up. Eric Schmidt, the company’s CEO, told Lieberman, “YouTube encourages

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a virtual flash mob, though at times its “members” have gathered physically, as when they organized protests against Scientology in 2008. In response to anti-WikiLeaks actions by various companies and governmental actors, Anonymous went into action, primarily by directing distributed-denial-of-service (DDOS) attacks at the offending parties websites

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Muckrakers,” The New York Times, March 17, 2010, www.nytimes.com/2010/03/18/ us/18wiki.html. The Army counterintelligence report, written in 2008, described WikiLeaks as “a potential force protection, counterintelligence, OPSEC and INFOSEC threat to the U.S. Army.” Kevin Poulsen and Kim Zetter, “U.S. Intelligence Analyst Arrested

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6411. A resulting visualization, http://votereport.us/TimeView/applet/index. html, shows how those reports rolled in across the country, time-stamped and geo-located. WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 196 Nancy Scola, “Collaborative, Citizen-Driven Election Monitoring Reaches India,” techPresident.com, April

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unnamed Pentagon official who was interview by Nancy Youssef of McClatchy Newspapers for her November 28, 2010, report, “Officials may be overstating the danger from WikiLeaks,” www. mcclatchydc.com/2010/11/28/104404/officials-may-be-overstating-the. html#ixzz1AsY5oCjo. Javier Moreno, “Why El País chose to publish the leaks,”

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by the failure of most of the media to accurately describe the Cablegate disclosures. Writing in his introduction to The Guardian’s new book on WikiLeaks, he noted, “The extent of the redaction process and the relatively limited extent of publication of actual cables were apparently overlooked by many commentators

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,” The Guardian, January 25, 2011, www.guardian.co.uk/technology/2011/ jan/25/net-activism-delusion. Chapter 8 1 Philip Shenon, “Civil War at WikiLeaks,” The Daily Beast, September 3, 2010, www.thedailybeast.com/blogs-and-stories/2010-09-03/wikileaksorganizers-demand-julian-assange-step-aside. 2 Marina Jimenez, “Q

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01/11/1168105082315.html. 9 Julian Assange, “State and Terrorist Conspiracies,” November 10, 2006, and “Conspiracy as Governance,” December 3, 2006. 10 http://twitter.com/#!/wikileaks/status/9697336829677568. 11 Mark Pesce, “The Blueprint,” The Human Network, December 5, 2010, http://blog.futurestreetconsulting.com/?p=446. 12 Mark Hosenball, “The Next Generation

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Part of Ongoing Cyber Investigation,” Federal Bureau of Investigation, Washington D.C., January 27, 2011, http://www.fbi.gov/news/pressrel/ press-releases/warrants_012711. “WikiLeaks and Internet Freedom,” Personal Democracy Forum, December 11, 2010, http://personaldemocracy.com/pdfleaks. See also Douglas Rushkoff, “The Next Net,” Shareable, January 3, 2011,

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, visualization and interactive mapping and builds tools for democratizing information, increasing transparency and lowering the barriers for individuals to share their stories. Its team 209 WIKILEAKS AND THE AGE OF TRANSPARENCY of paid and volunteer developers are based primarily in Africa, but also Europe, South America and the U.S. ––

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fishers, and others working in those industries across Europe. See also VoteWatch.eu, which collects and displays the full records of the European Parliament. WikiLeaks resources: –– WikiLeaks (WikiLeaks.ch). A non-profit media organization dedicated to bringing important news and information to the public that provides an innovative, secure and anonymous way for

Blank Space: A Cultural History of the Twenty-First Century

by W. David Marx  · 18 Nov 2025  · 642pp  · 142,332 words

man Bono, hailed Wikipedia as “the democratization of information in a world where knowledge is power.” Yet the same participatory ethos inspired more radical projects. WikiLeaks, founded by Australian ex-hacker Julian Assange, aimed to host “restricted or censored material of political, ethical, diplomatic or historical significance.” Assange believed the internet

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’s anonymity and global reach could empower whistleblowers to expose corruption and injustice, supporting democratic movements worldwide. WikiLeaks gained its first support from the anti-war left for releasing classified documents about US actions in Afghanistan and Iraq. In 2010, it made global

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leak, and Manning’s subsequent imprisonment, cemented Assange’s status as the face of “hacktivism”—a controversial new frontier in the fight for transparency. Where WikiLeaks weaponized the release of classified information, the decentralized hacktivist group Anonymous demonstrated the strength of a diversified digital arsenal. Emerging from the anarchic forums of

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on bigger targets. Hackers supported the protesters during Iran’s 2009 elections, hampered MasterCard’s, Visa’s, and PayPal’s websites for refusing to serve WikiLeaks, and pledged to go after a murderous Mexican drug cartel. They provided technical support to Tunisian protesters during the Arab Spring, defaced the Tunisian president

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2013. Anonymous, initially seen as a force for justice, named the wrong police officers in the shooting of Michael Brown in Ferguson, Missouri. Meanwhile, the WikiLeaks technique of publishing secret tranches of documents descended into lechery. In 2014, hackers stole celebrities’ nude photos from iCloud accounts and published them in an

