Yom Kippur War

Israel: A Concise History of a Nation Reborn
by Daniel Gordis
Published 17 Oct 2016

Berris, Israel: A History, p. 330. 19Gilbert, Israel: A History, p. 440. 20Herbert Druks, The Uncertain Alliance: The U.S. and Israel from Kennedy to the Peace Process (Westport, CT: Greenwood Press, 2001), p. 113. 21Amir Oren, “CIA Report on Yom Kippur War: Israel Had Nuclear Arsenal,” Ha’aretz (February 13, 2013), http://www.haaretz.com/news/diplomacy-defense/cia-report-on-yom-kippur-war-israel-had-nuclear-arsenal.premium-1.501101 [Last viewed December 8, 2015]. 22Tekumah, Episode 10 at 32:00. 23Gilbert, Israel: A History, p. 442. 24Abraham Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East (New York: Schocken Books, 2004), p. 497. 25Gilbert, Israel: A History, p. 460. 26Motti Regev and Edwin Seroussi, Popular Music and National Culture in Israel (Berkeley: University of California Press, 2004), p. 67. 27Translation from the Hebrew by the author. 28Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War, p. 499. 29Robert Slater, Rabin: 20 Years After (Israel: KIP-Kotarim International Publishing, 2015). 30Tekumah, Episode 20 at 37:55. 31Tekumah, Episode 7 at 45:30. 32Assaf Inbari, HaBaita (Tel Aviv: Yediyot Sefarim, 2009), p. 242 [Translations by Daniel Gordis]. 33There was a brief exception in 1982, when Israeli troops faced the Syrian army, but that never led to genuine war with Syria. 34Tekumah, Episode 13 at 11:40. 35Gil Troy, Moynihan’s Moment: America’s Fight Against Zionism as Racism (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013), p. 18.

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Hence the refrain that had Israel in its grip, and which still evokes goose bumps among a population that continues to sing the song: You promised peace; You promised spring at home and blossoms; You promised to keep your promises; You promised a dove. When that song appeared in 1995, more than two decades after the Yom Kippur War, no dove had come. Israel was a country with a still-broken heart, a country still at war. Even the religious holiday of atonement, Yom Kippur, would never be the same in the Jewish state. A religious holiday of deep personal introspection had been transformed into—and remains to this very day—an annual remembrance of incompetence, grief, loss, and the shattering of Israeli illusions. In many ways, the Yom Kippur War irrevocably shattered part of Israel’s soul. THE WAR HAD PROFOUND political ramifications, as well.

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Especially given the element of surprise and Israel’s initial losses, it was a stunning military accomplishment. The Yom Kippur War, in fact, was the last time that Israel would face an enemy’s standing army.33 Despite the failures leading up to the war and in its first days, the IDF had convinced its neighboring Arab states that attacking Israel head-on was a self-destructive, losing proposition. Still, Israel had not “won,” not in the way to which it had become accustomed. Years later, Shlomo Gazit (head of military intelligence from 1974 to 1979) admitted in a televised interview that the Yom Kippur War had had no victor.34 That military deadlock, he believed, made both sides more open to the possibility of a peace treaty than they had ever been before.

The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter That Transformed the Middle East
by Abraham Rabinovich
Published 1 Jan 2004

Insight Team of the Sunday Times. Insight on the Middle East. London: Andre Deutsch, 1974. Iraqi Defense Ministry. Zva Iraq b’Milkhemet Yom Kippur [The Iraqi Army in the Yom Kippur War]. Translation from Arabic to Hebrew. Tel Aviv: Ma’archot, 1986. Israelyan, Victor. Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War. University Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995. Kahalani, Avigdor (ed.). Ani Nishba lekha [The Yom Kippur War—Fighters’ Stories]. Tel Aviv: Keter Publishing, 2003. Kahalani, Avigdor. Oz 77 [Seventy-seventh Battalion]. Tel Aviv: Shocken, 1975. Karsh, Efraim, ed. Between War and Peace: Dilemmas of Israeli Security.

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Four years after his flight to Jerusalem, Islamic fundamentalists gunned him down in Cairo as he reviewed a military parade marking the anniversary of the war. The other major victor of the Yom Kippur War was a man who had been six thousand miles from the battlefield. Henry Kissinger had with dazzling statesmanship stage-managed a scenario in which both sides could claim victory while acknowledging, to themselves at least, victory’s awful price. It was this realization that made compromise possible. In the process, the secretary of state deftly managed to nudge aside the Soviet Union and tie the leading country in the Arab world to the United States. The Yom Kippur War had a major impact on the world’s armies. The success of the Sagger and RPG in the early days of the war evoked widespread eulogies for the tank.

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When the Lebanese war came in June 1982, the solution was put to the test in Lebanon’s Bekaa Valley, where the Syrians deployed a missile system more formidable than the one deployed opposite the Golan Heights in the Yom Kippur War. Even two decades afterwards, Israel would not reveal exactly how it confronted the SAM array in the Bekaa, but a general outline of the Israeli tactics has emerged. Unlike in 1973, when inability to identify the location of the SAM-6s led to the failure of Dougman 5, the IAF was now able to track the deployment of the Syrian batteries at all times. Most importantly, it had the standoff weapon it had lacked in the Yom Kippur War—smart bombs with cameras that could be launched from beyond the range of the missiles and guided onto target.

Like Dreamers: The Story of the Israeli Paratroopers Who Reunited Jerusalem and Divided a Nation
by Yossi Klein Halevi
Published 4 Nov 2014

—Meir Ariel, “The Snake’s Shed Skin,” 1988 Contents Dedication Epigraph Who’s Who Introduction: June 6, 1967 PART ONE: THE LIONS’ GATE (MAY–JUNE 1967) Chapter 1: May Day Chapter 2: The Center Chapter 3: Born to Serve Chapter 4: A Time of Waiting Chapter 5: No-Man’s-Land Chapter 6: “The Temple Mount Is in Our Hands” Chapter 7: “Jerusalem of Iron” PART TWO: THE SEVENTH DAY (1967–1973) Chapter 8: The Summer of Mercaz Chapter 9: The Kibbutzniks Come Home Chapter 10: The Children Return to Their Borders Chapter 11: Attrition Chapter 12: The Invention of Yisrael Harel Chapter 13: Utopias Lost and Found Chapter 14: Across The Border PART THREE: ATONEMENT (1973–1982) Chapter 15: Brave-Hearted Men Chapter 16: “Our Forces Passed a Quiet Night in Suez” Chapter 17: The Home Front Photo Insert Chapter 18: “End of the Orange Season” Chapter 19: A New Israel Chapter 20: Building Different Israels Chapter 21: Hurban PART FOUR: MIDDLE AGE (1982–1992) Chapter 22: The Forty-First Kilometer Chapter 23: Civil Wars Chapter 24: Idolatrous Fire Chapter 25: New Beginnings Chapter 26: Under Siege PART FIVE: END OF THE SIX-DAY WAR (1992–2004) Chapter 27: A New Israel, Again Chapter 28: Almost Normal Chapter 29: Careening Toward the Center Acknowledgments Notes Bibliography Index About the Author Also by Yossi Klein Halevi Credits Copyright About the Publisher Who’s Who THE KIBBUTZNIK PARATROOPERS ARIK ACHMON Born on Kibbutz Givat Brenner and moved to Kibbutz Netzer Sereni after the split over Stalinism. Served as the 55th Brigade’s chief intelligence officer in the Six-Day War and helped lead the crossing of the Suez Canal during the Yom Kippur War. Went on to help establish Israel’s domestic aviation industry and shift the statist economy toward capitalism. UDI ADIV Born on Kibbutz Gan Shmuel. In 1972 traveled to Damascus to help create an anti-Zionist terrorist underground. Served twelve years in an Israeli prison. MEIR ARIEL The greatest Hebrew poet-singer of his generation.

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YISRAEL HAREL (FORMERLY HASENFRATZ) A child survivor of the Holocaust, and a leader in the Bnei Akiva religious Zionist youth movement. Founded the West Bank settlements’ umbrella organization, the Yesha Council, and its magazine, Nekudah, and served for many years as settler spokesman. A veteran settler in Ofra. HANAN PORAT Founder of the first West Bank settlement, Kfar Etzion. Wounded in the Yom Kippur War, then helped found Gush Emunim. First settler elected to the Israeli parliament. Died in 2011. FAMILY MEMBERS YEHUDIT ACHMON Psychologist, married to Arik Achmon. Grew up on Kibbutz Mishmar Ha’Emek. Daughter of Yaakov Hazan, leader of the socialist Zionist movement Hashomer Hatzair. TOVA AND URI ADIV Udi’s parents.

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MOSHE “MOISHELEH” STEMPEL-PELES Deputy commander of the 55th Brigade in June 1967. Killed in action in 1968. OTHER RELIGIOUS ZIONISTS YEHUDAH AMITAL Rabbi of the Mount Etzion yeshiva. A Holocaust survivor and leading opponent of religious extremism. AVINOAM “ABU” AMICHAI A founder of Kfar Etzion; killed in the Yom Kippur War. SANDY AMICHAI Kfar Etzion’s first American; married Avinoam “Abu” Amichai. YEHUDAH ETZION Student and study partner of Yoel Bin-Nun. Imprisoned for leading a plot to blow up the Dome of the Rock on the Temple Mount. SHLOMO GOREN Longtime chief rabbi of the IDF. Became chief rabbi of Israel in 1973.

The Rise of the Israeli Right: From Odessa to Hebron
by Colin Shindler
Published 29 Jul 2015

Dayan was held responsible by the Israeli public for the catastrophe of the Yom Kippur War. Begin shared this view, but was careful to cultivate Dayan privately and not to criticise him publicly. In the Rabin administration, some regarded Dayan as a liability despite the fact that his ally in Rafi, Shimon Peres, was minister of defence. Dayan felt that he had been treated badly by the Agranat Commission on the conduct of the Yom Kippur War and was unable to relate to the political mood prevailing in Labour. He was particularly irked by the protests in 1974 which demanded some political accountability for the losses in the Yom Kippur War: In nothing [the protest leader] Motti Ashkenazi said, did I find a spark of trust, of faith, of anything constructive.

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Gahal, however, was evenly split, but Begin succeeded in attaining only a sliver of a majority, in a vote of 117–112.39 The Rogers Plan eventually collapsed, and no territory was returned. However, it proved fortuitous in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. While Begin, the government minister, could bathe in the sweetness of the Six-Day War victory in 1967, Begin, the leader of the opposition, could absolve himself of all responsibility for the debacle of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. 36 37 38 39 Menahem Begin, Speech to the Knesset, 12 August 1970, in N. Lorch, ed., Major Knesset Debates, vol. 5, pp. 1727–32. Eitan Haber, Menachem Begin: The Legend and the Man (New York, 1978), p. 287.

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Many soldiers voted for the Likud because of Sharon’s standing and his prominent role in the Yom Kippur War. Another reason was that Golda Meir and the Ma’arakh seemed, in contrast, politically faded and paralysed compared with the sixty–year-old Menahem Begin and the Likud. In addition to the young, a large number of Mizrahim finally deserted Labour and voted Likud in 1973. The Likud also picked up a lot of hitherto undecided voters. Labour’s New Leaders In the immediate aftermath of the conflict, Golda Meir and Moshe Dayan were responsible for the debacle of the Yom Kippur War in the eyes of 11 12 Ha’aretz, 23 November 1973. Asher Arian, ‘Introduction’, in Arian, ed., The Elections in Israel 1973, pp. 15–16. 

Smarter Faster Better: The Secrets of Being Productive in Life and Business
by Charles Duhigg
Published 8 Mar 2016

Levy, “Conscious Action and Intelligence Failure,” Political Science Quarterly 124, no. 3 (2009): 461–88; Uri Bar-Joseph and Rose McDermott, “Personal Functioning Under Stress Accountability and Social Support of Israeli Leaders in the Yom Kippur War,” Journal of Conflict Resolution 52, no. 1 (2008): 144–70; Uri Bar-Joseph, “ ‘The Special Means of Collection’: The Missing Link in the Surprise of the Yom Kippur War,” The Middle East Journal 67, no. 4 (2013): 531–46; Yaakov Lapin, “Declassified Yom Kippur War Papers Reveal Failures,” The Jerusalem Post, September 20, 2012; Hamid Hussain, “Opinion: The Fourth Round—A Critical Review of 1973 Arab-Israeli War,” Defence Journal, November 2002, http://www.defencejournal.com/2002/nov/4th-round.htm; P. R. Kumaraswamy, Revisiting the Yom Kippur War (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Charles Liebman, “The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur War in Israeli Society,” Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 3 (1993): 411; Simon Dunstan, The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007); Asaf Siniver, The Yom Kippur War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013).

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Kumaraswamy, Revisiting the Yom Kippur War (London: Frank Cass, 2000); Charles Liebman, “The Myth of Defeat: The Memory of the Yom Kippur War in Israeli Society,” Middle Eastern Studies 29, no. 3 (1993): 411; Simon Dunstan, The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973 (Oxford: Osprey Publishing, 2007); Asaf Siniver, The Yom Kippur War: Politics, Legacy, Diplomacy (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2013). “sharp as possible” Bar-Joseph, Watchman Fell Asleep. nothing more than words In an email, the historian Uri Bar-Joseph wrote that the concept was “a set of assumptions that were based on documented information that was passed to Israel by Ashraf Marwan, the son-in-law of late president Nasser and a close advisor to Sadat, who since late 1970 worked for the Mossad.

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Latham, “Has Goal Setting Gone Wild, or Have Its Attackers Abandoned Good Scholarship?” The Academy of Management Perspectives 23, no. 1 (2009): 17–23. investigators concluded The Commission of Inquiry, The Yom Kippur War, an Additional Partial Report: Reasoning and Complement to the Partial Report of April 1, 1974, vol. 1 (Jerusalem: 1974). all to blame Mitch Ginsberg, “40 Years On, Yom Kippur War Intel Chiefs Trade Barbs,” The Times of Israel, October 6, 2013; “Eli Zeira’s Mea Culpa,” Haaretz, September 22, 2004; Lilach Shoval, “Yom Kippur War Intelligence Chief Comes Under Attack 40 Years Later,” Israel Hayom, October 7, 2013. “You are lying!” Ibid. CHAPTER FIVE: MANAGING OTHERS shoo them away As mentioned in the chapter, the Federal Bureau of Investigation and Frank, Christie, and Colleen Janssen were all provided with summaries of this chapter and asked to respond to the details of this reporting.

Bibi: The Turbulent Life and Times of Benjamin Netanyahu
by Anshel Pfeffer
Published 30 Apr 2018

Those were the friends Miki invited to meals at their tiny dorm apartment. When he was required to present a paper with a fellow student, it would invariably be another Israeli. Of course, Israelis studying in the United States were themselves another Israeli elite. And just like many of them, when the Yom Kippur War broke out in October 1973, Netanyahu rushed to return home and fight. IN THE EARLY 1970S, Israel’s main borders were relatively calm. Despite the Egyptian Army moving antiaircraft missile batteries to the Suez Canal Zone, the ceasefire agreed upon in August 1970 held for over three years. The Syrian border remained quiet as well—Israel’s control of the Golan Heights preventing shelling or incursions into Israeli territory.

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One evening on a television talk show he told a story from the war about meeting Major General Sharon, who had commanded the crossing of the Suez Canal, the crucial turning point on the Egyptian front. He later repeated it in an interview with the New York Times. In the talk-show interview, he put it this way: I knew him in the Yom Kippur War. It was the third or the fourth day of the war. It was a makeshift force of Sayeret Matkal and we arrived there on the bank of the Canal, to help Arik, the IDF. The Egyptians had destroyed there some 200 tanks in the day or two before. We got into his command vehicle. There were three of us: Ariel Sharon; Ehud Barak, who commanded the unit; and your servant.

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Miki was mostly preoccupied with her own studies and her part-time job at Brandeis. But as the New England winter began to thaw, he started paying more attention to what was happening around him. The fellow Israeli he had met handing out leaflets was Uzi Landau, a doctoral engineering student, who, like Bibi, had returned to fight in the Yom Kippur War as a paratrooper officer. Uzi’s father, Chaim Landau, was a Knesset member of the new party that had been formed around Menachem Begin’s Herut a few months earlier. It was called Ha’Likud—“The Consolidation.” Landau Sr. had been one of Begin’s chief lieutenants in the IZL underground, serving as its last chief of staff before independence and as a Herut MK from 1949 onward.

The Case for Israel
by Alan Dershowitz
Published 31 Jul 2003

The occupation certainly contributed to an increase in the number and lethality of terrorist attacks by Palestinians, though terrorism had been rampant since the 1920s, and the PLO, which was committed to terrorism as the primary means for liberating all of Palestine, had been established before the occupation began. c15.qxd 6/25/03 8:24 AM 15 Page 100 Was the Yom Kippur War Israel’s Fault? THE ACCUSATION The Yom Kippur War was Israel’s fault. THE ACCUSERS “The responsibility for the new military flare-up in the Middle-East lies wholly and completely with the Tel Aviv leaders. . . . Israel continues its aggression started in 1967 against the Arab countries.” (Soviet general secretary Leonid I.

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No one disputes that the Egyptians and Syrians, who inflicted considerable casualties on the Israelis, started the Yom Kippur War. Their goal was to recover the land lost to Israel from the Six-Day War—the war the Egyptians started, despite the fact that the Israelis fired the first shot. In the end, the Egyptians accomplished that goal and recovered the entire Sinai after making a cold peace with Israel. The Syrians failed in their effort to regain the Golan Heights because they refused to make any kind of peace with Israel. Israel learned some important lessons from the Yom Kippur War. First and foremost, it learned how vulnerable it was to a surprise attack, even with expanded borders.

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What Morris had said about the motivations and incentives of Israeli fighters during the War of Independence was equally true during c15.qxd 6/25/03 102 8:24 AM Page 102 THE CASE FOR ISRAEL the Yom Kippur War: They were fighting “in defense of [their] loved ones” who “faced slaughter should they be defeated.” 7 Israel ultimately prevailed in the war but with enormous casualties. Remarkably, the Egyptians and the Syrians, despite their eventual defeat, regarded and still regard the Ramadan War (as they call what the Israelis call the Yom Kippur War) as a victory. In a speech on October 16, 1973, Egyptian president Anwar Sadat told his people, “The Egyptian armed forces have achieved a miracle by any military standard. . . .

Can We Talk About Israel?: A Guide for the Curious, Confused, and Conflicted
by Daniel Sokatch
Published 18 Oct 2021

4.The British Are Coming: World War I, the Balfour Declaration, and the Establishment of the British Mandate (1917–39) 5.Israel and the Nakba: Independence and Catastrophe (1947–49) 6.The Dispossessed 7.The Fifties: State Building and Suez 8.The Big Bang: The 1967 War and the Reality It Created 9.Roller Coaster: From the Yom Kippur War to the First Intifada (1968–87) 10.Shaking It Off: The First Intifada 11.Israel Is Waiting for Rabin 12.As the Clever Hopes Expire: The End of Oslo 13.The Bulldozer’s Last Surprise 14.The Democracy Recession PART TWO: WHY IS IT SO HARD TO TALK ABOUT ISRAEL? 15.The Map Is Not the Territory 16.Israel’s Arab Citizens: Shared Society or Segregation?

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The irony here is that in the decades after the 1967 war he voted to avoid, Burg’s moderate party would be transformed into the political home of a new, national-religious community, one dominated by the militant settler movement. Mafdal ultimately disappeared as a party, replaced by new, even more ultraright-wing extreme national-religious parties advocating for the annexation to Israel of the land captured in 1967. CHAPTER 9 ROLLER COASTER From the Yom Kippur War to the First Intifada (1968–87) THE SIX-DAY WAR was the beginning of the end for Egypt’s Nasser. In March 1969, Nasser began what he called “the War of Attrition” against Israel, a grinding series of clashes and battles aimed at wearing down the Israelis, recapturing and crossing the Suez, and retaking the Sinai.

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In September 1970, after exhausting himself working for a ceasefire between the Jordanians and the PLO, Egypt’s president Gamal Abdel Nasser died of a heart attack. Despite the catastrophic Arab loss in the Six-Day War, he was honored as a hero: five million mourners marched in his funeral procession in Cairo. THE RISE OF SADAT OF EGYPT AND THE YOM KIPPUR WAR (October 1973) Nasser was replaced by his vice president, Anwar Sadat. Sadat surprised Egypt and the world by moving quickly to purge Nasser’s followers from government and to move Egypt away from the Soviet Union and toward the United States, even ordering Soviet military advisers out of the country.

Mossad: The Greatest Missions of the Israeli Secret Service
by Michael Bar-Zohar and Nissim Mishal
Published 1 Jan 2010

Bar-Joseph, Uri, The Angel, Ashraf Marwan, The Mossad and the Yom Kippur War, Kinneret-Zmora-Bitan –Dvir, Or Yehuda, 2010 (H) Bregman, Aharon, Israel’s Wars 1947–1993 (London: Routledge, 2000) Bregman, Aharon, A history of Israel (London: Palgrave Macmilan, 2002) Shalev, Arie, Defeat and Success in Warning: The Intelligence Assessment Before Yom Kippur War, Maarachot, Ministry of defense publications, 2006 (H) Bar-Joseph, Uri, The Watchman Who Fell Asleep: The Yom Kippur Surprise, Zmora-Bitan, 2001 (H) Haber, Eitan, Today We’ll Be at War! (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth, 1987) (H) Zeira, Eli, Myth Against Reality: The Yom Kippur War (Tel Aviv: Yedioth Ahronoth, 1993, new edition 2004) (H) Landau, Eli, Eli Tavor, Hezi Carmel, Eitan Haber, Yeshayahu Ben-Porat, Jonathan Gefen, Uri Dan, The Mishap, Special edition, Tel-Aviv 1973 (H) “Meeting the Mossad—Ira Rosen Meets the Former Head of One of the World’s Top Spy Agencies,” CBS, 60 Minutes, May 12, 2009 “Dead ‘Mossad Spy’ Was Writing Exposé,” Uzi Mahanaymi, Sunday Times, June 1, 2007 “Who Killed Ashraf Marwan,” Howard Blum, New York Times, July 13, 2007 “Was the Perfect Spy a Double Agent?”

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They ignored the fact that, in spite of his senior position, the Angel was only a spy, who produced excellent reports but did not always know everything, as is the case with any other spy. During the Yom Kippur War that broke out that day, the Angel kept supplying Israel with first-rate intelligence. When the Egyptians fired two Scud missiles at IDF troop concentrations, a reassuring report by the Angel calmed the Israelis. The Egyptian Army had no intention of using more missiles during the fighting, he said, and Egypt wouldn’t escalate the war against Israel. The Yom Kippur War ended on October 23. In the Golan Heights, the Syrian Army had been routed, and the Israeli cannons were positioned twenty miles from Damascus.

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“This old man is my grandfather,” Dagan would tell visitors. “I look at the picture, and I know that we must be strong and defend ourselves so that the Holocaust never happens again.” The old man, indeed, was Dagan’s grandfather, Ber Ehrlich Slushni, who was murdered in Lukov a few seconds after the photograph was taken. During the Yom Kippur War, in 1973, Dagan was among the first Israelis to cross the Suez Canal in a reconnaissance unit. In the 1982 Lebanon War, he entered Beirut at the head of his armored brigade. He soon became the commander of the South Lebanon security zone, and there the adventurous guerilla fighter reemerged from the starched colonel’s uniform.

Kissinger: A Biography
by Walter Isaacson
Published 26 Sep 2005

Ball, Diplomacy for a Crowded World, 14; Nutter, Kissinger’s Grand Design, 17–18; Robert Hormats, May 9, 1990. TWENTY-THREE: THE YOM KIPPUR WAR 1. Heikal, The Road to Ramadan, 200; YOU, 209, 224; Sadat, In Search of Identity, 241. 2. Kissinger-Haig telephone conversation, Oct. 6, 1973. 3. The divergent accounts of Kissinger’s role in the Yom Kippur War include: Kalb and Kalb, Kissinger, 450–78 (reflecting Kissinger’s cooperation); YOU, 450–544; Edward Luttwak and Walter Laquer, “Kissinger and the Yom Kippur War,” Commentary, September 1974 (oriented toward Schlesinger’s version); Szulc, The Illusion of Peace, 735–39; Edward R.

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.: budget of, 199 Kissinger’s influence in, 155 leaks from, 213, 215 Nixon’s foreign policy and, 138, 151, 154, 201, 203–4, 205 Vietnam analysis by, 164 see also Laird, Melvin Defense Management Group, 298 Defense Program Review Committee, 199, 204 Defense Studies Program, 99 de Gaulle, Charles, 112, 158, 161, 388 Kissinger’s views on, 356 Nixon’s meeting with, 168–69 de la Renta, Annette, 714, 738, 754 de la Renta, Oscar, 707, 713, 714, 738, 753, 754 democracy: army as force for, 39–40 and defeat of communism, 767 as ideal, 654, 655, 665 Kissinger’s distrust of, 15, 116, 126, 179, 209, 327, 509, 569, 645, 656, 764, 766, 767 Nixon’s views on, 293 populism and, 31, 116, 117, 721 Democratic National Convention (1972), 416 Democratic party: Jewish refugees in, 36 Kissinger as member of, 109 Nixon’s relations with, 214, 287, 413, 421, 441, 500 Watergate scandal and, 225, 407, 491, 593, 600 Democrats for Nixon, 361 Deng Xiaoping, 679, 747, 748, 749–751 den Uyl, Joop, 650 de Santis, Rita, 425 Desire Under the Elms (O’Neill), 596 détente, 607–29 anticommunism and, 608, 609–610 arms control and, 322, 607, 610, 629 cold war vs., 610, 614 conservative opposition to, 607, 608, 609, 612, 657, 695, 721 containment and coexistence in, 611 definition of, 169, 437, 537, 695–96 de Gaulle’s use of, 169 domestic opposition to, 607–11, 612, 629, 665–66, 668, 766 foreign policy reshaped by, 538 Helsinki accords and, 608, 664 human rights and, 607–21, 664, 666 Israel’s survival and, 537–38, 608–609, 614–15 Jackson-Vanik amendment and, 613–14, 616, 617, 620–21, 633, 685 Kissinger’s support for, 31, 427, 451, 489, 607, 610, 657–58, 659–660, 668, 764–66 Kissinger’s views on, 437, 486, 607, 610–11, 675–76, 685, 693, 695–696 labor opposition to, 609–10, 612, 619 liberal opposition to, 607, 608, 609, 610, 612, 657 linkages in, 610–11, 613–14, 620, 764 MFN status for Soviet Union and, 516, 529, 607–8, 615–21 military operations and, 424 Moscow summit (1972) and, 427, 437, 537, 620 neoconservative opposition to, 529, 533, 608–9, 612, 681–82, 765 Nixon’s support for, 169, 328, 451, 607, 610–11 razryadka as Russian equivalent of, 437 realpolitik of, 608, 609 SALT process and, 608, 610 Schlesinger’s opposition to, 537, 658, 671 Soviet Jews and, 607–8, 612–21 Vietnam War and, 353, 486, 607, 611, 613, 614, 620, 636 Yom Kippur War and, 515, 516, 520, 529, 533, 537–38, 608, 609, 614–15 Dewey, Thomas, 47, 270 Diaz-Alejandro, Carlos, 725 Dickson, Peter, 67 Diem, Ngo Dinh, 247 Dien Bien Phu, battle of, 459n Diller, Barry, 714 Dinitz, Simcha, 193, 615 in shuttle diplomacy, 552, 554, 631, 633, 634 Yom Kippur War and, 515, 517–518, 520, 521, 523, 536, 542 diplomacy: ambiguity in, 445, 665, 766 “bombshell,” 509 Chinese approach to, 346, 399, 551 creative, 207–8, 353, 398, 489, 685, 723 drama in, 242, 245, 509 “exaggerations” in, 236 force as basis of, 75, 87, 108, 139, 164, 180, 181–82, 237, 246, 260, 284, 304, 379, 417, 531, 653–54, 655–56, 682 Kissinger’s development of, 54, 76–77, 333, 445, 655–56 Metternich’s objectives in, 65, 74–77, 134, 144, 166 morality in, 75, 373, 379 Nixon’s views on, 441 personalized style of, 173, 508–10, 511, 551–52, 760–64 pragmatic, 373, 555, 656, 683–84 secret, 121, 328–29 stability as objective of, 75–76, 354, 653–54, 764 triangular, 126, 239, 334, 335–36, 349, 373, 378, 403, 406, 408, 439, 461, 489, 497, 559, 765 U.S. vs.

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Jewish support for, 515, 523, 609, 612, 634 U.S. military aid to, 558–59, 596, 634, 635 U.S. moral commitment to, 307 as U.S. surrogate, 299, 301, 307–8 see also shuttle diplomacy; Yom Kippur War Israelitische Realschule, 22, 24, 35, 36 ITT, 732, 748 Izbica death camp, 28 Jackson, Henry “Scoop”: arms control and, 429, 431, 432 détente opposed by, 537–38, 607–608, 609, 611–21, 629, 665, 668 Helsinki conference opposed by, 660 MFN status for Soviet Union opposed by, 516, 529, 609, 613–614 Paris peace accords as viewed by, 487 as presidential contender, 612, 618, 668 SALT II opposed by, 608, 621–22, 623, 625, 626, 627–28 Soviet Jews as concern of, 516, 529, 612–21 Yom Kippur War and, 520, 533 Jackson-Vanik amendment, 611–21 détente affected by, 613–14, 616, 617, 620–21, 633, 685 Kissinger’s strategy for, 613–21, 660, 666 MFN status for Soviet Union dependent on, 613–14, 619, 620, 636 Nixon’s opposition to, 616 Japan, 562, 743 Javits, Jacob, 36, 505, 529, 615–16, 618, 688, 716–17 Jefferson, Thomas, 31, 504, 654 Jennings, Peter, 711, 747, 752 Jericho missiles, 517 Jerusalem, status of, 539 Jews: Arab relations with, 544–45, 551, 632 assimilation of, 19, 26 in Bavaria, 17–32 education of, 18, 60 historical view of, 30 in Israel lobby, 515, 523, 609, 612, 634 Nazi persecution of, 18, 21, 25–29, 51–53, 55–56 Nixon’s views on, 148, 494, 560–562, 635 Orthodox, 18, 19, 24–25, 35, 37, 42, 68, 590 in Washington Heights, 33–34, 35–36, 37, 38 see also anti-Semitism; Israel Jobert, Michel, 254 Jochsberger, Tzipora, 22, 24–25 Jockey Club, 366 John Birch Society, 116 John F.

The Accidental Empire: Israel and the Birth of the Settlements, 1967-1977
by Gershom Gorenberg
Published 1 Jan 2006

The United Kibbutz Movement and the Merom Golan Settlement CARMEL BAR, army veteran, settler RAFAEL BEN-YEHUDAH, organizer YEHUDAH HAREL, organizer, settler KOBI RABINOVICH, army tank veteran, settler EYTAN SAT, organizer YITZHAK TABENKIN, socialist theoretician and ideological leader of the movement The Religious Settler Movement YOEL BIN-NUN, student at Merkaz Harav, Gush Emunim ideologue YEHUDAH ETZION, student at Har Etzion yeshivah, founder of Ofrah settlement MENACHEM FELIX, settler in Hebron and Kiryat Arba, organizer of Sebastia settlement bids BENNY KATZOVER, settler at Hebron and Kiryat Arba, organizer of Sebastia settlement bids TZVI YEHUDAH KOOK, rabbi, spiritual leader and head of the Merkaz Harav yeshivah MOSHE LEVINGER, rabbi, founder of the Hebron settlement and Kiryat Arba, a leader of Gush Emunim MOSHE MOSKOVIC, activist in reestablishment of Etzion Bloc settlements HANAN PORAT, student at Merkaz Harav, settler at Kfar Etzion, a leader of Gush Emunim ELIEZER WALDMAN, rabbi, settler in Hebron and Kiryat Arba, Gush Emunim activist Israel Defense Forces DAVID ELAZAR, head of Northern Command in 1967, chief of staff in Yom Kippur War SHLOMO GAZIT, Dayan’s coordinator of Israeli government activities in the occupied territories MORDECHAI GUR, head of paratroopers in 1967, chief of staff following Yom Kippur War MORDECHAI HOD, commander of Israel Air Force in 1967 UZI NARKISS, head of Central Command in 1967 ARIEL SHARON, head of Southern Command, later a Knesset member and adviser to Prime Minister Rabin Israeli Writers NATHAN ALTERMAN, poet, founder of the Movement for the Whole Land of Israel HAIM GOURI, poet and journalist, veteran of the Palmah pre-state militia YISRAEL HAREL, Orthodox journalist, activist in the Movement for the Whole Land of Israel CHAIM SABBATO, memoirist of the Yom Kippur War MOSHE SHAMIR, novelist, former leftist turned supporter of the Whole Land of Israel NAOMI SHEMER, popular songwriter, creator of “Jerusalem of Gold,” Whole Land advocate Settlement Opponents and Critics LATIF DORI, Mapam party activist ARIE ELIAV, Labor Party secretary-general ODED LIFSHITZ, member of Kibbutz Nir Oz, organizer of Mapam kibbutzim against expulsion of Sinai Bedouin AMOS OZ, novelist, kibbutz member YOSSI SARID, protégé of Pinchas Sapir, Knesset member Arab Political and Cultural Figures SULEIMAN HUSSEIN UDAH ABU HILU, sheikh of a Bedouin tribe in northeastern Sinai YASSER ARAFAT, leader of Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization HAFIZ AL-ASAD, president of Syria HUSSEIN IBN TALAL, king of Jordan MUHAMMAD ALI AL-JABARI, mayor of Hebron GAMAL ABDEL NASSER, president of Egypt ZAID AL-RIFAI, adviser to King Hussein, prime minister of Jordan ANWAR AL-SADAT, president of Egypt, succeeding Nasser AZIZ SHEHADEH, Ramallah lawyer, formerly from Jaffa, advocate for a Palestinian state alongside Israel RAJA SHEHADEH, son of Aziz Shehadeh; memoirist FADWA TUQAN, Palestinian poet United States Officials MCGEORGE BUNDY, former national security adviser, special coordinator for Mideast policy (Johnson administration) GERALD R.

…

See also Etzion Bloc; Hebron; Nablus; Sebastia; and other specific settlements and towns Allon and Arab employment and Arab leaders in Arab residents’ status and debate over holding Begin and Dayan and Egypt-Israel accord of 1974 and Egypt-Israeli negotiations of 1975 and deadlock with Jordan Eliav and Eshkol and ethnic struggle in, post-Sebastia evacuation of settlements in extraterritorial status of settlers in growth of settlements in, post-1984 Gush Emunim settlements Hussein negotiations and international law and intifada in Israeli population in Israelis visit, in 1967 joint rule concept Jordan seizes in 1949 “Judea and Samaria” as name of Khartoum and Labor vote on settlement, of 1977 map of, xx Meir and military rule of municipal electons of 1976 northern settlements in Oslo Accords and outposts in, post-1998 Palestinian demonstrations in Palestinian state proposals and Palestinian terrorists in Peres and PLO and post-Sebastia debates and “quality of life” settlements in Rabat summit and Rabin and rebellion in, foreseen resolution of June 19, 1967, and Sebastia compromise and self-rule plan for, proposed settlement of, post-1967 settlement policy changes of 1976 Sharon and Six-Day War and Six-Day War and future of Transjordan conquers Yom Kippur War and Western values, fundamentalist attack on Western Wall West Jerusalem When Prophecy Fails (Festinger) Whole Land of Israel elections of 1977 and Labor advocates of Likud and Oslo Accords and Six-Day War and Tabenkin’s vision of Wilson, Evan work brigades tactic World War I World War II World Zionist Organization Wretched of the Earth, The (Fanon) Wye summit of 1998 Yadin, Yigal Yadlin, Aharon Yadlin, Asher Yafeh, Adi Yamit. See also Avshalom Center Yariv, Aharon Yehudah Halevi Yemen Yeshivat Hakotel Yom Kippur War (1973) Young Guard of National Religious Party youth movements Zadok, Haim Zambia Ze’evi, Rehavam Zeira, Eli Zemer, Hannah Zionism.

…

The United Kibbutz Movement and the Merom Golan Settlement CARMEL BAR, army veteran, settler RAFAEL BEN-YEHUDAH, organizer YEHUDAH HAREL, organizer, settler KOBI RABINOVICH, army tank veteran, settler EYTAN SAT, organizer YITZHAK TABENKIN, socialist theoretician and ideological leader of the movement The Religious Settler Movement YOEL BIN-NUN, student at Merkaz Harav, Gush Emunim ideologue YEHUDAH ETZION, student at Har Etzion yeshivah, founder of Ofrah settlement MENACHEM FELIX, settler in Hebron and Kiryat Arba, organizer of Sebastia settlement bids BENNY KATZOVER, settler at Hebron and Kiryat Arba, organizer of Sebastia settlement bids TZVI YEHUDAH KOOK, rabbi, spiritual leader and head of the Merkaz Harav yeshivah MOSHE LEVINGER, rabbi, founder of the Hebron settlement and Kiryat Arba, a leader of Gush Emunim MOSHE MOSKOVIC, activist in reestablishment of Etzion Bloc settlements HANAN PORAT, student at Merkaz Harav, settler at Kfar Etzion, a leader of Gush Emunim ELIEZER WALDMAN, rabbi, settler in Hebron and Kiryat Arba, Gush Emunim activist Israel Defense Forces DAVID ELAZAR, head of Northern Command in 1967, chief of staff in Yom Kippur War SHLOMO GAZIT, Dayan’s coordinator of Israeli government activities in the occupied territories MORDECHAI GUR, head of paratroopers in 1967, chief of staff following Yom Kippur War MORDECHAI HOD, commander of Israel Air Force in 1967 UZI NARKISS, head of Central Command in 1967 ARIEL SHARON, head of Southern Command, later a Knesset member and adviser to Prime Minister Rabin Israeli Writers NATHAN ALTERMAN, poet, founder of the Movement for the Whole Land of Israel HAIM GOURI, poet and journalist, veteran of the Palmah pre-state militia YISRAEL HAREL, Orthodox journalist, activist in the Movement for the Whole Land of Israel CHAIM SABBATO, memoirist of the Yom Kippur War MOSHE SHAMIR, novelist, former leftist turned supporter of the Whole Land of Israel NAOMI SHEMER, popular songwriter, creator of “Jerusalem of Gold,” Whole Land advocate Settlement Opponents and Critics LATIF DORI, Mapam party activist ARIE ELIAV, Labor Party secretary-general ODED LIFSHITZ, member of Kibbutz Nir Oz, organizer of Mapam kibbutzim against expulsion of Sinai Bedouin AMOS OZ, novelist, kibbutz member YOSSI SARID, protégé of Pinchas Sapir, Knesset member Arab Political and Cultural Figures SULEIMAN HUSSEIN UDAH ABU HILU, sheikh of a Bedouin tribe in northeastern Sinai YASSER ARAFAT, leader of Fatah and the Palestine Liberation Organization HAFIZ AL-ASAD, president of Syria HUSSEIN IBN TALAL, king of Jordan MUHAMMAD ALI AL-JABARI, mayor of Hebron GAMAL ABDEL NASSER, president of Egypt ZAID AL-RIFAI, adviser to King Hussein, prime minister of Jordan ANWAR AL-SADAT, president of Egypt, succeeding Nasser AZIZ SHEHADEH, Ramallah lawyer, formerly from Jaffa, advocate for a Palestinian state alongside Israel RAJA SHEHADEH, son of Aziz Shehadeh; memoirist FADWA TUQAN, Palestinian poet United States Officials MCGEORGE BUNDY, former national security adviser, special coordinator for Mideast policy (Johnson administration) GERALD R.

Start-Up Nation: The Story of Israel's Economic Miracle
by Dan Senor and Saul Singer
Published 3 Nov 2009

The tank commanders are operationally the best, and they are extremely detail oriented. This is based on twenty years of experience—working with them and observing them. —ERIC SCHMIDT ON OCTOBER 6, 1973, as the entire nation was shut down for the holiest day of the Jewish year, the armies of Egypt and Syria launched the Yom Kippur War with a massive surprise attack. Within hours, Egyptian forces breached Israel’s defensive line along the Suez Canal. Egyptian infantry had already overrun the tank emplacements to which Israeli armored forces were supposed to race in case of attack, and hundreds of enemy tanks were moving forward behind this initial thrust.

…

Designed by Sergei Pavlovich Nepobedimyi, whose last name literally means “undefeatable” in Russian, the Sagger was created in 1960. The new weapon had initially been provided to Warsaw Pact countries, but it was first put to sustained use in combat by the Egyptian and Syrian armies during the Yom Kippur War. The IDF’s account of its own losses on both the southern and northern fronts was 400 tanks destroyed and 600 disabled but returned to battle after repairs. Of the Sinai division’s 290 tanks, 180 were knocked out the first day. The blow to the IDF’s aura of invincibility was substantial. About half of the losses came from RPGs, the other half from the Sagger.

…

Talpiot has the distinction of being both the most selective unit and the one that subjects its soldiers to the longest training course in the IDF—forty-one months, which is longer than the entire service of most soldiers. Those who enter the program sign on for an extra six years in the military, so their minimum service is a total of nine years. The program was the brainchild of Felix Dothan and Shaul Yatziv, both Hebrew University scientists. They came up with the idea following the debacle of the 1973 Yom Kippur War. At that time, the country was still reeling from being caught flat-footed by a surprise attack, and from the casualties it had suffered. The war was a costly reminder that Israel must compensate for its small size and population by maintaining a qualitative and technological edge. The professors approached then IDF chief of staff Rafael “Raful” Eitan with a simple idea: take a handful of Israel’s most talented young people and give them the most intensive technology training that the universities and the military had to offer.

The King of Oil: The Secret Lives of Marc Rich
by Daniel Ammann
Published 12 Oct 2009

THE AMERICAN DREAM A Jewish Tradition • The First Trade • To Create a Market • Sensitive Assignments • Fidel Castro’s Cuban Revolution • Friends in Fascist Spain • American Hero 5. THE CRUDE AWAKENING The World’s First Oil Embargo • The Seven Sisters • A Wave of Oil Nationalizations • “I Was the Right Person at the Right Time” • Pincus Green 6. ISRAEL AND THE SHAH Top-Secret Pipeline in Israel • Trading with the Shah of Persia • Crude Middleman • Yom Kippur War • The Breaking Off 7. MARC RICH + COMPANY Swiss Secrecy • Vendetta • Thanks to Iranian Oil • The Oil Shock of 1974 • Faster, Longer, More Aggressive • The Invention of the Spot Market • The Secret of Trust • “Don’t Let Them Eat Your Soul” • Pioneer of Globalization 8. TRADING WITH THE AYATOLLAH KHOMEINI Khomeini’s Return • Iran Hostage Crisis • The Second Oil Shock of 1979 • “We Had Oil Available, and Our Competitors Did Not” • Israel’s Salvation 9.

…

The United States government offered a high reward for his capture and chased him all over the world. Rich’s is one of the most amazing careers of the twentieth century, a career that is tightly woven with great events in world history: Fidel Castro’s revolution in 1959; the decolonization of Africa in the 1960s; the Yom Kippur War and the oil shock of 1974; the fall of the shah of Persia and the seizure of power by the Ayatollah Khomeini in Iran in 1979; apartheid South Africa in the 1980s; and the crumbling of the Soviet Union in the 1990s. Marc Rich and his business partners were on the scene when these events happened.

…

Rich carved out a niche for himself that would allow him to make contacts and gather experience in the oil trade on a grand scale. The contacts he made would soon allow him to leave Philipp Brothers and found his own company. Thanks to Israel and Spain—and Iran, of course—Rich would soon ascend the throne to become the undisputed King of Oil. Yom Kippur War Knowledge is power. This is probably more true of the commodities trade than of any other field—with the exception of the military. The difference between wealth and wreckage usually depends on access to superior information. The contacts that Rich and Green had made in Iran were worth their weight in (black) gold.

