Yom Kippur War

The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East

by Abraham Rabinovich  · 1 Jan 2004  · 722pp  · 225,235 words

one of the most remarkable turnabouts in military history. Israel emerged from the war, however, more chastened than triumphant. Much has been published about the Yom Kippur War, but there has been lacking a narrative that tells the extraordinary story with the inclusive sweep it deserves. The passage of time has eased censorship

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Aviv. Gratitude as well to Gen. Donn A. Starry, U.S. Army (ret.), who was sent to Israel by the American army to study the Yom Kippur War, for the insights he kindly offered me in Washington. My appreciation to all interviewees who shared their memories, including those who chose to remain anonymous

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on excerpts from official protocols or from memoirs based on transcripts of radio traffic. For all those who lived through it, on whatever side, the Yom Kippur War—or, as it is known in the Arab world, the October War or Ramadan War—remains one of the defining moments of their lives. It

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forth and firing towards the presumed location of the Sagger operator. Such techniques, improvised by troops in the field in the opening hours of the Yom Kippur War, would subsequently be adopted by NATO forces adjusting to the newly perceived threat of Warsaw Pact Saggers. By late afternoon, ammunition and fuel were nearly

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intelligence personnel in interrogation would prove an even greater windfall. The fall of the Hermon was for Israel the single most humiliating episode of the Yom Kippur War. From the Golani Brigade to the General Staff, a grim determination took shape to regain it at any price. General Hofi returned to Nafakh from

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, anywhere it chose in the Middle East—except for the narrow strips over the battle zones dominated by missiles. But it was there that the Yom Kippur War would be won or lost. Sixteen THE FALL OF THE SOUTHERN GOLAN REFRESHED BY A FEW HOURS’ SLEEP in his tank on the Hermonit ridge

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just before dawn. The price paid by the IDF for the Suez misadventure was 80 dead and 120 wounded. The last major action of the Yom Kippur War was over. But the final shots had not yet been fired. Although all roads to Suez had been cut, Israeli forces had still not established

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the Golan into the quietest of Israel’s borders. On June 5, military representatives of the two sides signed the disengagement agreement in Geneva. The Yom Kippur War was officially over on both fronts. With disengagement in the south, Israel had withdrawn twenty miles from the canal but it still held the bulk

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with the arm it had most relied on, the air force, tied behind its back. As a military feat, the IDF’s performance in the Yom Kippur War dwarfed that in the Six Day War. Victory emerged from motivation that came from the deepest layers of the nation’s being and from basic

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became effective in June after disengagement on the Syrian front. The new government was headed by Yitzhak Rabin, with Shimon Peres as defense minister. The Yom Kippur War continued to claim its victims long after the shooting stopped. General Elazar left the army deeply grieved that the Agranat Commission had put the onus

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the military to rethink basic assumptions. If the Six Day War had imbued Dayan with a sense of Israel’s power and Arab weakness, the Yom Kippur War made him determined to explore the road to peace. Changing his parliamentary colors by joining the right-wing government of Menahem Begin, which came to

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’s brigade, was alternately reported to have been killed in the fighting or to have died of a heart attack. The clearest victor in the Yom Kippur War was President Sadat. He had dared, as Mrs. Meir said. Risking all, he had parlayed an audacious military move that restored Egypt’s dignity into

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, Islamic fundamentalists gunned him down in Cairo as he reviewed a military parade marking the anniversary of the war. The other major victor of the Yom Kippur War was a man who had been six thousand miles from the battlefield. Henry Kissinger had with dazzling statesmanship stage-managed a scenario in which both

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secretary of state deftly managed to nudge aside the Soviet Union and tie the leading country in the Arab world to the United States. The Yom Kippur War had a major impact on the world’s armies. The success of the Sagger and RPG in the early days of the war evoked widespread

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, and the Americans wanted to learn what the Middle East conflict had to teach about the likely shape of future wars. The generals found the Yom Kippur War tank battles to have been of unprecedented intensity. The fighting in Sinai and the Golan involved more tanks than any Second World War battle with

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the Americans, Maj. Gen. Donn A. Starry. Whereas tanks in the Second World War had fought at an average range of 750 yards, in the Yom Kippur War Israeli tanks were engaging at 2,000 and even 3,000 yards or more. This meant a far broader killing ground. The Sagger greatly increased

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in quantity. In the Six Day War, the Israeli air force had achieved one of the most stunning victories in modern military history. In the Yom Kippur War, to the surprise of all, its effect on the outcome was marginal. It trounced the Arab air forces in air combat, conducted strategic strikes in

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test in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley, where the Syrians deployed a missile system more formidable than the one deployed opposite the Golan Heights in the Yom Kippur War. Even two decades afterwards, Israel would not reveal exactly how it confronted the SAM array in the Bekaa, but a general outline of the Israeli

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now able to track the deployment of the Syrian batteries at all times. Most importantly, it had the standoff weapon it had lacked in the Yom Kippur War—smart bombs with cameras that could be launched from beyond the range of the missiles and guided onto target. According to published accounts, the IAF

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of technology and tactics which American military analyst Anthony Cordesman would call “uniquely efficient.” With this stunning display nine years after the frustrations of the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli air force took back the technological high ground which had been lost with the introduction of the SAMs into Egypt and Syria a

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for my country. Millions of my countrymen dream of peace. It may be that the unknown is beautiful. But the present is more beautiful.” The Yom Kippur War marked a major turning in the Israel-Arab confrontation. By restoring pride to Egypt and a sense of proportion to Israel, it opened the way

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to realpolitik. The possibility of renewed war in the Middle East would remain ever present, particularly when the unresolved Palestinian issue inflamed passions. But the Yom Kippur War, despite its disastrous opening for Israel, had enhanced its military deterrence, not diminished it. It is hard to imagine a more propitious opening hand than

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intimidated by the prospect. In 1973, both sides emerged from the confrontation with honor intact and a desire not to taste of war again. The Yom Kippur War had begun with a surprise attack but history, that master of paradox, provided an even more surprising ending, one that left behind on the furrowed

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and Command College, August 1973. 2. The Man in the Peasant Robe Sadat reshaping Dayan’s proposal—remarks by Ashraf Gorbal, Sadat’s spokesman, at Yom Kippur War symposium in Washington, published in Parker’s The October War: A Retrospective. Saying it with flowers—Sisco in Parker. All information on Kremlin discussions in

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this and other chapters, other than those involving Henry Kissinger, is from Israelyan’s invaluable Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War. Ismail’s report on his conversation with Kissinger—Gamasy’s The October War. Interview with Jehan Sadat—Yedioth Achronot, November 6, 1987. 3. Dovecote Dovecote

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, Gur, Yair, Atir, Orr, Motti Katz. Written sources—Sabbato and unit histories. Dayan on need to replace Hofi—Arie Braun’s Moshe Dayan and the Yom Kippur War. Dayan weeping—transcript of interview with Moussa Peled in Armored Corps library, Latrun. Bar-Lev ordering radios at Northern Command to be shut—Guy’s

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1998. The speaker, Maj. Ron Huldai, would be elected mayor of Tel Aviv in 1998. The absence of “anticipatory fear”—Dr. Reuven Gal’s The Yom Kippur War: Lessons from the Psychologist’s Perspective. Battle of San Simon—Bartov. Sharon’s conversation with Gonen—Sharon’s Warrior. Events at Fort Orkal—Arye Segev

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ranks—Roland Aloni in Ma’archot 361. 400 Israeli tanks destroyed in war, 600 damaged and repaired—Tal. Israelis in battle shock—Gal’s The Yom Kippur War. Arab casualty figures—Trevor Dupuy, Elusive Victory. General Bar–Kochba’s comments—Maarchot. General Amidror’s comments—Galei Zahal Radio, September 2003. Arab casualty figures

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according to Israel—IDF History of Yom Kippur War. 38. Aftermath The Source—The allegation about Ashraf Marwan was made by Ahron Bregman in an interview with the Egyptian newspaper Al-Ahram on December

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Aviv: Edanim, 1991. Benziman, Uzi. Sharon: An Israeli Caesar. Tel Aviv: Adama, 1985. Braun, Arie. Moshe Dayan v’Milkhemet Yom Kippur [Moshe Dayan and the Yom Kippur War]. Tel Aviv: Edanim, 1992. Bregman, Ahron. A History of Israel. Houndmills: Palgrave Macmillan, 2003. Cohen, Eliot, and John Gooch. Military Misfortunes. New York: Vintage Books

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.: Westview Press, 1990. Dan, Uri. Rosh Gesher [The Bridgehead]. Tel Aviv: E.L. Special Edition, 1975. Davis Institute for International Relations. Milkhemet Yom Hakippurim [The Yom Kippur War: A New View]. Symposium on the war’s twenty-fifth anniversary. Jerusalem: Hebrew University, 1998. Dayan, Moshe. Avnei Derekh [Milestones]. Jerusalem: Edanim, 1982. Dupuy, Trevor

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. Elusive Victory. New York: HarperCollins, 1978. Gal, Reuven. The Yom Kippur War: Lessons from the Psychologist’s Perspective. Zikhron Ya’acov: Israeli Institute for Military Studies, 1987. Gamasy, Mohamed Abdel Ghani el-. The October War. Cairo: American

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from Arabic to Hebrew. Tel Aviv: Ma’archot, 1986. Israelyan, Victor. Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Kahalani, Avigdor (ed.). Ani Nishba lekha [The Yom Kippur War—Fighters’ Stories]. Tel Aviv: Keter Publishing, 2003. Kahalani, Avigdor. Oz 77 [Seventy-seventh Battalion]. Tel Aviv: Shocken, 1975. Karsh, Efraim