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”: Lipsky-Karasz, “Mr. Know-It-All.” GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “censored material”: Jonathan Zittrain and Molly Sauter, “Everything You Need to Know About Wikileaks,” MIT Technology Review, December 9, 2010, https://www.technologyreview.com/2010/12/09/120156/everything-you-need-to-know-about

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-wikileaks. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT anti-war left: Sean Wilentz, “Would You Feel Differently About Snowden, Greenwald, and Assange If You Knew What They

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idolized Yippie Abbie Hoffman: Kushner, “Masked Avengers.” GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “individual versus institution”: Peter Ludlow, “WikiLeaks and Hacktivist Culture,” Nation, September 15, 2010, https://www.thenation.com/article/archive/wikileaks-and-hacktivist-culture. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT supporting Occupy Wall Street: Norton, “2011: The Year Anonymous”; Andrew

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), 239 White House Correspondents’ Dinner, 137–38, 139–40 White Stripes, 18, 28 “white trash,” 23, 24 Whole Earth Catalog, 50, 100 Wicked (film), 214 WikiLeaks, 85, 162 Wikipedia, 85, 86 Wilhelm, Heather, 152 Williams, Brian, 111 Williamsburg, Brooklyn, 24–25, 78 Williams, Pharrell, 26–29, 70, 80, 108, 185 “Blurred

The 9/11 Wars

by Jason Burke  · 1 Sep 2011  · 885pp  · 271,563 words

in Deutschland’, November 13, 2004. Spiegel Online, ‘ “A new crusade”, bin Laden threatens Europe over Muhammad cartoons’, March 20, 2008. Jonathan Steele and Jon Boone, ‘WikiLeaks, Afghan vice-president “landed in Dubai with $52m in cash” ’, Guardian, December 2, 2010. Jeff Stein, ‘It’s not a trick question’, International Herald Tribune

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British officer’, Guardian, May 19, 2006. ‘Taliban rises again’, Guardian, May 27, 2006. ‘The village that stood up to the Taliban’, Guardian, February 5, 2010. ‘WikiLeaks cables, US special forces working inside Pakistan’, Guardian, November 30, 2010. Joby Warrick and Robin Wright, ‘U.S. teams weaken insurgency in Iraq’, Washington Post

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been attacked by a mob rioting following a traffic accident involving an American convoy. 100. Including the author. 101. According to a cable obtained by WikiLeaks and subsequently made available online, within weeks of the attack, British diplomats were talking to American counterparts of ‘a growing body of [intelligence] reporting suggesting

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while conditions permit.’ 58. Jonathan Steele and Jon Boone, ‘Afghan vice-president landed in Dubai with $52m in cash’, WikiLeaks, December 2, 2010. 59. Jonathan Steele, ‘US convinced Karzai half-brother is corrupt, WikiLeaks cables say’, Guardian, December 2, 2010. 60. Author interview, Kabul, March 2009. 61. Author interview by email, October

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, possibly hundreds, of such events, often occurring in remote locations and systematically downplayed or denied by coalition spokesmen, had gone unreported. Some were revealed by WikiLeaks in August 2010. They included one incident in June 2007 in which seven Afghan National Police were killed. In another, in October 2007, an internal

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.S. collaboration on Taliban’, Reuters, February 18, 2010. 74. Author telephone interview, February 2010. 75. Lieven, A Hard Country, pp. 470, 474. 76. Declan Walsh, ‘WikiLeaks cables: US special forces working inside Pakistan’, Guardian, November 30, 2010. 77. Declan Walsh, ‘The village that stood up to the Taliban’, Guardian, February 5

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, June 2010, p. 29. This total includes 2,700 previously unreported deaths of Iraqi police and other Iraqi security forces killed after capture revealed by WikiLeaks and calculated by Iraq Body Count. More than 600 died in 2010, considerably more than in 2009, even if both totals paled into insignificance compared

Extremely Hardcore: Inside Elon Musk's Twitter

by Zoë Schiffer  · 13 Feb 2024  · 343pp  · 92,693 words

racy revelations: the leaks looked like the result of a Russian hacking campaign. In 2016, when Hillary Clinton was running for president against Donald Trump, WikiLeaks released a cache of emails from top Democratic campaign officials revealing deep ties to Wall Street and the Clinton Foundation’s questionable ethics. The Justice

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of Hunter Biden’s Laptop,” New York, September 12, 2022, nymag.com/intelligencer/article/hunter-biden-laptop-investigation.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT WikiLeaks released a cache of emails: Jeff Stein, “WikiLeaks Released a Cache of Emails,” Vox, October 20, 2016, vox.com/policy-and-politics/2016/10/20/13308108

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/wikileaks-podesta-hillary-clinton. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “The effect of such manipulations”: Jane Mayer, “How Russia Helped Swing the Election for Trump,” The