GCHQ
by Richard Aldrich
Published 10 Jun 2010

AB Cryptoteknik 213 ‘ABC’ trial (1977–78) 8, 359–61, 423, 459 Abernethy, Barbara 70 Abu Hamza al-Masri 542 Abyssinia (Ethiopia) 19 Adams, Gerry 500 Aden (Yemen) 6, 156, 164, 345 Admiralty Signals Division 137 Admoni, Nahum 471 Adye, John 427, 431, 476, 483, 494, 495, 598, 608 aerial reconnaissance 31, 59 Afghanistan 387, 420, 421, 510, 511, 533–9 Africa 99, 148, 182, 268, 299, 336, 454–5, 479 Aid, Matthew 521 Aiken, John 326, 327, 328, 331 Airborne Rafter programme 267, 538 Aitken, Jonathan 493–5 al-Badr, Imam 163–4 al-Jazeera 513–14 al-Qaeda 9, 509–11, 513–14, 517, 532 Alanbrooke, Field Marshal Lord 45 Aldeburgh (Suffolk) 286 Aldridge, Peter 449 Alexander, A.V. 123–4 Alexander, Hugh 25, 27, 78, 96, 599 Allen, Lew 357 Allied Commission for Austria and London 170 Alp, Saffet 314 Alvear, Soledad 519 American Office of Naval Intelligence 143 American Type-777 satellite 348 Amery, Julian 162–3, 295 Ames, Aldrich 385, 444 Amory, Robert 158 Amsterdam 487 Anaya, Admiral Jorge 389, 393, 395 Anderson, Jack 344 Andrew, Christopher 2, 362 Anglo-American-Commonwealth sigint 64, 82, 152 Anglo-American relations 7–8; and Balkans 472–5; and Berlin tunnel operation 172–6; changing nature of 441–3, 449–50; and cost of cooperation 222–3; and Cuba 341–2; deterioration in 281–95, 333; and Far East 151–2; and global sigint 89–101; gradual improvement in 295–8; impact of politics on 278; and liberating of Axis sigint 47–56; and Nimrod programme 268–70, 273–4; and Project Sandra 322–3; and public disclosure of sigint material on 355–7, 358, 361–2; and sale of cypher machines 209–15; shared problems 333–4; and sigint 7–8, 38–46, 91–2; and sigint satellite and computer revolution 347–54, 437–8; successful Russian intercepts 279–81; and Suez crisis 157–9; and Third World bases 334–9; and trade unions at GCHQ 421–2, 429; in Turkey 302; and Venona Project 72–88; in wartime 38–46 Angola 357, 454–5 Ankara 58, 254, 302, 303, 305, 310–11, 313, 315, 318, 330 Annan, Kofi 523–4 Antalya (Turkey) 326 Anti-Christ Doom Squad 487 Anti-Smuggling Task Force (Hong Kong) 477 AQ Khan network 531 Aquarius (computer) 349 Arab-Israeli War (1973) see Yom Kippur War Arab states 109 Arafat, Yasser 277 Aral Sea 306 Arbuthnot, Mrs 70 Arctic Circle 133, 136–9, 144–6, 147, 265 Argentina 307–8, 388–415 Argentine Air Force 401, 408, 410, 415 Argentine Army 396 Argentine Navy 395, 405, 408 Argus satellite 377 Arlington Hall (US Army code-breaking centre, Washington) 45, 74, 77, 80, 83 arms control 203, 257, 287, 288, 290 Armstrong, Sir Robert 416, 425, 427, 428, 430–1 Army Intelligence Corps 230 Army Security Agency 80 as-Sallal, Abdullah 163–4 Ascension Island 162, 278, 321, 392, 414 Ash, Timothy Garton 465 Athens 324, 330 Atlantic, Battle of (WWII) 42, 60 Atlas (computer) 349–50 Atomic Demolition Munitions (ADMS) 249 Atomic Energy Authority (AEA) 261 Atomic Energy Intelligence 155 atomic and nuclear weapons 2, 5, 36, 45; and Anglo-US arms control 287–9; at Los Alamos 75, 76, 82; British 163, 249; Chinese 155; need for better intelligence on 253, 255, 321–3; Soviet 107–8, 112, 114, 116, 119, 131–2, 148, 157, 173, 301–2; spiralling of arms race 438–9; US 249; US put on alert (1973) 293–4 Atomic Weapons Establishment (Aldermaston, Berkshire) 418–19 Attlee, Clement 73, 86 ATV 432 Aubrey, Crispin 358–9, 360 Auckland (New Zealand) 487 Audiotel 480 Augsburg (Germany) 48 Austin, Harris M. 115 Australia 79, 80, 85–8, 89, 90, 92–4, 98, 154, 164, 165, 167, 168, 213, 467, 477, 487, 533; Australian Security Intelligence Organisation (ASIO) 86–7, 88; Central Bureau 92; Defence Signals Branch (DSB) 151, 153, 213; Defence Signals Department (DSD) 348; Royal Australian Air Force 150; Royal Australian Navy 266; Royal Australian Signals 166 Austria 96, 371, 384 Automatic Data Processing 353 Ayios Nikolaos (Cyprus) 156, 162, 163, 230, 234, 327, 328, 358–9, 360, 383, 384 Azerbaijan 109 Bad Aibling (Germany) 423 Bad Godesberg (Germany) 215 Badger’s Lair (SAS training exercise) 249–50 BAE Systems Ltd 544 Baghdad (Iraq) 161, 468, 469, 471, 524 Baghdad Pact 161 Bahia Paraios (Argentinean ship) 394, 395 Bahrain 347 Baillie, George 122 Bain, Helen 445 Baldwin, Stanley 18, 72, 400 Balgat (Turkey) 303 Bali bombing (2002) 511, 513 Balkanabteilung (German code-breaking HQ) 50 Balkans 51 Baltic 112, 114, 116, 125, 285 Baltic Sea 273 Bamford, James 263, 361–2, 521 Bandaranaike, Solomon 160 Bank of England 241, 487 Banner, Gordon 312–16, 318 Barbieri, Major 52, 53–4 Barents Sea 114, 115 Barker, Nick 391–2 Barkley, Howard 77 Barsby, Mrs 374–5 Basra (Iraq) 466, 525 Battle of Britain 29 Bay of Pigs crisis (1961) 8, 226 BBC 330, 348, 429, 501, 517, 523–4; BBC Scotland 459 Beach, Sir Hugh 380, 381 Bearman, Sid 595 Beasley, Tony 133–9 Beaumanor Hall (Leicestershire) 63 Beijing 476 Belbasi (Turkey) 302 Belfast 261, 500, 501 Belgium 442, 492 Bell, Rod 409, 410 Benitez, Rafael 114, 115 Benjamin, Ralph 216 Benn, Tony 227 Bennett, Ralph 59 Bentinck, Victor Cavendish 67 Bergen (Norway) 450 Bergold, Harry 295 Beria, Lavrentii 107 Berlin 112, 127–8, 130, 196–7, 227, 228, 253, 270, 369, 370, 372, 478; Berlin Blockade (1948) 71, 113; Berlin Cryptographic Centre 50; Berlin tunnel 169, 170, 172–6, 373, 477 Berlusconi, Silvio 532 Berry, John 358–9, 360 Betts, Richard 600 Beulmann, Major 50 Bevin, Ernest 70 BfV (German domestic security service) 452–3 bin Laden, Osama 511, 513, 514, 549 Binalshibh, Ramzi 514 Bingham, Lord 481 Birch, Frank 43 Bitburg (Germany) 131 Black, Jeremy 407, 408 black chambers 4, 14 ‘Black Friday’ (29 October 1948) 81, 108, 119, 169, 280 Black Sea 112, 131–2, 301, 302, 311, 313, 317, 319 Blair, Tony 4, 436, 497–8, 500, 504, 506, 509, 515, 517, 519, 530, 532 Blake, George 173, 174–5, 176, 178, 179, 238, 385 Bleckede 127 Bletchley Park 103, 186, 188, 221, 354, 549; Americans at 39, 43; and breaking ‘Red’ 25–6; closure of 67–71; and cypher security 54–9; expansion and reorganisation 27–8, 62–3; GCHQ as successor to 1, 5; Huts Three and Six 23, 25, 36, 48, 64–5, 119, 121, 356, 362–3, 364, 387; and machine-based espionage 5; military emphasis at 22–3; post-war role 60–1, 63–7; release of records on 355; SIS GC&CS moves to 22–8; takeover of Axis sigint effort 47–54; tight security measures at 69; unmasking of 362–3; wartime value and achievements 59–60, 61–3; wartime work of 1–2, 5, 25–9, 30, 31–46, 109–10 Blix, Hans 520 Block, Lieutenant 145 Bloomer-Reeve, Carlos 394, 412 ‘Blue Book’ 2–3, 395–6 Bluff Cove (Falklands) 400 Blum, Eberhard 450, 452 Blunkett, David 510, 522 Blunt, Anthony 36, 37, 83, 188, 224, 225, 364, 367 Board of Trade 241 Bodsworth, William 69, 80 Boizenburg (Germany) 127 Bolivia 52, 300 Bonnet, Georges 52 Bonsall, Arthur ‘Bill’ 110 Bontoft, Gerry 352 Borehamwood (aka ‘Department B’, London) 181, 182, 190 Borisenko, Alexsandr Ivanovich 236, 237 Borneo 6, 148, 164–8, 250 Bosnia 8, 9, 471–4, 512 BOSS (South African secret service) 357 Bourbon (Soviet radio intercepts) 75 Boyce, Ed 377 Bracknell (Berkshire) 113 Bradley, General Omar 116 Bradshaw, Mike 423 Brauntoltz, George 432 Bremerhaven (Germany) 116 Brezhnev, Leonid 245, 247 Brezhnev Doctrine 244 Bride (UK code-name for Venona) 80 Bridges, Sir Edward 42, 141–2, 181 Brinks Mat bullion robbery (1983) 505 British Army 14–15, 63, 451, 469, 472; 9 Signals Regiment 162, 327, 383–4; 13 Signals Regiment 166, 228, 493; 14 Signals Regiment 524, 525, 534; 40 Commando 525; British Army on the Rhine 248, 412; First Armoured Division 467, 525; Queen’s Dragoon Guards 525; ‘Rhino Force’ 467; Royal Armoured Corps 248; satellites 198, 208–9, 223, 243, 258, 262–3, 340, 342, 344, 345–8, 347–8, 376, 377, 401, 415, 421, 437–8, 441, 442–3, 445–7, 460–1, 478; sigint units 162, 166–7, 218–19, 228, 327, 383–4, 493, 524, 525, 534; Special Air Service (SAS) 164, 165, 168, 248–51, 359, 409, 410, 411, 468, 472, 475, 536, 583; Special Boat Service (SBS) 333, 409, 410, 411, 443, 468; Special Operations Executive (SOE) 36, 51; Special Reconnaissance Squadron 248 British European Airways (BEA) 129 British Indian Ocean Territories (BIOT) 334 ‘British Intelligence and Weapons of Mass Destruction’ (Butler Report) 2 British Leyland 367–8 British Military Mission (Brixmis) 123, 245–6, 247, 252 British Nuclear Fuels Ltd 500 British Psychological Society 433–4 British Tabulating Machine Company 349 British Telecom 545; Medium Wave Tower (Holyhead) 500 Britten, Douglas 230–8, 369, 382 Broadcasting Standards Authority 481 Broadside operation (US Embassy intercepts in Moscow) 280–1 Brockway, Ernst 383 Brook, Sir Norman 142, 219–20 Brooks, Richard 399 Brooks Field (Michigan) 120 Brown, Gordon 498 Brundrett, Sir Frederick 177, 178 Brunei, Sultan of 164, 586 BRUSA agreement (1943) 43, 44, 121, 151 Brussels 179, 253 Brzezinski, Zbigniew 448 Buffham, Benson 381, 424 Bufton, Air Vice Marshal 207 bugging operations 176–82, 193, 196–7, 473–4, 479, 482, 499 Bulganin, Nikolai 140 Bulgaria 518, 519 Bundesnachrichtendienst (BND, German foreign intelligence service) 214–15, 422–3, 438, 447–51, 452–4, 455, 456, 471, 472, 524 Bundy, William ‘Bill’ 50, 356, 363, 364 Bunyan, Tony 361 Burgess, Guy 8, 37, 73, 82, 83, 84–5, 224, 225, 238, 367 Burma 65 Burrough, John 598 Burton, Sir Edmund 527 Burton-Miller, T.R.W. 57, 191, 577 Bush, George H.W. 356–7 Bush, George W. 511, 517, 532 Butler, Lord 2, 428, 482, 529–31, 610 Byers, Stephen 506–7 Byrnes, Jimmy 53 ‘C’ (head of SIS) 16, 24, 67 Cabell, Charles 96 Cabinet Office Intelligence Coordinator 241, 245, 264, 353, 354, 360, 387, 399, 504 Cable, Danielle 505, 506 Cable, James 278 cable vetting 238–41 Cable & Wireless 240, 312, 392 Caccia, Harold 171 Cadogan, Sir Alexander 23–4, 26, 39, 45, 70 Cairncross, John 36–7, 73, 82, 364 Cairo (Egypt) 58, 159, 179, 185 Callaghan, James 324, 325, 330, 333, 361, 391 Calvi, Roberto 407 Calvocoressi, Peter 59, 61 Cameron, Stephen 505 Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament (CND) 368 Campbell, Alastair 517, 523, 530 Campbell, Duncan 8, 358, 360, 361, 362, 423, 458–9 Canada 38, 89, 93, 95, 97–8, 178, 447, 533; Canadian CBNRC 348; Canadian Communications Security Establishment (CSE) 381, 447; Canadian Joint Intelligence Committee 92 Canine, Ralph 101, 174, 336 Canyon satellite 376 Cape Canaveral (Florida) 322, 437, 461 Cape Matapan, Battle of (1941) 60 Capenhurst Tower (Cheshire) 500–1 Caraman, Mihai 253–4 Carey-Foster, William 185, 188, 228 Carlile of Berriew, Lord 543–4 Carpenter, Harry 598 Carrington, Lord 282–3, 284, 294, 389, 394, 396, 423–4 Carsamba (Turkey) 311–12 Carter, Jimmy 390, 448 Carter, Marshall 264, 272, 273–4, 350 Carter, Pat 448 Cartwright, Ian 328 Carver, Michael 334 Casey, Bill 457 Caspian Sea 112, 132, 161, 301, 302 Castle, Barbara 240 Castro, Fidel 226, 341 Catroux, Georges 52 Caucasus 131, 157 Caviar (Soviet encyphered traffic) 49, 69 Cayan, Mahir 309, 310–15, 314 Caygill, David 445 Celebes 167 Cellnet 481 Cemgil, Sinan 306 Central Gunnery School (Leconfield) 126 Central Signals Establishment 113–14 Ceylon 58, 69, 160, 259, 352 Chagos Islands 278, 335 Chamberlain, Neville 3, 18 Charles, Prince 482 Cheadle (Cheshire) 34, 63, 231 Chechnya 494–5 chemical weapons 470–1, 516 Chevaline project (upgrading of Polaris) 438–40, 459 Cheyne, Bill 166 Chicago Islands 278 Chicksands (Bedfordshire) 63, 360, 535 Chifley, Ben 86, 88, 94 Chile 357, 394, 396, 517 China 98, 129, 150–5, 193–5, 256, 273, 277, 282, 285, 376, 475–8; Chinese Communist Party 150; People’s Liberation Army 151 Chinese language teaching 598 Ching Peng 149, 150 Chippewa Falls (Minnesota) 350 Chirac, Jacques 520–1 Chitty, Brigadier 55 Chiverton, Roy 476 Chum Hom Kok (Hong Kong) 475–6 Church, Frank 356, 357 Church Committee 356, 357 Churchill, Winston 84; addiction to ‘Ultra’ intelligence 1; and airborne incidents 128, 129; and bugging operations 177; comments on the Belgians and Dutch 52; and cypher security 56; and diplomatic intelligence 41; and elint airborne operations 124; and Kuznetsov-Marshall affair 187, 189; meets Stalin 47; as recipient of sigint 3, 5, 40; supports work at Bletchley 26–7, 59, 65, 362 CIA (Central Intelligence Agency) 85, 87, 91; and Bay of Pigs 8, 226; and Berlin-Vienna tunnel operations 169–76; and counter-espionage coup 253–4; and Cyprus 324, 326–7; Foreign Broadcast Information Service 155; and invasion of Czechoslovakia 246; and invasion of the Falklands 399; Jewish sympathisers in 97; and Korean War 100; and Libyan terrorism 457; and Middle East 157, 158; and Nixon administration 4, 278; Office of National Estimates 151; revelations concerning 356–8; Russian spies in 444; security measures 101, 381; and shooting of Che Guevara 300; and Soviet weapons 108, 439; Special Activities Division 514–15; and Turkey 472; and U-2 spy planes 142, 226, 292, 296; and use of communication satellites 348; and Venona Project 77, 82; and Zinnia 322 Cianchi, Commander 54 CIB3 (Metropolitan Police anti-corruption squad) 506 City of London 487, 510 Civil Service 381, 421, 427; Civil and Public Servants Association (CPSA) 419–20; Civil Service Medical Officers Group 382; Civil Service Order in Council (1982) 431; Civil Service Union (CSU) 418, 420, 422–3; First Division Association 435; Society of Civil and Public Servants 426 Claret operations (1964–66) 165–8 Clarke, Kenneth 481, 482 Clarke, Liam 608 Clarke, Peter 266–7 Clarke, William F. 66 Cleveland, Paul 444–5 Clifford, Clark 333 Clinton, Bill 492 Clipper Chip (encryption bypass system) 492 Cobra (Cabinet emergency planning committee) 509–10, 527, 532, 610 Cobra Mist (Over the Horizon Radar) 285–7 code-breakers 2, 6, 198; and Anglo-American relationship 38–46; Australian 92; and Berlin tunnel operation 174; collaboration with Baltic states 31; combined operations 15–16; and computers 340, 348–9, 350–1; and decypherment of ‘Fish’ messages 28; diplomatic 27–8, 37, 43–4, 52–3; during WWII 25–9, 30–46, 58–9; Egyptian 164; and ending of WWII 61; expansion of 63–4; Far Eastern 40; Finnish 32, 35, 91; and French intercepts 52, 53, 209; and global sigint 96; importance of Hong Kong to 151; international work 16–17; and internet 493; Italian 52–4; military operations 14–15, 19–20; move from Bletchley to Cheltenham 5; naval 15; and Pelton affair 444; and personal computing and the internet 488; as Post Office department 14; pre-WWII 22–5; and Prime case 380; quadripartite meeting on computer hackers and encryption 489; revival on eve of WWI 14–15; Russian focus 17–19, 33–8, 169; and sale of cypher machines 209–15; and supply of intelligence reports 2–4, 6–7; and telephone tapping 170–1; and use of cypher machines 21–2; value of 60; and Venona Project 72, 74–88; wartime secrecy 354 COINS (Community On-line Intelligence System) 353 Colby, William ‘Bill’ 293, 327, 329, 330 Cold War 47, 377, 420; airborne incidents 125–33; benefits of intelligence in 175–6; Berlin blockade 71; calming of nerves in 257–8; computing in 349; end of 461, 465, 477, 478–9, 493; flashpoints 203; high profile espionage activity in 8; and planning for future war 247–53; seaborne incidents 133–47; secret service operations 484; sigint in 1, 2, 5, 107–24, 125–47, 402; Soviet nuclear weaponry 108; telephone and bugging operations 169–82; thawing of 195–7; and Venona Project 72–88 Cole, David 379, 380 Coleman, Don 131 Coleridge (Soviet teletype system) 78 Colombia 486, 538 Colonial Office 150 Colorob (computer) 349 Colossus (computer) 28, 48, 68, 70, 349 Combined Cypher Machine 98 Comet aircraft 121–2, 268, 273, 295 Cominstum (digest of hot material) 96 comint (communications intelligence) 96, 101, 110, 111, 122, 123, 228, 252–3, 266, 385, 402, 413 Comintern (Communist International) 19, 30, 37–8, 79 Commonwealth 85–8, 89, 92, 95, 97, 148, 266, 352, 447 Communications Branch of the National Research Council (CBNRC) 94 Communications Data Bill (2009) 543 Communications-Electronics Security Department 241–2 Communications Trials Ship (purpose-built sigint ship) 260–2 Communist Party of Great Britain 19, 188, 367–8, 417 Communist Party of India 87 Communist Party of USA 87 Comprehensive Comparative Radar Library 266 computers 198, 219, 220, 222, 340–1, 342–3, 348–54, 458, 486–93, 507, 507–8, 513, 527–8, 546–8 comsec (communications security) 90, 191–3, 195–7, 211, 218, 241–2, 377 Confederation of British Industry (CBI) 241 Conflict (Vienna tunnel code) 171 Congo crisis (1960) 336 Control Orders 543 Cook, Robin 498 Cooney Hill psychiatric hospital (Gloucester) 382 Cooper, Arthur 598 Cooper, Frank 423 Cooper, Josh 20, 34, 213 Coote, John 136, 137, 138, 143 Copenhagen (Denmark) 179 Corona (satellite) 208 Corporal (battlefield missile system) 249 Cosby, Bill 327 Costello, John 364 Cot, Pierre 53 counter-terrorism 456, 516, 528 Cox, Arthur 301 Crabb, Lionel ‘Buster’ 140–3, 207 Cradock, Percy 193–4, 294 Crankshaw, Edward 34, 35–6, 64 Cray super computers 350–1 Crete 157, 265, 292 Croatia 471–4 Croft, John 37–8 Cromer, Rowley 287–8, 294, 297, 337 Croslieve Mountain (Northern Ireland) 501 Crossman, Richard 227 Cruise missiles 511, 513 Crypto AG 212–15, 457 CSE (Communications Security Establishment) Watton 131 Cuba 226, 341–2; Cuban Missile Crisis (1962) 203, 253, 260 Cukr, Baclav 112 Cummings, Mansfield (aka ‘C’) 16 Cunningham, Andrew 91 Current Intelligence Groups 291, 396 Currie, Laughlin 87 Currier, Prescott 39 Curry, John 79 Curzon, George 15, 16, 18 cyber attacks 487–93 cypher machines; capture of 48–9, 264; Chinese capture of 194, 195; commercial origins of 20; development and use of 20–2, 57, 192; military 54; online 28, 210; and proposed Anglo-US collaboration 98–9; radiation or emanation from 215–18; supplying to NATO countries 209–15; see also Enigma Cypher Policy Board 42, 56–7 cypher security 54–9, 98–9, 191 Cyprus 7–8, 154, 155–6, 159, 161, 162–3, 219, 229, 234, 235, 259, 265, 277, 285, 292, 294, 295, 302, 319, 320–34, 337, 338, 345, 348, 356, 359, 369, 372, 382, 383–4, 419, 423, 466, 471, 504; Cyprus Eight 385 Czechoslovakia 203, 244–7, 253, 387; Czech Air Force Association 112 D-Notice affair (1967) 226, 238–41, 242, 362–3 Damascus (Syria) 159, 291, 300 Darwin (Falklands) 410 Data Encryption Standard (DES) 489 data-mining 486, 546–8 Daubney, Claude 103 Davies, Philip 27 de Gaulle, Charles 52, 195 de Grey, Nigel 35, 43 Deaf Aid (elint reception and analysis kit) 123 Dean, Patrick 142 Decabral, Alan 506 Defcon 3 (US nuclear alert) 293–4 Defence Intelligence and Security Centre (Chicksands) 63, 360, 535 Defence Intelligence Staff (DIS) 245, 246, 353, 369, 397, 402, 414, 527–8 Defence Reviews 329 Defence Signals Branch 93, 151, 153, 213, 578 Demos-1 (Hong Kong sigint station) 475–6 Demos-4 (Hong Kong sigint station) 476 Denham, Flight Sergeant 126 Denmark 442, 533 Denmark Hill (Metropolitan Police intercept station, London) 37 Denniston, Alastair 15, 18, 21, 24–5, 27, 28, 31, 34, 38, 40, 43–4, 70, 79 Denton Green, Robert 400, 402, 403, 407 Department of Economic Affairs 241 Department of Trade and Industry (DTI) 487 détente 247 Detica (security company) 544 Dexter, Harry 87 Dhekelia 163, 233, 327 Diana, Princess of Wales 479–83 Dictionary (keywords/predesignated phrases system) 343 Diego Garcia 321, 332, 335–9, 597 Dieppe raid (1942) 55 Diffie, Whitfield 490 Dimbleby, Jonathan 524 Dingli (Malta) 32, 156, 162 diplomatic intelligence 27–8, 37, 43–6, 52–3, 62, 69, 148, 159, 164, 176–82, 349, 355, 377 Diplomatic Protection Squad 506 Diplomatic Wireless Service (DWS) 58–9, 123, 181, 185–90, 192, 262, 417, 418, 585 Director General of Intelligence (DGI) 246 Directorate of Scientific Intelligence 123 Discovery (space shuttle) 437 Diyarbakir (Turkey) 300, 301–2, 306 Dobrynin, Anatoly 454 Domazet, Davor 472 domestic surveillance and intercepts 540–50 Donoughue, Bernard 3, 325 Doran, Frank 126 Doublecross system 229, 255 Douglas-Home, Sir Alec 163, 282, 312–13 Dozier, James 407, 452 Drake, Edward 94 Drew, John 229 drugs 486, 503, 514, 538 Drumheller, Tyler 529–30 Drummond (Argentine frigate) 395 DS.19 (MoD unit) 368 Dubček, Alexander 244 Dublin 501 Dudley-Smith, Russell 49, 55, 261 Duff, Antony 360, 399 Duffton, Nancy 435 Dulles, Allen 157, 158, 174, 176, 203 Dulles, John Foster 157 Dunderdale, ‘Biffy’ 21 Dunlap, Jack 355 Dunnell, Peter 127 Dwyer, Peter 82 East Africa 335–6 East Asia 120 East Germany 123, 131, 195–7, 345, 370, 379, 385, 453, 605 East-West summit (Paris, 1960) 204 Eastcote (London Signals Intelligence Centre) 62, 68–9, 79, 80, 103, 191, 349 Eastern Bloc 123, 175, 244, 245, 247, 256, 267, 282, 447, 465 Eastern Europe 33, 53, 78, 99, 119, 256, 284 Easton, James 82 Eavesdropper revelations (1976) 358, 359 Echelon (Anglo-US communications network) 7 economic intelligence 240–1 Ecuador 52 Eden, Anthony 46, 85, 129, 140, 141, 142–3, 155–6, 160, 178, 189 Eemnes (Netherlands) 415 Eger (Norwegian ship) 117 Egypt 58, 109, 155–9, 259, 263–4, 271, 277, 290–2, 295, 320, 467 Eichmann, Adolf 307–8 Eisenhower, Dwight D. 140, 157, 158, 202, 205, 219 Electrical Trades Union 368 Electronic Warfare Conferences 122, 123, 307–10 elint (electronic intelligence); air-based 111–14, 118–19, 122, 124, 250–2, 267–73; and Anglo-American relations 111–12; and European cooperation 591; in Germany 247, 250–1; and invasion of the Falklands 401, 413; and jamming of Whetstone monitoring station 190; land-based 117–20, 123; naval 114–17; near the Soviet Union 169; postwar expansion 110; rejection of 247; in Turkey 306; wartime use of 110 Elizabeth II, Queen 480, 482 Elkins, Robert 143 Elliott Brothers Ltd 598 Ellis, James 490, 492 Elmers School (GC&CS Diplomatic Sections) 23 email 488, 507, 513–14, 521–3, 541 embassies 151; Anglo-US-Canadian intercepts in Moscow 280–1; attacks and raids on 193–5; as forward listening stations 31; KGB in 82–3, 283–4; and MI5 watcher operations 183–90; security headache 195–7; sifting of waste-baskets in 56; spies in 84; tapping and bugging operations 171, 176–82, 193, 197–8, 281, 477; ultra-secret short-range sigint stations in 244–5; worldwide collection of intercepts from 45, 53, 79, 112, 159, 242–3, 385 Employment Select Committee of the House of Commons 424 Engulf (Egyptian Embassy cypher machine operation) 216 Enigma (German cypher machine) 1, 20–2, 23, 25–6, 27, 35, 38, 39, 42–3, 43, 51, 68, 78, 80, 354, 387 EOKA (Cypriot guerrilla force) 163 Episkopi (Cyprus) 234 Erim, Nihat 306, 312, 315 Eritrean Liberation Front 336 Escobar, Pablo 538, 549 Ethiopia 299, 334, 335–6 European Convention on Human Rights 433, 483 European Economic Community (EEC) 284 European Principals Meeting 450–1 European Union (EU) 540 Evatt, Dr H.V. 85, 86 Evere (NATO-GCHQ cell) 254, 255–7 Exocets (sea-skimming missiles) 390, 406–7, 414, 415 Faisal, King 160–1 Falkland Islands 6, 424, 429, 441, 442, 452, 467; Argentinean ambitions towards 389–92; Argentinean invasion of 392–3, 394–401; British troops on 408–14; comint and elint on 401, 413; diplomatic exchanges with 403–4; effect of war on British sigint 415; French help on 415; improvised communications with GCHQ 402–3; inadequate intelligence on 392–401; leaseback idea 392; naval action 404–8; near-miss air disaster 408; Norwegian help on 401, 442; scrap-metal incident 393–4; surprise attack on 388–9; Task Force sent to 398, 401, 403, 404–8; US denies pre-knowledge 601 Famagusta (Cyprus) 163, 235, 327, 328 Far East 39, 69, 78, 93, 129, 148–51, 164–8 Farrell, Terry 496 Faslane naval base (Scotland) 145, 146 Fatah (Palestinian organisation) 304, 308 FBI (Federal Bureau of Investigation) 76–7, 81 Federation of Malaysia 164–8 Ferranti 349, 598 ‘ferrets’ (flying intelligence stations) 111–14, 203–7 Fetherstone-Haugh, Timothy 383 Fetterlein, Ernst 17–18 Fieldhouse, Admiral 392 Fiji 446 Finland 31, 32, 76, 83, 91, 371, 489 First World War 14, 15, 16–17 Firyubin, Nikolay 279–80 Fischer, David 407 Fish (encyphered teleprinter) 28, 48, 49, 51 Fitz, Harold 127 Fleet Headquarters (Northwood) 400, 401, 402 Fletcher, WPC Yvonne 455–6 Florida 341 Flowers, Tommy 28, 349 Foden, Arthur 242 Foot, Michael 433 Ford, Gerald 297 Foreign and Commonwealth Office 16, 22, 45, 46, 56, 58, 66, 70, 83, 103, 128, 171, 172, 190–1, 192, 220–1, 239, 245, 273, 281, 287, 333, 335, 339, 353, 355, 360, 392–3, 398, 417, 420, 428; South-East European Department 317; Technical Maintenance Service 182 Forest Moor (wireless station near Harrogate) 96 Fort Bridgelands (Kent) 63 Fort Knox (Kentucky) 101 Fort Meade (NSA HQ, Washington) 102, 157, 174, 223, 271, 513, 528 Förvarets Radionstalt (FRA) 91 Foss, Hugh 21, 64 Fox, Katherine 598 FRA (Swedish sigint service) 421, 438, 456, 483–4 France 21, 32, 44, 52, 52–3, 109, 130, 268, 442, 445, 450, 467, 492 Franks, George 382 Free French 28, 52 Freedom of Information Act 482–3 Freeman, John 279 Freeman, Peter 531 French Guyana 415 Friedman, William 39, 44, 95, 213, 214 Friedrich, Lt Colonel 50 Fuchs, Klaus 72, 82, 83, 87, 104, 238 Fyjis-Walker, Richard 316 Fylingdales (Yorkshire) 287 Gaddafi, Muammar 455, 457, 531 Gagarin, Yuri 301 Gaitskell, Hugh 141 Galvin, John 474 Gambier-Parry, Richard 57, 181, 186, 188 Gamma-Guppy (Soviet intelligence intercepts) 244–5 Gardner, Meredith 75, 79, 80 Garner, Joe 249 Gates, Robert 457 GC&CS (Government Code and Cypher School) 361; and Anglo-American collaboration 40–1; civil achievements 28–9; and cypher security 56–7; diplomatic centre at Berkeley Street 27–8, 37, 43–4, 52–3; divided into civil and military sections 27–8; and European collaboration 20–2; military interests 19–20; post-war role 61, 63–7; relocation to Bletchley 22–7; Russian interests 17–19, 30–2; setting up of 16 GCHQ (Government Communications Headquarters) 1, 31, 104; and al Qaeda 511–12; Benhall 350, 360, 497, 526; and Bosnian-Croatian conflict 472–5; Bude (formerly CSO Morwenstow) 342, 343–4; budget figures 587; building of ‘Doughnut’ 9, 497, 526, 527–8; ceases exchanging intelligence with NSA 289–90; and changing nature of global threats 504–5; and closer relationship with MI5 and SIS 503–4; and Cobra Mist/Orford Ness problems 285–7; code-breaking and intelligence-gathering 6–8; combined NATO-GCHQ cell at Evere 254, 255–7; computers in 527–8; cooperation with NSA 222–3, 278, 282–3, 346, 347–54, 438, 448–58, 461; declining position of 422–3, 438, 441; development of new systems 342–54; diplomatic initiatives 108–9; Directors of 551–2; domestic surveillance and interceptions 540–50; DWS operations 186; E Division (Personnel) 425, 427; and economic intelligence 493; Empress Building (Earl’s Court) 382; encryption problems in banking and commerce 487–93; and end of Empire 148–55; expansion of 79, 169; F Division 476; file storage 598; funding of 219–23, 334, 458, 493, 494, 495; Free Trade Union 430; future purpose of 485; and global sigint 92, 94, 95–100; and Gulf War (1991) 466, 469; H Division (mathematicians and cryptographers) 432; and hoax letters prank 469–70; increased intelligence operations 120, 121–4; influence on foreign policy 321; installation of dedicated computer unit 507–8; and internal surveillance 9–10; and internet 100; and invasion of the Falklands 392–403, 405–6, 411; and IRA 498–503; and Iraqi dossiers 516–17, 530; J Division (Special sigint—Russian) 346, 374, 376, 419, 429, 434–5, 438, 495; J-Ops 429, 434–5, 438; K Division (non-Russian sigint) 218, 222, 402, 420–1, 478, 495; and KGB espionage 108, 189, 424–5; and Korean War 101; language problem 512–13, 516; legal identity of 484–5; and Libyan Embassy affair 455, 456; London office (Palmer Street) 192, 497; loss of Hong Kong listening station 475–8; merger with com sec 241–2; and Middle East 155–64; moles in 368–85; move to Cheltenham (1952) 102–3, 120–1, 122, 191; need for 8–9; ‘need to share’ problem 503–4; Nimrod programme 267–70, 271–4; and Noye affair 505–7; Oakley 360, 380, 427, 496, 497, 526; ocean-going activities 6, 136; organisation overviews 563–5; overhaul of operations 493–7; positive vetting at 227–8; post-war organisation and location 67–71; and Princess Diana 482, 483; and problems with ‘special relationship’ 441–3; promotion and career structures 576; purpose-built sigint ship 260–4; R Division (security) 425; reads HVA traffic 605; reinstatement of unions at 497–8; relationship with private companies 240; removal of trade unions at 416–36; and Russian problem 46, 71, 75, 78, 169, 299; S Division 261; secret pact with armed services 5–6, 117–18, 132–3; size of 227; ‘Station X’ 69; as successor to Bletchley Park 1, 5; suicides connected to 382–3; and supply of cypher machines to NATO 209–15; T Division 123; Tempest 216–18; Trade Union Campaign 498; Turkish operations 300–1, 311–19; unmasking of 355–64; use of deaf and dumb civilian personnel 153; use of name ‘GCHQ’ 61, 67; and use of polygraph at 425–6; and Venona Project 77–81; visibility of 1, 2, 8, 341, 436, 484; W Division 261; and War on Terror 533, 539–40; and West German defections 455–6; whistleblower in 521–3; X Division 6, 350, 353; Z Division (use of sigint) 388, 503; Zionist interests 109 GEC-Marconi 433 General Belgrano (Argentine cruiser) 404–6 General Strike (1926) 18 Geneva (Switzerland) 178; Peace Conference (1954) 178 George VI, King 59, 191 Georkadijis, Polycarpos 323–4 Geraldton (DSD site, Australia) 477 Germany 15, 29, 30, 31, 32–3, 44, 47–50, 55, 62, 78, 96, 127–9, 130, 142, 170–1, 219, 229, 247, 256, 270, 492; Army 26, 29, 43, 47; High Command (OKW) 49, 349; Navy 42; see also East Germany; West Germany Gezmiş, Deniz 310, 311 Giant Reach (SR-71 flights from US to Middle East) 292–3 Gibraltar 162, 398, 415 Gibson, Sir Peter 502 Gilbey, James 479–81 Glazebrook, George 92 Glidwell, Mr Justice 430–1 Glover, Sir James 413 Godfrey, Admiral 32 Golan Heights 297 Golden Valley Hotel (Cheltenham) 432–3 Goldsmith, Lord 522–3 Golombek, Harry 25 Goodpaster, Andrew 256 Goonhilly Downs (Cornwall) 342–3, 597 Goose Green (Falklands) 404, 410, 411 Gorbachev, Mikhail 456 Gordievsky, Oleg 385, 478 Gore Booth, Sir Paul 339 Gosport (Hampshire) 134 Gouzenko, Igor 85 Government Communications Staff Federation 428, 429 Government and Overseas Cable and Wireless Operators Association 418 Government Technical Assistance Centre (GTAC) 507, 547 Government Telecommunications Advisory Centre 504 Gow, Ian 482 Gowrie, Lord 428 Grab (Galactic Radiation and Background) satellite 208 Grant (MI5 computer scheme) 528 Grantham, Sir Alexander 152 Granville (Argentine frigate) 395 Grechko, Andrei 245 Gredjeva, Nina Michailovna 189 Greece 163, 259, 319, 320, 324, 334, 450, 472 Green Light (US special atomic demolition munitions programme) 249 Greenhill, Denis 239, 284 Greenock naval base (Scotland) 144 Greenpeace 446 Grey (US diplomatic code) 40 Grindley, Mike 430 Gromyko, Andrei 205, 206 Groupe de Synthèse et Prévision (France) 284 GRU (Soviet Military Intelligence) 88, 173, 230 Guardrail (US airborne tactical sigint systems) 251–2, 272 Guernica bombing (1937) 22 Guevara, (Ernesto) Che 300 Gulf War (1990–91) 452, 465–71, 529 Gulf War (2003) 479, 516–26 Gun, Katharine 521–3 Gurdon, Adam 396 Gurkhas 164–5 Gurney, Sir Henry 149 Habbaniya (Iraq) 20 Hagelin, Boris Jnr 212–13 Hagelin, Boris Snr 212 Hagelin (cypher machine) 56, 78 Haig, Alexander 403–4 Halifax, Lord 24 Hall, Theodore 73 Hallock, Richard 74–5 Hamilton, Alexander 432 Hampshire, Sir Stuart 221–5, 260 Handel, Michael 362 Hankey, Lord 36 Hanley, Michael 361, 587 Hanley, William J. 305, 306 Hanslope Park (Buckinghamshire) 57, 58, 182, 185, 186, 187, 192, 196, 418 Hanssen, Robert 444 Hardy, Tim 166 Harland & Wolff 261 Harman, Harriet 368 Harrier jets 403, 404, 407, 408, 441 Harris, Robert 59 Hart, Herbert 225 Harty, Russell 359 Harvest (computer) 350 Hashmi, Jabron 535 Hastings, Edward 95 Hawaii 92 Hawkes, John 216 Hay, Malcolm 15 Hayden, Michael 508 Hayter, William 97 Healey, Denis 168, 245, 256, 399, 426, 429, 433 Heath, Edward 4, 239, 279, 315, 337, 338, 439 Heliopolis (Egypt) 92, 155, 162 Hellenbroich, Heribert 452–3 Hellman, Martin 490 Helmand province (Afghanistan) 534, 535 Helms, Richard 292, 356 Hemblys-Scales, Roger 86 Henderson, Nicholas 2–3 Hennessy, Peter 90, 577 Herman, Michael 261, 287, 419, 421, 435 Heseltine, Michael 426 Hibberson, Anthony 189 Hill, Jim 86–7 Hill, Major 120 Hillenkoeter, Roscoe 85 Hillgruber, Andreas 59 Hinsley, Harry 59, 64 Hiroshima 2 Hiss, Alger 88 Hitler, Adolf 3, 5, 29, 30, 31, 32–3, 48, 221, 290 Hoad, Norman 132 Hokkaido (Japan) 112 Holden Agreement (1942 & 1944) 43 Hollis, Sir Roger 79, 86, 182, 367 Holmberg, Elena 389–90 Home Office 507, 538, 544 Honest John (battlefield missile system) 249 Honeywell (computers) 458 Hong Kong 19, 30, 32, 96, 100, 151–5, 219, 256, 277, 419, 475–8 Hooper, Joe 191, 222, 223, 228, 273–4, 285–6, 343, 353, 419, 448, 466, 585 Hoover Commission 219 Hosenball, Mark 358 House of Commons Public Accounts Committee 440, 459 House of Commons Select Committee on Employment (1985) 433–4 Howard, Edward Lee 384, 444, 447 Howard, Michael 364 Howarth, Jack 189 Howe, Geoffrey 426, 427–8, 429, 431–2, 436, 460 Howse, Philip 79, 84 Hughes, Chief Inspector 187 Hughes, Robert D. 111 Hungary 46, 158 Hunt, Sir John 329–30, 337–8, 356–7, 361 Hunters Stones Post Office Tower 346 Hurd, Douglas 495 Hurley, Michael 144–6 Hurn, Roger 495, 526 Hussein, King 161, 164, 290 Hussein, Saddam 467, 516, 524, 525 Husum-Milstedt (intercept station, Germany) 50 Hutton, Lord 529 Huxley, Aldous 549 HVA 605 Iacobescu, Ion 253 IBM 350, 352, 489 Igloo White (ground sensors) 252 Imre, Nahit 254 Incirlik (Turkey) 326 India 4, 18, 19, 30, 32, 85, 95, 178, 334 Indonesia 153, 164–8 Information Research Department 156 Ingebrigsten, Jan 450 Ingham, Bernard 428 Inman, Bobby Ray 399, 422, 601 Intelligence Assault Units 47–8 Intelligence and Security Committee 484–5, 529, 539 Intelligence Services Act (1994) 484–5, 488 Intelligence Support Activity 168 Intelsat 342 Intercept Control Centre 250 Intercept Modernisation Programme (IMP) 543–5, 547–8 International Control Commission on Vietnam 178 International Regulations on Sigint (IRSIG) 90 International Security Assistance Force (ISAF) 533 internet 8, 488, 507–8, 541, 544–5 IRA 345, 455, 479, 481–2, 494, 498–503, 593 Iran 109, 112, 155, 268, 295, 299, 302, 421, 467, 472, 605 Iran, Shah of 299 Iraq 155, 156, 160–2, 259, 295, 320, 465–71, 479, 516–17, 528–31; 124 Electronic Warfare Regiment 525 IRSIG (Instructions and Regulations concerning the Security of Signals Intelligence) 503–4 Iscot (wartime Comintern traffic) 37–8 ISI (Pakistani intelligence service) 514 Ismailia (Egypt) 32, 185 Ismay, General Hastings ‘Pug’ 27 Israel 97, 164, 263–4, 277, 290–1, 293, 307–8, 415, 471; Israeli Sea Corps 264–5 Istanbul 307, 309, 310, 316, 318 Italy 19, 44, 52, 96, 345, 452; Italian Cryptographic Bureau 54–5 ITT (telecoms company) 341, 342 Ivy Bells (undersea cable-tapping) 384 Jakarta (Indonesia) 167, 168 Japan 17, 29, 39, 40, 44, 65, 100, 110, 152, 445, 446 Jebb, Gladwyn 64 Jenkins, Roy 51 Johnson, Lyndon B. 50, 238, 353 Johnson, Robert 346 Johnstone, Sir Charles 164 Johnstone, Colonel Hugh 327–8, 359, 360 Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) 67; and Arab states 109; Chevaline project 440; circulation of BJs 70; collection of elint on Soviet air-defence capabilities 132; considers Soviet threats a bluff 204; Crabb incident 141–2; D-Notice affair 239; deployment of equipment in Eastern Bloc 123; failures and inaccuracies of 108, 245–6, 387–8; focus on economic, technological and scientific subjects 241; French cooperation 284–5; intelligence failures 387–8; and invasion of the Falklands 391, 395–7; and Iraq 466; Joint Intelligence Committee Far East 167; and new technology 353; and Palestine 97; and possible Soviet move inside Eastern Europe 256; rethinking of European targets 345; review of aerial and submarine surveillance 207; review of GCHQ spending 221; and Soviet invasion of Czechoslovakia 245–6; and Soviet Union 46; and surprise Soviet nuclear attacks 321; and Turkish invasion of Cyprus 319, 325; and Vienna tunnel 171; and Yemen Civil War 164 Joint Technical Services Language School (Tangmere, Surrey) 370 Jones, Eric 46, 121, 132, 142, 159, 188, 191, 197, 418, 585 Jones, Colonel H. 411 Jones, R.V. 102–3, 110, 111, 579 Jordan 157, 164, 308 Joseph, Keith 286 Jowell, Tessa 498 July Bomb Plot (1944) 221 Kabul (Afghanistan) 533 Kagnew (Ethiopia) 335–6 Kaiser, Michael 240–1 Kapustin Yar (Soviet Union) 112, 131, 301 Karadſić, Radovan 473 Karamursel (Turkey) 301 Karlshorst (Germany) 371 Katanga (Congo) 336 Kazakhstan 107 Keepnet (recording equipment) 458 Keith, Bruce 69, 93, 94 Kelly, Gerry 500 Kennan, George 177 Kennedy, Jacqueline 180 Kennedy, Paul 59 Kenya 125, 334, 370, 511 Ker, Leonard Douglas 189 Kern, Dick 449–50 Kerr, Sir Archibald Clark 84 Key Recovery (or Key Escrow) 492, 506–7 KGB (Russian secret service) 137, 230, 285, 419, 538; agents working for 36–7, 185–90, 224–5, 231–7, 354–5, 369–85; and Airborne Rafter programme 267; defections from 478–9; Eight Directorate 377; expulsion from London embassy 283–4; intercepts on 53, 96; microwave intercepts 281; and miners’ strike (1982) 368; and release of material on GCHQ 355; Sixteenth Directorate 377; surveillance operations 4, 183–5, 190–1; tapping and bugging operations 170, 173, 175–82, 193; and Tempest 216–17; and Venona Project 72–88, 98, 104 Khalid Sheikh Mohammed 514, 515 Khrushchev, Nikita 4, 140, 142, 173, 179, 180, 202, 204 kidnapping and hostage-taking 452, 513–14; in Turkey 302–19; see also terrorists, terrorism Kiev (Soviet Union) 126 Killian, James R. 219 King, Tom 426, 427 Kingsdown (Kent) 34 Kinnock, Neil 433 Kipling, Rudyard 13–14 Kirknewton airbase (Scotland) 118 Kirkpatrick, Sir Ivone 130 Kissinger, Henry 277–81, 283–4, 287–90, 292, 293, 294–7, 319, 324, 326, 329, 330, 331, 337–8, 403, 441, 444 Kizildere (Turkey) 312–19 Klemme, General 50 Klugman, James 36, 188 Knockholt (Kent) 120 Knox, Dilly 21 Kohl, Helmut 453 Kola Peninsula (Soviet Union) 118, 136 Komer, Robert 303 Korea 6 Korean War (1950–53) 99–101, 116, 118–19, 120, 129, 152, 178 Kosovo 8, 512 Kosygin, Alexei 280 Koza, Frank 517–18, 521 Kuala Lumpur (Malaysia) 150–1 Kubat, Ferit 313, 314 Kuching (Malaysia) 166 Kurchatov, Igor 107 Kurku, Ertugrul 313–14, 315 Kursk (Soviet Union) 36–7 Kuwait 465–70, 524 Kuznetsov, Pavel 183–8 La Belle discothèque (West Berlin) 457 Labuan (Malaysia) 166 Lagos, Ricardo 519 Lamphere, Robert 76–7 Lander, Stephen 494 Lange, David 444–5 Langley (Virginia) 292, 441 Laos 446 Larnaca (Cyprus) 384 Latakia (Syria) 331 Law, John 312–16, 318 Lawson, Nigel 460 Le Bailly, Louis 246, 286–7, 291, 439 Leach, Henry 395 Lebanon 161, 308 Lee, Raymond 39, 40–1 Libya 109, 295, 334, 455–8, 531; Libyan People’s Bureau (London) 455–6 Liddell, Guy 367 Light Electronic Warfare Teams (LEWTs) 534–5 Limassol (Cyprus) 325 Lindsay, Michael 151 Little, Peter 420–1 Little, Rod 402 Little Sai Wan (Hong Kong) 153, 475 Livebait (comparison of different signals) 458 Llanos, Gonzales 408 Lobban, Ian 542 Lockerbie incident (1988) 457–8, 605 Lockhart, John Bruce 171 Lockheed 476 Loehnis, Clive 31, 197, 210–11, 223, 466 Lohan, Sammy 239 Lombardo, Juan 393, 395 London bombings (2005) 532–6 London Communications Security Agency (LCSA) 103, 191–3, 210, 211, 213, 217, 585 London Communications Security Board 585 London Processing Group (LPG) 372–3 London Signals Intelligence Board 51–2, 109, 142; London Signals Intelligence Centre 69; London Signals Intelligence Committee 267, 268 Longfellow (Soviet cypher system) 78 Lonsdale, Gordon 238 Lord (Vienna tunnel code) 171 Luanda (Angola) 59, 455 Lucas, George 144, 145 Luftwaffe 26, 33–4, 35, 36, 43, 50 Luga airport (Malta) 295 Luneburg Heath (Germany) 127 Lunn, Peter 171, 172, 174 Lyalin, Oleg 283 Lyttelton, Oliver 149 MacArthur, General Douglas 45 McCormack, Alfred 45 Macdonald, Ken 543, 548 McGuinness, Martin 500 Machon, Annie 456 Mackay of Clashfern, Lord 484–5 Mackenzie King, William Lyon 94 Maclean, Donald 8, 37, 72, 73, 76, 82, 84, 87, 104, 238, 367 McManners, Hugh 409, 410 Macmillan, Harold 3–4, 143, 179, 204–7, 226, 364 McNamara, Robert 168 McNeill, Hector 224 Magdeburg (Germany) 50 Magic (Japanese cypher) 29, 39, 41, 44, 69 Maguire, Harold 268, 269 Major, John 398, 484 Makarios, Archbishop Mihail 163, 296, 320, 323–5, 328, 330 Malatya (Turkey) 306 Malaya 6, 30, 38, 125; Malayan Communist Party (MCP) 149, 150; Malayan Emergency 149–51 Malaysia see Federation of Malaysia Malinovsky, Rodion 204 Malta 156, 162, 295 Maltby, Ted 58, 79, 187 Manchester University 349 Manchuria 19 Mandelson, Peter 498 Manhattan Project (Los Alamos atomic bomb project) 75, 76, 82, 219 Manningham-Buller, Dame Eliza 515 Mao Tse-tung 4, 151, 193, 195 Marchetti, Victor 356 Marconi (company) 311 Marconi, Guglielmo 13 Marenches, Alexandre de 442 Marr-Johnson, Patrick 77 Marshall, George 42 Marshall, William 184–90 Martin, William H. 176, 355, 423 Marychurch, Peter 428, 434, 445, 448, 449, 451, 458–60 Mask operation 19 Mason, Roy 332 Mathison, Alan 25 Mauborgne, Joseph 18 Mauritius 334, 335, 338 Mazzini, Giuseppe 14 Medical Research Council 434 Mediterranean 16, 44, 114, 273, 295, 319 Meir, Golda 290–1 Menendez, Mario 412–13 Mentyukov, Igor 201–2 Menwith Hill (Yorkshire) 345–6, 347, 421, 449 Menzies, Sir Stewart 23–4, 26, 27, 28, 38, 39, 42, 45, 51–2, 55, 67, 82, 142 Methods to Improve (MTI) 220 Mexico 15, 517, 519–20 Meyer, Cord 358, 595 Meyer, John C. 271, 272 MI5 see Security Service MI6 see Secret Intelligence Service Middle East 7, 15, 16, 19–20, 32, 34, 41, 51, 97, 148, 155–64, 181, 182, 271, 277, 282, 290–5, 299, 320, 333, 334, 336, 376, 385, 454, 467, 472, 479, 494; Middle East Technical University (Ankara) 303, 304; Middle East War (1973) see Yom Kippur War Middle Six countries 519 Millward, Bill 63, 121, 221–2, 253 Milne, Alasdair 459 Milner, Ian 86 Milner-Barry, Stuart 25, 27, 364, 387 Milošević, Slobodan 473 Ministry of Defence (MoD) 240, 272, 286–7, 291, 312, 368, 423, 456, 495, 510 missiles see rockets and missiles MIT (Turkish National Intelligence Agency) 304, 314 Mitchell, Bernon F. 176, 355, 423 Mitchell, Graham 367 Mitchell, J.R. 118 Mitterrand, François 414–15 Mladić, Ratko 473, 474 mobile phones 492–3, 505, 538, 541, 548 Modin, Yuri 82–3, 84 Moffit, Bill 296–7 Molotov, Vyacheslav 178–9 Monterey (California) 332 Montgomery, Field Marshal Bernard Law 58, 85 Moon-bounce project 262–3 Morgan, Gerry 78 Moriarty, D.M. 587 Morocco 334 Morris, Gareth 433 Morwenstow (Cornwall) 342 Moscow 4, 18, 19, 30, 33, 35, 36, 37, 45, 47, 53, 59, 74, 82, 84, 86, 104, 126, 148, 151, 175, 176–8, 179, 185, 186, 189, 201, 203, 205, 284, 465; Moscow Peace Treaty (1942) 32 Mossad (Israeli secret service) 291, 299–300, 307–8, 444, 472 Mottram, Richard 577 Mount Tumbledown (Falklands) 413 Mountbatten, Lord Louis 110, 143, 192 Mowlam, Mo 500 Mubarak, Hosni 467 Mullah Dadullah 535 Muller, Wilma 127 Mullet Creek (Falklands) 397 Munich Crisis (1938) 3, 22 Murmansk (Soviet Union) 133, 143 Murray, Len 416–17, 426, 427, 428 Muslims 472, 473, 474, 537, 538, 542 Mustard (Enigma key) 35 Mutual Balanced Force Reduction programme 287–9, 319 Mutual Weapons Development Programme 211 Nagasaki (Japan) 2 Nan-Szu-Pu (Taiwan) 152 Narvik raid (1940) 55 Narwal (Argentine trawler) 407–8 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 155–6, 161, 164 National Central Electronic Reconnaissance Agency (NSEI, Croatia) 473 National Council for Civil Liberties 361 National Criminal Intelligence Service 504 National Infrastructure Security Coordination Centre 609 National Security Agency (NSA) 7; and al Qaeda 510–12; and Berlin tunnel operation 174; and BND 422–3, 438, 447–51, 452–4, 455; and Bosnian-Croatian conflict 472–5; ceases intelligence exchange with GCHQ 289–90; and commercial encryption 488, 489; cooperation with GCHQ 222–3, 278, 282–3, 346, 347–54, 438, 441–3, 448–58, 461; creation of 101–2; data silo in Utah 546; development of new systems 345–6; development of Technical Research Ships 260; and documents on Princess Diana 483; and downing of Powers’ U-2 202–3; elint and comint responsibilities 122–3; funding of 334, 346; influence on foreign policy 321; and internet 8, 508; and invasion of the Falklands 398, 399, 415; and North Korea 100; and polygraph 434; and Prime case 376; public mention of 242–3, 355, 358, 361–2; relationship with US armed services 271–2; and Russian nuclear forces 119; Russian spies in 384–5, 444; and sale of cypher machines 209–15; and strategic elint 267; and Suez crisis 157, 158; and Tempest 216–18; and trade unions at GCHQ 421–2, 424, 429; Turkish operations 300–19; use of security measures 381; visibility of 341; and Yom Kippur War 291–2 National Service 117, 153, 219, 229, 369 NATO 126, 130, 209–15, 217–18, 242, 247, 248, 253–7, 268–9, 270, 272, 283, 300, 319, 328, 345, 429, 448, 452, 456, 467, 533, 534; Military Committee 256; Nuclear Planning Group 332; Special Committee 257 Nauticus Corporation 265 Naval Intelligence 32, 116, 143 Naval Mechanics School (Buenos Aires) 389 Nave, Eric 19 Nazi-Soviet Pact (1939) 31 Neff, Paul 50, 76 Netherlands 442, 443 ‘Never Again’ agreement (1982) 440–1 New People’s Army (Philippines) 452 New Zealand 89, 90, 92, 93, 98, 164, 165, 438, 442, 444–7, 448, 487; Government Communications Security Bureau (GCSB) 445–6 Newman, Dr 145 Newman, Max 28, 70 Nicoll, Douglas 387–8, 396, 421, 529 Nicoll Report (1981) 388 Nicosia (Cyprus) 326 Nimrods 268–70, 271–4, 326, 414, 415, 442, 474, 515, 536, 537 9/11 9, 509–14, 531 Nixon, Richard M. 4, 277–8, 279, 281, 283–4, 288, 290, 293, 297–8, 304–5, 325–6, 337, 338, 434 Noakes, John 348 Noise-Induced Hearing Loss 608 Noise Investigation Bureau 110 Nokia (telecoms company) 489 Norland, Selmer 48, 78 North Atlantic Council 254 North Cape, Battle of (1943) 60 North Korea 100, 120, 129, 175, 264 Northern Ireland 329, 498–503; Peace Process 501 Northwood Hills (communications security establishment) 192, 400, 401, 402, 469 Norway 55, 99, 116–17, 134, 139, 269 Nott, John 395, 396, 397–8, 414–15, 429, 601 Noye, Kenneth 505–6 Nuclear Planning Group 255 Oakleigh Park North (Soviet-radio monitoring station, Whetstone) 190–1 O’Connor, Morris J. 144, 145 Odette (Army intercept equipment) 474, 525, 534, 536–7 Odom, William ‘Bill’ 214, 385, 413, 434, 442–4, 446–52, 454–5, 457, 458, 471, 476 Oedipus (computer) 349 Oeljeschaeger, Major 50 Office of Strategic Services 87, 91 Official Secrets Act 8, 359, 360, 363, 383, 522 oil 298, 336, 356 Okinawa (Japan) 152 OKK-5 (Soviet codebook) 35 Oldfield, Maurice 82, 358 Omagh (Northern Ireland) 501–3 Oman 271, 345 Omand, Sir David 9, 272, 398, 495–7, 498 one-time pads (encryption system) 18–19, 20, 56, 74, 81, 83, 108 Operation Citadel (1943) 36 Operation Claret (1956) 140–2 Operation Damage (Comet sorties in the Mediterranean) 273 Operation Debenture (1954) 152–3 Operation Defiant (1955) 137 Operation Desert Storm (1991) 467–9 Operation Duster (sigint flight operations during Yom Kippur War) 295 Operation Gold (1948) 97 Operation Halfmoon (1948) 96 Operation Hem (sigint flight operations during Yom Kippur War) 295 Operation Musketeer (1956) 156–9 Operation Nigeria (against journalists and their sources) 506 Operation Overlord (1944) 59 Operation Pat (Comet sorties over the Baltic) 273 Operation Sanjak (1955) 137–9 Operation Storm (1995) 472–3 Operation Tartan (1955) 136–7 Operation Trail Hammer 536 Orford Ness (Suffolk) 285–7, 322 Organ, Helena see Prime, Helena Orion (sigint satellite) 437 Ormsby Gore, David 206 Orwell, George 549 Oshima, Baron 29 Ottawa (Canada) 57, 85, 92, 94, 97 Over the Horizon Radar 285–7, 322 Owen, Dr David 299–300, 332–3, 360, 391 Padeborn (Germany) 248 Pakistan 323, 334, 384, 513–14, 519, 537 Palestine 97, 109, 155, 156, 320 Paris 21, 25, 52, 53, 158, 194–5, 243, 284–5, 510 Parker-Bowles, Camilla 480, 482 Parliamentary Select Committee on Foreign Affairs 529 Patagonia 393 Patchett, Brian 228–30, 369 Paterson, Brian 507 Pearl, Daniel 514 Pearl Harbor attack (7 December 1941) 29, 290 Peking 150, 151, 194 Pelton, Ronald 384–5, 443–4, 447 Penkovsky, Oleg 322–3 Penney, William 192 Pepper, David 526, 527, 528, 532, 539 Perkar (Ceylon) 160 Perkins, Alice 495 Permanent Secretaries Committee on the Intelligence Services (PSIS) 219–20, 241, 260, 423 Perrin, Ken 267, 270, 363 Peshawar (Pakistan) 384 Petersfield (Hampshire) 133 PGP (Pretty Good Privacy, code-making programme) 490–1 Philby, Kim 37, 82–3, 84–5, 225, 226, 238, 242, 354–5, 367, 385 Philco (telecoms company) 350 Philippines 445 Phillips, Cecil 75, 79 Pilsey Island (Sussex) 140 Pincher, Chapman 17, 226, 238, 239, 240, 242, 386 Pine Gap (Australia) 345 Pinner (Middlesex) 68, 69 Pinochet, Augusto 519 Pirinclik Air Base (Turkey) 301–2, 306 Pither, Judith 383 Plessey (telecoms company) 212, 267–8, 311, 433 PLO (Palestine Liberation Organisation) 277 Poets Systems (Soviet cypher machines) 78, 81 Poland 21–2, 31, 46, 178, 387, 421, 515 Polaris missile system 266, 322, 335, 337, 438–40 Pollard, Jonathan 444 Polyarnoe (Soviet Union) 34, 36 polygraphs 381, 383, 424–6, 433–4, 444 Port Said (Egypt) 156 Port Stanley (Falklands) 390, 397, 413 Portsmouth (Hampshire) 134 Portugal 44 Poseidon (missile system) 439 positive vetting 88, 227–8, 229, 229–30 Posner, Gerald 483 Post Hostilities Planning (PHP) Committee 46, 85 Post Office 241, 286; develops fibre-optic cables 604; Research Department (Dollis Hill) 28, 68, 171, 172, 349; ‘Secret Department’ 14 Potts, Archie 154–5 Poulden, Teddy 93, 94, 352–3, 354 Powell, Jonathan 500 Powers, Gary 8, 201–7, 208, 226 Prague 244; Prague Spring (1968) 387 Prime, Geoffrey 8, 368–86, 423, 424, 425, 444, 447, 600 Prime, Helena 374–5 Prime, Rhona 375, 378–9 Princeton University 350 Prior, James 422 Profumo affair (1963) 8, 226, 228 Project Clipeus (British ADM programme) 249 Project Cobra Shoe (US intelligence station on Cyprus) 323, 348, 356 Project K (NSA HQ) 102 Project Minaret (US illegal monitoring of domestic radicals) 357 Project Sambo (tracking low-frequency submarine radio transmissions) 378 Project Sandra (intelligence facility on Cyprus) 321–3, 348, 356 Public Interest Immunity certificates 505 Public Key Cryptography 489–93, 508, 512 Public Record Office (Kew) 355 Puerto Belgrano (Argentina) 393 Punta Arenas (Chile) 414 Purple (Japanese cypher machine) 29, 38 Purves, Peter 348 Pym, Francis 423 Pyramider satellite 377 Quinlan, Sir Michael 493 Racal (telecoms company) 401, 433, 469, 524, 590 radar 110, 126, 132, 133, 136, 138, 145, 154, 202, 266, 285–7, 301–2, 306, 406, 408, 466 Radcliffe, Lord 239–40 Radcliffe Inquiry into Security in the Civil Service (1962) 381, 418 Radio Corporation of Cuba 341 Radio Operators (GCHQ) 15, 185, 186, 228, 261, 382, 418, 419, 420, 422, 432, 435, 458 Radio Reconnaissance Teams (Afghanistan) 535 Radio Security Service 37, 58, 79, 221 Radio Warfare Special Branch 133, 134 Rainbow Warrior (Greenpeace ship) 446 Rangoon (Burma) 110 Rattan (Soviet radio intercepts) 75 RC-135 ‘Looking Glass’ aircraft 273 Reagan, Ronald 398, 403, 457 ‘Real IRA’ 501, 502 Reenan, Cyril 479, 480 Rees-Mogg, Lord William 481 Reeve, James 196, 197 Regulation of Investigatory Powers Act (RIPA) (2000) 547 Reid, John 516 Reijn, Joop van der 308 Reilly, Patrick 205, 206 rendition programmes 539–40 Rendle, John 578 Rennie, John 156 Res (reserved cypher material) 44–5 Review of Intelligence Requirements and Resources (1994) 493 Review of Intercept as Evidence (2004) 541 Rhodes, Miriam 378 Rhodesia 3, 209 Ribbentrop, Joachim von 31 Richards, Brooks 387 Richards, Francis 504, 511, 526 Riddington, Tony 598 Ridley, Nicholas 392 Rimington, Stella 372, 494, 521 Ring of Five 442–3 Ritter, Scott 470–1 Riyadh (Saudi Arabia) 513 Roake, Alfie 147, 265 Robinson (computer) 349 Robinson, Robin 493 rockets and missiles 5, 108, 110, 131, 169, 201–2, 203, 207, 266, 271, 301, 306, 315, 322–3, 335, 337, 376, 390, 439–40, 510, 511, 515, 525 Rockex (UK cypher machines) 57–8, 194 Rolf, Vic 213 Romania 52, 256, 257, 284; foreign intelligence service (DGIE) 253–4 Rome 372 Rommel, Erwin 5 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 39, 41, 47, 73, 84, 87 Rose, Michael 472, 473, 474 Rosenberg, Ethel and Julius 83 Rosenheim (Germany) 48 Roussilhe, François 254–5 Rowe, Vivian 402 Rowlands, Ted 390, 399–400, 401 Rowlett, Frank 44, 174 Rowntree Foundation 361 Royal Air Force (RAF) 369, 537: 192 Squadron (monitoring aircraft unit) 113, 122, 125, 149, 159; 199 Squadron (radio wafare unit) 113, 125, 131; invited onto Blue Peter children’s programme 348; loss of Avro Lincoln (1953) 125–9, 580; and Malayan Emergency 149–50; near-miss incidents 131; negotiations on air corridors 129–30; 100 Countermeasure Group 112; as part of GC&CS 20; RAF Akrotiri 273, 295, 296, 323, 325; RAF Brampton 469; RAF Brawdy 377; RAF Brize Norton 204, 375; RAF Celle 128; RAF Crail 369; RAF Digby 230, 231, 237; RAF Gatow 112, 370, 383; RAF Habbaniya 155, 161–2, 230; RAF Hammersley Hayes 231; RAF Lakenheath 116, 142; RAF Leconfield 126; RAF Mildenhall 257, 273, 284, 297; RAF North Luffenham 153; RAF Northolt 537; RAF Oakhanger 262; RAF Pergamos 162, 323; RAF Scharfoldendorf 128; RAF Sharjah 271; RAF Strike Command 270; RAF Upper Heyford 457; RAF Watton 112–14, 122, 125, 131, 159; RAF Wythall 153; RAF Wyton 273, 295; ‘Rock Apes’ Regiment 154; sigint and elint operations 110–14, 116–18, 121–2, 124, 131–3, 153, 154, 206, 218–19, 269–70, 272–3, 285–7; Signals Units 153, 154, 161; surveillance operations 537–8; and U-2 overflight programme 202; Y stations in Kent and Cheshire 34, 63, 111 Royal Commission on Criminal Justice Procedure 425–6 Royal Electrical and Mechanical Engineers 499 Royal Marines 390, 391, 394, 402, 411, 413, 524, 535; Y Troop 524, 525, 535 Royal Navy 159, 441, 474, 477; and Buster Crabb incident 140–2; HMS Affray 133; HMS Albion 259; HMS Anderson (sigint station in Ceylon) 69, 92, 93, 94, 160; HMS Antrim 409, 410; HMS Ardent 410; HMS Conqueror 404; HMS Coventry 406; HMS Dolphin 265; HMS Endurance 391–2, 394, 396; HMS Glamorgan 410; HMS Glasgow 406; HMS Hermes 402–3, 411; HMS Invincible 407; HMS Maidstone 139; HMS Mariner 134; HMS Mercury (RN Signals School) 133, 134, 139; HMS Pickle 134; HMS Pucklechurch 133, 134; HMS Sheffield 406; HMS Sir Galahad 400; HMS Superb 259; HMS Taciturn 144–6; HMS Totem (later Dakar) 137, 264, 265; HMS Truculent 133; HMS Truelove 134; HMS Truncheon 264, 265; HMS Turpin 135–9, 140, 143, 146–7, 264; influence on GC&CS 16; intercept sites at Scarborough and Winchester 63; Kipling story involving 13; Provost Branch 139; and radio station at Polyarnoe 34; ‘Room 40’ code-breakers 15; sigint and elint operations 6, 114, 133–9, 143–7, 218–19, 264–7 Royal Radar Establishment (Malvern) 501 Royal Ulster Constabulary (RUC) 501, 502–3; RUC Special Branch 499, 502, 503 Rumsfeld, Donald 511 Rushworth, Edward 48, 78 Russian Mafia 504 Ryolite satellites 345, 346, 376, 421 Sabah (Borneo) 165 Sabri, Naji 530 Sadat, Anwar 296 Sadi, Sener 314 Safford, Laurance 39 Samford, General 101 Samsun (Turkey) 301, 311 San Carlos Water (Falklands) 408–11 San Francisco 92 Sangin province (Afghanistan) 535 Santa Fe (Argentine submarine) 397 Sarafand (Palestine) 20, 32, 155, 162 Sarajevo (Bosnia and Herzegovina) 473, 474 Sarawak 165 Sarell, Sir Roderick 308, 312, 313, 315, 319 Saudi Arabia 164, 467, 468 Saunders, Andrew 458 Savimbi, Joseph 454 Scan Odd (airborne radar) 121 Scarborough (Yorkshire) 63 Scargill, Arthur 416 Scarman, Lord 431 Scarus (portable interception kit) 534 Schlesinger, James 294–5, 326, 329, 330, 332 Schmidt, Hans 21 Schröder, Gerhard 520 Schulze, Reinhard and Sonja 455–6 Scott-Farnie, G.R. 34 SCUD missiles 251, 468, 469 SDECE (French secret intelligence service) 442 Second World War 135, 335; end of 47–50, 59–60; events leading up to 22; and improved communications 5; and release of sigint material 355–6; Russian interceptions in 30, 31–2; sigint and code-breaking in 2, 5, 28–9, 32–46, 250 Secret Intelligence Service (SIS; MI6) 1, 57, 82, 91, 97; agents sent into the Eastern Bloc 123; at Bletchley 23, 27; and Automatic Data Processing 353; and Berlin-Vienna tunnel operations 169–76; and bungled surveillance operations 140–2; buys missiles on the open market 407; closer relationship with MI5 and GCHQ 503–4; considered organisational basket-case 24; and Cyprus radio station 156; and end of influence over sigint 142; and Enigma decypherment 21; funding of 494; move to Broadway Buildings 17; move to Century House (1966) 195; move to Vauxhall Cross 496–7; no trade unions in 417; obsession with Russia 17, 31; origins of 14; and Penkovsky 322–3; and post-war re-absorption of GC&CS 67; recruitment to 61; Section V 37; Section VIII 57–9; Section Y (Carlton Gardens) 171, 178, 372; Technical Collection Service 132; and Yemen 164 Secret Service Committee 15 Security Commission 368–9, 381–2, 384 Security Service (MI5) 1, 57, 182, 361; and Automatic Data Processing 353; Britten affair 237; bugging operations 177; closer relationship with SIS and GCHQ 503–4; and CND 368; fears concerning Communists in trade unions 418–19; funding of 494; interception of telegrams and telexes 239; and John Cairncross 37; and Libyan Embassy affair 456; no trade unions in 417; origins of 14–17; and Peter Wright 223, 224; and polygraph 433–4; and possible sub-agents 382; problems with Orford Ness 287; and sigint security 70–1; ‘Squidgygate’ affair 482; and Venona 79, 84, 85, 86; ‘watchers’ operations 183–90; and West German defections 455–6; Whetstone radio monitoring station 190–1 Selby-Bennett, Harry 134, 139 Selwyn Lloyd, John 128, 158, 159 Semipalatinsk (Soviet Union) 107, 302 Services Liaison Department 70 Sexton, Jamie 305 Seychelles 334, 335 Shanghai 19 Sharq el-Adna (radio station) 156 Shayler, David 521 Shedden, Sir Frederick 86, 92 Sheldon, Robert 459 Shergold, Harry ‘Shergy’ 142 Short, Clare 523–4 Sidewinder air-to-air missiles 441 Sigaba (US cypher machine) 98–9 Sigdasys project (improved flow of sigint to front-line units) 451, 456 Sigint Conference (1946) 95 Sigint Electronic Warfare Operation Centre (Afghanistan) 535 sigint satellites 437–8 sigint ships 259–67 Sigint/EW Operations Centre in Regional Command (South) 534 SIGMod 539 signals intelligence (sigint); in Afghanistan 534–9; airborne 121–2, 125–33, 144, 202–7, 223, 251–2, 257, 267–74, 295, 377; and allied cut-offs 444–7; American 39–40, 143–4, 271–2, 273–4; benefits of 401–2; blue jackets (BJs) 17, 70–1; bugging 176–82; cost of 218–23; Croatian success 473–5; and Cuba 341–2; cypher security 57, 191–3; in Cyprus 320–39; D-Notice affair 238–41; defections from 228–9; dependence on SAS-type activities 250–1; and ‘Dodgies’ or Mystery Trips 6; and domestic/ international blurring 344; during Cold War 1, 5, 8, 108–24, 125–47, 257–8; during WWII 2, 5, 32–46, 57–8; expansion in India 30; failures of 253–5; and Far East 148–51, 164–8; GCHQ at heart of 5–10; German 35, 49–50, 62; global alliances 89–101; ground-based 117–20, 252–3; and Gulf War (1991) 468; in Hong Kong 151–5; importance of bases 151–5, 277–8; and Indonesia-Malaya confrontation 164–8; and invasion of Czechoslovakia 245–6; and invasion of Falklands 397–415; and Iraq War (2003) 525–6; and Kipling 13–14; legalities of 344; and making/influencing of foreign policy 321; in medieval times 4; and Middle East 155–64; modern formation of 58; and political leaders 2–4, 7; and private companies 17; problem of language 512–13; public disclosure of 356–64; rethinking of targets 345; relations between Western allies 444–7; release of wartime material on 355; and rescuing of enemy matériel 47–56; risks 203; and Russians 33–8, 280–1; seaborne 114–16, 133–47, 208, 259–67, 377–8; security disasters 228–38; size of 227–8; and speed of communication 4–5; support for front-line units 449; tactical units 250–2; and Third World 169; in Turkey 300–19, 330–1; value and importance of 60, 62–71 Signals Intelligence Centre 93 Signals Intelligence Service (USA) 74 Sillitoe, Sir Percy 86, 190 Silvey, Reg 412 Simakov, Alexander 478–9 Simkin, Anthony 187 Sinclair, Hugh ‘Quex’ 16, 22, 23 Sinclair, Sir John 142 Sinews (Sigint NEW Systems) 496 Singapore 19, 40, 96, 164, 166, 167 Singleton, Valerie 348 Sinkov Mission (1941) 39 Sinn Féin 500 Sinop (Turkey) 301 Six-Day War (1967) 253, 263–4, 271, 284 Skardon, William 87, 188 Skynet (communications satellite) 347–8, 403, 408, 438 Slessor, John 190–1 Slim, Field Marshal William 65 Sly, Ken 153–4, 375 Smallwood, Sir Denis 271 Smith, F.M. 302 Smith, Ian 3 Smith, Jack 151 Smith, Jacqui 543 Smith, Rupert 474–5 Smiths Industries 495 Snow, Leading Seaman ‘Snowy’ 135 social intelligence 178–9 Solidarity (Polish trade union) 432, 465 Somerville, John 121, 317–18, 419, 420, 428 Sony 480–1 Soothsayer (Army intercept equipment) 537 SOSUS (undersea microphones) 377 South Africa 209, 446, 454 South Georgia 390, 391, 393–6, 409 South-East Asia Command 110 Southern Thule 389, 390–1 Soviet Air Force 118, 119, 360; Air Defence Command 201; Strategic Air Command 256; Strategic Rocket Force 256 Soviet Army 175, 371; General Staff 255–6 Soviet Communist Party 19, 368 Soviet Navy 114–16, 133, 256, 301; Naval Intelligence 73; Northern Fleet 136 Soviet Union 33–8, 336, 349; apparent war preparations 255–7; and Berlin-Vienna tunnel operations 169–76; and biological weapons 611; capture of German cryptographic assets 50–1; Cold War espionage 8; elint on invasion of the Falklands 401; end of Cold War 493; enters WWII 28; ‘ferret’ programmes 112; Hitler’s invasion of 29, 32–3, 290; invasion of Czechoslovakia 244–7; Italian code-breaking concerning 52, 54; nuclear weapons 107–8, 112, 114, 116; and post-war confrontation 47; raid on Arcos building 18; Red Army 46, 78, 245–6, 249, 319; release of UK intelligence material 355; secret submarine missions against 6; and ‘strayed’ aircraft 126–33; successful sigint operations against 279–81, 344, 361; Turkish (Anglo-US) operations against 301–2; UK-US obsession with 17–19, 30–2, 45–6, 321–3; and Venona Project 72–88; and Yom Kippur War 291 Spain 44, 505, 533 Special Branch 141, 150, 151, 166, 187, 453, 456, 459, 509 Special Liaison Units 57–8 Special Radio Installation Flight (SRIF) 114 Spedding, David 494 spy planes 257, 267–74, 292–3, 296–7, 538 ‘Squidgygate’ affair (1990) 479–82 SR-71 Blackbird Mach 3 reconnaissance aircraft 284, 292–3, 296–7 Stalin, Joseph 31, 33, 46, 47, 173 Standard Cable & Wireless Ltd 17 Standard Telegraph & Cable Ltd 342 Stankovic, Milos 473 Stanmore (Middlesex) 62, 68 Stannard, Robert ‘Fred’ 210–11, 213, 218, 242 Starmer, Keir 543 State Research Association 361 stay-behind patrols 247–50 Stella Polaris (sale of Russian codebooks) 91 Stephanie operation (Canadian embassy intercepts in Moscow) 280–1 Stephenson, Sir Hugh 207, 221 Stevens, Geoffrey 40, 45, 50, 94 Stewart, Brian 353 Stewart, Michael 228 Stockholm 192 Straw, Jack 505, 519 Stripp, Alan 109 submarines 6, 114–17, 125, 133–9, 142–7, 197, 259, 264–7, 337, 377–8, 384, 397, 404 Suez Crisis (1956) 156–9, 160, 181, 182, 213 Sugar (Vienna tunnel code) 171 Sugar Grove (West Virginia) 262 Suharto, President 168 Sukarno, President 164, 165, 167–8 Sunay, Cevdet 311 Super Antelope programme (modernising/upgrading Polaris submarines) 337 Supreme Allied Commander Europe (SACEUR) 256 surveillance operations 4, 183–90, 197, 201–7, 208–9, 247–53, 292–3, 295, 296–7, 322, 368, 406, 421, 472, 480–1, 500, 506, 537–8, 540–50 SUSLO (Special United States Liaison Officer based in UK) 381 Sutton Common (Cheshire) 500 Sweden 31, 212, 214, 269 Switzerland 52, 212, 214, 215, 457, 492 Sykes, Richard 297, 298, 335, 593 Syria 156, 157, 271, 291, 300, 301–2, 304, 308, 336, 344 Tai Mo Shan (New Territories) 154 Taipei 195 Taiwan 152, 195, 323 Taliban 535, 537 Tanzania 511 Taper (Soviet cypher traffic) 54, 108 Tartus (Syria) 331 TASS News Agency 190 Taylor, Telford 43 Tebbit, Kevin 498, 504 Technical Committee of London Signals Intelligence Committee 267 Technical Radio Interception Committee 131 Tedder, Lord 5 Tel Aviv 157–8, 180 telephone tapping and intercepts 170–6, 180, 244–5, 299, 340, 341–6, 376, 377, 474–5, 479–83, 486, 499, 500–1, 523, 541–5 Tempest (radiation/emanation phenomenon) 209, 215–18 Templer, Sir Gerald 150, 219 terrorists, terrorism 9, 168, 277, 307, 320–1, 452, 531; and 9/11 509–15; domestic 539; and Heathrow plot (2003) 515–16; and IRA 498–503; Libyan 455–8; see also kidnapping and hostage-taking Teufelsberg (Germany) 478 Thatcher, Margaret 8; and Falklands conflict 298, 396, 400, 403–4; and mole-mania 363, 367; 1987 general election 433; obsession with secrecy 492; and polygraph 434; and removal of trade unions from GCHQ 415, 416–17, 423, 425, 426, 427, 428, 429, 430–1, 435; and tightening of the Official Secrets Act 363; and Zircon project 442, 460 Third World 203, 259, 334 Thistlethwaite, Dick 255 Thomas, Richard 544 Thomas, Teddy 234 Thompson, Julian 402, 410–12 Thompson, Ralph 94 Thompson-CSF (arms company) 489 Thomson, Mike 131 Thorneycroft, Peter 163 Thorpe, Peter 535 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989) 476 Tickell, Crispin 290 TICOM (Target Intelligence Committee) teams 48–56, 76, 78 Tiltman, John 19, 31–2, 42, 44, 67, 78, 79, 96, 213 Tirpitz (German battleship) 35 Titchner, Lambert 186 Tito, Josip 4 Tomlinson, Richard 521 Tonkin, Derek 330, 333 Tornado Multi-Role Combat Aircraft 345 Toumlin, George 432 Tovey, Brian 167, 414, 415, 421–2, 423, 424, 428, 433, 442, 448, 461, 490 trade unions 317, 368, 389, 416–36, 497–8 Trades Union Congress (TUC) 416, 417, 419, 426, 427, 509 Travis, Edward 27, 28, 36, 43, 48, 49, 53, 56, 60, 67–9, 69, 92, 94, 101, 121 Trawlerman (DIS computer scheme) 527–8 Trend, Burke 221, 240, 241, 242, 269–70, 288, 322–3, 354, 364 Trevor-Roper, Hugh 221 Tromsø 134 Truman, Harry S. 73, 85, 91, 101, 108, 109, 116 TRW Inc (telecoms company) 377 Tryst operation (British Embassy intercepts in Moscow) 280–1 ‘Tunny’ (German cypher machine) 28, 349 Turing, Alan 2, 25, 27, 349, 492 Turkey 52, 109, 131–2, 157, 268, 269, 299–319, 325–8, 330–1, 334, 338, 357, 423, 472; Air Force 312–13, 313; Army 315; Foreign Ministry 312–13 Turkish People’s Liberation Army (TPLA) 300, 303–19 Turkish People’s Liberation Front (TPLF) 300, 308–10, 312 Turnbull, Andrew 524 Turner, Charles 312–16, 318 TUSLOG (US Logistics Organisation in Turkey) 302 Tuxedo (British nuclear weapons stockpile in Cyprus) 163 25 Mayo (Argentine aircraft carrier) 404 Typex (UK cypher machine) 56, 98 Tyuratam (Soviet Union) 306 U-2 spy planes 142, 226, 292, 296, 332, 471 UK-USA Technical Conference (1946) 95 Ukraine 472, 533 UKUSA (UK-USA signals intelligence agreements) 7, 213, 241, 273, 376, 577; combined comsec/sigint agencies 242; and deterioration of Anglo-US relationship 285; development of 89–95; and elint 111; existence of 1948 aagreement 577; and GCHQ 95–9, 222; and Hong Kong 152; and Israel 471; and Korea 99–101; and satellite collection 437–8; second-party members 444, 447; standardisation of equipment in 424; third-party members 209, 447, 452; and tightening of security 381; value of British Empire to 149 Ultra (WWII decrypts) 1, 24, 26, 32–8, 41, 42, 43, 57, 59, 60, 62, 72–3, 113, 354, 362, 363 Underwater Development Establishment 145 Unit 8200 (Israel sigint agency) 470 United Nations 66, 295, 336, 445–6, 472, 523–4; Monitoring, Inspection and Verification Commission 520; Protection Force 472; Security Council 517, 522; Security Council Resolution 1373 511–12; Special Commission (UNSCOM) 470–1 United States; and Cold War espionage 8; Communications Intelligence Board 97, 152; cyphers worked on by GC&CS 17, 29; Department of Defense 295; Division of Scientific Intelligence 322; Europe Command 180; Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board 263; Information Service 305; National Photographic Intelligence Center 296; National Reconnaissance Office 449, 458; National Security Council 334; and proposed German-Mexican alliance 15; and UKUSA intelligence treaty 89 University of Pennsylvania 426 Unye (Turkey) 313, 316 US Air Force 96, 101, 129, 152; 47th Radio Squadron 118; Griffiss Air Force Base (New York) 292; Johnson Air Force Base (North Carolina) 293; Security Service 118, 120, 301; Strategic Air Command 272 US Army 39, 40, 42, 43, 44, 52, 74–5, 77, 91, 94, 99, 102, 336, 413, 474; Intelligence Support Activity 452; Marines 525; Security Agency 99, 152, 302, 345–6; Seventh Army Corps 467; Special Forces 249; US Army Air Force 110–11 US Navy 39, 40, 42, 43, 75, 91, 97, 99, 143, 207; US Naval Intelligence 157; Radio Research Station Program 262; Security Group 115, 301; Sixth Fleet 323–4; USS Belmont 260; USS Cochino 112–17, 135; USS Georgetown 260; USS Jamestown 260; USS Liberty 260, 263–4; USS Muller 260; USS Oxford 260; USS Pueblo 260, 264; USS Stickleback 143; USS Tusk 114–15; USS Valdez 260, 605; USS Vincennes 408 USM-49 (US sigint base in Turkey) 303 Vampire (UK intercept unit) 474, 534 ‘Vasiley’ (KGB officer) 232–4 Vass, Sir Douglas 423 Vassall, John 226, 238 Vatican 52 Venona project (intercepted Russian messages) 445–6; and Anglo-American collaboration 72, 78–80; and British Commonwealth 85–8; exploitation of reprinted pages 74–5; and exposure of agents 80–8; extreme secrecy of 73, 77–8; first code-breaks 75–6; and global sigint 90, 94, 98; and Manhattan Project 76; size and importance of 72–3; Soviets alerted to work on 73, 80–1 Vernon, Mike 422, 423 Viehoff (Germany) 50 Vienna 169, 170–1, 172, 372, 373, 375, 376 Vienna Summit (1961) 180 Vietnam 153, 167, 168, 178, 203, 376, 446 Vietnam War 123, 243, 252, 269, 271–2, 277, 279–80, 298, 356, 387 Virgin 545 Vladivostok 129 Voice of Egypt (radio station) 156 Wait, Dave 385–6 Wal Bin Chang 153 Waldegrave, William 429 Walker, John 264, 377, 384, 447 Walker, Walter 165, 166 War Office 22 War on Terror 533, 539–40 Warsaw Pact 114, 244, 245, 247, 248, 251, 253, 257–8, 319, 321, 369, 402, 465 Washington 7, 38, 39, 40, 41, 42, 43, 44, 45, 47, 57, 64, 74, 77, 82, 83, 90, 92, 96, 97, 99, 101, 102, 111, 119, 121, 143, 151, 157, 203, 205, 212, 243, 253, 292, 325, 329, 335, 355–6, 381, 413 Watchkeeper 450 drone 536 Watergate House (London) 15–16 Watergate scandal (1973) 4, 279, 288, 290, 293, 297, 298, 325–6, 356 Wavendon Manor (radio station, Buckinghamshire) 49 weapons of mass destruction (WMD) 516, 520, 523, 526, 528–31 Weatherill, Bernard 459 Weinberger, Casper 441 Weisband, William 80–1, 169 Welchman, Gordon 25, 26, 27, 43, 57, 61, 64, 65, 362–3, 364, 387 Wenger, Joseph 42, 53, 79, 95, 243 West Germany 345, 442, 447–9, 455–6 West Irian 167 West, Lord 544 West, Nigel 88 Western Union 240 Whaddon Hall (Buckinghamshire) 23, 57, 181 Wharfe, Ken 483 White, Ray 501 White, Sir Dick 142, 176, 181, 187, 225, 241–2, 243, 245, 246, 264, 285–6, 353, 354, 364, 453 Whitelaw, Willie 404, 426, 427 Wieck, George 214 Wiesbaden (Germany) 158 Wigg, George 227–8, 240 Wilkes, Detective Sergeant 378 Wilkinson, Peter 206 Williams, Sir Anthony 392–3 Wilson, Edmund 42, 54, 57, 68, 576 Wilson, Harold 225; and Anglo-US relations 356–7; antagonism towards the press 239, 242; and Chevaline project 440; and Cyprus problem 325, 329; and Diego Garcia 338; fascinated and terrified by intelligence and espionage 3, 168, 226–7, 357; and Radcliffe Committee 239–40; and Skynet 438; and U-2 flights from Cyprus 295–6; and Vietnam War 277 Wilson, Jim 292 Wilson, Richard 527 Winnifrith, John 418 Winterbotham, Frederick 35, 354 Wolfenden, Jack 383 Woodward, Admiral Sandy 402–3, 407, 408, 410–11 Wormwood Scrubs prison 238, 385–6 Wreford-Brown, Christopher 404–5 Wright, Georgina 317 Wright, Peter 216, 223, 224, 267, 363, 492, 538, 587–8 Wyllie, Sean 490 Y services (armed forces listening units) 26–7, 33–5, 63, 68, 103, 111, 117, 411 Yarallakos (Cyprus) 320, 328 Yardley, Herbert O. 38 Yemen 148, 163–4 Yom Kippur War (1973) 277, 290–5, 320, 337, 387 York, Duchess of 482 Young, Courtney 86 Yugoslavia 256, 257, 284, 471–5, 503, 512, 534 Yunnan (China) 151 ‘Yuri’ (KGB officer) 231–3 ‘Zhora’ (Weisband’s code name) 80–1 Zimmermann, Phil 490–1 Zimmermann Telegram (1917) 15 Zinnia (missile-detection system) 322–3 Zinser, Aguilar 519–20 Zionist movement 97, 109 Zircon project (GCHQ sigint satellite) 415, 438, 442–3, 449–50, 458–61 Acknowledgements On 9 December 1993 the Lord Chancellor, Lord Mackay of Clashfern, introduced the Intelligence Services Act in the House of Lords.

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The gruelling war stretched American intelligence resources to breaking point, rendering assistance from GCHQ all the more valuable. Alongside Vietnam, there was the challenge of an improving relationship between the West and China. The early 1970s also witnessed a dramatic upsurge in Middle East terrorism, with Yasser Arafat and the PLO becoming a major sigint target. In October 1973 the Yom Kippur War suddenly erupted when Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel. This was followed in short order by the Turkish invasion of Cyprus. During these dramatic events sigint proved to be the main source of information for world leaders, often constituting two thirds of the intelligence which reached their desks.

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They were complaining loudly that ‘The British are pursuing a consistently anti-American policy on a wide variety of subjects.’50 Some British officials argued that in ‘the intelligence field’ the Americans were cutting off their nose to spite their face, since any suspension of cooperation was ‘not…in their own best interests’.51 Heath was determined to prove the point, and opportunities for retaliation were not long in arriving. At midday on Saturday, 6 October 1973, a coalition of Arab states inflicted a remarkable surprise attack on Israel that had not been foreseen by any of the world’s major intelligence services. The Yom Kippur War ranks alongside Pearl Harbor and Hitler’s attack on Russia in 1941 as one of the most extraordinary surprise attacks of all time. Two weeks before, on 25 September, King Hussein of Jordan had flown secretly to Israel to warn the Prime Minister, Golda Meir, of what was coming. However, Israeli intelligence did not believe that Egypt was capable of launching a surprise attack because it lacked air superiority, and so, despite receiving numerous other warnings, they closed their ears.

The Battle for Jerusalem, June 5-7, 1967
by Abraham Rabinovich
Published 1 Jan 1987

He obtained a degree in geology and became a leading authority on the geology of the Golan Heights. Nir Nitzan, the deputy company commander on Ammunition Hill, fought alongside Dodik Rutenberg again in the Yom Kippur War. He joined the regular army, rising to lieutenant colonel before retiring. Dodik Rutenberg, the company commander who fought on Ammunition Hill, in the Yom Kippur War was battalion commander of the 66th, a post he inherited from Yossi Yaffe. Rutenberg was badly wounded during the Yom Kippur War in the Suez ambush. Cut off deep inside the city and Israeli forces outside unable to reach his troops, Rutenberg retained command despite his wounds and led his men out through the Egyptian lines after darkness, supported by another officer as he hobbled.

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Returning to his civilian career as an engineer, he became director of the Israel Atomic Energy Commission. Yossi Fratkin, commander of the 28th Battalion, tends his crops on the moshav of Tel Adashim in the Jezreel Valley. Mordecai Gur, brigade commander, was military attaché in Washington during the Yom Kippur War and returned home to become chief of staff. It was under him that the Israeli army was reorganized as a result of the hard lessons of the Yom Kippur War. He entered politics upon leaving the army, becoming a Labor Party Knesset member and a cabinet minister. He has made no secret of his intention to eventually seek the premiership. << Chapter >> Home | TOC | Index Tracing 407 Yaac Haimovitch, the private who won the nation’s highest award on Ammunition Hill, received his engineering degree from the Technion and works at a top military research and development firm.

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Johnnie Hyman, who won a hand-to-hand battle with a Jordanian soldier at Abu Tor, returned to his law practice but was killed in battle on the Golan Heights in the Yom Kippur War. Eli Kadar, the company commander who fought at Abu Tor and led his men into Old City through Dung Gate, served as military governor of Hebron after the war. He is today proprietor of a large Jerusalem restaurant. Meir (Mike) Ronnen, gunnery sergeant in the trench opposite Ammunition Hill, is art editor of the Jerusalem Post. Yonkele Rotblit, the lieutenant who lost a leg on Abu Tor, became a popular songwriter and sometime performer. 10TH (HAREL) BRIGADE The brigade fought on the southern front in the Yom Kippur War, crossing the Suez Canal on a floating bridge to join the strike on the Egyptian rear. << Chapter >> Home | TOC | Index Tracing 411 Un Ben-Ari, brigade commander, a reserve general in the Yom Kippur War, was seconded to the southern front after the Egyptian breakthrough.

Catch-67: The Left, the Right, and the Legacy of the Six-Day War
by Micah Goodman
Published 17 Sep 2018

Peace began to take its first steps from the political periphery toward the center in the years between the Six-Day War and the Yom Kippur War. This was when Yaakov Rotblit wrote his “Shir LaShalom” (Song for Peace), whose lyrics included this plea: “Bring about the day!” Intellectuals such as Amos Oz and Yeshayahu Leibowitz called for an end to the occupation of the territories. But their voices remained at the edge of public discourse in these interwar years. Moshe Dayan’s exhortation that “we have returned to the holiest of our holy places, never to part from it again” was a more accurate representation of the mood of the day. The change in direction took place only after the Yom Kippur War, and mostly came about after the peace process with Egypt began.

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Shimon Peres, David’s Sling (New York: Random House, 1970), 9–10. 4. Conversely, some scholars argue that Egypt was not ready to reach an agreement and deliberately made offers that Israel could not accept. For elaboration, see Boaz Vanetik and Zaki Shalom, “The White House Middle East Policy in 1973 as a Catalyst for the Outbreak of the Yom Kippur War,” Israel Studies 16, no. 1 (Spring 2011): 53–78. See also Yigal Kipnis, 1973: The Road to War (Charlottesville, Va.: Just World Books, 2013), especially the introductory chapter. 5. Karl Marx and Friedrich Engels, The Communist Manifesto (Auckland, N.Z.: Floating Press, 2008), 6. 6. For strong evidence of this shift, consider the emergence of the Meretz Party.

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See Judea; Samaria; West Bank Ariel, Yaakov, 201n8 Arieli, Shaul, 216n9 Article 49(6) Geneva Convention, 209n1 Aumann, Robert, 223n7 Avineri, Shlomo, 191n22 Balfour Declaration, 23, 124, 189n20 Barak, Ehud, 47, 103, 148 Begin, Menachem, 30–31, 44, 190n21, 192nn23,24,26, 195n41 Beinart, Peter, 87 Beit Hillel, 5–7, 177–178 Beit Shammai, 5–7, 177–178 Believe and Sow foundation (Gush Katif), 202n14 Ben-Gurion, David: concessions for statehood, 70–72, 102, 133–135, 137 on Israel’s moral character, 119–120 mamlachtiyut of, 135–136 partition supported by, 136–137 relations with United States, 136 on security in Jewish history, 91–92 socialism of, 133, 135–136, 214n4 Bennett, Naftali, 222n2, 224n12 Betar Movement, 190n21, 194n37 Bible, 108–109, 113–116, 175–176, 192n26, 211n9 Biger, Gideon, 220n20 Blair, Tony, 125 borders: after Six-Day War, 4, 43 national identity, 4–5, 70–72, 82–85, 86–87, 207n5 of Palestinian state, 222nn3,5 political determination of, 4, 29–30 preceding Six-Day War, xiv territorial contiguity, 159, 223nn7,8,9 territorial maximalism, 33–34, 59, 194n36 Britain, 23–24, 29, 101, 124, 189n20, 212n4 Brit Shalom, 196n9 Bush, George W., 222n3 Buzaglo, Meir, 125, 213n9 Camp David Accords, 47–48, 103, 146–147, 192n26, 198n16, 219n17 Camp David summit (2000), 47–48, 103, 198n16, 206n12, 219n17 Catastrophe (Nakba), 75, 76–77 catch (use of term), 138–140, 146 Catch-22 (Heller), 138 Catch-67, 138–140, 146 civil rights for Palestinians, 27–31, 35, 71, 82, 87–90, 96–97, 160–161, 207n5, 208n10 Clinton Parameters (2000), 47, 103, 149, 210n11, 216n7 colonialism, 122–124, 181n15, 212n4 creative innocence, 202nn12,14 crowd psychology, 120–122 Dayan, Moshe, 21, 37–38, 100, 196n9 debate: “catch” in, 138–140, 146 decline of political debate, x–xi emotional traps in, 7–14 identity politics in, 120–122 in Talmud, 5–7, 14, 127–129, 177–178 democracy, 57, 70, 87–88, 187n17 demographics: after Six-Day War, 32–33, 193n30 forecasts of natural growth, 84, 207n5 growth rate of Arab population, 34, 207n5 of Jews in Israel, 27–28, 32–35, 69–71, 82–87, 139–140, 160–161, 207n5, 220n20 of Palestinians, 32–34, 75–76, 82–85, 205nn5,7, 222n2 security and, 32–34, 69–73, 82–84, 86–87, 138, 193n30, 220n20 Disengagement Plan, 33, 57–60, 118–119, 202n14 Divergence Plan, 141, 156–159, 163–164, 168, 222nn2,3, 224n12, 225n2 Don-Yehiya, Eliezer, 182n2 East Jerusalem, 99, 158, 207n5, 223n6 Eban, Abba, 103 Egypt, xiv agreement for partial withdrawal by Israel, 147 Camp David Accords, 47–48, 103, 146–147, 192n26, 198n16, 219n17 peace negotiations with Israel, 43–45, 192n26, 195n4 in Six-Day War, 43, 99 United Arab Republic, 1 Yom Kippur War, 43, 196n9 Eldad, Israel, 33, 34 Eliyahu, Mordechai, 202n14 emotional barriers in Israeli-Palestinian conflict, 7–12, 38, 74–79, 148, 204nn2,3, 205n8, 206nn11,12, 218n12 Eshkol, Levi, 99 Ettinger, Yoram, 83–84, 86, 207n5 evacuations of settlements, 56–57, 109, 202n12, 220n20, 224n10 fear in Jewish history, 7–10, 24, 38, 98, 180n10, 183nn2,3, 184n4 Filber, Yaakov, 56 First Aliyah, 55 First Intifada (1987), 32, 46–47, 199n18 Froman, Menachem, 126 Gahlat (Pioneering Torah Scholar Group), 200n3 Gaza Strip, xiv, 1, 33, 57, 118–119, 195n42 Glick, Caroline, 207n7 Golan Heights, 1, 43 Greater Israel, 4, 29–32, 46, 52, 70–71, 120, 192n24 Greenberg, Uri Zvi, 33 Green Line, 144, 152, 215n4, 219n19 Gush Katif, 57, 202n14 HaLevi, Hayim David, 109–110 Halevy, Efraim, 219n16 Hamas, 122–123, 204n3, 218n13 haqq al-wda (right of return), 76–79, 148, 205n8, 206n11 Hashomer Hatzair, 196n9 Hazan, Yaakov, 196n9 Hebrew language, 171–172 Hendel, Yoaz, 223n6 Herzl, Theodor, 116, 171, 182n1, 189n20, 190n21 Heschel, Abraham Joshua, 213n9 hudna, 149–150, 219n16 humiliation: in Palestinian historical consciousness, 9–12, 74–79, 148, 180n14, 205n8 rise of the West, 10–11, 74–75, 204nn2,3 trauma of 1948 war, 148, 218n12 Hussein ibn Talal (King of Jordan), 99, 100–101 IDF (Israel Defense Forces): impact of service on soldiers, 32, 98 Jewish security in State of Palestine, 220n20 in Jordan Valley, 143–145, 216n7, 217n11 Lebanon War, 197n11 military administration in territories, 8–9, 96–97, 108–109 War of Independence, 41, 70–72, 75–78, 148, 205n8, 218n12 Yom Kippur War, 43, 196n9.

Thirteen Days in September: Carter, Begin, and Sadat at Camp David
by Lawrence Wright
Published 15 Sep 2014

Begin campaigned against withdrawing from Sinai, saying that the Israeli-Egyptian disengagement agreement that Kissinger had crafted was a bad deal that compromised Israel’s security. “Such withdrawals could only bring the enemy to our doorstep,” he warned. His policy was simple: “The West Bank, the Golan heights, the Gaza Strip, and Sinai are all ours.” Something else was at work in that election, however. Before the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Holocaust was a subject rarely treated in Israeli daily life. There was an attitude of embarrassment about Jews who had gone so unresistingly to their deaths—like sheep to slaughter, as was often remarked—as if their submissiveness would contaminate the new Jewish nation. It was exactly such passivity that the nation of Israel was created to overcome.

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Their hands were callused and they had dirt under their nails. They could take apart a machine gun or pilot a jet. Jews, on the other hand, were haunted, complicated, neurotic. They were not always good “human material,” to use a phrase that Dayan and others sometimes invoked—not the kind of people needed to build a muscular new society. The Yom Kippur War changed that. The sense of peril that Israelis experienced in the first days of the conflict unleashed the horrifying realization that had always stalked their imagination but which they had refused to acknowledge: it could happen to them. Just because they were Israelis they had not transcended the possibility of extinction that encircled the Jewish people.

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For Begin, the question of Sinai was existential. The peninsula was the buffer that lay between Israel and its historic enemy. No matter what paper was signed, it would never replace 130 miles of mountains and sand standing between Israel and the Suez. Sinai had been the margin of salvation in the Yom Kippur War. The settlements were the vital outposts that would slow the enemy’s advance. History had been cruel when Jews put their trust in others. The crisis meeting among the Israelis ended with no solution. Afterward, General Avraham Tamir, the Israeli military adviser at Camp David, quietly approached Weizman with a plan to contact General Ariel Sharon, the chief architect of Israel’s settlement program.

Tribe: On Homecoming and Belonging
by Sebastian Junger
Published 23 May 2016

Killing seems to traumatize people regardless of the danger they’re in or the perceived righteousness of their cause. Pilots of unmanned drones, who watch their missiles kill human beings by remote camera, have been calculated to have the same PTSD rates as pilots who fly actual combat missions in war zones. And even among regular infantry, danger and trauma are not necessarily connected. During the 1973 Yom Kippur War, when Israel was simultaneously invaded by Egypt and Syria, rear-base troops had psychological breakdowns at three times the rate of elite frontline troops, relative to the casualties they suffered. (In other words, rear-base troops had fairly light casualties but suffered a disproportionately high level of psychiatric breakdowns.)

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The same is true for armies in other countries: Sri Lankan special forces experience far more combat than line troops, and yet in 2010 they were found to suffer from significantly lower rates of both physical and mental health issues. (The one mental health issue they led everyone else in was “hazardous drinking.”) And Israeli commanders suffered four times the mortality rate of their men during the Yom Kippur War, yet had one-fifth the rate of psychological breakdown on the battlefield. All this is a new way to think about battlefield trauma, however. For most of America’s history, psychological breakdown on the battlefield, as well as impairment afterward, has been written off to neuroses, shell shock, or simple cowardice.

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We did a study of seventeen-year-olds who had lost their father in the military, compared to those who had lost their fathers to accidents. The ones whose fathers died in combat did much better than those whose fathers hadn’t.” According to Shalev, the closer the public is to the actual combat, the better the war will be understood and the less difficulty soldiers will have when they come home. During the Yom Kippur War of 1973, many Israeli soldiers were fighting on the Golan Heights with their homes at their backs. Of the 1,323 soldiers who were wounded in that war and referred for psychiatric evaluation, only around 20 percent were diagnosed with PTSD, and less than 2 percent retained that diagnosis three decades later.