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: Little, Brown, 1982. Kober, Avi. Hakhara Tsvait [Military Decision in the Arab-Israeli Wars]. Tel Aviv: Ma’archot, 1996. Kumaraswamy, P. R., ed. Revisiting the Yom Kippur War. London: Frank Cass, 2000. Lanir, Zvi. Hahafta’a Habasist [The Basic Surprise]. Tel Aviv: Kav Adom, 1983. Luttwak, Edward, and Dan Horowitz. The Israeli Army

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, and Avi Kober, eds. Aichut v’Kamut [Quality and Quantity]. Tel Aviv: Ma’archot, 1985. Oren, Elhanan. Toldot Milkhemet Yom HaKippurim [A History of the Yom Kippur War]. Tel Aviv: Israel Defense Forces History Department, 2004. Parker, Richard B., ed. The October War: A Retrospective. Gainesville: University of Florida Press, 2001. Peled, Yossi

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York: Pantheon, 1983. Zaloga, Steven J. Armour of the Middle East War. London: Osprey Publishing, 1981. Zeira, Eli. Milkhemet Yom Kippur: Mytos mul Metsiut [The Yom Kippur War: Myth vs. Reality]. Tel Aviv: Yedioth Achronot, 1993. Other Sources War diary of Col. Amnon Reshef’s brigade Tape recordings from Fort Purkan, including conversation

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Films produced by Yitzhak Mordecai’s battalion, Ori Orr’s brigade, and the engineering corps Galei Zahal Radio, September 2003—Thirteen-part series on the Yom Kippur War. Israel Radio Israel Television Unit Histories (listed by names of unit commanders) Division histories: Raful Eitan; Dan Laner Brigade histories: Ori Orr, Yossi Peled, Haim

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© 2004 by Abraham Rabinovich Schocken Books and colophon are registered trademarks of Random House, Inc. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Rabinovich, Abraham. The Yom Kippur War: the epic encounter that transformed the Middle East / Abraham Rabinovich. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. 1. Israel-Arab War, 1973. I. Title. DS128

Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers Who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation

by Yossi Klein Halevi  · 4 Nov 2014  · 752pp  · 201,334 words

. Served as the 55th Brigade’s chief intelligence officer in the Six-Day War and helped lead the crossing of the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War. Went on to help establish Israel’s domestic aviation industry and shift the statist economy toward capitalism. UDI ADIV Born on Kibbutz Gan Shmuel. In

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for many years as settler spokesman. A veteran settler in Ofra. HANAN PORAT Founder of the first West Bank settlement, Kfar Etzion. Wounded in the Yom Kippur War, then helped found Gush Emunim. First settler elected to the Israeli parliament. Died in 2011. FAMILY MEMBERS YEHUDIT ACHMON Psychologist, married to Arik Achmon. Grew

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of the Mount Etzion yeshiva. A Holocaust survivor and leading opponent of religious extremism. AVINOAM “ABU” AMICHAI A founder of Kfar Etzion; killed in the Yom Kippur War. SANDY AMICHAI Kfar Etzion’s first American; married Avinoam “Abu” Amichai. YEHUDAH ETZION Student and study partner of Yoel Bin-Nun. Imprisoned for leading a

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Gush Emunim settlement movement. OTHERS MOTTI ASHKENAZI Commanded the only Israeli outpost along the Suez Canal that didn’t fall to the Egyptians during the Yom Kippur War. Initiated the protest movement that toppled the government of prime minister Golda Meir in 1974. SHALOM HANOCH A founding father of Israeli rock music. Grew

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in 2002, the veterans of the 55th Brigade were middle-aged and older, no longer part of the reserves. I learned that in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, they had led the nighttime crossing of the Suez Canal onto the Egyptian mainland that turned the war in Israel’s favor, one of the

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, you should be prime minister.” YISRAEL HAREL UNDER FIRE DANNY MATT ASKED Arik Achmon to prepare a report of the brigade’s actions in the Yom Kippur War, as Israelis were calling it, just as Arik had done in the summer of 1967 about the battle for Jerusalem. The assignment meant interviewing dozens

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foothold on Egyptian soil. “I was privileged to command you—veterans of the retaliation raids [of the 1950s], liberators of Jerusalem and trailblazers in the Yom Kippur War. . . . Let us hope that the [prophet’s] vision will be fulfilled in us, that ‘nation won’t lift sword against nation and won’t learn

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work in the rage so many Israelis felt that spring toward Dayan. Nothing more clearly marked the reversal of the Six-Day War into the Yom Kippur War, elation and pride into depression and self-recrimination, than the transformation of Dayan from hero to villain. Dayan’s self-confidence, his trademark eye patch

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mutual. Udi Adiv had faded from public memory. The trial that had scandalized Israelis less than two years earlier seemed, in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War, like history. Still, in Israel, no trauma was ever really forgotten, only displaced by new trauma, so that the country’s emotional life resembled one

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a Torah scroll as soldiers led him away. Israelis shuddered at that image: the young man was the soldier who had been photographed during the Yom Kippur War at the Suez Canal, carrying a Torah scroll as he was led into captivity. So far the Rabin government had managed to block Gush Emunim

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ONLY ROCK ’N’ ROLL THE BIG ISRAELI rock band of 1976 was Tamouz, founded by Shalom Hanoch. Shalom had returned from London just before the Yom Kippur War. Though he’d managed to release an album in English, it was a bigger success in Israel than in England—no surprise, given Shalom’s

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night. Nearly two hundred children—far more than in previous summers—attended the four-day camp this year. Partly the increase was due to the Yom Kippur War, which made dozens of children eligible. Those included the three children of Avinoam “Abu” Amichai of Kfar Etzion. The increase in population was also because

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Israel, that the conflict was insoluble: lies. Worse than lies: self-delusion. Even Arik had bought into the clichés. Sadat had reached out before the Yom Kippur War, there were hints of a truce that could have been expanded into negotiations, but Israeli leaders ignored his overtures. Now Sadat comes to Jerusalem, and

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his credibility among Egyptians before his journey to Jerusalem. Meanwhile, the war continued to claim its victims. The IDF’s chief of staff during the Yom Kippur War, David “Dado” Elazar, died of a heart attack at age fifty-one, broken by the commission of inquiry that had turned him into the scapegoat

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group of people he could trust: the hevreh from the 55th Brigade. And so he brought in Fuchsy, the brigade’s operations officer during the Yom Kippur War, to head Arkia’s planning. And he appointed as company driver Papino, who’d been wounded in 1967 and adopted by Arik through his convalescence

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commander of the 90th Division, Brigadier General Giora Lev. An old friend: Lev had commanded the first tank unit to cross the canal in the Yom Kippur War, and Arik had stood on the shore to welcome him. “We’ve had a rough time, Arik,” said Lev. “There are many dead and wounded

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precious posession for the sake of genuine peace, if that ever became possible. This, from the rabbi whose book about the spiritual meaning of the Yom Kippur War, Ascent from the Depths, had been promoted by Hanan as the spiritual textbook of Gush Emunim. The redemption movement now had its first heretic. ARIK

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was a pocket notebook in which he wrote lines for songs. Meir added a new last line to the song he’d written after the Yom Kippur War, “Our Forces Passed a Quiet Night in Suez”: “Our forces are passing a quiet night in Sidon,” the Lebanese port city. WITH HIS BEARD and

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!” Rabin, warned Yoel, “was trapped in a conceptual failure”—a charged term that evoked the behavior of Israeli leaders who, in the days before the Yom Kippur War, ignored approaching danger because they believed the Arabs were incapable of attacking. Like Golda Meir, Yoel was implying, Rabin was ignoring reality. And yet, continued

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of the old Israel, its readiness to take responsibility without seeking reward. Commentators recalled how Motta, appointed commander in chief of the IDF after the Yom Kippur War, restored the army’s faith in itself; how he commanded the astonishing rescue of Israeli hostages in Entebbe Airport in Uganda in 1976, after terrorists

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each other last, in a Lebanese village on the edge of besieged Beirut. Now Yoel told the audience how during reserve duty shortly after the Yom Kippur War, Avital had demanded that Shabbat rest be granted to secular soldiers too. “Don’t think that Avital and I don’t have arguments,” he said

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was supposed to lead the crossing of the canal, but lacked sufficient vehicles to reach it. 237 commander of the 71st Battalion: Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 2004), 404; Yisrael Harel, ed., Abirei Lev (Brave-Hearted Men, Keren Hatzanhanim, n.p

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following night, the 890th Brigade, the paratroopers’ brigade of draftees, lost 41 soldiers and over 100 wounded. 240 “My guys are fighting there”: Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, 362; unpublished account written by Hanan Erez. 241 The first six boats: Harel, Abirei Lev , 32. 242 Arik radioed Danny: Ibid., 32. 244 “God’s

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, 1977. Moskin, J. Robert. Among Lions. New York: Ballantine, 1983. Oren, Michael, Six Days of War. New York: Oxford University Press, 2002. Rabinovich, Abraham. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East. New York: Schocken, 2004. Schiff, Ze’ev, and Ehud Ya’ari. Israel’s Lebanon War. Trans. by

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eulogy for terrorism victim, 303 relationship with Hanan Porat, 396–97 opposition to invasion of Beirut, 392, 395–97 speech following Rabin assassination, 512 and Yom Kippur War, 228, 274–75 Ammunition Hill, 66, 71–72, 86, 94, 136, 140, 377–78, 533 anti-Zionism, 27, 80, 163, 290, 451, 507, 521. See

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, Menachem, 246, 248 Dayan, Moshe during Six-Day War, 82, 92–93, 103 and eulogy of Uri Ilan, 163 and the Temple Mount, 337 during Yom Kippur War, 227, 233, 257, 268, 271–72, 277, 325 Dead Sea Works, 469 Debby, Motti, 468 Democratic Movement for Change (DMC), 319 Democratic Front for the