The Elements of Power: A Story of War, Technology, and the Dirtiest Supply Chain on Earth

by Nicolas Niarchos  · 20 Jan 2026  · 654pp  · 170,150 words

Deliverance in Congo (Bloomsbury, 2008), 100. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “Key political and economic”: Cable “05KINSHASA731_a,” April 29, 2005, 16:16 (Friday), WikiLeaks, wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05KINSHASA731_a.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT a hefty profit: Wild et al., “Gertler Earns Billions as Mine Deals Leave

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Impliqués Éditeurs, 2022), 151. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “the power behind the throne”: Cable “09KINSHASA1084_a,” U.S. Embassy Kinshasa, December 15, 2009, wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09KINSHASA1084_a.html. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT “the new universe”: Augustin Katumba Mwanke, Ma vérité (EPI, 2013), 196. GO TO

This Machine Kills Secrets: Julian Assange, the Cypherpunks, and Their Fight to Empower Whistleblowers

by Andy Greenberg  · 12 Sep 2012  · 461pp  · 125,845 words

CHAPTER 7 THE ENGINEERS CONCLUSION THE MACHINE SOURCES ACKNOWLEDGMENTS THE PUZZLE CONTAINED IN THIS BOOK INDEX CHARACTERS (IN ORDER OF APPEARANCE) JULIAN ASSANGE Founder of WikiLeaks, former hacker, cypherpunk, and activist who demonstrated the power of digital, anonymous leaking by publishing record-breaking collections of secret corporate and government material.

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newspapers. BRADLEY MANNING Army private who, at the age of twenty-two, allegedly leaked a trove of secret military and State Department documents to WikiLeaks that would become the largest-ever public disclosure of classified materials. ADRIAN LAMO A former hacker and homeless wanderer to whom Manning confessed his leak

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, untraceable, and crowd-funded contract killings. JACOB APPELBAUM Activist, hacker, and developer for the Tor anonymity network who befriended Julian Assange and became the WikiLeaks’ primary American associate. PAUL SYVERSON Logician and cryptographer in the Naval Research Laboratory who is credited with inventing the anonymous communications protocol known as “onion

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with a reporter regarding alleged financial fraud and waste at the agency. BIRGITTA JÓNSDÓTTIR Icelandic member of parliament, poet, and activist who worked with WikiLeaks and is pushing a collection of radical transparency bills through Iceland’s legislature known as the Icelandic Modern Media Initiative. DANIEL DOMSCHEIT-BERG German former

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whistleblower group known as OpenLeaks. ATANAS TCHOBANOV AND ASSEN YORDANOV Two Bulgarian investigative reporters who founded the independent media outlet Bivol and were inspired by WikiLeaks to create the Bulgaria-focused leak site BalkanLeaks. ANDY MÜLLER-MAGUHN Former member of the board of the German hacker group the Chaos Computer

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Club. Müller-Maguhn worked with WikiLeaks and served as an intermediary in the dispute between Assange and Domscheit-Berg. THE ARCHITECT Secretive and pseudonymous engineer who worked with Assange and Domscheit

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-Berg to set up a revamped submission system for WikiLeaks in late 2009 and 2010. After a falling-out with Assange, he joined Domscheit-Berg at OpenLeaks. PROLOGUE THE MEGALEAK On a rainy November

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“Everything started slipping after that. . . . I saw things differently.” Manning dug deeper, browsing the State Department database he would later be accused of spilling to WikiLeaks: 251,000 memoranda describing the intimate dealings of the world’s leaders in candid terms. He described “crazy, almost criminal political back dealings, the non

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Hello Puzzle Hunters. I am looking for good people, courageous people, intelligent people to help develop and run an international leaked document analysis & essay competition. Wikileaks is only new, but we have already broken major stories in the international press that have achieved significant reforms likely to save tens of thousands

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and technological means: BaltiLeaks, BritiLeaks, BrusselsLeaks, Corporate Leaks, CrowdLeaks, EnviroLeaks, FrenchLeaks, GlobaLeaks, Indoleaks, IrishLeaks, IsraeliLeaks, Jumbo Leaks, KHLeaks, LeakyMails, Localeaks, MapleLeaks, MurdochLeaks, Office Leaks, Porn WikiLeaks, PinoyLeaks, PirateLeaks, QuebecLeaks, RuLeaks, ScienceLeaks, TradeLeaks, UniLeaks. Mainstream media outlets like The Wall Street Journal, Al Jazeera, and Sweden’s public radio service set up

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Guðmundsson brothers nor the Tchenguiz brothers were indicted, but Ólafsson, the Elton John fan, faces charges of money laundering, and his prosecution is ongoing. WikiLeaks immediately became a household name in Iceland. And just three months later, Julian Assange and Daniel Domscheit-Berg arrived in Reykjavík, conquering heroes from abroad

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simply typed “anonymous submissions” into Google. Soon he began to discover the cypherpunks’ many gifts to journalists: PGP, Off-The-Record messaging, Tor. And WikiLeaks. The Bulgarian technophile was immediately fascinated by the site’s technical methods and utter fearlessness. He began to monitor its leaks closely, and even experimented