Israel: A Simple Guide to the Most Misunderstood Country on Earth
by Noa Tishby
Published 5 Apr 2021

Israel adopted the resolution within a month, signaling to the world its intentions to use occupied land as a bargaining chip in negotiating for peace. The War of Attrition (June 1967–August 1970). The Egyptians wanted the Sinai Peninsula back, but instead of going for a peace agreement based on the above UN resolution, they initiated numerous attacks on Israeli forces, mostly by artillery and seaborne raids. Israel responded in force. The Yom Kippur War (October 6–26, 1973). This was one of the worst wars in the history of the country. It was around 2:00 p.m. on Yom Kippur. My sisters were out riding their bicycles on the empty streets of our neighborhood (out of respect to ancient traditions of this holy day, Israelis voluntarily refrain from driving on Yom Kippur, and the streets are swamped with kids riding their bicycles on the empty roads), and my mom was at home recovering from a stomach operation.

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Nor that the word Jerusalem is mentioned in the Old Testament 659 times and exactly zero times in the Quran. Having said all that, I am still an optimist. Pragmatic leaders on both sides can always overcome both an extreme religious interpretation and a concerned public and create a new reality, if they so choose. In April 1974, right after the Yom Kippur War, 89 percent of the Israeli public said that they were extremely worried about Israel’s security. But Israeli Prime Minister Menachem Begin and Egyptian President Anwar Sadat continued their clandestine talks through international leaders (among them Henry Kissinger) in order to set the stage for a “lasting peace.”

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Israel kept the West Bank under military control, waiting to sign a peace agreement and hand them over to a new Palestine. This limbo creates an oppressive way of life for the Palestinians living in those areas. On October 6, 1973, Israel was attacked again. This attack was led by Egypt and Syria with the help of many other Arab countries. The Yom Kippur War was a close call. Israel just barely won. On March 26, 1979, Israel and Egypt signed a peace agreement. Egypt acknowledged Israel; Israel dismantled its settlements and returned the Sinai Peninsula, and a cold yet strong peace agreement has held firm since. In 1993, peace talks started between the Israelis and the Palestinians, which led to the Oslo Accords signing ceremony on August 20 and the establishment of the Palestinian Authority (PA), which then started to get sovereignty over territories in the West Bank and Gaza for a future Palestinian state.

The Zionist Ideas: Visions for the Jewish Homeland—Then, Now, Tomorrow
by Gil Troy
Published 14 Apr 2018

Her heartbreaking song, “We Are Both from the Same Village,” written shortly after 1967, encapsulated the great cost of war, balancing any national jingoism with collective mourning for many lost lives. The lyrics speak of “Yosele” and “Zevele,” two soldiers from Nahalal whose friendship inspired Shemer. In fact, both Yosef Regev and Ze’ev Amit survived the 1967 war—but Zevele was killed during the Yom Kippur War six years later. In 1973 Shemer illuminated the sense of loss balanced by determination triggered by the Yom Kippur War with “Lu Yehi” / “May it Be.” In 1991 the song she wrote to comfort her sister after her brother-in-law’s death, “Al Kol Eileh” / “Over All This,” illustrating the rollercoaster of Israeli life, also took on national significance. Her phrase urging personal continuity, “Do not uproot what’s been planted,” became a rallying cry for settlers opposing territorial withdrawals.

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In November 1975, Chaim Herzog, a famous lawyer, radio commentator, and military intelligence officer recently appointed as Israel’s ambassador to the United Nations, opposed the General Assembly’s infamous “Zionism Is Racism” resolution 3379, with the following speech. The Jewish people were reeling, traumatized by the bloody Yom Kippur War of 1973, now hurt by the world’s repudiation of their national movement. Zionism needed defending and reframing—a new justification in a changing world. Herzog’s restatement of Zionism’s defining principles resonated widely, affirming the Zionist dream, nearly thirty years after Israel’s founding.

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This reluctant Zionist still preferred universalism. The oppression of the Jew, however, was so total that it required an equally comprehensive solution. Zionism was a legitimate national liberation movement, comparable to other post-colonial movements. I “approve of the liberation and the national development of the Arabs,” he wrote after the Yom Kippur War. “Why should I not wish for the same things for my own people?” Subsequently, this courageous, increasingly iconoclastic and unpopular French intellectual resisted the post-modernist’s prejudices. In his 1975 essay “Who Is an Arab Jew?” Memmi debunked the anti-Zionist myth that Muslims treated Jews well in North Africa and the Arabian Peninsula until Israel’s founding soured everything.

The Lion's Gate: On the Front Lines of the Six Day War
by Steven Pressfield
Published 5 May 2014

As soon as Dayan read it, he went into the trailer alone with Shmulik and locked the door. The two men did not emerge for several minutes. When Dayan finally came out, he and his driver climbed straight into their jeep and drove away. My junior operations officer was Lieutenant Yosi Ben-Hanan. Six years later as a tank battalion commander in the Yom Kippur War, he would win the Itur HaOz, the Medal of Courage, for his heroism fighting the Syrians on the Golan Heights. Yosi, now, watched Dayan and his jeep speed away. “Is this it?” he asked me. “Has the cabinet given Dayan supreme command?” 25. “BECAUSE I WAS NOT AT NEBI YUSHA” I grew up in Jerusalem, next door to the home of a young man who had been a hero of the War of Independence in 1948.

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Still I try one last time. It works. I’m up into the turret. At this point I can no longer control my voice. I cry for my mother and hurl myself clear of the flaming tank. Moti Shoval, Recon sergeant: I am standing right there when Kahalani’s tank takes a direct hit. Six years from now, in the Yom Kippur War, Kahalani with a handful of tanks will hold off more than a hundred Syrian tanks in the Valley of Tears on the Golan Heights. He will be awarded the Itur HaGvura, Israel’s highest decoration for valor, and become a legend in the armored corps. Now he is consumed by flame. We can see Kahalani spill out of the turret and plunge to the sand.

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My Father, His Daughter. New York: Farrar, Straus and Giroux, 1985. Dershowitz, Alan. The Case for Israel. Hoboken, NJ: John Wiley and Sons, 2003. Dog Fights. A&E Television Networks/Digital Ranch, 2006. Dunstan, Simon. Centurion Universal Tank, 1943–2003. Oxford: Osprey, 2003. ———. The Yom Kippur War: The Arab-Israeli War of 1973. Oxford: Osprey, 2007. ———. The Six Day War 1967: Jordan and Syria Campaign. Oxford: Osprey, 2009. ———. The Six Day War 1967: Sinai. Oxford: Osprey, 2009. Dupuy, Trevor N. Elusive Victory: The Arab-Israeli War, 1947–1974. Harper and Row, 1978. Eilam, Uzi.

Predator: The Secret Origins of the Drone Revolution
by Richard Whittle
Published 15 Sep 2014

The SAMs had also inflicted: Robert S. Bolia, “Overreliance on Technology in Warfare: The Yom Kippur War as a Case Study,” Parameters, the U.S. Army’s Senior Professional Journal, U.S. Army War College (Summer 2004): 46–56. nearly three times the speed of sound: “Israeli Aircraft, Arab SAMS in Key Battle,” Aviation Week & Space Technology, October 22, 1973, p. 14. According to Aviation Week, the Soviet-supplied SA-6 “Gainful” antiaircraft missile, used in combat for the first time during the Yom Kippur War, reached a speed of Mach 2.98. used since the 1930s: Laurence R. Newcome, Unmanned Aviation: A Brief History of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles (Reston, Va.: American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics, 2004), pp. 57–58.

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Under pressure from their respective superpower allies, the United States and the Soviet Union, Israel and its foes had signed cease-fire agreements two days before Dotan came to Karem. Whether or not those bargains held, though, the Israeli Air Force was going to need a way to counter those Arab air defenses in the future. In the four short weeks of what history would dub the Yom Kippur War, Israeli air losses had been devastating. Mobile batteries of Soviet-built SA-2, SA-3, and SA-6 surface-to-air missiles, or SAMs—supplied to Egypt and Syria by Moscow, operated with the help of Soviet advisers, and supplemented by thousands of advanced antiaircraft guns—had cost Israel not just one hundred warplanes but also its far more precious pilots.

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But this decoy project had taken him down a novel mental path, and before long that path would lead him on a journey of discovery, a pioneering exploration of an aviation frontier. * * * Only two months after finishing work on the decoy for the Israeli Air Force, Karem stunned his bosses and most of his coworkers at IAI by quitting his job as director of preliminary design. He left to start his own company, a move he had been mulling over since before the Yom Kippur War. After only three years at IAI, Karem had become deeply disillusioned with the way things were done at the massive aerospace company. All IAI’s stock was held by the Israeli government, and in Karem’s view government officials and many IAI executives treated the company more like a jobs program than a corporation.

Twilight of Abundance: Why the 21st Century Will Be Nasty, Brutish, and Short
by David Archibald
Published 24 Mar 2014

The fall of grain prices in the Depression resulted in the Agricultural Adjustment Act of 1933, the first farm act to restrict agricultural production by paying farmers subsidies not to plant part of their land and to kill off excess livestock. Prices rose into the Second World War and then started a sixty-year decline that was mainly caused by the green revolution of Norman Borlaug. A big spike in 1973 was caused by a severe drought in Russia and the higher fuel costs associated with the oil embargo of the Yom Kippur War. Grain prices are now on an uptrend that will take them to the levels of a century ago and beyond. The last U.S. grain stockpile scheme was the Farmer-Owned Grain Reserve program under the Food and Agriculture Act of 1977. This was designed to buffer price movements and to provide reserves against crop failures by subsidizing on-farm grain storage.

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Interestingly, just as nuclear weapons have been coming to the fore across the Middle East, the ability of countries in the region to wage conventional wars has declined dramatically. The reason is that all the players now import a high proportion of their food requirements. For example, the last time Egypt and Syria attacked Israel was in the Yom Kippur War of 1973, when they had populations of 38 million and 8 million, respectively. Today their population levels have risen to 84 million and 20 million, and all of that increased population is being fed with imported grain. It is hard to project power conventionally when your own population is on the edge of serious food shortages, and thus likely starvation.

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MILITARY READINESS The Chinese do not yet have all the weapons they would like to have for future conflicts. They are having trouble making nuclear-powered submarines and engines for jet fighters. Still, they may not feel the need to wait for their technological abilities in those areas to catch up. In 1973, prior to the Yom Kippur War, Israel thought that Egypt and Syria would not attack it, because Russia had refused to supply Egypt with Mig-23 aircraft and had delayed delivery of SCUD missiles. Egypt attacked nevertheless, relying upon superiority in numbers of less advanced aircraft types. A 2008 RAND study concluded that the current U.S. qualitative advantage in the form of F-22 fighter aircraft could be offset by the larger number of air-to-air missiles that squadrons of Chinese Su-27–type aircraft could engage with.9 The qualitative difference between U.S. aircraft and Chinese aircraft and air defense systems is likely to be small enough that the Chinese do not need to wait for the J-20, J-31, and other stealthy types of aircraft to be brought into service if they have enough of current types.

The Other Israel: voices of refusal and dissent
by Tom Śegev , Roane Carey and Jonathan Shainin
Published 15 Nov 2002

Both in New York and Tel Aviv, when journahsts cease collecting facts and asking questions, and instead turn to beating the war drums—yesterday, Maariv editor Amnon Dankner ran a front-page article devoted to smashing, killing, trampling, and destroying—it's time to say good-bye, at least in the meantime, to a free press. After the war, in a week or two, or a month, or maybe much longer, reporters will have to confiront the things they wrote and said. Or maybe they won't. The archives are full of dusty folders full of the articles that appeared before the Yom Kippur War, and those extolling the consensus around the invasion of Lebanon. Nobody has yet really paid for what was written then, and already a new bill is mounting. April 3,2002 BREAK THE MIRROR NOW Man Pappe THE RECENT EVENTS in Palestine take us back to distant and more recent destinations. The strongest sense is the recurrence of the 1948 catastrophe, the nakba.

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And that even if sometimes politicians let us down, the "miUtary echelon" is always on guard, day and night, keeping us safe, each and every one of their decisions the result of sacred necessity. Yes, they cheated us, the soldiers of the intifadas, exacdy as they had cheated the generation that was beaten to a pulp in the War of Attrition and in the Yom Kippur War, exactly as they had cheated the generation that sank deep into the Lebanese mud during the Lebanon invasions. And our parents' generation continues to be silent. In a painfiil process that took several years, I finally understood that I was raised on two contradictory value systems. I think most people discover even at an earlier age they must choose between two value systems: an abstract, de- * Eitam now leads the National Religious Party and serves in Ariel Sharon's cabinet.

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If the army is dominated by shamelessness, and if purely military actions by the Palestinians, such as successful attacks on army outposts and checkpoints, are included under the rubric of terrorism, the settlers' camp is doing all it can to label our inability to cope with the Palestinians' war of independence as the "Rosh Hashanah War." This half-baked attempt to create symmetry between a just war and a campaign of colonialist suppression is not merely a curiosity: It is the desecration of the memory of those who fell in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. It won't be long before we are told that the battle in which tank crews risked their lives on the banks of the Suez Canal and the efforLill which an IsraeliJiaiikdestroys-aj'al^.stiniaii carj;ontaii^^ andher three children is_thesarQ£, war. We should take note here of an interesting phenomenon.

Rise and Kill First: The Secret History of Israel's Targeted Assassinations
by Ronen Bergman
Published 30 Jan 2018

The normally aggressive Golda Meir, who had not yet been replaced as prime minister, was prepared to concede to the terrorists’ demands. After the shock of the Yom Kippur War, the conclusions of the inquiry, and the angry protest demonstrations against her, Meir did not want her last act as prime minister to be one that endangered the lives of children. The cabinet endorsed her recommendation. However, Minister of Defense Dayan, also about to be replaced, disagreed. The fallout from the Yom Kippur War had had the opposite effect on him: After thousands of protesters in Tel Aviv had demanded his resignation, Dayan saw his political career on the brink of a humiliating conclusion, and he wanted to project determination and authority.

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In addition, Sayeret Matkal placed surveillance devices deep inside Sinai in Operation Consulate, hooking up to the main communications cables of the Egyptian military and making parts of their top secret conversations accessible to AMAN. Interviews with “Constantine,” November 2011, Ehud Barak, January 13, 2012, and Levin, May 10, 2017. On the matter of Ashraf Marwan’s recruitment and handling and his possible involvement in the Egyptian deception prior to the Yom Kippur War, see Bergman and Meltzer, The Yom Kippur War: Moment of Truth, 31–41, 470–522 (Hebrew). Dayan climbed to the top of the mountain fortress of Masada Davar, April 17, 1973. Chief of staff Elazar, in a letter to Zamir Quotes from scanned documents printed in Zamir, With Open Eyes, photo insert after 128. confidence can too easily slip into overconfidence Interview with Barak, January 13, 2012.

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Israeli units crossed the canal and, after surrounding the enemy forces on the western side of the waterway, advanced toward Cairo, reaching a point only sixty miles from the Egyptian capital. The Syrians were driven out of the Golan, and Israeli forces advanced until they were within artillery range of Damascus. But the victory came at a heavy cost. More than 2,300 Israeli soldiers died in the Yom Kippur War, a war that could have been prevented through negotiation, or at least prepared for with adequate prior intelligence. A wave of protest swept through Israeli society, which led to the establishment of a commission of inquiry and the forced resignation of chief of staff Elazar and AMAN chief Zeira, along with other top officers.

The Silk Roads: A New History of the World
by Peter Frankopan
Published 26 Aug 2015

Hughes, ‘Britain, the Transatlantic Alliance, and the Arab–Israeli War of 1973’, Journal of Cold War Studies 10.2 (2008), 3–40. 25‘The Agranat Report: The First Partial Report’, Jerusalem Journal of International Relations 4.1 (1979), 80. Also see here U. Bar-Joseph, The Watchman Fell Asleep: The Surprise of Yom Kippur and its Sources (Albany, NY, 2005), esp. pp. 174–83. 26A. Rabinovich, The Yom Kippur War: The Epic Encounter that Transformed the Middle East (New York, 2004), p. 25; Andrew and Mitrokhin, The Mitrokhin Archive II, p. 160. 27G. Golan, ‘The Soviet Union and the Yom Kippur War’, in P. Kumaraswamy, Revisiting the Yom Kippur War (London, 2000), pp. 127–52; idem, ‘The Cold War and the Soviet Attitude towards the Arab–Israeli Conflict’, in N. Ashton (ed.), The Cold War in the Middle East: Regional Conflict and the Superpowers, 1967–73 (London, 2007), p. 63. 28H.

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Pressure was put on Egypt’s President Sadat behind the scenes to agree a ceasefire, while the Soviet Foreign Minister, Andrei Gromyko – a consummate political survivor – personally pressed President Nixon and his newly appointed Secretary of State, Henry Kissinger, to act jointly to prevent a ‘real conflagration’ that might easily lead to war spreading.28 The real significance of the Yom Kippur War, so named because the attack began on the Jewish holy day, lay not in the attempts by Washington and Moscow to work together, nor even in the spectacular results which saw one of the great military reversals in history as Israel went from being within hours of extinction to shattering the invading forces and advancing on Damascus and Cairo.

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With uncertainty about supply spooking the market and the Muslim nations of OPEC using oil as what the King of Saudi Arabia called a ‘weapon in a battle’, prices raced almost out of control. In the last six months of 1973, the posted price rose from $2.90 per barrel to $11.65.38 Even when the Yom Kippur War came to an end after three weeks of bitter fighting, things never went back to normal. Indeed, the redistribution of capital from the west simply accelerated: the collective revenues of the oil-producing countries rose from $23 billion in 1972 to $140 billion just five years later.39 Cities boomed, transformed by cash that funded the building of roads, schools, hospitals and, in the case of Baghdad, a new airport, monumental architecture and even a stadium designed by Le Corbusier.

Rethinking Islamism: The Ideology of the New Terror
by Meghnad Desai
Published 25 Apr 2008

(The฀anarchist฀Verloc,฀listening฀to฀the฀diplomat฀ Vladimir,฀in฀Joseph฀Conrad,฀The฀Secret฀Agent) The฀Spectre฀that฀Haunts฀Europe฀(and฀America) The฀ events฀ that฀ are฀ the฀ subject฀ of฀ our฀ concern฀ –฀ the฀ bombing฀ of฀ the฀World฀Trade฀Center฀in฀February฀฀and฀again฀on฀/;฀the฀ attack฀ on฀ the฀ USS฀ Cole;฀ the฀ bombing฀ of฀ US฀ Embassy฀ in฀ Kenya;฀ the฀ bombs฀ in฀ Bali,฀ Madrid,฀ Delhi,฀ Sharm-el-Sheikh,฀ London฀ and฀ ฀ ฀ ฀ / Amman฀ –฀ have฀ their฀ proximate฀ origins฀ thirty-plus฀ years฀ ago฀ in฀ .฀The฀deeper฀roots฀go฀back฀to฀the฀First฀World฀War฀and฀even฀ yet฀further฀down฀to฀the฀Crusades฀themselves.฀But฀let฀us฀look฀at฀the฀ proximate฀cause฀in฀the฀first฀instance.฀ The฀ last฀ serious฀ conflict฀ between฀ Israel฀ and฀ Arab฀ states฀ took฀ place฀in฀.฀The฀Yom฀Kippur฀War฀began฀well฀for฀the฀Arabs฀but฀ ended฀ in฀ defeat.฀ There฀ was฀ also,฀ however,฀ a฀ reassertion฀ of฀ Arab฀ economic฀power฀as฀the฀Organisation฀of฀Petroleum฀Exporting฀Countries฀ (OPEC)฀ quadrupled฀ the฀ price฀ of฀ crude฀ oil.฀ Not฀ all฀ members฀ of฀ OPEC฀ were฀ Arab฀ countries,฀ but฀ many฀ were.฀ Iran,฀ a฀ non-Arab฀ Muslim฀ country฀ with฀ Shi’a฀ rather฀ than฀ Sunni฀ followers,฀ was฀ also฀ an฀ important฀ member;฀ its฀ ruler,฀ the฀ Shah,฀ was฀ an฀ ambitious฀ and฀ pro-Western฀ leader.฀ The฀ quadrupling฀ of฀ the฀ oil฀ price฀ was฀ a฀ huge฀ shock฀ for฀ the฀ oil-dependent฀ Western฀ economies฀ and฀ it฀ cost฀ them฀ ฀per฀cent฀of฀their฀national฀income,฀which฀was฀transferred฀to฀the฀ OPEC฀countries,฀mainly฀Saudi฀Arabia,฀the฀Gulf฀Emirates฀and฀Iran.฀ It฀ was฀ the฀ largest฀ such฀ transfer฀ in฀ recent฀ history.฀ It฀ amounted฀ to฀ $฀ billion฀ at฀ ฀ prices,฀ and฀ at฀ today’s฀ prices฀ about฀ ten฀ times฀ that฀amount.

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฀Outside฀Israel,฀America฀has฀the฀ largest฀ concentration฀ of฀ Jews฀ and฀ they฀ have฀ achieved฀ status฀ and฀ prosperity฀there.฀Israel฀has฀cultivated฀American฀Jewry฀as฀its฀solid฀ support฀in฀times฀of฀trouble.฀Even฀so,฀there฀have฀been฀many฀moves฀ by฀the฀US฀to฀bring฀the฀two฀sides฀together. The฀Camp฀David฀Accords฀of฀฀were฀a฀first฀step฀after฀the฀Yom฀ Kippur฀War,฀which฀saw฀an฀Arab฀leader,฀Anwar฀Sadat฀of฀Egypt,฀willing฀to฀sit฀down฀with฀an฀Israeli฀prime฀minister,฀Menachem฀Begin,฀ to฀do฀a฀deal.฀Later฀still฀the฀Oslo฀Accords฀were฀signed฀in฀฀by฀ Yitzak฀ Rabin฀ and฀ Shimon฀ Peres฀ with฀ Yasser฀ Arafat.฀ Both฀ Sadat฀ and฀Rabin฀were฀assassinated฀by฀their฀own฀ungrateful฀peoples.

…

฀Dr฀Ian฀ Pakistan and฀Afghanistan฀ and฀Bangladesh฀,฀– education฀ establishment฀– and฀Kashmir฀,฀– Partition฀from฀India฀–,฀ political฀system฀ Palestine Bin฀Laden฀on฀,฀–,฀,฀ –,฀– democratic฀elections฀()฀,฀  dismemberment฀by฀Israel฀and฀ Jordan฀ first฀nomination฀as฀site฀for฀Jewish฀ homeland฀– Hamas฀,฀,฀,฀ Israel–Palestine฀issue฀– Jewish฀nationalist฀movement฀in฀ refugees฀ Palestine฀Liberation฀Organisation฀ (PLO)฀,฀ Pan-African฀Movement฀ The฀Passion฀(film)฀ Peace฀Corps฀ People’s฀Will฀see฀Narodnaya฀Volya Peres,฀Shimon฀ Picasso,฀Pablo฀ Picot,฀Georges฀ PLO฀see฀Palestine฀Liberation฀ Organisation Pol฀Pot฀ Popper,฀Karl฀ Portugal฀ Prague฀Spring฀()฀ Princip,฀Gavrilo฀,฀ Proudhon,฀Pierre-Joseph฀,฀ Puritanism฀,฀ Qana฀–,฀ Qur’an need฀for฀further฀study฀ need฀for฀poetic฀translation฀ place฀in฀Muslim฀education฀ status฀among฀Muslims฀–,฀ Rabin,฀Yitzak฀ racism,฀and฀immigration฀ Rasmussen,฀Anders฀Fogh฀– Reagan,฀Ronald฀ Red฀Army฀(anarchist฀group)฀ Red฀Brigades฀   religion growth฀of฀Western฀tolerance฀ –,฀– and฀ideology฀– and฀politics฀ and฀war฀– see฀also฀Buddhism;฀Christianity;฀ Islam ‘Road฀Map’฀ Robeson,฀Paul฀ Rooker,฀Lord฀ Rose,฀Flemming฀ Rushdie,฀Salman฀– Russia s฀economy฀ anarchism฀in฀ and฀Chechnya฀,฀,฀ see฀also฀Soviet฀Union Russian฀Revolution฀()฀– Rwanda฀ Sadat,฀Anwar฀ Saddam฀Hussein฀,฀ Sartre,฀Jean-Paul฀ Saudi฀Arabia and฀Bin฀Laden฀–,฀– siting฀of฀US฀troops฀in฀,฀– and฀Wahhabism฀–,฀– Savonarola,฀Girolamo฀ Second฀World฀War฀(–)฀–,฀  Sen,฀Amartya฀,฀ /,฀events฀of฀– Sharon,฀Ariel฀,฀,฀ Shi’a in฀Iraq฀ origins฀and฀beliefs฀,฀,฀ Shihan฀(weekly)฀ Shlaim,฀Avi฀,฀ Siddhartha฀ Sidique฀Khan,฀Mohammad฀–,฀ Sikhs฀,฀ Silone,฀Ignazio฀ Sinn฀Fein฀ Smith,฀Adam฀–,฀,฀– Socialist฀International฀ Somalia฀,฀ South฀Africa฀,฀ South฀Korea฀,฀ Soviet฀Union and฀Afghanistan฀–,฀,฀ – under฀Communism฀– effects฀of฀collapse฀– establishment฀and฀collapse฀– Muslim฀republics฀within฀–,฀ – Stalin’s฀regime฀,฀,฀–,฀ see฀also฀Russia Spain฀,฀,฀ Spender,฀Stephen฀ Sri฀Lanka฀ Stalin,฀Josef฀,฀,฀–,฀ Stern฀Gang฀ Strauss,฀David฀Friedrich฀– Suez฀crisis฀()฀ Sunnis in฀Iraq฀ Shi’a฀split฀from฀,฀ Sykes,฀Sir฀Mark฀ Sykes–Picot฀Agreement฀()฀,฀  syndicalism฀ Syria฀,฀,฀ Taiwan฀ Taliban฀ taliban:฀origin฀of฀word฀ Tamil฀Tigers฀ Tanwir,฀Shehzad฀– terrorism and฀anarchism฀– anti-capitalist฀–,฀– and฀Communism฀–  ฀  and฀Islam฀,฀– modern฀prevalence฀ and฀nationalism฀,฀– nature฀of฀modern฀– state฀terrorism฀ Thailand฀ Thatcher,฀Margaret฀,฀ Thoreau,฀Henry฀David฀ Tito,฀Marshal฀,฀ Puritan฀contribution฀ reasons฀for฀Muslim฀hostility฀– religious฀tolerance฀ Vietnam฀War฀(–)฀,฀,฀฀  war฀against฀terror฀–,฀ Usman,฀Caliph฀ usury฀ Vietnam฀War฀(–)฀,฀,฀ Turkey฀,฀,฀ Ummayad฀caliphate฀ Umar,฀Caliph฀– umma,฀nature฀of฀,฀– United฀Nations Bin฀Laden฀on฀– Human฀Development฀Index฀ and฀invasion฀of฀Iraq฀()฀ and฀Israel–Palestine฀issue฀,฀ ,฀,฀ political฀inequality฀ and฀Rwanda฀ and฀USA฀,฀ USA and฀Afghanistan฀– anarchism฀in฀– and฀anti-capitalist฀terrorism฀– anti-war฀movement฀ Bin฀Laden฀on฀,฀–,฀–,฀ –,฀ Bin฀Laden’s฀links฀with฀ civil฀rights฀movement฀,฀ and฀Communism฀ function฀for฀Global฀Islamism฀ and฀globalisation฀– and฀Israel–Palestine฀issue฀ Jews฀in฀ and฀Northern฀Ireland฀–,฀ – Wahhabism฀–,฀–,฀ war฀against฀terror฀–,฀ Warren,฀Justice฀Earl฀ Weathermen฀ Die฀Welt฀(newspaper)฀ West฀Bank฀,฀ women,฀treatment฀of฀,฀,฀– World฀Bank฀ World฀Trade฀Center first฀bombing฀()฀ Twin฀Towers฀attack฀()฀see฀ / World฀War฀I฀see฀First฀World฀War World฀War฀II฀see฀Second฀World฀War Wye฀River฀Agreement฀()฀ Yom฀Kippur฀War฀()฀ Yousef,฀Ramzi฀ Yugoslavia฀,฀,฀,฀ Zapatistas฀ Zawahiri,฀Ayman฀al-฀,฀ Zia฀ul-Haq฀,฀ Zimbabwe฀ Zionism modern฀nature฀ origins฀and฀development฀–,฀ – see฀also฀Israel;฀Jews REVELATION 

The Atlantic and Its Enemies: A History of the Cold War
by Norman Stone
Published 15 Feb 2010

Stone, Oliver Stoph, Willi Strasbourg Strategic Defense Initiative (American; ‘Star Wars’) Strauss, Franz Josef Strong, Anna Louise student demonstrations student exchanges student loans Suez Canal Yom Kippur War (1973) Suez crisis (1956) Sukarno, President of Indonesia Sun Microsystems (corporation) Sunderland ‘supplyside’ economics Suslov, Mikhail Sussex University Suzdal Svoboda, Ludvík Swanson, Robert A. Sweden: automobile industry and Finland health care and Kurdish nationalism Lutheran Church price and wage control sterilization of Lapps ‘Swedish model’ taxation trade with Germany trade unions Swindon Switzerland Sydney Syria: Egyptian-Syrian union Kurdish population Öcalan in Soviet aid Yom Kippur War (1973) Szamuely, Tibor Szasz, Thomas, The Myth of Mental Illness Szklarska Poręba Tadzhikistan Tadzhiks Taiwan: Chiang Kai-shek’s mausoleum economic power Kuomintang (Nationalist) government land reforms US relations with Talbott, Strobe Talebani, Celal Talleyrand, Charles Maurice de Tamerlane Tanzania Taraki, Nur Mohammed Targowice, Convention of (1792) Tarnovsky, A.

…

In mid-September 1973 OPEC met in Vienna and advanced a new deal with the oil companies, which were to lose their property substantially: an ultimatum followed. Then on 6 October the oil companies nervously offered a price rise of 15 per cent at Vienna; and OPEC demanded 100 per cent. That very day, Egyptian and Syrian troops had launched their surprise attack on the Israeli lines. The Yom Kippur war had its origins in 1967, when Nasser had been humiliatingly defeated essentially in the first hours of that war. Before it Israel had seemed more or less indefensible, along the 1949 armistice line, but in 1967, with the West Bank and the Sinai, her territory had been rounded off and even Jerusalem was safe from Jordanian artillery.

…

On the 24th a second UN resolution was put through because the Russians could foresee the collapse of their allies, and under American pressure the Israelis accepted it, their forces now even threatening Cairo. The Russians had mobilized airborne divisions for a move to the Middle East when the ceasefire came, but Sadat himself was not enthusiastic. Of course, it was yet another Arab defeat, in the end, but there was something to show for it. The upshot of the Yom Kippur war was not clear-cut. The French and the Germans made difficulties for Israel; Bonn refused the Americans an air bridge over Germany. At the end of the year all sides did meet for the first time and in mid-January 1974 there was a new arrangement - a neutral zone on the east bank. Egypt restored diplomatic relations with the USA in 1974 and broke with the USSR in 1976; two years later, on American territory (Camp David, the President’s official retreat), there was an Egyptian-Israeli peace.

1948. A Soldier's Tale – the Bloody Road to Jerusalem
by Uri Avnery and Christopher Costello
Published 14 Jul 2008

Pity that Mishka isn’t around any more. He would have known how to put it. Plate 1. Samson’s Foxes. Avnery as temporary communication man, fourth from the left, with his friend and later deputy editor Shalom Cohen on the far right. Third from the left is the future General Albert Mandler, killed in the Yom Kippur war Plate 2. Avnery’s camp in Kibbutz Hulda, just before he left for the battle of Latrun, May 1948 Plate 3. Returning from the battle of Latrun. A moment of rest during the tiring retreat on foot. Avnery is first on the right Plate 4. Avnery’s squad during the retreat, exhausted. Everybody wears the famous “sock hats,” a symbol of the war.

…

Czera Czertenko – birth name of Tzvi Tzur, who was later to become the Israeli Defense Forces’ Chief of the General Staff, and then the Chief of the Mossad, the Israeli external intelligence service. Eleven Days of Decision 1. Swing boy – ‘Swing’ was the counter-culture of the ‘30s and ‘40s that centered around swing music. 2. Fellah – (Arabic) – peasant or farmer (Fellaheen in the plural). 3. Albert Mandler – a later general of the Israeli army, who fell in the Yom Kippur War of 1973. 4. Ekron – small village south of Tel Aviv. 5. Camp Sarafand – one of the largest military camps in the center of the country, built by the British after the First World War. 6. Farouk – the King of Egypt from 1936 to 1952. 7. Ramat Gan – small town north of Tel Aviv. 8. Gadna – Hebrew abbreviation for “youth battalions,” paramilitary training organization. 9.

…

Israeli Army conquers Sinai Peninsula, Gaza Strip, Jordanian-controlled areas West of Jordan River (West Bank), and Golan Heights, after Egyptian government forces expel UN observers from Israeli-Egyptian border and block Israeli shipping through Red Sea 22 November: UN Security Resolution 242 calls for Israeli withdrawal and peace settlement 1973 6 October: Start of “Yom Kippur War” (October War). Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat launches surprise attack on Israeli Army along Suez Canal on Jewish Day of Atonement, and Syria attacks Golan Heights. Israeli Army initially under threat but finally gains upper hand. Though a military defeat for Sadat, the war is a political success, paving the way for the first negotiations with Israel 1974 First secret contacts between Uri Avnery and official representatives of the PLO in London 1975 Israeli Council for Israeli-Palestinian Peace founded 1977 19 November: Surprise visit to Israel by Egyptian President Anwar al-Sadat, opens new stage in relations between Israel and its neighbor.

The Undoing Project: A Friendship That Changed Our Minds
by Michael Lewis
Published 6 Dec 2016

Everyone feels that those probabilities are not real—that they are just something on somebody’s mind.” * * * In the history of Danny and Amos, there are periods when it is difficult to disentangle their enthusiasm for their ideas from their enthusiasm for each other. The moments before and after the Yom Kippur war appear, in hindsight, less like a natural progression from one idea to the next than two men in love scrambling to find an excuse to be together. They felt they were finished exploring the errors that arose from the rules of thumb people use to evaluate probabilities in any uncertain situation.

…

They’d found decision analysis promising but ultimately futile. They went back and forth on writing a general interest book about the various ways the human mind deals with uncertainty; for some reason, they could never get beyond a sketchy outline and false starts of a few chapters. After the Yom Kippur war—and the ensuing collapse of the public’s faith in the judgment of Israeli government officials—they thought that what they really should do was reform the educational system so that future leaders were taught how to think. “We have attempted to teach people to be aware of the pitfalls and fallacies of their own reasoning,” they wrote, in a passage for the popular book that never came to be.

…

But it was of course at its most potent when people might have done something to avoid it. What people regretted, and the intensity with which they regretted it, was not obvious. War and politics were never far from Amos and Danny’s minds or their conversations. They watched their fellow Israelis closely in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur war. Most regretted that Israel had been caught by surprise. Some regretted that Israel had not attacked first. Few regretted what both Danny and Amos thought they should most regret: the Israeli government’s reluctance to give back the territorial gains from the 1967 war. Had Israel given back the Sinai to Egypt, Sadat would quite likely never have felt the need to attack in the first place.

An Extraordinary Time: The End of the Postwar Boom and the Return of the Ordinary Economy
by Marc Levinson
Published 31 Jul 2016

To those uninvolved with the difficult decisions behind it, Holland’s first car-free Sunday of 1973 was a bit of a lark.1 Four weeks earlier, Egyptian and Syrian armies had burst through Israel’s defensive lines, routing Israeli troops and threatening to overrun the entire country in what became known as the Yom Kippur War. When the United States and the Netherlands funneled weapons to Israel, Arab oil-producing countries retaliated. Led by Saudi Arabia, they had already been demanding more money for their oil, raising the official price from $3.20 per barrel in January to $5.11 on October 16. Now they turned the valves even tighter and cut off the Netherlands and the United States altogether.

…

“We’re in a bear market,” a knowing stock analyst affirmed in the following day’s paper. On August 13, the Times quoted an expert who predicted a further 5 percent drop before stocks hit bottom. At that point, an investor who had bought shares on October 5, 1973, the last trading day before the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War, would have lost one-fifth of his money over less than nine years—before figuring in the diminished buying power of a dollar. Adjusting for inflation, $1,000 invested across the thirty Dow Jones stocks back when the first oil crisis began was worth a scant $370 in 1982. Investors had cast an overwhelming vote of no confidence in the US economy.

…

See North American Free Trade Agreement Nakasone, Yasuhiro, 178 National Bureau of Economic Research, 48, 134 National Energy Act, 109 national income: ratio of government debt to, 151 National Westminster Bank, 82, 84 nationalism, 267; in France, 206–208, 209, 210, 214; in Spain, 211 natural gas: deregulation of, 102, 103, 104, 108–109, 110, 113 Nazi Germany, 146, 190 Nazi Party, 27–28, 29 Nehru, Jawaharlal, 41 Netherlands, 1, 23, 30, 224; labor share in, 141; labor/trade unions in, 169; ungovernability in, 156; welfare state in, 18 new economics, 26, 261 new industries: vs. raw materials, 45–46 New International Economic Order, 43 The New York Times, 54, 231 Newsweek, 70 Nixon, Richard, 2, 3, 70–71, 119–120, 157; anti-inflation policy of, 106; Cost of Living Council and, 107; economic forecasts and, 65, 66; economic policy of, 47–49; employment and, 50; energy czar appointment by, 100, 108 (see also Simon, William); energy sector and, 102; environmentalism and, 61; inflation and, 48, 50; interest rates, unemployment, and inflation and, 55–56; monetary policy and, 51; oil crisis of 1973 in, 99–100; population growth and, 61; re-election of, 56, 180; regulation and, 108; Smithsonian agreement and, 55; Speer analogy and, 102, 108; treasury secretary appointment by, 101, 110 (see also Simon, William); unemployment and, 48, 235; Vietnam and, 48; wage and price controls and inflation and, 53–54; Watergate scandal and, 156; Watergate scandal and resignation of, 101, 110 Nixon administration, 222 Nixon Shock, 53 Nordhaus, William, 59 North America, 140; bank loans to Third World and, 241; debt crisis in, 247; economic slowdown in, 3–4; economy at close of World War II in, 17; income per person in, 6; postwar productivity in, 24; productivity bust in, 268; productivity slowdown in, 265; ungovernability in, 156–160 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 142 Northern Europe, 81, 212 Northern Ireland, 4, 167 Norway, 1–2; anti-tax movement in, 153, 154; income distribution in, 136–137 nuts and bolts industry, 125–126 Obama, Barack, 9 oil: deregulation of, 99, 101, 102, 103, 104–106, 107–108, 109, 110, 113 oil crisis of 1973, 1–3, 68–79, 81–97, 155; Arab-Israeli conflict and, 69, 70–71; Aramco and, 69–70, 71; in Canada, 2, 71, 240; economic stagnation and stagflation and, 78; economy based on cheap oil and, 79; in Europe, 1–2, 3; Federal Reserve and, 72, 74, 77, 78, 94, 96; in France, 72–73, 77, 78; in Great Britain, 72, 74–75, 77, 167; impact on global financial system (banks and brokerage houses) and, 81–97; inflation and, 74–77, 78; in Italy, 72; in Japan, 2–3, 72, 74, 77–78, 115–119, 122–124, 240; oil price increases and production cuts and, 72, 73–74, 95; productivity bust and, 78–79; Saudi Arabia and, 1, 67, 68–71, 73, 95; Seven Sisters (US and European oil companies) and, 68–69; in Soviet Union, 162; in Sweden, 166; Third World development and, 239–240; UN Security Council Resolution 242 and, 71; in United States, 1, 2, 3, 67, 68–79, 99–100, 240; welfare state and, 148; in West Germany, 72, 74, 177; Yom Kippur War and, 73. See also economic crisis of 1970s oil crisis of 1979 (or second oil crisis), 171, 173, 174, 176–177, 219–220 oil production cuts and price increases: oil crisis of 1973 and, 72, 73–74, 95 oil shortages, 58. See also oil crisis of 1973; oil crisis of 1979 Olson, Mancur, 158–160 OPEC.

War
by Sebastian Junger
Published 15 Nov 2010

One of the most puzzling things about fear is that it is only loosely related to the level of danger. During World War II, several airborne units that experienced some of the fiercest fighting of the war also reported some of the lowest psychiatric casualty rates in the U.S. military. Combat units typically suffer one psychiatric casualty for every physical one, and during Israel’s Yom Kippur War of 1973, frontline casualty rates were roughly consistent with that ratio. But Israeli logistics units, which were subject to far less danger, suffered three psychiatric cases for every physical one. And even frontline troops showed enormous variation in their rate of psychological breakdown.

…

All things being equal, some men make better soldiers than others, and some units perform better than others. The traits that distinguish those men, and those units, could be called the Holy Grail of combat psychology. They could be called the basis for what people loosely refer to as “courage.” An Israeli study during the 1973 Yom Kippur War found that high-performing soldiers were more intelligent, more “masculine,” more socially mature, and more emotionally stable than average men. Moreover, attack divers who exhibited behavioral problems in tightly run kibbutz communities turned out to be far better fighters than “conformist” divers who never got in trouble.

…

Col. Dave. On Killing: The Psychological Cost of Learning to Kill. Back Bay Books, 1995. Keeley, Lawrence H. War Before Civilization: The Myth of the Peaceful Savage. Oxford University Press, 1996. Levav, Itzhak, MD, Haim Greenfeld, and Eli Baruch, MD. “Psychiatric Combat Reactions During the Yom Kippur War.” American Journal of Psychiatry, Vol. 136, No. 5, May 1979. Marlowe, David H. “Psychological and Psychosocial Consequences of Combat and Deployment with Special Emphasis on the Gulf War.” Rand Corporation, 2000. Rohde, David, and David E. Sanger. “How the ‘Good War’ in Afghanistan Went Bad.”

Grave New World: The End of Globalization, the Return of History
by Stephen D. King
Published 22 May 2017

With a newly enhanced surveillance role thanks to a Second Amendment agreed to by its Interim Committee in 1976 (whose members decided that Jamaica would be a nice place to meet), the IMF was fast becoming the world’s financial policeman. Third, the quadrupling of oil prices at the end of 1973 – triggered by an oil embargo imposed by Arab nations on Western nations regarded as being overly sympathetic to Israel following the Yom Kippur War of that year – had left the world facing a huge ‘petrodollar’ problem. Saudi Arabia and other oil producers suddenly had more dollars than they knew what to do with. These petrodollars were increasingly recycled through the world financial system, leading to the creation of so-called ‘external imbalances’ – large and, in some cases, unsustainable balance of payments deficits, particularly in Latin America – that in time would require treatment by the IMF.

…

(i), (ii), (iii) Brazil (i) Federal Reserve and (i) France (i) Germany and Switzerland (i) hyperinflation (i) interest rates and (i) Italy (i) Japan (i) Keynes on (i) Latin America (i) options (i) UK (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) US (i), (ii) information technology (IT) (i) Inquisition (Spanish) (i) Institute for Economics and Peace (i) Institute for Fiscal Studies (i) interest rates (i), (ii), (iii) at or close to zero (i), (ii), (iii), (iv)n30 effect of (i) options (i) Internal Revenue Service (i) International Court of Justice (i) International Monetary Fund (IMF) Asian view of (i) balance of payment deficits and (i) Blanchard (i) early days of (i), (ii) effects of American dominance (i) Federal Reserve and (i)n21 foreign dollar holders (i) Góes’s paper (i) heads of (i) industrial nations and (i) Labour Cabinet and (i) meetings (i) Nixon’s announcement and (i), (ii) strengthens (i), (ii) Troika and (i) International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea (i) International Socialism (i) iPhones (i) Ipsos MORI (i) Iran coming in from the cold (i) loss of trust in UK (i) pre-revolution (i) SCO application (i) Shi’a (i) US and Europe approach (i) West makes overtures (i) Iraq (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Ireland (i), (ii), (iii) Irish potato famine (i) Iron Curtain (i), (ii), (iii) Islam/Islamic (i) see also Muslims coins (i) fall of Constantinople (i) Saudi Arabia and Iran (i) Seljuk Turks convert (i) Spain and (i) Umayyad Caliphate (i) Islamic State (ISIS) (i), (ii), (iii), (iv) isolationism credible political alternative (i) globalization and (i) interwar period (i), (ii) Trump (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) US, late 19th century (i) Israel freedom statistics and (i) Gaza and Hamas (i) Iran concerns (i) living standards (i) military expenditure (i) Suez Crisis (i) Yom Kippur War (i) Istanbul (i) Italy American troops stationed (i) asylum seekers (i) drop in living standards (i), (ii) G7 (i) goes cap in hand to US (i) Italians in England (i) joins EEC (i) League of Nations (i) lira plummets (i), (ii) Mussolini (i) population statistics (i) position in EU (i) regional variances (i) warship tonnage (i) Jamaica (i) James II, King (i) Japan ageing population (i), (ii) an industrial power (i) Asian Development Bank and (i) capital flows into China (i) China and (i) Congress want sanctions (i), (ii) Disney in (i) income disparities (i) invades Manchuria (i) late 1980s (i) League of Nations (i) living standards (i), (ii) Pearl Harbor (i) per capita incomes (i) remarkable defeat of Russia (i)n5 Senkaku and Kuril Islands (i) TPP (i) US Treasury securities (i) yen falls (i) yen rises (i) Jefferson, Thomas (i), (ii) Jerusalem (i) Jesus Christ (i) Jews (i), (ii) Jiangsu province (China) (i) jihadists (i) job polarization (i) Jobbik (i) Johnny Rotten (i) Johnson, Lyndon B.

…

(i) West Bank (i) West Germany (i) see also Germany West Indians (i), (ii) Westphalia, Peace of (i) White, Harry Dexter (i), (ii), (iii)n4 WikiLeaks (i) Wilhelm I, Kaiser (i) Wilhelm II, Kaiser (i) William of Orange (i) Williamson, John (i)n3 Wilson, Woodrow (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Wirtschaftswunder (i) Wizard of Oz, The (Victor Fleming) (i) Wolfe, Tom (i) World Bank Asian Development Bank and (i) creation of (i), (ii) limitations (i) meetings (i) Millennium Development Goal (i) World Economic Forum (i), (ii) World Trade Organization (WTO) early failure (i) GATT and (i) GOFF and (i) opposition to (i) poorest countries and (i) possible undermining of (i) tobacco companies and (i) Wrocław (i) Xi Jinping (i), (ii) Xiongnu (i) Yamaichi (i) Yaroslavsky (i) Yemen (i), (ii) Yiwu (i) Yom Kippur War (i) Yorubas (i) Yugoslavia (i), (ii) Yunnan province (China) (i), (ii) Zheng, Admiral (i) Zollverein (i) Zoroastrianism (i) Zurich (i)

One Up on Wall Street
by Peter Lynch
Published 11 May 2012

During that period the great events, and the market reactions to them, were as follows: President Nixon imposes price controls (market up 3 percent); President Nixon resigns (market down 1 percent) (Nixon once remarked that if he weren’t the president he’d be buying stocks, and a Wall Street wag retorted that if Nixon weren’t president, he’d be buying stocks, too); President Ford’s Whip Inflation Now buttons are introduced (market up 4.6 percent); IBM wins a big antitrust case (market up 3.3 percent), Yom Kippur War breaks out (market up slightly). The decade of the 1970s was the poorest for stocks of any of the five since the 1930s, and yet the major-percentage one-day changes were all up—on the days just mentioned. The event of most lasting consequence was OPEC’s oil embargo, October 19, 1973 (another lucky October 19!)

…

After that decision was announced, the general market rose 38 percent over six months. It had a more dramatic impact on specific companies that benefited from the lower dollar, and whose stocks doubled and tripled in price in the following two years. As on October 19, 1987, I was in Europe at the time of both the Yom Kippur War and the G7 conference, but at least on those occasions I was out visiting companies instead of losing golf balls. Trends and gradual changes stick in my mind. The period of conglomeration in the mid to late 1960s resulted in many major companies diworseifying, falling apart, and then not recovering for another fifteen years.

…

Steel, 109, 276 US West, 135 USX, 109, 217 Value Line Investment Survey, 17, 136, 143, 170, 184, 197, 199, 222 Vanderheiden, George, 137 Vector Graphics Microcomputers, 158 Vercoe & Co., 57 Vicker’s International Holdings Guide, 136 Vicker’s Weekly Insider Report, 143 Victor Talking Machine, 71–72 Vietnam War, 50, 52 Viskase, 133 Volvo, 36, 70, 212, 251 Vonnegut, Kurt, 60 Vulcan Materials, 141 Wall Street: caution of, 59–60 lag of, 57–60, 95, 101–2 standard industry classifications of, 59 see also stock market; stocks Wall Street Journal, 17, 38, 77, 143, 167 Wall Street Week, with Louis Rukeyser, 279 Wal-Mart Stores, 12, 33, 59–60, 66, 129, 219, 247 as fast-growing company, 112, 114, 118 stock chart of, 114 Wang Laboratories, 101 Wards, 153 Warehouse Club, 153, 268 Warner Communications, 247–48 Washington Post, 141 Washington Public Power Supply System, 72 Waste Management, 110, 137, 145, 246, 281 Weinberg, Harry, 256 Welch, Jack, 18 Wendy’s, 223 Wesray, 279 Westernbank/Puerto Rico, 26 Westin Hotels, 211 West Point-Pepperell, 90, 188–89 Wexner, Leslie, 57 Wharton College, 52 What’s Wrong with Wall Street, 281 whisper stocks, 157–59 White, Weld, 57 Wilson, Robert, 275 Winchester Disk Drives, 38–39 Windex, 62 Wojnowski, Tom, 194 Woodfield Mall, 57 Worlds of Wonder, 158 W. R. Grace, 34 Wright Aeronautical, 71 Xerox, 62, 63, 64–65, 88, 152, 160 Yom Kippur War, 277 York Int., 134 Zantac, 98 Zapata, 269 Zion’s Bancorp, 26 * Throughout the day I’m constantly referring to stock charts. I keep a long-term chart book close to my side at the office, and another one at home, to remind me of momentous and humbling occurrences. What most people get out of family photo albums, I get out of these wonderful publications.

How Long Will Israel Survive Threat Wthn
by Gregg Carlstrom
Published 14 Oct 2017

Historically, Israel was no different; indeed, it had pulled together as recently as 2014, when the army had gone to war against Hamas and other militant groups in Gaza. Months later, a prominent leader of the settler movement reminisced almost nostalgically about the “sense of togetherness” he felt during the war. He compared the atmosphere to that during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, a conflict that threatened the very existence of the state. Yet months of daily attacks produced no such unity in 2015. Outside Jerusalem, where the worst violence occurred, religious settlers held a protest in November—not because of the stabbings, but because of the Supreme Court’s order to demolish the synagogue they had built illegally on private Palestinian land.

…

“When your child is spending their summer vacation running to find shelter… one has limited emotional capacity to see what is happening to the children on the other side,” she wrote.30 Amnon Abramovich, another well-known figure on Channel 2, was attacked at the network’s makeshift wartime studio outside the defense ministry on 29 July by a mob chanting “traitor” and “terrorist”. Abramovich, unlike Levi, really is a left-wing commentator. But he is also a decorated combat veteran who suffered severe burns during the Yom Kippur War. The scars are visible to this day. No matter—the Tel Aviv police chief had to whisk Abramovich away from the angry crowds in his official car. It was easier for foreigners, though the mood was hardly welcoming. Interviewees routinely asked me if I was Jewish, a kind of overt tribalism I rarely encountered in years of reporting from around the region.

…

Peter: 15 Levanon, Elyakim: 36 Levy, Gideon: 49; hara’im l’tayyis, 50–1 Lieberman, Avigdor: xv, xvii–xviii, 115–16, 118, 156, 217; background of, 177; Israeli Defence Minister, xiii, 168, 178; Israeli Foreign Minister, 58, 73, 106, 113 Likud Party: xv–xvi, xvii–xviii, 11, 27, 29, 32, 51, 60, 103, 108, 185, 211, 218, 229; Central Committee of, 58; electoral campaign of (2009), 107–8; electoral campaign of (2015), 119–20, 234; electoral performance of (1981), 125; electoral victory of (1977), 17, 43, 124, 201; electoral victory of (1996), 121; members of, 32–3, 87, 98, 106, 117, 170, 175–6, 180, 189, 228, 232; supporters of, 112, 125 Lipkin-Shahak, Amnon: 159–60; background of, 158–9; meeting with Yasser Arafat (1994), 159 Lithuania: 28 Litzman, Ya’akov: Israeli Health Minister, 137 Livni, Tzipi: 7–8, 105, 119, 121–2, 187, 219; firing of (2014), 90–1; opposition to, 113 Luntz, Frank: 130 Ma’ale Adumim: 234 Ma’ale Shomron: 118 Ma’arachot: 168 Macau Daily Times: 177 Macro Center for Political Economics: reports of, 235 Madrid Conference (1991): 152 Makor Rishon: purchased by Sheldon Adelson (2015), 176 Malaysia: 231 Mali, Eliyahu: 196; rabbi of Shirat Moshe, 195 mamlachtiyut: concept of, 18 Mandatory Palestine (1920–48): demolition of homes in, 70; territory of, 16 Mandelblit, Avichai: Israeli Attorney General, 184 Mansour, Bahij: 89 Maoz, Ze’ev: 160 Mapai: 185; members of, 200 Maronites: 20–1 Maroun, Saint: 20 Marzel, Baruch: 65, 170 Matzliach, Rima: 104 May, Theresa: 232 McCain, John: 140–1; Israeli public support for, 141 Meir, Golda: 10, 77, 132, 135 Melman, Yossi: 38 Meretz: 100–1, 104, 109, 221–2; electoral performance of (2015), 120; members of, 196; supporters of, 125 Merkel, Angela: 236 Meron, Theodor: 15–16 Mesha’al, Khaled: 59; attempted assassination of (1997), 163 Microsoft Corporation: 138 Migron: demolition of (2012), 226 Mimran, Arnaud: alleged role in carbon-trading fraud, 182; funding of Benjamin Netanyahu reelection campaign (2016), 182 Mishpacha: editorial staff of, 191 Mitchell, George: 152 Mitchell Report: findings of, 152 mizrahim: 99, 112; insulting of, 122 Mohammed, Prophet: 67 Mola, Shula: Chair of Israeli Association for Ethiopian Jews, 76 Molcho, Yitzhak: 31 Moldova: Kishinev, 38 Monte Carlo: 182 Mordechai, Yitzhak: 160 Mossad: 4, 16, 158, 163; personnel of, 109, 144, 161, 163, 167–9 Mozes, Noni: 103 Mu’awiyah: 21 Mubarak, Hosni: 28 Mughniyeh, Imad: assassination of, 161 Muslim Brotherhood: 18, 84, 141–2; electoral victory of (2012), 89 Nachman, Yossi: 21 Naddaf, Father Gabriel: 23–4 Nafar, Tamer: co-founder of DAM, 115, 174 Nagosa, Avraham: xv–xvi Nahal Oz (kibbutz): 55, 59 Naim, Bassem: xviii Naor, Miriam: 138, 155; Israeli Chief Justice, 230 Narkis, Naor: 81 National Front (France): 210 National Public Radio (NPR): 130 National Religious Party: electoral performance of (2015), 117; members of, 117 nationalism: xv, 8, 45, 123, 146, 186, 217–18, 236; Arab, 29, 213; Jewish, 62, 66; ultranationalism, 41; white, 141 Navon, Yitzhak: presence at Ben-Gurion-Karelitz Meeting (1952), 94; President of Israel, 26; visit to Cairo (1980), 26 neoliberalism: 213, 215 Netanyahu, Benjamin: xiii, xv–xvi, 4–5, 14, 17, 23, 27, 36–7, 42, 48, 57, 59–60, 64, 79, 84, 86, 88–9, 95, 100, 103, 106–7, 110–12, 116–17, 119, 135–8, 146, 150, 155, 159–61, 164–7, 177–80, 189–90, 204–5, 219–21, 227, 231–3; address to Jewish Federations of North America (2015), 164; administration of, 6, 25, 27, 99–100, 168–9, 178–9, 185; allegations of personal corruption, 108, 182; background of, 218; collapse of administration (1998), 160; electoral campaign of (2015), 112–13, 119–21; electoral victory of (1996), 121–2; family of, 27, 108, 169, 183, 220; meetings with John Kerry and Mahmoud Abbas (2014–15), 31; opposition to, 58; opposition to Reuven Rivlin’s presidential candidacy, 27–8; presence at funeral of Shimon Peres (2016), 198; proposal for nation-state bill (2014), 86–7; speech to Congress (2011), 109, 112, 162; visit to Moscow (2016), 181–2 Netanyahu, Sara: civil lawsuits filed against (2016), 183; family of, 27, 108, 169, 183; ‘Sara Stories’, 183–4 Netanyahu, Yair: family of, 220 New York Times: 5, 28, 100, 134, 186, 230, 234 New Zealand: 231 Newsweek: 130 Nir, Amiram: 44; death of (1988), 45 Nir-Mozes, Judy Shalom: 117 Nirim (kibbutz): 56 non-governmental organizations (NGOs): 76, 181, 186, 221, 229; liberal, 176 Nordau, Max: 91 Norquist, Grover: 143 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO): 140 Obama, Barack: 17, 26, 113, 142–3, 164–5, 203, 232, 236; administration of, 231; foreign policy of, 139, 143, 152; Israeli public support for, 141; Shabbat address of (2015), 10; speech at funeral of Shimon Peres, 197–8, 204 Od Yosef Chai (‘Joseph Still Lives’): 20; shuttering of (2014), 14, 19; students of, 149 Odeh, Ayman: 116; background of, 114–15; members of, 111 Ofra: 200, 225, 229; establishment of (1975), 26–7 Ofran, Hagit: 54 Ohana, Eli: 118 Olmert, Ehud: 17, 218–19, 229; imprisonment of, 183; Mayor of Jerusalem, 159 Operation Brother’s Keeper (2014): 46 Operation Cast Lead (2008–9): 2, 46, 50, 107 Operation Protective Edge (2014): 2, 5, 44–6, 48–9, 52–3, 56, 60, 87, 176, 185; casualties of, 46–7, 61; political impact of, 61–2; use of ‘Hannibal doctrine’, 49 Ophir Awards: 174 Or, Theodor: head of Or Commission, 73 Or Commission: findings of, 73–5; members of, 73, 75 Oren, Michael: 110, 135–6, 186, 231 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD): 4, 107, 184 Oslo Accords: 6, 32, 82, 152, 159, 177, 199; implementation of, 44; signing of (1993), 117 Ottoman Empire: 21, 70; fall of (1923), 216–17; Jewish population of, 191–2 Oz, Amos: 176, 199 Pakada, Damas: attack on (2014), 75–6; background of, 76 Palestine: xviii, 5, 152–3, 191, 213, 232; Douma, 20, 145, 149; Ramallah, 2, 33, 141, 153, 200, 204, 225; Urif, 18 Palestine Center for Policy and Survey Research: 59 Palestine Riots (1929): 66 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO): 30, 43, 151, 159, 173; members of, 167 Palestinian Authority (PA): 14, 21, 57–8, 64–5, 116, 206 Palmor, Yigal: 81 Pardo, Tamir: 167; retirement of, 169 Peace Now: protests organised by, 44–5, 53, 201 Peres, Shimon: 23, 26, 30–1, 93, 199, 202–5, 218; authorization of Ofra (1975), 26–7; awarded Medal of Freedom (2012), 26, 203; background of, 199–200; death of (2016), 197–8, 200; economic stabilization plan (1985), 202; electoral defeat of (1996), 121; funeral of (2016), 197–8, 204; Israeli Defence Minister, 26, 200–1; power-sharing agreement with Yitzhak Shamir (1984), 198, 202; role in furthering of Camp David Accords (1978), 202; role in negotiating Oslo Accords, 199; Tomorrow Is Now (1978), 201 Peretz, Amir: 113 Persian Empire: xi Persico, Oren: 177, 185 Pew Research Center: 6, 10–11, 133; polling efforts of, 146 Pfeffer, Anshel: 177, 221 Piron, Shai: Israeli Education Minister, 91 Plesner, Yohanan: President of IDI, 125 Poland: 9–10; Katowice (Kattowitz), 92 Porat, Hanan: 15 Power, Samantha: US Ambassador to UN, 231 ‘price tag’ attacks: 17, 20, 148; concept of, 14 Putin, Vladimir: 181, 216–17 Al-Qaeda: 107; Jabhat Fatah al-Sham, 25 Qatar: Doha, 48, 59 Qattoush, Jawad: 208 Rabin, Yitzhak: 1, 44, 158–9, 198, 218; administration of, 200; assassination of (1995), xiv, 18, 35, 38, 159–60, 221; Israeli Defense Minister, 152; no-confidence vote against (1976), 190; resignation of (1977), 184; role in ethnic cleansing of Lydda/Lod, 167; signing of Oslo Accords (1993), 117 Rabinovich, Beni: 190–1 al-Rai, Bishara: 22–3 Ravid, Barak: 110 Regev, Mark: 70 Regev, Miri: 170, 180; background of, 171–2; Israeli Culture Minister, 171, 176; restriction of funding for Israeli cultural institutions unwilling to perform in underdeveloped regions, 172, 221 Reider, Dimi: 221 Remley, Rennick: 100 Republican Party (USA): 6, 210; ideology of, 125; support for sanctions, 142; supporters of, 140–1 Reshet: 179 Revisionism: 9 Rivlin, Reuven: xv, 27, 29–31, 38–9, 78–9, 87, 98, 125–7, 146, 181, 204; election to Knesset (1988), 28; family of, 28–9; opposition to ‘Boycott Law’ (2011), 29 Rivlin, Ya’akov: 191 Rivlin, Yosef: family of, 28–9 Romney, Mitt: 141; Israeli public support for, 141 Rosenblum, Herzl: 44 Rosner, Shmuel: 230 Russian Federation: 216; Kremlin, 181; Moscow, 181–2 Sa’ad, Omar: 88 Sa’ar, Gideon: 32–3 Sabbah, Michel: 24 Saban Forum: 9 Sabra/Shatila Massacres (1982): 83, 132; political impact of, 201–2 Salafism: 18 Samri, Luba: 73 Sarid, Yossi: 173 Sarna, Yigal: 183 Saudi Arabia: 135 Sayeret Matkal: background of, 117 Schneider, Tal: 57, 114 Sea of Galilee: 148 Second Intifada (2000–5): 14, 33, 70, 151; casualties of, 152–3; political impact of, 52; riots prior to (2000), 73 Second World War (1939–45): 92, 125; Holocaust, xvii, 10, 28–9, 82, 146, 212 Segal, Amit: 106, 121, 179–80 Seidemann, Daniel: 72 Seif, Zidan: death of (2014), 87 Senegal: 231–2 settler movement/settlements: 19–20, 33, 104–5, 142, 172, 226–7, 233–4; boycotting of, 132; dismantling of, 118, 148, 226; establishment of, 15–16; lobbying efforts, 118; violence and arson committed by inhabitants, 13–15, 42 Shaer, Gilad: abduction of (2014), 33–4, 117 Shaffir, Stav: 8, 84 Shaked, Ayelet: 8, 36–7, 135, 234; Israeli Justice Minister, 171, 175, 212, 226 Shalem Center: funding of, 187 Shalev, Chemi: 51, 203 Shalit, Gilad: capture of (2006), 46, 56, 61, 188 al-Shalloudi, Abdel Rahman: family of, 69; role in Ammunition Hill Attack (2014), 64, 69, 72–3 Shamir, Yitzhak: power-sharing agreement with Shimon Peres (1984), 198, 202 Shani, General Udi: 70 Shani Commission: 70; findings of, 71 Shapira, Yitzhak: Torat HaMelech (‘The King’s Torah’), 14 Shapira, Yosef: 184 Shapiro, Dan: US Ambassador to Israel, 138, 232 al-Sharif, Abdel Fattah: shooting conducted by (2015), xii Sharon, Ariel: 17, 231; dismantling of settlements in Gaza (2005), 148, 218; Israeli Defence Minister, 44, 167; visit to Temple Mount (2000), 73 Shas: Council of Sages, 130; ideology of, 114; members of, 65, 114, 130 Shavit, Ari: 113 Sheinman, Hanoch: 52 Shikaki, Dr Khalil: Director of Palestine Center for Policy and Survey Research, 59 Shimron, David: 182 Shin Bet: xiii, 19, 149, 158, 208, 230; personnel of, 4, 90, 148, 161, 167, 169 Shinui: members of, 220 Shirat Moshe: founding of (2008), 195 Shkolnik, Melania: 113 Shlissel, Yishai: Attack on Jerusalem Gay Pride Parade (2016), 98 shmita: concept of, 191–2 Shmueli, Eitan: 196 Shoval, Zalman: 142–3 Silwan: 41–2, 67, 69, 72; purchasing of homes in, 70–1 Simha, David: Head of Israeli-Palestinian Chamber of Commerce, 135 al-Sisi, Abdel Fattah: 156–7, 231 Six-Day War (1967): 10, 12, 43, 132; political impact of, 131–2, 144; territory occupied during, 15, 66, 201, 231 Smotrich, Bezalel: 157 Social Justice Protests (2011): 109; development of tent city during, 82–4 socialism: 92, 184, 202, 215 Soviet Union (USSR): 79, 177, 179; collapse of (1991), 216–17 Sprung, Brachie: 69 StandWithUs: advertising campaign in New York Times (2014), 99–100 Steinitz, Yuval: Israeli Intelligence Minister, 57 Stern, Yedidia: 86 Streisand, Barbara: 26 Stuxnet (computer virus): use of, 25 Sudan: asylum seekers from, 171 Suleiman, General Muhammad: assassination of, 161 Supreme Court: xiv, 37, 90, 117, 168, 218, 226–7; ruling on military seizure of land for civilian settlements (1979), 226; upholding of legality of admission committees (2014), 74 Sweden: Stockholm, 221 Sweid, Hana: 115 Switzerland: 101, 123 Syria: 24, 68; borders of, 107; Civil War (2011–), 24–5, 212; Damascus, 21, 161; Raqqa, 68 Ta’al: members of, 116 Taub Center: 84 Taybeh: 225 Tebeka: personnel of, 76 tefillin: 64 Temple Institute: aims of, 64 Temple Mount: xiv–xv, 66–7, 73, 150; campaigns for Jewish access to, 64; police raiding of compound (2015), 150 Thailand: 55 Third Reich (1933–45): xvii, 54, 164; Schutzstaffel (SS), 30 ThyssenKrupp: 182 Tibi, Ahmad: 29, 42, 77; head of Ta’al, 116 Tikvah Fund: Mosaic, 187 Times, The: 1 Times of Israel: editorial staff of, 212 Toner, Mark: 124 Tragerman, Daniel: 56 Trajtenberg, Manuel: 83 Transparency International: 183; branches of, 184 Trump, Donald: 6, 171, 231, 236; administration of, 196; electoral victory of (2016), 188–9; family of, 142; US Presidential Election Campaign of (2016), 140–1, 210, 212 Trump, Ivanka: 143 Tubi, Ezri: 15 Tunisia: Tunis, xviii, 159 Turkey: 216; attempted military coup (2016), 210; Istanbul Suicide Bombing Attack (2016), 210; Kurdish population of, 218; postmodern coup (1997), 217 Twitter: 190 Tzabari, Yossi: 174 Ukraine: 37; Russian annexation of Crimea (2015), 80 ultra-Orthodox Jews (haredim): xv, 4, 11, 32, 47, 82, 94–5, 98, 101, 106, 126, 129, 136–7, 141, 190–2, 194–7, 213–14, 222, 235; exemption from military service, 91–3, 219; lack of conventional education, 95–6; political representation of, 65, 111, 114; territory inhabited by, 63 Union for Reform Judaism (Union of American Hebrew Congregations): members of, 131 Unit 8200: 25 United Kingdom (UK): 43, 80, 200; Brexit Referendum (2016), 209–13; Jewish diaspora in, 79; London, 1, 10, 22, 70, 184, 187; Northern Ireland, 110 United Kingdom Independence Party (UKIP): 209 United Nations (UN): 14, 17–18, 67, 219, 232; Convention against Corruption, 31; General Assembly, 150, 231; Geneva Conventions, 19, 71; Security Council, 139, 230–2 United States of America (USA): 5–6, 9, 39, 67, 129, 137, 144, 167, 186, 206, 210, 231; 9/11 Attacks, xiv; Congress, 109, 162, 164–5, 226; Jewish diaspora in, 5, 79–80, 131–3, 140–2, 163–4, 212; Los Angeles, CA, 80; Miami, FL, 80; New York, 10, 41, 119, 133, 187, 192, 200, 214, 216; Pentagon, 143; Pulse Nightclub Shooting (2016), 210; Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 182; State Department, 108, 117, 124, 139, 227; Washington DC, 2, 9–10, 17, 111, 133, 135, 141, 143, 184, 197 United Torah Judaism: 111, 137, 190 Venezuela: 231 Veolia: 40 Vorspan, Albert: 131 Walla: 181 Wasserstein, Bernard: 66 Waxman, Dov: Trouble in the Tribe (2016), 132 al-Wazir, Khalil: death of (1988), xviii Weinstein, Esti: suicide of, 96–8 Weinstein, Yehuda: 171; Israeli Attorney General, 184 Weiss, Dana: 113 Weizmann, Chaim: 7, 91; Chairman of Zionist Commission for Palestine, 66 West Bank: 1, 3, 18, 23, 37, 75, 116, 118, 147–8, 152–3, 169, 201, 225, 229; Amona, 170, 225–30, 234; Area C, 3–4, 32, 73; Beit El, 141; Bil’in, 167; Israeli Occupation of, 3, 6, 15–17, 32–3, 151; Qalandia, 167; settlements in, 142, 172; standard of living conditions in, 52 Western Wall: 65–6, 129, 143, 214, 222; ultra-Orthodox supervision of, 136 WhatsApp: xvi, 230 Wolfson, Noah: 206 World Jewish Congress: personnel of, 79 World Zionist Organization: 7, 215 Wye River Memorandum: 160 Ya’akov, Doron: 83–4 Ya’alon, Moshe: xvii–xviii, 166, 182; Israeli Defence Minister, xvi, 3, 19, 71, 171, 185; relations with settler movement, 19–20; resignation of (1997), 178, 217 Yachad: formation of, 114; ideology of, 17; supporters of, 17 Yachimovich, Shelly: 8 Yadlin, Amos: 57, 166 Yated Ne’eman: editorial staff of, 190–1 Yatom, Danny: head of Mossad, 163 Yediot Aharonot: 20, 103–4, 135, 159, 177, 179, 183, 186; anti-BDS summit sponsored by, 133–4; editorial staff of, 44; founding of (1939), 185 Yesh Atid: 178, 222; members of, 32, 220; supporters of, 125 Yesh Din: appeal filed against development of new Amona site, 229 Yesh Gvul: 44 Yesha Council: members of, 19, 111 yeshiva: 14–15, 19, 33, 94, 98, 195 Yifrach, Eyal: abduction of (2014), 33–4, 117 Yishai, Eli: 114 Yisrael Beiteinu: 178, 222; members of, 113; supporters of, 125 Yitzhar (settlement): attacks carried out by, 14–15, 18–20; relationship with Israeli military, 18; residents of, 14, 17 Yom Kippur War (1973): xiv, 43, 51 Yosef, David: member of Shas Party’s Council of Sages, 130 Yosef, Ovadia: 114 Yosef, Yitzhak: xvi YouTube: xii, 56, 130 Zaher, Sawsan: 25–6 ZAKA: personnel of, 63–4 Zalzberg, Ofer: 197 Zamir, Ifat: 184 Zertal, Idith: Lords of the Land, 16 Zionism: xv, 8, 24, 45, 58–9, 65–6, 77, 91, 103, 110, 115, 123–6, 144, 167, 192, 216, 235; anti-Zionism, 92; definitions of, 9; liberal, 5–6, 10–12, 203; political, 7, 66; religious, 185; secular, 9, 213–14 Zionist Camp: 110, 112–13, 116, 119; electoral performance of (2015), 119–21, 234; members of, 104, 166 Zionist Commission for Palestine: members of, 66 Zionist Organization of America: 142 Zionist Union: 156; electoral performance of (1981), 124; internal conflicts within, 157 Zivan, Yair: 220 Zoabi, Hanin: 117; participation in Turkish aid flotilla to Gaza, 29; suspension from Knesset (2014), 117 el-Zoubi, Abd el-Aziz: 24 Zuckerberg, Mark: 203

Britannia Unchained: Global Lessons for Growth and Prosperity
by Kwasi Kwarteng , Priti Patel , Dominic Raab , Chris Skidmore and Elizabeth Truss
Published 12 Sep 2012

As late as 1985 the country was suffering from hyperinflation, reaching 445 per cent at one point. A strict programme of economic reforms, including liberalisation, curbs on deficit spending, and high interest rates managed to stem the tide. The Economic Stabilisation Plan, cutting spending and devaluing the shekel, reversed what appeared to be an inevitable decline following the Yom Kippur War of 1973 – and is a telling example of the benefits of fiscal discipline from the state. For despite the instincts that may have driven entrepreneurial endeavour, the early State of Israel was also hampered by a risk-averse state, with high job security and limited competition. This combination merely led to stagnation.