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, 349, 384, 476 operations in Golan, 103, 104, 252 operations in Jerusalem, xvii, xviii, 80, 373 operations in Sinai, 35, 68, 270 training, 165 in Yom Kippur War, 253, 260 flags Israeli, 39, 71, 91–93, 121, 128, 144, 162, 176, 270, 280, 363, 442 Jordanian, 79, 84 Palestinian, 440 Soviet, 17, 39

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-for-peace deals, 142 outings to, 206 settlement on, 220–21, 267, 279, 297 terrorist attacks on, 297–98, 303 and water control, 51 and Yom Kippur War, 227, 230 Goldfarb, Alex, 507 Goldstein, Dr. Baruch, 377, 486–87, 489–90 Goren, Rabbi Shlomo, 80–81 as chief rabbi of Israel, 254 during

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–18, 421–22, 424, 450–51, 478–79, 483, 493–94, 496–99, 512–13 reaction to attack on Arab buses, 417–22 report on Yom Kippur War, 259–60 and Sarah Harel, 183–84, 186, 311, 442 and Yamit, 372, 375–78 and Yesha Council, 357–59, 426, 496, 516 and Yitzhak

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yeshiva accidental death of student, 303–4 curriculum at, 203, 369–70 expansion of, 170 founding of, 123, 153–54 students’ and teachers’ reaction to Yom Kippur War, 228, 274 and Yehudah Amital, 228, 274, 303, 392, 395–96, 512 Mount Hermon, 206, 277 Mount Herzl, 116, 119, 143 Mount Gerizim, 406 Mount

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family, 114–117 and Gush Emunim, 265, 267–68, 272–75, 282, 288–90, 322–24, 326, 392 and Hebron massacre, 489–90 injury during Yom Kippur War, 248, 254, 263–64 Kfar Etzion, 123, 143–45, 148–50, 153, 228–29, 265, 267, 272 and Kfar Etzion massacre, 114–17 as Knesset

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and Sadat, 323 and settlement movement, 281, 335–36, 354, 365, 392 during Sinai War, 48 during Six-Day War, 47 Sharon, Ariel (cont.) during Yom Kippur War, 233–35, 245 walk on Temple Mount, 530 Shavuot, 29, 109, 113, 170, 471 Shdemot (magazine), 124, 144–45 Sheikh Jarrah, 66, 535 Shemer, Naomi

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. See also Yamit biblical references to, xx, 20, 109, 390 IDF operations during Six-Day War, 35, 53, 67–68, 80, 145 IDF operations during Yom Kippur War, 227, 231–34, 239, 244, 252 1956 campaign, 57, 59 withdrawal from, 142, 220–21, 324, 334–35, 255, 357, 364–67, 371–79, 446

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, the, 289, 339 Suez Canal, 112, 237 and Kanaf, 173–74, 197 simulation of crossing, 139, 165–66 after the Six-Day War, 158 during Yom Kippur War, 227, 230, 236, 241, 248, 253, 270, 325, 550n237 suicide bombings, xxii, 425, 491, 495, 515, 516, 531, 532 Sukkoth, 26, 194–95, 231–32

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plan, 33, 289, 321 peacekeeping troops, 4 resolution of Zionism as racism, 296–97, 302, 458, 481 role during Six-Day War, 64 role during Yom Kippur War, 251, 253 United Nations peacekeeping forces, 5, 251 University of Haifa, 198, 208, 497 Venice Biennale, xiii, 465–67, 470–72, 556n472 Vered, Dan, 210

Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn

by Daniel Gordis  · 17 Oct 2016  · 632pp  · 171,827 words

Israel Enters the International Arena 11 Israel Confronts the Holocaust 12 Six Days of War Change a Country Forever 13 The Burden of Occupation 14 Yom Kippur War: The “Conception” Crashes 15 Revolution Within the Revolution: The Rise and Revenge of Israel’s Political Right 16 Taking a Page from the Zionists: The

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had predicted, the battle was a disaster, and the Israeli forces were repelled. Ariel Sharon, then a young platoon commander (later the hero of the Yom Kippur War and still later prime minister of Israel), was wounded. The Israelis launched a second assault on Latrun on June 1, but that also failed. Official

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its victory in 1967, the Jewish state now had a new and increasingly potent enemy that was going to dramatically alter Israel’s future. 14 YOM KIPPUR WAR The “Conception” Crashes You promised . . . peace . . . [and] you promised to keep your promises. —From the Israeli song “Winter ’73” In the spring of 1973, when

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home and blossoms; You promised to keep your promises; You promised a dove. When that song appeared in 1995, more than two decades after the Yom Kippur War, no dove had come. Israel was a country with a still-broken heart, a country still at war. Even the religious holiday of atonement, Yom

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transformed into—and remains to this very day—an annual remembrance of incompetence, grief, loss, and the shattering of Israeli illusions. In many ways, the Yom Kippur War irrevocably shattered part of Israel’s soul. THE WAR HAD PROFOUND political ramifications, as well. As early as November 13, 1973, Menachem Begin attacked both

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own.”32 THE WAR HAD BEGUN with disaster and it shattered the conceptzia. Yet there were also remarkable dimensions to Israel’s conduct during the Yom Kippur War. Syrian tanks had been poised to slice through the north of Israel, but the public, while worried, did not flee. The military had made terrible

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, Israeli armor was poised to reach Damascus. Especially given the element of surprise and Israel’s initial losses, it was a stunning military accomplishment. The Yom Kippur War, in fact, was the last time that Israel would face an enemy’s standing army.33 Despite the failures leading up to the war and

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to which it had become accustomed. Years later, Shlomo Gazit (head of military intelligence from 1974 to 1979) admitted in a televised interview that the Yom Kippur War had had no victor.34 That military deadlock, he believed, made both sides more open to the possibility of a peace treaty than they had

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told a largely Mizrachi audience that Ben-Gurion had turned Israel into a divided country of “Ashkenazim and non-Ashkenazim.”8 THE COMBINATION OF THE Yom Kippur War, Meir’s resignation after the Agranat Commission, Rabin’s resignation under a cloud of financial scandal, and the abiding frustrations of the Mizrachi population was

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in shuttle diplomacy between Israel and Egypt and had succeeded in getting both sides to agree to two disengagement agreements, disentangling their forces after the Yom Kippur War. But those ended a previous conflict—they did little to avert the likelihood of a future one. Just months after Begin’s election, however, after

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Islamic Jihad) while attending the annual parade in Cairo commemorating the Egyptian crossing of the Suez during the October War (the Egyptians’ term for the Yom Kippur War).18 THERE WAS ACRIMONY and resentment inside Israel, too. As early as the signing of the Camp David Accords in 1978, Jewish residents of the

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Tel Aviv and wrote: “And if there is an IDF—let it appear immediately.” The allusion was lost on very few. AS EARLY AS THE YOM KIPPUR WAR, Shlomo Gazit (head of Israeli military intelligence in the late 1970s) said Israel and Egypt had battled to a stalemate; there were, he said, no

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about that. The peace process was dead. That realization was, for many Israelis, no less agonizing than the loss of the conceptzia after the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Ever since Israel’s Declaration of Independence had extended “our hand to all neighboring states and their peoples in an offer of peace and good

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. The renewed search for meaning also stemmed from Israelis’ realization that peace was not going to come any time soon. After the devastation of the Yom Kippur War and the collapse of the conceptzia, Yehoram Gaon—one of Israel’s most popular singers—came out with a song the refrain of which was

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favored establishing a Jewish spiritual center in Palestine. al-Assad, Hafez—Syrian president from 1971 to 2000. In tandem with Anwar Sadat, Assad launched the Yom Kippur War attack on Israel in 1973, and as late as 1996, refused to make peace with Israel. al-Hussein, Abdullah I (bin) —King of Transjordan (renamed

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IDF’s chief of staff in 1953. He oversaw the IDF’s battle in the 1967 Six-Day War and was defense minister during the Yom Kippur War. Deri, Aryeh—One of Israel’s first successful Mizrachi politicians. As a leader of the Shas Party, Deri rose to national political prominence before being

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top military general, Elazar was instrumental in capturing the Golan Heights during the Six-Day War. As the IDF’s chief of staff during the Yom Kippur War, he was found responsible for multiple failures by the Agranat Commission and was stripped of his position. Eshkol, Levi—Israel’s third prime minister, Eshkol

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. Two of her most famous songs are “Jerusalem of Gold,” written two weeks before the Six-Day War, and “Let It Be,” written after the Yom Kippur War. Stavsky, Avraham—A member of Betar, Stavsky was originally convicted but then acquitted of the murder of Haim Arlosoroff, the creator of the Transfer Agreement

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,” conceptzia was created to refer to Israel’s cockiness and sense of invincibility in the years between the 1967 Six-Day War and the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Eretz Israel—Hebrew for “The Land of Israel.” Fedayeen—Arabic for “self-sacrificers,” fedayeen is a term commonly used to refer to guerrilla fighters who

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Israel (September 1, 1967), http://www.mfa.gov.il/mfa/foreignpolicy/peace/guide/pages/the%20khartoum%20resolutions.aspx [Last viewed December 8, 2015]. CHAPTER 14: YOM KIPPUR WAR 1Martin Gilbert, Israel: A History (New York: HarperPerennial, 1998), p. 423. 2Howard M. Sachar, A History of Israel: From the Rise of Zionism to Our