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most technically tricky and crucial link in the leaking chain: untraceable anonymous uploads. Domscheit-Berg believes he has all the ingredients to build a new WikiLeaks that’s more efficient, more democratically organized, and perhaps most important, more legal. He wants to incorporate as a nonprofit, a steadfast, permanent institution

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and avoided all payment forms other than cash. Berg believed that Assange simply had a flair for spy-novel sensationalism that served as marketing for WikiLeaks. His greatest mistake, in retrospect, may have been underestimating Assange’s capacity for true paranoia, both justified and not. Personal differences aside, they

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the group’s sand-colored military tent. OpenLeaks’ temporary headquarters has filled with a dozen hackers who are volunteering to probe a handful of willing WikiLeaks copycats for security flaws—StateLeaks, KHLeaks, FrenchLeaks, QuebecLeaks, and OpenLeaks itself, among others. The OpenLeaker is laying down some ground rules: “Be responsible. Break,

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as much. The Architect wasn’t the only one turning against Assange. Reporters Without Borders and Amnesty International both issued open letters to Assange criticizing WikiLeaks for failing to more completely redact sources’ names from the Afghan War Diaries. “Indiscriminately publishing 92,000 classified reports reflects a real problem of

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with three thousand unpublished submissions represented the first major breach of the organization’s security. In the months that followed, the spillages continued: Rogue WikiLeaks partner Israel Shamir allegedly gave unredacted cables to the repressive government of Belarus, including information that may have been used against the Belarusian political opposition

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government customers.) But regardless of their motives, as Müller-Maguhn tells the story, Domscheit-Berg and the Architect seemed determined to make the handover of WikiLeaks’ files as difficult as possible. Müller-Maguhn had been asked by Assange to retrieve three items from the OpenLeakers: the archive of already-published

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. So they deleted their keys, rendering the files permanently, irrevocably encrypted. When the news emerged that the OpenLeakers had essentially destroyed three thousand submissions, WikiLeaks sent out a stream of angry comments on Twitter, listing the contents of files it claimed were lost to history: internal communications of twenty neo

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Assange must have jumped off the page with horrifying significance: “AcollectionOfDiplomaticHistorySince_1966_ToThePresentDay#—Julian Assange’s 58-character password.” It was the full passphrase to WikiLeaks’ copy of the encrypted, unredacted cables. To a technological muggle like Leigh, the PGP password must have seemed like a harmless historical detail to

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are worse models for changing the world. Fabio Pietrosanti and Arturo Filastò, the cofounders of GlobaLeaks, say they aim to create the BitTorrent to WikiLeaks’ Napster. Where WikiLeaks was a single, vulnerable target, GlobaLeaks aims to create what they’ve called a “worldwide, distributed leak amplification network.” Pietrosanti is a thirty

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touch their life, they touch my life again . . . full circle” Ibid. Only a life sentence in a military prison “Court martial sought for suspected WikiLeaks leaker.” Reuters, published on MSNBC.com, January 12, 2012. protesting Manning’s inhumane confinement in a Quantico, Virginia, military prison Video available on YouTube: http

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://cryptome.org/cia-2619.htm “. . . Will you be that person?” E-mail from Julian Assange to John Young, October 4, 2006, http://cryptome.org/wikileaks/wikileaks-leak.htm Then he unsubscribed John Young from the list All the above quotes from ibid. Jim Bell was scheduled for release from prison on

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noticed Chinese hackers using the relay to hide their tracks Khatchadourian. “Somewhere between none and a handful of those documents were ever released on WikiLeaks” John Leyden. “Wikileaks denies Tor hacker eavesdropping gave site its start.” TheRegister.co.uk, June 2, 2010. “When they pull, so do we” E-mail from

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Julian Assange to John Young, January 7, 2007, available at http://cryptome.org/wikileaks/wikileaks-leak2.htm thirty times the size of every text article stored on Wikipedia Wikipedia: Database download, available at http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Database

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_download “let it flower into something new” Julian Assange to John Young, January 7, 2007, available at http://cryptome.org/wikileaks/wikileaks-leak2.htm spreading free software like a hacker Johnny Appleseed Jacob Appelbaum. “Personal experiences bringing technology and new media to disaster areas.” Speech at the

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‘blood’ on his hands.” CNN.com, July 29, 2010. said that the exposure hadn’t led to any documented casualties Ellen Nakashima. “Pentagon: Undisclosed Wikileaks documents ‘potentially more explosive.’” Washingtonpost.com, August 11, 2011. another fifteen thousand civilian deaths that hadn’t been previously documented “Iraq War Logs: What the

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Stoned Afghan Cops” John Nova Lomax. HoustonPress.com, December 7, 2010. “China ‘ready to abandon North Korea’” Simon Tisdall. The Guardian. November 29, 2010. “WikiLeaks cables on Afghanistan show monumental corruption” Tim Lister. CNN.com, December 2, 2010. “Iraqi Children in U.S. Raid Shot In Head” Matthew Schofield. McClatchy