…

Neville 38 PriceWaterhouseCoopers 94 private enterprise, used for social ends 26–7 Programme for International Student Assessment (PISA) (OECD) 36, 38, 39–41, 44, 57, 105, 115 prudence 24, 27–9, 33 public services, investment in 12, 28–9, 31 ‘quants’ 44, 45, 47–8 Reagan, Ronald 38–9 reality television 75–6, 115 142 Britannia Unchained Recent Work Capability Assessments 70 The Red Paper on Scotland 26 Reich, Robert 25 Reilly, Cait 74 Reinhart, Carmen M. 21, 22 resources, running out 9 risk 99 and innovation 91–2 risk-aversion 86–8, 91, 92 see also failure Robinson, Derek (‘Red Robbo’) 8 Rogoff, Kenneth S. 21, 22, 29 Rolls Royce 8 Romer, Christina 22 Rossli, Ashraf 1 Rousseff, Dilma 101 Royal Society for the Encouragement of Arts (RSA) 61 Sahami, Mehran 60 Sainsbury’s, and migrant workers 64 Samuels, Tim 64 Sand Hill Road 93–4 Saragoza, Eric 54 Sarkozy, Nicholas 66 SAT (Standard Assessment Tasks) tests 39 Save the Children 71 Scandinavia, labour market reform 4 Schleicher, Andreas 38, 39, 40, 41 Science Museum, London 56 science and technology 38–60 attitudes to 48–51 securitisation 35 Sedi 103 seed capital 84, 98 see also venture capital Seed Enterprise Investment Scheme 98 Seedrs 98 Sela, Yonatan 86 Sequoia Capital 98 Silicon Roundabout (London) 55, 97, 112 Silicon Valley 93–4, 95, 97, 554 Simon, Leslie 48 Singapore 5, 66, 113 smart phones 55 Smith, Adam 20 Snow, C.P. 46 social mobility 11, 76–7 The Social Network (film) 48 solar energy sector, subsidies 85 Songkick 98 South Korea 4–5, 113 education 43–4, 55 working hours 66 Soviet Union 86, 89, 105 collapse of 10 SpaceX 95 Spain 3, 41, 52, 66 Spotify 98 Standard & Poor’s 47 Stanford University (US) 60, 93, 97 Stephens, Philip 28 strikes 8–9, 66, 69, 114–15 Stringer, Sir Howard 58 Süddeutsche Zeitung 40 Suez crisis (1956) 8 Sugar, Alan 75, 76 Summers, Larry 25 sustainable development 4, 10 see also economic growth Sweden 30, 32 Switzerland 30, 32, 52 Tang, Jessie 72 Tata, Ratan 64 taxation 12, 28–9, 31, 37, 88, 109, 110 impact on working hours 68–9 increases under New Labour 29 taxi drivers, work ethic 61–3 Tech City (London) 97 tech industry 51–5 international collaboration 53–4 low-wage workers 54 and tech skills 54–5 Technological Incubators Program (Israel) 79, 83–4 technology see science and technology; tech industry Index Thatcher, Margaret 9, 10, 11, 114–15 Toynbee, Polly 31 trade unions 8, 9, 63, 69 Trudeau, Pierre Elliot 14–15 True Flash Filing System 81 Tug, Tuggy 72 TweetDeck 55, 98 Twitter 93 unemployment 20, 23 Canada 14, 16, 18, 34 Europe 66 UK 70, 73, 74, 77, 87 Unison union 70 United Kingdom (UK) attitudes to academic achievement 45–7, 59 debt 10, 12, 30–3, 115 and deficit 19–21, 27, 29–33 economic decline 7–11, 12–13, 115 economic growth 9–10, 12, 114, 115 education 4–5, 12, 31, 42–3, 44–8, 51–60 failure of 57–8, 115 maths teaching methods 56–7 and parental aspiration 57, 59 performance in PISA tests 40, 41, 57, 115 and science and technology 51–3, 54–60, 115 tuition fees 60 end of empire 4, 8, 10, 114 and entrepreneurship 76, 91, 97–8 and European Union 10 government subsidies 85 graduate jobs market 44–5 innovation 98, 114 intellectual capital 52, 53, 112 patent applications 95–7 pensions 3, 63, 69–70, 110 population growth 100, 107–8 productivity 61, 66–7, 77 public spending 3, 27–8, 31, 114, 115 143 regulation and red tape 5, 30, 37, 87–8, 98, 109 relationship with US 8, 10, 90 research and development 88 and risk-aversion 86–8, 91, 92 strikes 8–9, 69, 114–15 taxation 12, 28–9, 31, 37, 88, 109, 110 technology companies 97–8 trade union power 8, 9, 63, 69 universities 52–3, 57, 58, 97 rise in science and tech applicants 59–60 venture capital 94, 98 welfare policies 109, 110 and dependency 2, 67, 68, 70–1, 77, 109 unsustainability of 106 Winter of Discontent (1978) 9, 114 and work ethic 2, 61–77, 111–12 working hours 65, 66, 68, 77 young Britons 75, 108–11 and entrepreneurship 76 unemployment 74, 77 United States (US) attitude to bankruptcy 91 cost of patent process 96 and debt 22, 24, 31 Declaration of Independence 90 and economic freedom 36 education 12, 38–9, 40, 42, 46, 57 entrepreneurial spirit 90, 93–4, 96–7 and global financial crisis (2007–08) 19, 32, 37 investment in IT sector 93–4 women in tech careers 49 worker productivity 57, 67 working hours 65, 66, 68 universities non-courses 43, 46–7 see also United Kingdom (UK), universities urban riots (2011) 1, 75 USB flash drive 80–1 144 Britannia Unchained Varga, Getúlio 104 Velez, Leila 103–4 venture capital 5, 80, 84–5, 93–5, 98 see also seed capital Vietnam 54, 89 vocational training 74 Wall Street Journal 9, 14, 36, 96 Wanless report 29 Wei, Nat 59 Weizmann, Chaim 83 Wenzhou, China 95 Willetts, David 67 Wilshaw, Sir Michael 59 Wilson, Harold 114 Wolf, Martin 26 Wolley, Trevor 45 women and tech careers 48–9, 50–1 working and cost of childcare 71 Woos, Jaejoon 22 work ethic 2, 5, 13, 61–77 and entrepreneurship 67–8 Europeans 65–6 impact of childcare costs 71 impact of welfare system 68, 70–1, 74, 77 Japan 106 migrant workers 63–4 and role models 74–7 role of schools 73–4 worklessness 67 Workers’ Party (Brazil) 101 working hours 65, 66 effect of unionisation 69 impact of tax rates 68–9 World Economic Forum 35, 87 Wriston, Walter 20 X Factor 45, 75 Yes Minister 47 Yom Kippur War (1973) 83 YouTube 1, 95 Yozma programme (Israel) 83, 84–6 Zappos 98 Zhou, Biyan 42 Zuckerberg, Mark 76 Zynga 95 

The Coming Anarchy: Shattering the Dreams of the Post Cold War
by Robert D. Kaplan
Published 1 Jan 1994

The almanac might also have noted that in September 1970—soon after Nixon made it clear that he was withdrawing slowly, and bloodily, from Vietnam—threats by Nixon to Moscow helped to stop Syrian tanks from crossing far­ ther into Jordan and toppling King Hussein's pro-Western gov­ ernment. One could also note that in 1973 and 1974 Kissinger, serving Nixon and then Gerald Ford, manipulated the Yom Kippur War toward a stalemate that was convenient for American interests, and then brokered agreements between Israel and its Arab adversaries for a separation of forces. These deals allowed Washington to re-establish diplomatic relations with Egypt and Syria for the first time since their rupture following the Six-Day War, in 1967.

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State Department, 4-5,14, 96, 138,145,182 urban areas, 22, 87,106 in Turkey, 34-36, 38 / 197 and Vietnam War, 132-33,145-52 and violence-prone youths, 76-78 in West Africa, 4-7, 8,17, 49 see also specific cities utopianism, 170,171 V Vance, Cyrus, 127,143 Vancouver, 94,107 van Creveld, Martin, The Transformation of War, 44-48 Venezuela, 63 Vietnam War, 108,139,171 Nixon/Kissinger policy on, 132-33, 139,140,144-52,155 violence: as human trait, 45-46,175-76 male youth, 76-78 Vlahos, Michael, 47-48 voter turnout, 63, 87, 89-90 W Wall Street Journal, The, 99 war, 9,18,19, 41, 43-50 and crime, 48-49, 99-104 cultural and racial, 26-29 and dangers of peace, 169-85 environmentally driven, 21-24 future of, 43-50,184-85 as human trait, 45-46,175-76 and intelligence business, 105-10 and mass murder, 99-104 in Medieval Europe, 46-47 Nixon/Kissinger policies, 132-33, 145-52 and religion, 47-48 technology, 48,106-7,129,171,183 World War I delegitimization of, 170, 177 see also specific wars Washington, George, 95 water, 20, 35, 53 rising levels, 20, 24-25, 53 shortages, 20, 21, 24, 25 in Turkey, 36-37, 41 198 / I N D E X Weinberger, Caspar, 139 West Africa, 3-18, 32, 38, 43,48, 51, 55-57,166 borders, 12-16, 40,42, 57 colonialism, 10-15 crime in, 4-7,12-15, 26,49, 55 disease in, 3, 7, 9,16-18 economy in, 10-15 environmental problems, 7-9,18, 25 government in, 7-15,48, 63,81 polygamy in, 6-7,11 population growth, 6-18, 55 religion in, 6,15, 35 slums in, 9-12,16,17 urban areas, 4-8,17,49 literacy rates, 62,122,123 in military, 108 World Almanac, The, 147-48 World Economic Forum, 76, 77, 80 "world government," 80-83 World War 1,18,130,134,138,182, 184 and delegitimization of war, 170, 177 World War II, 45, 54,101,171,178 events leading to, 128,131-35, 170-71 war criminals, 102 West Africa, 12 Yom Kippur War, 148 Yugoslavia, 12, 52,182 Wiener, Neil I., 76 Wiesel, Elie, 134-35 Wilson, Woodrow, 138 women, 167 family planning, 122,123 Y Z Zinni, Gen. Anthony C , 172 Zionism, 134,178 ABOUT THE AUTHOR ROBERT D . KAPLAN is a correspondent for The Atlantic Monthly and the author of six previous books on travel and foreign af­ fairs that have been translated into a dozen languages.

Enemies and Neighbours: Arabs and Jews in Palestine and Israel, 1917-2017
by Ian Black
Published 2 Nov 2017

Israeli soldiers pose with souvenir, 1956. 13. Moshe Dayan with the Arab Keeper of the Tomb of the Patriarchs in Hebron, 1967. (Copyright © Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel) 14. Arabs detained in Nablus, 1969. (Copyright © Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel) 15. Yom Kippur War, 1973. (Copyright © Ron Frenkel/National Photo Collection of Israel) 16. Yasser Arafat addresses the UN General Assembly, 1974. (Copyright © Bettmann/Contributor) 17. Israeli settlers celebrating, 1975. (Copyright © Moshe Milner/National Photo Collection of Israel) 18. Funeral of Israelis killed in a terrorist raid, 1980.

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‘The UN didn’t invite a member of the Palestinian intellectual bourgeoisie who are always writing articles pleading for understanding; they invited the head of the Palestinian armed resistance.’3 The US brokered disengagement of forces agreements between Israel and Egypt, and between Israel and Syria, that were signed in January and March 1974 respectively. Both reflected the Arabs’ initial military achievements more than Israel’s final victory. Immovable deadlock gave way to a new, if limited, readiness for give and take.4 For the first time since 1947, diplomacy had joined armed struggle as a way of achieving Palestinian goals. ‘The Yom Kippur war, more than any other event since the creation of Israel and the Nakba, underlined the relative unimportance of the Palestinians in the Middle East in general and in the conflict with Israel in particular’, an Israeli expert commented. ‘On the other hand the war created the conditions that would allow them to make the biggest political advance in their history.’5 Following on from the PLO’s expulsion from Jordan, the outcome of the 1973 war accelerated a strategic rethink by Palestinians.

…

Defence Minister Moshe Dayan and generals Uzi Narkiss and Rehavam Zeevi at the Tomb of the Patriarchs (the Ibrahimi Mosque) in Hebron, in the newly occupied West Bank, 1967. 14. Occupation: Palestinians detained by Israeli forces near the centre of Nablus in 1969. 15. Prime Minister Golda Meir, with Defence Minister Moshe Dayan and General Yitzhak Hofi, addressing Israeli troops on the Golan Heights during the Yom Kippur war, October 1973. 16. PLO leader Yasser Arafat addressing the UN General Assembly in November 1974. He said he was dreaming of ‘one democratic state where Christian, Jew and Muslim live in justice, equality and fraternity’. 17. Gush Emunin leaders Rabbi Moshe Levinger (left) and Hanan Porat (right) and supporters celebrate the Israeli government’s decision to allow settlers to relocate to an army camp near the West Bank village of Sebastia in 1975. 18.

Pumpkinflowers: A Soldier's Story of a Forgotten War
by Matti Friedman
Published 2 May 2016

That kibbutz was one of the country’s most successful communal farms before a feud in the 1950s between Stalinists and moderate socialists tore it into two separate communes right next to each other, both called Kibbutz Ashdot Yaakov, a fence between them. By the time Alter was growing up no one could really remember what it all had been about. One of Alter’s favorite songs was the Hebrew ballad “Children of Winter ’73,” which has kids born after the Yom Kippur War chastising their parents for promising them peace and failing to deliver. Actually no one promised anyone anything, but it’s still a popular song, and a line from it is engraved on Alter’s tombstone. When you see it there what stands out isn’t the text but that number, 73. On the night of February 4 news of the crash reached one of the kibbutz members, a woman named Bruria, in the middle of a movie.

…

She doesn’t remember much after that, only that when the green men reached her she was on the ground looking up, begging them to say he was just wounded. 30 THE NEXT DAY the whole kibbutz took the dirt road past the aqueduct built by members in 1938 to the little cemetery overlooking orchards along the Jordan. They buried her son near his namesake from the Yom Kippur War, and near his friend Alter. It took Orna time to walk upright again. But when she could she joined forces with Bruria. She made the campaign to get the army out of Lebanon her reason for living. She turned out to have a knack for organization and for slogans. She was relentless. Soon she was spending a month with a few other women outside the official residence of the president in Jerusalem, sitting on the sidewalk with a sign that read WE ARE DYING AND YOU ARE SILENT.

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet
by Klaus Schwab
Published 7 Jan 2021

The price of the world's most important energy source rose fourfold in 1973 and then doubled in 1979, as the major oil-producing and -exporting countries (OPEC)—many of them former Middle Eastern and Arabian colonies of the European powers—flexed their muscles. Controlling the vast majority of the global oil supply at the time, the OPEC countries decided to implement an oil embargo in response to the Yom Kippur War. During that war, many of OPEC's Arab members opposed Israel, which during and after the armed conflict expanded its territory in the region. The embargo, targeted mainly against Israel's western allies including the US and the UK, was very effective. It was no wonder perhaps, that the OPEC countries used their newly gained market power.

…

Moller–Maersk case study on efforts to reduce, 167–168 Boston Consulting Group study on reducing, 167 CO2 emissions, 160, 161, 165–166, 182, 200, 202, 203, 207 EU's emissions cap-and-trade scheme to lower, 166, 183 fossil fuels, 49 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics used to measure reduced, 249 See also Climate change; Pollution Green New Deal (EU), 183 Greenpeace, 50 Die Grünen (the Greens) [Germany], 78–79 The Guardian, 223 H Hartmann machine works (Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony), 103fig Hartmann, Richard, 103 Harvard Business School, 11 Health care COVID-19 pandemic revealing inequalities in, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 digital connectivity providing access to, 227–228 effective government focus on, 225–227 high EU percentage of GDP spent on, 231 high US cost of, 227, 231, 232 improving access in China, 225–226 Singapore's universal health care system, 230–232 Health inequalities COVID-19 pandemic revealing, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 health insurance, 43 wealth inequality, social mobility, and related, 41–42 Healthy365 app (Singapore), 232 Hess-Maier, Dorothee, 9 High-quality debt, 29 Hiroshima bombing (1945), 5 Hirsch, Jeffrey, 240 Hitachi (Japan), 142 Hong Kong carbon footprint per capita, 159 globalization driving economic growth of, 98 Nanyang Commercial Bank of, 57–58 See also Asian Tigers Horowitz, Sara, 242 Housing financial crisis 2008 and loss of, 227 redlining discriminatory practice, 226 Singapore's HDB public, 228–230 stakeholder government providing access to, 225–227 Housing Development Board (HDB) [Singapore], 228–230 Houston Natural Gas (US), 217 Houten, Frans van, 250 Huawei, 55, 60 Hughes, Chris, 128 Human capital definition of, 235 New Zealand's Living Standards Framework on, 235fig–236 Humanity Forward, 239–240 Human rights, Singapore's regulation of, 123 Hungary erosion of political center in, 83–84 Fidesz-KNDP coalition in, 83 financial crisis (2008) impact on, 112, 113 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig I IBM, 139 Iceland, 224 IDN Media (Indonesia), 94–95, 114 IDN Media HQ (Jakarta, Indonesia), 95 Inclusive Development Index (World Economic Forum), 189, 190 Income equality Denmark's success with, 119, 186 EPI plotting union membership against, 186 stakeholder government role in enabling, 178–179, 225 union membership impact on, 186 universal basic income (UBI) concept of, 239 See also Prosperity Income inequality COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73 Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth graph, 137–138fig First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 Gini Indices on China and India impact on, 37fig–38, 226 history of US, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 impact on the global economic system by, 36–41 Kuznets curve on problem of, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave on, 45fig–46 wealth inequality higher than, 41 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018) on, 38, 138fig See also Inequalities; Wealth inequality Independent contractors (freelancers), 237–238, 240–243 Independent Drivers Guild (New York), 238, 241–242 India continued trust in public institutions in, 196 COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 66, 67, 68–69 demographic changes in, 161 economic growth (1980s-2020) in, 66, 67–69, 96–97 gig workers of, 240, 243 Gini Indices on global income inequality impact of, 37fig–38 increasing national income inequality in, 40 protectionist policies and License Raj system of, 67, 69 WHO on unsafe air (2019) in, 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on rising inequality in, 72–73fig Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), 68 Indignados protest (Spain), 40, 86 Indochina (19th century), 56 Indonesia Bandung entrepreneurs story (2012) on MYCL, 93–94, 96, 98, 114 continued trust in public institutions in, 196 economic recession (1997) in, 98, 109 gig workers of, 237, 240 globalization success stories in, 93–99 history of international trade by, 97 IDN Media, 94–95, 114 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 Spice Islands trade (Maluku Islands), 100 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Industrial Revolution (19th century), 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134, 161 Inequalities Benioff on the problem of growing, 210 Big Tech widening, 210 COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 “digital divide,” 227 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Wealth inequality Inflation rates debt burden and low, 33 low-interest rates and low, 31–33 Infosys [India], 68 Infrastructure increasing funding gap (2016–2040) for, 32 New Zealand's physical capital, 235fig–236 Institute of International Finance (IIF), 27 Institutions international, 178, 179, 194, 196–197 loss of trust in public, 196 stakeholder model on need for robust, 185, 193–198 Intel, 141 Interest rates COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 31 low inflation and low, 31–33 US Federal Reserve (2009–2019), 31 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [UN], 51, 149 Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) report [2019], 51 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now World Bank), 6 International Business Council (World Economic Forum), 193, 214, 249 International communities aim to preserve peace, 179 civil society and the, 237–238 as key stakeholders, 178 weakening of institutions of, 194, 196–197 See also specific international community International Monetary Fund (IMF) continued low global GDP growth expectation by, 26–27 creation of the, 6 GDP measure used by, 24 on increasing rates of median debt by mid-2021, 28 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 2020 fiscal monitor of, 19 World Economic Outlook (2020) on ASEAN economies, 65–66 Internet “digital divide” and, 227 improving digital connectivity to, 225, 227–228, 232 Internet Agenda (World Economic Forum), 246 Internet Explorer, 139 Internet of Things, 18, 72, 161 InterNorth (US), 217, 218 Ireland, 194 Iron Curtain, 77, 80 Israel OPEC members in opposition to, 12 Yom Kippur War, 12 Italy COVID-19 pandemic impact on economy of, 68 erosion of the political center in, 83 Five Star Movement in, 83, 87–88 Marshall Plan to rebuild economy of, 6 Pitchfork protests (2013), 86 ruined post-World War II economy of, 5 J Jacobin Magazine (socialist publication), 243 Japan demographic decline in, 161 Second World War occupation of Chinese territory by, 56 Japanese economy economic boom (1945–1970s) in, 8, 109 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 ruined post-World War II, 5 Jensen, Claus, 117 Jobs, Steve, 126 Johnson, Lyndon B., 135, 184 Jordan, 162 JPMorgan Chase, 132 Julius, Otto, 9 K Kambhampati, Uma, 224 Kennedy, John F., 76 Kenya, 27, 70 Keynes, John Maynard, 103, 104 Khadija, 99 Khan, Lina, 127, 140 Klein, Alice, 220 Klein, Ezra, 231–232 Kohl, Helmut, 78, 81 KPMG (US), 215, 250 Krugman, Paul, 127–128 Kuznets, Simon Smith, 21–25, 34, 44–45, 53, 234 Kuznets' theories Environmental Kuznets Curve, 21–22, 46–47, 53 on mistaken pursuit of GDP growth, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 on problem of income inequality, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave, 45fig–46 L Labor force automation challenges for, 115–126 collective bargaining in European countries, 10 comparison of US and Danish approach to, 117–120, 123 constructive relationship between Danish companies and, 117–120 Financial Times on loss of manufacturing jobs (1990–2016), 120 gig economy, 237–238, 240–243 increased female participation in the, 9 US and UK politically polarizing, 122–123 Labor market reskilling American labor market deficiencies in, 121–122 Denmark's “Active Labour Market Policies,” 120–121 Labor strikes call for global Uber and Lyft (2019), 187 UK miners' strike, 122 US air traffic controllers, 122 Labor unions collective bargaining, 10, 14, 17 EPI plotting income inequality against history of, 186 high membership in Denmark, 240 stakeholder approach to modern, 240–243 strikes held by, 122 Laissez-faire economy, 225 Lakner, Christoph, 137, 138 Lasn, Kalle, 40 Latin American countries average economic mobility improvement in, 44 capitalism vs. communism ideological battle in, 7 dropping voter turnout for elections in, 188 emerging markets in, 63 income inequality in, 40 “reefer ships” (1870s) and international trade by, 104, 110 “21st century socialism” of, 225 See also specific country “League of Legends” game, 60 Lee Hsien Loong, 230 Lee, Kai-Fu, 143 Legacy preferences (university admissions), 226 Lega (League) [Germany], 83, 88 Legatum Prosperity Index (2019), 231 Lenin, Vladimir, 22 Leonhard, David, 140 LGBTQ people, 123, 195 LGBTQ rights groups, 243 Liberal political parties (Europe), 188 License Raj system (India), 67, 69 “The Limits to Growth” study (Peccei), 47, 48, 52 Lin, David, 49 LinkedIn (US), 211 “Little Mermaid” statue (Copenhagen), 200 Liu Guohong, 57 Living Standards Framework (LSF) [New Zealand], 222–223, 234–236 Local government.

…

See Stakeholder capitalism “21st century socialism,” 225 U UAE, 181 Uber (US), 187, 238, 241 Uganda, 70 Uggla, Ane Mærsk Mc-Kinney, 204 Ukrainian gig workers, 240, 243 Ungor, Murat, 222 United Kingdom (UK) Brexit vote (2016) in, 80 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134 first wave of globalization (19th century–1914), 102–105 Luddites (19th-century England), 115 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 stakeholder model driving economic policies (1980s) of, 14 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig wealth inequality turn of the 20th century in, 104 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) [2015], 150 Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 150 Environmental International Resources Panel, 49 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 50 global government role of, 196 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 51, 149 as an international community stakeholder, 178 IPBES report (2019), 51 IPCC global warming report (2018), 51 Migration Agency (IOM), 52 Paris Agreement (2015) framework by the, 150, 165, 182, 183, 189, 198 Sustainable Development Goals, 189, 206, 207, 250 Water agency, 49–50 World Meteorological Organization, 51 United States Black Lives Matter movement in the, 186 comparison of labor approach in Denmark vs., 117–120, 123 dropping voter turnover and social unrest in the, 188 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 132–134 gig workers making less in the, 238 government debt of the, 30–31 health coverage disparities in the, 43 high cost of health care in the, 227, 231, 232 history of income inequality in the, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 as ill-prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic, 186 Marshall Plan to rebuild European economy by the, 6–7 9/11 terrorist attacks against, 17, 18 Pearl Harbor attack against, 17 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 post-war baby boom in, 8 See also California; New York City; US economy Universal basic income (UBI), 239 Universal Postal Union, 197, 198 “The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution” (Davos Manifesto 2020), 191–192 University of Chicago (Chicago School), 14, 136, 140 University of Kharkiv, 22 University of Leuven, 243 University of Liverpool, 224 University of Reading, 224 Upwork (US), 237, 240 Urbanization metatrend, 159–160 Urban Radar (US), 163 US Business Roundtable, 250 US dollar currency, 31 US economic policies overly focused on GDP growth, 25 stakeholder model driving 1980s, 14 US economy economic boom (1945–1970s) of the, 8 economic development curve (1920s), 23 Federal Reserve interest rates (2009–2019), 31 See also Big Tech; United States US government bonds, 31 Utomo, William, 94–95, 96, 114 Utomo, Winston, 94–95, 96 V Value creation company aim to generate profits and, 179 environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives of, 185, 193 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics to measure stakeholder, 193, 214–215 stakeholder capitalism's appropriate measurement of, 185 stakeholder model beliefs on sharing and, 184–185 The Value of Everything (Mazzucato), 184 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 132 Venezuela, 225 The Verge, 239 Vestager, Margarethe, 211 Vietnam economy ongoing through COVID crisis, 109 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 state capitalism model of, 173 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Volksparteien (Germany), 80, 83 W Wage “decoupling” practice, 34 Walesa, Lech, 83 Wall Street Journal “Competition is for Losers” editorial (Thiel), 208–209 on lower global GDP growth, 25 on rising global debt (2020), 28 Ward, Barbara, 11 Warner, Charles Dudley, 133 War on Poverty, 135 Warren, Elizabeth, 127, 128 Warsaw Pact, 77 Washington Post, 121, 221 Water resources microplastics pollution of, 50 UN Water agency on state of, 50 Waze app (Israel), 33 Wealth inequality consequences of increasing, 42–43 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 health, social mobility, and, 41–46 as higher than income inequality, 41 the one percent and, 41–42 United Kingdom turn of the 20th century, 104 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Inequalities Wealth Project, 191 Weiszacker, Richard von, 76–77 West Berlin (West Germany), 75–77, 88, 89 West Germany Berlin Wall (1961–1989) dividing East and, 75–77, 88, 89 Marshall Plan to rebuild, 6–7 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 reunification of East and, 17, 78 ruined post-World War II economy of, 4–5 Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Works Council Act (1952) of, 10 See also East Germany; Germany West Java entrepreneur story (2012), 93–94 WhatsApp (US), 211 Wheatley, James, 27 Windows Media Player (Microsoft), 139 Wipro [India], 68 Wired magazine, 59, 128, 149, 242 Wirtschaftswunder (German economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Wolf, Martin, 62 Women as effective government leaders during COVID-19 pandemic, 224 increased education and labor-force participation of, 9 political issue of gender representation of, 188–189 Women's liberation trends (21st century), 9–10 Wood, Alex, 242 Works Council Act (1952) [Germany], 10 World Bank creation of the, 6 on education levels in Africa and South Asia (2018), 44 GDP measure used by, 24 on Indonesia's prudent economic management, 98 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 World Economic Forum advocating long-term perspective by companies, 250 Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (San Francisco, 2017) of the, 144 CEO Climate Leaders group at the, 167 climate change solutions sought by, 162, 164–165 COVID-19 pandemic accusations against, 87 Davos Manifesto (1973), 13–14, 88, 213 Davos Manifesto (2020), 191–192, 213 European Management Forum forerunner of, 11, 15 facilitating German reunification process, 78 Global Competitiveness Index and Inclusive Development Index of, 189, 190 global membership (1980s) of the, 15 Global Risks annual report by the, 52 Global Shapers network of, 245, 246 Global Social Mobility index (2020), 43–44 on global warming (1973), 47 International Business Council of the, 193, 214, 249 Internet Agenda of the, 246 Jack Ma as “Young Global Leader,” 128 on pension savings gap, 32–33 presentation on societal unrest to, 85–86 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics initiative, 193, 214–215, 249, 250–251 World Economic Forum Annual Meetings (Davos) Annual Meeting in New York (2002), 17–18 Benioff's comments on need to shift toward stakeholder model, 201 the first European Management Forum (1971), 11, 88 Greta Thunberg's speech (2019) at, 53, 147, 149–150, 168, 250 Marc Benioff's speech on capitalism (2020) during, 164, 211 Net-Zero Challenge invitation to participates in, 162 Peccei's keynote speech (1973) at, 13, 47, 52 as platform for German reunification process (1990), 78 viritual meeting (2020) during COVID-19 pandemic, 250 World Health Organization (WHO) proposed integrating antitrust measures into, 142 on public health care spending, 32 on unsafe air of polluted cities (2019), 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL), 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018), 38, 138fig World Meteorological Organization, 51 World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Judges of the, 197 China's membership in, 18, 59, 64 as an international community stakeholder, 178 World War I ending first wave of globalization, 105 Germany's “Never Again War” rallying cry after, 4 technology as destructive power during, 134 Treat of Versailles (1919) ending, 5–6 World War II division of East and West Germany after end of, 75–76 global economic development following end of, 3, 7–11, 251 low GDP at end of the, 105 Pearl Harbor attack against US, 17 ruinous state of Germany by end of, 4 “Stunde Null” (or “Zero Hour”) [May 8, 1945] ending, 5 tanks and planes technologies during, 134 Wozniak, Steve, 126, 128 Wu, Tim, 126–127, 128, 137, 139, 140, 145 X Xi Jinping, 62, 100, 184 Y Yang, Andrew, 239 Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes) protests (France), 86–87, 195 Yom Kippur War, 12 Yoshida Shigeru, 8 YouGov–Bertelsmann globalization poll (2018), 97 Youth for Climate movement (2017) [France], 86 Z Zambia, 64 Zeppelin (German manufacturer), 4 Zermatt (Switzerland), 51–52 ZF (Zeppelin Foundation), 6–9, 16, 18 Zhangjiang hi-tech zone (Shanghai, China), 61 Zhongguancun neighborhood (Beijing, China), 61 ZIP codes, 3 ZTE (China), 55, 60 Zuckerberg, Mark, 128, 212 Zucman, Gabriel, 41, 127 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA.

Stakeholder Capitalism: A Global Economy That Works for Progress, People and Planet
by Klaus Schwab and Peter Vanham
Published 27 Jan 2021

The price of the world's most important energy source rose fourfold in 1973 and then doubled in 1979, as the major oil-producing and -exporting countries (OPEC)—many of them former Middle Eastern and Arabian colonies of the European powers—flexed their muscles. Controlling the vast majority of the global oil supply at the time, the OPEC countries decided to implement an oil embargo in response to the Yom Kippur War. During that war, many of OPEC's Arab members opposed Israel, which during and after the armed conflict expanded its territory in the region. The embargo, targeted mainly against Israel's western allies including the US and the UK, was very effective. It was no wonder perhaps, that the OPEC countries used their newly gained market power.

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Moller–Maersk case study on efforts to reduce, 167–168 Boston Consulting Group study on reducing, 167 CO2 emissions, 160, 161, 165–166, 182, 200, 202, 203, 207 EU's emissions cap-and-trade scheme to lower, 166, 183 fossil fuels, 49 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics used to measure reduced, 249 See also Climate change; Pollution Green New Deal (EU), 183 Greenpeace, 50 Die Grünen (the Greens) [Germany], 78–79 The Guardian, 223 H Hartmann machine works (Chemnitz, Kingdom of Saxony), 103fig Hartmann, Richard, 103 Harvard Business School, 11 Health care COVID-19 pandemic revealing inequalities in, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 digital connectivity providing access to, 227–228 effective government focus on, 225–227 high EU percentage of GDP spent on, 231 high US cost of, 227, 231, 232 improving access in China, 225–226 Singapore's universal health care system, 230–232 Health inequalities COVID-19 pandemic revealing, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 health insurance, 43 wealth inequality, social mobility, and related, 41–42 Healthy365 app (Singapore), 232 Hess-Maier, Dorothee, 9 High-quality debt, 29 Hiroshima bombing (1945), 5 Hirsch, Jeffrey, 240 Hitachi (Japan), 142 Hong Kong carbon footprint per capita, 159 globalization driving economic growth of, 98 Nanyang Commercial Bank of, 57–58 See also Asian Tigers Horowitz, Sara, 242 Housing financial crisis 2008 and loss of, 227 redlining discriminatory practice, 226 Singapore's HDB public, 228–230 stakeholder government providing access to, 225–227 Housing Development Board (HDB) [Singapore], 228–230 Houston Natural Gas (US), 217 Houten, Frans van, 250 Huawei, 55, 60 Hughes, Chris, 128 Human capital definition of, 235 New Zealand's Living Standards Framework on, 235fig–236 Humanity Forward, 239–240 Human rights, Singapore's regulation of, 123 Hungary erosion of political center in, 83–84 Fidesz-KNDP coalition in, 83 financial crisis (2008) impact on, 112, 113 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig I IBM, 139 Iceland, 224 IDN Media (Indonesia), 94–95, 114 IDN Media HQ (Jakarta, Indonesia), 95 Inclusive Development Index (World Economic Forum), 189, 190 Income equality Denmark's success with, 119, 186 EPI plotting union membership against, 186 stakeholder government role in enabling, 178–179, 225 union membership impact on, 186 universal basic income (UBI) concept of, 239 See also Prosperity Income inequality COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73 Elephant Curve of Global Inequality and Growth graph, 137–138fig First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 Gini Indices on China and India impact on, 37fig–38, 226 history of US, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 impact on the global economic system by, 36–41 Kuznets curve on problem of, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave on, 45fig–46 wealth inequality higher than, 41 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018) on, 38, 138fig See also Inequalities; Wealth inequality Independent contractors (freelancers), 237–238, 240–243 Independent Drivers Guild (New York), 238, 241–242 India continued trust in public institutions in, 196 COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 66, 67, 68–69 demographic changes in, 161 economic growth (1980s-2020) in, 66, 67–69, 96–97 gig workers of, 240, 243 Gini Indices on global income inequality impact of, 37fig–38 increasing national income inequality in, 40 protectionist policies and License Raj system of, 67, 69 WHO on unsafe air (2019) in, 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on rising inequality in, 72–73fig Indian Institutes of Technology (IIT), 68 Indignados protest (Spain), 40, 86 Indochina (19th century), 56 Indonesia Bandung entrepreneurs story (2012) on MYCL, 93–94, 96, 98, 114 continued trust in public institutions in, 196 economic recession (1997) in, 98, 109 gig workers of, 237, 240 globalization success stories in, 93–99 history of international trade by, 97 IDN Media, 94–95, 114 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 Spice Islands trade (Maluku Islands), 100 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Industrial Revolution (19th century), 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134, 161 Inequalities Benioff on the problem of growing, 210 Big Tech widening, 210 COVID-19 pandemic revealing increased, 3–4, 43, 73, 227 “digital divide,” 227 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Wealth inequality Inflation rates debt burden and low, 33 low-interest rates and low, 31–33 Infosys [India], 68 Infrastructure increasing funding gap (2016–2040) for, 32 New Zealand's physical capital, 235fig–236 Institute of International Finance (IIF), 27 Institutions international, 178, 179, 194, 196–197 loss of trust in public, 196 stakeholder model on need for robust, 185, 193–198 Intel, 141 Interest rates COVID-19 pandemic impact on, 31 low inflation and low, 31–33 US Federal Reserve (2009–2019), 31 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) [UN], 51, 149 Intergovernmental Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystems Services (IPBES) report [2019], 51 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (now World Bank), 6 International Business Council (World Economic Forum), 193, 214, 249 International communities aim to preserve peace, 179 civil society and the, 237–238 as key stakeholders, 178 weakening of institutions of, 194, 196–197 See also specific international community International Monetary Fund (IMF) continued low global GDP growth expectation by, 26–27 creation of the, 6 GDP measure used by, 24 on increasing rates of median debt by mid-2021, 28 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 2020 fiscal monitor of, 19 World Economic Outlook (2020) on ASEAN economies, 65–66 Internet “digital divide” and, 227 improving digital connectivity to, 225, 227–228, 232 Internet Agenda (World Economic Forum), 246 Internet Explorer, 139 Internet of Things, 18, 72, 161 InterNorth (US), 217, 218 Ireland, 194 Iron Curtain, 77, 80 Israel OPEC members in opposition to, 12 Yom Kippur War, 12 Italy COVID-19 pandemic impact on economy of, 68 erosion of the political center in, 83 Five Star Movement in, 83, 87–88 Marshall Plan to rebuild economy of, 6 Pitchfork protests (2013), 86 ruined post-World War II economy of, 5 J Jacobin Magazine (socialist publication), 243 Japan demographic decline in, 161 Second World War occupation of Chinese territory by, 56 Japanese economy economic boom (1945–1970s) in, 8, 109 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 ruined post-World War II, 5 Jensen, Claus, 117 Jobs, Steve, 126 Johnson, Lyndon B., 135, 184 Jordan, 162 JPMorgan Chase, 132 Julius, Otto, 9 K Kambhampati, Uma, 224 Kennedy, John F., 76 Kenya, 27, 70 Keynes, John Maynard, 103, 104 Khadija, 99 Khan, Lina, 127, 140 Klein, Alice, 220 Klein, Ezra, 231–232 Kohl, Helmut, 78, 81 KPMG (US), 215, 250 Krugman, Paul, 127–128 Kuznets, Simon Smith, 21–25, 34, 44–45, 53, 234 Kuznets' theories Environmental Kuznets Curve, 21–22, 46–47, 53 on mistaken pursuit of GDP growth, 21–25, 34, 46, 53 on problem of income inequality, 34–41, 44–45 Kuznets Wave, 45fig–46 L Labor force automation challenges for, 115–126 collective bargaining in European countries, 10 comparison of US and Danish approach to, 117–120, 123 constructive relationship between Danish companies and, 117–120 Financial Times on loss of manufacturing jobs (1990–2016), 120 gig economy, 237–238, 240–243 increased female participation in the, 9 US and UK politically polarizing, 122–123 Labor market reskilling American labor market deficiencies in, 121–122 Denmark's “Active Labour Market Policies,” 120–121 Labor strikes call for global Uber and Lyft (2019), 187 UK miners' strike, 122 US air traffic controllers, 122 Labor unions collective bargaining, 10, 14, 17 EPI plotting income inequality against history of, 186 high membership in Denmark, 240 stakeholder approach to modern, 240–243 strikes held by, 122 Laissez-faire economy, 225 Lakner, Christoph, 137, 138 Lasn, Kalle, 40 Latin American countries average economic mobility improvement in, 44 capitalism vs. communism ideological battle in, 7 dropping voter turnout for elections in, 188 emerging markets in, 63 income inequality in, 40 “reefer ships” (1870s) and international trade by, 104, 110 “21st century socialism” of, 225 See also specific country “League of Legends” game, 60 Lee Hsien Loong, 230 Lee, Kai-Fu, 143 Legacy preferences (university admissions), 226 Lega (League) [Germany], 83, 88 Legatum Prosperity Index (2019), 231 Lenin, Vladimir, 22 Leonhard, David, 140 LGBTQ people, 123, 195 LGBTQ rights groups, 243 Liberal political parties (Europe), 188 License Raj system (India), 67, 69 “The Limits to Growth” study (Peccei), 47, 48, 52 Lin, David, 49 LinkedIn (US), 211 “Little Mermaid” statue (Copenhagen), 200 Liu Guohong, 57 Living Standards Framework (LSF) [New Zealand], 222–223, 234–236 Local government.

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See Stakeholder capitalism “21st century socialism,” 225 U UAE, 181 Uber (US), 187, 238, 241 Uganda, 70 Uggla, Ane Mærsk Mc-Kinney, 204 Ukrainian gig workers, 240, 243 Ungor, Murat, 222 United Kingdom (UK) Brexit vote (2016) in, 80 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 56, 71, 108, 116, 119, 130–134 first wave of globalization (19th century–1914), 102–105 Luddites (19th-century England), 115 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 stakeholder model driving economic policies (1980s) of, 14 vote for right-wing populist parties (2000, 2017–2019), 84fig wealth inequality turn of the 20th century in, 104 United Nations Climate Change Conference (COP21) [2015], 150 Earth Summit (Rio de Janeiro, 1992), 150 Environmental International Resources Panel, 49 Food and Agricultural Organization (FAO), 50 global government role of, 196 Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change (IPCC), 51, 149 as an international community stakeholder, 178 IPBES report (2019), 51 IPCC global warming report (2018), 51 Migration Agency (IOM), 52 Paris Agreement (2015) framework by the, 150, 165, 182, 183, 189, 198 Sustainable Development Goals, 189, 206, 207, 250 Water agency, 49–50 World Meteorological Organization, 51 United States Black Lives Matter movement in the, 186 comparison of labor approach in Denmark vs., 117–120, 123 dropping voter turnover and social unrest in the, 188 erosion of the political center in, 80 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) in the, 132–134 gig workers making less in the, 238 government debt of the, 30–31 health coverage disparities in the, 43 high cost of health care in the, 227, 231, 232 history of income inequality in the, 34–36, 38–39fig, 88–89 as ill-prepared for the COVID-19 pandemic, 186 Marshall Plan to rebuild European economy by the, 6–7 9/11 terrorist attacks against, 17, 18 Pearl Harbor attack against, 17 polarizing labor politics in the, 122–123 post-war baby boom in, 8 See also California; New York City; US economy Universal basic income (UBI), 239 Universal Postal Union, 197, 198 “The Universal Purpose of a Company in the Fourth Industrial Revolution” (Davos Manifesto 2020), 191–192 University of Chicago (Chicago School), 14, 136, 140 University of Kharkiv, 22 University of Leuven, 243 University of Liverpool, 224 University of Reading, 224 Upwork (US), 237, 240 Urbanization metatrend, 159–160 Urban Radar (US), 163 US Business Roundtable, 250 US dollar currency, 31 US economic policies overly focused on GDP growth, 25 stakeholder model driving 1980s, 14 US economy economic boom (1945–1970s) of the, 8 economic development curve (1920s), 23 Federal Reserve interest rates (2009–2019), 31 See also Big Tech; United States US government bonds, 31 Utomo, William, 94–95, 96, 114 Utomo, Winston, 94–95, 96 V Value creation company aim to generate profits and, 179 environment, social, and governance (ESG) objectives of, 185, 193 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics to measure stakeholder, 193, 214–215 stakeholder capitalism's appropriate measurement of, 185 stakeholder model beliefs on sharing and, 184–185 The Value of Everything (Mazzucato), 184 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 132 Venezuela, 225 The Verge, 239 Vestager, Margarethe, 211 Vietnam economy ongoing through COVID crisis, 109 IT and Internet revolution role in expanding economy of, 137 predicted economic growth (2020–2021) in, 65–66 state capitalism model of, 173 tech unicorns of, 66, 67fig Volksparteien (Germany), 80, 83 W Wage “decoupling” practice, 34 Walesa, Lech, 83 Wall Street Journal “Competition is for Losers” editorial (Thiel), 208–209 on lower global GDP growth, 25 on rising global debt (2020), 28 Ward, Barbara, 11 Warner, Charles Dudley, 133 War on Poverty, 135 Warren, Elizabeth, 127, 128 Warsaw Pact, 77 Washington Post, 121, 221 Water resources microplastics pollution of, 50 UN Water agency on state of, 50 Waze app (Israel), 33 Wealth inequality consequences of increasing, 42–43 First Industrial Revolution (19th century) and, 132–134 health, social mobility, and, 41–46 as higher than income inequality, 41 the one percent and, 41–42 United Kingdom turn of the 20th century, 104 World Inequality Lab (WIL) on India and China's, 72–73fig See also Income inequality; Inequalities Wealth Project, 191 Weiszacker, Richard von, 76–77 West Berlin (West Germany), 75–77, 88, 89 West Germany Berlin Wall (1961–1989) dividing East and, 75–77, 88, 89 Marshall Plan to rebuild, 6–7 reconstruction of post-war society and, 8 reunification of East and, 17, 78 ruined post-World War II economy of, 4–5 Wirtschaftswunder (economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Works Council Act (1952) of, 10 See also East Germany; Germany West Java entrepreneur story (2012), 93–94 WhatsApp (US), 211 Wheatley, James, 27 Windows Media Player (Microsoft), 139 Wipro [India], 68 Wired magazine, 59, 128, 149, 242 Wirtschaftswunder (German economic miracle) [1945–early 1970s], 8 Wolf, Martin, 62 Women as effective government leaders during COVID-19 pandemic, 224 increased education and labor-force participation of, 9 political issue of gender representation of, 188–189 Women's liberation trends (21st century), 9–10 Wood, Alex, 242 Works Council Act (1952) [Germany], 10 World Bank creation of the, 6 on education levels in Africa and South Asia (2018), 44 GDP measure used by, 24 on Indonesia's prudent economic management, 98 lack of representation evidenced in, 197 World Economic Forum advocating long-term perspective by companies, 250 Centre for the Fourth Industrial Revolution (San Francisco, 2017) of the, 144 CEO Climate Leaders group at the, 167 climate change solutions sought by, 162, 164–165 COVID-19 pandemic accusations against, 87 Davos Manifesto (1973), 13–14, 88, 213 Davos Manifesto (2020), 191–192, 213 European Management Forum forerunner of, 11, 15 facilitating German reunification process, 78 Global Competitiveness Index and Inclusive Development Index of, 189, 190 global membership (1980s) of the, 15 Global Risks annual report by the, 52 Global Shapers network of, 245, 246 Global Social Mobility index (2020), 43–44 on global warming (1973), 47 International Business Council of the, 193, 214, 249 Internet Agenda of the, 246 Jack Ma as “Young Global Leader,” 128 on pension savings gap, 32–33 presentation on societal unrest to, 85–86 Stakeholder Capitalism Metrics initiative, 193, 214–215, 249, 250–251 World Economic Forum Annual Meetings (Davos) Annual Meeting in New York (2002), 17–18 Benioff's comments on need to shift toward stakeholder model, 201 the first European Management Forum (1971), 11, 88 Greta Thunberg's speech (2019) at, 53, 147, 149–150, 168, 250 Marc Benioff's speech on capitalism (2020) during, 164, 211 Net-Zero Challenge invitation to participates in, 162 Peccei's keynote speech (1973) at, 13, 47, 52 as platform for German reunification process (1990), 78 viritual meeting (2020) during COVID-19 pandemic, 250 World Health Organization (WHO) proposed integrating antitrust measures into, 142 on public health care spending, 32 on unsafe air of polluted cities (2019), 72 World Inequality Lab (WIL), 72–73fig World Inequality Report (2018), 38, 138fig World Meteorological Organization, 51 World Trade Organization (WTO) Appellate Judges of the, 197 China's membership in, 18, 59, 64 as an international community stakeholder, 178 World War I ending first wave of globalization, 105 Germany's “Never Again War” rallying cry after, 4 technology as destructive power during, 134 Treat of Versailles (1919) ending, 5–6 World War II division of East and West Germany after end of, 75–76 global economic development following end of, 3, 7–11, 251 low GDP at end of the, 105 Pearl Harbor attack against US, 17 ruinous state of Germany by end of, 4 “Stunde Null” (or “Zero Hour”) [May 8, 1945] ending, 5 tanks and planes technologies during, 134 Wozniak, Steve, 126, 128 Wu, Tim, 126–127, 128, 137, 139, 140, 145 X Xi Jinping, 62, 100, 184 Y Yang, Andrew, 239 Yellow Vests (Gilets Jaunes) protests (France), 86–87, 195 Yom Kippur War, 12 Yoshida Shigeru, 8 YouGov–Bertelsmann globalization poll (2018), 97 Youth for Climate movement (2017) [France], 86 Z Zambia, 64 Zeppelin (German manufacturer), 4 Zermatt (Switzerland), 51–52 ZF (Zeppelin Foundation), 6–9, 16, 18 Zhangjiang hi-tech zone (Shanghai, China), 61 Zhongguancun neighborhood (Beijing, China), 61 ZIP codes, 3 ZTE (China), 55, 60 Zuckerberg, Mark, 128, 212 Zucman, Gabriel, 41, 127 WILEY END USER LICENSE AGREEMENT Go to www.wiley.com/go/eula to access Wiley’s ebook EULA.

Invention: A Life
by James Dyson
Published 6 Sep 2021

I sold Sea Trucks in Norway to lay underwater phone lines, Sea Trucks to many foreign armies and navies, and Sea Trucks as passenger ferries. I sold Sea Trucks to the Egyptian Special Boat Brigade, who, excited by their low profile—they were hard to hit with gunfire—used them to storm Sinai during the Yom Kippur War. I also sold Sea Trucks to the Israelis. With its bow flap lowered in seconds, commandos could sprint out onto landing grounds. The Royal Navy said it would buy Sea Trucks if they could be armor-plated, but this would have weighed them down and lost the boats’ advantage of stealth and speed. We did, though, meet the Royal Navy’s requirements with Sea Trucks commissioned to ferry stores and personnel and to recover torpedoes.

…

Televisions at home, with their three channels, had nothing to show after 10:30 p.m. These odd, dark days overlapped with the oil crisis when petrol was severely rationed and 50 mph speed limits were imposed on British motorways following the decision of OPEC to restrict the supply of oil to countries that had supported Israel during the Yom Kippur War. Unemployment had already topped a million, the highest it had been since the 1930s, and in January 1974 Britain was officially in recession for the first time since the end of the Second World War. There were other major changes to life in Britain in these uncertain years. The currency was decimalized and, after years of trying—and a 356–224 vote in the House of Commons—the United Kingdom joined the European Economic Community.

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See also Ballbarrow Wheeler, Schuyler 163–64 Whittle, Sir Frank 56–58, 122, 151, 264, 282, 293, 298 Whitworth, Joseph 262 Whitworth Scholarships 262 Wilkinson, Chris 120, 121–22, 125–26, 184, 189, 229, 269, 275–76, 290–91 Wilkinson, Diana 122 WilkinsonEyre 120–21, 211, 230, 276, 279 Williams Racing 221 Williams, David 104 Wilson, Harold 65 Wilson, Jim 10 Wiltshire Engineering Festival 239 Wimbledon School of Art 25 wind turbines 258 Winter of Discontent (1979) 81 Witherow, John 256 WMG (Warwick Manufacturing Group) department at the University of Warwick 274–75 Wolfson, Isaac 109 Wood, Leslie Ashwell 17 Wood, Sir Martin 6 Worboys, Nick 249 Wrong Garden 135, 137–38, 138 Wyatt, James 72, 293 Yes (band) 28 Yom Kippur War (1973) 47–48, 65 Young, Arthur M. 126 Zanussi 89–90, 108 Zorb-It-Up 98, 110 Plate Section Image Credits Roofscape of Malmesbury. Photograph by Mike Cooper. The “Dyson Symphony.” Photograph by Martin Allen Photography. Contrarotator. Photograph by Mike Cooper. DC01, DC02, DC03, DC04, DC05, DC06, DC07, DC11, DC12, DC14, DC15, DC16, DC35.

Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa
by Dambisa Moyo
Published 17 Mar 2009

As such, the true value of the surfeit of aid that had gone to Africa remains open to debate, but by the beginning of the 1970s there was still not much infrastructure to speak of. The foreign aid agenda of the 1970s: the shift to a poverty focus On 17 October 1973, Arab states placed an embargo on oil as a retaliation for US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War. In just a few months, the price of petrol quadrupled, sending the global economy into turmoil. As oil prices soared, oil-exporting countries deposited the additional cash with international banks, which in turn eagerly sought to lend this money to the developing world. Lax economic and financial policies (for example, the low amounts central banks required commercial banks to keep in reserve) meant that the volume of lending to even the poorest and most un-creditworthy countries around the world was enormous.

…

(Przeworski et al.) 43 White, Harry Dexter 11 World Bank aggressive aid programmes 21 and aid diversion risk 39 aid history 11–13, 16, 17 aid to Nigeria 107 and Argentinian bonds 95–6 concessional loans 85 and corruption 52 debt relief programme 53–4 developing local bond markets 91–2 election of Justin Lin Yifu 153 and the GEMLOC Program 90 and governance reform 23 and international capital markets 92 leading aid donor 25 Operations Evaluation Department 55 and remittances 134–5 views on aid 50 World Trade Organization (WTO) 117 World Vision (charity) 7 Xu Jianxue 104–5 Yom Kippur War 15 Yunus, Muhammad 126 Zaire see Congo, Democratic Republic of Zambeef 4 Zambia aggressive privatization programme 21 Benguela railway 106 and Chinese business 104–5 and the Citizens Economic Empowerment Commission 111 economic ruin 47 first bond 89, 93 and foreign mining investment 102 and the HIPC programme 53 and microfinance 128–9 population 124 primary sources of export revenue 71–2 share of SMEs 125 and the Tanzam Railway 103–4 trade-oriented commodity-driven economy 146 Zimbabwe 108, 116, 147 Zoellick, Robert 112 Zulus 33

Ghosts of Empire: Britain's Legacies in the Modern World
by Kwasi Kwarteng
Published 14 Aug 2011

The Iraqis, it was recognized by British diplomats, wanted to develop their oil reserves to promote their general economic development. Unfortunately, the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War in October 1973 delayed Shell’s plans. At the end of that month, Patrick Wright, the head of the Middle East Department at the Foreign Office, had the ‘impression that Shell were not proceeding actively with this scheme’.34 But it was simply political circumstance, not any qualms about the nature of the Iraqi regime, which put the brakes on an oil deal with Iraq. Even after the Yom Kippur War, the Foreign Office official Stephen Egerton, an Old Etonian and Cambridge-educated Classics scholar in his late thirties, frankly admitted in December of that year that the ‘Iraqi regime is repressive and on occasion hostile; but it is apparently well in control’.

…

After all, the nationalization of the IPC echoed Nasser’s nationalization of the Suez Canal, sixteen years before. ‘Oil for the Arabs’ had become the new rallying cry of Arab nationalists since Israel’s humiliating victory in the 1967 war. The same cry would become especially resonant in the aftermath of the Yom Kippur War of 1973.23 Saddam constantly boasted of his achievement in snatching Iraq’s oil wealth from the greedy hands of the imperialists and giving it back to the Iraqi people. In a meeting of oil department bureaucrats on 1 June 1983, the eleventh anniversary of the nationalization of the IPC, he recalled that the real national independence of Iraq had not begun in 1921, nor even with the Ba’athist coup of July 1968; Iraq’s real independence, he claimed, dated from 1 June 1972.24 Always keen to burnish his credentials as an Arab nationalist, he would talk about how his relatives had been killed by the British, how his forefathers had fought bravely against the Turks.

…

‘Wake him and tell him that President Saddam would like to share your breakfast.’39 Saddam’s charismatic style was supported by huge oil revenues. The price of oil quadrupled in the latter half of the 1970s, while Iraq’s production of the fuel soared. The Iraqis now owned 100 per cent of the revenues. The Yom Kippur War had induced the Arab oil-producing states to test their economic strength by encouraging them to force up the price of oil, which had been a little over US$3 a barrel on 1 October 1973; oil cost over US$11 a barrel just three months later on New Year’s Day, 1974.40 There now flowed a torrent of wealth into the country: Iraq’s oil revenues increased from US$575 million in 1972 to over US$26 billion in 1980, an increase of nearly fifty times, in nominal terms, in just eight years.41 These were heady days in Baghdad and in Iraq generally.

On the Road: Adventures From Nixon to Trump
by James Naughtie
Published 1 Apr 2020

Being a Jewish New Yorker, he also revived my memories of days in the Catskills, never losing his amusement at the breakneck speed of my cultural immersion, and through our close friendship I also got my first real understanding of the steel-like bond that families like his felt with Israel. For most of that October he was monitoring news bulletins first thing in the morning to check the progress of ‘our’ forces in the Yom Kippur War. I had another friend whose brother was fighting in the Israeli army, and around me at Syracuse, which had a heavily Jewish student body and faculty, there was no doubt where most sympathies lay, in contrast to the attitude to Vietnam, where many Americans of their age were still bogged down, and about which a healthy majority of my fellow students was either angry to the core or, at least, profoundly uneasy and weary.

…

However much he might deserve international acclaim for bringing Anwar Sadat and Menachem Begin together to sign the Camp David Accords and break down some of the barriers between Egypt and Israel, on the home front everything seemed stagnant. There was an energy crisis. In Nixon’s time the OPEC oil embargo on the United States as a consequence of its support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War had exacerbated a problem that had been building up for a decade. America couldn’t pump enough oil to satisfy demand, and new environmental protections were putting extra limits on production. In 1974, a speed limit of 55mph was placed on all highways to cut gasoline consumption. But it was Carter who reaped the whirlwind.

…

B., 28 White, Theodore H., 74–5 WikiLeaks, 182, 189, 290 Williams, Tennessee, 237 Wilson, Harold, 50 Winchester, Simon, 56–7 Wolfe, Tom, 42 Wolfowitz, Paul, 143 Wonder, Stevie, 121, 169 Woods, Rose Mary, 53 Woodward, Bob, 38, 57, 58, 80 Wordsworth, Dorothy, 38 ‘Wordsworth, Pornography and Mr Nixon’ (Naughtie), 38 World, The, 29 World at One, The, 5, 75, 106, 109 World-Telegram, 29 World Trade Center (WTC), 33, 63, 137 Worsthorne, Claudie, 50 Worsthorne, Peregrine, 50 WVNS, 209 Wynette, Tammy, 102, 103 xenophobia, 186, 206 Yasgur, Max, 19 Yearling Row Ranch, 100 YMCA, 43, 51 Yom Kippur War, 45, 69 Young, Andy, 155 Young Republicans, 154 Ziad Abu Ein, 78–80 Ziegler, Ron, 56 We hope you enjoyed reading this Simon & Schuster ebook. Join our mailing list to get updates on new releases, deals, recommended reads, and more from Simon & Schuster. CLICK HERE TO SIGN UP Already a subscriber?

Pegasus: How a Spy in Your Pocket Threatens the End of Privacy, Dignity, and Democracy
by Laurent Richard and Sandrine Rigaud
Published 17 Jan 2023

Americans are big enough that they can take a huge blow at the beginning of [World War II], and they can, you know, kick your ass after three or four years. We don’t have three or four years. We have forty-eight hours. This is the way we live. Intelligence is very important.” That imperative was hardened and purified into something like steel after the Yom Kippur War in 1973, when Egypt and Syria launched a synchronized two-prong offensive blitz that the IDF did not see coming. By the time Israel’s under-resourced Seventh Armored Brigade halted the Syrian tanks’ advance on the Golan Heights and reinforcements helped push them back to the edge of Damascus (and “saved the State of Israel,” according to Defense Minister Moshe Dayan), the IDF had determined they would never again suffer that kind of intelligence failure.

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(see also digital forensic analyses) for Citizen Lab’s peer review development of limitations of methodology of France National Cybersecurity Agency of France (ANSSI) France 3 France24 Television Francisco Partners Freedom House, Freedom in the World Report French companies French government Macron administration subpoenas Richard Gadhafi, Muammar Gamma Group Gandhi, Rahul Georgia Germany Ghana, targets in Glassdoor Goasguen, Matthieu Golan Heights Google Gorman, Amanda Grupo Azano Grupo Higa the Guardian Guarnieri, Claudio digital forensic analyses and Forensic Methodology Report forensic tool developed by Ismayilova and Kanimba and meeting in Berlin meets Ó Cearbhaill Megalodon and methodology of Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT) and Panyi and at Paris meeting Priest and Radi and safety of Security Lab offline and security protocols created by Technical Analysis of Forensic Traces and Network Measurements Guerrero, Mexico journalist murders in student-teacher massacre in Gulf States Guzansky, Yoel Guzmán, Joaquín “El Chapo” Haaretz Hacking Team hacktivism Hammouchi, Abdellatif Harris, Shane Harvard University, Kennedy School of Government Hassan II Haya Hayut, Esther Herzliya business district, Tel Aviv the Hindu Hindustan Times Hinojosa Cantú, Juan Armando Hollande, François Hong Kong Hotel Rwanda HSBC Hulio, Shalev corporate recruitment and denial of NSO involvement in Khashoggi murder Die Zeit interview of Francisco Partners and Hanukkah retreat thrown by mad at “True Stories” NSO response and personal interest in NSO publicity campaign to defend NSO response from Human Rights Watch Hungary Huseynov, Elmar IBM iCloud accounts, fabricated IDF (Israel Defense Forces) cyberintelligence units elite intelligence unit Seventh Armored Brigade Yom Kippur War and Implant Files India as client state of NSO cybersurveillance in targeting of opposition parties in targets in threats against journalists in The Infiltrators Ingleton, Danna “Intrusion as a Service” industry Intel International Consortium of Investigative Journalists (ICIJ) International Federation for Human Rights Egypt: A Repression Made in France iPhones Iran Iraq Irish Republican Army Ismayilova, Khadija arrest of conviction of digital forensic analyses of her phones meeting with personal story of targeting of Israel Aliyev and Azerbaijan and Defense Export Control act intelligence services Ministry of Defense Morocco and National Cyber Directorate NSO and offers spyware to prospective allies Russia and Saudi Arabia and Supreme Court UAE and US and Istanbul, Turkey jailbreaks January 6 insurrection journalism collaborative. see also specific projects investigative journalistic ethics journalists (see also specific individuals; specific journalists) in Azerbaijan in Mexico in Morocco in Rwanda targeting of technical experts and Juppé, Alain Kanimba, Carine Karmi, Niv Kazakhstan Kelly, Kevin Khashoggi, Abdullah Khashoggi, Jamal assassination of targeting of Kirchgaessner, Stephanie Kishor, Prashant Knack Knaus, Gerald the Kremlin Lakhani, Nina Lakome.com Lavie, Omri Amitai and corporate recruitment and Francisco Partners and in Mexico to demonstrate Pegasus personal interest in NSO lawyers (see also specific individuals) Lebanon Le Desk Leen, Jeff Leloup, Damien Le360 Lewis, Paul L’Humanité Libya López Obrador, Andrés Manuel (AMLO) Los Zetas cartel Lőrinc Mészáros LulzSec (Laugh Out Loud Security) Macron, Emmanuel targeting of Makhzen malware 189 Mamfakinch Manning, Chelsea Mansoor, Ahmed Mansoor, Nadia Marcos, Subcomandante Marczak, Bill Martínez, Regina Mazzetti, Mark Mediapart Megalodon Mexico army (SEDENA) Center for Investigation and National Security (CISEN) corruption in Financial Intelligence Unit investigative journalism in killings in NSO and office of attorney general (PGR) protests in Microsoft Mirzali, Mahammad Mitterrand, François Mobile Verification Toolkit (MVT) Modi, Narendra Mohammed bin Salman Mohammed VI Le Monde Monjib, Maati Morocco as client state of NSO cybersurveillance in defamation lawsuits and Israel and journalists in National Brigade of Judicial Police (BNPJ) NSO and Mossack Fonseca Mossad “Mr.

…

Veracruz, Mexico Videgaray, Luis Vincenzetti, David virtual private networks (VPNs) Wall Street Journal Washington, D.C. Washington Post Global Opinion columns Khashoggi and Radi and Western Sahara WhatsApp Wickr Wikileaks the Wire Wired World Bank, Control of Corruption report world leaders (see also specific leaders) Wyoming Yom Kippur War Yunus, Leyla Ziv, Amitai ABOUT THE AUTHORS LAURENT RICHARD is a Paris-based award-winning documentary filmmaker who was named the 2018 European Journalist of the Year at the Prix Europa in Berlin. He is the founder of Forbidden Stories, a network of investigative journalists devoted to continuing the unfinished work of murdered reporters to ensure the work they died for is not buried with them.

Every Nation for Itself: Winners and Losers in a G-Zero World
by Ian Bremmer
Published 30 Apr 2012

At the time, the United States imported about 3.2 million barrels of oil per day. Over the next five years, that figure nearly doubled, and OPEC gained crucial market leverage. With each passing year, the cartel’s output decisions became more critical to the stability of oil and gasoline prices in Europe and the United States. The turning point came with the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, another Arab-Israeli conflict that provoked OPEC to again test its oil weapon. This time, the cartel members discovered they had the power to inflict real pain on the world’s most powerful economy. In retaliation for Washington’s support for Israel, OPEC members cut oil shipments to the United States and incrementally removed oil from the market at large.

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G., 86–87 Wen Jiabao, 8, 12, 21, 143 Western Europe, 46–47 oil imported by, 47 West Germany, 45, 46, 47, 53, 82, 165 Wi-Fi, 86 WikiLeaks, 75 World Bank, 4, 28, 29–30, 99, 104, 118, 134, 135 American and European influence in, 42, 43–44 creation of, 39, 43 in world currency and debt crises, 38 World Brain (Wells), 86–87 World Trade Organization, 60 Doha Round, 103 World War I, 3, 11, 40, 141, 167, 170 World War II, 11, 38–40, 56–57, 151, 170, 187 Xinhua, 8, 62, 70 Yanukovych, Viktor, 138 Yeltsin, Boris, 54 Yemen, 14, 67, 114 chaos in, 112, 175, 183 yen, 83 Yom Kippur War, 48–49 yuan: China accused of manipulation of, 79–80, 154, 161–62 as international currency, 83 Yugoslavia, 32 Zambia, 119, 120 Zimbabwe, 7–8, 130, 131–32 Zoellick, Robert, 157 ALSO BY IAN BREMMER The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations? The Fat Tail: The Power of Political Knowledge for Strategic Investing (with Preston Keat) The J Curve: A New Way to Understand Why Nations Rise and Fall Managing Strategic Surprise: Lessons from Risk Management and Risk Assessment (with Paul Bracken and David Gordon) New States, New Politics: Building the Post-Soviet Nations (with Raymond Taras) Nations and Politics in the Soviet Successor States (with Raymond Taras) Soviet Nationalities Problems (with Norman Naimark) * The New York Post probably pushed the envelope as far as it would go with the headline “Booty Gaul

And Then All Hell Broke Loose: Two Decades in the Middle East
by Richard Engel
Published 9 Feb 2016

It is also hard for Americans to appreciate the passions stirred by Sharon. Regarded by some as Israel’s greatest field commander, he’s a tough-guy hero to many Israelis for his assault of the Sinai during the 1967 war and his encirclement of the Egyptian Third Army in 1973, widely viewed as the decisive moment in the Yom Kippur War. To Palestinians, though, he is evil incarnate because of his role in the Lebanon War, in which he failed to stop the massacre in 1982 of thousands of Palestinians and Lebanese Shiites in the Sabra and Shatila refugee camps. Israeli troops encircled Sabra and Shatila and illuminated the sky while pro-Israeli Christian militiamen (the Phalanges) entered the camps and slaughtered hundreds, perhaps thousands, of Palestinians.

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Bush and, 64, 75–76, 87, 128, 129, 156 Islam and, 129 statue of, 85 Sunnis and, 8, 86, 93, 94, 97, 101 Sadr, Mohammed Sadiq al-, 85–86 Sadr, Muqtada al-, 95, 102, 118 Sagami, Saddam, 141–42 Sahhaf, Mohammed Saeed al-, 77–78, 84, 95 Salafi Muslims, 35, 40–42, 200 ISIS and, 194–95 jihadis, 35–36, 38, 45, 46 Wahhabi, see Wahhabis Saleh, Ali Abdullah, 168 Sallum, 158, 160, 162 Salmaniya Medical Complex, 157 Sana’a, 213 Saracens, 3 Satanism, 45 Sattar, Abu, 75 Saud, Amir Abdullah bin, 40 Saud clan, 40–41 Saudi Arabia, 4, 9, 35, 36, 45, 46, 117, 136, 151, 201, 207, 208, 216, 217 Bahrain and, 157 Engel’s first trip to, 38–39 oil in, 41–42, 47, 207 rehabilitation program in, 140–43, 145 Wahhabism and, 40–42, 47 sayyids, 92, 118 Second Intifada, 50, 56, 60, 62–64, 115 September 11 attacks, see 9/11 attacks sex trade, 139–40 sexuality, 15, 18, 38 homosexuality, 20, 43, 44–45 shabiha, 177–78, 185, 188, 189 Shalit, Gilad, 111–12 sharia law, 44 Sharm el-Sheikh, 154 Sharon, Ariel, 56–57, 58, 60, 63 Shatila, 57 Shia Muslims (Shiites), 2, 4, 9, 29, 34, 85–86, 91–98, 102, 107, 131, 156, 184, 209, 216 Alawite, 172, 181 in Bahrain, 157 elections and, 105 Hezbollah and, see Hezbollah in Iran, 93, 108 ISIS attacks on mosques of, 200–201 and kidnapping of Engel and crew, 189 minority status of, 93 Saddam and, 8 shabiha, 177–78, 185, 188, 189 Sicily, 65 Sidon, 4 Siniora, Fouad, 115–16, 119, 123 Sirte, 160, 163, 164, 169 Sisi, Abdel Fattah el-, 209 Sistani, Ali al-, 94, 95, 97, 102 smartphones, 152, 174 Somalia, 167, 201 Sousse rampage, 200 Soviet Union, 5, 45 Spain, 3 Spanish Inquisition, 195 suicide bombings, 99, 135, 137, 193, 211 Palestinian, 60–62 Sulayman, Khalid, 143–46 Sunni Muslims, 4, 9, 22, 29, 34, 72, 86, 91–98, 101, 102, 106, 107, 111, 117, 131, 133, 136, 137, 140, 156, 157, 172, 174, 181, 184, 189, 207, 209, 216 elections and, 105 ISIS and, see ISIS and kidnapping of Engel and crew, 189 in Mosul, 191–94 Saddam and, 8, 86, 93, 94, 97, 101 Wahhabis, see Wahhabis Syria, 1, 4–6, 9, 11, 34, 134, 142, 152, 169, 171–90, 206, 208, 213, 214 Aleppo, 166, 178, 180, 182, 183, 189, 195, 197, 217 chemical weapons in, 182–83, 190, 198 Damascus, see Damascus Daraa, 166, 171–72 Engel in, 114, 138, 171, 174–90, 195–98, 218 Engel and crew kidnapped in, 171, 184–89, 195, 197, 217–19 Free Syrian Army, 177, 179, 185, 195–98, 202 Ghouta attack in, 190 Homs, 177 Houla massacre in, 177–78 Iraq and, 138 Iraqi refugees in, 139 ISIS and, see ISIS Lebanese in, 114, 120 map of, 170 Obama and, 182–83 officials killed by bomb in, 179 Palmyra, 199–200 Qamishli, 175 Raqqa, 199 Tal Abyad, 199 uprising and civil war in, 138, 156, 163, 166, 171–90 US intervention and, 181, 190 Tabligh wa Dawa, 36–38, 43, 45 Ta’e, Uday al-, 71, 78, 84 Taher, 184, 187 Tahrir Square: demonstrations in, 151–54, 157, 166–67 shooting in front of Egyptian Museum, 23–27, 51 Tal Abyad, 199 Taliban, 17–18, 46, 130, 137, 144 Tanzania, 27 technology, 152 Internet, 131, 135–36, 141, 142, 152, 155, 172, 180, 215 phones, 152, 174, 180 Tehran, 150 Tel Aviv, 61, 123 Temple Mount, 55–58, 63 terrorism, 27, 67, 87, 132–33, 138, 146–47 Iraq war and, 146, 147 real estate law of, 142 war on, 130, 139, 146–47 Tigris River, 76, 78, 84, 94, 103 Tobruk, 158, 159, 162, 163 Today, 188 Todd, Chuck, 182 Topkapi Palace Museum, 39 Tora Bora, 130, 144 Trabelsi, Leila, 151 Transjordan, 4 Tripoli, Lebanon, 135 Tripoli, Libya, 160–68 Tulkarm, 51, 62 Tunis, 150–51 Bardo National Museum in, 200 Tunisia, 6, 136, 150–52, 159, 166, 205–6, 208 Sousse rampage in, 200 Turkey, 173–75, 188, 194, 206, 209, 214 Istanbul, 29, 156–57 Tyre, 4, 120, 122 Umayyads, 92 Umm al-Fahm, 123 Umm Qasr, 79, 83 Unification Church, 16 United Arab Emirates, 4–5 United Nations (UN), 62, 64, 97, 119, 178 and war between Israel and Lebanon, 122, 124 Security Council, 123, 216, 217 UNESCO, 199 United States, 5, 6, 9, 11, 35, 36, 38, 91 in Afghanistan war, 129–30 CIA of, 46, 129, 130, 137, 146, 174, 194 Crusades and, 30, 34, 139 Fifth Fleet of, 157 in Gulf War (1991), 8, 60, 64, 82, 86, 93, 155 Middle East policy of, 5, 35, 155, 156, 157, 169, 181, 209, 216–17 Iran nuclear deal and, 216 Iraq invaded by, 50, 70, 72, 76–87, 93, 95, 102, 107, 108, 115, 128–30, 132, 146, 215 in Iraq war, see Iraq war Marines of, 135 State Department of, 174 Syrian uprising and, 181, 190 veterans in, 131 Uthman, 92 Uzo Hotel, 159–60 Vietnam War, 125 Vikings, 29 Wahhab, Mohammed Ibn, 40 Wahhabis, 4, 21, 36, 38–43, 195 jihadists, 45 Ottomans and, 39–40 Saudi Arabia and, 40–42, 47 spread of, 41–42 Wailing Wall (Western Wall), 56 Wajjeh, 112–13 Wall Street Journal, 172 weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 64, 86, 129, 131, 132 Wedeman, Ben, 158, 159 West Bank, 11, 53–55, 58, 60, 61, 64, 124, 214 map of, 48 Operation Defensive Shield in, 62 WGBH, 63 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 3, 33 Williams, Brian, 192 Winograd Commission, 121 witchcraft, 45 women, 15, 18, 20 World, The, 63 World War I, 32–34 Middle East reorganized following, 1, 3, 4, 6, 33–35, 138 World War II, 5, 35, 105, 126, 159 Wye River Memorandum, 53 Yazid, 92–93 Yemen, 168, 213 Yom Kippur War, 57 Young Turks, 3, 32–33 YouTube, 172, 215 Zarfar, 71, 72–73, 75 Zarqa, 133 Zarqawi, Abu Musab al-, 96–98, 102, 105, 133, 143, 181, 205, 215 bin Laden and, 96, 98, 107, 131–32 death of, 106–7, 132 Internet and, 131 ISIS and, 96, 107, 132, 191, 192 videos of, 96, 132 Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 27–28 bin Laden and, 27–28, 143 Zawiya, 161 Zintan, 165–66 Zionism, 19–21, 51, 77 Simon & Schuster 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2016 by Engel Productions, Inc.

The End of the Free Market: Who Wins the War Between States and Corporations?
by Ian Bremmer
Published 12 May 2010

The First Wave—Oil as a Weapon State capitalism first began to pay dividends for a few resource-rich countries with the formation of OPEC in 1960.36 National oil companies have been around since the 1940s, but only in late 1973 did the world’s most important commodity become one of its most potent foreign-policy weapons. That’s when OPEC cut production to several countries and imposed embargoes on the United States and the Netherlands in retaliation for their support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. The price of crude oil, which had barely increased in real terms since the end of World War II, quadrupled from $3 to $12 per barrel in a matter of weeks. For OPEC member states, the crisis put an end to decades of perceived political and economic impotence, and the price shock forced the United States into a deep recession, triggered inflation, generated various forms of oil and gasoline rationing in America and Europe, and boosted the foreign-exchange reserves of the Soviet Union—buttressing its economy at a crucial historical moment.