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Hero (New Haven and London: Yale University Press, 2012), p. 156. 13Tekumah, Episode 10 at 8:07. 14Mitch Ginsburg, “Mossad’s Tip-Off Ahead of Yom Kippur War Did Not Reach Prime Minister, Newly Released Papers Show,” Times of Israel (September 20, 2012), http://www.timesofisrael.com/newly-released-papers-detail-depth-of

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-mishandling-of-yom-kippur-war-warnings/ [Last viewed December 8, 2015]. 15Gilbert, Israel: A History, p. 432. 16Landau, Arik, p. 98. 17Benny Morris, Righteous Victims: A History of the Zionist

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the Peace Process (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), p. 113. 21Amir Oren, “CIA Report on Yom Kippur War: Israel Had Nuclear Arsenal,” Ha’aretz (February 13, 2013), http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/cia-report-on-yom-kippur-war-israel-had-nuclear-arsenal.premium-1.501101 [Last viewed December 8, 2015]. 22Tekumah, Episode 10 at

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32:00. 23Gilbert, Israel: A History, p. 442. 24Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East (New York: Schocken Books, 2004), p. 497. 25Gilbert, Israel: A History, p. 460. 26Motti Regev and Edwin

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Seroussi, Popular Music and National Culture in Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 67. 27Translation from the Hebrew by the author. 28Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, p. 499. 29Robert Slater, Rabin: 20 Years After (Israel: KIP-Kotarim International Publishing, 2015). 30Tekumah, Episode 20 at 37:55. 31Tekumah, Episode 7 at 45

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.barghouti.com/poets/darwish/bitaqa.asp [Last viewed May 1, 2016]. David, Assaf, and Asaf Siniver, eds. “Jordan’s War That Never Was.” In The Yom Kippur War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013. “Dennis Ross and Gidi Grinstein, Reply by Hussein Agha and Robert Malley.” New York Review of Books

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, 2013. Druks, Herbert. The Uncertain Alliance: The U.S. and Israel from Kennedy to the Peace Process. Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001. Dunstan, Simon. The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973. Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007. Eban, Abba. Abba Eban: An Autobiography. Lexington, MA: Plunkett Lake Press, 2015. Efron, Noah. “The

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. “‘Meteor-Yid’: Abba Kovner’s Poetic Confrontation with Jewish History.” Judaism, Vol. 48, No. 1 (Winter 1999). Ginsburg, Mitch. “Mossad’s Tip-Off Ahead of Yom Kippur War Did Not Reach Prime Minister, Newly Released Papers Show.” Times of Israel (September 20, 2012), http://www.timesofisrael.com/newly -released-papers-detail-depth-of

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-mishandling-of-yom-kippur-war -warnings/ [Last viewed December 8, 2015]. ———. “When Moshe Dayan Delivered the Defining Speech of Zionism,” Times of Israel (April 26, 2016), http://www.timesofisrael.com

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Mendes-Flohr and Yehuda Reinharz. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1995. Oren, Amir. “CIA Report on Yom Kippur War: Israel Had Nuclear Arsenal.” Ha’aretz (February 13, 2013), http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/cia-report-on-yom-kippur-war-israel-had -nuclear-arsenal.premium-1.501101 [Last viewed December 8, 2015]. Oren, Michael B. “Did

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March 23, 2016]. Quandt, William B. Peace Process: American Diplomacy and the Arab-Israeli Conflict Since 1967. Washington, DC: Brookings Institution, 2005. Rabinovich, Abraham. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East. New York: Schocken Books, 2004. Rabinowitz, Dan. “October 2000, Revisited.” Ha’aretz (October 19, 2004), http://www

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, 170, 326 and Jewish immigration to Israel, 200–202, 204, 206, 209 Jews of, 44, 279n, 329, 360, 418 Yizhar, S. (Yizhar Smilansky), 222–23 Yom Kippur War, 172, 307–23, 329–31, 334, 358, 364, 381, 391, 411, 418 Yosef, Ovadia, 350, 362–63 Zangwill, Israel, 6, 67, 69 “Zion, Whence Cometh

The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977

by Gershom Gorenberg  · 1 Jan 2006  · 600pp  · 165,682 words

, rabbi, settler in Hebron and Kiryat Arba, Gush Emunim activist Israel Defense Forces DAVID ELAZAR, head of Northern Command in 1967, chief of staff in Yom Kippur War SHLOMO GAZIT, Dayan’s coordinator of Israeli government activities in the occupied territories MORDECHAI GUR, head of paratroopers in 1967, chief of staff following

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Yom Kippur War MORDECHAI HOD, commander of Israel Air Force in 1967 UZI NARKISS, head of Central Command in 1967 ARIEL SHARON, head of Southern Command, later a

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of the Palmah pre-state militia YISRAEL HAREL, Orthodox journalist, activist in the Movement for the Whole Land of Israel CHAIM SABBATO, memoirist of the Yom Kippur War MOSHE SHAMIR, novelist, former leftist turned supporter of the Whole Land of Israel NAOMI SHEMER, popular songwriter, creator of “Jerusalem of Gold,” Whole Land advocate

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, who promised financial and organizational help and told them they were doing “the most important thing for Zionism. I’m at your service.”3 The Yom Kippur War had interrupted their efforts. Afterward, their patience vanished. The interim agreements made members of the group “feel the ground quaking beneath us.” Everyone knew that

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, “seized by immense fury,” and roaring, “Refuse orders! Refuse orders!” Spotting a tangle around Hanan Porat, he rushed over. “This guy was wounded in the Yom Kippur War!” Sharon shouted. “How dare you?” A soldier trying to lift Yehudah Etzion found himself flung away by the stocky ex-general, who himself remained immune

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. Jerusalem: 5728; Jerusalem: Ariel/Nezer David, 5749. Hadari, Yona. Mashiah Rakhuv Al Tank (Messiah Rides a Tank: Public Thought Between the Sinai Campaign and the Yom Kippur War 1955–1975). Jerusalem: Shalom Hartman Institute, 2002. Harel, Yehudah. “Meharamah Hasurit Leramat Hagolan.” ms. Harell, Yehuda. Tabenkin’s View of Socialism, trans. Hanna Lash. Ramat

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Conflict Since 1967. Washington, DC: The Brookings Institution/University of California, 1993. Rabin, Yitzhak. Pinkas Sherut. Tel Aviv: Sifriat Ma’ariv, 1979. Rabinovich, Abraham. The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East. New York: Schocken, 2004. Rapoport, David C. “The Fourth Wave: September 11 and the History of Terrorism

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’aretz, Oct. 10, 2003; Sarid, interview. 42. “Interview with President Sadat of Egypt”; Morris, Victims, 390. 43. Eliav, Taba’ot, 314. 44. Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter that Transformed the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 2004), 22. 45. Uri Bar-Joseph, Hatzofeh Shenirdam (The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise

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Israel resolution of June 19, 1967, and Sebastia and settlement ideal and settlement post-1967 and Sinai evacuation of 1979 and Six-Day War and Yom Kippur War and Allon Plan broken by settlements Dayan plan vs. Eshkol and Galili and Gouri and Gush Emunim and Meir and peace negotiations and private development

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. Peres and Rafi party and resolution of June 19, 1967, and Sebastia and settlement plan and Sinai and Six-Day War and West Bank and Yom Kippur War and Dead Sea de Borchgrave, Arnaud Defense Ministry Deganiah Bet Deganiah Democratic Movement for Change Diaspora Jews Diklah Dinitz, Sincha Dir al-Balah Dir Yassin

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Meir and economic integration Education Ministry Efrat, Yonah Efratah Egypt Khartoum and negotiations and Resolution 242 and Six-Day War and War of Attrition and Yom Kippur War and Eichmann, Adolf Eilat Ein Gedi Ein Tzurim Ein Yabrud Eisenhower, Dwight Elazar, David Eldad, Yisrael elections of 1965 of 1969 of 1973–74 of

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Press (TV show) Meholah Meinrat, Gershon Meir, Golda background of debate over occupied territories and peace negotiations and as prime minister Rabin and resignation of Yom Kippur War and Meir, Hannah Merhaviah Merkaz Harav yeshivah Merom Golan Meron, Theodor messianism Mexico Meyerson, Morris Military Intelligence minimalists moshavim (cooperative villages) Moskovic, Moshe Mossad Mount

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) Sprinzak, Ehud Stalin, Joseph Steinmatz, Avraham Straits of Tiran student revolutions Suez Canal Suez Crisis of 1956 Sukkot attack of 1968 Supreme Court, Israeli Syria Yom Kippur War and Syrian heights. See Golan Heights Tabaki, Hajja Rasmia Tabenkin, Yitzhak Tal, Yisrael Tale of Two Utopias, A (Berman) Talmi, Meir Tamir, Yehudah Tel Aviv

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Six-Day War and aftermath student rebellions in U.N. anti-Zionist resolution and U.N. Security Council Resolution 242 and War of Attrition and Yom Kippur War and U.S. Congress U.S. National Security Council (NSC) U.S. State Department Upper Hebron. See Kiryat Arba Vietnam war Voice of the Turtledove

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for, proposed settlement of, post-1967 settlement policy changes of 1976 Sharon and Six-Day War and Six-Day War and future of Transjordan conquers Yom Kippur War and Western values, fundamentalist attack on Western Wall West Jerusalem When Prophecy Fails (Festinger) Whole Land of Israel elections of 1977 and Labor advocates of

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(Fanon) Wye summit of 1998 Yadin, Yigal Yadlin, Aharon Yadlin, Asher Yafeh, Adi Yamit. See also Avshalom Center Yariv, Aharon Yehudah Halevi Yemen Yeshivat Hakotel Yom Kippur War (1973) Young Guard of National Religious Party youth movements Zadok, Haim Zambia Ze’evi, Rehavam Zeira, Eli Zemer, Hannah Zionism. See also Labor Zionism; religious