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the church’s addresses “‘Anonymous’ stalks Church of Scientology.” UPI, February 5, 2008. “The first serious infowar is now engaged. The field of battle is WikiLeaks. You are the troops.” Sitara Nieves. “Morning Wrap: Mastercard and ‘Anonymous’ Hacker Group—Technological Warfare?” The Takeaway, WNYC, December 8, 2010. www.thetakeaway.org

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. ScienceLeaks, TradeLeaks, UniLeaks All the leaking sites listed at Leakdirectory.org threatened legal action against each other over the rights to the name Claudia Parsons. “WikiLeaks, OpenLeaks, GreenLeaks and more leaks.” Reuters, January 28, 2011. only one thing was missing from this newborn leaking movement. Leaks. Greg Mitchell writing on

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between the intelligence agencies Clay Shirky, speaking at the Personal Democracy Forum Conference, January 24, 2011, available here: http://personal democracy.com/pdf-presents-symposium-wikileaks-and-internet-freedom-ii they traded off Ibid. “obviously superior from the point of view of the leaker to any previous system” Ibid. “that

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September 22, 2011. CHAPTER 7: THE ENGINEERS “dangerous, malicious conman” “Julian Assange live,” L’Espresso, March 30, 2011. “raised by wolves” Daniel Domscheit-Berg, Inside WikiLeaks (New York: Crown, 2011), p. 64. “Leaking Sky Prevents OpenLeaks Launch” Anna Sauerbrey. Die Zeit, August 12, 2011. “Still interested in a job?” Domscheit-Berg

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, September 1, 2011. inexperienced leader in the sway of corrupt president Robert Mugabe’s political party Alex Bell. “Army generals face possible treason charge after WikiLeaks revelations.” The Zimbabwean, September 13, 2011. with some calling for manhunts and violence against them Mark Mackinnon. “Leaked cables spark witch-hunt for Chinese

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s computer, 39 influence of, 3 information leaked by, 28, 176 Pentagon Papers compared to, 14–15 responses to, 176–77, 189 security breach at WikiLeaks, 300, 305–9, 321 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 91 Chaos Computer Club Appelbaum’s participation in, 162–63 Camp of, 272–74, 276, 277

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Church of Scientology Anonymous’ attacks on, 185–86 and Assange, 114 and Helsingius’s Penet remailer, 116, 125–26 and Suburbia ISP, 113, 114 and WikiLeaks, 166, 186 CINDER (Cyber Insider Threat) initiative, 173–74, 187–88, 190–91, 216–17, 218–20 Citizens’ Movement, 251–52 Clarke, Richard, 206

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Domscheit-Berg’s memoir on, 297 information leaked by, 100–101, 129–30 model of, 131 news featured on, 122, 125 security of, 101–2 WikiLeaks’ communications leaked on, 157–58, 159–60, 285 cybersecurity industry, 187–91 Cypherpunk Mailing List and Appelbaum, 154 archives of, 92 Assange’s participation

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Chaos Communication Camp, 273 and Collateral Murder video, 258 and IMMI legislation, 228, 236, 240, 255 investigation of, 266–67 and OpenLeaks, 279, 282 and WikiLeaks, 296, 321 Kapor, Mitch, 255 Karlung, Jon, 237–38 Karn, Phil, 86–87 Kaupthing Bank, 256 Kehler, Randy, 26 Kenyan leaks, 165 Kissinger, Henry,

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profile, 26–27, 45 on military security, 37–39 motivation of, 27–29 prosecution of, 224 Tor used by, 39, 139 upload of documents to WikiLeaks, 39 Markov, Georgi, 234 Marshall, Róbert, 251 Mathewson, Nick, 135–36, 147–48, 149, 155 Mati, Mwalimu, 165–66 May, Tim background of, 55

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, 189 network forensics, 189 Newsweek, 37, 225, 266, 296 The New Yorker, 159 The New York Times on AOL users’ data, 266 citing of WikiLeaks documents, 176 on helicopter airstrike, 29 Jónsdóttir quoted in, 296 Kiriakou’s leak to, 224 Lamo’s hacking of, 32–33 on NSA wiretapping program

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and satellite modems, 135–37 security of, 141–42 and unencrypted files, 158–59 uses of, 140–41 and U.S. government, 139–43 and WikiLeaks, 138, 157, 158–60, 168 Trailblazer, 221–24 Trax, 107, 112 Tryggvadóttir, Margrét, 252 Trynor, Mark, 192–94 Tsonev, Tsoni, 231 Twitter, 138–39,

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315–16 Vietnam War, 21–26, 36, 54. See also Pentagon Papers Wall Street Journal, 230 WarGames (1983), 196–97 Weinmann, Ralf-Philipp, 126, 163 WikiLeaks anonymity of, 6, 157–58 and Anonymous, 184–85 and Appelbaum, 138–39, 151–52 and the Architect, 287, 292–98, 300 archives of, 164

Mbs: The Rise to Power of Mohammed Bin Salman

by Ben Hubbard  · 10 Mar 2020

. MBS’S WAR IN JUNE 2015, as Mohammed bin Salman continued to stake his position as the most significant new power player in Saudi Arabia, WikiLeaks dumped a trove of documents online that blew the lid off the kingdom’s foreign policy. Hackers who appeared to have been funded by Iran