…

Trotsky, Leon Troubled Asset Recovery Program (TARP) Troubled Asset Relief Program troubled assets Tuleyev, Aman Tunisia Turkey Twitter Tymoshenko, Yulia Ukraine Ukraine International Airlines Union Carbide United Arab Emirates United Malays National Organization (UMNO) United Nations United Nations Human Development Report United States Chinese trade with in financial crisis military of in oil embargo oil production in trade by Uzbekistan Vale Venezuela Vietnam von Mises, Ludwig Walmart Warsaw Pact Washington Mutual Wealth of Nations, The (Smith) Webb, Jim Welch, Jack Wen Jiabao Westinghouse Will, George World Bank World Economic Forum World Trade Organization (WTO) World War I World War II Yanukovych, Viktor Yeltsin, Boris Yom Kippur War yuan Yudhoyono, Susilo Bambang Yugoslavia Yukos Oil Company Yushchenko, Viktor Zakaria, Fareed Zhao Ziyang Zhu Rongji Zhu Xinli Zimbabwe Zubkov, Viktor Zuma, Jacob Zyuzin, Igor a The Washington Consensus comprises three major ideas: fiscal and budgetary discipline; a market economy, including property rights, competitive exchange rates, privatization, and deregulation; and openness to the global economy through liberalization of trade and foreign direct investment.

Seize the Daylight: The Curious and Contentious Story of Daylight Saving Time
by David Prerau
Published 1 Jan 2005

On October 6, which marked Yom Kippur (the Day of Atonement), the holiest day of the Jewish calendar, Egyptian and Syrian forces launched a surprise attack against Israel on two fronts in an effort to force Israel to surrender previously captured territories. Thus began the fourth Arab-Israeli War, known as the Yom Kippur War or the October War. When Western allies, including the United States, aided Israel with supplies, the oil-producing Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) retaliated. On October 17, Saudi Arabia, Libya, and other Arab states, which together controlled a large portion of the world’s oil, cut oil production, raised prices, and declared a complete embargo on oil exports to the United States.

…

Ward, 154 Willson, Professor Robert, 85 Wilmington, DE, 186, 187 Wilson, John, MP, 63 Wilson, President Woodrow, xi, 71, 84, 85, 89, 103, 108–110 Wingo, Representative Otis, 89 Winnipeg, Manitoba, 160 Wisconsin, 38, 106, 119, 165 Wollaston, Dr. William Hyde, 35 World War I (the Great War), 51–55, 94, 100, 101, 103, 114, 133, 135 World War II (Second World War), 141, 145, 151, 152, 159, 183, 190, 192, 217 Wright, Judge Caleb, 186 Wright, Wilbur, 21 Wyoming, 173 Yale University, 121 Yatesville, PA, 165 Yom Kippur War, 189 “You Can Have It—I Don’t Want It—Daylight Saving Time” (song), 129 Yugoslavia, 145, 185, 205

The Israel Lobby and U.S. Foreign Policy
by John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt
Published 3 Sep 2007

After averaging roughly $63 million annually from 1949 to 1965 (more than 95 percent of which was economic assistance and food aid), average aid increased to $102 million per year from 1966 to 1970. Support soared to $634.5 million in 1971 (roughly 85 percent was military assistance) and more than quintupled after the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Israel became the largest annual recipient of U.S. foreign assistance in 1976, a position it has retained ever since. Support for Israel shifted from loans to direct grants during this period, with the bulk of U.S. aid consisting of military assistance rather than economic or technical support.

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dual containment strategy “dual loyalty,”; as anti-Semitic slander Duke, David Dulles, John Foster Durbin, Richard Dymally, Mervyn Eagleburger, Lawrence Eastern Europe East Jerusalem Eban, Abba Eckstein, Yechiel economic aid Economist Edelman, Eric Editor & Publisher Edwards, John Egeland, Jan Egypt; Gaza raid (1955); peace process with Israel; Six-Day War; Suez War; U.S. aid to; War of Attrition; Yom Kippur War Eisenhower, Dwight D., Middle East policy of Eisenhower Doctrine Eitan, Rafael Eizenstat, Stuart Eldar, Akiva Ellsworth, Brad Enderlin, Charles energy companies engagement strategy Engel, Eliot Entebbe hostage rescue (1976) environment Epstein, Benjamin, The New Anti-Semitism Erbil Eshkol, Levi espionage European Union EU-3 Evans, John V.

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Israel policy Israel Defense Forces (IDF); atrocities committed by; in Lebanon war; and Operation Defensive Shield Israel Democracy Institute Israeli Air Force Israeli Arabs, discrimination against Israeli-Palestinian conflict; anti-Americanism and; First Intifada; human rights issues in; and Israeli victim myth; and Jerusalem issue; moral rationale for U.S. support of Israel in; 1948 war; after 9/11; Second Intifada; and settlement policy; Six-Day War; strategies for ending; terrorism and; and two-state solution; and UN partition plan; “virtuous Israelis” vs. “evil Arabs” myth and; Yom Kippur War; see also Arab-Israeli peace process; specific wars Israel lobby; academia and; agenda of; George W. Bush humiliated by; campaign finance reform and; Christian Zionists in; Congress and; conservatism of; and counterlobby; critics of charged with anti-Semitism; definition of; diversity and differences on policy issues within; and “dual loyalty” issue; groups in; as guiding policy process; Iran and; Iraq war and; Lebanon and; legitimacy of; literature on; media and; modus operandi of; more open debate within; neoconservative role in; objectionable tactics of; oil and; vs.

Pivotal Decade: How the United States Traded Factories for Finance in the Seventies
by Judith Stein
Published 30 Apr 2010

And, the EEC, in the process of expansion, was becoming more difficult to manage. In 1973 it gained four new nations: Great Britain, Ireland, Denmark, and Norway. The community’s internal differences made every problem with the United States seem greater than it was. Acrimony peaked when most European nations and Japan sided with the Arabs in the Yom Kippur war. They did so because of Middle East oil. President Pompidou of France told Kissinger, “You rely on the Arabs for about a tenth of your consumption. We are entirely dependent upon them.”67 Even though the Europeans were exempt from the boycott, they were victims of reduced production. The results first hit the European automobile industry.

…

“Meeting with Oil Company Executives,” Memorandum of Conversation, secret, Oct. 26, 1973, 3, KT00872, Kissinger Transcripts, accessed via Digital National Security Archive, The George Washington University, http:// nsarchive.chadwyck.com/home.do (hereafter DNSA). 31. Victor Israelyan, Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War (College Park: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1995). 32. “Meeting with Oil Company Executives,” Oct. 26, 1973, 3–4. 33. “The Oil War,” n.d., CIA-RDP 01194A000100450001–5, Records of the Central Intelligence Agency, CIA Records Search Tool (CREST), National Archives (NA). 34. Steven A.

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Willis, Mark Wills, Gary Wilson, Woodrow Wimpisinger, William Wolfowitz, Paul women, in party politics Woodcock, Leonard workers, U.S. See also productivity, U.S.: distribution in economic sectors income and perquisites World Bank World Energy Conference World Trade Organization Wright, Gavin Wright, Jim Wriston, Walter Yamani, Ahmed Zaki Yarborough, Ralph Yeo, Edwin H., III Yom Kippur War. See Arab-Israeli War of 1973 Young, Andrew Young, Kenneth Zeiler, Thomas

Crisis Economics: A Crash Course in the Future of Finance
by Nouriel Roubini and Stephen Mihm
Published 10 May 2010

When that happened, Bretton Woods collapsed, the dollar depreciated, and the world moved to a system of flexible exchange rates. This move unshackled monetary authorities that, freed of the constraints of a fixed-rate regime, could now print as much money as they wanted. The result was a rise in inflation and commodity prices, even before the 1973 Yom Kippur War led to an oil embargo and a quadrupling of oil prices. Stagflation, a deadly combination of high inflation and recession, followed the two oil shocks of 1973 and 1979 (the latter triggered by the Iranian Revolution) as well as the botched monetary policy response to these shocks. It took a new Federal Reserve chairman, Paul Volcker, to set things right.

…

Cutting interest rates often had the added effect of driving down the value of the dollar, making exports more attractive, making imports more expensive, generating demand for domestic goods, and contributing to an eventual recovery. Fiscal stimulus was also used to restore growth. The first ten recessions in the postwar United States largely followed this script. Most lasted less than a year, save for a nasty recession in the wake of the oil shock of 1973, which was triggered by the Yom Kippur War; and after a second oil shock in 1979 caused by the Iranian Islamic Revolution, the Federal Reserve used high interest rates to slay inflation, resulting in a far more unpleasant recession. While brutal, that campaign proved successful and set the stage for the much-celebrated Great Moderation.

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Central Value at Risk model (VaR) Van Buren, Martin Vienna Vietnam Vietnam War Volcker, Paul Wachovia wages and income current account and decline in disposable of hedge fund managers from migrant workers rise in see also compensation Wall Street educated workers attracted to greed and Greenspan put and regulators compared with employees of vanishing of Walraséon Washington Mutual Washington Post Wealth of Nations (Smith) Weill, Sanford Wells Fargo WesCorp Western Europe see also specific countries White, William white swans World Bank World War II Yeltsin, Boris yen, Japanese Yom Kippur War yuan, Chinese z ero-interest-rate policy (ZIRP) Zhou Xiaochuan

The Global Minotaur
by Yanis Varoufakis and Paul Mason
Published 4 Jul 2015

Members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which regulated the price of oil through agreed cutbacks on aggregate oil output, were soon clamouring for coordinated action (i.e. reductions in production) to boost the black liquid’s gold value. At the time of Nixon’s announcement, the price of oil was less than $3 per barrel. In 1973, with the Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbours apace, the price jumped to between $8 and $9, thereafter hovering in the $12 to $15 range until 1979. In 1979 a new upward surge began that saw oil trade above $30 well into the 1980s. And it was not just the price of oil that scaled unprecedented heights.

…

.: Great Society programmes, 83, 84, 92; Vietnam War, 92 JPMorgan Chase, 151, 153 keiretsu system, Japan, 186, 187, 188, 189, 191 Kennan, George, 68, 71 Kennedy, John F., New Frontier social programmes, 83, 84 Keynes, John Maynard: Bretton Woods conference, 59, 60, 62, 109; General Theory, 37; ICU proposal, 60, 66, 90, 109, 254, 255; influence on New Dealers, 81; on investment decisions, 48; on liquidity, 160–1; trade imbalances, 62–6 Keynsianism, 157 Kim Il Sung, 77 Kissinger, Henry, 94, 98, 106 Kohl, Helmut, 201 Korea, 91, 191, 192 Korean War, 77, 86 labour: as a commodity, 28; costs, 104–5, 104, 105, 106, 137; hired, 31, 45, 46, 53, 64; scarcity of, 34–5; value of, 50–2 labour markets, 12, 202 Labour Party (British), 69 labourers, 32 land: as a commodity, 28; enclosure, 64 Landesbanken, 203 Latin America: effect of China on, 215, 218; European banks’ exposure to, 203; financial crisis, 190 see also specific countries lead, prices, 96 Lebensraum, 67 Left-Right divide, 167 Lehman Brothers, 150, 152–3 leverage, 121–2 leveraging, 37 Liberal Democratic Party (Japan), 187 liberation movements, 79, 107 LIBOR (London Interbank Offered Rate), 148 liquidity traps, 157, 190 Lloyds TSB, 153, 156 loans: and CDOs, 7–8, 129–31; defaults on, 37 London School of Economics, 4, 66 Long-Term Capital Management (LTCM) hedge fund collapse, 13 LTCM (Long-Term Capital Management) hedge fund collapse, 2, 13 Luxembourg, support for Dexia, 154 Maastricht Treaty, 199–200, 202 MacArthur, Douglas, 70–1, 76, 77 machines, and humans, 50–2 Malaysia, 91, 191 Mao, Chairman, 76, 86, 91 Maresca, John, 106–7 Marjolin, Robert, 73 Marshall, George, 72 Marshall Plan, 71–4 Marx, Karl: and capitalism, 17–18, 19, 34; Das Kapital, 49; on history, 178 Marxism, 181, 182 Matrix, The (film), 50–2 MBIA, 149, 150 McCarthy, Senator Joseph, 73 mercantilism, in Germany, 251 merchant class, 27–8 Merkel, Angela, 158, 206 Merrill Lynch, 149, 153, 157 Merton, Robert, 13 Mexico: effect of China on, 214; peso crisis, 190 Middle East, oil, 69 MIE (military-industrial establishment), 82–3 migration, Crash of 2008, 3 military-industrial complex mechanism, 65, 81, 182 Ministry for International Trade and Industry (Japan), 78 Ministry of Finance (Japan), 187 Minotaur legend, 24–5, 25 Minsky, Hyman, 37 money markets, 45–6, 53, 153 moneylenders, 31, 32 mortgage backed securities (MBS) 232, 233, 234 NAFTA (North American Free Trade Agreement), 214 National Bureau of Economic Research (US), 157 National Economic Council (US), 3 national income see GDP National Security Council (US), 94 National Security Study Memorandum 200 (US), 106 nationalization: Anglo Irish Bank, 158; Bradford and Bingley, 154; Fortis, 153; Geithner–Summers Plan, 179; General Motors, 160; Icelandic banks, 154, 155; Northern Rock, 151 NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization), 76, 253 negative engineering, 110 negative equity 234 neoliberalism, 139, 142; and greed, 10 New Century Financial, 147 New Deal: beginnings, 45; Bretton Woods conference, 57–9; China, 76; Global Plan, 67–71, 68; Japan, 77; President Kennedy, 84; support for the Deutschmark, 74; transfer union, 65 New Dealers: corporate power, 81; criticism of European colonizers, 79 ‘new economy’, 5–6 New York stock exchange, 40, 158 Nietzsche, Friedrich, 19 Nixon, Richard, 94, 95–6 Nobel Prize for Economics, 13 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 214 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO), 76 North Korea see Korea Northern Rock, 148, 151 Obama administration, 164, 178 Obama, Barack, 158, 159, 169, 180, 230, 231 OECD (Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development), 73 OEEC (Organisation for European Economic Co-operation), 73, 74 oil: global consumption, 160; imports, 102–3; prices, 96, 97–9 OPEC (Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries), 96, 97 paradox of success, 249 parallax challenge, 20–1 Paulson, Henry, 152, 154, 170 Paulson Plan, 154, 173 Penn Bank, 40 Pentagon, the, 73 Plaza Accord (1985), 188, 192, 213 Pompidou, Georges, 94, 95–6 pound sterling, devaluing, 93 poverty: capitalism as a supposed cure for, 41–2; in China, 162; reduction in the US, 84; reports on global, 125 predatory governance, 181 prey–predator dynamic, 33–5 prices, flexible, 40–1 private money, 147, 177; Geithner–Summers Plan, 178; toxic, 132–3, 136, 179 privatization, of surpluses, 29 probability, estimating, 13–14 production: cars, 70, 103, 116, 157–8; coal, 73, 75; costs, 96, 104; cuts in, 41; in Japan, 185–6; processes, 30, 31, 64; steel, 70, 75 production–distribution cycle, 54 property see real estate prophecy paradox, 46, 47, 53 psychology, mass, 14 public debt crisis, 205 quantitative easing, 164, 231–6 railway bubbles, 40 Rational Expectations Hypothesis (REH), 15–16 RBS (Royal Bank of Scotland), 6, 151, 156; takeover of ABN-Amro, 119–20 Reagan, Ronald, 10, 99, 133–5, 182–3 Real Business Cycle Theory (RBCT), 15, 16–17 real estate, bubbles, 8–9, 188, 190, 192–3 reason, deferring to expectation, 47 recession predictions, 152 recessions, US, 40, 157 recycling mechanisms, 200 regulation, of banking system, 10, 122 relabelling, 14 religion, organized, 27 renminbi (RMB), 213, 214, 217, 218, 253 rentiers, 165, 187, 188 representative agents, 140 Reserve Bank of Australia, 148 reserve currency status, 101–2 risk: capitalists and, 31; riskless, 5, 6–9, 14 Roach, Stephen, 145 Robbins, Lionel, 66 Roosevelt, Franklin D., 165; attitude towards Britain, 69; and bank regulation, 10; New Deal, 45, 58–9 Roosevelt, Theodore (‘Teddy’), 180 Royal Bank of Scotland (RBS), 6, 151, 156; takeover of ABN-Amro, 119–20 Rudd, Kevin, 212 Russia, financial crisis, 190 Saudi Arabia, oil prices, 98 Scandinavia, Gold Standard, 44 Scholes, Myron, 13 Schopenhauer, Arthur, 19 Schuman, Robert, 75 Schumpter, Joseph, 34 Second World War, 45, 55–6; aftermath, 87–8; effect on the US, 57–8 seeds, commodification of, 163 shares, in privatized companies, 137, 138 silver, prices, 96 simulated markets, 170 simulated prices, 170 Singapore, 91 single currencies, ICU, 60–1 slave trade, 28 SMEs (small and medium-sized enterprises), 186 social welfare, 12 solidarity (asabiyyah), 33–4 South East Asia, 91; financial crisis, 190, 191–5, 213; industrialization, 86, 87 South Korea see Korea sovereign debt crisis, 205 Soviet Union: Africa, 79; disintegration, 201; Marshall Plan, 72–3; Marxism, 181, 182; relations with the US, 71 SPV (Special Purpose Vehicle), 174 see also EFSF stagflation, 97 stagnation, 37 Stalin, Joseph, 72–3 steel production, in Germany, 70 Strauss-Kahn, Dominique, 60, 254, 255 Summers, Larry, 230 strikes, 40 sub-prime mortgages, 2, 5, 6, 130–1, 147, 149, 151, 166 success, paradox of, 33–5, 53 Suez Canal trauma, 69 Suharto, President of Indonesia, 97 Summers, Larry, 3, 132, 170, 173, 180 see also Geithner–Summers Plan supply and demand, 11 surpluses: under capitalism, 31–2; currency unions, 61; under feudalism, 30; generation in the EU, 196; manufacturing, 30; origin of, 26–7; privatization of, 29; recycling mechanisms, 64–5, 109–10 Sweden, Crash of 2008, 155 Sweezy, Paul, 73 Switzerland: Crash of 2008, 155; UBS, 148–9, 151 systemic failure, Crash of 2008, 17–19 Taiwan, 191, 192 Tea Party (US), 162, 230, 231, 281 technology, and globalization, 28 Thailand, 91 Thatcher, Margaret, 117–18, 136–7 Third World: Crash of 2008, 162; debt crisis, 108, 219; interest rate rises, 108; mineral wealth, 106; production of goods for Walmart, 125 tiger economies, 87 see also South East Asia Tillman Act (1907), 180 time, and economic models, 139–40 Time Warner, 117 tin, prices, 96 toxic theory, 13–17, 115, 133–9, 139–42 trade: balance of, 61, 62, 64–5; deficits (US), 111, 243; global, 27, 90; surpluses, 158 trades unions, 124, 137, 202 transfer unions, New Deal, 65 Treasury Bills (US), 7 Treaty of Rome, 237 Treaty of Versailles, 237 Treaty of Westphalia, 237 trickle-down, 115, 135 trickle-up, 135 Truman Doctrine, 71, 71–2, 77 Truman, Harry, 73 tsunami, effects of, 194 UBS, 148–9, 151 Ukraine, and the Crash of 2008, 156 UN Security Council, 253 unemployment: Britain, 160; Global Plan, 96–7; rate of, 14; US, 152, 158, 164 United States see US Unocal, 106 US economy, twin deficits, 22–3, 25 US government, and South East Asia, 192 US Mortgage Bankers Association, 161 US Supreme Court, 180 US Treasury, 153–4, 156, 157, 159; aftermath of the Crash of 2008, 160; Geithner–Summers Plan, 171–2, 173; bonds, 227 US Treasury Bills, 109 US (United States): aftermath of the Crash of 2008, 161–2; assets owned by foreign state institutions, 216; attitude towards oil price rises, 97–8; China, 213–14; corporate bond purchases, 228; as a creditor nation, 57; domestic policies during the Global Plan, 82–5; economy at present, 184; economy praised, 113–14; effects of the Crash of 2008, 2, 183; foreign-owned assets, 225; Greek Civil War, 71; labour costs, 105; Plaza Accord, 188; profit rates, 106; proposed invasion of Afghanistan, 106–7; role in the ECSC, 75; South East Asia, 192 value, costing, 50–1 VAT, reduced, 156 Venezuela, oil prices, 97 Vietnamese War, 86, 91–2 vital spaces, 192, 195, 196 Volcker, Paul: 2009 address to Wall Street, 122; demand for dollars, 102; and gold convertibility, 94; interest rate rises, 99; replaced by Greenspan, 10; warning of the Crash of 2008, 144–5; on the world economy, 22, 100–1, 139 Volcker Rule, 180–1 Wachowski, Larry and Andy, 50 wage share, 34–5 wages: British workers, 137; Japanese workers, 185; productivity, 104; prophecy paradox, 48; US workers, 124, 161 Wal-Mart: The High Cost of Low Price (documentary, Greenwald), 125–6 Wall Street: Anglo-Celtic model, 12; Crash of 2008, 11–12, 152; current importance, 251; Geithner–Summers Plan, 178; global profits, 23; misplaced confidence in, 41; private money, 136; profiting from sub-prime mortgages, 131; takeovers and mergers, 115–17, 115, 118–19; toxic theory, 15 Wallace, Harry, 72–3 Walmart, 115, 123–7, 126; current importance, 251 War of the Currents, 39 Washington Mutual, 153 weapons of mass destruction, 27 West Germany: labour costs, 105; Plaza Accord, 188 Westinghouse, George, 39 White, Harry Dexter, 59, 70, 109 Wikileaks, 212 wool, as a global commodity, 28 working class: in Britain, 136; development of, 28 working conditions, at Walmart, 124–5 World Bank, 253; origins, 59; recession prediction, 149; and South East Asia, 192 World Trade Organization, 78, 215 written word, 27 yen, value against dollar, 96, 188, 193–4 Yom Kippur War, 96 zombie banks, 190–1

Losing Control: The Emerging Threats to Western Prosperity
by Stephen D. King
Published 14 Jun 2010

The collapse of the Bretton Woods exchange-rate system, and the volatility that followed, reflected the willingness to tolerate inflation as the ‘acceptable’ cost of delivering a low rate of unemployment. The quadrupling of oil prices at the end of 1973, as a consequence of the Arab oil embargo (itself a reaction to the Yom Kippur War), was only possible because the inflation genie was already out of the bottle. As inflation – and expectations of inflation – picked up, so industrial relations deteriorated, creating a legacy of strikes, huge wage and price increases and the beginnings of so-called ‘stagflation’, whereby inflation went up but economic growth and employment came down.

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(i) Wills Moody, Helen (i) Wimbledon (i), (ii), (iii) Winder, Robert (i) wine (i), (ii), (iii) WIR see World Investment Report Wolf, Martin (i) women’s vote (i) wool industry (i), (ii) workers see also labour nationalism (i) running out of workers (i) command over limited resources (i) demographic dividends and deficits (i) demographic dynamics (i) infant mortality (i) Japan: an early lesson in ageing (i) not the time to close the borders (i) pensions and healthcare (i) a renewed look at migration (i) scarcity (i) working-age population (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v), (vi) World Bank (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) WorldCom (i) World Development Indicators (i) World Economic Forum (i), (ii) World Economic Outlook (i) World Financial Center, Shanghai (i) World Investment Report (WIR) (i) World Trade Organization (WTO) (i), (ii), (iii) Wright Brothers (i) The Writing on the Wall (Hutton) (i), (ii) WTO see World Trade Organization Wu, Ximing (i), (ii) xenophobia (i), (ii), (iii), (iv), (v) Y2K threat (i) yen (i), (ii), (iii) Yom Kippur War (i) Yugoslavia (i) Yu Zhu (i) Zaidi, S. (i) Zheng He (i)

A Theory of the Drone
by Gregoire Chamayou
Published 23 Apr 2013

Israel, which had inherited a few of these machines, recognized their potential tactical advantages. In 1973, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF), facing off against Egypt, ran up against the tactical problem of surface-to-air missiles. After losing around thirty planes in the first hours of the Yom Kippur War, Israeli aviation changed its tactics. They decided to send out a wave of drones in order to mislead enemy defenses: “After the Egyptians fired their initial salvo at the drones, the manned strikes were able to attack while the Egyptians were reloading.”7 This ruse enabled Israel to assume mastery of the skies.

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See also courage verticality, politics of, 53–54, 66–67 victims, 118 killers and, 115–18 soldiers and, 103–5, 115–16 soldiers as, 103–5 video analysts, 2 video feeds, 138 interception of, 75–76 video games, comparison to drone operations, 107–8 video images, automatized analysis of, 235–36n24 video of strikes’ effects, 117 video retransmission, 272n23 video surveillance cameras, 44, 204 Vietnam War, 27, 32, 128, 186, 191–92, 200–202, 223, 232–33n5 Villa, Pancho, 33 violence, 17 armed, 52, 67, 166 colonial, 94–95 derealization of, 148 humilitarian, 139 long-distance, 254–55n12 mechanism of, 15 postcolonial violence, 94–95 reciprocity and, 196 state, 31–32 state of, 91 See also combat; killing; warfare Virilio, Paul, 247n2 virtue, 97, 98, 100–101, 140 killing as, 121 See also specific virtues Voltaire, 92, 158 vulnerability, 12–13, 73–79, 103, 154, 261n15 ontological, 183–84 psychic, 103–5, 106–13 removal of, 22 unequal distribution of, 127 vulnerabilization, political, 184 Wall, Tyler, 235n21 Walzer, Michael, 133, 138, 153–57, 165, 197–98, 199, 269–70n10 war law and, 158–66 right of, 181 See also warfare “warbots,” 212 war crimes, 170–71 committed by robots, 210–12 legalism of atrocities, 216–17 “war-ego,” 112, 120, 246n20 warfare, 33, 91, 163, 229–30n5, 254–55n12 aerial, 165–66 asymmetrical, 13, 24, 33, 61–62, 75, 91–95, 127, 162–63, 264–66n17 capitalization of, 191–92 class relations and, 187, 191–93 decriminalization of killing and, 160 delegation of, 187–88 at a distance, 115–18, 138–39, 153–56, 223–27 double standard of, 259n28 effect of drones on, 15–16 emotional involvement and, 254–55n12 exercised from a peaceful zone, 119–20 externalization of risk and, 188–89 industrialization of, 191 internalization of costs of, 186 “just warfare,” 129–30, 133, 137–38, 153–55, 160, 164, 165 legal theory of, 163 perpetual, 71 philosophy of, 158–66 political economy of, 188–89 post-heroic, 100 reciprocity and, 161–62 reduction of costs of, 188–89 remote, 17, 192, 230n6 risks of, 188–89 sovereigns and, 263n4 state–subject relations and, 177–84 unilateral, 13, 24, 162–65 verticality, 166 virtueless, 98, 101 without combat, 158–66 without risk, 17, 129–30, 153–55, 157, 163, 188–89 without sacrifice, 181 See also combat; law of armed conflict; military ethics; military ethos; war warfare state, 193–94 war machines, as instruments of representation, 247n2 war neuroses, 111–12 See also psychopathologies “war without risks,” 153–54, 157, 163, 188–89 Wazir, Sadaullah, 148–49 Waziristan, Pakistan, 44, 70–71 weaponry, 144 as agents of violence, 206 critical analysis of, 15–16 design of, 212 as essence of combatants, 195–204 as ethical, 189 form vs. function of, 140–41 fusion with combatants, 210 humanitarian, 135–39, 146, 148, 189–90 licit vs. illicit, 158 nonlethal, 203 as objects, 210 physical distance and, 254–55n12 psychic diagram of, 115–16 status of, 210 theory of repugnance generated by killing and, 115–16 See also specific kinds of weaponry Weil, Simone, 15, 124 Weizman, Eyal, 32, 53–54, 139, 190, 238n11, 273n26 welfare state, 193–94 Williams, Alison, 54 Wired for War (Singer), 214–15 Wired magazine, 76, 103 witchcraft, 114–15 Wolfowitz, Paul, 53 World War I, 27, 63, 111 World War II, 140–41, 205 “wound radius,” 142 X-47A combat drone, 217 Yaari, Menahem, 133–34 Yadlin, Amos, 133, 137, 138–39 “Military Ethics of Fighting Terror,” 131–32 Yemen, 13, 58–59, 144, 171, 239n27 Yenne, Bill, 29 Yom Kippur War, 27–28, 233n6 Younge, Samuel, 202 zero casualty warfare, 76, 155, 184, 192, 194 zero risk, 154–55 zonage, principle of, 232n5 zoopolitical conception of, 268–69n14 Zoroaster, 73 Zworykin, Vladimir, 85–86 Grégoire Chamayou is a research scholar in philosophy at the Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique.

Nine Crises: Fifty Years of Covering the British Economy From Devaluation to Brexit
by William Keegan
Published 24 Jan 2019

The first was that, after the devaluation of the US dollar associated with the break-up of the Bretton Woods fixed exchange rate system in 1971–73, the oil producers were noticing the impact on their revenue – the price being quoted then, as now, in dollars. But the real force was imparted by the outbreak of the Yom Kippur War between Arab states and Israel between 6 and 25 October 1973. Israel was invaded by Egyptian and Syrian forces. With the West, led by the US, supporting Israel, the Saudi king called for Arab solidarity, and the Arab states imposed an embargo on shipments of oil to the oil importers. What made it so serious was that Saudi Arabia was the world’s biggest exporter of oil.

…

Control and Influence in Economic Policy 1, 2 Wilding, Peter 1 Williams, Glanville 1 Wilson, Harold 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 devaluation crisis 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15 EEC entry 1, 2 unions 1, 2, 3 Vietnam War 1, 2, 3 Winter of Discontent 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Wolf, Martin 1, 2, 3 World Bank 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 Wren-Lewis, Simon 1 Yeo, Ed 1, 2, 3 Yom Kippur War 1 Young, Hugo 1, 2 Zinoviev, Grigory 1 ALSO BY WILLIAM KEEGAN FICTION Consulting Father Wintergreen A Real Killing NON-FICTION Who Runs the Economy? (with Rupert Pennant-Rea) Mrs Thatcher’s Economic Experiment Britain Without Oil Mr Lawson’s Gamble The Spectre of Capitalism 2066 and All That The Prudence of Mr Gordon Brown Saving the World?

Bike Boom: The Unexpected Resurgence of Cycling
by Carlton Reid
Published 14 Jun 2017

Because it had allied itself with an environmental organization, the bicycle industry believed it was well placed during the OPEC oil crisis, which started in October 1973. The crisis was caused by an embargo issued by the Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries protesting against the West’s support of Israel in the Yom Kippur war. The price of oil skyrocketed and motorists were asked to economize in their use of fuel. Instead, and predictably, long lines formed at filling stations. In November, British motorists were issued ration books. In February 1974, the chairman of the Transport 2000 campaign group argued that “if the energy crisis means anything it means a complete change in transport priorities, with less emphasis on private motoring.”

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A., 81 Te Ara I Whiti cycleway, 210 terminology, 16–17 Thamesmead, England, 177–178 theft, 122–123, 189 Thomas, David M., 58 Titus, Jim, 231 Townley, Jay, 131, 141 Towpath Cycle Shop, 122 Trails for America report, 64–65, 117 Transport and Road Research Laboratory (TRRL), 98–99 Treasure, Mark, xxi–xxii Triborough Bridge complex, 30 Trillin, Calvin, 131–133 Triple-A, 115, 211 Tripp, Herbert Alker, 78–79 trucks, 58–59 Tseng, Ike, 117 tunnels, 82–83 Tyne Pedestrian and Cyclist Tunnel, 82–83 Udall, Stuart, 55, 63–65, 117 underpasses, 189–190 Uniform Vehicle Code, 27 university courses, 120 University of California, Davis, 67–76, 146–148 unraveling, 179–180, 184 Urban Bikeway Design Collaborative (UBDC), 150, 152 Urban Bikeway Design Guide (NACTO), 16 urbanization, impacts of, 13 Urb-i, 215 Van Der Plas, Rob, 93, 205 van Putten, Maartje, 197 van Spanje, Han, 194, 197–198 Vancouver, Canada, 11 vehicular cycling Bicycle USA conference and, 135 current status of, 159–160 disputes over, 155–156 earliest reference to, 142 origins of, 143–146 overview of, 4–5, 88 regulations on, 151–155 Surface Transportation Assistance Act of 1978 and, 156–157 Victory Bikes, 52–53, 61 Vietnam War, 61–62 Volpe, John A., 123, 125, 141 Wagenbuur, Mark, 204 Walker, Peter, 3 war on the motorist, 176–177 Ward, Benjamin, 214 Warner, Leslie, 87 Washington, D.C., 123–129 Washington Area Bicyclist Association (WABA), 127–128, 229–231 Watergate, 122–123 ways, defined, 16–17 Weiss, Eben “Bikesnob,” 159 Wentworth, Marchant “Lucky,” 124, 126 Western Avenue (England), 34–38, 40, 50, 199–200 Westfield bicycles, 52 White, Paul Dudley, 55–58, 55, 64, 135, xv White Bicycle Plan, 194–195 Wiggins, Bradley, 227 Wijkgroep de Pijp, 198 Wilkinson, Bill, 129, 135–136 Williams, Howard, 25 Williams, John, 152 Wilson, S. S., 113–114 Wittenberg, Jan, 192 Woodbury, Norman, 70 World War I, 24, 50, 185–186 World War II, 51–53, 61, 188–190 Yom Kippur War, 94 York-to-Malton bypass, 38–40 Young, George, 102–104 Island Press | Board of Directors Pamela B. Murphy (Chair) Terry Gamble Boyer (Vice-Chair) Author Deborah Wiley (Secretary) Chair Wiley Foundation, Inc. Tony Everett (Treasurer) Decker Anstrom Board of Directors Discovery Communications Paula A.

Road to Nowhere: What Silicon Valley Gets Wrong About the Future of Transportation
by Paris Marx
Published 4 Jul 2022

But in this case, it was not working, and that may have been a reflection of broader social dynamics playing out in the mid-1970s. Three years earlier, the world had experienced the first of the oil shocks of that decade. In October 1973, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries declared an oil embargo on the countries supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War, including the United States, the United Kingdom, and Canada, but it also caused the price of oil to soar even for countries that were not embargoed. The high oil price and limited supplies naturally had wide-ranging impacts, and that included how automobiles could be used—if they were used at all.

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(documentary), 69 Whole Earth Catalog, 42–3, 52 Whole Earth community, 53–4 Whole Earth Review, 53 Wilt, James, Do Androids Dream of Electric Cars?, 217 Wired (magazine), 53, 54 Wolfe, Tom, 40–1 women, bicycles and, 13 World’s Fair, 1–2, 5, 118 world War II, 38–9 Wylie, Bianca, 230 Yahoo!, 55 Yee, Norman, 178 Yelp, 172 Yom Kippur War, 203 zoning policies, 29 Zukin, Sharon, 27, 200 Zysman, John, 182

The Rise and Fall of the Neoliberal Order: America and the World in the Free Market Era
by Gary Gerstle
Published 14 Oct 2022

Governments in oil-producing nations, however, increasingly grasped the immense economic power that control of these oil reserves could place in their hands, and they intended to seize it.23 Their decision in 1960 to launch the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) signaled this desire for change. The trigger for the actual deployment of OPEC’s power was the Yom Kippur War of 1973, the fourth Arab Israeli war in twenty-five years. In this one, the Arab armies had surprised an unprepared Israel with a well-coordinated attack on the holiest day in the Jewish calendar, Yom Kippur, when most Jewish Israelis were in synagogue or at home with family. Israel was slow to mobilize its military, and then had to fight in unfavorable settings, causing its forces to suffer heavy losses.

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Abrams, Stacey, 285–86 Acheson, Dean, 36 Adbusters, 251–52 Affordable Care Act (ACA), 227, 237–38, 241, 242 Afghanistan war, 189 Age Discrimination in Employment Act (1974), 113 Airbnb, 238 Al Qaeda, 191–205 al-Sadr, Moqtada, 203 Alexander, Michelle, 236–37 Amazon, 279 American capitalism, 20, 31, 42–43, 139 American democracy, 1, 7, 282–83, 287–88, 289 American industry, 27–28 American International Group (AIG), 219–20, 226–27 American manufacturers, 29, 62 The American Political Tradition (Hofstadter), 95–96 American Prospect, 278–79 American Rescue Plan, 283 American Revolution, 30, 79–80 American system of regulation (Herbert Hoover), 85 American Telephone and Telegraph (AT&T), 67–68, 166–67 American Whigs, 78 Andropov, Yuri, 142–43 Anglican theory of liberty, 97–98 AOL, 172 apartheid, 92–93, 236 Apple, 279 Arab Israeli War (fourth), 60. see also Yom Kippur War Arendt, Hannah, 35–36 Aron, Raymond, 86–87 asylum seekers, 273–74 Atari Democrats, 135, 137, 155 Atlas Shrugged (Rand), 100–1 atomic bomb, 37, 42–43, 99–100 Aufderheide, Patricia, 167–68 Auletta, Ken, 131–32 authoritarianism, 2–3, 145–46, 188, 270, 277–78, 289 automobile industry, 62, 226–27 automobile workers strikes (1936–37, 1946), 24–25 Baathist Party, 193–94, 198–99 Bear Stearns, 218–19, 240–41 Becker, Gary, 90–91 Bentham, Jeremy, 92 Bentsen, Lloyd, 157–58 Bernanke, Ben, 219, 220–21 Bernstein, Jared, 284 Bezos, Jeff, 160 Biden, Joe, 281–93 Bigelow, Katherine, 219–20 Bill of Rights, 75–76 bin Laden, Osama, 191, 193 black economic suffering, 234–37 Black Lives Matter (BLM), 230, 263–64, 286 black voters, 20–21, 27, 261–62, 264–65 Blair, Tony, 176–78 Bloomberg, Michael, 253 Boer Wars, 80 Bonaparte, Napoleon, 78 Bork, Robert, 124, 125 Boushey, Heather, 284 Bradley, Bill, 137 Brand, Stewart, 8–9, 103–4, 160 Bremer, Paul, 198–200, 217 Brezhnev, Leonard, 142–43 Brin, Sergey, 207 Brown, John, 81–82 Brown, Michael, 262–63 Brown, Wendy, 91–92 Brown v.

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autoworkers strike (1936–1937), 121–22 classical liberalism of, 6–7 congressional majorities under, 287–88 election wins, 19–20, 21–22 faith and politics, 27 Great Depression impact on, 82 Johnson admiration for, 53 Keynesianism of, 22–23 new liberalism of, 83–84, 86 racial injustice tensions, 49, 286–87 Reagan admiration for, 116 realpolitik and, 27 Soviet Union and, 35–36 Roosevelt, Theodore, 80–82 Röpke, Wilhelm, 86–87, 92–93 Rothbard, Murray N., 102–3, 109 Rougier, Louis, 86–87 Rubin, Robert, 157–58, 224–25, 258 Rumsfeld, Donald, 196, 197, 205 Russian Revolution (1917), 10, 29, 82–83 Salomon Brothers, 111–12 San Francisco General Strike (1934), 23 Sanders, Bernie, 1, 230, 254–62, 278, 279 Santelli, Rick, 240 Saudi Arabia, 60 Savio, Mario, 8–9, 327n.60, See also Free Speech Movement Scalia, Antonin, 124 Schneider, Steven, 60–61 Schumer, Charles, 178 Second Reconstruction, 53–54 Second Wave economy, 160–61 Securities Act (1933), 22 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), 22, 217 Securities Exchange Act (1934), 22 securitization process of mortgages, 212 September 11, 2001 attacks, 189, 191–205 Shiite Muslims, 203 The Shock Doctrine (Klein), 201 Silicon Valley, 104–5, 164, 171–73, 176–77, 206–7 Simena, Kyrsten, 287–88 Simon, William, 111–12 sit-down strikes (1936–1937), 24 Sklar, Martin, 103 slaves/slavery legacy, 79 Smith, Adam, 76–77, 202 social democracy, 6–7, 34–35 social insurance, 81–82, 85 social security, 25, 43–44, 45, 146, 205–6, 238–39, 293 social welfare, 63, 124–25, 179, 226–27 socialism, 30–31, 79–80. see also radicalism and Sanders, Bernie Souter, David, 182 Soviet Union atomic bomb detonation, 37 dissolution of, 141–46 five-year plan of Stalin, 31 Great Depression impact on, 31–34 Khrushchev and, 44–45, 69 Kitchen Debate, 44–45 neoliberalism and, 10, 11 Reagan and, 116–17 Red Scare, 37 socialism of, 30–31 Stalin, Joseph, 31, 33–34 US domestic policy and, 29 US military build-up against, 129–32 US rivalry, 49–50 World War II impact on, 33–35 Sowell, Thomas, 133–34 Spencer, Herbert, 80 “stagflation,” 2. see also Misery Index Stalin, Joseph, 31, 33–34 steel industry, 62 Steffens, Lincoln, 168–69 Stiglitz, Joseph, 158–59, 165, 171 Strategic Defense Initiative, 129–30, 142 structural racism, 283, 287 Students for a Democratic Society, 100 subprime mortgages, 212–13, 214, 217 Summers, Lawrence, 158–59, 215–16, 258, 284 Sunni Muslims, 199–200, 203 Sunrise Movement, 278–79 Sunstein, Cass, 102 Taft, Robert, 28, 38–41 Taliban, 193 Tarbell, Ida, 168–69 Taylor, Keeanga-Yamahtta, 264 Taylor, Frederick Winslow, 31 Tea Party, 230, 240–43 Telecommunications Act (1996), 164, 165–73, 181 Tennessee Valley Authority, 85 Thatcher, Margaret, 132–33, 177–78 The Apprentice (TV show), 244 Thiel, Peter, 160 Third Wave economy, 160–61, 162–63, 170–71 Third World, 50, 139, 141 thought collective, 9, 73–74, 87–88 Thurmond, Strom, 117–18 Thurow, Lester, 137 A Time for Truth (Simon), 111–12 Time Magazine, 131 Time Warner, 172 Tlaib, Rashida, 279 Toffler, Alvin, 160–61, 162–63 totalitarianism, 10–11, 35–36 tough-on-crime bills (1986, 1988), 131 trade unions, 98–99, 146–47. see also labor unions and organized labor Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP), 271 Treaty of Detroit, 24–25, 41–42, 56–57, 112 Treaty of Versailles, 30 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), 220–21 Truman, Harry, 24–25, 35–36, 40–41 Trump, Donald authoritarianism of, 2–3, 270, 277–78, 289 Covid-19 pandemic, 272, 279–81 election loss of, 288–89 election of, 1, 265–67 ethnonationalism of, 1, 208–9, 243–44, 275–76, 277 populism of, 1, 208–9, 243–44, 248, 251, 282–83 presidency of, 268–77 rise of, 230, 243–51 Tsongas, Paul E., 136–37, 138, 150–51 Turner Broadcasting System, 172 Twitter, 172–73, 279, 292–93 two-income households, 147 Uber, 238–39, 292–93 UN Security Council, 194–95 The Underclass (Auletta), 131–32 underclass concept, 131–32 undocumented migrants, 275 unemployment insurance, 22–23, 43–44, 45, 146 unemployment among minorities, 130–31 unemployment rates, 21, 150–51, 221–22 United Auto Workers (UAW), 24–25, 32–33, 41–42 corporate decision-making, failure to get access to, 24–25 health care plan, 24–25 universalism, 30 US Constitution, 75–76, 98 US Justice Department, 51 Vanderbilt, Cornelius, 168–69 Viacom, 172 Viet Cong, 55 Viet Minh, 54–55 Vietnam War, 48, 54–56 Voting Rights Act (1965), 53–54 Walker, Scott, 235 Wall Street Journal, 109–10, 275 Wall Street reform, 173–78 Wallace, George, 117–18, 119 Wallace, Henry, 35–36 war on crime, 185 war on drugs, 184–85 Warren, Earl, 50–51, 119–20, 123–24 Warren, Elizabeth, 254–55, 279 Washington, George, 223, 224–25 Washington Center for Equitable Growth, 278–79 Washington Consensus, 9, 156–57, 177 Washington Mutual, 220–21 Washington Post, 108–9 Watergate scandal, 64–65 Wealth and Poverty (Gilder), 109, 162–63 weapons of mass destruction (WMDs), 193, 194, 195 Weisselberg, Allan, 247 Weyrich, Paul, 108–9 White, Micah, 251 White Collar (Mills), 95–96 white Protestant voters, 20–21 white supremacy, 27, 48–49 white working-class distress, 231–34 Whole Earth Catalog, 103–4 Whyte, William H., 95–96 Williams, Ashley, 264 Williams, William Appleman, 103 Wilson, Woodrow, 30–31, 53, 80–82 Wired, 162–63 Wolfowitz, Paul, 195–96 Works Progress Administration, 21–22 World Bank (WB), 9, 57–58 The World Is Flat (Friedman), 206–7 World Trade Organization (WTO), 156–57, 177, 244–45 World War I, 9 World War II, 25, 28, 33–35, 48–49 World Wrestling Entertainment (WWE), 247–48, 249 Xi Jinping, 276 Yellen, Janet, 291 “Y2K” bug, 189–90 Yom Kippur War, 60. see also Arab Israeli War Young Americans for Freedom, 100 Zimmerman, George, 262–63

The Land of Hope and Fear: Israel's Battle for Its Inner Soul
by Isabel Kershner
Published 16 May 2023

Large banners in English declared the opposition of “authentic Jewry” to Zionism and the existence of the state of Israel and exhorted strangers not to pass through the neighborhood in immodest clothing. The pashkevillim posters were like anti-public-service announcements. One reminded the girls of Israel that the minimum skirt length required for modesty was no higher than halfway between the knee and the ankle. A new one that cropped up every few meters was titled in bold, black letters: “Yom Kippur War.” It warned that “the eternal battle between the sacred and the profane, faith and heresy, and Judaism and Zionism was coming to a decisive point,” and it denounced the faint-hearted, compromising Haredi politicians for collaborating with the Zionist government in limiting prayer gatherings on the approaching Day of Atonement, the holiest day of the Jewish calendar.

…

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A Abbas, Mahmoud, 129, 184 Abbas, Mansour, 172, 185–86, 195 Abdulbari, Youssef, 319 Abedi, Abed, 174 Abergel, Reuven, 67 Abraham Accords, 143, 319–21 Abu Akleh, Shireen, 257–58 Abu Dis, 129 Abuhatzeira, Israel, 91 Abu Krinat, 309–12 Abu Seif family, 187 Abu Shakra, Abed, 194 Abu Shakra, Asim, 195–96 Abu Shakra, Maryam, 193–94, 196 Abu Shakra, Said, 193–99 Abu Shakra, Siham, 198 Abu Shakra, Walid, 195 Adam, Omer, 294 Adelson, Sheldon, 94, 110 Africa, 8, 321, 325 Afula, 192 Agrint, 319 Agudat Yisrael, 203, 204, 206 Aharish, Lucy, 193 Ahmad, Bayan Sayed, 172–78 Airbnb, 120, 121, 125, 149 Aklum, Ferede, 325 Al Aqsa Martyrs’ Brigades, 176 Al Arz, 184 Al Atawneh, Daham, 191 Alene, Eden, 341 Al Ghawarina tribe, 115 Aliyah Day, 341–42 Al Lajoun, 194, 196, 199 Allon, Yigal, 134, 148 Almheiri, Mariam bint Mohammed Saeed Hareb, 315 Almoz, Moti, 250–54, 263 Al Nahyan, Hamad bin Khalifa, 40 aloe vera, 21 Al Said, Hisham, 339 Alsheich, Roni, 337 Altalena, 29–35, 41, 56 Alterman, Natan, 54, 59 America Online, 299 Amichai, 153–54 Amir, Yigal, 24 Amona, 149–54 Amsalem, Avi, 278 Amsellem, Chaim, 207 Ancestral Sin, The (Saleh, This Is the Land of Israel), 78–81, 93, 95 Anna Loulou, 72 antisemitism, 36, 47, 324, 325 Aqsa Mosque, 54, 142, 156 Arab citizens, 17, 37, 155–99, 242, 284–85, 304, 307, 308 Netanyahu and, 171–72, 178, 179, 185 police and, 186–89 Arabic language, 17, 41, 103, 166, 168, 171, 175, 177–79, 192 Arab-Israeli wars of 1948, 32, 36, 48, 54, 80, 115, 158, 180 Six-Day War (1967), 8, 11, 18, 53, 107, 122, 134–35, 156, 245, 286 War of Independence, 7, 18, 38, 50, 57, 65, 196, 261 Yom Kippur War (1973), 56, 67–68, 134, 245–46, 287 Arab Revolt of 1936–1939, 101, 170 Arab riots of 1929, 37, 170 Arab Spring, 87, 314 Arab uprising of 1929, 37 Arafat, Yasser, 23 Arava, 5–11, 15–16, 19–21, 25, 28 Arbel, Uki and Shulamit, 118 Arens, Moshe, 30, 38, 41 Argov, Zohar, 68, 69, 73 Ariel, 132, 135, 149, 283, 288 Armoush, Muhammad, 186–87 Arsim and Frehot, 72 Ars Poetica, 72, 276 Aseli, Nardine, 181 Ashdod, 278 Ashkenazi, Amitai, 118–19 Ashkenazi Jews, 10, 60, 62, 64–66, 68, 69, 71–76, 80, 85–87, 90, 92, 95, 96, 106, 108, 167, 206, 231, 248, 275, 282 Asi Stream, 61–62, 65–66, 83, 95–97, 107 Atias, Daniel, 278 Auschwitz, 46, 244, 302 Avodah Aravit, 159 Ayalon Institute, 115 Ayyash, Yehuda, 94–95 Azaria, Elor, 256–59, 268 Azariyahu, Pesach, 52 Azrieli Center, 329 B Baba Sali, 91 “Bab el Wad” (Gouri), 50–51, 53, 58, 59 Bab el Wad (Shaar Hagai), 50–52, 58–59 Bahrain, 12, 143, 296, 316 Balad, 74, 182, 183 banking, 187 Bank of Israel, 308 Barak, Ehud, 24, 240 Barazani, Moshe, 85–86 Barbivai, Orna, 262–63 Barkan, 288 Barkan, Pola, 275–76, 281, 285, 295 Barkat, Nir, 96 Bar-Lev, Omer, 190 “Basic Law: Israel—The Nation State of the Jewish People,” 41, 178–80, 198 Bedouin, 19, 63, 110, 157, 158, 160, 179, 184, 190–93, 242, 309–13, 319 Beersheba, 158, 309–12 Beer Tuvia, 95 Be Free Israel, 280 Begin, Menachem, 23, 31–35, 38–40, 55, 56, 58, 60–62, 66, 68, 74, 83, 85–87, 92, 107, 246, 325 Barazani and Feinstein and, 85–86 Ben-Gurion and, 29, 31–34, 38, 55–57 death of, 86 kibbutzim and, 107–8 Behadrei Haredim, 200, 208, 209, 210, 237 Beitar Illit, 123, 224 Beitar Jerusalem, 40–41, 156 Beit El, 160–61 Beit Shean, 61, 63–66, 83, 85, 96–97, 280 Beit Shemesh, 230, 292–93 Belensky, Ola, 271–72 Ben-David, Dan, 304 Ben Dov, Itzak, 286–88 Ben-Eliezer, Benjamin, 88 Ben-Gurion, David, 7, 8, 12, 15, 27, 29, 31–34, 36–39, 45, 54–57, 62, 68, 115, 122, 158, 160, 276, 298 early life of, 36 Begin and, 29, 31–34, 38, 55–57 IDF and, 31, 33, 34, 241, 242, 244–45, 260 letter to Gouri from, 55–57 at Sde Boker, 25, 108–10 ultra-Orthodox and, 204–6 Ben-Gurion, Epilogue, 25 Ben-Gurion, Paula, 25, 109, 110 Ben-Gvir, Itamar, 148 Ben Haim, Avishay, 92, 93 Ben-Hamozeg, Yehonatan, 318–19 Bennett, Naftali, 17–18, 93, 129, 144–45, 172, 185–86, 190, 202, 208, 228, 240, 267–69, 286, 295, 345–46 Shmueli family and, 268, 269 Ben Uliel, Amiram, 142 Ben Zikri, Michael, 184 Berlinski, Eliyahu, 44–45 Berlinski, Tova, 44–47 Beta, 145 Beta Israel, 323, 324 see also Ethiopian immigrants Betar, 30, 32, 35, 36, 38, 39, 44, 45, 55 Bezeq, 219 Biadga, Yehuda, 333 Biden, Joe, 144 BIG, 278 Binyamina, 115 birth rates, 197, 201, 207, 304, 308 Bishara, Azmi, 182 Biton, Benny, 80 Biton, Erez, 78 Black Lives Matter movement, 130, 333 Black Panthers (Israel), 67, 70, 72–74, 182, 334 Black Panthers (U.S.), 67, 70 Bnei Brak, 202–3, 207, 212–15, 220, 221, 226, 227, 233, 236, 237, 267 Bogoslaviz, Dima, 292–93 Bolsonaro, Jair, 13 Boycott, Divestment and Sanctions movement, 198 Braun, Walter, 102 Breaking the Silence, 259 Brigada Tarbutit (Cultural Brigade), 276–79, 281, 292, 294 British Mandatory Palestine, 36, 101, 102, 115, 158, 169, 170, 194 Brodsky, Joseph, 279 Bronfman, Roman, 282, 285 B’Tselem, 95, 123, 256, 259 Buaron, Avichay, 150–54 Buaron, Ofra, 150 burial laws, 274, 279–80 Bush, George H.

…

Petersburg, 279 Saison, La, 38 Sakhnin, 169, 172–76, 178 Salah, Raed, 195 Salameh, Rami, 163–65 Salamse, Yosef, 330 Saleh, This Is the Land of Israel, 78–81, 93, 95 Samaria, 54, 120, 135, 139 Samarian Regional Council, 144 al-Samarqandi, Fatima, 167 Samuel, Herbert, 169–70, 178 Sana, Ibrahim, 310–11 Sara, Sasson, 82–83 Sarche, Uri, 337–38 Sasson, Dana, 113–14 Sasson, Talya, 147, 148 Sasson, Tsafrir, 113–14, 116–17 Satmars, 203 Saudi Arabia, 297, 316 Schreiber, Yehuda Leib, 225 Schreibman, Gur, 240–44, 250, 260–61, 265–66 Schreibman, Ya’ara, 243 Schwartz, Ohad, 15 Scopus, 113, 118, 119 Scorpion’s Ascent, 7 Sde Boker, 25, 108–10 Sderot, 82–84, 88 Sea of Galilee, 9 Sebastia, 54, 145 Second Israel, 64, 92, 97 Second Israel (Ben Haim), 93 Sela, Eliyahu, 52 Selassie, Haile, 325 Sephardic Jews, 10, 32, 61, 65, 66, 78, 85, 86, 89, 95 settlements, 12, 14, 16, 24, 39–40, 46, 120–54, 179, 194 sexual abuse and harassment, 233, 235–38 Sfard, Michael, 148–49, 151 Shaar Hagai (Bab el Wad), 50–52, 58–59 Shababnikim, 221–22 Shabak, 182 Shadow, The, 268 Shaham, Ami, 7, 8, 16, 26–28 Shaham, Assaf, 5–8, 10–12, 14–16, 20–22, 25–28 Shaham, Hagit, 20 Shaham, Ido, 20–21 Shaham, Ronit, 11, 16, 20, 28 Shaham, Shula, 8, 16, 20–23, 26–28 Shahar program, 212 Shai, Nachman, 295 Shaked, Rami, 302–3 Shalit, Gilad, 255–56, 339 Shami, Anan, 180 Shamir, Yitzhak, 87, 273, 281–82, 326 Sharabi, Boaz, 76–77 Sharansky, Avital, 283 Sharansky, Natan, 283, 284, 286, 290 al-Sharif, Abdel al-Fatah, 256–57 Sharon, Ariel, 122, 124, 147, 150, 281 Shas, 61, 66, 74, 82, 89–90, 206, 207, 209, 215, 218, 219 Shashua, Amnon, 299 Shaul, Oron, 339 Sheba, Chaim, 78–79 Sheba, Queen of, 324, 325 Shemi, Menachem, 52 Shilo, 120–21, 125, 127, 141, 142, 149, 153 Shilon, Avi, 62 Shimon, Menberu, 323 Shin Bet, 141–42 Shmueli, Barel Hadaria, 267–69 Shtisel, 222 Sigd, 322–23, 327, 328 Sinai Peninsula, 18, 23, 191 Six-Day War (1967), 8, 11, 18, 53, 107, 122, 134–35, 156, 180, 245, 286 socialism, 100, 107, 282, 298 Solomon, King, 324, 325 Soltam, 70 Soviet Union, 100, 108, 277, 287 immigrants from, see Russian immigrants refuseniks in, 283, 286, 288, 294 spirulina, 21 Srulik, 44 Start-Up Nation (Senor and Singer), 301, 303 Start-Up Nation Central, 307 start-ups, 71, 296, 298–303, 307, 308 status quo agreement, 204, 205, 273 Stern, Avraham, 37 Stern, Elazar, 241, 256, 266 Sternberg, Dorka, 42–43, 111 Sudan, 143, 325, 326, 340 suicide bombings, 24, 25, 86, 243, 248, 289–90 Supreme Court of Israel, 14, 64, 97, 145–52, 179, 199, 207, 212, 229, 261, 262, 266, 306 Susita, 299 Sweetness of Forgetting, The (Harmel), 221 Syria, 18 T Tagiltseva, Maria, 290 Taibeh, 190 Talpiot program, 300 Tamano, Bracha, 329–30 Tamano-Shata, Pnina, 341, 343, 344 Tamar Center, 311–12 Tashala, Laoul, 335–37 Tassa, Dudu, 73 tech, 71, 296–321 driverless cars, 299 engineers and, 273, 295, 298, 300–302, 307, 308, 311 exits in, 298, 299, 308, 314 export of, 303 food, 306, 318, 320 Haredi and, 307, 313 military and, 298, 300–303 women and, 307 Tekah, Solomon, 333–34, 340 Tekah, Worka, 334 Tel Aviv, 24, 25, 33, 39, 45, 48, 69, 83, 86, 138, 308–9, 311, 312 Ethiopian protests in, 329–32 suburbs of, 30, 202–3, 218, 252, 278; see also Bnei Brak Temple Mount, 54, 195, 323 terrorism, 24, 38, 84, 87, 121, 124, 130–31, 140–42, 176, 177, 301, 339, 346 suicide bombings, 24, 25, 86, 243, 248 Terumat Hamaaser, 20–21 Thai workers, 19 Thatcher, Margaret, 39 ThyssenKrupp, 306 Tibi, Ahmad, 171, 179 Tikkun, 89 Till the End of the Day, 119 Tiv Taam, 278 Tnuva, 111 Toldos Aharon sect, 202, 222 Topaz, Dudu, 85, 86 Torah, 23 Touma-Suleiman, Aida, 184 Tregerman, Daniel, 84 Triangle, 164, 170, 198 Trump, Donald, 12–13, 128–29, 132–33, 136–39, 143, 144, 198, 296, 321 Tsofen, 308 Tubi, Ezri, 140 Tubi, Ora, 139–40 Tumarkin, Igael, 155 two-state solution, 21–22, 123, 129, 130, 138, 143, 145 tzabarim, see Sabras Tzuri, Avner, 77 U Ukraine, 342 Russian invasion of, 294–95 Umm al-Fahem, 157, 194–99 Umm Kulthum, 69, 73 Unit 81, 300 Unit 8200, 300, 301, 319 United Arab Emirates, 12, 40, 143, 296–98, 313–21 United Arab List, see Raam United Nations, 31–33, 91, 259, 284 partition plan of, 31, 158, 160, 194 United States, 342 housing loan to Israel from, 281 Israel embassy of, 128, 132 military aid to Israel from, 247, 301 Netanyahu and, 124, 146 Soviet Jewish emigration and, 272–73, 288 Trump administration in, 12–13, 128–29, 132–33, 136–39, 143, 144, 198, 296, 321 United Torah Judaism, 203, 213, 218, 219, 228 Uvda, 236 V Vaknin, Nati, 96–97 Valley of Tears, 245–46 Van Leer Institute, 79–80 Vardi, Arik, 300 Vardi, Yossi, 299–300, 312 Vasa, Yossi, 341 Vatrushka, 287 Vilna Gaon (Rabbi Eliyahu of Vilna), 231 W Wadi Salib, 67 Walder, Chaim, 236–37 Warko, Devre, 327–28 War of Independence, 7, 18, 38, 50, 57, 65, 196, 261 Warsaw Ghetto, 38, 41, 43, 110–11, 261 Weiss, Daniella, 131 Weitz, Eliezer, 30 West Bank, 6, 11, 16–18, 21–23, 39–40, 53, 83, 111, 120–24, 127–30, 134–41, 143–46, 149–51, 154, 160, 175–77, 188, 198, 202, 211, 280, 304, 313 Ariel, 132, 135, 149, 283, 288 Barkan, 288 Beit El, 160–61 IDF in, 243, 244, 246–48, 264 Israel’s reinvasion of, 25, 243, 246 Russian immigrants in, 281–84 Winter, Ofer, 260 women, 197–98, 335 education and, 197, 230, 234, 238 feminism and, 230, 234, 261 Haredi, 207–10, 213, 219, 227, 229–35, 307 in military, 242, 245, 249–51, 261–66, 303 tech and, 307 World Zionist Organization, 136, 147 Wye Plantation talks, 124 Y Yamina, 17, 145 Yankelevitch, Omer, 230, 238 Yated Neeman, 219–20 Yedioth Ahronoth, 69, 96, 226, 305, 342 Yehoshua, Yigal, 157 Yellow Peppers, 19 Yemenites, 37, 76–77, 82, 334 Yemini, Ben-Dror, 342–43 Yeruham, 78–79, 81, 161 YESHA council, 151 Yesh Din, 133, 149, 151, 257 Yishuv, 41, 115 Yisrael B’Aliyah, 283, 284 Yisrael Beiteinu, 284 Yitzhar, 139, 143 Ynet, 184, 334 Yokneam Illit, 70–71 Yom HaZikaron, see Memorial Day Yom Kippur, 22, 44, 306, 322 Yom Kippur War (1973), 56, 67–68, 134, 245–46, 287 Yosef, Ovadia, 90, 325, 335 Young Maccabee movement, 101 Yozma Group, 305, 306 Z Zaal, Awad, 133–34 Zaal, Mahmoud, 133–34 Zaher, Julia, 184 ZAKA, 236 Zaltsman, Chavi, 225 Zeev, Benaya, 126 Zeev, Inbal, 121, 125–28, 131 Zeevi, Rehavam, 51, 53, 59 Zevadia, Belaynesh, 341 Zichron Yaakov, 98, 99, 101, 102, 115 Zilberman, Aharon, 224–25 Zilbershlag, Melech, 222 Zionist Forum, 283 Zoabi, Muhammad, 184 Zubeidi, Zakaria, 176–77 Zuckerman, Roni, 261 Zuckerman, Yitzhak “Antek,” 43, 261 A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A NOTE ABOUT THE AUTHOR Isabel Kershner was born and raised in Manchester, England, and graduated from Oxford University with a degree in Arabic from the faculty of Asian and Middle Eastern studies.

Griftopia: Bubble Machines, Vampire Squids, and the Long Con That Is Breaking America
by Matt Taibbi
Published 15 Feb 2010

So we’re in this bad spot anyway, in the middle of a long period of decline, when on October 6 Egypt and Syria launch an attack on the territories Israel had captured in the 1967 Six-Day War. The attack takes place on the Yom Kippur holiday and the war would become known as the Yom Kippur War. Six days later, on October 12, Nixon institutes Operation Nickel Grass, a series of airlifts of weapons and other supplies into Israel. This naturally pisses off the Arab nations, which retort with the start of the oil embargo on October 17. Oil prices skyrocketed, and without making a judgment about who was right or wrong in the Yom Kippur War, it’s important to point out that it only took about two months from the start of the embargo for Nixon and Kissinger to go from bluster and escalation to almost-total surrender.

Memoirs of a Jewish Extremist: The Story of a Transformation
by Yossi Klein Halevi
Published 13 Nov 1995

TEL Aviv burning, its beaches crowded with refugees fleeing into the sea, while Israeli planes bomb Arab oil fields and plunge the West into a literal dark age. Justice: If the world couldn’t find room for a sliver of a Jewish state, then the world didn’t deserve to exist. All my fine resolutions about turning inward and discovering my true being struck me now as absurd, self-indulgent. History had overwhelmed individual needs: The Yom Kippur War, I was convinced, had returned us to an era of Jewish destruction. Just as the Holocaust was preceded by years of Nazi propaganda delegitimizing the Jews as human beings, so too was the world now preparing for Israel’s destruction by first rescinding its right to exist. And only the most radical political responses seemed appropriate.

…

We were delighted: Nothing cheered us more than upsetting American Jews. KRUP ANNOUNCED HE WAS MOVING TO Israel and joining the army. “There’s nothing left for us to do here, Klein. Finished. It’s time to go.” His decision came as no surprise: We’d been discussing that option ever since the Yom Kippur War. He assumed I would join him. But I told him I wasn’t ready, that I didn’t want to go until I had some notion of what I would do when I got out of the army. In fact, I was thinking of becoming a journalist. My plan was to develop contacts in New York and then try my luck as a freelancer in Jerusalem for American magazines.

Israel & the Palestinian Territories Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

Unprepared because of intelligence failures born of post-1967 hubris, Israel was initially forced to withdraw but soon rallied and, with enormous casualties on both sides, pushed the Arab armies back. However, initial Egyptian battlefield successes made it possible for Egyptian President Anwar Sadat to portray the Yom Kippur War as a victory; and although in tactical and strategic terms it was Israel that had won on the battlefield, Israelis never saw the war as a victory. Thoroughly discredited by both the failures of the Yom Kippur War and the Labor Party’s perceived corruption and lassitude, Prime Minister Golda Meir ended her political career in 1974. Three years later, the Labor Party, which had been at the head of every government since 1948, was voted out of office, in part by Mizrahi (Asian and North African) Jews angry at their economic and political marginalisation.

…

The area is a favourite destination for holidaying Israelis. Accommodation – mostly B&Bs – tends to cost more than in the Galilee; prices are highest from June to August and on Jewish holidays. Israel captured the Golan Heights from Syria during the 1967 Six Day War, when 90% of the inhabitants fled. In the bitterly fought 1973 Yom Kippur War, Syrian forces briefly took over much of the Golan before being pushed back; a 1974 armistice set the current ceasefire lines. All around the Golan – unilaterally annexed by Israel in 1981 – you’ll see evidence of these conflicts: abandoned Syrian bunkers along the pre-1967 front lines; old tanks, left as memorials, near the battlefields of 1973; and ready-for-action Israeli bunkers facing the disengagement zone, staffed by the blue-helmeted soldiers of the UN Disengagement Observer Force troops (Undof).

…

The site – at which an 'audio explanation station' describes the battles fought here in 1973 – overlooks the ruined town of Quneitra, one-time Syrian 'capital of the Golan', just 2km away. At the end of the Six Day War, Quneitra, at the time a garrison town defending Damascus (60km to the northeast), was abandoned in chaos by the Syrian army after Syrian government radio mistakenly reported that the town had fallen. It changed hands twice during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, which Israel began with just 177 tanks against the attacking Syrians’ 1500. Inside the UN buffer zone since 1974, Quneitra was captured by Syrian rebel forces in mid-2014. Just beyond the apple orchards and vineyards of Kibbutz Ein Zivan, you can see the only crossing between the Golan and Syria, run by the UN and – until the civil war – used by Golan Druze students and brides heading to Syria to study and/or get married (the subject of the 2004 Israeli film The Syrian Bride) and by Druze-grown Golan apples being trucked to Syria.

Animal Spirits: How Human Psychology Drives the Economy, and Why It Matters for Global Capitalism
by George A. Akerlof and Robert J. Shiller
Published 1 Jan 2009

The first oil crisis hit the economy from 1972 to 1974, when the oil-producing nations of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) restricted production. The price of crude oil more than doubled, from $3.56 per barrel in 1972 to $10.29 per barrel in 1974.27Ostensibly the OPEC ministers were retaliating for the Arab defeat in the 1973 Yom Kippur War. But there is another less well-known explanation for when and why they acted as they did. Prior to 1973 the anachronistically titled Texas Railroad Commission regulated the fraction of time that oil producers in the state of Texas were allowed to pump. By restricting pumping it raised the price of oil and benefited Texas producers.