The Rise of the Israeli Right: From Odessa to Hebron

by Colin Shindler  · 29 Jul 2015  · 439pp  · 166,910 words

of Jewish settlements on the West Bank The formation of the Israeli Labour party Gahal and remnants of the Labour party form Likud under Begin Yom Kippur War ends in a muted victory for Israel at the cost of thousands of lives Chronology 1974 1974 1977 1977 1979 1980 1981 1981 1982 1982

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the Jewish people, he must first of all be converted, but, he argued, conversion should be made easier by the rabbinical authorities.25 Following the Yom Kippur War in 1973, he argued in the Knesset that any discussions at the subsequent Geneva conference should not take place on the Jewish Sabbath. Shabbat was

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a vote of 117–112.39 The Rogers Plan eventually collapsed, and no territory was returned. However, it proved fortuitous in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. While Begin, the government minister, could bathe in the sweetness of the Six-Day War victory in 1967, Begin, the leader of the opposition, could

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absolve himself of all responsibility for the debacle of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. 36 37 38 39 Menahem Begin, Speech to the Knesset, 12 August 1970, in N. Lorch, ed., Major Knesset Debates, vol. 5, pp

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. The killing of passengers at Lod Airport in May 1972 and of the Israeli athletes at the Munich Olympics further demoralised Israeli citizens. During the Yom Kippur War, Begin described Israel as ‘the surviving remnant’ which was fighting for its existence. Begin had captured the verbal zeitgeist of the Israeli man in the

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election of 1973. In addition to attacking Palestinians involved in acts of terror and highlighting the public perception of a failed Labour government after the Yom Kippur war, Begin still proclaimed his fidelity to a Greater Israel and the colonisation of the West Bank. The Ma’arakh instead spoke of defensible borders and

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approve Israel acquisition of land and property on the West Bank. This four-year plan seemed to cement Dayan’s desire for economic integration. The Yom Kippur War and its cost – some 7 billion U.S. dollars – encouraged Sapir to once again move against the Galili Plan with his own document proclaiming the

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of territory would not actually bring peace, but only more terror. ‘For peace, not surrender, vote Likud!’ The Ma’arakh after the debacle of the Yom Kippur War had no answers. Its fatalistic slogan was ‘Nevertheless – the Alignment!’ Begin himself articulated the concerns of the electorate through his articles and speeches. After Ahdut

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, whilst older voters tended towards the Ma’arakh. Many soldiers voted for the Likud because of Sharon’s standing and his prominent role in the Yom Kippur War. Another reason was that Golda Meir and the Ma’arakh seemed, in contrast, politically faded and paralysed compared with the sixty–year-old Menahem Begin

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undecided voters. Labour’s New Leaders In the immediate aftermath of the conflict, Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan were responsible for the debacle of the Yom Kippur War in the eyes of 11 12 Ha’aretz, 23 November 1973. Asher Arian, ‘Introduction’, in Arian, ed., The Elections in Israel 1973, pp. 15–16

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others in Revisionist folklore: Jabotinsky and Trumpeldor; Raziel and Stern. Dayan remained a member of the Labour party, but following his reluctant resignation after the Yom Kippur War, he frequently distanced himself from official Labour views.20 17 18 19 20 Jewish Telegraphic Agency, 17 May 1976. Numbers 26:65. Joshua 14:13

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rights and an impetus to locate a solution to the Israel-Palestine question. The increase in the price of oil in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War brought about an isolation of Israel as one country after another succumbed to Arab economic pressure and broke off diplomatic relations with Israel. In addition

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, there was an intolerable financial burden on the shoulders of the Israeli public. Defence spending had escalated dramatically after the Yom Kippur War. There were increased oil prices and huge inflation – the cost of living index had trebled between 1969 and 1975. Such developments pushed Israel almost symbolically

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’s Moshe Dayan as foreign minister in 1977 caused disbelief in Herut. Dayan was held responsible by the Israeli public for the catastrophe of the Yom Kippur War. Begin shared this view, but was careful to cultivate Dayan privately and not to criticise him publicly. In the Rabin administration, some regarded Dayan as

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in Rafi, Shimon Peres, was minister of defence. Dayan felt that he had been treated badly by the Agranat Commission on the conduct of the Yom Kippur War and was unable to relate to the political mood prevailing in Labour. He was particularly irked by the protests in 1974 which demanded some political

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accountability for the losses in the Yom Kippur War: In nothing [the protest leader] Motti Ashkenazi said, did I find a spark of trust, of faith, of anything constructive. All was nihilistic. It was

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disobedience, yet he was also a courageous commander on the battlefield who led by example. He was credited with having turned the tide during the Yom Kippur War. On the other hand, despite instructions not to enter the Mitla Pass during the Suez campaign in 1956, he did so, resulting in a quarter

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of all Israeli casualties taking place there. An official account of the 1973 Yom Kippur War 1 2 David Landau, Arik: The Life of Ariel Sharon (New York, 2013), p. 49. Ibid., p. 53. 344 The Struggle to Leave Gaza 345

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Herut, Sharon fundamentally believed that territory would provide strategic depth and that settlements were a means of enhancing Israel’s security. One explanation of the Yom Kippur War was that Israel had been saved from catastrophe because it possessed strategic depth due to the post-1967 borders. Indeed, he believed that if the

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‘Who is a Jew?’ debate, 290 and World War II, 171 arrest and release of, 171 on establishment of Jewish army, 205–6, 207 and Yom Kippur war, 294 and Zionism labour Zionists, 6, 164 religious Zionists, 6 Beilin, Yossi, 352 Beilinson, Moshe, 70, 78 381 Beilis, Mendel, 112 Beirut attack on airport

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, 316, 317 opposition to extending Israeli law to territories, 318 proposed as Minister of Defence, 275, 276 resignation of, 300–1, 305, 322 responsibility for Yom Kippur war, 316–17 and security for Hebron settlers, 289 on Sharon as Minister of Defence, 345 on West Bank settlements, 280, 304 De Valera, Eamon, 143

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, 260 negotiations with Israel, 1977–1979, 318 and return of Sinai, 321–22 Tehiyah calls for revision of treaty with, 331 Ulbricht visits, 261 and Yom Kippur war, 297–98 Ehrlich, Simha, 325 Eichmann, Adolf, 254, 256 Einstein, Albert, 241 Eitan, Rafael, 347 El Al, 93, 315, 354 elections coalescence of smaller parties

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, 250 effect of rise of price of oil on, 306 negotiations with Egypt, 1977–1979, 318 rise in cost of living index in, 306 and Yom Kippur war, 297–98. See also Gaza; Palestine; West Bank Israeli citizenship, 318, 357 Israeli Defense Forces (IDF) and Altalena affair, 237 Berit Hakana’im plans for

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violence against, 262 and Lebanon war (1982), 328 and LIM manifesto, 281 and suicide bombings, 351 and Yom Kippur war, 297, 301. See also Lebanon war (1982) Israeli Right allegiance of IDF generals to, 295 on Kastner, 256 Israeli Workers’ List. See Rafi Italian irredentists

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proposal of Dayan as Minister of Defence, 275 resignation of, 300–1 and Rogers Plan, 293–94 and West Bank and Arab inhabitants, 285 and Yom Kippur war, 297 melting pot, 128 Menelik (Ethiopia), 19 Menorah, 70–71 Meretz, 338, 359, 365 Meridor, Dan on attack by Lieberman on civil liberties NGOs, 360

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London, 223 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 61, 93, 153 nihilism, 20, 203, 316, 337 NILI, 121–22, 199 Nivharim, Asefat, 119 Nixon, Richard, arming of Israel during Yom Kippur war, 297 Norbut-Luczynski, Aleksander, 253 Nordau, Max, 52, 153–54, 157–58 October Manifesto, 45 October Revolution, 23, 49, 58–59, 81 Odessa anti-Jewish

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of Likud to power under, 2 on security argument, 9 transformation during government of Netanyahu, 349 and West Bank settlements, 342–43, 349–50 and Yom Kippur war, 297, 344–45, 350 Sharon, Omri, 351 Shas, 323 criticism by Amsellem, 361 and election of 1992, 338 and election of 1996, 342 and election

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, 218–20 ‘help the Allies’ campaign in, 190 Jabotinsky on racism in, 63–64 and Lebanon War (1982), 346, 347 and settlement freeze, 343 and Yom Kippur war, 297 United Torah Judaism (UTJ), 355–56 and election of 2009, 359 Index and high birth rate of haredim, 355. See also far Right; haredim

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lists, 358–59 on Israeli citizenship, 357 opposition to unilateral withdrawal from Gaza, 356 Russian constituency, 356, 359. See also Lieberman, Avigdor Yoffe, Avraham, 281 Yom Kippur war (1973), 297–98 and Begin, 294 cost of, 299 and Dayan, 316–17 and IDF, 297, 301 and Meir, 297 and Sharon, 297, 344–45

Smarter Faster Better: The Secrets of Being Productive in Life and Business

by Charles Duhigg  · 8 Mar 2016  · 401pp  · 119,488 words

Night Live 3. FOCUS Cognitive Tunneling, Air France Flight 447, and the Power of Mental Models 4. GOAL SETTING Smart Goals, Stretch Goals, and the Yom Kippur War 5. MANAGING OTHERS Solving a Kidnapping with Lean and Agile Thinking and a Culture of Trust 6. DECISION MAKING Forecasting the Future (and Winning at

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both big ambitions and small-bore objectives—and why Israel’s leaders became so obsessed with the wrong aspirations in the run-up to the Yom Kippur War. They explore the importance of making decisions by envisioning the future as multiple possibilities rather than fixating on what you hope will happen, and how