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less religion, they fought it with more. These were the forces that had built the international religious infrastructure I had read about in the Saudi Wikileaks cables and that created the highly restricted society I found during my early visits to the kingdom. Now MBS wanted to dismantle this web of

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York Times Magazine, Nov. 8, 1981. “get back to work”: Embassy Riyadh. “Crown Prince Sultan Backs the King in Family Disputes,” Wikileaks cable: 07RIYADH296_a. Dated Feb. 12, 2007. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​07RIYADH296_a.html in trade caravans: Michael Darlow and Barbara Bray, Ibn Saud. twenty-seven daughters: Michael Field

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well-regarded research. more than $2 billion per year: Embassy Riyadh. “Saudi Royal Wealth: Where Do They Get All That Money,” Wikileaks cable: 96RIYADH4784_a. Dated Nov. 20, 1996. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​96RIYADH4784_a.html feasts for his subjects: Ibid. communities where they landed: For example, about 1,500 guests

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at 46,” Arab News, July 26, 2001. “were in the U.S.”: Embassy Riyadh. “Saudi Leadership Profiles: Prince Sultan bin Salman,” Wikileaks cable: 10RIYADH31_a. Dated Jan. 5, 2010. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​10RIYADH31_a.html family’s media company: “Prince Ahmed ibn Salman passes away,” Arab News, Sept. 23. 2002

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. 2016. “system of Great Britain”: Ibid. “ ‘like some criminal’ ”: Embassy Riyadh. “Ambassador’s Farewell Call on Riyadh Provincial Governor Prince Salman,” Wikileaks cable: 07RIYADH651_a. Dated April 1, 2007. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​07RIYADH651_a.html fourth in his class in 2007: House, “Profile of a Prince,” and “The $2 Trillion

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, 2013. https://www.youtube.com/​watch?v=aZMbTFNp4wI “who this will be”: Embassy Riyadh. “Saudi Succession: Can the allegiance commission work?” Wikileaks cable: 09RIYADH1434_a. Dated Oct 28, 2009. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​09RIYADH1434_a.html CORONATION For this and other sections dealing with the Obama administration, I interviewed and corresponded

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“used them to attack us”: Embassy Riyadh. “Special Advisor Holbrooke’s meeting with Saudi Assistant Interior Minister Prince Mohammed bin Nayef,” Wikileaks cable: 09RIYADH670_a. Dated May 17, 2009. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​09RIYADH670_a.html MBN said, “that’s dumb”: Ibid. United Kingdom and defused: “U.S. Sees Complexity of

…

officials, Sept. 2018, July 2019. “believe the earth is flat”: Embassy Abu Dhabi. “A Long Hot Summer for UAE-Saudi Relations,” Wikileaks cable 09ABUDHABI981_a. Dated Oct. 15, 2009. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​09ABUDHABI981_a.html “Darwin was right”: Embassy Abu Dhabi. “S/P Director Haass and Chief of Staff Muhammad

…

bin Zayid Discuss Iraq, Iran and Saudi-U.S. Relations,” Wikileaks cable: 03ABUDHABI237_a. Dated Jan. 15, 2003. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​03ABUDHABI237_a.html the two could meet: “Tiny, Wealthy Qatar Goes Its Own Way, and Pays for It

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Intelligence Agency for Criticizing Saudi Policy,” NYT, Dec. 3, 2015. “player in local politics”: Embassy Riyadh. “Meeting with controversial Shi’a Sheikh Nimr al-Nimr,” Wikileaks cable: 08RIYADH1283_a. Dated Aug. 23, 2008. “his reward from God”: “maatha qaala as-sheikh nimr an-nimr ‘an suriya wa bashaar al-asad” (Ar

…

From His Post,” NYT, May 28, 2003. show the question’s absurdity: Embassy Riyadh. “Saudi Editor Laments Muslim Insensitivity to Violence,” Wikileaks cable: 09RIYADH911_a. Dated July 12, 2009. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​09RIYADH911_a.html bicycle, then a donkey: “Saudi Arabia’s women can finally drive. But the crown prince

…

declined to comment. on a range of issues: Embassy Riyadh. “MOI Underscores Need for Broad and Flexible Energy Facilities Security Cooperation,” Wikileaks cable: 06RIYADH8989_a. Dated Dec. 4, 2006. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​07RIYADH2474_a.html the king had fired al-Jabri: “amr malaki bi-‘ifaa’ wazeer ad-dawla ad-doktoor

…

. “got half of that right”: Author interview, Westphal. MBS’S WAR Mayy El Shiekh dedicated many hours to helping me digest and translate the Saudi Wikileaks cables. Shuaib Almosawa provided reporting from Yemen. C. J. Chivers helped identify munitions scraps. Many of the

…

Wikileaks documents cited here were first reported in “Cables Released by Wikileaks Reveal Saudis’ Checkbook Diplomacy,” NYT, June 20, 2015, and “Wikileaks Shows a Saudi Obsession With Iran,” NYT, July 16, 2015. For background on the Houthis