…

(Dougherty), 177n1 Wilson, Beth Anne, 183n14 Wilson, William Julius, 162, 196n3, 196n14 Wilson, Woodrow, 64 Wise, David A., 188n3,4, 191n1 Wizard of Oz, The (Baum), 64 Wolk, Carel, 181n7 World War II, xxi, 4, 70, 72, 139, 145 Wurgler, Jeffrey, 191n3, 195n36 Yahata Steel Company, 194n23 Yale University, 109 Yamamoto, Isamu, 183n14 Yellen, Janet, 117, 188n1,2,10,11, 189n16 Yellow Pages, explaining to Muscovites, 26 Yom Kippur War, 141 Young, Roy A., 64, 185n17 Youngman, Anna P., 72, 186n38 Y2K scare, 169 Zandi, Mark, 196n14 Zeckhauser, Richard, 188n3,4 Zenji, 139 Zillman, Dolf, 179n3

The Biggest Prison on Earth: A History of the Occupied Territories
by Ilan Pappé
Published 21 Jun 2017

William 43, 61, 75 Galili, Israel 32–3, 64, 96 Gaza Strip xiii, xv, xvi–xvii, xix, xxviii–xxix, 2–3, 6 and Alon 91–2, 93 and Cast Lead 213–14 and citizenship xxvi and colonization 79–80, 98–100 and curfews 182–4 and division 204 and economics 105–6 and Egypt 12 and genocide 219–21, 223–4, 228–9 and Israeli rule xx, xxi, xxv, 46–7, 48–50, 77–8 and Jabaliyya camp 175, 176 and legal system 139–45 and living standards 170, 218–19 and militarization 214–15 and missile strikes 215–16, 225–8 and peace negotiations 1 and refugees 53–4, 115 and resistance 135–6 and Sharon 108–9 and Six-Day War 39, 42 and violence 188 and West Bank 127 Gazit, Shlomo xvi, 128, 138, 187 Geneva Convention xv, xvii, 87, 99, 126, 133, 140 genocide 3, 10, 219–21, 223–4 Givat Ram (Hill of Ram) xi–xiii, xx Givati, Haim 37, 98 Glahn, Gerhard von xvii Gluska, Ami 38 Golan Heights 29, 77 Goldberg, Arthur 41, 61 government 49–52, 54, 68–70 and 1967 policies xx–xxii, xxiii–xxv, xxvii–xxviii, 1–2, 4, 116–28 see also Labour party; Likud Granit Plan xvii Great Britain xiii, xxiii, 10, 12, 17, 70 and Egypt 14 and Jerusalem 83 and Palestinians 107, 109 and refugees 113 and Suez campaign 16 see also British Mandate; 1945 Mandatory regulations Green Line 140–1 guerrilla operations 25–6, 27 Gulf War (1991) 22, 195 Gush Emunim 130, 131–4, 155 Gush Etzion 56, 131 Haaretz (newspaper) 64, 77, 225 Haetzni, Eliakim 73 Hague Convention xvii, 178–9 Halutz, Dan 213 Hamas 177–8, 189, 191–2, 213, 217 and Gaza Strip 222, 224, 226 and retaliation 214, 215–16 Hammarskjöld, Dag 21, 25, 31 Hashemite Kingdom, see Iraq; Jordan Hashud (‘suspect’) 109–10 Hebrew University xi, xii–xiii, xiv, xvi–xvii, 84–5 Hebron 24, 56, 92, 102, 116 and Khalil 130–1, 161 Helms, Richard 34–5, 36 Herzl, Theodor 55 Herzog, Chaim xv–xvi, 77, 113, 121 Hezbollah 207, 213, 217 hijackings 134, 158 Histadrut (trade union) 106, 148 Holocaust, the xxiii, 10, 33, 220 Huberman, Hagai 136 human rights 116, 139, 170, 185–6, 209; see also B’Tselem Hussein of Jordan, King 17, 25, 39–40, 42, 50 al-Husseini, Faisal 86, 195, 245 n. 10 al-Husseini, Haj Amin 10 Inbar, Zvi xv, xix, 139 informers 110 international law xv, 87–8, 100–1, 139, 141, 171 and Alon 92–3 and punishment 178–9 see also Geneva Convention International Red Cross xxiii, 126 Intifadas xxi first (1987) 5, 77, 168, 169–70, 173–9, 192–3 second (2000) 113, 206–8 Iraq 13, 17, 20, 23 Islam xiii, 177, 178 Islamic Jihad 191, 216 Israel xx–xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 2–3, 5–7, 10–11 and Arab states 13–15 and Egypt 134 and expansionism xxv, 11–12, 21–3 and image 70–1, 72–3 and independence day 182–4 and Jordan 20–1 and law xv and Lebanon 158, 159 and occupied territories 46–50 and provocations 24–5, 28–9 and self-defence 30–2 and Syria 18–19, 27–8 and USA 33–6 see also government Israel Defense Forces (IDF) xiii, xiv, xxi, 32–3, 35 and colonization 97 and elite units 185–6 and Eshkol 38 and expulsions 118, 121, 124 and Gaza Strip 223, 224 and Haruv (‘Carob’) 110 and iron fist policy 167 and second Intifada 207 and Six-Day War 43 and terrorism 192 and 2006 attacks 217–18, 220 and weaponry 18 Israeli air force 26, 27–8, 29 Israeli army, see Israel Defence Forces; military rule Israeli Communist party 73 Israeli-Palestinian Federation 73 Italy 71 Jenin 56 Jericho 116, 120–2 Jerusalem 24, 45, 162, 179–80 and Alon 92 and annexation 56–9, 60–1, 62–6 and checkpoints 185 and expropriation 80–8 and Hebraization 74 and land 143, 164 and Six-Day War 40, 41 and wedges 97–8 see also Givat Ram; Old City Jewish Agency 94 Jewish National Fund (JNF) 85, 98, 136 Jewish settlers 1, 7, 80 and Gaza Strip 98–100, 135–6, 215 and Golan Heights 29 and Gush Emunim 130–3 and Jerusalem 56, 81, 83, 84–5 and Jordan Valley 95–6 and violence 161, 187–8, 197 and West Bank 155–7 Jibril, Ahmed 169 Johnson, Lyndon B. 26, 33, 34–5, 60, 74 and Jerusalem 61, 63 Jordan xii, xiii–xiv, xv, xxvi, 197 and Alon 23–4, 90–1, 92 and Hussein 17 and land 95 and Palestinians 51 and PLO 134–5, 167 and refugees 114–15, 118 and River Jordan 48 and Six-Day War 39–41, 42 and West Bank 11, 12–13, 20–1, 50 Jordan Valley 48, 91, 92, 95–6, 153 Judaization 56, 58, 80, 82, 84, 93–4 Judea and Samaria, see West Bank judiciary xix, 4, 189, 190–1 Kadima party 221–2 Kanafani, Ghassan 207–8 Kenan, Amos 119–20 Kenen, Isaiah ‘Si’ 43 Kennedy, John F. 60 Khalaf, Karim 161 al-Khatib, Yusuf 160 kibbutzim movement 95, 119–20, 123, 136 Knesset (parliament) xi, xii, xx, 39, 58, 65 Kol, Moshe 48, 64, 68, 123, 124 Kook, Rabbi Abraham Yitzhak 131 Kook, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda 131–2 labour market 52, 105–6, 146, 147–9, 168–9, 186–7 Labour party 50, 129–31, 132–4, 150–1, 194 Lajnat al-Tawjih 159 land 142–4, 152–3, 162–4 and expropriation 11, 80–8, 94–5 Landau, Eli 109 Latrun 116, 117, 119–20 Lebanon 20, 23, 135, 166, 167 and civil war 158, 159 and 2006 war 217, 220, 225 legal system 139–45, 189–93 Lenczowski, George 59 Liberty, USS 59–60, 65–6 Lieberman, Avigdor 103, 221 Likud 96, 130, 142, 154–6 Ma’arach (‘Alliance’) 130 MacBride, Seán 166 Madrid Conference (1991) 195 al-Majali, Habis 40 Malley, Robert 205 Mapai party, see Labour party Mapam party xx, 53, 122–3 marketing 47, 65, 66–7, 68–71 maximum security prison xxviii, xxix, 5, 6, 92–3, 138 media, the xxiii, xxix, 22, 64, 70, 186 and Dayan 71–2 and dual language 113 mega-prison xix, xx, xxvii–xxviii, xxx, 4–6, 7, 79–80 Meir, Golda 96, 129–30, 133–4 Merkaz Harav institute 131–2 military rule xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii–xix, xxvi, 18 and the law 100–1, 140–2 and Sharon 160 Milson, Menachem 160, 161 missile strikes 214, 215–16, 222, 225–8 Mitchell, George J. 208 Mizrahi Jews 154, 155 Moledet party 42 Mollet, Guy 16 Mordechai, Yitzhak 157 Mossad 34, 35, 190–1 Mount Scopus (Jerusalem) xii, 22 Munich massacre 110, 135 Muslim Brotherhood 177 Nablus 24, 56, 92, 132 Narkiss, Uzi xvi, 41, 77, 149 Nasser, Gamal Abdel xiii, 13, 14, 15, 23, 28, 44 and Sinai Peninsula 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Nathan, Abie 73 NATO 19 Nazi Germany xviii, 10 Negev 14–15, 213–14 Netanyahu, Benjamin 146, 196, 199–200, 211 9/11 attacks 178 1945 Mandatory regulations xiv, xv, xviii–xix 1967 war, see Six-Day War 1973 war, see Yom Kippur War Nitzan, Yehuda 138 Nixon, Richard 74 nuclear weapons 19 Nusseibeh, Sari 76 Obama, Barack 210 occupation xvii–xviii, 2–3, 104–6 Occupation of Enemy Territory: a Commentary on the Law and Practice of Belligerent Occupation, The (von Glahn) xvii Occupied Territories, see Gaza Strip; Golan Heights; Sinai Peninsula; West Bank Old City 112–14 Olmert, Ehud 165, 197, 218 open-air prison xxviii, xxix, 5, 6, 7 and Alon 92, 101–2 and CDG 138 and economics 146–50 and marketing 47 and working rights 167–9 operations: Cast Lead (2008–9) 71, 213–14 First Rain (2005) 214–16 Moked (1965) 26, 41 Pillar of Defense (2012) 227 Protective Edge (2014) 228 Returning Echo (2012) 227 Rotem (1960) 24, 25 Yevusi (1948) xiii Oslo Accord xxi, 83, 192–3, 194, 195–197 and failure 198–201 and land 164 and refugees 202–4 Ottoman law 95 Palestine xi–xii, xiii, xxii, xxiii–xxv and imprisonment xxvii–xxviii and military rule xvii–xviii and 1966 raids 26–7 and occupation 45–6 and partition 197–9 and Syria 25–6 and UN 10 and withdrawal 73–5 see also Gaza Strip; West Bank Palestine Authority (PA) 7, 209, 210 Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) 145 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) xxvi, 5, 76, 134–5, 157–8 and assassinations 110 and assistance 145 and de-terrorization 192 and Intifada 174–5 and Lebanon 166, 167 and Oslo Accord 194–5 and Sharon 159, 161 see also Arafat, Yasser Palestinians 1, 7 and annexation 50–3 and citzenship 102 and containment 121–2 and deportations 170–1 and detention 189–90 and downsizing 118–19 and freedom of movement 179–82, 209 and Jerusalem 56–7, 82–8, 98 and labour 105–6 and 1948 expulsion 9–11 and 1967 expulsion 71 and punishment 109–10 and resettlement 54–5, 221–2 and resistance 76–7, 92–3, 103, 106–7, 134–6 and rewards 145–6 and right to return 200–3 and sects 107–8 see also Intifadas; refugees pan-Arabism 13, 14, 17 Panopticon xxvii, xxviii Patenkin, Don 79 Paul VI, Pope 66 peace process xxviii–xxix, 5–6, 53, 195 and dual language 49 and Egypt 14–15 and marketing 68, 69 and 1970s 110–11, 151–2 and Obama 210–1 and partition 197–8 and refugees 201–3 and USA 62–3 see also Camp David Summit; Oslo Accord Peres, Shimon 129, 133, 144, 194 Plan Dalet (1948) 9–10 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 80–1, 169 Porath, Elisha 152–3 prisons xxvi, xxvii–xxix, 4 propaganda 33, 53 protests xviii–xix, 190 punishment 26–7, 106–7, 108–10, 182–4, 186–7 Al-Qaeda 217 Qalqilya 116–17, 118–19 Rabin, Yitzhak 29–30, 32, 37, 96, 98, 117 and assassination 155, 200 and Intifadas 169–70, 175 and legal system 188, 190 and Oslo Accord 194 and Six-Day War 41, 42 refugees 6, 15, 66–8, 76, 92, 113 and Gaza Strip 45, 53–5, 99 and Jordan 114–15, 118 and peace process 201–3 repatriation 118, 121, 123–4, 125 Riad, Gen Abd al-Munim 40 Right to Return 200–3 River Jordan 25, 28, 48, 90 and bridges 126, 146, 209 Rogers, William 110 Rokach, Livia 16 Rostow, Walt 72 Rusk, Dean 65 Sabra and Shatila massacre 164, 166 Sadat, Anwar 69, 154 Sadiq, Abdel-Rahman 14 Said, Hussein Ghassan 166 Samu 27 Sapir, Pinchas 37, 52, 55, 105–6, 119, 146–7 Sasson, Eliyahu 35, 48, 51, 67, 68 Schiff, Ze’ev 109, 169 secret service, see Mossad secularism xxi Seven Stars programme 103 Shabak (General Security Services) xviii, 75, 110 Shacham, Mishael xiv, xv, xvi, xviii Shacham Plan xiv–xvii, 139 Shalit, Gilad 222 Shamgar, Col Meir 139–40 Shapira, Haim Moshe 58, 123, 124 Shapira, Yaacov Shimshon 36, 71, 100–1, 115, 123 Shaq’a, Bassam 161 Sharett, Moshe 12, 13–15 Sharon, Ariel xiv, 49, 91, 142, 158–60, 221–2 and colonization 161, 162–5 and Gaza Strip 98, 99, 135, 136, 215 and PLO 166–7 and punishment 108–9 and Temple Mount tour 206, 208 and Wadi Ara 103 Shefi, Maj Dov 139 Shehadeh, Aziz 76 Shehadeh, Raja 76–7 Sheikh al-Badr xi–xii Shelah, Ofer 206–7 Shoham, David xvi Siboni, Col Gabi 225 Silwan 114 Simon, Ernest 19 Sinai Peninsula xiii, 16 and Egypt 24, 25, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 36 Six-Day War xii, xvi–xvii, 39–44, 77 Southern Lebanese Army (SLA) 158 Soviet Union (USSR) 14, 23, 33, 34, 43 and borders 65, 68 and peace process 151–2 and Syria 26, 28 Straits of Tiran 23, 29, 30, 36 Suez campaign (1956) 16–17 Sufian, Fatmah Hassan Tabashe 183–4 suicide bombs xxx, 83, 189, 192, 206 Supreme Court of Israel xx, 141–2, 163 Susser, Leslie 81 Syria 17, 18–19, 20, 23, 44 and Israel 24, 25–6, 27–8, 29 and peace process 53, 62 Tafakji, Khalil 81, 82 Tal, Israel 42 taxation 82, 140, 156, 190 Tekoah, Yosef 126 terrorism 83, 109, 134, 135, 192, 224; see also suicide bombs U Thant 25, 31, 43 torture 142, 186 trade 105, 106, 146, 150 trade unions, see Histadrut Tripartite Declaration (1950) 17 Tul Karem 116, 117, 118–19 ultra-Orthodox Jews 155–6 UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) 197 Unified National Leadership 174–5 United Nations (UN) xxiii, xxv, 2, 10, 210 and first Intifada 174, 176 and Gaza Strip 228 and human rights 116 and May Protocol (1949) 201 and peace process 68, 70 and refugees 76 and 2012 resolution 126 and UNIFIL 158 and withdrawal 75 see also Hammarskjöld, Dag; U Thant United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) 51, 53–4, 67–8, 114 United States of America (USA) xxviii, 21, 23 and aid 26, 105 and arms 72, 130 and Egypt 14, 15 and expulsions 71 and Hamas 191 and Intifadas 176 and Israel 17, 18, 19–20, 33–6 and Jerusalem 59, 60–3, 88 and Jewish community 37 and Liberty, USS 65–6 and peace process 5, 68, 151–2, 195 and Six-Day War 41, 42–3 and withdrawal 74–5 USSR, see Soviet Union Vardi, Col Rehavia 138 Vatican, the 66 Village Leagues 160–1 voluntary transfer 54, 56–7, 121 Wadi Ara 102–3 war crimes 87, 92 War on Terror 62, 178 water 54–5, 187 weaponry 18, 19, 26, 72, 130 wedges 95–100, 185 Weitz, Raanan 94 Weitz, Yosef 94, 127 Weizman, Eyal 83 Weizman, Ezer 158–9 West Bank xiii, xiv–xvii, xix, 2–3, 208–12, 221 and Alon 90–2, 93, 96–7, 102 and Ben-Gurion 21–2 and citizenship xxvi and colonization 79–80 and division 55–6, 204 and economics 146–50 and Gaza Strip 127 and imprisonment xxviii–xxix and Israeli rule xx, xxi, xxv, 46–7, 48–50, 77–8 and Jewish settlers 130–4, 155–7 and Jordan 11, 12–13, 20–1, 24 and legal system 139–45 and living standards 170 and Olmert 218 and open-air prison 6 and peace negotiations 1 and Six-Day War 39–40, 41, 42 and Suez campaign 16–17 and violence 188 see also Jerusalem Wilson, Harold 70 Wolfe, Patrick 3 women 193 Yaacobi, Gad 167 Yaalon, Moshe ‘Bogie’ 227 Ya’ari, Ehud 169 Yariv, Aharon 37 Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed 177, 189, 191 Yemenite Jews 113–14 Yeshayahu, Israel 113–14, 123 Yom Kippur War (1973) 144, 151 Ze’evi, Rehavam 42, 80–1 Zionists xviii, xxiii, 9–10, 55, 89, 197 and anti-occupation 171–2 and ideologies xx–xxii, 4 and withdrawal 74 Zohar, Uri 73 Zur, Zvi 137 A Oneworld book First published in North America, Great Britain and Australia by Oneworld Publications, 2017 This ebook edition published 2017 Copyright © Ilan Pappe, 2017 The moral right of Ilan Pappe to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-85168-587-5 eISBN 978-1-78074-433-9 Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Oneworld Publications 10 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3SR England

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William 43, 61, 75 Galili, Israel 32–3, 64, 96 Gaza Strip xiii, xv, xvi–xvii, xix, xxviii–xxix, 2–3, 6 and Alon 91–2, 93 and Cast Lead 213–14 and citizenship xxvi and colonization 79–80, 98–100 and curfews 182–4 and division 204 and economics 105–6 and Egypt 12 and genocide 219–21, 223–4, 228–9 and Israeli rule xx, xxi, xxv, 46–7, 48–50, 77–8 and Jabaliyya camp 175, 176 and legal system 139–45 and living standards 170, 218–19 and militarization 214–15 and missile strikes 215–16, 225–8 and peace negotiations 1 and refugees 53–4, 115 and resistance 135–6 and Sharon 108–9 and Six-Day War 39, 42 and violence 188 and West Bank 127 Gazit, Shlomo xvi, 128, 138, 187 Geneva Convention xv, xvii, 87, 99, 126, 133, 140 genocide 3, 10, 219–21, 223–4 Givat Ram (Hill of Ram) xi–xiii, xx Givati, Haim 37, 98 Glahn, Gerhard von xvii Gluska, Ami 38 Golan Heights 29, 77 Goldberg, Arthur 41, 61 government 49–52, 54, 68–70 and 1967 policies xx–xxii, xxiii–xxv, xxvii–xxviii, 1–2, 4, 116–28 see also Labour party; Likud Granit Plan xvii Great Britain xiii, xxiii, 10, 12, 17, 70 and Egypt 14 and Jerusalem 83 and Palestinians 107, 109 and refugees 113 and Suez campaign 16 see also British Mandate; 1945 Mandatory regulations Green Line 140–1 guerrilla operations 25–6, 27 Gulf War (1991) 22, 195 Gush Emunim 130, 131–4, 155 Gush Etzion 56, 131 Haaretz (newspaper) 64, 77, 225 Haetzni, Eliakim 73 Hague Convention xvii, 178–9 Halutz, Dan 213 Hamas 177–8, 189, 191–2, 213, 217 and Gaza Strip 222, 224, 226 and retaliation 214, 215–16 Hammarskjöld, Dag 21, 25, 31 Hashemite Kingdom, see Iraq; Jordan Hashud (‘suspect’) 109–10 Hebrew University xi, xii–xiii, xiv, xvi–xvii, 84–5 Hebron 24, 56, 92, 102, 116 and Khalil 130–1, 161 Helms, Richard 34–5, 36 Herzl, Theodor 55 Herzog, Chaim xv–xvi, 77, 113, 121 Hezbollah 207, 213, 217 hijackings 134, 158 Histadrut (trade union) 106, 148 Holocaust, the xxiii, 10, 33, 220 Huberman, Hagai 136 human rights 116, 139, 170, 185–6, 209; see also B’Tselem Hussein of Jordan, King 17, 25, 39–40, 42, 50 al-Husseini, Faisal 86, 195, 245 n. 10 al-Husseini, Haj Amin 10 Inbar, Zvi xv, xix, 139 informers 110 international law xv, 87–8, 100–1, 139, 141, 171 and Alon 92–3 and punishment 178–9 see also Geneva Convention International Red Cross xxiii, 126 Intifadas xxi first (1987) 5, 77, 168, 169–70, 173–9, 192–3 second (2000) 113, 206–8 Iraq 13, 17, 20, 23 Islam xiii, 177, 178 Islamic Jihad 191, 216 Israel xx–xxii, xxiii, xxiv, 2–3, 5–7, 10–11 and Arab states 13–15 and Egypt 134 and expansionism xxv, 11–12, 21–3 and image 70–1, 72–3 and independence day 182–4 and Jordan 20–1 and law xv and Lebanon 158, 159 and occupied territories 46–50 and provocations 24–5, 28–9 and self-defence 30–2 and Syria 18–19, 27–8 and USA 33–6 see also government Israel Defense Forces (IDF) xiii, xiv, xxi, 32–3, 35 and colonization 97 and elite units 185–6 and Eshkol 38 and expulsions 118, 121, 124 and Gaza Strip 223, 224 and Haruv (‘Carob’) 110 and iron fist policy 167 and second Intifada 207 and Six-Day War 43 and terrorism 192 and 2006 attacks 217–18, 220 and weaponry 18 Israeli air force 26, 27–8, 29 Israeli army, see Israel Defence Forces; military rule Israeli Communist party 73 Israeli-Palestinian Federation 73 Italy 71 Jenin 56 Jericho 116, 120–2 Jerusalem 24, 45, 162, 179–80 and Alon 92 and annexation 56–9, 60–1, 62–6 and checkpoints 185 and expropriation 80–8 and Hebraization 74 and land 143, 164 and Six-Day War 40, 41 and wedges 97–8 see also Givat Ram; Old City Jewish Agency 94 Jewish National Fund (JNF) 85, 98, 136 Jewish settlers 1, 7, 80 and Gaza Strip 98–100, 135–6, 215 and Golan Heights 29 and Gush Emunim 130–3 and Jerusalem 56, 81, 83, 84–5 and Jordan Valley 95–6 and violence 161, 187–8, 197 and West Bank 155–7 Jibril, Ahmed 169 Johnson, Lyndon B. 26, 33, 34–5, 60, 74 and Jerusalem 61, 63 Jordan xii, xiii–xiv, xv, xxvi, 197 and Alon 23–4, 90–1, 92 and Hussein 17 and land 95 and Palestinians 51 and PLO 134–5, 167 and refugees 114–15, 118 and River Jordan 48 and Six-Day War 39–41, 42 and West Bank 11, 12–13, 20–1, 50 Jordan Valley 48, 91, 92, 95–6, 153 Judaization 56, 58, 80, 82, 84, 93–4 Judea and Samaria, see West Bank judiciary xix, 4, 189, 190–1 Kadima party 221–2 Kanafani, Ghassan 207–8 Kenan, Amos 119–20 Kenen, Isaiah ‘Si’ 43 Kennedy, John F. 60 Khalaf, Karim 161 al-Khatib, Yusuf 160 kibbutzim movement 95, 119–20, 123, 136 Knesset (parliament) xi, xii, xx, 39, 58, 65 Kol, Moshe 48, 64, 68, 123, 124 Kook, Rabbi Abraham Yitzhak 131 Kook, Rabbi Zvi Yehuda 131–2 labour market 52, 105–6, 146, 147–9, 168–9, 186–7 Labour party 50, 129–31, 132–4, 150–1, 194 Lajnat al-Tawjih 159 land 142–4, 152–3, 162–4 and expropriation 11, 80–8, 94–5 Landau, Eli 109 Latrun 116, 117, 119–20 Lebanon 20, 23, 135, 166, 167 and civil war 158, 159 and 2006 war 217, 220, 225 legal system 139–45, 189–93 Lenczowski, George 59 Liberty, USS 59–60, 65–6 Lieberman, Avigdor 103, 221 Likud 96, 130, 142, 154–6 Ma’arach (‘Alliance’) 130 MacBride, Seán 166 Madrid Conference (1991) 195 al-Majali, Habis 40 Malley, Robert 205 Mapai party, see Labour party Mapam party xx, 53, 122–3 marketing 47, 65, 66–7, 68–71 maximum security prison xxviii, xxix, 5, 6, 92–3, 138 media, the xxiii, xxix, 22, 64, 70, 186 and Dayan 71–2 and dual language 113 mega-prison xix, xx, xxvii–xxviii, xxx, 4–6, 7, 79–80 Meir, Golda 96, 129–30, 133–4 Merkaz Harav institute 131–2 military rule xiii, xiv, xvi, xvii–xix, xxvi, 18 and the law 100–1, 140–2 and Sharon 160 Milson, Menachem 160, 161 missile strikes 214, 215–16, 222, 225–8 Mitchell, George J. 208 Mizrahi Jews 154, 155 Moledet party 42 Mollet, Guy 16 Mordechai, Yitzhak 157 Mossad 34, 35, 190–1 Mount Scopus (Jerusalem) xii, 22 Munich massacre 110, 135 Muslim Brotherhood 177 Nablus 24, 56, 92, 132 Narkiss, Uzi xvi, 41, 77, 149 Nasser, Gamal Abdel xiii, 13, 14, 15, 23, 28, 44 and Sinai Peninsula 25, 29, 30, 31, 32, 33 Nathan, Abie 73 NATO 19 Nazi Germany xviii, 10 Negev 14–15, 213–14 Netanyahu, Benjamin 146, 196, 199–200, 211 9/11 attacks 178 1945 Mandatory regulations xiv, xv, xviii–xix 1967 war, see Six-Day War 1973 war, see Yom Kippur War Nitzan, Yehuda 138 Nixon, Richard 74 nuclear weapons 19 Nusseibeh, Sari 76 Obama, Barack 210 occupation xvii–xviii, 2–3, 104–6 Occupation of Enemy Territory: a Commentary on the Law and Practice of Belligerent Occupation, The (von Glahn) xvii Occupied Territories, see Gaza Strip; Golan Heights; Sinai Peninsula; West Bank Old City 112–14 Olmert, Ehud 165, 197, 218 open-air prison xxviii, xxix, 5, 6, 7 and Alon 92, 101–2 and CDG 138 and economics 146–50 and marketing 47 and working rights 167–9 operations: Cast Lead (2008–9) 71, 213–14 First Rain (2005) 214–16 Moked (1965) 26, 41 Pillar of Defense (2012) 227 Protective Edge (2014) 228 Returning Echo (2012) 227 Rotem (1960) 24, 25 Yevusi (1948) xiii Oslo Accord xxi, 83, 192–3, 194, 195–197 and failure 198–201 and land 164 and refugees 202–4 Ottoman law 95 Palestine xi–xii, xiii, xxii, xxiii–xxv and imprisonment xxvii–xxviii and military rule xvii–xviii and 1966 raids 26–7 and occupation 45–6 and partition 197–9 and Syria 25–6 and UN 10 and withdrawal 73–5 see also Gaza Strip; West Bank Palestine Authority (PA) 7, 209, 210 Palestine Liberation Army (PLA) 145 Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO) xxvi, 5, 76, 134–5, 157–8 and assassinations 110 and assistance 145 and de-terrorization 192 and Intifada 174–5 and Lebanon 166, 167 and Oslo Accord 194–5 and Sharon 159, 161 see also Arafat, Yasser Palestinians 1, 7 and annexation 50–3 and citzenship 102 and containment 121–2 and deportations 170–1 and detention 189–90 and downsizing 118–19 and freedom of movement 179–82, 209 and Jerusalem 56–7, 82–8, 98 and labour 105–6 and 1948 expulsion 9–11 and 1967 expulsion 71 and punishment 109–10 and resettlement 54–5, 221–2 and resistance 76–7, 92–3, 103, 106–7, 134–6 and rewards 145–6 and right to return 200–3 and sects 107–8 see also Intifadas; refugees pan-Arabism 13, 14, 17 Panopticon xxvii, xxviii Patenkin, Don 79 Paul VI, Pope 66 peace process xxviii–xxix, 5–6, 53, 195 and dual language 49 and Egypt 14–15 and marketing 68, 69 and 1970s 110–11, 151–2 and Obama 210–1 and partition 197–8 and refugees 201–3 and USA 62–3 see also Camp David Summit; Oslo Accord Peres, Shimon 129, 133, 144, 194 Plan Dalet (1948) 9–10 Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine (PFLP) 80–1, 169 Porath, Elisha 152–3 prisons xxvi, xxvii–xxix, 4 propaganda 33, 53 protests xviii–xix, 190 punishment 26–7, 106–7, 108–10, 182–4, 186–7 Al-Qaeda 217 Qalqilya 116–17, 118–19 Rabin, Yitzhak 29–30, 32, 37, 96, 98, 117 and assassination 155, 200 and Intifadas 169–70, 175 and legal system 188, 190 and Oslo Accord 194 and Six-Day War 41, 42 refugees 6, 15, 66–8, 76, 92, 113 and Gaza Strip 45, 53–5, 99 and Jordan 114–15, 118 and peace process 201–3 repatriation 118, 121, 123–4, 125 Riad, Gen Abd al-Munim 40 Right to Return 200–3 River Jordan 25, 28, 48, 90 and bridges 126, 146, 209 Rogers, William 110 Rokach, Livia 16 Rostow, Walt 72 Rusk, Dean 65 Sabra and Shatila massacre 164, 166 Sadat, Anwar 69, 154 Sadiq, Abdel-Rahman 14 Said, Hussein Ghassan 166 Samu 27 Sapir, Pinchas 37, 52, 55, 105–6, 119, 146–7 Sasson, Eliyahu 35, 48, 51, 67, 68 Schiff, Ze’ev 109, 169 secret service, see Mossad secularism xxi Seven Stars programme 103 Shabak (General Security Services) xviii, 75, 110 Shacham, Mishael xiv, xv, xvi, xviii Shacham Plan xiv–xvii, 139 Shalit, Gilad 222 Shamgar, Col Meir 139–40 Shapira, Haim Moshe 58, 123, 124 Shapira, Yaacov Shimshon 36, 71, 100–1, 115, 123 Shaq’a, Bassam 161 Sharett, Moshe 12, 13–15 Sharon, Ariel xiv, 49, 91, 142, 158–60, 221–2 and colonization 161, 162–5 and Gaza Strip 98, 99, 135, 136, 215 and PLO 166–7 and punishment 108–9 and Temple Mount tour 206, 208 and Wadi Ara 103 Shefi, Maj Dov 139 Shehadeh, Aziz 76 Shehadeh, Raja 76–7 Sheikh al-Badr xi–xii Shelah, Ofer 206–7 Shoham, David xvi Siboni, Col Gabi 225 Silwan 114 Simon, Ernest 19 Sinai Peninsula xiii, 16 and Egypt 24, 25, 29–30, 31, 32, 33, 36 Six-Day War xii, xvi–xvii, 39–44, 77 Southern Lebanese Army (SLA) 158 Soviet Union (USSR) 14, 23, 33, 34, 43 and borders 65, 68 and peace process 151–2 and Syria 26, 28 Straits of Tiran 23, 29, 30, 36 Suez campaign (1956) 16–17 Sufian, Fatmah Hassan Tabashe 183–4 suicide bombs xxx, 83, 189, 192, 206 Supreme Court of Israel xx, 141–2, 163 Susser, Leslie 81 Syria 17, 18–19, 20, 23, 44 and Israel 24, 25–6, 27–8, 29 and peace process 53, 62 Tafakji, Khalil 81, 82 Tal, Israel 42 taxation 82, 140, 156, 190 Tekoah, Yosef 126 terrorism 83, 109, 134, 135, 192, 224; see also suicide bombs U Thant 25, 31, 43 torture 142, 186 trade 105, 106, 146, 150 trade unions, see Histadrut Tripartite Declaration (1950) 17 Tul Karem 116, 117, 118–19 ultra-Orthodox Jews 155–6 UN Special Commission on Palestine (UNSCOP) 197 Unified National Leadership 174–5 United Nations (UN) xxiii, xxv, 2, 10, 210 and first Intifada 174, 176 and Gaza Strip 228 and human rights 116 and May Protocol (1949) 201 and peace process 68, 70 and refugees 76 and 2012 resolution 126 and UNIFIL 158 and withdrawal 75 see also Hammarskjöld, Dag; U Thant United Nations Relief and Works Agency (UNRWA) 51, 53–4, 67–8, 114 United States of America (USA) xxviii, 21, 23 and aid 26, 105 and arms 72, 130 and Egypt 14, 15 and expulsions 71 and Hamas 191 and Intifadas 176 and Israel 17, 18, 19–20, 33–6 and Jerusalem 59, 60–3, 88 and Jewish community 37 and Liberty, USS 65–6 and peace process 5, 68, 151–2, 195 and Six-Day War 41, 42–3 and withdrawal 74–5 USSR, see Soviet Union Vardi, Col Rehavia 138 Vatican, the 66 Village Leagues 160–1 voluntary transfer 54, 56–7, 121 Wadi Ara 102–3 war crimes 87, 92 War on Terror 62, 178 water 54–5, 187 weaponry 18, 19, 26, 72, 130 wedges 95–100, 185 Weitz, Raanan 94 Weitz, Yosef 94, 127 Weizman, Eyal 83 Weizman, Ezer 158–9 West Bank xiii, xiv–xvii, xix, 2–3, 208–12, 221 and Alon 90–2, 93, 96–7, 102 and Ben-Gurion 21–2 and citizenship xxvi and colonization 79–80 and division 55–6, 204 and economics 146–50 and Gaza Strip 127 and imprisonment xxviii–xxix and Israeli rule xx, xxi, xxv, 46–7, 48–50, 77–8 and Jewish settlers 130–4, 155–7 and Jordan 11, 12–13, 20–1, 24 and legal system 139–45 and living standards 170 and Olmert 218 and open-air prison 6 and peace negotiations 1 and Six-Day War 39–40, 41, 42 and Suez campaign 16–17 and violence 188 see also Jerusalem Wilson, Harold 70 Wolfe, Patrick 3 women 193 Yaacobi, Gad 167 Yaalon, Moshe ‘Bogie’ 227 Ya’ari, Ehud 169 Yariv, Aharon 37 Yassin, Sheikh Ahmed 177, 189, 191 Yemenite Jews 113–14 Yeshayahu, Israel 113–14, 123 Yom Kippur War (1973) 144, 151 Ze’evi, Rehavam 42, 80–1 Zionists xviii, xxiii, 9–10, 55, 89, 197 and anti-occupation 171–2 and ideologies xx–xxii, 4 and withdrawal 74 Zohar, Uri 73 Zur, Zvi 137 A Oneworld book First published in North America, Great Britain and Australia by Oneworld Publications, 2017 This ebook edition published 2017 Copyright © Ilan Pappe, 2017 The moral right of Ilan Pappe to be identified as the Author of this work has been asserted by him in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 All rights reserved Copyright under Berne Convention A CIP record for this title is available from the British Library ISBN 978-1-85168-587-5 eISBN 978-1-78074-433-9 Typeset by Hewer Text UK Ltd, Edinburgh Oneworld Publications 10 Bloomsbury Street London WC1B 3SR England

Golden Gates: Fighting for Housing in America
by Conor Dougherty
Published 18 Feb 2020

More than anything else, the thing that characterized Jerry Brown’s first governorship—the thing that would forever change America, the housing market, and become the most disrupting force in California history—was inflation. In the early 1970s, after the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries cut oil production and declared an embargo on the United States for supporting Israel in the Yom Kippur War, U.S. consumer prices shot up and continued rising throughout the decade, sometimes more than 10 percent a year. It was a developing world episode of the sort that Americans, accustomed to stability, were wholly unprepared for. One day they’d go to the grocery store and find out that they couldn’t afford the staples they’d bought a week earlier.

…

High Rent, Price Anxiety, and NIMBYism” (Hankinson), 126 Wicks, Buffy, 218–19, 225, 226 Wiener, Scott, 117–32, 134–43, 185, 186, 187, 203, 208, 211, 221, 225 SB 35 bill of, 135–40, 164 SB 50 bill of, 228–29 SB 827 bill of, 188–90, 192, 193–95, 218–19 senate campaign of, 123–25, 129–31 work ethic of, 137 Woo, Vincent, 131 Wooten, Wilma J., 154–55 work commutes, xii, xiii, xiv World War II, xiii, 40, 63, 65, 68, 145 Yahoo, 24 Y Combinator, 178–79 Yelp, 25–26, 29, 173 Yglesias, Matthew, 24 YIMBY (“yes in my backyard”), 27, 35, 38, 111, 127, 130, 131, 133, 136–38, 141–43, 186, 187, 190, 198, 200, 209–12, 214, 218–25, 228–31, 235 California YIMBY, 188, 195, 211, 218, 220 defining, 210 Proposition C and, 210–11, 224 Proposition 10 and, 210–12, 215–16, 224 SB 827 bill and, 188–90, 192, 193–95, 218–19 YIMBY Action, 130, 138, 140, 209–11, 216, 219, 220 YIMBY Congress, 126–28, 141 YIMBY Gala, 143, 209 YIMBY Market Urbanists, 212, 215 YIMBY PAC, 130 YIMBY Socialists, 212, 215 YIMBYtown conference in Boston, 227–30, 234–35 YIMBYtown conference in Boulder, 35–38, 106, 210, 225 YIMBYtown conference in Oakland, 210 Yom Kippur War, 84 Zeta Communities, 160, 162 zoning and land-use rules, 8–9, 19, 21, 23, 24, 30–31, 85, 108, 109, 134, 136, 149, 157, 167, 235 exclusionary, 9, 23, 31, 86, 108, 193 gentrification and, 193 permits, 120–21, 158 SB 50 bill and, 228–29 SB 827 bill and, 188–90, 192, 193–95, 218–19 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ ABOUT THE AUTHOR Conor Dougherty is an economics reporter at The New York Times.

MegaThreats: Ten Dangerous Trends That Imperil Our Future, and How to Survive Them
by Nouriel Roubini
Published 17 Oct 2022

The Dow Jones Industrial Average ended September 1974 just shy of 608, down 36 percent in a year and just ten points above the close in July 1962.13 The Nifty Fifty were not spared. Their prices tumbled along with the market as a whole. And then came a jolt that altered the global landscape and still reverberates today. In October 1973, conflict between Israel and its Arab neighbors—the Yom Kippur War—mobilized the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC). Twelve Arab nations imposed an oil embargo against the United States and other Western countries that enjoyed friendly ties with Israel. The embargo led to a tripling of oil prices in a matter of months, spiking an already rising inflation and triggering a severe recession in 1974–75.

…

The philosopher Herbert Marcuse, who fled Germany when the Nazis gained control and later became a hero to the new left, introduced me to the tumultuous intersection of economics, political theory, and the theory of socioeconomic alienation. Yet overall, it was a time of rising prosperity in Italy and throughout the West. The 1970s challenged my assumptions about stability and risk. Italy’s economic engine stalled. Governments came and went amid recession, inflation, and stagflation. The 1973 Yom Kippur War and the 1979 Islamic Revolution in Iran raised political anxieties along with oil prices. And to be sure, in that Cold War era, nuclear-tipped missiles pointed in all directions. Beyond the West, poverty persisted in the Soviet bloc, Communist China, pseudo-socialist India, and many other developing countries.

Saudi America: The Truth About Fracking and How It's Changing the World
by Bethany McLean
Published 10 Sep 2018

But in 1972, as U.S. production slowed, Texas had to start producing flat out. “This is a damn historic occasion and a sad occasion,” the Texas Railroad Commission’s chairman declared. The following year OPEC, which had been created by Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, and Venezuela in 1960, began to flex its new muscles. OPEC declared an oil embargo during the Yom Kippur war against all of Israel’s allies, including the United States. Oil prices quadrupled. The disruption of oil sent Americans in search of other energy sources. Yet oil, which is primarily used for transportation (passenger cars today account for about half our daily consumption), has the benefit of being relatively easy to ship around the world.

Slouching Towards Utopia: An Economic History of the Twentieth Century
by J. Bradford Delong
Published 6 Apr 2020

Workers had hesitated to demand wage increases in excess of productivity growth during booms when they had the market power to do so because they feared the consequences of being too expensive to their employers in the depressions to come. But what if there were no depressions to come? Then, after 1972, came the oil shocks. First, world oil prices tripled in response to the Yom Kippur War of 1973, and they tripled again in the wake of the Iranian Revolution of 1979, as the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) realized how much market power it had. It is possible that the first tripling was a not regretted result of US foreign policy. Back in the early 1970s, Nixon’s chief foreign policy adviser, Henry Kissinger, wanted to strengthen the shah of Iran as a possible counterweight to Soviet influence in the Middle East.

…

Few had any conception of the economic damage it might do, and those few were not listened to by the US government. Because oil was the key energy input in the world economy, the shock of these price increases reverberated throughout the world, and eventually they would lead to the double-digit annual inflation of the late 1970s. The first of the inflation spikes, the one triggered by the Yom Kippur War oil price increases, sent the world economy into one of the deepest recessions of the post–World War II period, leaving the US economy with high inflation that would eventually lead to another recession in 1980–1982, the deepest of the post–World War II era. Each surge in inflation was preceded by or coincided with a sharp increase in unemployment.

…

If inflation were to stay constant, then employment would have to fall below full employment to put pressure on workers to accept wage increases lower than they had expected. If the economy were to be at full employment, then the rate of inflation would have to creep upward. The Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries imposed an oil embargo against the United States and the Netherlands in the aftermath of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and this deranged the oil market. OPEC woke up to its market power, and its maintenance of high oil prices sent the world economy into a major recession.7 Moreover, high oil prices pushed the world economy to shift its direction, from focusing on raising labor productivity to focusing on energy conservation.

The Rough Guide to Egypt (Rough Guide to...)
by Dan Richardson and Daniel Jacobs
Published 1 Feb 2013

Today it is best known for its shopping malls, of which the newest and biggest is City Stars on Sharia Omar Ibn al-Khattab ( citystars.com.eg), chock-full of glitzy shops, most of which are foreign. Victory Memorial and Sadat’s Tomb Sharia al-Nasr • Daily 7am–7pm • Free, but bring your passport Alongside the Sharia al-Nasr boulevard is a landscaped parade ground centred on a pyramid-shaped Victory Memorial to the 1973 October (Yom Kippur) War, beneath which lies Sadat’s Tomb. In 1981, Islamic radicals infiltrated the October 6 anniversary parade and blasted the reviewing stand with machine guns and grenades, fatally wounding President Sadat (his successor, Hosni Mubarak, who was standing beside him, was unharmed)

…

Construction was supervised by North Korean technicians, and the building looks like a pavilion in some 1950s Communist theme park, decorated with Maoist-style reliefs, but instead of East Asian peasants and workers striding purposefully forward, it’s Egyptian soldiers in front of the pyramids. Visits here start with a look at two rather silly dioramas illustrating the opening round of the 1973 October (Yom Kippur) War. You are then taken to a platform surrounded by an impressive three-dimensional theatrical panorama of the war in Sinai, where you hear a commentary on the events of the war in Sinai while being rotated through 360° to take in the scenes around you. The commentary (in Arabic, with an English version via headphones) explains the action with such phrases as “the glorious minutes passed rapidly” and the whole thing is so over-the-top in its triumphalism that you might almost think the Egyptians had actually won the October War.

…

But by standing firm and appealing to outraged world opinion, Nasser emerged victorious from the Suez Crisis. The 1967 War with Israel, and the subsequent “War of Attrition”, led to the closure of the Canal until 1969. The Egyptians then stormed the Israeli-fortified Bar-Lev Line along the Canal’s east bank during the 1973 10th Ramadan/Yom Kippur War. Although the Canal was reopened in 1975, both sides remained dug in on opposite banks until 1982, when Israel withdrew from Sinai. The cities of the Canal Zone played an important role in the uprisings that led to the overthrow of President Mubarak in early 2011, notably Suez, where anti-regime protests were a catalyst for demonstrations throughout the country.

The Third Industrial Revolution: How Lateral Power Is Transforming Energy, the Economy, and the World
by Jeremy Rifkin
Published 27 Sep 2011

The jolt to our national pride came without warning. Just two months earlier, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) slapped an oil embargo against the United States in retaliation to Washington’s decision to resupply the Israeli government with military equipment during the Yom Kippur War. The “oil shock” reverberated quickly across the world. By December, the price of oil on the world market had shot up from $3 per barrel to $11.65.1 Panic ensued on Wall Street and on Main Street. The first and most obvious sign of the new reality was at neighborhood gas stations. Many Americans believed that the giant oil companies were taking advantage of the situation by arbitrarily spiking prices to secure windfall profits.

…

O., 237–8, 240, 250, 256 Wind, Jerry, 155–6 wind power, 34, 39–40, 43–5, 48, 90–1, 98–9, 156, 164, 173–4 Wijkman, Anders, 70 Wolf, Martin, 16 work, rethinking, 265–70 World Bioenergy Association, 41 World War I, 166 World War II, 16, 19, 21, 86, 166, 180 Yellen, Janet L., 261 Yom Kippur War, 10 Zapatero, José Luis Rodríguez, 4, 140–3 Zetsche, Dieter, 61–2 Zipcar, 123

Exponential: How Accelerating Technology Is Leaving Us Behind and What to Do About It
by Azeem Azhar
Published 6 Sep 2021

Released in 1974, the film reflected the anxieties of a world in the grips of an unprecedented oil crisis. In October 1973, a group of oil-exporting Middle Eastern countries had announced an embargo, refusing to export petroleum to the US and a number of its allies over their alleged support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War of that year. Over the next six months, oil prices rocketed to three times their October level. And against the backdrop of punishingly high fuel prices, alternative forms of energy suddenly captured the world’s imagination. Hence the Solex Agitator, perhaps. Yet despite Bond’s sterling efforts murdering and romancing his way across the Asia-Pacific, solar power was not going to solve the oil crisis.

…

144 WAIS, 100 Wake Forest Institute for Regenerative Medicine, 43 Wall Street Journal, 120 Wall Street traders, 132–3 Walmart, 67, 94, 95 WannaCry ransomware, 200 War on Terror (2001–), 205 war, see conflict Warren, Elizabeth, 163 water pumps, 54 Waters, Gregory, 233 wearable devices, 158, 251 WebCrawler, 106 WeChat, 28 Weimar Germany (1918–33), 75 West, Geoffrey, 93, 182 Westfield Group, 102 Wharton School of Business, 183 WhatsApp, 28, 117, 164, 219, 224 wheels, 44–5 Wi-Fi, 151 Wikipedia, 60, 99, 144, 243 will.i.am, 239 Willocks, Leslie, 139 wind power, 39–40, 52 winner-takes-all markets, 10, 100, 106, 110–11, 123, 238 Wohlers, Terry, 44 Wookieepedia, 99 word processors, 99 World Bank, 82, 167 World Data Organization, 187 World Economic Forum, 139, 159, 167, 184 World Energy Outlook, 77 World Health Organization (WHO), 82, 136, 167, 203 World is Flat, The (Friedman), 167 World Trade Organization (WTO), 187 World War II (1939–45), 87, 258 Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 64 Wright, Theodore, 49–50, 51 Wright’s Law, 49–53, 176, 249 X, 114 Yahoo! 221 Yandex, 122 Yeltsin, Boris, 190 Yemen, 205, 206 Yom Kippur War (1973), 37 YouTube, 112, 117, 225, 232–3, 248 Yu, Angelo, 166, 169, 175 Yugoslavia (1945–2003), 194 Zambia, 15 Zimbabwe, 75, 186 Zoom, 135, 248 Zuckerberg, Mark, 27, 150, 217, 221, 238 Zymergen, 157, 174 THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNING Find us online and join the conversation Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/penguinukbooks Like us on Facebook facebook.com/penguinbooks Share the love on Instagram instagram.com/penguinukbooks Watch our authors on YouTube youtube.com/penguinbooks Pin Penguin books to your Pinterest pinterest.com/penguinukbooks Listen to audiobook clips at soundcloud.com/penguin-books Find out more about the author and discover your next read at penguin.co.uk PENGUIN BOOKS UK | USA | Canada | Ireland | Australia New Zealand | India | South Africa Penguin Books is part of the Penguin Random House group of companies whose addresses can be found at global.penguinrandomhouse.com.

Skunk Works: A Personal Memoir of My Years of Lockheed
by Ben R. Rich and Leo Janos
Published 1 Jan 1994

Most troublesome, the Russians were exporting their advanced nonnuclear defensive systems to clients and customers around the world, making our airplanes and crews increasingly vulnerable. The Syrians now had nonnuclear SAM-5s. And during our Pentagon briefing we were subjected to a chilling analysis of the 1973 Yom Kippur War involving Israel, Syria, and Egypt. What we heard was extremely upsetting. Although the Israelis flew our latest and most advanced jet attack aircraft and their combat pilots were equal to our own, they suffered tremendous losses against an estimated arsenal of 30,000 Soviet-supplied missiles to the Arab forces.

…

Some of the riskiest missions had to be personally cleared by the president and were undertaken at moments of high drama and international tensions when the chief executive’s need to know what was happening inside denied or hostile territory was so explicit that issues of war and peace hung in the balance. For example, during the early hours of the 1973 Yom Kippur War, when the Arab armies caught the Israelis by surprise and scored quick victories on three separate fronts, President Nixon was informed that the Russians had repositioned their Cosmos satellite to provide their Arab clients with real-time overflight intelligence showing troop positions and deployments—a huge tactical advantage.

One Day in September
by Simon Reeve

Until the meeting Hussein had been isolated within the Arab world because of his actions against the Palestinians three years previously (which had given birth to Black September). But Assad and Sadat welcomed him back into the fold, and the three began plotting a new military attack on Israel — an attack that the world would come to know as the Yom Kippur War. When Hussein returned to Jordan, rehabilitated in the eyes of other Arab leaders, he threw open his jails and released more than one thousand political prisoners, including dozens of senior Palestinians. In an astonishing display of camaraderie, Hussein even went to the prison holding Abu Daoud, took tea with the man, and then personally arranged his release.9 The war Hussein, Sadat, and Assad planned in Cairo erupted on October 6, 1973.

…

Iyad was born in Jaffa, Palestine, in 1933, but when the state of Israel was declared in 1948 his family became refugees, eking out their existence in Gaza. He jointly founded Fatah with Yasser Arafat, Mohammed Yousef Najjir (assassinated by the Israeli hit squad led by Ehud Barak in Beirut in 1973), and Khalid Wazir (who was better known by his nom de guerre, Abu Jihad, and was assassinated in 1988). After the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Abu Iyad moderated his political position and accepted it would be impossible to wipe the Zionist state off the map through armed struggle alone. As he moved into middle age, a corpulent, chain-smoking senior official in the PLO, he became something of a pragmatist, even arguing that dialogue with Israel was the price that would have to be paid for a Palestinian state in Gaza and the West Bank.41 The Israelis had little to gain by killing him, so he was safe from the Wrath of God hit team.

The Ascent of Money: A Financial History of the World
by Niall Ferguson
Published 13 Nov 2007

Soros knew how to make money from long positions too, it should be emphasized - that is, from buying assets in the expectation of future prices rises. In 1969 he was long real estate. Three years later he backed bank stocks to take off. He was long Japan in 1971. He was long oil in 1972. A year later, when these bets were already paying off, he deduced from Israeli complaints about the quality of US-supplied hardware in the Yom Kippur War that there would need to be some heavy investment in America’s defence industries. So he went long defence stocks too.72 Right, right, right, right and right again. But Soros’s biggest coups came from being right about losers, not winners: for example, the telegraph company Western Union in 1985, as fax technology threatened to destroy its business, as well as the US dollar, which duly plunged after the Group of Five’s Plaza accord of 22 September 1985.73 That year was an annus mirabilis for Soros, who saw his fund grow by 122 per cent.

…

and Argentina 112 founding of 306 loans and conditions 308-10 as US agents 308-10 World Trade Center attack 6 World War, First 202-4 aftermath 100-107 as backlash against globalization 287-8 decades preceding 296-304 and financial markets 158 World War, Second 232 post-war financial system 305-7 and social insurance 204 US aid after 306 write-downs 354 writing, first use of 27 Wu Yajun 333 yachts 2 Yanomamo people 18 Yap islands 30 Yatsuhiro, Nakagawa 208-9 yen 67 Yin Mingsha 333 Yom Kippur War 317 Yudkowsky, Eliezer 347 Yunus, Muhammad 279-80 Zimbabwe 108 Zoellick, Robert 306 a Revealingly, the increase for female graduates was from 2.3 to 3.4 per cent. The masters of the universe still outnumber the mistresses. b 401(k) plans were introduced in 1980 as a form of defined contribution retirement plan.

Atomic Obsession: Nuclear Alarmism From Hiroshima to Al-Qaeda
by John Mueller
Published 1 Nov 2009

Eager to relax tensions, his successors “saw Korea as the obvious place to start” and decisively shifted policy within two weeks of the dictator’s demise.13 Much the same could be said about other instances in which there was a real or implied threat that nuclear weapons might be brought into play: the Taiwan Straits crises of 1954 and 1958, the Berlin Blockade of 1948–49, the Soviet-Chinese confrontation of 1969, the Six-Day War in 1967, the Yom Kippur War of 1973, and cold war disagreements over Lebanon in 1958 and over Berlin in 1958 and 1961. Morton Halperin finds that “the primary military factors in resolving the crisis” in the Taiwan Straits in 1954 were “American air and naval superiority in the area,” not nuclear threats. Alexander George and Richard Smoke note that crises in Berlin in 1948–49 and in the Taiwan Straits in 1958 were broken by the ability of the Americans to find a technological solution to them.

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G., 25, 55 Western Europe, Soviet assumption, 35–36 Wier, Anthony, 266n.41, 268n.6, 272n.25 atomic terrorists’ task, 184 world security, 20 Williams, Paul, likelihood of nuclear attack, 209 willingness for war, 41 Wirz, Christoph, 168, 173 Wizard of Oz, 76, 253n.7 Wohlstetter, Albert, 35, 66, 81–82 Wolfowitz, Paul, weapons of mass destruction, 131 Woolsey, James, threats of “snakes,” 91–92 World at Risk, task force report, 182 World Congress of International Physicians for the Prevention of Nuclear War, 58 world government, arms race, 74–75 world’s security, terrorism, 20 World Trade Center, 22, 268n.12 world war, probability of, 30 world war deterrence Churchill counterfactual, 30–31 crisis behavior, 38–40 fear of escalation, 35–38 lessons from Korean War, 38 memory of World War II, 31–33 postwar contentment, 33 potential Soviet invasion of Europe, 35–38 Soviet ideology, 33–35 stability overdetermined, 40–42 vision of future war, 31 World War I, 14, 23–24, 25, 245n.26 World War II atomic bombs, 237 atomic secrets, 49 ending, 43–46 exaggerations, 26 Hiroshima and Nagasaki, 43–46 memory of, 31–33 nuclear fears in aftermath, 56 The Nuclear Revolution, 246n.7 popular and expert opinion in aftermath, 161 prospect of atomic war, 247n.24 “war that will end war,” 55–56 World War III, nuclear wars as deterrent, 41–42 worry, officials, xi worst-case fantasies, Brodie, 68, 236, 238 worst-case scenarios, ix, xii, 142 Wright, Lawrence, 201, 208, 214, 270n.7, 271n.8 yield, atomic bombs, 3–4 Yom Kippur War, nuclear threat, 48 Younger, Stephen, 86, 166–167, 174–175, 266n.43 Yusuf, Moeed, pace of proliferation, 103 Zawahiri, Ayman al- al-Qaeda’s second in command promising attacks, 218 biological weapon awareness, 233 experience in Iraq, 226–227 propaganda video by Gadahn, 219 Zimmerman, Peter, 178, 191 About the Author John Mueller is Professor of Political Science at Ohio State University.

Other People's Money: Masters of the Universe or Servants of the People?
by John Kay
Published 2 Sep 2015

In 1971 President Nixon announced the abandonment of the gold standard – the US Treasury had fixed the price of gold at $35 per ounce for four decades. This amounted to a devaluation of the dollar against other currencies. America’s economic power was further challenged when the political crisis that began with the Yom Kippur War of 1973 led Arab states to impose drastic increases in the price of oil. Fig. 1: The incidence of banking crises Source: Own calculations, based on the reported numbers of major bank failures in OECD economies, from Reinhart and Rogoff (2010) Since many oil-producing countries could not easily spend their new revenues, and many oil-consuming countries did not wish to reduce what they spent, banks established a seemingly profitable business lending the petrodollars earned by oil exporters back to the governments of oil importers.

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.: Hyperion 220 Loomis, Carol 108 lotteries 65, 66, 68, 72 Lucas, Robert 40 Lynch, Dennios 108 Lynch, Peter 108, 109 M M-Pesa 186 Maastricht Treaty (1993) 243, 250 McCardie, Sir Henry 83, 84, 282, 284 McGowan, Harry 45 Machiavelli, Niccolò 224 McKinley, William 44 McKinsey 115, 126 Macy’s department store 46 Madoff, Bernard 29, 118, 131, 132, 177, 232, 293 Madoff Securities 177 Magnus, King of Sweden 196 Manhattan Island, New York: and Native American sellers 59, 63 Manne, Henry 46 manufacturing companies, rise of 45 Marconi 48 marine insurance 62, 63 mark-to-market accounting 126, 128–9, 320n22 mark-to-model approach 128–9, 320n21 Market Abuse Directive (MAD) 226 market economy 4, 281, 302, 308 ‘market for corporate control, the’ 46 market risk 97, 98, 177, 192 market-makers 25, 28, 30, 31 market-making 49, 109, 118, 136 Markets in Financial Instruments Directive (MIFID) 226 Markkula, Mike 162, 166, 167 Markopolos, Harry 232 Markowitz, Harry 69 Markowitz model of portfolio allocation 68–9 Martin, Felix 323n5 martingale 130, 131, 136, 139, 190 Marx, Groucho 252 Marx, Karl 144, 145 Capital 143 Mary Poppins (film) 11, 12 MasterCard 186 Masters, Brooke 120 maturity transformation 88, 92 Maxwell, Robert 197, 201 Mayan civilisation 277 Meade, James 263 Means, Gardiner 51 Meeker, Mary 40, 167 Melamed, Leo 19 Mercedes 170 merchant banks 25, 30, 33 Meriwether, John 110, 134 Merkel, Angela 231 Merrill Lynch 135, 199, 293, 300 Merton, Robert 110 Metronet 159 Meyer, André 205 MGM 33 Microsoft 29, 167 middleman, role of the 80–87 agency and trading 82–3 analysts 86 bad intermediaries 81–2 from agency to trading 84–5 identifying goods and services required 80, 81 logistics 80, 81 services from financial intermediaries 80–81 supply chain 80, 81 transparency 84 ‘wisdom of crowds’ 86–7 Midland Bank 24 Milken, Michael 46, 292 ‘millennium bug’ 40 Miller, Bill 108, 109 Minuit, Peter 59, 63 Mises, Ludwig von 225 Mittelstand (medium-size business sector) 52, 168, 169, 170, 171, 172 mobile banking apps 181 mobile phone payment transfers 186–7 Modigliani-Miller theorem 318n9 monetarism 241 monetary economics 5 monetary policy 241, 243, 245, 246 money creation 88 money market fund 120–21 Moneyball phenomenon 165 monopolies 45 Monte Carlo casino 123 Monte dei Paschi Bank of Siena 24 Montgomery Securities 167 Moody’s rating agency 21, 248, 249, 313n6 moral hazard 74, 75, 76, 92, 95, 256, 258 Morgan, J.P. 44, 166, 291 Morgan Stanley 25, 40, 130, 135, 167, 268 Morgenthau, District Attorney Robert 232–3 mortality tables 256 mortgage banks 27 mortgage market fluctuation in mortgage costs 148 mechanised assessment 84–5 mortgage-backed securities 20, 21, 40, 85, 90, 100, 128, 130, 150, 151, 152, 168, 176–7, 284 synthetic 152 Mozilo, Angelo 150, 152, 154, 293 MSCI World Bank Index 135 muckraking 44, 54–5, 79 ‘mugus’ 118, 260 multinational companies, and diversification 96–7 Munger, Charlie 127 Munich, Germany 62 Munich Re 62 Musk, Elon 168 mutual funds 27, 108, 202, 206 mutual societies 30 mutualisation 79 mutuality 124, 213 ‘My Way’ (song) 72 N Napoleon Bonaparte 26 Napster 185 NASA 276 NASDAQ 29, 108, 161 National Economic Council (US) 5, 58 National Employment Savings Trust (NEST) 255 National Institutes of Health 167 National Insurance Fund (UK) 254 National Provincial Bank 24 National Science Foundation 167 National Westminster Bank 24, 34 Nationwide 151 Native Americans 59, 63 Nazis 219, 221 neo-liberal economic policies 39, 301 Netjets 107 Netscape 40 Neue Markt 170 New Deal 225 ‘new economy’ bubble (1999) 23, 34, 40, 42, 98, 132, 167, 199, 232, 280 new issue market 112–13 New Orleans, Louisiana: Hurricane Katrina disaster (2005) 79 New Testament 76 New York Stock Exchange 26–7, 28, 29, 31, 49, 292 New York Times 283 News of the World 292, 295 Newton, Isaac 35, 132, 313n18 Niederhoffer, Victor 109 NINJAs (no income, no job, no assets) 222 Nixon, Richard 36 ‘no arbitrage’ condition 69 non-price competition 112, 219 Norman, Montagu 253 Northern Rock 89, 90–91, 92, 150, 152 Norwegian sovereign wealth fund 161, 253 Nostradamus 274 O Obama, Barack 5, 58, 77, 194, 271, 301 ‘Obamacare’ 77 Occidental Petroleum 63 Occupy movement 52, 54, 312n2 ‘Occupy Wall Street’ slogan 305 off-balance-sheet financing 153, 158, 160, 210, 250 Office of Thrift Supervision 152–3 oil shock (1973–4) 14, 36–7, 89 Old Testament 75–6 oligarchy 269, 302–3, 305 oligopoly 118, 188 Olney, Richard 233, 237, 270 open market operations 244 options 19, 22 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) 263 Osborne, George 328n19 ‘out of the money option’ 102, 103 Overend, Gurney & Co. 31 overseas assets and liabilities 179–80, 179 owner-managed businesses 30 ox parable xi-xii Oxford University 12 P Pacific Gas and Electric 246 Pan Am 238 Paris financial centre 26 Parliamentary Commission on Banking Standards 295 partnerships 30, 49, 50, 234 limited liability 313n14 Partnoy, Frank 268 passive funds 99, 212 passive management 207, 209, 212 Patek Philippe 195, 196 Paulson, Hank 300 Paulson, John 64, 109, 115, 152, 191, 284 ‘payment in kind’ securities 131 payment protection policies 198 payments system 6, 7, 25, 180, 181–8, 247, 259–60, 281, 297, 306 PayPal 167, 168, 187 Pecora, Ferdinand 25 Pecora hearings (1932–34) 218 peer-to-peer lending 81 pension funds 29, 98, 175, 177, 197, 199, 200, 201, 208, 213, 254, 282, 284 pension provision 78, 253–6 pension rights 53, 178 Perkins, Charles 233 perpetual inventory method 321n4 Perrow, Charles 278, 279 personal financial management 6, 7 personal liability 296 ‘petrodollars’ 14, 37 Pfizer 96 Pierpoint Morgan, J. 165 Piper Alpha oil rig disaster (1987) 63 Ponzi, Charles 131, 132 Ponzi schemes 131, 132, 136, 201 pooled investment funds 197 portfolio insurance 38 Potts, Robin, QC 61, 63, 72, 119, 193 PPI, mis-selling of 296 Prebble, Lucy: ENRON 126 price competition 112, 219 price discovery 226 price mechanism 92 Prince, Chuck 34 private equity 27, 98, 166, 210 managers 210, 289 private insurance 76, 77 private sector 78 privatisation 39, 78, 157, 158, 258, 307 probabilistic thinking 67, 71, 79 Procter & Gamble 69, 108 product innovation 13 property and infrastructure 154–60 protectionism 13 Prudential 200 public companies, conversion to 18, 31–2, 49 public debt 252 public sector 78 Q Quandt, Herbert 170 Quandt Foundation 170 quantitative easing 245, 251 quantitative style 110–11 quants 22, 107, 110 Quattrone, Frank 167, 292–3 queuing 92 Quinn, Sean 156 R railroad regulation 237 railway mania (1840s) 35 Raines, Franklin 152 Rajan, Raghuram 56, 58, 79, 102 Rakoff, Judge Jed 233, 294, 295 Ramsey, Frank 67, 68 Rand, Ayn 79, 240 ‘random walk’ 69 Ranieri, Lew 20, 22, 106–7, 134, 152 rating agencies 21, 41, 84–5, 97, 151, 152, 153, 159, 249–50 rationality 66–7, 68 RBS see Royal Bank of Scotland re-insurance 62–3 Reagan, Ronald 18, 23, 54, 59, 240 real economy 7, 18, 57, 143, 172, 190, 213, 226, 239, 271, 280, 288, 292, 298 redundancy 73, 279 Reed, John 33–4, 48, 49, 50, 51, 242, 293, 314n40 reform 270–96 other people’s money 282–5 personal responsibility 292–6 principles of 270–75 the reform of structure 285–92 robust systems and complex structures 276–81 regulation 215, 217–39 the Basel agreements 220–25 and competition 113 the origins of financial regulation 217–19 ‘principle-based’ 224 the regulation industry 229–33 ‘rule-based’ 224 securities regulation 225–9 what went wrong 233–9 ‘Regulation Q’ (US) 13, 14, 20, 28, 120, 121 regulatory agencies 229, 230, 231, 235, 238, 274, 295, 305 regulatory arbitrage 119–24, 164, 223, 250 regulatory capture 237, 248, 262 Reich, Robert 265, 266 Reinhart, C.M. 251 relationship breakdown 74, 79 Rembrandts, genuine/fake 103, 127 Renaissance Technologies 110, 111, 191 ‘repo 105’ arbitrage 122 repo agreement 121–2 repo market 121 Reserve Bank of India 58 Reserve Primary Fund 121 Resolution Trust Corporation 150 retirement pension 78 return on equity (RoE) 136–7, 191 Revelstoke, first Lord 31 risk 6, 7, 55, 56–79 adverse selection and moral hazard 72–9 analysis by ‘ketchup economists’ 64 chasing the dream 65–72 Geithner on 57–8 investment 256 Jackson Hole symposium 56–7 Kohn on 56 laying bets on the interpretation of incomplete information 61 and Lloyd’s 62–3 the LMX spiral 62–3, 64 longevity 256 market 97, 98 mitigation 297 randomness 76 socialisation of individual risks 61 specific 97–8 risk management 67–8, 72, 79, 137, 191, 229, 233, 234, 256 risk premium 208 risk thermostat 74–5 risk weighting 222, 224 risk-pooling 258 RJR Nabisco 46, 204 ‘robber barons’ 44, 45, 51–2 Robertson, Julian 98, 109, 132 Robertson Stephens 167 Rockefeller, John D. 44, 52, 196 Rocket Internet 170 Rogers, Richard 62 Rogoff, K.S. 251 rogue traders 130, 300 Rohatyn, Felix 205 Rolls-Royce 90 Roman empire 277, 278 Rome, Treaty of (1964) 170 Rooney, Wayne 268 Roosevelt, Franklin D. v, 25, 235 Roosevelt, Theodore 43–4, 235, 323n1 Rothschild family 217 Royal Bank of Scotland 11, 12, 14, 24, 26, 34, 78, 91, 103, 124, 129, 135, 138, 139, 211, 231, 293 Rubin, Robert 57 In an Uncertain World 67 Ruskin, John 60, 63 Unto this Last 56 Russia defaults on debts 39 oligarchies 303 Russian Revolution (1917) 3 S Saes 168 St Paul’s Churchyard, City of London 305 Salomon Bros. 20, 22, 27, 34, 110, 133–4 ‘Salomon North’ 110 Salz Review: An Independent Review of Barclays’ Business Practices 217 Samuelson, Paul 208 Samwer, Oliver 170 Sarkozy, Nicolas 248, 249 Savage, L.J. 67 Scholes, Myron 19, 69, 110 Schrödinger’s cat 129 Scottish Parliament 158 Scottish Widows 26, 27, 30 Scottish Widows Fund 26, 197, 201, 212, 256 search 195, 209, 213 defined 144 and the investment bank 197 Second World War 36, 221 secondary markets 85, 170, 210 Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) 20, 64, 126, 152, 197, 225, 226, 228, 230, 232, 247, 292, 293, 294, 313n6 securities regulation 225–9 securitisation 20–21, 54, 100, 151, 153, 164, 169, 171, 222–3 securitisation boom (1980s) 200 securitised loans 98 See’s Candies 107 Segarra, Carmen 232 self-financing companies 45, 179, 195–6 sell-side analysts 199 Sequoia Capital 166 Shad, John S.R. 225, 228–9 shareholder value 4, 45, 46, 50, 211 Sharpe, William 69, 70 Shell 96 Sherman Act (1891) 44 Shiller, Robert 85 Siemens 196 Siemens, Werner von 196 Silicon Valley, California 166, 167, 168, 171, 172 Simon, Hermann 168 Simons, Jim 23, 27, 110, 111–12, 124 Sinatra, Frank 72 Sinclair, Upton 54, 79, 104, 132–3 The Jungle 44 Sing Sing maximum-security gaol, New York 292 Skilling, Jeff 126, 127, 128, 149, 197, 259 Slim, Carlos 52 Sloan, Alfred 45, 49 Sloan Foundation 49 small and medium-size enterprises (SMEs), financing 165–72, 291 Smith, Adam 31, 51, 60 The Wealth of Nations v, 56, 106 Smith, Greg 283 Smith Barney 34 social security 52, 79, 255 Social Security Trust Fund (US) 254, 255 socialism 4, 225, 301 Société Générale 130 ‘soft commission’ 29 ‘soft’ commodities 17 Soros, George 23, 27, 98, 109, 111–12, 124, 132 South Sea Bubble (18th century) 35, 132, 292 sovereign wealth funds 161, 253 Soviet empire 36 Soviet Union 225 collapse of 23 lack of confidence in supplies 89–90 Spain: property bubble 42 Sparks, D.L. 114, 283, 284 specific risk 97–8 speculation 93 Spitzer, Eliot 232, 292 spread 28, 94 Spread Networks 2 Square 187 Stamp Duty 274 Standard & Poor’s rating agency 21, 99, 248, 249, 313n6 Standard Life 26, 27, 30 standard of living 77 Standard Oil 44, 196, 323n1 Standard Oil of New Jersey (later Exxon) 323n1 Stanford University 167 Stanhope 158 State Street 200, 207 sterling devaluation (1967) 18 stewardship 144, 163, 195–203, 203, 208, 209, 210, 211, 213 Stewart, Jimmy 12 Stigler, George 237 stock exchanges 17 see also individual stock exchanges stock markets change in organisation of 28 as a means of taking money out of companies 162 rise of 38 stock-picking 108 stockbrokers 16, 25, 30, 197, 198 Stoll, Clifford 227–8 stone fei (in Micronesia) 323n5 Stone, Richard 263 Stora Enso 196 strict liability 295–6 Strine, Chancellor Leo 117 structured investment vehicles (SIVs) 158, 223 sub-prime lending 34–5, 75 sub-prime mortgages 63, 75, 109, 149, 150, 169, 244 Summers, Larry 22, 55, 73, 119, 154, 299 criticism of Rajan’s views 57 ‘ketchup economics’ 5, 57, 69 support for financialisation 57 on transformation of investment banking 15 Sunday Times 143 ‘Rich List’ 156 supermarkets: financial services 27 supply chain 80, 81, 83, 89, 92 Surowiecki, James: The Wisdom of Crowds xi swap markets 21 SWIFT clearing system 184 Swiss Re 62 syndication 62 Syriza 306 T Taibbi, Matt 55 tailgating 102, 103, 104, 128, 129, 130, 136, 138, 140, 152, 155, 190–91, 200 Tainter, Joseph 277 Taleb, Nassim Nicholas 125, 183 Fooled by Randomness 133 Tarbell, Ida 44, 54 TARGET2 system 184, 244 TARP programme 138 tax havens 123 Taylor, Martin 185 Taylor Bean and Whitaker 293 Tea Party 306 technological innovation 13, 185, 187 Tel Aviv, Israel 171 telecommunications network 181, 182 Tesla Motors 168 Tetra 168 TfL 159 Thai exchange rate, collapse of (1997) 39 Thain, John 300 Thatcher, Margaret 18, 23, 54, 59, 148, 151, 157 Thiel, Peter 167 Third World debt problem 37, 131 thrifts 25, 149, 150, 151, 154, 174, 290, 292 ticket touts 94–5 Tobin, James 273 Tobin tax 273–4 Tolstoy, Count Leo 97 Tonnies, Ferdinand 17 ‘too big to fail’ 75, 140, 276, 277 Tourre, Fabrice ‘Fabulous Fab’ 63–4, 115, 118, 232, 293, 294 trader model 82, 83 trader, rise of the 16–24 elements of the new trading culture 21–2 factors contributing to the change 17–18 foreign exchange 18–19 from personal relationships to anonymous markets 17 hedge fund managers 23 independent traders 22–3 information technology 19–20 regulation 20 securitisation 20–21 shift from agency to trading 16 trading as a principal source of revenue and remuneration 17 trader model 82, 83 ‘trading book’ 320n20 transparency 29, 84, 205, 210, 212, 226, 260 Travelers Group 33, 34, 48 ‘treasure islands’ 122–3 Treasuries 75 Treasury (UK) 135, 158 troubled assets relief program 135 Truman, Harry S. 230, 325n13 trust 83–4, 85, 182, 213, 218, 260–61 Tuckett, David 43, 71, 79 tulip mania (1630s) 35 Turner, Adair 303 TWA 238 Twain, Mark: Pudd’nhead Wilson’s Calendar 95–6 Twitter 185 U UBS 33, 134 UK Independence Party 306 unemployment 73, 74, 79 unit trusts 202 United States global dominance of the finance industry 218 house prices 41, 43, 149, 174 stock bubble (1929) 201 universal banks 26–7, 33 University of Chicago 19, 69 ‘unknown unknowns’ 67 UPS delivery system 279–80 US Defense Department 167 US Steel 44 US Supreme Court 228, 229, 304 US Treasury 36, 38, 135 utility networks 181–2 V value discovery 226–7 value horizon 109 Van Agtmael, Antoine 39 Vanderbilt, Cornelius 44 Vanguard 200, 207, 213 venture capital 166 firms 27, 168 venture capitalists 171, 172 Vickers Commission 194 Viniar, David 204–5, 233, 282, 283, 284 VISA 186 volatility 85, 93, 98, 103, 131, 255 Volcker, Paul 150, 181 Volcker Rule 194 voluntary agencies 258 W wagers and credit default swaps 119 defined 61 at Lloyd’s coffee house 71–2 lottery tickets 65 Wall Street, New York 1, 16, 312n2 careers in 15 rivalry with London 13 staffing of 217 Wall Street Crash (1929) 20, 25, 27, 36, 127, 201 Wall Street Journal 294 Wallenberg family 108 Walmart 81, 83 Warburg 134 Warren, Elizabeth 237 Washington consensus 39 Washington Mutual 135, 149 Wasserstein, Bruce 204, 205 Watergate affair 240 ‘We are the 99 per cent’ slogan 52, 305 ‘We are Wall Street’ 16, 55, 267–8, 271, 300, 301 Weber, Max 17 Weill, Sandy 33–4, 35, 48–51, 55, 91, 149, 293, 314n40 Weinstock, Arnold 48 Welch, Jack 45–6, 48, 50, 52, 126, 314n40 WestLB 169 Westminster Bank 24 Whitney, Richard 292 Wilson, Harold 18 windfall payments 14, 32, 127, 153, 290 winner’s curse 103, 104, 156, 318n11 Winslow Jones, Alfred 23 Winton Capital 111 Wolfe, Humbert 7 The Uncelestial City 1 Wolfe, Tom 268 The Bonfire of the Vanities 16, 22 women traders 22 Woodford, Neil 108 Woodward, Bob: Maestro 240 World Bank 14, 220 World.Com bonds 197 Wozniak, Steve 162 Wriston, Walter 37 Y Yellen, Janet 230–31 Yom Kippur War (1973) 36 YouTube 185 Z Zurich, Switzerland 62

A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption
by Steven Hiatt; John Perkins
Published 1 Jan 2006

The possibilities for corruption were seemingly endless and would provide further opportunities for enmeshing the leaders in relationships with the West while discouraging them from striking out on their own on what could only be a more austere, and much more dangerous, path. Debt Boom—and Bust: SAPing the Third World The Yom Kippur War in 1973 and the subsequent Arab oil embargo led to the stagflation crisis of 1974-76 and marked the end of the postwar boom. As one result, leading First World banks were awash in petrodollar deposits stockpiled by OPEC countries. If these billions continued to pile up in bank accounts—some $450 billion from 1973 to 1981—the effect would be to drain the world of liquidity, enhancing the recessionary effects of skyrocketing oil prices.