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. The key is forcing yourself to think. As long as you’re thinking, you’re halfway home.” GOAL SETTING Smart Goals, Stretch Goals, and the Yom Kippur War In October 1972, one of Israel’s brightest generals, the forty-four-year-old Eli Zeira, was promoted to oversee the Directorate of Military Intelligence

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, but our faith was fractured, our trust damaged, our hearts deeply gouged, and an entire generation was nearly lost.” “Even a quarter century later the Yom Kippur war remains the most traumatic phase in Israel’s history,” the historian P. R. Kumaraswamy wrote. Today, the psychological scars of the invasion are still profound

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,” said Kerr. “Once you know how to do that, you can get pretty much anything done.” V. Twenty-seven days after fighting concluded in the Yom Kippur War, the Israeli parliament established a national committee of inquiry to examine why the nation had been so dangerously unprepared. Officials met for 140 sessions and

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Prime Minister Golda Meir, Defense Minister Moshe Dayan, and the head of the Directorate of Military Intelligence, Eli Zeira. “In the days that preceded the Yom Kippur war, the Research Division of Military Intelligence had plenty of warning indicators,” investigators concluded. There was no justification for Israel to have been caught off guard

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years later. And Zeira was relieved of his position and forced to resign from government service. Zeira’s failings in the run-up to the Yom Kippur War illustrate one final lesson regarding how goals function and influence our psychology. He, in fact, was using both stretch and SMART goals when he convinced

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and consider if we’re moving toward goals that make sense. We still need to think. On October 6, 2013, the fortieth anniversary of the Yom Kippur War, Eli Zeira addressed an audience of national security scholars in Tel Aviv. He was eighty-five years old and his gait was a bit unsteady

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, to be decisive, can also be a weakness. The note was supposed to prompt him to ask bigger questions. But in the days before the Yom Kippur War, “I didn’t read that little note,” Zeira said. “That was my mistake.” MANAGING OTHERS Solving a Kidnapping with Lean and Agile Thinking and a

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the problems with the plane were so extreme. CHAPTER FOUR: GOAL SETTING about to attack For my understanding of the events leading up to the Yom Kippur War, I am indebted to Professor Uri Bar-Joseph, who was kind enough to provide extensive written comments, as well as the following sources: Abraham Rabinovich

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, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East (New York: Schocken, 2007); Uri Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and

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124, no. 3 (2009): 461–88; Uri Bar-Joseph and Rose McDermott, “Personal Functioning Under Stress Accountability and Social Support of Israeli Leaders in the Yom Kippur War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 52, no. 1 (2008): 144–70; Uri Bar-Joseph, “ ‘The Special Means of Collection’: The Missing Link in the Surprise of

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the Yom Kippur War,” The Middle East Journal 67, no. 4 (2013): 531–46; Yaakov Lapin, “Declassified Yom Kippur War Papers Reveal Failures,” The Jerusalem Post, September 20, 2012; Hamid Hussain, “Opinion: The Fourth Round—A Critical Review

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.com/2002/nov/4th-round.htm; P. R. Kumaraswamy, Revisiting the Yom Kippur War (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Charles Liebman, “The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur War in Israeli Society,” Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 3 (1993): 411; Simon Dunstan, The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007); Asaf

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Siniver, The Yom Kippur War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). “sharp as possible

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and Theory of RS Lazarus: An Analysis of Historical and Perennial Issues (New York: Psychology Press, 2013). “Even a quarter century later” Kumaraswamy, Revisiting the Yom Kippur War. good at choosing goals For my understanding of General Electric, I am indebted to Joseph L. Bower and Jay Dial, “Jack Welch: General Electric’s

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, or Have Its Attackers Abandoned Good Scholarship?” The Academy of Management Perspectives 23, no. 1 (2009): 17–23. investigators concluded The Commission of Inquiry, The Yom Kippur War, an Additional Partial Report: Reasoning and Complement to the Partial Report of April 1, 1974, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: 1974). all to blame Mitch Ginsberg, “40

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Chiefs Trade Barbs,” The Times of Israel, October 6, 2013; “Eli Zeira’s Mea Culpa,” Haaretz, September 22, 2004; Lilach Shoval, “Yom Kippur War Intelligence Chief Comes Under Attack 40 Years Later,” Israel Hayom, October 7, 2013. “You are lying!” Ibid. CHAPTER FIVE: MANAGING OTHERS shoo them away As

Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu

by Anshel Pfeffer  · 30 Apr 2018  · 530pp  · 154,505 words

invariably be another Israeli. Of course, Israelis studying in the United States were themselves another Israeli elite. And just like many of them, when the Yom Kippur War broke out in October 1973, Netanyahu rushed to return home and fight. IN THE EARLY 1970S, Israel’s main borders were relatively calm. Despite the

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repeated it in an interview with the New York Times. In the talk-show interview, he put it this way: I knew him in the Yom Kippur War. It was the third or the fourth day of the war. It was a makeshift force of Sayeret Matkal and we arrived there on the

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. The fellow Israeli he had met handing out leaflets was Uzi Landau, a doctoral engineering student, who, like Bibi, had returned to fight in the Yom Kippur War as a paratrooper officer. Uzi’s father, Chaim Landau, was a Knesset member of the new party that had been formed around Menachem Begin’s

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later, however, he was back in uniform commanding a reserved armored division. His soldiers would cross the Suez Canal, finally turning the tide of the Yom Kippur War in Israel’s favor. The election, postponed by the war to December 31, proved a disappointment. Likud did far better than Begin’s Herut ever

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of fifty-one seats, enough to form a coalition. Begin encouraged his crestfallen colleagues. “Even though Labor won this election, after what happened in the Yom Kippur War to the nation and the government, they must lose power,” he said. “It’s just a question of time.”8 Not everyone was convinced. Earlier

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that would be replicated in relationships between future Israeli governments and Republican administrations, which shared a conservatism alien to mainstream American Jews. Early in the Yom Kippur War, Nixon had given the orders for a massive airlift of arms to Israel to replenish the arsenals depleted on the Egyptian and Syrian fronts. It

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Damascus to help broker disengagement agreements made on the front lines. The United States was rattled by the Soviet intervention at the end of the Yom Kippur War, when the Kremlin had threatened using its own military might, perhaps even nuclear weapons, if Israel continued to pursue its advantage against Syria and Egypt

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a means of gaining face-time with the prime minister. But the Entebbe operation took place less than three years after the debacle of the Yom Kippur War, and many wanted to share in its success. The Netanyahu family’s insistence on making it all about Yoni would soon irk others who had

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was the beneficiary of a gradual erosion of trust in the Labor Party, leading to a collapse in its support. Infighting, lingering trauma from the Yom Kippur War, a sharp turn to the right of the once moderate religious community, and a series of high-profile corruption cases had all combined to end

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. Israelis were skeptical of cheap, mass-produced furniture. It wasn’t just the old-fashioned customers. Israel was still paying for massive rearmament after the Yom Kippur War, and the first Likud government was hapless in its attempts to transition from the socialist economy its predecessors had built. Inflation sky-rocketed. By 1979

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invasion of Lebanon and offensive against the Palestinian and Syrian forces there. It would be known as Israel’s First Lebanon War. As in the Yom Kippur War, Sayeret Matkal temporarily shifted from its special operations role, and teams of its officers and soldiers, along with hundreds of Matkal’s reservists, joined the

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visited him in New York. His views on the Israeli-Arab conflict were ultra-hawkish; he was adamantly opposed to any territorial concessions. During the Yom Kippur War, he suggested that Israel continue its push on the Syrian front all the way to Damascus. One of Netanyahu’s former Matkal soldiers, a secular

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) (Tel Aviv: Israeli Defense Ministry, 1991), 369. 7. Even though there is no temple, some call the modern state of Israel the third temple. 8. “Yom Kippur War, 40 Years Back: Where Were the Leaders Then,” Walla, September 13, 2013. 9. J. Netanyahu, Yoni’s Letters, 239. 10. Barak Ravid, “Netanyahu to Bennett

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Rabin’s assassination, 219–221 private income, 283–284 retreat from the “Security Zone,” 284–285 secret Labor-Likud coalition talks in 2009, 309–310 Yom Kippur War, 96 Yoni’s death, 116–117 Yoni’s military service, 86–87, 100 Bar-Ilan, David, 197, 240, 262 Bar-On, Ronny, 247–248, 250

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, 95–96 Sinai Campaign, 58–59 Six-Day War, 69–73 Soviet support, 58 Summit of Peacemakers, 228 War of Attrition, 82–83, 85–86 Yom Kippur War, 95–99 Eitan, Rafael, 226, 270 Elazar, David “Dado,” 97–98 elections (Israel) attempts to oust Netanyahu through early elections, 269–271 Barak and Netanyahu

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, 300–301 Sinai Campaign, 58–59 Six-Day War, 70–74 Syrian plans to recover the Golan Heights, 255–256 war in Lebanon, 142–148 Yom Kippur War, 95–99 See also military service, Netanyahu’s immigrants and refugees border fence as obstacle to, 3–4 British cap on, 27 German Jews’ migration

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political views and career, 102–103 leaving, 90–91 low profile of, 100–101 Operation Frenzy, 82–83 Sayeret Matkal, 75–78, 82, 86–87 Yom Kippur War, 96–99 Miller, Aaron David, 172–173 Milo, Ronny, 168–170, 201 Minhelet HaAm (People’s Administration), 43 Mishal, Nissim, 277 Mitzna, Amram, 290 Modi