…

, I consulted “Regime and Periphery in Northern Yemen: the Huthi Phenomenon,” RAND Corporation, 2010. pilgrimage to Mecca: Saudi Foreign Ministry document, Wikileaks, Jan. 22

…

, 2012. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​pics/​5357859a-e321-4088-9137-4b69e0a87f30.jpg hand out as he saw fit: Saudi Foreign Ministry document

…

, Wikileaks document: #80451. Undated. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​doc80451.html “the kingdom asks of him”: Saudi diplomatic cable, Wikileaks document #53032. Dated Aug. 14, 2008. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​doc53032.html “problems the agency is facing”: Cited in “Cables

…

Released by Wikileaks Reveal Saudis’ Checkbook Diplomacy,” NYT, June 20, 2015. from going to prison

…

: Saudi diplomatic cable, Wikileaks document #72359. Undated. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​doc72359.html preachers had been “prepared”: Reports on the website of the Saudi Ministry

…

of Islamic Affairs, Endowment, Preaching, and Guidance, moia.gov.sa, accessed 2015, since removed. employed in Guinea: Saudi Foreign Ministry document, Wikileaks. Dated Jan. 18, 2013

…

. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​pics/​5a3363c8-a11e-4a5d-8b66-f39af6077f20.jpg twelve others in Tajikistan: Saudi Foreign Ministry document

…

, Wikileaks document 96427. Dated 2011. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​doc96427.html. The Indian scholar was Sheikh Suhaib Hasan. Islamic association in India: Saudi Supreme Council of Islamic Affairs document, Wikileaks. Dated Feb. 6, 2012. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​pics/​8770db3f-984c-4dda-8b78-96bd2853b063

…

.jpg overwhelmingly Christian country: Saudi Foreign Ministry document. Wikileaks document 112213. Dated Feb. 29, 2012. https://wikileaks.org/​saudi-cables/​doc112213.html “regional and international issues”: Cited in

…

“Cables Released by Wikileaks Reveal Saudis’ Checkbook Diplomacy,” NYT, June 20, 2015. “Are you with us or not

…

, July 21, 2017. LORD OF THE FLIES In reporting on Saud al-Qahtani’s rise, I read through scores of Hacking Team emails released by Wikileaks. Where I have used findings in them from other other researchers and journalists, I have noted them below. “Regards saud”: Email released by

…

Wikileaks. Email ID: 569313. Dated March 27, 2012. https://wikileaks.org/​hackingteam/​emails/​emailid/​569313 “the king office”: Ibid. “guests for the Royal Court”: Ibid. “most known Hack Forum users”: “How

…

. “RAT THAT CAN INFECT MAC PC”: Ibid. he lived in Saudi Arabia: Ibid. or failed to show up: Email released by Wikileaks. Email ID 14112. Dated Sept. 23, 2013. https://wikileaks.org/​hackingteam/​emails/​emailid/​14112 “90% of them are not up to it”: Ibid. media monitoring under King Abdullah: “Royal Order

…

, Nov. 12, 2015. “as soon as possible please”: Email released by Wikileaks. Email ID 1150286. Dated June 29, 2015. https://wikileaks.org/​hackingteam/​emails/​emailid/​1150286 “will protect our privacy”: Email released by Wikileaks. Email ID 1118843. Dated July 1, 2015. https://wikileaks.org/​hackingteam/​emails/​emailid/​1118843 guy seemed paranoid: Ibid. “bad cop

…

International Communication, Nov. 4, 2017. “tendency to squander it”: Embassy Riyadh. “Saudi Royal Wealth: Where Do They Get All That Money,” Wikileaks cable: 96RIYADH4784_a. Dated Nov. 20, 1996. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​96RIYADH4784_a.html due to unpaid loans: Ibid. for next to zero work: Ibid. “royal rake-offs”: Ibid

…

. “Al Saud Inc.”: Ibid. government land to private citizens: Embassy Riyadh. “Crown Prince Sultan Back the King in Family Disputes,” Wikileaks cable: 07RIYADH296_a. Dated: Feb

…

. 12, 2007. https://wikileaks.org/​plusd/​cables/​07RIYADH296_a.html “since Adam and Eve”: “Interview: Bandar bin Sultan,” Frontline, PBS, Oct. 2001. “a prince, or

God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican

by Gerald Posner  · 3 Feb 2015  · 1,590pp  · 353,834 words

with Condoleezza Rice, his American counterpart, urged her to convince the administration of George W. Bush to intervene to get the case dismissed. According to WikiLeaks cables in which State Department officials recorded the back-and-forth between Sodano and Rice, he complained about “aggressive attorneys” and told her, “It is

…

did he discuss it with others in the Curia.3 In a classified cable sent to State Department headquarters in Washington—made public later through WikiLeaks—the U.S. embassy at the Vatican concluded only a month after Benedict’s election that he was a religious hardliner with no political skills