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Index Abacha, Sani 44, 125 Abedi, Agha Hasan 69, 70, 75, 77, 86, 87 Abu Dhabi 69, 73, 75, 76 Adham, Kamal 75, 86, 87, 88 Afghanistan 26 drug trade in 70 civil war in 70–71 African Development Bank 251 Africa Oil Policy Initiative Group 119 Akbayan 192–93 Alamieyeseigha, Diepreye 121, 123 Algeria 15, 200, 266 Allende, Salvador 27 al-Qaeda 77, 89 and offshore banks 24 al-Taqwa Bank 71, 89 Altman, Robert A. 78, 79, 86, 88 American Express Co. 268 American Mineral Fields 99 Amin, Idi 27 Annan, Kofi 126 AngloGold 244 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 14 Angola 27, 95 foreign debt 243, 244 Aquino, Benigno 26 Aquino, Corazon 190 Arbusto Energy, Inc. 76 Argentina 236 defiance of IMF 273 foreign debt 228, 230, 233, 241, 244, 273 popular movements in 276 World Bank lending in 169–73 Asari, Alhaji 121, 123, 128–29 Asian “tiger” economies 21, 229, 257n16, 258n27 Azerbaijan 200 Bahamas, as offshore banking haven 45, 89 Baker, Howard 100 Baker, James 239, 256n12 Baker Plan 228, 239–40 Balfour Beatty 211 Banca del Gottardo 71 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro 72 Banco Ambrosiano 71 Bank of America 69–70, 74, 77 Bank of England 84 Bank of Credit and Commerce International 24 accountants and 83–84, 86 arms trade and 72–73, 90 CIA and 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 76 drug trade and 70, 80, 87, 90 indictments 86–88 Iran-Contra 72 money laundering 69, 79–81, 90 operations 73–75, 86 owners 69–70, 75, 76 as Ponzi scheme 75 terrorism and 70, 72, 73, 88–90 U.S. operations 77–79 Bank of New York-Inter-Maritime Bank 83, 88–89 Barrick Gold Corp. 99, 244 Bath, James R. 76 Bechtel Corp. 3, 99, 138, 278 Belgium 101, 104 Bello, Walden 186–87, 273 Ben Barka, Medhi 26 Benin, foreign debt of 249 Berlusconi, Silvio 54 Bernabe, Riza 191 “big-box” stores, campaigns against 278 bin Faisal al-Saud, Prince Turki 75, 78 bin Laden family enterprises 71–72, 89 bin Laden, Haydar Mohamed 89 bin Laden, Osama 26, 77, 88, 89, 42 and BCCI 71 Binladen, Yeslam 89 bin Mahfouz, Khalid 76, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88, 89 bin Sultan al-Nahyan, Sheikh Zayed 69, 75 Blair, Tony 219, 250 Blandón, José 80 Blum, Jack 79–81, 85–86 Bolivia 236, 273 foreign debt 230, 246, 247, 249 gas industry 154, 208 water privatization in 277 Boro, Isaac 122 Brady, Nicholas 80, 256n12 Brady Plan 221, 227, 228, 240–41, 259n35 Brazil 18, 27, 130, 208, 216, 236 foreign debt 227, 228, 230, 241, 244 Bretton Woods agreements 63 Bretton Woods institutions see World Bank, International Monetary Fund British Gas 139 British Petroleum 139, 144, 153 British Virgin Islands, as offshore banking haven 54 Brown & Root 99 Brown, Gordon 126, 127, 219, 250 Burkina Faso, foreign debt of 246, 249 Burundi 95, 247, 249 Bush, George H.W., and administration 27–28, 69, 72, 77, 80, 87, 88, 91n10, 100, 138, 206, 271, 272 Bush, George W., and administration 66, 271, 278 and Iraq War 13, 28 Bush Agenda, The (Juhasz) 4, 275 Cabot Corporation 104, 112n32 Cameroon, foreign debt of 249 Canada 99, 101, 201, 268, 271 Canadian Export Development Corp. 201, 202, 203, 204, 206 capital flight 24, 43–44, 231–36, 253, 258n27 Carter, Jimmy 76, 140 Casey, William 70, 82, 90 Cavallo, Domingo Felipe 238 Cayman Islands, as offshore banking haven 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 86 Center for Global Energy Studies 145 Center for Strategic and International Studies 119, 120 Central African Republic 231 Central Intelligence Agency 3, 5, 15 Afghan rebels and 70–71 BCCI and 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 76, 78, 79–82, 85 Saudi intelligence services and 75 Chad, foreign debt of 249 Chavez, Hugo 3, 25, 273 Cheney, Dick 28, 133 Chevron Oil 135, 138, 139, 144, 153 in Nigeria 123–24 Chile 236 1973 coup in 27 China 4, 229, 236 foreign debt 222–23 Third World resources and 5, 117–18, 120–21, 124, 126–27, 130 Chomsky, Noam Hegemony or Survival 4 Christian Peacemaker Team 96, 106–8 Citibank, Citigroup 75, 100, 130, 138, 226, 238, 268 Clifford, Clark 78–79, 85, 86, 88 Clinton, Bill, and administration 119, 120, 126, 212, 271 Coalition of Immokalee Workers 272, 280 COFACE 201, 205, 212 Cogecom 100 cold war 4 and decolonization 16–17 Colombia, human rights in 107 colonialism, decline of formal 13–14 coltan: efforts to control 5, 26, 95 shortages of 95 uses for 94 Commission for Africa 251 Communism: appeal of 14 fall of 4, 13, 27, 137–38, 238 Confessions of an Economic Hit Man (Perkins) 1–4, 6, 17 Congo, Democratic Republic of (Zaire): civil war in 26, 94–96, 108n3 corruption in 24, 254 foreign debt 220, 230, 247, 249 human rights in 107–8 rape as a weapon of war in 93, 96–98 Western role in 98–105, 109n4, 111n29 World Bank and 158 Congo Republic 230, 247, 249 cooperatives 276–77 corporations, as legal persons 277 CorpWatch 278 corruption: culture of 51–54 IMF/World Bank and 24–25, 157–74 offshore banking and 44–45, 52- power and 24 privatization and 24–25, 256n12 COSEC 209–10 Council on Foreign Relations 119–20 dam projects, 209–12 Dar al-Mal al-Islami 89 Daukoru, Edmund 125–27, 128 Davos see World Economic Forum DeBeers Group 101, 103 decolonization 13, 16–17 debt/flight cycle 231–36, 253, 258n27 debt relief, campaigns for 246, 252–55, 268 in U.S. 235 debt, Third World 32, 35 amount of relief 224–29 banks and 226–27, 229, 232–34 business loans 35–37, 227 cold war strategy and 17 corruption and 230, 231, 232, 253, 254, 257n23 1982 crisis 39, 55 disunity among debtor nations 237–39 dubious debts and 230, 235, 247, 253, 257n23, 261n68 growth of 18–19, 181, 229–36 as means of control 17, 23, 183–84 payments on 19, 190–91, 223, 228, 231, 247–48, 275 relief plans 220–22, 225–29, 239–52, 274 size of 221–24, 259n37, 260n46 social/economic impacts of 190–91, 231–36, 247–48 democracy: debt crisis and 236 economic reform and 276–79 global justice and 279–81 in Iraq 151–54 Deutsche Bank 226 drug trade 70, 80, 87 Dubai 73 Dulles, Alan 15 Eagle Wings Resources International 104 East Timor 205 economic development strategies: “big projects” and 16–17 debt-led 18–19 state-led 16–17, 19 economic forecasting 3 economic hit men 5 definition 1, 3, 18 John Perkins and 1–4, 17 types of 5, 18 Ecuador 236, 266 foreign debt 244 Egypt 14 Suez Crisis 15–16 Eisenhower, Dwight, and administration 15 elites, wealthy 4, 18, 57, 176, 183, 228, 232, 253 use of tax havens 43–44, 54–56, 65–66, 226, 232–34 El Salvador 26 empire see imperialism Eni SpA 144, 153 Enron 53, 54, 208–9 Ethiopia 230, 249 European Union 51 agricultural subsidies 22 environment degradation: development projects and 199, 200–211, 257n23 oil production and 115–16 export credit agencies: arms exports and 204–5 campaigns against 209–16 corruption and 200, 202–3, 205, 207–8 debt and 200 environmental effects 199, 200–211 nuclear power and 202, 205–6 operation of 197–201 secrecy of 205, 210–12 size of 201 World Bank and 199, 201, 202, 204 Export Credit Group 210, 215 Export Credits Guarantee Department 201, 205, 211 Export Finance and Investment Corp. 203, 204 export processing zones 178 Export Risk Guarantee 203, 211, 213 ExxonMobil 144 fair trade movement 280 Faisal, Mohammad al-89 Faux, Jeff Global Class War, The 4 Federal Bureau of Investigation 71 Federal Reserve Bank of New York 87 Federal Reserve System 78, 82, 88 Ferguson, Niall 13 First American Bankshares 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 88 First Quantum Materials 101 First, Ruth 26 Focus on the Global South 187, 273 foreign aid 19 in Congo civil war 99–100 France 236, 244 empire 13 Suez Crisis and 15 free trade 4, 19, 21–23, 268, 271 British development and 21 U.S. development and 21 Free Trade Area of the Americas 271 Friends of the Earth 104, 269 G8 summits 212, 213, 219–20, 221, 246, 250, 271, 275 Gambia 243, 249 García, Alan 74 Gates, Robert 85 Gécamines 100, 104 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade agricultural trade 186–87 establishment of 267 TRIPS 23 Uruguay Round 23, 267 General Union of Oil Employees 135–36, 141–44 Georgia 207 Germany 212, 213, 216, 236 export credit agency 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209–11, 212, 215–16 Green Party 206, 215 Ghana 16 development projects in 16, 207 foreign debt 230, 247, 249 impact of IMF SAP 5, 22 Giuliani, Carlo 271 Global Awareness Collective 278 Global Class War, The (Faux) 4 Global Exchange 278 globalization 3 alternatives to corporate 275–79 economic 176–79, 230, 236 impacts of 185–90, 234, 236, 263–65 of the financial system 55, 63–66 Globalization and Its Discontents (Stiglitz) 3, 4 Global justice movement: achievements of 276–79 campaigns 269–72, 274–75 in Global North 268–69, 271–72, 274 in Global South 271–74 origins of 268–69 proposals of 275–79 protests by 265–66, 270–71 Global South see Third World Gonzalez, Henry 72, 90 Gorbachev, Mikhail 137 Goulart, João 27 Groupement pour le Traitment des Scories du Terril de Lubumbashi 104 Guatemala 14, 236 Arbenz government 26 Guinea, foreign debt of 249 Guinea-Bassau 26, 247, 249 Guyana: export credit agencies and 203 environmental problems 203 foreign debt 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249 Haiti 236, 249 World Bank and 158 Halliburton 3, 133, 278 Hankey, Sir Maurice 145 Harken Energy Corp. 77, 78 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative 221, 225, 226, 230, 242–48, 275 conditions of 243–45 results of 248–50 Hegemony or Survival (Chomsky) 4 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 70 Helms, Richard 82 Henwood, Doug 23, 177–79 Heritage Foundation 121 Heritage Oil and Gas 100 Hermes Guarantee 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 215–16 Honduras, foreign debt of 249 Hope in the Dark (Solnit) 281 Hungary, Soviet intervention in 16 Hussein, Saddam 28, 90, 141–42 and BCCI 72 Hutu people 94–96 Hypovereinsbank 209 Ijaw people 116, 121–23, 128 Illaje people 123 immigrant rights movement 281 imperialism 13–14 coups d’état and 27 divide-and-rule tactics 25, 26, 265 post-cold war changes 4–5 pressure on uncooperative countries 25, 142 resistance to 28, 115–17, 121–30, 143–44, 151–54, 176, 191–92, 265–66 resources and 98–106, 118–21, 133–34, 136, 139–40, 145 as system of control 17–28, 176 use of force 5, 25–28, 111n22, 113–14, 115–17, 123, 111n22 India 16, 119, 229, 236, 266 foreign debt 222, 223 export credit agencies and 206, 208 Maheshwar Dam 209–10 Indonesia 236 corruption in 202–3 export credit agencies and 200, 202–3, 205, 207, 216 foreign debt 228, 230, 244 inequality 44 Institute for Policy Studies 278 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 157 International Development Association 157, 242 International Forum on Globalization 266 International Monetary Fund 3, 4, 19, 135, 275 conflicts of interest 244 debt relief and 221–22, 224, 226, 237, 240, 243–46, 250–51, 252 Iraq and 151–53 Malaysia and 273 neoliberalism and 176–79, 222 offshore banking and 43, 234 protests against 266 structural adjustment programs 22, 23, 245, 265–66 Rwanda and 100 Uganda and 100 International Tax and Investment Center 134–35, 138–39, 144–54 International Trade Organization 267 Iran 14, 90, 145, 200 coup against Mossadegh 14–15 nationalization of oil industry 14 Iran-Contra affair 71–72 Iraq: BCCI and 72 foreign debt 152 Gulf War and 28, 72, 140, 141, 146 human rights in 105–6 oil production and reserves 135–36, 139–54 production sharing agreements in 147–54 sanctions against 72, 142 social conditions in 135, 142, 143 U.S. occupation of 28, 140, 141–42, 146, 250, 275, 278 Israel: and Suez Crisis 15 Yom Kippur War and 17 Ivory Coast 230 foreign debt 244, 249 “jackals” 25–26 James, Deborah 273 Japan 216, 236 Japan Bank for International Cooperation 201, 202, 203, 241 Jersey 88 banking boom in 46–47 impact on island 46, 51–52, 56–62 as offshore banking haven 43, 45, 56–61 Johnson, Chalmers Sorrows of Empire 4 Jordan 241, 266 Jordan, Vernon 100 JPMorganChase 226, 238 Jubilee South 190 Jubilee 2000 268 Juhasz, Antonia Bush Agenda, The 4, 275 Juma’a, Hassan 135–36, 140, 142–44, 154 Kabila, Joseph 96 Kabila, Laurent 94, 96, 99 Kagame, Paul 94, 98–99 ties to U.S. 99 Kazakhstan 138, 139, 144, 150 Keating, Charles 83 Kenya 236 foreign debt 243, 244 Kerry, John 76 investigation of BCCI 79–83, 87, 89 Kirchner, Nestor 273 Korea, Republic of 229, 272 Korten, David When Corporations Rule the World 4 KPMG 52 Krauthammer, Charles 13 Krushchev, Nikita 16 Kurdistan 211–12, 214 Kuwait 133, 141, 146, 152, 154 labor exports 235–36 Lake, Anthony 119–20 Lance, Bert 77 Lawson, Nigel 242 Lawson Plan 221, 242 Lee Kyung Hae 272 Liberia, World Bank lending to 159–67 Liberty Tree Foundation 276 Li Zhaoxing 117–18, 124 Lu Guozeng 117 Lumumba, Patrice 26 Luxembourg, as offshore banking haven 72, 73, 74 Madagascar, foreign debt of 249 Mahathir, Mohamad 273 Malawi 254 foreign debt 243, 249 Malaysia 41–43, 229 defiance of IMF 273 Mali, foreign debt of 246, 249 Marcos, Ferdinand 31, 48, 175, 176, 181–85 markets, corporate domination of 16 Martin, Paul 54 mass media, manipulation of 25 Mauritania, foreign debt of 247, 249 McKinney, Cynthia; hearing on Congo 98–99, 110n11 McLure, Charles 137–39 mercenaries: in Congo 111n22 in Nigeria 5, 25–26, 113–14, 115–17 Mexico 207, 256n14, 273 foreign debt 55, 227, 228, 230, 233, 240–41, 244 labor exports 236 Zapatista uprising 272 Middle East, and struggle for oil 27–28 military-industrial complex 99 military interventions 27–28 Mizban, Faraj Rabat 141 Mitterand Plan 221 Mobutu Sese Seko 24, overthrow of 94 Mondlane, Eduardo 26 Mongolia 207 Morales, Evo 277 Morganthau, Robert 69, 84–87 Moscow, John 58, 87 Mossadegh, Mohammad 3, 14–15, 27 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta 122–24, 129 Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Landless Workers’ Movement) 272 Mozambique 26, 27, 230 foreign debt 241, 246, 249 Mueller, Robert 87 mujahadeen (Afghanistan): and BCCI 70 and drug trade 70 Mulroney, Brian 100 Multilateral Agreement on Investment 269–70, 281 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative 222, 225, 230, 250–52 Multilateral Investment Agreement 269 multinational corporations: export credit agencies and 209–11 export processing zones and 178 globalization, pressure for 138, 268, 275 mercenaries, use of 25–26, 111n22, 113–14, 115–17, 123 resources and 101–6, 111n29, 112n31, 112n32 scandals 5 transfer mispricing by 49–51 offshore banks, use of 24, 49–51 patents, control of 23 Museveni, Yoweri 95 Myanmar, foreign debt of 230 Nada, Youssef Mustafa 71–72 Namibia 95 export credit agencies and 207 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 15–16 National Commercial Bank of Saudi Arabia 88–89 National Family Farm Coalition 272 nationalism: pan-Arab 15 Iranian 14 Nehru, Jawaharlal 16 neocolonialism see imperialism neoliberalism 4, 19 critique of 176–79, 190–92, 234, 236 defined 176–77 economic development and 176–79, 232 economic strategies 178–81, 222, 230, 231, 236 Netherlands, overseas empire of 13 Newmont Mining Corp. 244 New World Order 27–28 Nicaragua 207 foreign debt 225, 230, 247, 249 U.S. proxy war against 26, 27, 79 Nicpil, Liddy 190–91, 192 Nidal, Adu 73 Niger, foreign debt of 241, 249 Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force 121, 123 Niger Delta Volunteer Service 122 Niger Delta region: attack on oil platforms 116–17 as “Next Gulf” 118–21 pollution from oil production 115–16 struggle against Shell 115–16, 121–24 Nigeria 200, 266 China and 117–18 colonial rule 115 corruption in 44–45, 230 foreign debt 223, 230, 233, 243, 244 oil production 115–16, 125–27 World Bank lending in 158, 167–69 Nkrumah, Kwame 16 nongovernmental organizations 239, 250 Noriega, Manuel 80 and BCCI 72, 79 North American Free Trade Agreement 4, 268, 272 nuclear power 205–6, 210 Obasanjo, Olusegun 125, 127 Obiang, Teodoro 48 O’Connor, Brian 144–45 OECD Watch 105 offshore banking havens: arms trade and 71–73 campaign against 62–64 central role in world trade 44, 47–48, 64–65 corruption and 24, 44–45, 52–56, 64, 231–33, 253 drug trade and 70 extraction of wealth 43, 54–56, 64–65, 226, 231–33, 253, 258n58 financial centers and 234, ignored by academia 44, 234 secrecy and 47–48, 53, 66 tax evasion and 43, 48, 49–51, 54, 57–59, 64–65, 226, 232 terrorism and 71, 88 Ogoni people 122–23, 125 Okadigbo, Chuba 116 Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi 118 Okuntimo, Paul 123 Oil Change International 278 oil price spikes 236 oil production and reserves: future shortages of 28, 140 Indonesia 207 Iraqi 135–36, 144–54 Nigerian 113–14, 128–29 strategies to control 25–26, 27–28, 139–40 OM Group, Inc. 104, 112n31 OPEC 125–26, 128 1973 oil embargo by 17 dollar deposits in First World 17–18 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 135, 269 “Action Statement on Bribery” 216 export credit agencies and 210, 215 Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 101, 102, 105–6, 112n31 “OECD Arrangement” 215 Overseas Private Investment Corp. 204, 206–9 Oxfam 43, 62–63, 250 Pakistan 90 Afghan mujahadeen and 70–71 BCCI and 70 export credit agencies and 207 foreign debt 244 Panama 3, 26, 72 as offshore banking haven 73, 74 Papua New Guinea: export credit agencies and 204 mining and environmental problems 204 Paris Club of creditors 220, 225–26, 227, 228, 242, 252 Peru 74 foreign debt 241 impact of IMF SAP 22 petrodollars, recycling of 17–18 Perkins, John 19 Confessions of an Economic Hit Man 1–2, 17 Pharaon, Ghaith 76, 77, 86, 87, 88 Philippines, the 31–34, 35–36 corruption in 181–82 democratic movements in 182–85, 236 economic decline in 187–89 emigration from 189, 236 foreign debt 181, 190–91, 230, 241, 244 Marcos regime 31, 34, 175, 176, 180–85, 261n61 martial law in 180–85 social conditions in 179–80, 185–86, 189–91 U.S. rule 175–76 World Bank and 158, 178–81 Pinochet, General Augusto 27, 45–46, 48 PLATFORM 140, 156n28 Portugal 209–10 Posada Carriles, Luis 26 poverty reduction strategy programs see structural adjustment programs Price Waterhouse 83–84 privatization 191 production sharing agreements 147–54 protectionism 21, 181, 186–87 proxy wars 27, 70–71 Public Citizen 269, 273 public utilities, privatization of 191, 261n61, 277 Rahman, Masihur 85 Reagan, Ronald, and administration 19, 79, 87, 136–37, 239 Iran-Contra affair 72 Rich, Marc 90 Rights and Accountability in Development 101, 104, 105 Rio Tinto Zinc 204 Ritch, Lee 79–80 Robson, John 138 Roldós, Jaime 3, 26 Roosevelt, Kermit 15 Rumsfeld, Donald 138 rural economic development 183, 186–87 Russia: debt relief and 225 oil industry 154 transition to capitalism 137–39, 258n28 Rutledge, Ian 149 Rwanda 94–96, 98, 249 massacre in 94, 99 SACE 201 Sachs Plan 221 Saleh, Salim 95 Saõ Tomé, foreign debt of 247, 249 Saud al-Fulaij, Faisal 86, 87 Saudi Arabia 3, 88 and BCCI 70, 75 Saro-Wiwa, Ken 125–26 Scholz, Wesley S. 104 Scowcroft, Brent 72 Senegal 16, 249 Senghor, Léopold 16 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks 71 Shell Oil 144 Nigeria and 113–15, 122, 123, 125–29 at World Economic Forum 127 Shinawatra, Thaksin 54 Sierra Club 269 Sierra Leone 247 SmartMeme 276 Solnit, Rebecca Hope in the Dark 281 Somalia 251 Sorrows of Empire (Johnson) 4 South Africa 236 military interventions 27 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 26 Soviet Union 13, 14 de-Stalinization 16 Hungary, intervention in 16 influence in Third World 14 U.S. and 137 Stephens, Jackson 76, 77 Stiglitz, Joseph 24 Globalization and Its Discontents 3, 4 structural adjustment programs (SAPs) 19, 229–30 in Ghana 5, 22 in Peru 22 in the Philippines 176–79, 183–85, 190–92 in Zambia 22 Sudan 230, 251 Suharto 200, 202–3 Syria 211 Switzerland, as offshore banking haven 45, 65, 72 Taco Bell, boycott of 280 Tanzania, foreign debt of 247, 249 tax evasion 43, 48, 49–51, 54, 57–59, 64–65 Tax Foundation 137–38 tax havens see offshore banking havens Tax Justice Network 63 Tax Reform Act of 1986 138 Tenke Mining 99 terrorism: as EHM strategy 26, 72 financing of 42, 88–89 inequality and 44 Islamist 71–72, 89 Palestinian 73 Thatcher, Margaret 19, 138 Third World: as commodity producers 17, 23 conditions in 5, 96–97, 106–8, 116, 179–80, 185–90, 234, 236 development strategies 176–79 divisions among countries 265–68 elites in 25, 28, 43–44, 176, 226, 232–34 emergence of 14 lack of development in 232, 237 terms of trade and 22, 178–79 Third World Network 269 Tidewater Inc. 113 Torrijos, Omar 3, 26 Total S.A. 144, 153 trade unions 135–36, 141–44, 180, 186, 269, 274 transfer mispricing 49–51 cost to Third World 50 Transparency International 45 Turkey: export credit agencies and 206 Ilisu Dam 211–14 Turkmenistan 200 Uganda 94–96 foreign debt 241, 246, 249 Union Bank of Switzerland 57, 58, 77, 226, 250 United Arab Emirates 69, 73 United Fruit Company 15 United Kingdom 213 NCP for Congo 102–3 empire 13–14, 115, 129, 145 Iran and 14–15 Iraq occupation and 146, 151, 152 offshore banking and; Suez Crisis and 15 United Nations: trade issues and 265, 276 Panel of Experts, Congo 100–106, 112n32 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 220, 265, 267 United States: agricultural subsidies 22 aid 98 as empire 13, 28 cold war strategy of 16, 17, 24, 26 in Congo 99, 104, 105 debt-led development strategy of 176–79 Iran coup and 14–15 Iraqi oil and 133–34, 136, 139–40 Iraq wars 72, 133, 141–42 Islamists and 26 Nigerian oil and 118–21 Philippines and 175–76, 180 strategic doctrines 27–28, 118–19 support of Contras 72 trade deficit 23 trade policies 267 U.S.

What's Left?: How Liberals Lost Their Way
by Nick Cohen
Published 15 Jul 2015

The post-war social democratic consensus fell apart in the early Seventies, and Britain for a moment did feel like a country on the edge of pre-revolutionary chaos. In 1973, Arab members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries said they would not trade with the North American and European countries that had supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. The price of oil shot up and unemployment and inflation went up with it. Central bankers decided not to worry about inflation and to cut interest rates to prevent unemployment rising. In defiance of every law of economics they thought they knew, they got the worst of both worlds: stagflation with unemployment and inflation increasing together.

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.; Iraq War universities 204 University of California Press 45 van Gogh, Theo 335 Versailles, Treaty of 228, 250 victimhood 78–9 Vidal-Naquet, Pierre 165–6 Vietnam War 21, 22, 93 Voltaire 164 Vulliamy, Ed 129, 130, 173, 176 Wall Street Crash (1929) 194–5, 218, 219 Walzer, Michael 355 Watson, Fiona 326 Waugh, Evelyn 113, 159 weapons of mass destruction 47 welfare state 195, 197, 199, 200–1, 355 Wells, H.G. 190 West Germany weapons sales to Iraq 47 Weston, Jon 134 Wheatcroft, Geoffrey 184–5, 278–9 Wheen, Francis How Mumbo-Jumbo Conquered the World 278 Williams, Ian 129 Williams, Ralph Vaughan 244 Williams, Raymond 241–2 Willmott, Peter 199 Wilson, Harold 56 Windsor, Duke of 234 Withey, Lynne 45–6 Wittgenstein 105 Wolf, Naomi 183 Wolfowitz, Paul 80–2, 83, 84 Wolin, Richard 264 women priests 236 Woolf, Leonard 232 Woolf, Virginia 190–2, 228, 232, 236, 299 Woolworths 221 Workers’ Revolutionary Party see WRP working class 189–94, 196, 202–8, 210–11, 221–2, 379–80 World Social Forum 115 World Trade Organization 115, 117 WRP (Workers’ Revolutionary Party) 53–5, 57, 58–60, 63–4 downfall of 66–7, 68 and fascist conspiracy theory 65 and Iraq 65–6, 67, 68 and Irene Gorst 59–60 soliciting funds from Arab tyrants 64–5 see also Healy, Gerry Yeats, W.B. 219 Yom Kippur War 55 Younes, Nadia 326 Young, David 65 Young, Michael Family and Kinship in East London 199 Young, Stuart 65 Yugoslavia, former 85, 127 see also Bosnian war; Kosovo war Zarqawi, Abu Musab 286–7 Zimbabwe 117, 118, 351 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS I could not have written this book without the help of many people who gave me their time without complaint.

1983: Reagan, Andropov, and a World on the Brink
by Taylor Downing
Published 23 Apr 2018

Also, PLO fighters were schooled at the Balashika training camp to the east of Moscow and were equipped with Soviet weapons to attack Israel.4 A war in the Middle East risked flaring up into a confrontation between the US and the Soviet Union, as had happened during the October War (also known as the Yom Kippur War) of 1973 when the US put its nuclear arsenal on to DEFCON (Defense Readiness Condition) 3–the only time since the Cuban missile crisis that American forces had been on this state of alert, just two levels away from actually seeking authorisation for the use of nuclear weapons. Within days of the Israeli invasion of Lebanon, the Kremlin sent a message to Reagan on the hotline accusing the US of complicity in the Israeli assault, claiming ‘the Israeli invasion is a previously planned operation, whose preparations the US must have known about’.

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Edgar 24 House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) 24 Howe, Sir Geoffrey 211, 218, 259, 270, 271, 272, 288 Hubbard, Carroll 149 human intelligence (HUMINT) operations 82 human rights issues 14, 48–9, 114, 270, 303, 306, 313, 314, 322 Hungary 42, 264 Hungarian Revolution 43–4 political reforms 328 HVA 128, 129, 130, 131, 133, 134, 135, 251–2, 253, 336 and Operation RYaN 85–6 hybrid warfare 342 Ikle, Fred 142 India, nuclear arsenal 343 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 9, 12–13, 34, 53, 60, 194, 198, 239, 313 Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty 320, 321–2, 333 verification processes 322 intermediate-range ballistic missiles (IRBMs) 13 Iran 209 Iranian Revolution 29, 202 Tehran embassy hostage crisis 20, 29 Iran-Contra scandal 319–20 Iraq, US military incursions 342, 343 Irgun 203 Iron Curtain 23, 24, 332 Islamic fundamentalism 76, 202, 209, 323 Israel Israel Defence Forces (IDF) 203–4, 205, 206–7 Israeli Air Force 205 nuclear arsenal 343 Israeli-Palestinian conflict 202–9 Ivy League 82 exercise 59, 61–3, 97 Japan Hiroshima and Nagasaki 1–4, 93 listening stations 161–2, 183 Joan (MI6 case officer) 121–2, 291 John Birch Society 149 Johnson, Lyndon B. 26 Jones, General David 56 Jones, Nate 348–9 Kádár, János 43 Kalinin 159 Kalugin, Oleg 85, 240 Kamchatka peninsula 136, 138, 139–40, 155, 156, 157, 158, 159, 160, 168, 180, 183 Kardunov, Marshal Alexandr 163 Karelian Republic 40–2 Kazakhstan 5, 333, 334 KC-135 tanker aircraft 191 Kennedy, John F. 10, 11, 320 Kennedy, Robert 114 KGB 43, 45–7, 49, 338 and the Able Archer 83 exercise 250–1 Andropov as head of 35, 45, 46–7, 48, 69, 74, 80, 83, 106, 341 directorates 73 First Chief Directorate (FCD) (Foreign Intelligence) 73–4 foreign residencies 46, 81, 118–20, 122–5, 218, 227, 228, 277, 278, 279 intelligence successes 125–8, 134–5 moles within see Gordievsky, Oleg; Martynov, Valery; Vetrov, Captain Vladimir role 45–6, 70 see also Operation RYaN Kharbarovsk 161, 163, 164 Khomeini, Ayatollah 29, 202 Khrushchev, Nikita 9, 10, 42, 43, 45 Cuban missile crisis 11, 114 denounces Stalin 42 Kim Eui-dong 150, 152 Kirghizia 333 Kirkpatrick, Jeane 183 Kissinger, Henry 99, 114 Kline, Major John 56 Kohl, Helmut 319 Korean Air Lines (KAL) Flight 007 149–56, 157–88, 165 downing of 157–69 intelligence community’s verdict on 187 Soviet defence of action 181–2, 183–5, 186–7, 216 Soviet propaganda disaster 176–7, 180 US response 169–79, 187–8 Kosygin, Aleksei 68–9 Kremlinologists 37, 214 Kryuchkov, Vladimir Aleksandrovich 74, 75, 80, 127, 229, 255, 279, 281, 282, 333 Kuklinski, Colonel 110–11 Kulikov, Marshal Viktor 248 Kuntsevo Clinic 234–5, 236, 242, 250, 255, 275 Kurchatov, Igor 5 Kurile islands 136, 139, 155, 171, 187 labour camps 46 Lang, Admiral 137 Laos 29 Latvia 329 Launch Under Attack option 15, 60, 238–9 Leahy, Patrick 176 Lebanon 202–9, 220 Israeli bombardment of Beirut 205–7, 228 Israeli invasion of 203–4 Multinational Force 206, 207, 208, 209 UN peacekeepers 203 Lee Kuan Yew 259 LeMay, General Curtis 8 Libya 110, 310 limited nuclear war concept 10, 15, 55, 88, 343 Line X operation 123, 143, 144, 285 listening stations 163–4, 168, 170, 176, 183, 217, 227, 231, 267–8 lithium H-bomb 7–8 Lithuania 329 Lockheed 54 Lokot, Sergei 246–7 Los Angeles Olympic Games (1984) 268 Lubyanka 46, 284 M-1 Abrams Main Battle Tank 53 McDonald, Larry 149–50, 171 McFarlane, Robert ‘Bud’ 208–9, 262, 297, 320 and Able Archer exercise 231, 260, 261, 265–6 and SDI 99, 100 McNamara, Robert 12 malware 144–5 Manchuria 4, 330 Mao Zedong 44–5 Martynov, Valery 285–6 Marxism-Leninism 36, 45, 50, 65, 69, 71, 134 maskirovka 160, 227, 253 Massive Retaliation doctrine 8, 9, 10 Matlock, Jack 312 Mauroy, Pierre 37 Meese, Edwin 32, 169 MI6 (British Secret Intelligence Service) 110, 121, 122, 126, 281, 336 exfiltration of Oleg Gordievsky 286–92 MiG 204, 205 MiG-23 248 military-industrial complex 74, 303, 310 Minsk 138 Minuteman missiles 195 Misawa 162, 170, 171, 172 missile silos 13, 194, 195, 200, 239, 242–3 Mitterrand, François 143 Moldavia 333 Mondale, Walter 269 Mons 223–4, 225, 229, 250, 256 Moorestown 193 Morrow, Douglas 91 Moscow Olympics (1980) 30, 49, 268 Moscow summit (1988) 323–5 Mozambique 29 Mujahideen 76, 77, 110, 310, 323 multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) 12, 242, 244 Munich Olympic Games (1972) 203 Murmansk 126 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) 12, 13, 15, 17, 63, 93, 97, 103, 114, 344 MX missiles 53, 98, 99 Nagasaki, bombing of (1945) 4, 93 Nagy, Imre 43 Nakasone, Yasuhiro 183 National Association of Evangelicals 66 National Command Authority 241 National Emergency Airborne Command Post (Boeing 747) 59, 61 National Intelligence Council 269 National Military Command Center 61, 91, 193 National Security Advisors 189, 309, 320 National Security Agency (NSA) 141, 156, 161, 187, 258, 299 expansion of 54–5 National Security Archive (NSA) 17, 348–9, 350 National Security Council 144, 145, 208, 209, 231 NATO 55, 82, 86, 88, 100, 124, 126, 127, 130, 131, 140, 318, 320 Abel Archer 83 exercise 222–56, 344 Allied Command Europe (ACE) 222 Autumn Forge 83 exercises 223 Current Intelligence Group 131 East German agent in 130–5 MC 161 document 132–3 Political Affairs Directorate 131 response to SDI 134 neo-Nazis 129 Nicaragua 29, 70, 319, 323 Contras 110, 319–20 Nicholson, Major Arthur 295–6 Nine Lives exercise 61, 63 9/11 241 1983–The Brink of Apocalypse (documentary) 346 Nitze, Paul 313 Nixon, Richard 32, 114, 298, 320 anti-ballistic missiles (ABM) Treaty 92 signs Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) 13 Watergate 14, 28, 74 NKVD 5 nomenklatura 70, 220 North American Air Defense Command (NORAD) 90–1, 145, 189, 190, 193 North Korea 4, 44 nuclear capability 343 North, Lieutenant-Colonel Oliver 320 Norway 126, 127 intelligence service 157 Norwegian Labour Party 127 nuclear accidents 190–2 Chernobyl nuclear disaster 310–11 nuclear arms race 6–9, 12–13 nuclear arsenal 200 Soviet 223 US 8 nuclear ‘football’ system 55–6, 240–1 Nuclear Freeze peace movement 96, 103 Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty 13 nuclear war Counterforce strategy 10 Defense Readiness Condition (DEFCON) 204, 230 false alerts 189–201, 239 Launch Under Attack option 15, 60, 238–9 limited nuclear war 10, 15, 55, 88, 343 Massive Retaliation doctrine 8, 9, 10 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) 12, 13, 15, 17, 63, 93, 97, 103, 114, 344 probable consequences 8, 60, 63, 68, 248–9 protocols for launching nuclear weapons 10, 15–16, 55–6, 62–3, 240–1 simulated nuclear attack 61–2 Withhold Options 60 nuclear war scare (1983) 344 Able Archer 83 exercise and 222–56, 344 CIA report on 339–40 Soviet arsenal on maximum alert 16, 240, 242, 243–9, 255, 257, 307 Soviet paranoia and miscalculation 16, 224, 227–9, 232–3, 239, 240, 242, 250–1, 254, 256, 258–61, 344 nuclear winter 16, 249 Nyerere, Julius 259 Obama, Barack 256, 343 observation satellites 90, 111, 194–5, 196, 248, 256 October War (1973) 204, 230 Odom, William 189 Office of Strategic Services (OSS) 107 Ogarkov, Marshal Nikolai 73, 183–4, 184, 198, 236, 241, 245, 250, 255 oil and gas pipelines 65, 143, 145, 285 Okinawa 138 Oko satellite network 194–5 O’Malley, General 173 ‘open labs’ proposal 304, 314 Operation Barbarossa 80–1, 247 Operation Chrome Dome 190–2 Operation RYaN 80, 81–7, 88, 105, 118, 124–5, 216, 217–18, 227, 228–9, 237, 251, 255, 257, 340 categories of intelligence 81–2 confirmation bias 81, 86 information processing 83–4 spurious reports 81, 84, 86, 124–5, 227–8, 250–1 Organisation of Eastern Caribbean States 210 Ossipovich, Major Gennady 162–3, 164–7, 168, 178, 184–5 Pakistan, nuclear arsenal 343 Palestine Liberation Organisation (PLO) 203–4, 205, 206 Palestinian-Israeli conflict 202–9 Palmerston, Lord 273 Palomares incident (1966) 191–2 Parr, Jerry 56–7 Partial Test Ban Treaty 13 peace movement 66, 95–7, 96, 103, 123–4, 237 Pelše, Arvids 214 Pentecostal Christians 59, 116 perestroika 311, 325, 329 Perroots, Lieutenant-General Leonard 253–5 Pershing II missiles 14, 53, 78, 79, 88, 94, 95, 123, 135, 216, 220, 239, 258, 270, 299, 309, 319, 321 Petropavlosk 138, 158 Petrov, Lieutenant-Colonel Stanislav 195–200, 239 Pfautz, Major General James 172–3 Phalangist militiamen 207 Philby, Kim 278, 292 PL-5 missiles 157 plutonium implosion bomb 4, 6 Podgorny, Nikolai 69 Poindexter, Admiral John 320 Poland 65, 94 political reforms 328 popular protests 42–3 Solidarity 65, 110, 111, 328 Polaris 13 Politburo 34, 47–8, 64, 70, 76, 78, 181, 214, 215, 236, 255, 264, 275, 312, 317, 319 Prague Spring 47 President’s Foreign Intelligence Advisory Board (PFIAB) 339, 349–50 protective missile system see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) psychological operations (PSYOPS) 139–43, 147, 162, 182, 187, 310, 340 Putin, Vladimir 341 Pym, Francis 37 radiation sickness 3–4, 249 radioactive contamination 192 RAF Lakenheath 190 Ramstein Air Force Base 253 RAND Corporation 12 RC-135 spy planes 140–1, 156–7, 170, 178, 182 Reagan, Nancy 19, 25, 32, 66, 114, 302, 306 Reagan, Ronald 108 and Able Archer 83 exercise 231–2, 261, 262, 263, 265–6 anti-communism and anti-Soviet rhetoric 23, 24, 25, 26, 30–1, 51–2, 64–7, 77–8, 93, 94–5, 110, 114–15, 116, 177, 182, 216, 266 appearance and personality 21, 22, 33 approval ratings 28, 97, 265, 323 approves technological sabotage 144 attempted assassination of 56–8 background of 20–2 belief in personal diplomacy 51, 93–4, 268 ‘bombing Russia’ poor-taste joke 267–8 and Brezhnev 59 Cold War warrior 31, 267, 321 on the decision to launch nuclear weapons 15–16 demands Berlin Wall be pulled down 321 diary entries 64–5, 98, 99–100, 102, 116, 206, 262, 268, 294, 308 and the downing of KAL 007 169, 174, 177, 178, 179, 182, 188 economic policies 27–8, 31 elected President 15, 31–2 ‘evil empire’ rhetoric 66–7, 89, 117, 176, 182, 216, 324 film career 22, 25–6, 301 Geneva summit 297–9, 300–9, 305 Governor of California 27–8 ‘Great Communicator’ 268 and human rights issues 114, 270, 303, 306, 313, 314, 322 and invasion of Grenada 210, 211, 212 and Israeli-Palestinian conflict 202–9 leadership style 27 and Margaret Thatcher 211–12 meets Gordievsky 337, 337 Moscow summit 323–5 and nuclear policy 51, 58–9, 63–4, 91–3, 97–101, 103–4, 114, 261 political philosophy 22–3, 26 populism 19, 27, 33 president of Screen Actors Guild 24, 25 presidential inauguration 19–20, 21, 32–3 protocol for launching nuclear weapons 55–6, 62–3 re-election 265, 266–7, 269 Reykjavik summit 311, 312–18, 317 and SDI 98, 99–105, 117, 134, 298, 306, 313–14, 324 secret meeting with Soviet ambassador 115–17 signs INF Treaty 321 spouses see Reagan, Nancy; Wyman, Jane suggests rapprochement with Soviet Union 266–7, 268, 294 and total abolition of nuclear weapons 51, 93, 315, 318 visits Berlin 320–1 visits London 65 visits NORAD base 90, 91 war games, participation in 61–3, 62, 97, 262 Washington summit 321–3 Reagan Doctrine 110 Red Integrated Strategic Offensive Plan (RISOP) 55, 60 Red Scares 23, 24–5 Reed, Thomas 61, 62, 143–4 Reforger 83 exercise 223 Regan, Don 208 reunification of Germany 332 Rex 82 Alpha exercise 61, 63 Reykjavik summit 311, 312–18, 317 Rivet Joint operations 141, 162 Rogers, William 61 Romania 332 Romanov, Grigory 238, 270 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 27, 146 Rubin, Professor 213 Rupp, Rainer 128–34, 135, 251–3, 336 Russia 334 hybrid warfare capabilities 342 military exercises 342 Sabra and Shatila massacres (1982) 207 Sadat, Anwar 202 Sakhalin island 136, 160, 168, 171, 172, 173, 180, 183, 184 Sakharov, Andrei 48 Sandinistas 29 Saudi Arabia 208, 343 Scarlett, John 121, 125, 218, 259 Schmidt, Helmut 94 Schneider, Dr William 142 Scowcroft, Brent 327 Screen Actors Guild 24, 25 Sea of Okhotsk 136, 138, 156, 159, 162, 168, 180, 187, 299 Second World War 40–1, 107, 146, 255 end of 4 German invasion of Soviet Union 40, 80–1, 247 Serpukhov-15 194, 195–200 Severomorsk 245 Sharansky, Anatoly 49 Sharon, Ariel 203, 207 Shchelokov, Nikolai 88 Shemya 156, 157 Shevardnadze, Eduard 297, 309, 313, 320, 330 Shultz, George 37, 113–16, 117, 146–7, 208, 219, 262 and the downing of KAL 007 169, 174, 175, 176, 179, 185 and the Geneva summit 297, 303 on Gorbachev 295 and the Intermediate Nuclear Force (INF) Treaty 320 meets with Gromyko 185, 240, 296–7 meets with Shevardnadze 320 and the Reykjavik summit 313, 314, 315, 318 and SDI 100, 298 and the Soviet ‘peace offensive’ 309 signals intelligence (SIGINT) 82, 141, 170, 176, 183 Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) 10, 11, 55, 56, 60, 62, 262 Six Day War (1967) 203 ‘snap-ons’ 161, 163, 164, 170 Snow, Jon 324 Sokol 164 Solidarity 65, 110, 111, 328 Solzhenitsyn, Alexander 48 Son Dong-hui 150, 155, 161, 166, 167 South Korea 138 South Korean Navy 137 US-South Korean Mutual Defense Treaty 149 Soviet Air Force 247–8 expansion of 138 Far East Air Defence Command 139, 158, 162, 163, 180–1 Soviet embassy, London 81, 118–20, 122, 218, 228, 279 Soviet embassy, Washington 81, 277, 278 Soviet Far East 136–40, 137, 149–88 Soviet missile systems intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 9, 34, 194, 239 PL-5 missiles 157 SS-18 missiles 90 SS-19 missiles 242 SS-20 missiles 29, 53, 75, 75, 78, 94, 238, 244, 254, 299, 309, 314, 321 SS-N-8 missiles 246 SS-N-20 missiles 246 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) 161 Soviet Navy Northern Fleet 126, 140, 245, 246 Pacific Fleet 138 submarine fleet 245–7 Soviet Union anti-Jewish purges 46 centralised planning 6, 69 civil defence programme 30 communist orthodoxy 36–7 Congress of People’s Deputies 329 corruption and organised crime 87–8, 333 defence budget 30 dismantling of 329, 333 economic stagnation 37, 48, 50, 64–5, 69, 71, 111 Five Year Plans 39–40 German invasion of 40, 80–1, 247 Great Terror 36, 39–40 human rights issues 14, 48–9, 114, 270, 303, 306, 313, 314, 322 intelligence community see GRU; KGB; SVR invasion and occupation of Afghanistan 30, 76–7 and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 204–5 Kremlin nuclear paranoia 85, 86, 112, 125, 233, 238, 240 see also Able Archer 83 exercise; Operation RYaN Middle East policies 220 military strength and personnel 222–3 nuclear arsenal 223 nuclear programme 4–6, 8, 9, 12 office of head of state 35, 36 oil and gas pipelines 65, 143, 285 outrage over Strategic Defence Initiative (SDI) launch 104–5, 106 political reforms 311–12, 329 post-Soviet problems 333 post-war reconstruction 41 reduced nuclear stockpile 333–4 reduction of Soviet forces in Europe 328, 333–4 Second World War 4, 40–1, 80–1, 247, 255 Sino-Soviet relations 44, 45, 220, 330 social conditions 69–70 support for global liberation struggles 29, 30, 52, 70, 94, 109, 301 suspected of influencing American presidential elections 269, 342 suspicion and fear of the West 14, 71–2, 73, 78, 80, 85, 240 technology gap 72, 73, 104, 120, 143, 144 The Soviet War Scare, 1983 (documentary) 346 Soyuz spacecraft 14 space weapons see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Speakes, Larry 169, 176 Sputnik 9, 194 SS-18 missiles 90 SS-19 missiles 242 SS-20 missiles 29, 53, 75, 75, 78, 94, 238, 244, 254, 299, 309, 314, 321 SS-N-8 missiles 246 SS-N-20 missiles 246 stagflation 28–9 Stalin, Joseph 5, 23, 24, 35, 146, 237, 329 anti-Jewish purges 47 death of 42 and the Great Terror 36, 39–40 ‘Star Wars’ see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Stasi 85, 128, 130, 133, 335 Stewart, Nina 349 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles 310 Stombaugh, Paul, Jr 284 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT I) 13, 14, 94, 156 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II) 30, 77 Strategic Arms Reduction Talks (START) 94, 105, 270, 334 Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) 103 costs 102 Geneva summit and 298, 299, 304 Gorbachev’s hostility to 273, 298, 299, 304, 305, 306, 309, 313, 314, 315, 316, 319 ‘open labs’ proposal 304, 314 origins of 97–100 proposed limits on 313 public attitudes towards 102 Reagan’s enthusiasm for 98, 99–105, 117, 134, 298, 306, 313–14, 324 Soviet fears of 104–5, 106, 117, 216 ‘strip alert’ 248, 254 Su-24 248 submarines Delta class 138, 246 nuclear weapon-carrying submarines 13, 136, 140, 200, 246 Ohio class 54 Typhoon class 246 suicide bombers 208–9 Supreme Headquarters, Allied Powers Europe (SHAPE) 223, 229 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) 140–1, 161 Suslov, Mikhail 45 SVR 285, 334 Symms, Steve 149 Syria 204, 205, 209, 220 Syrian Air Force 205 systems failures 192, 193, 200, 201, 239 T-72 tank 204 Tadzhikistan 333 Taliban 77, 323 Tass news agency 182 Tehran embassy hostage crisis (1979–81) 20, 29 telemetry intelligence (TELINT) 156 Teller, Edward 6–7, 97–8, 101 ter Woerds, Margreet 347 terrorism 108–9 Thatcher, Denis 272 Thatcher, Margaret 124, 134, 210, 211–12, 217, 218, 231, 259, 264, 293 and British–Soviet relations 270 and Gordievsky 337, 338 meets Gorbachev 272–4, 274 on nuclear deterrence 318–19 thermonuclear weapons 7–8, 45, 190–1 Thor missiles 13 Thule 192 Tiananmen Square massacre (1989) 330 Titan missiles 13 Titov, Gennadi 127 Tkachenko, Captain Viktor 243–4 Tolkachev, Adolf 283–4 Tomahawk Cruise missiles 53 Topaz see Rupp, Rainer Treholt, Arne 127–8 Trident missiles 54, 319 ‘Trinity’ atomic test 5 Tripoli 310 ‘Trojan horses’ 144–5 Trudeau, Pierre 271 Truman, Harry 6, 7, 107 Trump, Donald 31, 269, 342, 343 Tsygichko, Vitalii 239 Tupolev TU-22M ‘Backfire’ bomber 138, 247 United States budget deficit 55, 102 Ukraine 333, 334, 341 United Nations 185 Lebanese operations 203 peacekeeping force (UNIFIL) 203 Security Council 183 United States declining superpower role 342–3 defence budget 52, 66, 79, 342 intelligence community see Central Intelligence Agency (CIA); National Security Agency (NSA); Office of Strategic Services (OSS) and the Israeli-Palestinian conflict 203–4 military rearmament 52–4, 116 military-industrial complex 74, 303, 310 nuclear arsenal 8 nuclear programme 6–8, 9, 12 peace movement 66, 96, 96, 103 Red Scares 23, 24–5 Second World War 107 Washington KGB residency 81, 277, 278 US Air Force Air Force Intelligence 172–3, 178 PSYOPS 140–1, 142 Strategic Air Command 8, 10, 58, 90–1, 156, 190–1, 193 US Marines 206, 207, 208, 209, 210, 212, 217 US missile systems anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) 12, 13 Cruise missiles 53, 78, 88, 94, 95, 123, 135, 216, 220, 258, 270, 299, 309, 321 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 12–13, 53, 198 Minuteman missiles 195 multiple independently targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) 12 MX missiles 53, 98, 99 Pershing II missiles 14, 53, 78, 79, 88, 94, 95, 123, 135, 216, 220, 239, 258, 270, 299, 309, 319, 321 Stinger anti-aircraft missiles 310 submarine-launched ballistic missiles 13 surface-to-air missiles (SAMs) 140–1 Trident missiles 54 Vanguard missiles 9 US Navy 142 expansion 54, 138 Pacific Fleet 138 PSYOPS 142 US presidential elections 1964 26 1976 28 1980 30–1 1984 265–9 2016 269, 342 suspected Soviet influence 269, 342 USS Coral Sea 137 USS Eisenhower 140 USS Enterprise 136–7 USS Midway 137, 139 USS New Jersey 208 Ustinov, Marshal Dmitri 34–5, 87, 180, 181, 198, 215, 236, 241, 242, 255 US-South Korean Mutual Defense Treaty 149 Uzbekistan 333 Vanguard missiles 9 Velikhov, Yevgeny 104 Velvet Revolution 332 Vessey, Admiral 262 Vetrov, Captain Vladimir 143 Vietnam war 27, 29 Vladivostok 138 Volk Field Air Base 192–3 Wakkanai 162, 168, 170, 172, 174 Warsaw Pact 43, 47, 55, 86, 88, 132, 222, 318 Washington summit (1987) 321–3 Watergate 14, 28, 74 Watkins, Admiral James D. 98–9, 139–40 Weinberger, Caspar 32, 52, 58, 100, 131, 179, 262, 296, 320 Weiss, Dr Gus 144, 145 West Germany 14, 128, 319 peace movement 95 Winter War (1939–40) 40 Withhold Options 60 Wolf, Markus 85, 86, 135, 335 Wright, Oliver 260 Wyman, Jane 22, 25 Yeltsin, Boris 329, 333, 338 Yesin, General-Colonel Ivan 245 Yom Kippur War (1973) 204, 230 Yugoslavia 44 Yurchenko, Vitaly 299–300 Zapad 17 exercise 342 Zeleny 139 zero-zero option 94–5, 315, 316, 318, 321, 321–2 Zil limousines 74, 111, 112, 236 Zionists 74, 202, 203 US lobby 204 Zubok, Vlad 348

Transcending the Cold War: Summits, Statecraft, and the Dissolution of Bipolarity in Europe, 1970–1990
by Kristina Spohr and David Reynolds
Published 24 Aug 2016

During his speech before the Central Committee, Brezhnev had argued that the Moscow summit could advance the USSR’s Middle East policy and help stave off American pressure on Salvador Allende of Chile.93 Only a summit, he implied, could consolidate the Soviet position in the Third World. Yet in July 1972, President Anwar Sadat threw 20,000 Soviet advisers out of Egypt, part of a growing Egyptian-Soviet estrangement that was deepened by the Yom Kippur War of October 1973. And in September 1973 Allende was overthrown by a right-wing military coup, supported by the United States and its regional ally, Brazil.94 In contrast to Brezhnev, Nixon had to sell the summit afterwards, not before. In his address to Congress on 1 June, Nixon also overstated some of his gains.

…

Averell 136 Hartmann, Robert 113 Hauptverwaltung Aufklärung (HVA) 20 Hefei (China) 185 Heinemann, Gustav 22 Helsinki 82, 96, 100, 102, 106, 110, 112–15, 124, 136, 144, 210–11, 214, 220, 238–9, 244, see also summits Helsinki Final Act 8, 96–7, 108–15, 204, 208, 214, 238, 240 Helsinki II 210–13 Hilaly, Agha 48–9, 51–2 Hirohito 186 Hiroshima 161 Hiss, Alger 68 Hitler, Adolf 33, 156, 205, 228, 234 Hofburg Imperial Palace, Vienna 136–7 Höfði, Iceland 162, 165 Honecker, Erich 19–20, 28, 36, 42, 197 see also summits: Erfurt, Kassel Houston, Texas 218 Hua Guofeng 182 Huang Zhen 53–4 Hu Yaobang 185, 190 human rights 8, 30, 100, 103, 106, 109, 113, 115, 130–1, 133–4, 153–4, 157, 159, 162–3, 165, 168, 196, 238, see also CSCE (Basket I and Basket III) Hungary 69, 180, 192, 194, 197, 206, 209, 241, 243–4 Hurd, Douglas 222 Iceland 162, 166, see also summits: Reykjavik idealism 83, 101, 106, 130–1, 135 ideology 1, 3, 5–6, 8–9, 16, 44, 46, 55, 59, 69, 97, 103, 105, 107, 154, 159–60, 173, 182, 190, 193, 199–200, 233–4, 236, 238, 243–4, 246 imperialism 6, 34, 50, 85, 97, 132 imperial overstretch 3, 241 India 71, 196 Indochina 8, 45, 50–1, 80, 107 Geneva Conference on 45 withdrawal of troops 50 Interim Strategic Arms Limitation Agreement (SALT I), see also agreements intermediate-range nuclear forces (INFs) 128–30, 137, 140, 142–3, 153, 155, 160, 162–4, 168–73, 239–40, 242 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty, see treaties international law 20, 27, 29–30, 34–5, 101, 108 International Monetary Fund (IMF) 125 Iran 83, 134, 167 Iran-Contra affair 167, 169 Iranian hostage crisis 139–40, 153 Iraq 107 Iron Curtain 10, 16, 105, 114, 123, 144, 168, 197, 199, 246–7 Islamabad 52 Israel 71 Italy 103, 113, 124, 141, 155 Jackson, Henry ‘Scoop’ 84, 104, 106, 138, 140 Jackson-Vanik amendment (Trade Bill) 81, 104, 110 Japan 49, 55, 58–9, 113, 124–5, 170, 182, 186–7, 233 Japanese-American relations 186 Jiangxi 182 Ji Chaozhu 45, 62 Johnson, Lyndon 46, 82 Jordan, Hamilton 131, 138 Kádár, János 241 Karmal, Babrak 170 Kassel 5–6, 27–36, 223, 236–7, see also summits Kennedy, John F. 2, 4, 74, 135, 139,235, 249 Keynesian policy 125 KGB 20, 112, 155 Khan, Sultan 52 Khan, Yahya 47–8, 50–1 Khrushchev, Nikita 2, 4, 68–70, 74, 78, 97, 135, 156, 193, 235–6, 239, 241, 249–50 Kiesinger, Kurt-Georg 17, 21, 32, 41, 248 Kiev 75, 83 Kim Il-sung 44 Kissinger, Henry China and 6–7, 43–4, 47–61, 74, 182, 236 CSCE and 101–2, 105–10, 112, 114 détente and 35, 98–9, 130, 153, 157, 237 Soviet Union and 73–4, 76–8, 80,82–4, 170 summitry and 6–7, 236, 248–9 triangularity and 8 Kohl, Helmut 9–10, 169, 199, 211–23, 240, 244–5, 248–9, 251, see also summits: Caucasus Kohl, Michael 22, 24–5, 28, 31, 33 Kohrt, Günther 25, 28 Korea 5, 43, 46, 235, see also North Korea, South Korea Korean War 5–6, 43, 45 armistice talks 45 Kornienko, Georgii 77 Kosygin, Alexei 28, 74, 78–82, 97, 239 Kuwait 249 Laird, Melvin 82, 84 Laos 107 Latin America 238 Lederach, John P. 18, 19, 33 Le Duc Tho 77 Lei Yang 47 Leningrad 75, 83 Lewis, Flora 125 Library Group 124, 127 Libya 107 Ligachev, Yegor 173 Lilley, James 194–5 Lin Biao 54 Linhard, Robert 160 Li Peng 185, 187, 191–2 London Declaration on a Transformed North Atlantic Alliance (1990) 216 Lord, Winston 53 Los Angeles 161 Luxembourg 214 Malraux, André 56 Malta 110, 181, 198, 200, 205, 212, 214, 223, 244see also summits: Malta Mann, James 183, 185 Mao Zedong 5–6, 43–4, 46–52, 54–61, 182–3, 235 Marco Polo 51, 236 Marxism–Leninism 3, 5, 132, 153, 156, 168, 193, 233, 235 Mashakov, Albert 216 Matlock, Jack F., Jr. 158, 165 Mediterranean Declaration (1975) 110 Medvedev, Dmitry 68 Middle East 73, 77–8, 82, 85, 107, 128, 132 Mielke, Erich 20–1, 23, 38 Miki, Takeo 124 Milliardenkredite 240 Mintoff, Dom 110, 114 missiles 4, 107, 128, 130, 137, 154, 164, 166–9, 250 anti-ballistic missiles (ABMs) 71, 74, 79, 161, 163–4 Euromissile 137, 140 ground-launched cruise missiles (GLCM) 129–30, 137, 141, 155, 157, 164, 172 intercontinental ballistic missiles (ICBMs) 70–1, 84, 137, 234 launchers 68, 71, 130, 133 medium-range 136, 162 multiple independently-targetable re-entry vehicles (MIRVs) 84, 130, 133, 137 Pershing 1A 169 Pershing IB 169 Pershing II 129, 141, 155, 169 sea-launched cruise missiles 172 SS-18 154 SS-20 128–9, 132, 136–7, 141, 155, 158 submarine-launched ballistic missiles (SLBMs) 79, 107see also weapons Mitterrand, François 197, 204, 207 Mongolia 54, 186 Moscow Olympics (1980) 143, 240 Most Favored Nation (MFN) trade status 81, 103–4, 110 Munich 138, 216 mutual and balanced force reduction (MBFR) talks 100, 105, 128 Mutual Assured Destruction (MAD) 154, 242 Najibullah, Mohammed 170 NATOsee North Atlantic Treaty Organisation NATO-Russia Council 246 NATO-Russia Founding Act 246 Nazis 7, 18, 23, 32, 41, 69, 219, 233–4, 246 Netherlands 105, 141 ‘New Atlanticism’ 210, 223 ‘New Cold War’ 8, 123, 138, 151, 170, 240–1 ‘New Europe’ 210, 216 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START), see treaties ‘New World Order’ 245, 247, 249 newspapers/journals 35, 104 Bild 34 Die Welt 34 Die Zeit 124 Foreign Affairs 46, 56 Neues Deutschland 34, 40 New York Times 96, 219 Pravda 96, 142 Renmin Ribao 47, 59, 190 Spectator 124 Time 48, 132 Wall Street Journal 96 Washington Post 166 Nicaragua 167 Nitze, Paul 160, 163–4 Nixon, Patricia 57 Nixon, Richard 4, 6–8, 27, 57, 98–101, 114, 143–4, 171, 181–3, 236–9, 247–50 China and 6–7, 43–61, 132, 181–3,196, 237 détente and 16, 35, 98–9, 106, 114, 153, 157 fall 106, 238, 239 Soviet Union and 67–86, 104, 106, 171, 237see also summits: Beijing 1972, Moscow 1972; Vietnam North American Aerospace Defense Command (NORAD) 154 North Atlantic Cooperation Council 246 North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) 4, 8–10, 25, 30, 56, 70, 98–102, 104–5, 108–10, 124, 127–30, 137, 140–2, 155, 160, 166, 169–71, 204–5, 207–24, 234–5, 240, 244–6, 248–9 North Korea 44–5 North Vietnam 46, 50, 52, 59, 73, 76–8, 82 Nuclear weapons 8–9, 70, 127–8, 132, 160–1, 166, 211, 234see also arms, Strategic Arms Limitation Obama, Barack 68 October Revolution 173 Oder–Neisse border 17 Oliphant, Patrick 184 OPEC 132 ‘Open Skies’ proposal (Eisenhower) 105 Ostpolitik 6, 17–20, 23–4, 26, 29, 35, 99, 101, 114, 207, 211, 248 ‘Other’ 7, 237–8, 243, 246–7, 250 ‘de-Othering’ 9, 243 Pacific War (1941–5) 186, 233 Pakistan 46–9, 51–3, 71 Paris Peace Accords (1972) 82 Partnership for Peace(NATO initiative) 246 Pentagon 84, 155, 157, 166, 169, 171 People’s Republic of China, see China (PRC) perestroika 168–9, 172–3, 186, 199, 242–3 Perle, Richard 140, 164 Permanent Joint Council (NATO) 246 Ping-Pong diplomacy 49 Podgorny, Nikolai 78–80, 82, 239 Poindexter, John 164, 166–7 Pol Pot 133 Poland 17–18, 47, 69, 83, 180, 188, 190, 192, 197, 240, 243–4 Solidarity 188, 197, 240 Pompidou, Georges 99 Portuguese Empire 107 Potsdam conference (1945) 236 Powell, Colin 172 Prague 68, 209 Prague Spring, see Czechoslovakia propaganda 83, 105, 129, 131, 160, 167, 169, 180, 219 Putin, Vladimir 246–7 Qiao Guanhua 59 Quadripartite Agreement on Berlin (1971) 73, 100 Rambouillet 125, 128, see also summits Rapallo 222 rapprochement 21, 26, 34, 123, 207 change through 6, 207 German-German 16, 32, 35–6, 207, 211 Sino-American 44, 52, 54, 56, 60–1, 71, 74, 79, 114, 239 Sino-Soviet 186 Soviet-American 173 Reagan, Ronald 8, 84, 86, 109, 133, 143, 151–73, 180, 182–4, 240, 242–4, 248–50, see also summits: Moscow Red Square 151–2, 170, 173, 249 Regan, Donald 160 Reykjavik 8, 166–8, 171–3, 242, see also summits Rhineland 6 Rogers, William 49–50, 54, 57–8 Romania 47, 49, 198, 243 Rostow, Eugene 106 Russian Republic 223–4, 246–7, see also Soviet Union Rust, Mathias 170 Sadat, Anwar 85 Saddam Hussein 249 Safire, William 96, 109 Sahm, Ulrich 22, 25, 28, 31–2 Saigon 76, 107 Sakharov, Andrei 106, 131, 168, 196 San Clemente 73, 237 Schabowski, Günter 206 Schmidt, Helmut 112, 114, 122–9, 137, 140–1, 239–40, 249see also summits: Guadeloupe 1979 Schoenborn, Benedikt 237 Schüßler, Gerhard 22, 25, 31–2 Scowcroft, Brent 75, 180 Shah of Iran 83, 134 Shanghai 43, 56 Shanghai Communiqué 59–60 Shelest, Petro 78 shestidesyatniki 193 Shevardnadze, Eduard 156–7, 164, 166, 168, 170, 172–3, 212, 215–16, 221, 248–9 shorter-range INFs (SRINFs) 168–70, 172 Shultz, George 153, 157–9, 161–2, 164–6, 168–70, 173, 175, 248–9 Sino-American accommodation 46 alliance 7 axis 133 communication 182 rapprochement 44, 52, 54, 56, 60–1, 71, 74, 79, 114, 239 relations 46–50, 54, 60, 181, 183–5, 187–8 summit 191 talks 45, 52 thaw 46 Sino-British relations 56 Sino-Soviet alliance 61, 97, 187, 235 antagonism 58, 61 border 46, 61, 98, 186 conflict 46, 134 normalization 186, 191, 193 rapprochement 186 relations 186–7, 193–4, 196 split 61, 73, 186, 235see also summits: Beijing 1989 Smith, Gerard 82 socialism 6, 20–1, 25–6, 30, 35–6, 46, 61, 79, 97, 98, 102, 132, 190, 199–200 Solomon, Richard H. 183 Solzhenitsyn, Aleksandr 96, 106 Sonnenfeldt, Helmut 77 South Korea 44–5, 58, 155, 182 South Vietnam 46, 48, 52, 76–7 sovereignty 10, 29–30, 52, 56, 96, 102–3, 105, 113, 184, 189, 204, 215, 217–18, 220–1, 245 Soviet bloc 3, 8–9, 23, 97–101, 105–6, 114, 132, 151, 190, 211, 236, 241 Soviet Union 4–6, 45–6, 54, 58, 60–1, 67–86, 96, 98–9, 106–7, 109–12, 131–4, 136, 139, 142, 144, 151–73, 180–1, 186–90, 192, 196, 199–200, 235, 238, 240–1, 243–9 Central Committee 78, 82, 84–5, 156 Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) 1, 67, 78, 111, 151, 168, 173, 216, 245 Germany and 4, 19–21, 30, 34–6, 40, 42, 98, 205–24 Ministry of Foreign Affairs 76–8, 168, 217 Politburo 72, 78, 97, 133, 156, 165–7, 196 Red Army 205, 214, 219 see also arms, Sino-Soviet, Soviet-American, summits, Vietnam Soviet–American arms control 135 competition 199 cooperation 249 détente 98–9, 106, 114 discord 122 negotiations 143 nuclear war 154 one-upmanship 187 rapprochement 173 relations 1, 6–8, 60–1, 70, 74, 76–7, 81, 85, 107, 112, 130–7, 154, 157, 173, 180–1, 197–8, 208–10, 233–51 see also summits Spangenberg, Dietrich 19, 22 Spielberg, Steven 171 Stalinism 69, 70, 156, 193 Stalin, Joseph 70, 170, 208, 233, 236 Star Wars, see Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) Stasi 20, 23, 25, 27 statecraft 3, 103, 233, 250 Stavropol 215, 217, 219–20 Stoessel, Walter 47 Stoph, Willi 6, 15–16, 19–20, 22–36, 40, 236, 247see also summits: Erfurt, Kassel Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) 70–4, 79, 82–4, 90, 107, 134, 242 SALT I 9, 97, 106, 130, 132, 136–7, 171, 237, 239 SALT I (Interim Agreement) 84, 106, 130, 239 SALT II (Treaty) 8, 67–8, 107, 122, 127–31, 133–43, 155, 159, 166, 172, 239 SALT III 135–6, 140, 141, 143 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty (SALT II 1979), see treaties Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START), see treaties Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI) (Star Wars) 154, 157–67, 171, 177, 242, 248 Sukhodrev, Viktor 80 summitry 3–5, 8–9, 35, 60, 69, 84, 114, 123, 137, 144, 153, 157–8, 166, 172–3, 180, 206, 223, 233, 235–7, 242–50 advisers, role of 3–4, 6, 8–9, 248 agency and 2, 3, 248 creative 2, 247, 249–50 formal agreements and 7–9, 59, 67–8, 86, 157, 162, 197, 237, 242, 247–8, 249 institutionalized 124–5, 126 personal 1, 8, 33 plenary 33 progressive 33 reconnaissance 157, 236 significance of 247–50 summits 2–5, 114, 158, 172, 236–7, 243, 248–9 Beijing 1972 6–7, 43, 57–61, 113, 236–7 Beijing 1989 (Bush) 181, 187–9, 194 Beijing 1989 (Gorbachev) 190–4 Bonn 1978 36, 122, 125–6 Caucasus 1990 204, 206, 215, 217–24, 245 Crimea 1971 36 Erfurt 1970 5, 15–17, 22–4, 32, 34, 113, 236–7 Geneva 1955 4, 236 Geneva 1985 8, 151, 153, 156–8, 242, 244 Guadeloupe 1979 8, 122, 126–30, 140–1, 240 Helsinki 1975 8–9, 96, 110–11, 114–15, 123, 127, 144 Helsinki 1992 212 Kassel 1970 5, 15–17, 27–32, 34, 35, 113, 236 Malta 1989 1–3, 180, 198, 207–10, 216, 244, 249 Moscow 1972 4, 7, 68, 71, 79–86, 113, 237 Moscow 1988 8, 151, 153, 171–2 Paris 1960 4, 236 Paris 1990 212 Prague 2010 68 Rambouillet 1975 113–14, 124, 239 Reykjavik 1986 151, 153, 160, 162–5 Vienna 1961 2, 4, 236, 249 Vienna 1979 122, 135–7 Vladivostok 1974 107, 130–1, 133,143, 238 Warsaw Pact 1969 21 Washington 1987 8, 151, 153, 165, 171–2, 242 Sweden 110, 161 Syria 107 Taipei 52, 184 Taiwan 7, 44–5, 47–8, 52–6, 58, 132, 184, 237 expulsion from United Nations 54, 56 withdrawal of American forces 47, 51, 59 Talbott, Strobe 240 technology 3, 7, 71, 81, 84, 96, 98, 100–1, 103, 130, 142, 163, 171, 233, 237, 241, 243 Teheran 139 telemetry encryption 134–6 Teltschik, Horst 207, 215–7 Thatcher, Margaret 86, 160, 166, 169, 207 theatre nuclear forces (TNF) 142, 168 Third Reich 4, 205, 234, 245 Third World 5, 71, 85, 107, 143 Tiananmen Square 9, 181, 190–1, 194–8, 200 Togliatti, Palmiro 103 Tokyo 189 totalitarianism 106, 180 trade 7, 20, 24, 26, 30–1, 33, 58, 81, 96, 103–4, 186–7, 195, 235, 239 Transpacific Partnership 182 treaties 1, 20, 30, 35, 68 Anti-Ballistic Missile Treaty 68, 84, 162–4, 166 Basic Treaty (Grundlagenvertrag) 1972 17, 20, 33, 36, 237 Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) 160 Deutschlandvertrag 1955 29–30, 40 Intermediate-Range Nuclear Forces (INF) Treaty 9, 153, 170–3, 242–3 New Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (New START) 68 nuclear non-proliferation treaty 17 Strategic Arms Limitation Treaty(SALT II) 68, 122 Strategic Arms Reduction Treaty (START) 68, 153, 161–2, 171–2 Treaty of Moscow 35, 71, 78–9, 101 see also agreements Treaty of Moscow (1970), see treaties triangularity 5, 8–9, 35, 60–1, 73–4, 114, 182, 194, 196, 206, 235–6 Trudeau, Pierre 75 Truman, Harry S. 44–5 Tutzing 211–12 Ulbricht, Walter 19–22 United Kingdom, see Great Britain United Nations (UN) 44–5, 54, 56, 111, 131, 157, 197, 249 Dual Representation Resolution 56 General Assembly 54, 56 Security Council 7, 52, 56, 195 United States 4–8, 16, 34–5, 43–61, 67, 69–79, 83–6, 96–7, 99–100, 102, 104, 106–8, 111–15, 122, 130–43, 151–73, 180–9, 205–6, 209–10, 213, 217, 222–4, 233–47 Arms Control and Disarmament Agency 158 Congress 70, 81, 83–5, 104, 106, 135, 162, 167 Foreign Relations Committee (FRC) 138–9 House of Representatives 167 Joint Chiefs of Staff 167 National Security Council (NSC) 39, 64–5, 75, 77, 86, 88–91, 116–17, 119–20, 157–8, 160–2, 167, 171–2, 174–8, 203, 212–13, 227 National Security Decision Directive (NSDD) 153, 167, 172, 174–6, 178–9 Navy 81, 172 Senate 134, 138–40, 142, 167 Senate Armed Services Committee 140 State Department 48, 77, 113, 157, 208, 212see also Soviet-American, summits, Vietnam Universal Declaration of Human Rights 114, see also human rights uskorenie 242 US-Soviet, see Soviet-American USSR, see Soviet Union Vance, Cyrus 131–6, 139 Vanik, Charles 104 Vienna 96, 109, 122, 135–40, 143, see also summits Vietnam 5, 50, 52–3, 55–6, 72, 76–80, 82, 85, 99, 107, 131, 133–4, 170, 186, see also North Vietnam, South Vietnam Vietnam War 58, 60, 69, 70, 76–7, 79, 235–6 Vladivostok 133, 143, 238, see also summits Vogel, Ezra 190 Voß, Hans 22, 25 Walters, Vernon 53–4 Wang Bingnan 62 Warsaw 32, 45–8, 83, 100 Warsaw Pact 4, 20–1, 35, 97–8, 100, 102, 114, 128, 132, 205, 211–12, 214–15, 219, 221, 243, 245, see also summits Watergate 85, 106, 167, 237, 239 weapons aircraft 71, 84, 107, 130, 136, 164 atomic 218 atomic bomb 46, 233 enhanced radiation warheads 128 medium-range weapons 142 neutron bomb 128–9 submarines 79, 83, 107, 141 see also arms, missiles Weichert, Jürgen 25 Wei Jingsheng 185 Weinberger, Caspar 158, 161, 166–70 West Berlin, see Berlin Westbindung 246 West Germany, see Federal Republic of Germany (FRG) Westpolitik 20, 23 Wilson, Harold 75, 108, 113–14, 124 Wilson, James G. 162 Winzer, Otto 20, 23, 25, 28 Wolf, Markus 20 World Bank 125 World War One 83, 233, 241 World War Two 4, 30, 41, 51, 69, 71, 78, 98, 108–9, 124, 163, 213, 218, 222, 233–5, 238 Wörner, Manfred 215 Xu Jingli 62 Yakovlev, Aleksander 156,158, 167 Yalta 96, 237 Yang Shangkun 187, 191 Yao Yilin 190 Ye Jianying 51 Yeltsin, Boris 173 Yom Kippur War 85 Zhang Ying 51 Zhao Ziyang 185, 187–8, 190–1 Zhejiang 56 Zhenbao Island 46, 72 Zhou Enlai 6–7, 44–8, 50, 55, 57,237, 249 Zubok, Vladislav 70 Zwahr, Hartmut 25

Six Days of War: June 1967 and the Making of the Modern Middle East
by Michael B. Oren
Published 2 Jun 2003

Some examples are Gamal Abdel Nasser (instead of Jamal ‘Abd al-Nasir), Yasser Arafat (Yasir ‘Arafat), and Mohammad El Kony (Muhammad al-Kuni). Many place names—Cairo, Jerusalem, Damascus—have been preserved in their English equivalents, rather than in the original Arabic or Hebrew. FOREWORD The War of Attrition, the Yom Kippur War, the Munich massacre and Black September, the Lebanon War, the controversy over Jewish settlements and the future of Jerusalem, the Camp David Accords, the Oslo Accords, the Intifada—all were the result of six intense days in the Middle East in June 1967. Rarely in modern times has so short and localized a conflict had such prolonged, global consequences.

…

While political rivals would continue to criticize his performance before and during the war—his breakdown, his inability to stand up to Dayan—the public generally credited him with victory. Riding on that crest, he would soon leave the army and serve successfully as Israel’s ambassador in Washington and then, with less aplomb, as Israel’s prime minister (1974-77) in the dreary aftermath of the Yom Kippur War. His greatest achievement was to conclude a separation-of-forces agreement in Sinai and so lay the foundation for Israel’s subsequent peace treaty with Egypt. Rabin returned to the prime minister’s office in 1992, and embarked on a strategy no less risky than the Six-Day War, seeking a historic reconciliation with the Palestinian people under the leadership of Yasser Arafat—the same Arafat whose guerrilla attacks had helped precipitate the war.