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, 109 Sabena airliner hijacking, 87–89 Sayeret Matkal, 83 Six-Day War, 73 Tzila’s death, 283 view of Palestinians, 86 wedding of, 74–75 Yom Kippur War, 95–96, 98–99 Netanyahu, Nathan. See Mileikowsky, Nathan Netanyahu, Noa (daughter), 131, 133, 180, 242 Netanyahu, Sara (wife), 179–180, 188–190, 204, 241

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War, 70–71 Soviet support, 58 Summit of Peacemakers, 228 Trump’s lack of interest in foreign policy, 376–378 water rights conflict, 68–69 Yom Kippur War, 96–99 A Tale of Love and Darkness (Oz), 53 temporary government, 49–50 Terrorism: How the West Can Win (Netanyahu, ed.), 159–160 terrorist

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’s plan to retake the Golan Heights, 255–256 war in Lebanon, 143, 145–149 World War II, 32–33 Wye River summit, 263–266 Yom Kippur War, 110 Zionist lobbying in 1944 elections, 35–36 See also Obama, Barack Urofsky, Melvin I., 105 Vietnam, American presence in, 111 Waldheim, Kurt, 157 War

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Yishai, Eli, 307–308 Yisrael B’Aliyah party, 230–231, 275 Yisrael Beiteinu party, 270–271, 306 Yisrael Hayom newspaper, 303, 352–353, 380–381 Yom Kippur War (1973), 93, 95–99, 109–110, 210–211 Yosef, Ovadya, 220–221, 258 Zangwill, Israel, 28–29, 194 Zarif, Mohammad Javad, 349, 360 Zionist movement

Kissinger: A Biography

by Walter Isaacson  · 26 Sep 2005  · 1,330pp  · 372,940 words

Is Hit in Order to Convince Saigon to Sign 22. SECRETARY OF STATE A Rise That Was Helped Because Everyone Else Was Sinking 23. THE YOM KIPPUR WAR A Mideast Initiation, a Resupply Dispute, and a Nuclear Alert 24. THE SHUTTLE Step by Step Through Israel, Egypt, and Syria 25. THE PRESS How

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and used to hire Kissinger’s mother, Paula, to do his catering. Guido Goldman dropped the last letter of his family name. TWENTY-THREE THE YOM KIPPUR WAR A Mideast Initiation, a Resupply Dispute, and a Nuclear Alert Any negotiator who seduces himself into believing that his personality leads to automatic breakthroughs will

…

for secret talks because by mid-1973 the Egyptian president had decided that, in conjunction with Syria, he would soon go to war.1 THE YOM KIPPUR WAR, OCTOBER 1973 Kissinger was sleeping in his thirty-fifth-floor suite in the Waldorf Towers when Joseph Sisco came barging in. They were in Manhattan

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: Egypt and Syria, he told the startled secretary, were launching a surprise attack on Israel. The ensuing sixteen days of fighting became known as the Yom Kippur War because the attack came on that holiest day of the Jewish year. Among Muslims it was referred to as the War of Ramadan, for it

…

what he saw as Israeli inflexibility, Kissinger told Defense Secretary Schlesinger to slow arms deliveries to Israel. Schlesinger, still fuming over the dispute about the Yom Kippur War, demanded the order in writing. Yigal Allon met with his former teacher at Camp David to complain about the new strictures, but Kissinger denied that

…

holocaust, do anything that would betray Israel?” he would tell Jewish leaders.12 OIL SHOCKS AND THE SHAH In the midst of the October 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Arabs had followed through on years of warnings and unsheathed their oil weapon. The Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), with its Arab members

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the views of Kissinger the source, especially on key events such as the struggle he had had with James Schlesinger over resupplying Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Kissinger considered Kalb to be “sensitive and scholarly,” an opinion he did not change when the book appeared. (He attended the publication party for Kissinger

…

about resigning, he and Nancy decided to go through with their plans nonetheless, and a date was set for October. That was scuttled by the Yom Kippur War. At least six times in the next five months, a new date was chosen and a State Department lawyer would call Judge Thomas in Arlington

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a week-long vacation in Acapulco. During the Saturday Night Massacre of October 20, 1973, Kissinger was in Moscow securing a cease-fire of the Yom Kippur War. And when Nixon released the White House tapes on April 24, 1974, Kissinger was in Geneva for meetings with Soviet Foreign Minister Gromyko. The president

…

, when the summit and trade agreements occurred. It also steadily rose in 1973, when it reached 35,000 despite a temporary dip caused by the Yom Kippur War. “Soviet policy on emigration would clearly depend on the overall state of U.S.–Soviet relations,” Kissinger later wrote. “If Jackson succeeded in souring the

…

Meir’s successor Yitzhak Rabin, steadfastly resisted negotiations with Jordan, even though (or maybe because) the kingdom had not directly attacked Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War. Kissinger later conceded that everyone “took the path of least resistance and brought about the worst possible outcome.” Israel was the greatest obstacle. Rabin had

…

1968, 890. 17. Ball, Diplomacy for a Crowded World, 14; Nutter, Kissinger’s Grand Design, 17–18; Robert Hormats, May 9, 1990. TWENTY-THREE: THE YOM KIPPUR WAR 1. Heikal, The Road to Ramadan, 200; YOU, 209, 224; Sadat, In Search of Identity, 241. 2. Kissinger-Haig telephone conversation, Oct. 6, 1973. 3

…

. The divergent accounts of Kissinger’s role in the Yom Kippur War include: Kalb and Kalb, Kissinger, 450–78 (reflecting Kissinger’s cooperation); YOU, 450–544; Edward Luttwak and Walter Laquer, “Kissinger and the

…

Yom Kippur War,” Commentary, September 1974 (oriented toward Schlesinger’s version); Szulc, The Illusion of Peace, 735–39; Edward R. F. Sheehan, “How Kissinger Did It,” Foreign Policy,

…

quote from one of these documents, I specify when the telephone conversation or meeting occurred and who was involved. In addition, the narrative of the Yom Kippur War draws on the sources cited in the footnote above plus the following interviews: Henry Kissinger, Jan. 21 and May 8, 1990; James Schlesinger, Oct. 16

…

Kissinger’s views on, 411, 412, 427, 578 Nixon’s relationship with, 376 as politician, 418 SALT process supported by, 325, 430, 626, 627, 629 Yom Kippur War and, 516, 524, 525, 530, 531, 532, 533, 535, 538 Brezhnev Doctrine, 663 Brinkley, David, 358, 575, 753 Brinkley, Susan, 358, 753 British Museum, 97

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Schlesinger’s opposition to, 537, 658, 671 Soviet Jews and, 607–8, 612–21 Vietnam War and, 353, 486, 607, 611, 613, 614, 620, 636 Yom Kippur War and, 515, 516, 520, 529, 533, 537–38, 608, 609, 614–15 Dewey, Thomas, 47, 270 Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos, 725 Dickson, Peter, 67 Diem, Ngo

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Dinh, 247 Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 459n Diller, Barry, 714 Dinitz, Simcha, 193, 615 in shuttle diplomacy, 552, 554, 631, 633, 634 Yom Kippur War and, 515, 517–518, 520, 521, 523, 536, 542 diplomacy: ambiguity in, 445, 665, 766 “bombshell,” 509 Chinese approach to, 346, 399, 551 creative, 207

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, 248–49, 250 in Moscow summit (1972), 259, 306, 307, 349, 425, 426 Nixon’s meeting with, 543 SALT process supported by, 321, 322–27 Yom Kippur War and, 516, 529, 530, 535, 543 Dole, Robert, 726 Dong, Pham Van, 121, 403, 455 Donovan, Hedley, 479 Dostoyevski, Fyodor, 31, 46, 65 Doty, Paul

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, 546–50, 554, 556, 567, 630, 634 Soviet influence in, 114, 159, 259, 293, 511 U.S. relations with, 540, 558 see also Sadat, Anwar; Yom Kippur War Ehrlichman, John: Cambodian invasion and, 394 Christmas bombing and, 465, 466, 467 as domestic policy assistant, 152, 393–94 Haig’s relationship with, 231, 385

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, 186, 493 Vietnam policy and, 246, 386, 388, 389, 415 in wiretapping program, 216, 217, 218, 219–21, 223, 226–27, 228, 415, 499, 500 Yom Kippur War and, 513, 516, 520, 521, 522, 525, 530–31, 532, 533–34, 535, 543, 548–49 Haiphong harbor, mining of, 415–24 Cambodian invasion compared

…

aid to, 558–59, 596, 634, 635 U.S. moral commitment to, 307 as U.S. surrogate, 299, 301, 307–8 see also shuttle diplomacy; Yom Kippur War Israelitische Realschule, 22, 24, 35, 36 ITT, 732, 748 Izbica death camp, 28 Jackson, Henry “Scoop”: arms control and, 429, 431, 432 détente opposed by

…

contender, 612, 618, 668 SALT II opposed by, 608, 621–22, 623, 625, 626, 627–28 Soviet Jews as concern of, 516, 529, 612–21 Yom Kippur War and, 520, 533 Jackson-Vanik amendment, 611–21 détente affected by, 613–14, 616, 617, 620–21, 633, 685 Kissinger’s strategy for, 613–21

…

’s relationship with, 300, 544, 549, 552, 553, 568–70, 572, 591, 631, 633 Sadat’s letter to, 549 U.S. visit of, 285, 300 Yom Kippur War and, 517–18, 522, 526, 536, 541, 542, 552 Menem, Carlos, 731 MENU program, 176, 177, 268 Metrinko, Marsha, 367–68 Metropolitan Museum of Art

…

, 427, 537, 569–70, 572, 632–33, 766 U.S. policy towards, 153, 159, 286, 293, 507, 556, 564–65, 631 see also shuttle diplomacy; Yom Kippur War; individual countries Military Assistance Command (MAC), 521, 550 Miller, Ann, 365 Miller, Charles, 649 Miller, George, 643 Milosz, Czeslaw, 73 Minetta, Norman, 724 Minnelli, Liza