…

sign that Benedict’s administration had a more serious problem? The answer, soon in coming, was not good. Another confidential State Department memo (also a WikiLeaks release) highlighted more of what was wrong in the new Pontificate. There was, according to the cable, a “lack of generational or geographical diversity in

…

otherwise blacklisted or sanctioned countries continued as a problem between the U.S. and the Vatican long past World War II. Information contained in a WikiLeaks cable shows that as late as 2002, the Treasury Department had blocked Vatican funds sent to Cuba, prompting a furious response from the church’s

…

Secretary of State. Treasury, as it did in World War II, backed off and released the money: https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/02VATICAN83_a.html. 49 The IOR’s roots go back to an 1887 commission of cardinals appointed by Pope Leo XIII. Their

…

. It was about fears the Pope might reach out to the Vietcong. See generally 09-25-73 WikiLeaks Vatican “Contacts” with Communists Cable: 1973ROME10199_b; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1973ROME10199_b.html; also 09-28-73 WikiLeaks Audience with Pope Paul VI (Held at Vatican Suggestion) Cable: 1973ROME10410_b; https://www

…

.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/1973ROME10410_b.html. 2 “Two Bombings in Milan,” The New York Times, January 16, 1973, 14. 3 Paul Hofmann, “El Al Employe [

…

Church Deeply Saddened,” Associated Press, International News, Jerusalem, March 23, 2000. 82 Author interview with Elan Steinberg, April 2, 2006. 83 See 10-31-02 WikiLeaks Vatican Archives: Archivist Confirms Partial Opening for Nazi Germany and WWII Documents Cable: 02Vatican5356_a, https://www

…

Museum Delegation Works in Secret Archives, Offers Collaboration to Catalogue Closed Records Cable: 03vatican1046_a, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/03Vatican1046_a.html. 84 Authers and Wolffe, The Victim’s Fortune, 321–23. 85 Joseph B. Treaster, “Settlement Approved in Holocaust Victims’

…

,” The Guardian, December 15, 2008, 23. 87 As for the Sodano-Rice meeting, see 11-25-05 WikiLeaks Vatican Unhappy with Lawsuits Cable, 05VATICAN538_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN538_a.html. 88 Ibid, WikiLeaks. Also, “Vatican’s Global Importance Evident In Leaked Cables,” EWTN, Catholic News Agency, December 14, 2010

…

, 2005. 89 Ibid, “Vatican’s Global Importance Evident In Leaked Cables,” EWTN; See 01-08-02 WikiLeaks, “Vatican PM Wants His Money Cable, See also Berry, Render Unto Rome, 119-20. 02VATICAN83_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/02VATICAN83_a.html. 90 John L. Allen Jr., “Vatican Ask Condoleezza Rice to

…

Men: Cables of Confusion from the Heart of the Vatican,” Der Spiegel, December 13, 2010; See 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate Cable, 09VATICAN28_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09VATICAN28_a.html. 5 Ibid. 6 Carla Del Ponte and Chuck Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor: Confrontations with

…

See copy of August 26, 2005 U.S. cable, subject “Del Ponte Makes ‘Ugly Impression’ at the Vatican,” at http://racconta.espresso.repubblica.it/espresso-wikileaks-database-italia/dettaglio_eng.php?id=55. Del Ponte even provided a list of the monasteries to assist the search; see Del Ponte and Sudetic

…

the Heart of the Vatican,” Der Spiegel, December 13, 2010. See also August 26, 2005, Del Ponte Makes “Ugly Impression” at the Vatican, https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/05VATICAN516_a.html. 11 Del Ponte and Sudetic, Madame Prosecutor, location 5077 of 7695. 12 See also David Rennie, “Vatican Accused of

…

contain a positive message for Israel, but it was so veiled he missed it, even when he was told it was there: 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate cable. 15 Rachel Donadio and Jim Yardley, “Vatican Bureaucracy Tests Even the Infallible,” The New York Times, March

…

.com/2006/07/rome-notes.html. 26 Benny Lai interview with Angelo Caloia, June 1, 2007, in Lai, Finanze vaticane, 152. 27 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate cable. 28 Ibid. 29 Richard Owen, “Benedict Eager to Modernise Arcane World of Vatican Bank: Averse to Inefficiency

…

, “Holocaust Denying British Bishop Expelled From Religious Order,” The Telegraph (United Kingdom), October 24, 2012. 63 02-20-09 WikiLeaks The Holy See: A Failure to Communicate Cable, 09VATICAN28_a; https://www.wikileaks.org/plusd/cables/09VATICAN28_a.html. 64 Thavis, The Vatican Diaries, 292. 65 Author interview with former Papal advisor

…

Vatican Kept Silent on Nazi Attrocities: The Failure to Act” (Posner), xii Wiesenthal, Simon, 339, 590n Wiesenthal Center, 339–40, 341, 384, 385–86, 390 WikiLeaks, 408, 426, 428, 576n Willan, Philip, 440, 666n Williamson, Richard, 435, 685n Wilson, William A., 307, 334–37, 655n, 659n Marcinkus intervention of, 335–37

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