…

, 540, 552, 556, 578 Meir’s letter to, 549 in shuttle diplomacy, 547–48, 549 Soviet military personnel expelled by, 511 as world figure, 16 Yom Kippur War and, 512, 528, 529, 536, 539–41, 542, 547–48, 549 Safire, William, 250, 335, 387, 396–397 Kissinger as viewed by, 152, 194, 227

…

, 387, 389 personality of, 565, 669 religion of, 561 SALT process opposed by, 435, 608, 622–24, 625, 626, 627, 628 Vietnam policy and, 641 Yom Kippur War and, 513, 515, 518–23, 531, 532, 537, 558 Schlesinger, Marian, 102 Schlosser, Herbert, 362 Schneider, René, 297, 303, 305, 310, 311 Schreiber, Taft, 362

…

, 600, 601, 698, 702, 751 loyalty of, 493 as national security adviser, 670–671, 702–3 responsibilities of, 506, 661 in shuttle diplomacy, 548–49 Yom Kippur War and, 520, 524, 525, 548–49 Scranton, William, 196, 317 Sears, John, 698 SEATO, 241, 657 Secret Service, 198, 314, 343–44, 350, 358, 361

…

.–Israeli relations reevaluated in, 631, 633–35 Watergate scandal and, 571, 572, 574, 593 West Bank as issue in, 561, 630–633, 635 see also Yom Kippur War Sideshow (Shawcross), 273–74, 646, 710, 717 Sidewinder missiles, 515 Sidey, Hugh, 305, 351, 356, 414, 421, 479, 582, 627 Sihanouk, Norodom, 171, 177–179

…

’s relationship with, 304, 507 in Middle East negotiations, 507, 540, 541, 543, 546, 550, 571, 631 as undersecretary for political affairs, 507, 681, 682 Yom Kippur War and, 520, 525, 526 Sitton, Ray, 173, 176 Situation Room, White House, 299, 304, 375, 531, 635 Six Day War (1967), 153, 159, 517, 518

…

, 299–301, 303, 304, 305, 312, 566 shuttle diplomacy for, 547, 556, 565–72, 580, 584, 591, 616, 630 Soviet influence in, 159 see also Yom Kippur War Szulc, Tad, 581 Taiwan, 335, 337, 338, 342, 346, 352, 402, 404, 405 Talleyrand-Périgord, Charles Maurice de, 509, 556, 584, 686 Talmud, 22 Tan

…

Persian Gulf War, 734–35 Resolution 242 of, 525 Resolution 338 of, 526 Security Council of, 517, 521, 526, 532, 682 Taiwan expelled from, 352 Yom Kippur War and, 515, 520, 521, 525, 526, 528, 529, 532, 534, 541, 542, 547–48 United States: anticommunism of, 240, 353, 657, 700, 767 Austrian empire

…

of, 494, 499, 575 roots of, 491–92, 600–601, 666 Saturday Night Massacre in, 514, 525, 530, 593, 594 wiretapping and, 225, 227, 600 Yom Kippur War and, 514, 525, 529, 533, 534, 548–49, 571, 593, 594–95 see also plumbers, White House; tapes, White House Watts, William, 222, 246, 247

…

, 565 Yankee Stadium, 34 Yariv, Aharon, 536–37, 541–42 Yarmolinsky, Adam, 139, 280 Year of Europe, 557 Years of Upheaval (Kissinger), 511, 607, 710 Yom Kippur War, 511–45 Arab support for, 516, 518, 519, 525, 526, 539 cease-fire for, 515, 520, 523–24, 525, 526, 527–28, 529, 536, 537

Frommer's Israel

by Robert Ullian  · 31 Mar 1998

opposed by the Israeli government. Resentment among the Palestinians under occupation quietly rose. The country experienced a sharp change in fortune in October 1973. The Yom Kippur War, a completely unexpected 1914 Jews from Russia and Allied countries expelled by Ottoman Turks. ■ 1917 Balfour Declaration supporting Jewish national home in Palestine. British free

…

wins SixDay War, occupies Sinai, Golan, West Bank, and Gaza. ■ 1972 Palestinian terrorists massacre Israeli athletes at Munich Olympics. ■ 1973 Egypt and Syria attack during Yom Kippur War. ■ 1976 Israelis rescue Jewish hostages at Entebbe Airport. ■ 1977 Likud wins elections. Sadat of Egypt comes to Jerusalem. ■ 33 1979 Israel and Egypt sign peace

…

for a peace settlement, including the return of most conquered lands. He lived just long enough to see his country survive the onslaught of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Abba Eban (1915–2002) South African– born, Cambridge-educated author, diplomat, and former foreign minister, Eban was noted for an eloquence and wit

Mossad: The Greatest Missions of the Israeli Secret Service

by Michael Bar-Zohar and Nissim Mishal  · 1 Jan 2010  · 427pp  · 127,496 words

old man, indeed, was Dagan’s grandfather, Ber Ehrlich Slushni, who was murdered in Lukov a few seconds after the photograph was taken. During the Yom Kippur War, in 1973, Dagan was among the first Israelis to cross the Suez Canal in a reconnaissance unit. In the 1982 Lebanon War, he entered Beirut

…

. Most of the participants in the Cukurs killing are dead. Ze’ev Amit, whom the authors of this book knew well, was killed in the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Their mission paid off. The parliaments of Germany and Austria rejected the statute of limitation on the Nazi crimes. Years later, former ramsad

…

as a sort of chairman of the board, and delegated authority to many of his senior aides. He would achieve his fame only in the Yom Kippur War (see chapter 14), but in 1972 he couldn’t claim any substantial success. And some of the veteran agents of the Mossad, like Rafi Eitan

…

soon the failure was obscured by more dramatic events. On October 6, the armies of Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel. The Yom Kippur War had begun. (See chapter 14.) Two years passed. On a balmy spring evening in 1975, a Beirut family hosted the most beautiful woman in the

…

Angel was only a spy, who produced excellent reports but did not always know everything, as is the case with any other spy. During the Yom Kippur War that broke out that day, the Angel kept supplying Israel with first-rate intelligence. When the Egyptians fired two Scud missiles at IDF troop concentrations

…

. The Egyptian Army had no intention of using more missiles during the fighting, he said, and Egypt wouldn’t escalate the war against Israel. The Yom Kippur War ended on October 23. In the Golan Heights, the Syrian Army had been routed, and the Israeli cannons were positioned twenty miles from Damascus. In

…

public pressure, Israel’s government appointed a board of inquiry, headed by Supreme Court Judge Shimon Agranat to investigate the decision-making process during the Yom Kippur War. The board ordered the immediate discharge of General Eli Zeira (and several other officers, including Chief of Staff David El’azar). But who was the

…

the forthcoming war. Another one of his reports had reached the Italians before, but this was by means of the Mossad. A month before the Yom Kippur War, Libya had asked for Egypt’s help. Palestinian terrorists, in the service of Libya’s leader, Muammar Khaddafi, intended to shoot down an El Al

…

the source that had alerted the Italian services; some maintained that during the operation, Zvi Zamir himself was present in Rome. A month later, the Yom Kippur War broke out. After the war, Marwan kept fulfilling major secret tasks for Sadat. He was sent as Sadat’s envoy to Arab capitals, and was

…

came out in London. The book was written by the Israeli scholar Ahron Bregman, and mentioned the spy who had warned Israel of the forthcoming Yom Kippur War. Bregman called the spy “the son-in-law.” This was a hint that the spy was close to an important personality; and the Angel was

…

Shavit, Yedioth Ahronoth, Day of the Holocaust, April 12, 2010 (H) “One Could Blow Up,” Amir Oren, Haaretz, March 28, 2010 (H) “Even in the Yom Kippur War the Best Generals Were Mistaken,” Ron Leshem, Yedioth Ahronoth, January 14, 2000 (H) “Sharon Raised Dagan,” Nahum Barnea, Yedioth Ahronoth, September 13, 2002 (H) “The

…

, Yedioth Ahronoth, October 17, 2005 (H) CHAPTER 14: “TODAY WE’LL BE AT WAR!” Bar-Joseph, Uri, The Angel, Ashraf Marwan, The Mossad and the Yom Kippur War, Kinneret-Zmora-Bitan –Dvir, Or Yehuda, 2010 (H) Bregman, Aharon, Israel’s Wars 1947–1993 (London: Routledge, 2000) Bregman, Aharon, A history of Israel (London

…

: Palgrave Macmilan, 2002) Shalev, Arie, Defeat and Success in Warning: The Intelligence Assessment Before Yom Kippur War, Maarachot, Ministry of defense publications, 2006 (H) Bar-Joseph, Uri, The Watchman Who Fell Asleep: The Yom Kippur Surprise, Zmora-Bitan, 2001 (H) Haber, Eitan

…

, Today We’ll Be at War! (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth, 1987) (H) Zeira, Eli, Myth Against Reality: The Yom Kippur War (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth, 1993, new edition 2004) (H) Landau, Eli, Eli Tavor, Hezi Carmel, Eitan Haber, Yeshayahu Ben-Porat, Jonathan Gefen, Uri Dan, The

…

Marwan,” Howard Blum, New York Times, July 13, 2007 “Was the Perfect Spy a Double Agent?” CBS, 60 Minutes, May 10, 2009 “Thirty Years after Yom Kippur War, Top Secret Is Exposed by Israeli Historian Aharon Bregman,” Yossi Melman, August 19, 2003 www.freedomwriter.com/issue 28 “One Dead Israeli Spy, Two Theories

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