…

Like-minded ministers such as Zalman Aran and Haim Moshe Shapira expressed their willingness to return virtually all the captured land, except Jerusalem, and received support from an unlikely quarter: David Ben-Gurion. Never again to play a significant role in Israeli politics, permanently consigned to his bungalow in Side Boker, the once-feared martinet cautioned against the demographic dangers of annexation until his death in December 1973, in the shadows of the Yom Kippur War. But while some decision makers favored far-reaching concessions, others—“security men,” Eban dubbed them—doubted the Arab’s readiness to negotiate and, for strategic and ideological reasons, insisted on keeping most of the territories. In the Cabinet, they were led, as previously, by Yigal Allon.

Man's Search for Meaning
by Viktor E. Frankl
Published 1 Jan 1946

“A human being is not one thing among others; things determine each other,” Frankl writes, “but man is ultimately self determining. What he becomes—within the limits of endowment and environment—he has made out of himself.” For example, the darkness of despair threatened to overwhelm a young Israeli soldier who had lost both his legs in the Yom Kippur War. He was drowning in depression and contemplating suicide. One day a friend noticed that his outlook had changed to hopeful serenity. The soldier attributed his transformation to reading Man’s Search for Meaning. When he was told about the soldier, Frankl wondered whether “there may be such a thing as autobibliotherapy—healing through reading.”

Rise of the Machines: A Cybernetic History
by Thomas Rid
Published 27 Jun 2016

TRADOC’s first commander was General William DePuy, veteran of the Battle of the Bulge in World War II and a famously tough leader. Standing on a windswept hill in Israel’s Golan Heights in 1974, DePuy had seen the future of war. The barren landscape was littered with wrecked Syrian tanks and armored personnel carriers. In the blazingly quick Yom Kippur War, the Israelis had destroyed a much larger force, thanks to superior weapons and superior tactics—and in the process they showed the world what future war would look like. DePuy focused his reforms on firepower and active defense. The lesson from Israel was that wars could be won nearly immediately.

…

Licklider and, 143 on living machines, 119–20 Maxwell Maltz and, 162 manned flight pattern prediction, 13, 29–36 on modeling of man-machine system, 34 and origins of cybernetics, xii, 3–4 pessimistic view of cybernation, 109 and Player Piano, 86–87 on prostheses, 50–51 on pseudoscience, 160–61 quasi-religious appeal of ideas, 157 on range of cybernetic inquiry, 51–53 David Ronfelt and, 304 and R.U.R., 83 Bertrand Russell and, 85 Science magazine article on automation, 95–96 and second Industrial Revolution, 82–83 and self-replicating machines, 89 “Some Moral and Technical Consequences of Automation,” 120–21 spiritual aspects of cybernetics, 348 spiritual consequences of automation, 82–85 and von Neumann’s virus studies, 115 and the WELL, 194 and Whole Earth Catalog, 169 “Wiener circle,” 47 Wiesner, Jerome, 47, 58 Wild West, cyberspace as, 240, 260 Williams, Robin, 242 Williams Air Force Base, 202 Winstar Communications, 289 Wired magazine, 264, 280, 289 work income and, 106 and metaphorical cyborgs, 153–54 World Trade Center bombing (1993), 308 World War I, 37, 38 World War II, 8–42, 73–75 air defense batteries during, 38 and aviation medicine, 122–23 evolution of airpower during, 4 origins of cybernetics, xi–xii shifts in control and communication, 3 World War III, 71 Wozniak, Steve, 184 Wren, Sir Christopher, 9 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 198–206, 317 Wright State University, 319 X-39 nuclear-powered turbine, 128 X-211 nuclear-powered turbine, 128 XOR, 189 XT-1 antiaircraft truck/gun, 20, 21 Yahoo!, 244 Year 2000, The (Kahn), 111 Yeltsin, Boris, 329 Yom Kippur War, 299 Young, John, 284 Zimmerman, Thomas, 213–14 Zimmermann, Phil, 261, 277 Copyright © 2016 by Thomas Rid All rights reserved First Edition Brautigan, Richard: From All Watched Over by Machines of Loving Grace by Richard Brautigan. Copyright © 1976 by Richard Brautigan, renewed 1995 by Ianthe Brautigan Swenson.

The Box: How the Shipping Container Made the World Smaller and the World Economy Bigger
by Marc Levinson
Published 1 Jan 2006

Shippers’ overwhelming choice—in economic terms, their “revealed preference”—is very strong evidence that containerization on a trade route lowered the cost of shipping. The willingness of ship lines to share revenues through arrangements such as the North Atlantic Pool in 1971 indicates their desperation as freight rates tumbled.8 Then came the oil crisis. The dramatic oil-price rises that began in 1972 and accelerated after the Yom Kippur War in October 1973 had a disproportionate impact on all transportation industries. The average price of crude oil on the world market rose from just over three dollars per barrel in 1972 to more than twelve dollars per barrel in 1974. Freight costs, whether by truck, train, or sea, rose relative to the cost of manufacturing.

…

See also McLean Industries; Pan-Atlantic Steamship Corporation; Sea-Land Service Weldon, Foster Wellington, New Zealand Westmoreland, William wharves; vertical piers Whirlpool Corporation whiskey shipments Whitehall Club White Star Line wholesaling Winston-Salem, NC Works Progress Administration World Bank Wriston, Walter Xerox Corp. Yokohamajapan Yom Kippur War York, PA Younger, Kenneth Zim Line

Keynes Hayek: The Clash That Defined Modern Economics
by Nicholas Wapshott
Published 10 Oct 2011

“But it turns out it’s always much easier to get into something like that than to get out of it.”84 Any chance that Nixon would be the master of his economic destiny was delivered a mortal blow by a fourfold increase in oil prices imposed by the Arab oil cartel, the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), in 1973–74 to punish America for rearming Israel during the Yom Kippur War. The result was higher prices and the brakes being slammed on economic growth. Traditional tools such as the Phillips curve seemed no longer to apply. Low or no economic growth was accompanied by inflation in a combination hitherto thought impossible, dubbed “stagflation.”85 The Age of Keynes was in its death throes.

…

M., 140 Tooke, Thomas, 74 “total effective circulation,” velocity as, 104–5 totalitarianism, xiii, 87, 91, 144–45, 150–51, 193–205, 218–19, 221, 241, 266, 287, 288–90 Tract on Monetary Reform, A (Keynes), 23, 24, 32, 41, 53, 115, 286 trade: —balance of, 32, 144, 245 —cycles of, 110–11, 112 —exports vs. imports in, 32, 131, 245 —free, 35–36, 61–62, 82–83, 144, 243, 267, 272 —global, 4 —Keynes’s views on, 61–64, 82–83, 86, 131 —money supply and, 73 —prices and, 23, 24 —tariffs on, 61–64, 82–83, 86, 247 trade unions, 33, 38, 39–40, 60, 187, 247, 268 Treasury, British, xii, 7–11, 24, 32, 57–58, 60–61, 62, 72, 82–83, 85–87, 129, 149–50, 191, 193 Treasury, U.S., 163, 236, 242–43, 280, 281 Treatise on Money, A (Keynes), 31, 53–57, 59, 66, 67, 70, 71, 75, 87–122, 123, 127–28, 132, 139, 146, 168, 172, 174, 317n trench warfare, 4, 6–7 “trickle-down” effect, 262–63 Trinity College, 5, 67 Truman, Harry S., 229, 230, 231, 274 trust funds, 52, 57–58 trusts, 166, 222, 244 Turati, Filippo, 114 unemployment: —benefits paid for (“dole”), 57–58, 60, 61, 134, 199–200, 237, 253, 283–84, 291 —consumer spending and, 81–82 —currency rates and, 31–32, 38–40, 56, 85–87 —economic impact of, 81–82, 85, 131, 133 —in Great Britain, 38, 56, 57–58, 81–82, 85–87, 128, 134, 178–79, 189, 191, 203, 260 —Hayek’s views on, xiii, 2, 70–71, 77–78, 108, 110, 143–44, 178, 184–85, 187, 194–95, 198–99, 257 —inflation and, 131, 159, 232, 238–39, 244, 263, 271 —job creation programs for, 49, 52, 57–58, 70–71, 129–30, 133, 134, 150–51, 163, 184–85, 187, 189, 228–30, 241–42, 272, 280 —Keynes’s views on, 2, 31–32, 52, 55, 56, 57–58, 70–71, 77–78, 81–82, 85, 94, 110, 123–24, 125, 127, 128, 129–37, 143–46, 148, 149–51, 153, 154–64, 170, 184–85, 187, 194–95, 198, 226, 296 —natural level of, 249 —prices and, 26, 41, 229–30 —public spending and, 26, 33–34, 49, 50, 77–78, 85, 260 —taxation and, 130, 163, 191 —in U.S., 128, 157, 170, 178–79, 199, 228–30, 232, 236–46, 251, 253, 261, 277, 282, 283 —wage levels and, 148 United Nations, 228, 229 United States: —banking system of, 28, 41, 84–85 —capitalism in, 46, 144–46 —domestic programs of, 157–70, 202, 205, 228, 231–32, 240, 248, 253, 256, 320n —economy of, 46, 52–53, 62, 106, 111, 141–42, 188–90, 228–46, 253–55, 261–65, 269–72 —foreign aid of, 136, 228 —Hayek’s influence in, xiii–xiv, 201–11, 234, 246, 247–65, 267–74 —inflation rate of, 230, 232, 236, 238–39, 242–46, 248, 251, 255, 261–62, 263, 267, 271 —infrastructure of, 159, 163, 189, 281 —interest rates in, 232, 235, 236, 246, 277, 280, 282, 284 —Keynesianism in, 146–47, 154–70, 188–90, 228–46, 276–84 —military spending of, 190, 231–34, 237, 241, 261, 264, 274, 276–78 —national security of, 233–34, 237, 276–77 —space program of, 234, 237 taxation in, 231, 262–63 —unemployment rate in, 128, 157, 170, 178–79, 199, 228–30, 232, 236–46, 251, 253, 261, 277, 282, 283 —Versailles Treaty and, 4–5, 155–57 —welfare programs in, 240, 264 —in World War II, 189–90, 229, 234 University of Chicago Press, 194, 201–2, 212, 216, 247 utilities, 291 utopias, 290–91, 292 value: —of currency, 22–23 —determination of, 5, 22–23 —of equipment (depreciation), 105–6, 118–19 —of goods, 74–75, 101, 117 —monetary, 22–23, 74–75, 120–21, 161 Vanity Fair, 157 “velocity of circulation,” 26, 33, 104, 136 Versailles Treaty, xii, xiii, 3, 4–5, 8–14, 17, 28, 56, 68, 84, 136, 137, 155–57, 158, 189 Vienna, xi–xiii, 1–3, 15–16, 17, 18–21, 27, 29–30, 40, 44, 111, 145, 214–15 Vienna, University of, 3, 15, 19, 20–22, 140 Vietnam War, 241 Viner, Jacob, 216, 221–22, 329n Volcker, Paul, 246, 261, 263, 286 voluntary savings, 104, 107 von Szeliski, Victor, 164 voting rights, 140 wages, 32, 38–39, 60, 63, 118, 119–20, 134, 135, 148, 188, 241 —controls on, 243–44 —increases in, 118, 119–20, 134 —production costs and, 119–20 Walras, Léon, 74 war debt, 4–5, 8–14, 21–22, 31–32, 84, 155–57, 206 warfare, 4, 137, 138, 190–92, 194, 229, 231–34 war on poverty, 240 war on terror, 276–78 “War Potential and War Finance” (Keynes), 191–92 Watergate scandal, 244 wealth accumulation, 56–57, 117–20, 127, 143–44, 149–50, 222, 241, 279, 287 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 218 Webb, Beatrice, 24, 64 Webb, Sidney, 24 Weber, Max, 21, 304n Wedgwood, Veronica, 212, 329n weights and measures, 201 Weimar Republic, 9 welfare state, 199–200, 201, 222, 227, 233, 234–35, 240, 249–50, 253, 258–61, 264, 267, 288–89, 295 Westminster Abbey, 226 wholesale prices, 62 “Why I Am Not a Conservative” (Hayek), 220 Wicksell, Knut, 42, 43, 48, 55, 74, 91, 100, 103, 120 “widow’s cruse,” 127 Wieser, Friedrich von, 20, 21–22 Wilhelm II, Emperor of Germany, 9 William Volcker Charities Fund, 211, 216, 218 Wilson, Woodrow, 4–5, 11, 28, 155–57, 161 Winant, John, 226 Wittgenstein, Ludwig, 3, 114, 300n Wolfson, Adam, 288–89, 292 Woolf, Leonard, 53, 226 Woolf, Virginia, 5, 53, 301n Wootton, Barbara, 202–3, 320n, 326n “Working of the Price Mechanism in the Course of the Credit Cycle, The” (Hayek), 76–78 World Bank, 136, 193 WorldCom, 278 World War I, 3–5, 16, 19–20, 22, 55–56, 68, 69, 72, 84, 155–57, 189 World War II, 136, 189–92, 229, 234 Wright, Quincy, 85 Yale University, 271 Yom Kippur War, 244 Yugoslavia, 16, 17 Zionism, 158 More praise for KEYNES HAYEK “An essential primer on the two men who shaped modern finance.” —Newsweek “This lively book explores one of the most pressing economic questions of our time: To what extent should governments intervene in markets?

The Way of the Gun: A Bloody Journey Into the World of Firearms
by Iain Overton
Published 15 Apr 2015

I walked past a turnstile, past a short line of grey, industrial concrete walls and out into a courtyard of focused, broiling air. It was over 95 degrees Fahrenheit, and you sympathised with the guards in their thick uniforms under the unwavering disc of a midday sun. A map pointed me to the huts I wanted – numbers 10 and 14. The first was for ‘The Six-day War’ exhibit, the other ‘The Yom Kippur War’. But I was not drawn there by the histories of Israel’s wars, I wanted to go there because these huts were filled with guns. Perhaps it was no surprise that the IDF museum would dedicate its gun rooms to such influential conflicts in its brief history. After all, the Israeli army is awash with firearms – about 1.75 million of them.22 This works out at roughly 22 guns held by Israeli soldiers for 100 of its citizens.

…

As if guns themselves deserved veneration: a room where you have to speak in a hushed voice and look solemn. I took a selfie with my phone and wondered just how long it would take someone to run in and shoot me if I broke one of the glass panes to get a pistol. Then I did myself a favour and left. The next hut, dedicated to the Yom Kippur War, had two green-clad mannequins facing you as you opened the door. For a second I was spooked. But this room was filled with rifles, not people. There were forty cabinets of them, white-framed, glass-fronted as before. Inside were long guns; muzzle-loaders; assault and sub-machine-guns; light, medium and heavy machine-guns; training and target rifles.

Who Owns England?: How We Lost Our Green and Pleasant Land, and How to Take It Back
by Guy Shrubsole
Published 1 May 2019

For the next half-century, their share of national income and wealth declined as those of the middle and working classes rose. Then, in December 1973, oil prices suddenly doubled overnight, and the world was turned upside down. Oil-exporting Middle Eastern states, operating through the OPEC cartel, had cut production and hiked prices in retaliation for US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur war. The repercussions for oil-dependent Western economies were immediate and catastrophic. It was a wake-up call for post-imperial Britain: still bewitched by nostalgic dreams about its former grandeur, its standing in the world was fast changing. A BBC interview with Sheikh Ahmed Yamani, Saudi oil minister at the time, distilled the situation: BBC INTERVIEWER: Doesn’t this new, massive increase in the price of oil mean a change in the world balance of power, between the developing nations – you, the producers – and us, the developed, industrialised nations?

…

(BBC documentary, 2006) 87, 90, 114 Wicken Fen, Cambridgeshire 253–4 Wightman, Andy 4, 32, 49 Wildlife and Countryside Act (1981) 257 Wildlife Trust 20, 255 William the Conqueror 25–6, 48, 49, 73, 75, 77, 232, 270 William, Prince 65 Williams, Frank 18 Williams, Gwyn 285 Wilson, Harold 63, 102, 230 Windsor 121 Windsor Castle 47, 61 Windsor Great Park 53, 134 Winn-Darley, George 248n Winstanley, Gerrard 78–9, 210–13, 214, 217, 232, 291 Woburn Abbey, Bedfordshire 65, 101, 300 Women for Life on Earth 14 Woodcraft Folk 251 Woodland Trust 265, 298 Woolf, Virginia 80 Wordsworth, William 245, 246–7; Guide to the Lakes 244 Worms Heath Gravel Company 215 Wright, Patrick, The Village that Died for England 157 Wyndham Land Act (1903) 209 Yamani, Sheikh Ahmed 119–20 Yattendon Estate 16, 17, 304 Yattendon village 16–17 Yellowstone 248 Yemen 133 Yom Kippur war (1973) 119 Yorkshire Dales 248 Yosemite 248 Youth Hostels Association (YHA) 251 Zetland, Lawrence Dundas, 2nd Marquess 241 ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS If it takes a village to raise a child, it takes a movement to write a book. This book couldn’t have been written without the help, support, inspiration and love given to me by many friends, colleagues and activists within England’s growing movement for land reform.

The Future Is Asian
by Parag Khanna
Published 5 Feb 2019

One of the primary purposes of the United States’ military encroachment into the Arab world over the past half century has been to protect the flows of oil to Europe and the United States. Four decades ago, Gulf countries used oil as a weapon against the West, embargoing their exports to the United States after President Nixon pulled the United States off the gold standard. When the United States backed Israel in the Yom Kippur War, the Gulf exporters pushed oil prices up five-fold. But the increasingly self-sufficient United States and the renewables-focused Europe require less and less Gulf energy. Once the energy-focused “Carter Doctrine” to unilaterally protect Saudi oil flows expired, US priorities shifted toward boosting arms sales to Gulf nations, stabilizing Iraq, and containing Iran.

…

Western, 10–11 World War I, 2, 49 World War II, 2, 11, 50–51 xenophobia, of Asians, 329 Xi Jinping, 10, 110, 111, 119, 137, 150, 161, 182, 194, 242, 249, 268, 300, 301–2, 310 Xinjiang, 59, 117, 182, 319 Yang Shihua, 182 Yangtze River, 30, 31, 42 Yellow River, 42 Yemen, 96, 106, 107, 251 yoga, 332 Yom Kippur War, 101 Yongle (Zhu Di), Ming emperor, 42–43 Yuan Dynasty, 40 Yuezhi people, 32 Zambia, 263 Zhang Weiwei, 137 Zhao Tingyang, 137 Zheng He, Chinese admiral, 42, 69 Zhongguo (Middle Kingdom), 30 Zhou Dynasty, 30, 31 Zhou Enlai, 56 Zoroastrianism, 30, 32, 36, 69, 70 ZTE, 194 Simon & Schuster 1230 Avenue of the Americas New York, NY 10020 www.SimonandSchuster.com Copyright © 2019 by Parag Khanna All rights reserved, including the right to reproduce this book or portions thereof in any form whatsoever.

Narrative Economics: How Stories Go Viral and Drive Major Economic Events
by Robert J. Shiller
Published 14 Oct 2019

Once again there was talk of consumer boycotts and a buyers’ strike, and there was a recession in 1949 that resembled that of 1920. Newspapers again reported that buyers were waiting for prices to come down before buying postponable items. The severe recession of 1973–75 is widely attributed to an embargo, the selling counterpart of the boycott. The Arab oil embargo began in October 1973 during the Arab-Israeli (Yom Kippur) War. The embargo took the form of limiting the supply of oil from the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which sympathized with the Arab nations that had attacked Israel and were about to be defeated, with US support of Israel. The embargo was a principle- or emotion-driven event, continuing long after the war ended in the same month it started.

…

It was a statement of moral support for the Arab countries, even though only one of the eleven OPEC countries (Iraq) was among the five Arab countries that participated in the war. Many of the narratives surrounding the recession of 1973–75 had a source in human anger. The most cited cause of this recession—the oil crisis generated by OPEC angrily protesting US support of Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War—was only part of the story. The price of oil suddenly quadrupled to unheard-of levels, generating anger among consumers and stories of difficulties dealing with oil rationing in the United States, such as odd-even rationing of gasoline. (Consumers could buy gasoline only on odd-numbered days if their license plate ended with an odd number, and only on even-numbered days if their license plate ended with an even number.)

The World for Sale: Money, Power and the Traders Who Barter the Earth’s Resources
by Javier Blas and Jack Farchy
Published 25 Feb 2021

Tennant, Sons & Co, 57 Calil, Ely, 222 Caltex, 89 Canada, 70 , 75 , 76 , 83 , 170 , 239 , 273 , 286 Caracas, Venezuela, 154 Cargill, 14 , 17 , 25 , 26 , 29 –31 , 57 , 69 , 135 , 170 , 241 , 242 –3 , 326 animal feed trade, 261 billionaires, 19 Communist Bloc, trade with, 30 –31 Continental acquisition (1998), 170 , 173 –4 global financial crisis (2007–8), 243 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 , 57 , 69 , 135 , 310 IPO, views on, 277 –8 metals trade, 57 profits, 38 , 248 , 249 shareholders, 277 –8 Soviet Union, trade with, 31 , 38 –42 , 135 Suez Crisis (1956), 36 Tradax International and, 30 , 40 –41 , 242 Ukraine, trade with, 162 Zimbabwe, trade with, 230 –32 Cargill, Margaret, 277 Cargill family, 19 , 249 , 277 Carter, James ‘Jimmy’, 94 Casablanca, Morocco, 33 Casimiro, Didier, 313 Castaño, Enrique, 152 Castro, Fidel, 9 , 48 , 151 –3 , 156 –8 , 161 , 306 caustic washing, 235 , 236 Cayman Islands, 281 , 289 , 308 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 43 , 76 , 316 Ceyhan, Turkey, 285 Chad, 206 , 222 , 273 , 294 –6 , 302 Chalmers, David, 64 , 203 Chase Manhattan, 60 Chelsea FC, 148 Chelyabinsk, Russia, 165 Chernoy, Lev, 133 –4 , 139 –44 , 148 Chevron, 32 , 65 , 89 , 170 , 213 –14 , 254 , 255 , 295 Chicago, Illinois, 13 , 102 , 243 , 246 Chile, 85 , 87 , 181 , 190 , 226 China, 17 , 18 , 106 , 130 , 138 , 175 –81 , 187 , 204 , 207 , 210 , 263 , 319 –20 Africa, trade with, 220 , 221 , 224 , 226 ballistic missile development, 43 ChinaOil, 320 coal market, 177 , 188 , 190 , 273 Coastal Corporation, trade with, 64 Cofco, 320 copper consumption, 18 , 179 , 181 , 195 , 226 , 233 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 315 , 321 cotton consumption, 230 Cultural Revolution (1966–76), 177 economic slowdown (2011–), 315 food price crisis (2007–8), 239 –42 Kurdish crude in, 286 oil market, 179 –80 , 194 –5 , 211 –12 reform and opening-up (1978–2005), 177 –8 rice trade, 177 Unipec, 320 US trade war (2017–), 317 –18 WTO accession (2001), 179 , 196 , 317 Zhuhai Zhenrong, 320 , 326 China Investment Corporation, 262 China National Chemical Corporation, 212 ChinaOil, 320 Chivas Regal, 294 Chocfinger, 251 chocolate, 251 , 318 Citigroup, 194 –5 Claridge’s, London, 272 climate change, 21 , 188 , 255 , 318 , 326 , 327 Clinton, Hillary, 241 Clinton, William ‘Bill’, 97 –8 coal, 21 , 87 , 135 , 177 , 181 , 183 , 186 –93 , 258 , 273 , 318 Coastal Corporation, 64 , 110 , 200 , 203 cobalt, 9 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 273 , 314 , 318 Cobuco, 91 –4 cocoa, 251 , 318 Cofco, 320 coker gasoline, 234 –8 Collins, Phil, 314 Colombia, 131 , 183 , 187 , 258 Cometti, Antonio, 128 Compagnie Tommy, 236 –8 Concord Resources, 245 Congo Belgian Congo (1908–60), 33 , 218 , 222 Democratic Republic of Congo 20 , 85 , 199 , 218 –29 , 258 , 263 , 312 –13 , 314 Free State (1885–1908), 218 Republic of the Congo, 314 Congo river, 218 Conservative Party (UK), 3 , 147 , 273 , 290 Constanta, Romania, 168 ContiFinancial, 170 Continental Grain Company, 39 , 40 , 170 , 173 Convention on Combating Bribery, 275 Cook Colliery, Australia, 186 Cook Industries, 39 , 309 Cool Runnings , 78 copper, 13 , 14 , 15 , 16 , 27 , 35 , 56 , 172 , 233 arsenic in, 233 Australian production, 193 –4 Chinese consumption, 18 , 179 , 181 , 195 Congolese production, 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 –9 , 263 , 314 futures trade, 102 , 193 Glencore, 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 –9 , 258 , 263 , 264 nationalisation and, 85 Soviet production, 135 Sumitomo, 250 Zambian production, 226 , 232 CorElf, 64 corn, 9 , 27 , 30 , 40 , 162 , 171 , 240 , 247 , 253 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 15 , 249 , 296 , 315 , 321 –5 corruption, 20 , 68 –9 , 98 , 167 , 207 , 247 , 260 , 275 , 308 –15 , 326 in Brazil, 313 –4 in Chad, 294 in China, 314 in Congo, 220 , 225 , 229 in Kurdistan, 288 in Nigeria, 221 in Russian Federation, 213 in Switzerland, 20 , 69 , 310 CÔte d’Ivoire, 20 , 232 , 233 –8 , 251 , 304 , 314 cotton, 230 Crandall, Mark, 88 , 121 , 125 , 126 , 128 , 132 , 238 Credit Suisse 312 credit, 60 –61 Crimea, 300 , 313 Crude Oil Trading, 164 Cuba, 9 , 48 , 77 , 151 –3 , 156 –61 , 165 , 174 , 305 –8 Cubametales, 158 Cubazucar, 158 Cultural Revolution (1966–76), 177 Cushing, Oklahoma, 104 Cyprus, 201 , 211 Czechoslovakia, 22 , 118 Dagli , 88 Dakar, Senegal, 33 Daley, Jim, 16 Dali, Salvador, 198 Dar es Salaam, Tanzania, 232 Dauphin, Claude, 14 , 120 , 122 , 125 , 126 , 128 –30 BNP Paribas, relations with, 304 –8 Cuba, trade with, 159 death (2015), 325 Kurdish oil trade, 286 toxic waste scandal (2006), 235 –7 , 304 Trafigura foundation (1993), 129 –30 Davis, Carlton, 84 Davis, Craig, 124 Davis, Mick China prediction, 175 –6 , 178 , 181 , 192 –3 , 227 Glencore coal mines deal (2001–2), 191 –2 Glencore merger, 264 –5 , 267 , 269 –73 Mount Isa Mines deal (2002), 193 –4 Vale bid (2007), 264 –5 , 269 Déby, Idriss, 294 –6 , 302 Democratic Republic of Congo, 20 , 85 , 199 , 218 –29 , 258 , 263 , 312 –13 , 314 democratisation of information, 316 –17 Deng Xiaoping, 177 Department of Agriculture, US, 70 , 244 Deripaska, Oleg, 147 , 148 , 312 –3 derivatives, 101 –5 , 110 , 114 , 116 , 171 Brent crude, 115 copper, 102 , 193 food, 102 , 104 , 243 , 252 oil, 115 , 195 zinc, 124 Detiger, Jacques, 163 , 165 Deuss, Johannes ‘John’, 64 –6 , 68 , 89 , 90 , 95 , 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 308 , 325 Deutsche Bank, 130 diamonds, 222 , 223 , 224 diesel, 2 , 5 , 7 , 23 , 24 , 72 , 90 , 164 , 168 , 206 , 232 , 253 Diocletian, Roman Emperor, 252 Dole, Robert ‘Bob’, 253 Dominican Republic, 154 Dreyfuss, Danny, 120 , 131 Drujan, Josef, 288 Druzhba pipeline, 208 DT Group, 230 Dubai, United Arab Emirates, 199 , 281 , 288 , 297 Dublin, Ireland, 281 Duelfer Report (2004), 202 Dunand, Marco, 211 , 216 East India Company, 25 Ebner, Martin, 126 –7 Eilat–Ashkelon pipeline, 43 , 45 , 46 –7 , 49 –51 , 285 –6 Egloff, Eddie, 86 Egypt, 28 food price crisis (2007–8), 240 October War (1973), 53 oil production, 168 Revolution (2011), 247 Six-Day War (1967), 45 Suez Crisis (1956), 36 Eilat–Ashkelon pipeline, 43 , 45 , 46 –7 , 49 –51 , 94 , 285 –6 electric cars, 9 , 223 electricity, 79 , 81 , 172 Elf Aquitaine, 61 , 64 , 170 Elizabethville, Belgian Congo, 33 Elman, Richard, 196 , 277 emerging markets, 17 , 85 Emmitt, Bill, 65 Endt, Friso, 65 Enex, 190 –92 Engelhart Commodities Trading Partners, 244 Enron, 172 –3 , 174 , 195 Equatorial Guinea, 206 , 273 Erbil, Iraq, 198 , 285 , 287 , 289 Es Sider, Libya, 5 –6 Estonia, 209 ethanol, 253 –6 Ethiopia, 232 Euro-Asian Oil, 299 Euromin, 143 , 165 Europe , 322 , 323 , 324 Exmor Group, 288 Exportkhleb, 38 , 135 Exxon, 54 , 78 , 97 , 170 , 316 ExxonMobil, 32 , 44 , 213 , 319 Fair Trade, 318 Fallujah, Iraq, 283 Farmer, Michael, 195 Federal Bureau of Investigation (FBI), 95 , 313 , 327 Fegel, Gary, 259 ferroalloys, 29 , 140 , 146 , 190 , 273 , 275 Ferruzzi, 114 Fina, 170 Financial Services Authority (FSA), 250 Financial Times , 10 , 112 , 278 financialisation, 18 , 101 –5 , 110 , 113 –14 , 252 Finch, Bob, 167 , 207 Flacks, Alan, 49 Flaux, Julian Martin, 169 food price crises (2007–10), 239 –42 , 248 , 250 , 252 , 255 –6 Forbes , 147 Ford, Henry, 253 Foreign Affairs , 52 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), 310 France, 36 , 70 , 200 , 294 Frank, Ernst, 35 Fransen, David, 7 , 159 Fribourg, Michel, 39 frontier markets, 292 FTSE 100 index, 15 , 269 , 276 , 278 , 282 futures, 101 –3 , 104 , 110 , 113 , 116 backwardation, 193 food, 102 , 104 , 243 , 246 , 252 copper, 102 , 193 oil, 115 , 195 zinc, 124 G7 summit (1979), 70 G12 (traders), 131 Gaddafi, Muammar, 1 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 8 , 64 , 166 , 247 Gaddafi, Saif al-Islam, 4 gas, 21 , 172 Gdansk, Poland, 210 , 211 Gecamines, 228 Geller, Uri, 224 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (1947), 317 Geneva, Switzerland, 63 Genovese, Lucio, 131 , 149 George Town, Cayman Islands 281 Gerald Metals, 143 Germany coal consumption, 183 , 273 East Germany (1949–90), 29 Nazi period (1933–45), 22 , 24 , 26 , 47 , 87 wheat futures ban (1897), 252 West Germany (1949–90), 22 –4 , 28 , 70 Gertler, Dan, 222 –9 , 313 Gibraltar, 49 Gilvary, Brian, 172 Giuliani, Rudolph ‘Rudy’, 97 Glasenberg, Ivan, 11 , 14 , 21 , 131 , 148 , 175 , 181 –5 , 260 –61 , 325 , 326 –7 coal trade, 21 , 185 –94 , 260 Congo, trade with, 225 –9 , 314 IPO (2011), 257 –9 , 263 , 266 –9 , 273 , 274 , 276 Russia, trade with, 300 , 302 , 328 share price crisis (2015), 276 Xstrata merger, 263 –5 , 269 –73 , 276 glasnost , 135 GlaxoSmithKline, 278 Glencore, 9 –12 , 14 , 15 , 21 , 59 , 119 , 130 –32 , 167 –9 , 174 aluminium trade, 205 , 245 bonuses, 131 bribery, use of, 314 Chad, trade with, 295 –6 coal trade, 21 , 186 –93 , 258 , 273 , 318 Congo, trade with, 219 , 222 –9 , 263 , 312 –13 , 314 copper trade, 223 , 224 , 225 , 226 –9 , 263 , 264 , 314 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 321 –4 corruption probe (2018), 314 debt, 263 , 267 , 276 Enex, 190 –92 foundation (1994), 128 Glasenberg takes over (2002), 185 global financial crisis (2007–9), 265 –6 grain trade, 245 –7 , 273 IPO (2011), 257 –61 , 262 –9 , 273 –9 , 282 , 319 Iraq, trade with, 197 –9 , 202 –3 , 285 , 287 –91 , 292 Jamaica, trade with, 84 , 205 Kurdistan, trade with, 285 , 287 –90 , 292 Nigeria, trade with, 12 , 168 , 314 Oilflow SPV I DAC, 281 –2 , 287 –90 , 292 profits, 248 , 249 Roche, relationship with, 188 –92 , 267 Romania, trade with, 167 –9 Russia, trade with, 143 , 145 –6 , 147 –8 , 300 , 301 –2 share price crisis (2015), 276 shareholders, 19 , 131 –2 , 257 –69 , 273 –5 , 276 Südelektra, 189 –91 Tajikistan, trade with, 162 Venezuela, trade with, 314 women in, 15 Xstrata and, 175 –6 , 178 , 181 , 189 –94 , 263 –73 , 276 , 301 zinc trade, 258 , 273 global financial crisis (2007–9), 243 , 244 , 265 –6 , 292 God squad, 195 gold standard, 51 , 70 –71 Golden Age of Capitalism, 24 Goldman Sachs, 13 , 111 , 130 , 206 , 266 Gorbachev, Mikhail, 135 Gore, Albert ‘Al’, 65 grain, 9 , 14 , 18 , 19 , 25 , 26 , 27 , 170 Cargill, see Cargill, Chinese consumption, 239 –42 food price crises (2007–10), 239 –42 , 248 , 250 , 252 , 255 –6 futures trade, 102 , 243 , 246 Glencore, 245 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 , 57 , 69 , 135 , 310 Granaria, 245 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 , 57 , 69 , 135 , 310 Green, Pincus, 50 , 52 –3 , 55 , 57 –8 , 60 , 61 , 94 , 97 , 118 , 120 Greenwich, Connecticut, 100 , 113 Grenada, 77 Guatemala, 161 Guinea, 75 Gulf Oil, 36 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 106 , 108 –10 , 157 , 200 Gunvor, 20 , 207 –16 , 230 , 262 , 300 , 313 , 314 , 318 , 326 Gurov, Evgeny, 23 , 24 , 35 Gutfreund, John, 108 , 112 , 113 Guyana, 76 Haaretz , 46 Hachuel, Jacques, 60 Hackel, Alexander ‘Alec’, 60 , 98 , 125 Haiti, 154 Hall, Andy, 11 , 105 –13 , 116 , 171 , 173 , 243 , 249 , 325 China trade, 194 –5 Gulf War trade, 100 –101 , 106 –10 , 322 , 323 Hamanaka, Yasuo, 250 Hamze, Alex Hayssam, 226 , 227 Hansen, Mark, 20 , 245 Harrisburg, Pennsylvania, 280 Hart, Hugh, 72 –4 , 78 , 80 Havana, Cuba, 151 –3 Hawrami, Ashti, 291 hedging, 13 , 103 , 105 , 109 , 194 , 228 , 229 , 244 , 265 , 276 Helms–Burton Act (1996), 160 Hendel, Stephen, 111 Heunis, Chris, 89 Hobbs, Jeremy, 250 Holder, Eric, 307 –8 Holocaust (1941–5), 27 Hong Kong, 176 , 183 , 196 , 269 , 277 Horstmann, Udo, 88 , 183 HSBC, 312 Hungary, 31 Hunt Oil, 36 Hussein, Saddam, 9 , 64 debt crisis (1990), 107 Gulf War (1990–91), 101 , 108 , 110 , 157 , 199 –200 , 283 Kurds, relations with, 283 oil surcharges, 200 –201 , 202 , 207 , 210 US invasion (2003), 201 , 283 ICI, 154 Incomed Trading Corporation, 202 India, 17 , 25 , 28 , 48 , 85 , 86 , 180 , 226 Indonesia, 17 , 85 , 180 intelligence networks, 36 International Energy Agency, 70 International Monetary Fund (IMF), 78 , 83 , 252 , 294 , 296 , 303 , 310 International Petroleum Exchange, 115 Iran, 12 , 168 Burundi, trade with, 93 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 321 Islamic Revolution (1979), 45 , 67 , 88 , 94 , 105 Israel pipeline, 43 , 45 , 46 –7 , 49 –51 , 94 , 285 Marc Rich, trade with, 68 –9 , 94 –7 Marimpex, trade with, 64 OPEC established (1960), 44 Philipp Brothers oil deal (1973), 52 –3 , 55 Rotterdam market trade, 62 sanctions on, 305 , 309 , 312 South Africa, trade with, 88 Taylor in, 154 , 166 US hostage crisis (1979–81), 20 , 94 , 96 US sanctions, 305 , 320 –21 Vitol, trade with, 166 , 309 Iraq, 9 , 197 –203 , 325 Bayoil, trade with, 64 , 203 Coastal Corporation, trade with, 64 , 110 , 200 , 203 debt crisis (1990), 107 Glencore, trade with, 197 –9 , 202 –3 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 106 , 108 –10 , 157 , 200 Iran-Iraq War (1980–88), 110 Islamic State in, 283 Kurdistan, 198 , 280 –91 , 295 , 298 , 299 , 302 , 328 oil-for-food programme (1995–2003), 197 –203 , 207 , 210 , 310 OPEC established (1960), 44 Trafigura, trade with, 201 , 203 US-led War invasion (2003–11), 201 , 283 , 311 Vitol, trade with, 201 , 203 , 285 , 286 –7 , 291 , 310 Ireland, 281 iron ore, 175 –6 , 181 , 261 , 264 Islamic State, 8 , 288 , 289 , 302 Israel, 36 Diamond Exchange, 223 Eilat–Ashkelon pipeline, 43 , 45 , 46 –7 , 49 –51 , 94 , 285 –6 Rich’s citizenship, 97 , 98 Six-Day War (1967), 45 Yom Kippur War (1973), 53 Issroff, David, 140 , 146 , 275 Italy, 70 , 321 Ivory Coast, 20 , 232 , 233 –8 , 251 , 304 , 314 J.P. Morgan, 130 J&S, 208 –9 , 210 –11 Jaeggi, Daniel, 211 , 216 Jamaica, 72 –84 , 86 , 98 , 142 , 154 , 204 , 310 Jamalco, 80 James, Greg, 186 , 191 Jamison, David, 155 , 164 Jankilevitsch, Gregory, 208 –9 , 210 –11 , 216 Japan, 13 , 18 , 24 , 28 aluminium trade, 82 atomic bombings (1945), 223 coal consumption, 177 , 183 , 187 , 273 grain consumption, 39 G7 summit (1979), 70 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 oil consumption, 44 reconstruction, 179 , 180 , 223 rice futures, 102 sogo shosha , 13 Sumitomo, 250 supercycles and, 180 Jesselson, Ludwig, 8 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 35 , 37 , 41 , 326 Iran oil deal (1973), 52 –3 Rich’s resignation (1974), 58 –9 , 121 jets, 184 JOC Oil, 65 –6 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 43 Jugometal, 29 Kabila, Joseph, 223 –4 , 225 , 227 , 229 Kabila, Laurent-Désiré, 223 Kalmin, Steve, 270 Kardashian, Kim, 152 Kashagan, 297 Katanga, Congo, 219 , 223 , 224 , 226 –9 Katumba Mwanke, Augustin, 224 , 225 , 227 Kazakhstan, 131 , 153 , 165 , 168 , 185 , 199 , 258 , 302 aluminium production, 140 , 141 , 145 , 146 , 147 oil production, 65 , 168 , 206 , 296 –9 Vitol, trade with, 296 –9 wheat production, 245 KazMunaiGas (KMG), 297 Kazzinc, 184 Kelm, Erwin, 38 Kenya, 93 , 232 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti ), 23 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 213 –15 , 299 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 67 , 94 , 96 Khrushchev, Nikita, 34 Kingston, Jamaica, 72 –3 , 77 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 33 Kirkuk, Iraq, 280 , 283 –5 , 287 , 289 Klebnikov, Paul, 149 Kleinwort Benson, 277 Klöckner & Co, 114 Klomp, Ton, 206 Knoechel, Eberhard, 258 Koch, Charles and David, 64 , 290 Kolwezi, Congo, 218 , 226 , 227 Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 141 –2 , 145 –6 , 148 Kulibayev, Timur, 298 –9 Kurdistan, 198 , 280 –91 , 295 , 298 , 299 , 302 , 328 Kuwait Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 106 , 108 –10 , 157 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 54 –5 Rotterdam market trade, 62 Kyrgyzstan, 158 Lada, 86 Lage, Carlos, 152 Lagos, Nigeria, 236 Lakhani, Murtaza, 197 –9 , 202 –3 , 284 Larocca, José, 238 Lay, Kenneth, 173 lead, 35 , 85 , 129 Lebanon, 226 Lehman Brothers, 243 , 265 Leiman, Ricardo, 244 Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, 33 letters of credit, 61 Lew, Jack, 312 Liberia, 308 Libya, 1 –8 , 64 , 92 , 166 , 247 , 283 , 285 Liechtenstein, 46 light-touch regulation, 19 Lilley, David, 195 Linetskiy, Vadim, 211 lithium, 319 Lithuania, 161 , 181 London, England, 3 , 5 , 11 , 20 , 55 , 199 Glencore–Xstrata merger (2012), 272 –3 International Petroleum Exchange, 115 property market, 147 Rotterdam market and, 63 Stock Exchange, 203 telegraph in, 26 Vitol in, 163 London Metal Exchange (LME), 79 –82 , 102 , 123 , 145 , 195 , 251 Louis Dreyfus, 10 , 19 , 39 , 241 , 244 , 248 , 262 , 277 , 320 Loya, Mike, 115 Lualaba river, 218 Lubumbashi, Congo, 33 Luckock, Ben, 285 , 286 Lutter, Gerd, 64 Lvov, Felix, 145 Mabanaft, 31 –4 , 35 –6 , 37 , 56 , 68 , 261 Oiltanking, 63 –4 Soviet deal (1954), 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 135 , 261 , 302 MacLennan, David, 17 , 31 , 231 MacMillan family, 249 , 277 , 278 MacMillan, Harold, 87 MacMillan, John, 25 , 27 , 29 –31 , 38 , 41 , 242 Madrid, Spain, 48 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 123 , 126 Mahoney, Chris, 259 malachite, 226 Mali, 294 Malta, 66 , 286 , 308 Manafort, Paul, 284 Manhattan Project (1942–6), 223 Manley, Michael, 76 –7 , 83 Mao Zedong, 177 Maradona, Diego, 152 Marathon Petroleum, 53 Marc Rich + Co, 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 37 , 47 , 59 –61 , 86 –7 , 117 –27 , 143 aluminium trade, 77 –84 , 122 , 125 , 144 , 165 Angola, trade with, 282 , 300 bribery, use of, 310 Cobuco, 91 –4 coup (1993–4), 125 –7 , 184 , 190 Cuba, trade with, 157 –8 Dauphin resignation (1992), 122 foundation of (1974), 59 –61 Glasenberg joins (1984), 182 Granaria acquisition (1981), 245 Hall job offer (1982), 106 indictments (1983), 96 –7 , 130 , 155 Iran, trade with, 68 –9 , 94 –7 Jamaica, trade with, 72 –4 , 77 –84 , 86 , 98 , 142 Nigeria, trade with, 61 oil team resignation (1993), 125 Philipp Bros. collapse (1990), 113 profits, 69 Russia, trade with, 122 South Africa, trade with, 88 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 122 Soviet Union, trade with, 136 –7 Strothotte resignation (1992), 121 –2 Südelektra stake (1990), 189 Tajikistan, trade with, 162 volume of trade, 293 Weiss resignation (1992), 122 zinc play (1991–2), 122 –4 , 128 , 170 , 251 margin calls, 124 Marimpex, 64 , 89 Marquard & Bahls, 32 Marsa al-Brega, Libya, 5 –6 Marshall Islands, 308 Mashkevich, Alexander, 185 Maté, Daniel, 259 Mayfair, London, 84 , 147 , 199 , 281 , 297 Mayuf, Abdeljalil, 7 McCarthy, Joseph, 22 McIntosh, Ian, 248 Meier, Henri, 127 Menatep, 213 Mercuria, 206 , 207 –9 , 210 –12 , 216 , 261 , 262 , 318 , 324 mercury, 48 Merrill Lynch, 138 Metallgesellschaft, 25 , 114 , 123 , 172 , 195 metals, 9 , 14 , 25 , 26 , 57 aluminium, see aluminium cobalt, 9 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 273 , 314 , 318 , 319 copper, see copper futures, 102 iron ore, 175 –6 , 181 , 261 , 264 lead, 35 , 85 , 129 lithium, 319 mercury, 48 nickel, 137 , 176 , 181 , 265 , 319 zinc, see zinc Mexico, 129 , 130 , 157 , 167 , 180 , 234 , 240 , 273 , 312 MG, 172 , 195 Milosevic, Slobodan, 167 Minerals & Chemicals Corporation, 276 mining, 85 , 171 , 186 –94 , 326 in Australia, 175 –6 , 186 –7 in Congo, 218 –29 Mistakidis, Telis, 194 , 259 , 270 , 272 Mitterrand, François, 161 Mobil, 170 Mobutu Sese Seko, 223 Model T car, 253 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 46 , 50 , 67 , 88 , 67 Mombasa, Kenya, 93 Monaco, 63 Mongolia, 140 Monte Carlo, 144 Morgan Stanley, 13 , 102 , 111 , 155 Morocco, 33 , 47 Morrison, James, 68 Mosaic, 278 Mosul, Iraq, 283 Mount Holly, South Carolina, 81 Mount Isa, Queensland, 193 –4 Mountstar Metals, 138 Mozambique, 161 Murray, Simon, 269 Muscat, Oman, 153 Mutanda, Congo, 219 , 223 , 224 , 226 –9 Namibia, 232 , 233 do Nascimento, Leopoldino Fragoso, 229 Nasmyth, Jan, 55 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 45 –6 National Iranian Oil Company, 52 , 68 –9 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 297 –8 Nazi Germany (1933–45), 22 , 24 , 26 , 47 , 87 Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, 284 Netherlands, 48 , 65 , 120 , 163 , 164 , 236 , 237 , 243 Neverland , 286 New Comfort , 323 New Mexico, United States, 323 New York, United States Aluminum for Defense, 75 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 Jesselson in, 24 , 28 Rich in, 37 , 47 , 58 Rotterdam market and, 63 telegraph in, 26 Weisser in, 35 New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), 104 Newfoundland, Canada, 170 Nicaragua, 77 , 85 , 87 , 161 nickel, 137 , 176 , 181 , 265 , 319 Nigeria, 85 , 181 , 220 , 232 , 325 Alison-Madueke corruption (2011–15), 221 Elf, trade with, 61 Glencore, trade with, 12 , 168 , 314 jihadis in, 294 Probo Koala affair (2006), 236 rice consumption, 232 Rotterdam market trade, 62 Trafigura, trade with, 130 Vitol, trade with, 166 Nixon, Richard, 51 , 254 Noble Group, 196 , 244 , 262 , 276 –7 Non-Aligned Movement, 92 North Dakota, United States, 261 , 323 North Korea, 138 , 162 North Sea oil, 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 204 , 316 NRC Handelsblatt, 65 O’Malley, Tom, 53 , 61 , 113 Obama, Barack, 311 , 320 Och-Ziff Capital Management, 228 October War (1973), 53 Ognev, Yury, 246 Ohio, United States, 285 oil Brent oilfield, 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 204 , 316 Chad trade, 294 –6 Chinese trade, 179 –80 , 201 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 15 , 321 –5 crisis, first (1973–4), 53 –7 , 62 , 67 , 69 , 88 , 104 , 105 , 163 crisis, second (1979), 18 , 67 –9 , 92 , 104 Cuban trade, 151 –3 , 156 –61 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 106 , 108 –10 Iraq trade, 197 –203 , 207 , 210 , 280 –91 Israel pipeline, 43 , 45 , 46 –7 , 49 –51 , 94 , 285 –6 Kazakhstan trade, 296 –9 Kurdistan trade, 280 –91 optionality, 205 –6 Romanian trade, 167 –9 Rotterdam market, 62 –6 Russian trade, 9 , 65 , 199 , 206 –17 , 287 , 300 –303 , 313 , 319 Seven Sisters, see Seven Sisters South African trade, 87 –91 , 94 , 98 Soviet trade, 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 66 , 156 –7 , 165 United States trade, 317 ‘Oil Crisis, The’ (Akins), 52 Oilflow SPV I DAC, 281 –2 , 287 –90 , 292 oilseeds, 9 , 39 Oiltanking, 64 Old Testament, 284 Olympic Games, 78 , 87 –8 , 182 Oman, 64 , 116 , 153 , 166 , 199 onions, 252 Onsan, South Korea, 324 Operation Desert Storm (1991), 110 optionality, 205 –6 options, 101 –2 , 103 , 110 , 116 , 123 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 106 , 275 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 44 –5 , 53 , 62 –3 , 67 , 114 Cobuco and, 92 , 93 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 322 Iraq surcharges and, 200 –201 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 53 –7 , 62 , 67 , 69 , 88 , 105 , 163 oil crisis, second (1979), 68 South Africa embargo (1973), 88 World OPEC project (1988), 116 Ortega, Daniel, 87 Otto, Nikolaus, 253 Oxfam, 250 Oxford University, 105 , 147 , 154 Page, Gregory, 278 Palm Jumeirah, Dubai, 288 Panama, 46 , 201 , 308 paper barrels, 102 , 103 Paribas, 60 –61 , 95 Parque Central hotel, Havana, 151 –3 , 160 –61 Pauli, Heinz, 127 Pax Americana, 24 , 180 Peakville Limited, 201 Pechiney, 171 Pelosi, Nancy, 249 Pemex, 234 –5 Pennsylvania, United States, 280 , 281 , 290 pension funds, 102 , 131 , 269 , 271 , 278 , 280 –82 , 288 , 290 , 295 PepsiCo, 137 perestroika , 135 Perkins, Ian, 187 Permian basin, 323 Peru, 85 , 130 , 226 , 264 Peshmerga, 283 Pestalozzi, 19 Pestalozzi, Peter, 19 Peterson, Tor, 259 Petra, 64 Petraco, 287 Petrobras, 313 petrodollars, 56 , 57 , 67 , 70 , 200 , 288 Phibro Energy, 100 –101 , 106 –10 , 111 , 113 , 194 Phibro-Salomon, 112 –13 Philipp, Julius, 25 , 26 , 37 Philipp Brothers, 14 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 –9 , 34 –5 , 56 , 57 , 61 , 98 , 186 apprenticeships, 37 copper trade, 195 East Germany, trade with, 29 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 107 –10 Hall joins (1982), 106 Hong Kong office, 196 Iran oil deal (1973), 52 –3 , 55 Israel pipeline trade, 49 –51 , 94 , 285 metals trade, 28 –9 , 34 –5 , 49 , 57 , 76 , 113 Mineral & Chemicals merger (1960), 276 Phibro Energy, 100 –101 , 106 –10 , 111 , 113 Phibro-Salomon merger (1981), 112 , 316 profits, 38 , 69 , 163 Rich’s resignation (1974), 57 –9 , 121 secrecy, 276 Socar’s acquisition (2015), 319 Soviet Union, trade with, 29 , 135 , 137 Yugoslavia, trade with, 28 , 29 Philippines, 86 , 241 Piercy, George, 54 Pinochet, Augusto, 87 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 36 Pojdl, Pavel, 211 Poland, 208 pollution, 21 , 318 Posen, Danny, 48 , 120 , 128 , 162 Posen, Felix, 37 , 47 , 135 , 137 , 183 , 274 potatoes, 104 Probo Koala , 236 , 238 Public Employees’ Retirement Systems, 280 , 290 , 295 public relations (PR), 278 Puerto Rico, 91 Puma Energy, 230 put options, 188 Putin, Vladimir, 9 , 147 , 208 , 212 –15 , 299 –303 , 313 , 328 PVM, 65 Q book, 171 Qaboos bin Said, Sultan of Oman, 64 , 153 , 166 al-Qaeda, 294 Qatar, 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 272 –3 , 301 –2 Querub, Isaac, 123 , 126 Ramadi, Iraq, 283 Ramaphosa, Cyril, 185 Ras Lanuf, Libya, 5 –6 Raznoimport, 135 , 137 , 139 , 162 Reagan, Ronald, 77 Red Kite, 195 Red Scare (1947–57), 22 Reid, Trevor, 191 Republic of the Congo, 314 Reuben College, Oxford, 147 Reuben, David, 133 –5 , 137 –47 , 207 –8 Reuben, Simon, 147 Reynolds, 80 Rhodesia (1965–79), 309 rice, 102 , 177 , 232 Rice, Condoleezza, 224 Rich, Denise, 98 , 120 Rich, Marc, 14 , 20 , 45 , 46 –53 , 68 , 70 , 86 –7 , 117 –27 , 305 , 327 bribery, use of, 310 Cobuco, 91 –4 coup (1993–4), 125 –7 , 184 , 190 Dauphin resignation (1992), 122 death (2013), 325 divorce (1996), 120 early rising, 185 FBI Most Wanted status, 95 Glasenberg, relationship with, 183 indictment (1983), 96 –7 , 130 , 155 Iran, trade with, 52 –3 , 55 , 68 –9 , 94 –7 Israel pipeline trade, 49 –51 , 94 , 285 Jamaica, trade with, 72 –4 , 77 –84 , 86 , 98 knife analogy, 60 , 98 , 156 , 309 , 327 Marc Rich + Co, foundation of (1974), 59 –61 oil team resignation (1993), 125 pardoning (2001), 97 –8 politics, views on, 290 resignation from Philipp Bros. (1974), 57 –9 , 121 South Africa, trade with, 88 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 98 Strothotte resignation (1992), 121 –2 Weiss resignation (1992), 122 zinc play (1991–2), 122 –4 Rio Tinto, 273 , 274 Roche, 127 , 188 –92 , 267 Rockefeller, John, 32 Rolling Stones, The, 127 Roman Empire (27 BCE – CE 476), 252 Romania, 129 , 153 , 167 –9 Rommel, Erwin, 5 Rosenberg, David, 122 –4 Rosneft, 9 , 214 –16 , 287 , 300 –303 , 313 , 319 Rotterdam market, 62 –6 , 70 , 164 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 62 , 63 , 64 , 70 , 82 , 145 Roundhead, 201 Royal Dutch Shell, 13 , 32 , 54 , 64 , 115 , 154 , 165 , 171 –2 Rubin, Robert, 194 Rusal, 148 Russian Federation, 9 , 14 , 17 , 122 , 131 , 273 , 299 –302 aluminium trade, 133 –5 , 139 –50 animal feed trade, 261 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 322 Crimea annexation (2014), 300 food price crisis (2007–8), 239 emerging market status, 17 , 180 Iraq, trade with, 200 , 287 oil trade, 9 , 65 , 199 , 206 , 207 –17 , 287 , 299 –302 , 303 Rosneft, 9 , 214 –16 , 287 , 300 –303 , 313 , 319 sanctions on, 300 –303 , 312 sovereign debt default (1998), 169 wheat production, 245 –7 Salomon, 113 Salomon Brothers, 69 , 108 , 112 , 316 Salvador, El, 161 Samoa, 144 sanctions, 86 , 309 , 311 –13 , 320 BNP Paribas and, 304 –8 on Cuba, 9 , 152 , 305 –8 on Deripaska, 312 on Gertler, 225 , 312 –13 on Iran, 305 , 309 , 312 , 320 –21 on Iraq, 197 –203 , 207 , 210 , 310 on Russia, 300 –303 , 312 secondary sanctions, 311 –12 on South Africa, 64 , 87 –90 , 93 , 182 , 183 , 308 , 309 on Sudan, 305 on Venezuela, 312 on Yugoslavia, 167 on Zhuhai Zhenrong, 320 dos Santos, José Eduardo, 229 Sarir–Tobruk pipeline, 6 Saudi Arabia, 36 , 181 Aramco, 51 –2 , 319 barley consumption, 241 Gulf War (1990–91), 109 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 54 –5 oil crisis, second (1979), 68 OPEC established (1960), 44 Rotterdam market trade, 62 South Africa, trade with, 88 World OPEC project (1988), 116 Saunders, Walter ‘Barney’, 38 Sayanogorsk, Russia, 148 Schönenberg club, Switzerland, 184 Schwab, Muriel, 326 Scotland, 291 Seaga, Edward, 77 Sechin, Igor, 9 , 300 –302 secondary sanctions, 311 –12 Semlitz, Stephen, 111 Senegal, 33 , 222 , 240 September 11 attacks (2001), 190 –91 Serbia, 167 Seven Sisters, 17 , 32 –3 , 44 , 49 , 51 –2 , 66 , 70 , 101 , 105 , 170 , 319 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 56 , 61 –3 , 134 Shapiro, John, 111 Sharp, Graham, 125 , 128 , 129 , 170 Shear, Neal, 111 Sheffield, Scott, 323 Shell, see Royal Dutch Shell Shetland Islands, 114 Shipping Research Bureau, 89 Siberia, Russia, 79 , 131 , 140 , 141 , 208 , 210 , 214 Singapore, 19 , 91 , 154 , 322 Sirte, Libya, 6 Skilling, Jeffrey, 173 Small, Hugh, 83 Smith, Adam, 16 Smolokowski, Wiaczeslaw, 208 –9 , 210 –11 , 216 Socar, 319 Société Générale, 95 Somalia, 309 Soros, George, 262 South Africa, 14 , 48 , 181 –2 apartheid, 64 , 87 –90 , 93 , 182 , 183 , 308 , 309 coal trade, 186 , 187 , 191 , 192 ferrochrome trade, 190 gold trade, 232 oil trade, 64 , 87 –91 , 93 , 94 , 98 , 122 , 182 –3 , 220 , 308 South Carolina, United States, 281 South Korea, 183 , 321 , 324 South Sudan, 284 , 289 Soviet Union (1922–91), 9 , 133 –50 Cargill, trade with, 31 , 38 –42 , 135 collapse (1991–2), 17 , 133 –5 , 139 –50 , 151 –3 , 161 , 165 , 207 , 208 Cuba, trade with, 151 , 152 , 153 , 156 Deuss deal (1976), 66 Exportkhleb, 38 , 135 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 , 57 , 69 , 135 , 310 Jamaica, relations with, 77 , 86 Mabanaft, trade with, 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 135 , 261 , 302 Marc Rich + Co, trade with, 136 –7 Marimpex, trade with, 64 nuclear weapons, 141 perestroika (1985–91), 135 Philipp Brothers, trade with, 29 , 135 , 137 Raznoimport, 135 , 137 , 139 , 162 Soyuznefteexport, 23 , 34 , 35 , 65 , 135 Vitol, trade with, 165 soybeans, 114 , 181 , 240 , 318 Soyuznefteexport, 23 , 34 , 35 , 65 , 135 Spain, 97 , 98 spot markets, 68 , 70 , 84 , 93 , 94 , 109 , 251 St Moritz Hotel, New York, 35 stagflation, 56 Staley, Warren, 231 , 253 Standard Oil, 32 steamships, 25 Strait of Malacca, 323 Strategic Fuel Fund, 89 Strothotte, Willy, 98 , 120 , 131 –2 , 274 IPO (2011), 258 Jamaica, trade with, 72 –4 , 78 , 80 , 83 , 142 jet, 184 Marc Rich coup (1993), 124 –7 , 184 Marc Rich resignation (1992), 121 –2 Mount Isa Mines deal (2002), 193 –4 Roche, relations with, 188 Russia, trade with, 146 step back (2002), 185 , 187 Xstrata and, 191 –2 Sucres et Denrées, 114 , 159 Sudan, 206 , 284 , 289 , 305 Südelektra, 189 –91 Suez Canal, 36 , 43 , 45 –6 , 53 , 168 sugar, 9 , 57 , 114 , 156 –60 sulphur, 104 , 168 , 232 , 234 , 235 Sumitomo, 250 Sun, 116 Sunday Times, The , 50 , 271 supercycle, 180 –81 , 185 , 196 , 216 Africa and, 219 , 232 China and, 193 , 240 , 245 food prices and, 240 , 248 optionality and, 206 Suriname, 154 Sweden, 209 Switzerland, 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 55 corruption in, 20 , 69 , 310 Glencore in, 170 , 185 , 257 Iran, trade with, 95 light-touch regulation, 19 Marc Rich in, 20 , 58 –60 , 63 , 73 , 95 , 96 , 117 , 124 Trans-Asiatic Company, 46 Vitol in, 160 , 163 , 164 syphilis, 48 Syria, 8 , 45 , 53 , 248 , 283 Tajikistan, 162 Tangier, Morocco, 33 tantalum, 223 Tanzania, 232 Tarasov, Artem, 136 –7 , 139 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 140 –41 taxation, 21 avoidance, 149 , 201 , 213 –14 , 281 bribes and, 69 , 310 ethanol industry and, 253 , 254 spinning, 115 Rich and, 20 , 95 –7 Switzerland and, 117 Vitol and, 21 Taylor, Cristina, 154 Taylor, Ian, 10 , 14 , 153 –6 , 164 , 165 –6 , 291 , 293 , 321 Conservative Party donations, 290 Cuba, trade with, 151 –3 , 156 –61 death (2020), 325 Enron bid (2001), 173 Kurdistan, trade with, 291 Libya, trade with, 1 –8 , 166 Nigeria, trade with, 166 oil peak prediction, 318 Russia, trade with, 165 , 300 telegraph, 25 Templeton, Franklin, 282 , 290 Tendler, David, 28 , 112 , 113 , 277 , 316 Texaco, 170 Texas, United States, 36 , 104 , 261 , 323 , 325 Thailand, 232 Thomajan, Robert ‘Bob’, 120 –21 Tiku, Arvind, 298 –9 Timchenko, Gennady, 209 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 300 , 313 tin, 102 Titan Oil Trading, 299 Tito, Josip Broz, 29 Titusville, Pennsylvania, 32 TNK-BP, 300 , 301 Tobruk, Libya, 3 , 6 Törnqvist, Torbjörn, 20 , 209 , 212 , 214 –16 , 230 , 313 , 327 Total, 61 , 170 toxic waste, 233 –8 , 304 Tradax International, 30 , 41 , 242 Trafford, John, 60 , 61 Trafigura, 11 , 14 , 59 , 87 , 119 , 129 –30 , 170 , 174 , 318 Angola, trade with, 229 –30 BNP Paribas, relations with, 304 –8 , 312 bonds, 261 bribery, use of, 314 , 315 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 324 Cuba, trade with, 159 , 306 –8 foundation (1993), 129 –30 IPO, views on, 277 Iraq, trade with, 201 , 203 , 285 –6 , 287 Jamaica, trade with, 310 Kurdistan, trade with, 285 –6 , 287 profits, 249 public relations (PR), 278 Texas terminal, 261 toxic waste scandal (2006), 233 –8 , 304 volume of trade, 293 women in, 15 Trans-Asiatic Company, 46 Trans-World Group, 134 , 137 –49 , 165 , 208 Transamine, 35 Transol, 63 Transworld Oil, 66 , 89 , 95 , 114 –16 Trump, Donald, 97 , 284 , 317 Tselentis Mining, 186 Tunisia, 247 de Turckheim, Eric, 87 , 125 , 128 , 129 , 306 Turkey, 66 , 180 , 285 Turkmenistan, 161 , 165 twelve apostles, 131 20th Century Fox, 96 Ukraine, 136 , 140 , 162 , 300 , 310 –11 Unipec, 320 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 46 , 116 , 199 , 262 , 281 , 288 , 319 United Kingdom Brent oilfield, 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 204 , 316 Cargill in, 243 corruption in, 20 , 311 Financial Services Authority (FSA), 250 FTSE 100 index, 15 , 269 , 276 , 278 , 282 Glencore-Xstrata merger (2012), 271 –3 G7 summit (1979), 70 Libyan Civil War (2011), 1 –8 pension funds, 269 , 278 Scottish independence referendum (2014), 291 shareholder spring (2012), 271 Suez Crisis (1956), 36 Tarasov in, 136 –7 United Nations Convention against Corruption, 275 Iraq sanctions, 101 , 198 , 200 , 201 , 202 sanctions, use of, 309 South Africa sanctions, 88 , 183 , 309 World Food Programme, 240 Yugoslavia sanctions, 167 United States Afghanistan War (2001–14), 311 BNP Paribas prosecution (2014), 304 –8 , 312 , 314 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 43 , 76 , 316 China trade war (2017–), 317 –18 Cuba sanctions, 152 , 305 –8 dollar, 311 ethanol production, 254 –5 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), 310 gold standard abandonment (1971), 51 G7 summit (1979), 70 Helms–Burton Act (1996), 160 Iran hostage crisis (1979–81), 20 , 94 , 96 Iraq War (2003–11), 201 , 283 , 311 Manhattan Project (1942–6), 223 oil production, 317 , 323 Operation Desert Storm (1991), 110 Pax Americana, 24 , 180 pension funds, 131 , 280 –82 , 288 , 290 potato futures default (1976), 104 Red Scare (1947–57), 22 Rich indictment (1983), 96 –7 , 130 Russia sanctions, 300 –303 sanctions, use of see sanctions, secondary sanctions, 311 –12 September 11 attacks (2001), 190 –91 supercycles and, 180 Watergate scandal (1972–4), 254 , 309 Zhuhai Zhenrong sanctions, 320 University of Southern California, 182 University of Witwatersrand, 182 Urals, Russia, 168 uranium, 223 Uzbekistan, 140 –41 , 162 Vale, 264 –5 , 269 Valium, 127 value-at-risk, 195 Vanol, 63 Varsano, Serge, 159 Venezuela, 20 , 34 , 44 , 73 , 154 , 157 , 199 , 312 , 314 very large crude carriers (VLCCs), 107 –8 Vidal, Edmundo, 129 Vienna, Austria, 53 , 54 , 200 Vietnam, 43 , 241 , 261 Viëtor, Henk, 163 Vishnevskiy, Igor, 148 , 149 –50 , 162 Viterra, 273 –4 Vitol, 14 , 162 –6 , 174 , 262 , 318 African petrol stations investment (2011), 261 bribery, use of, 314 Cuba, trade with, 151 –3 , 156 –61 , 306 Enron bid (2001), 173 Euromin, 143 , 165 IPO, views on, 277 Iran, trade with, 166 , 309 Iraq, trade with, 201 , 203 , 285 , 286 –7 , 291 , 310 Jamaica, trade with, 154 Kazakhstan, trade with, 296 –9 Kurdistan, trade with, 285 , 286 –7 , 291 Libya, trade with, 1 –8 , 166 , 283 , 285 Newfoundland refinery loss (1997), 170 Nigeria, trade with, 166 profits, 163 , 248 , 249 Russia, trade with, 143 , 165 , 300 , 301 shareholders, 19 Singapore, trade with, 155 South Africa, trade with, 88 Soviet Union, trade with, 165 tax avoidance, 21 women in, 15 Viëtor split (1976), 163 –4 volume of trade, 293 Vonk’s retirement (1995), 166 Yugoslavia, trade with, 167 Vodafone, 278 Voest-Alpine, 114 Volcker, Paul, 201 Volga-Urals basin, 34 Vonk, Ton, 165 , 166 Wall Street, 13 , 15 , 24 , 47 , 84 , 119 , 130 , 274 financialisation, 102 oil trade, 111 –12 , 114 supercycles and, 196 Wall Street (1987 film), 65 Watergate scandal (1972–4), 254 , 309 Waxman, Henry, 98 Weinberg, Morris ‘Sandy’, 97 Weinstein, Harvey, 20 Weir, Jeremy, 277 , 301 , 315 Weiss, Manny, 77 , 80 –82 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 142 , 145 Weisser, Alberto, 241 Weisser, Theodor, 25 , 27 , 31 –2 , 33 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 63 , 261 Soviet deal (1954), 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 135 , 261 , 302 Wen Jiabao, 239 –41 West Germany (1949–90), 22 –4 , 70 West Virginia, United States, 281 , 295 West, Kanye, 152 Weyer, Christian, 60 –61 wheat, 30 , 31 , 39 –41 , 56 , 232 , 239 –41 , 245 –7 Williams, Edward Bennett, 97 Wimar, 299 Woertz, Patricia, 254 –5 women, 15 World Bank, 80 , 85 , 294 , 303 World Food Programme, 240 World Trade Organization (WTO), 178 , 196 , 317 World War II (1939–45), 5 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 –2 , 47 , 87 Wyatt, Oscar, 64 , 110 , 200 , 203 Wyler, Paul, 187 , 275 , 311 Xstrata, 175 –6 , 178 , 181 , 189 –94 , 263 –73 , 276 , 301 Glencore coal mines deal (2001–2), 191 –2 Glencore merger, 264 –5 , 267 , 269 –73 Vale bid (2007), 264 –5 , 269 Yamani, Ahmed Zaki, 36 , 54 –5 Yang Qinglong, 320 Yeltsin, Boris, 147 , 213 Yemen, 168 , 206 , 247 Yom Kippur War (1973), 53 Yugoslavia (1945–92), 28 , 29 , 167 , 309 Yukos, 213 –15 , 299 Zak, Zbynek, 117 –18 , 124 , 130 , 278 –9 Zambia, 85 , 226 , 232 Zhuhai Zhenrong, 320 , 327 Zimbabwe, 220 , 230 –32 zinc, 35 , 81 , 85 , 129 Asturiana de Zinc, 123 , 191 Glencore, 258 , 273 Marc Rich play (1991–2), 122 –4 , 128 , 170 , 251 Russian production, 135 , 165 Zug, Switzerland, 58 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 73 , 95 , 96 , 117 , 124 , 182 , 183 THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNING Find us online and join the conversation Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/penguinukbooks Like us on Facebook facebook.com/penguinbooks Share the love on Instagram 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Morgan, 130 J&S, 208 –9 , 210 –11 Jaeggi, Daniel, 211 , 216 Jamaica, 72 –84 , 86 , 98 , 142 , 154 , 204 , 310 Jamalco, 80 James, Greg, 186 , 191 Jamison, David, 155 , 164 Jankilevitsch, Gregory, 208 –9 , 210 –11 , 216 Japan, 13 , 18 , 24 , 28 aluminium trade, 82 atomic bombings (1945), 223 coal consumption, 177 , 183 , 187 , 273 grain consumption, 39 G7 summit (1979), 70 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 oil consumption, 44 reconstruction, 179 , 180 , 223 rice futures, 102 sogo shosha , 13 Sumitomo, 250 supercycles and, 180 Jesselson, Ludwig, 8 , 24 , 25 , 27 , 28 , 35 , 37 , 41 , 326 Iran oil deal (1973), 52 –3 Rich’s resignation (1974), 58 –9 , 121 jets, 184 JOC Oil, 65 –6 Johnson, Lyndon Baines, 43 Jugometal, 29 Kabila, Joseph, 223 –4 , 225 , 227 , 229 Kabila, Laurent-Désiré, 223 Kalmin, Steve, 270 Kardashian, Kim, 152 Kashagan, 297 Katanga, Congo, 219 , 223 , 224 , 226 –9 Katumba Mwanke, Augustin, 224 , 225 , 227 Kazakhstan, 131 , 153 , 165 , 168 , 185 , 199 , 258 , 302 aluminium production, 140 , 141 , 145 , 146 , 147 oil production, 65 , 168 , 206 , 296 –9 Vitol, trade with, 296 –9 wheat production, 245 KazMunaiGas (KMG), 297 Kazzinc, 184 Kelm, Erwin, 38 Kenya, 93 , 232 KGB (Komitet Gosudarstvennoy Bezopasnosti ), 23 Khodorkovsky, Mikhail, 213 –15 , 299 Khomeini, Ruhollah, 67 , 94 , 96 Khrushchev, Nikita, 34 Kingston, Jamaica, 72 –3 , 77 Kinshasa, Democratic Republic of Congo, 33 Kirkuk, Iraq, 280 , 283 –5 , 287 , 289 Klebnikov, Paul, 149 Kleinwort Benson, 277 Klöckner & Co, 114 Klomp, Ton, 206 Knoechel, Eberhard, 258 Koch, Charles and David, 64 , 290 Kolwezi, Congo, 218 , 226 , 227 Krasnoyarsk, Russia, 141 –2 , 145 –6 , 148 Kulibayev, Timur, 298 –9 Kurdistan, 198 , 280 –91 , 295 , 298 , 299 , 302 , 328 Kuwait Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 106 , 108 –10 , 157 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 54 –5 Rotterdam market trade, 62 Kyrgyzstan, 158 Lada, 86 Lage, Carlos, 152 Lagos, Nigeria, 236 Lakhani, Murtaza, 197 –9 , 202 –3 , 284 Larocca, José, 238 Lay, Kenneth, 173 lead, 35 , 85 , 129 Lebanon, 226 Lehman Brothers, 243 , 265 Leiman, Ricardo, 244 Leopoldville, Belgian Congo, 33 letters of credit, 61 Lew, Jack, 312 Liberia, 308 Libya, 1 –8 , 64 , 92 , 166 , 247 , 283 , 285 Liechtenstein, 46 light-touch regulation, 19 Lilley, David, 195 Linetskiy, Vadim, 211 lithium, 319 Lithuania, 161 , 181 London, England, 3 , 5 , 11 , 20 , 55 , 199 Glencore–Xstrata merger (2012), 272 –3 International Petroleum Exchange, 115 property market, 147 Rotterdam market and, 63 Stock Exchange, 203 telegraph in, 26 Vitol in, 163 London Metal Exchange (LME), 79 –82 , 102 , 123 , 145 , 195 , 251 Louis Dreyfus, 10 , 19 , 39 , 241 , 244 , 248 , 262 , 277 , 320 Loya, Mike, 115 Lualaba river, 218 Lubumbashi, Congo, 33 Luckock, Ben, 285 , 286 Lutter, Gerd, 64 Lvov, Felix, 145 Mabanaft, 31 –4 , 35 –6 , 37 , 56 , 68 , 261 Oiltanking, 63 –4 Soviet deal (1954), 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 135 , 261 , 302 MacLennan, David, 17 , 31 , 231 MacMillan family, 249 , 277 , 278 MacMillan, Harold, 87 MacMillan, John, 25 , 27 , 29 –31 , 38 , 41 , 242 Madrid, Spain, 48 , 58 , 59 , 60 , 123 , 126 Mahoney, Chris, 259 malachite, 226 Mali, 294 Malta, 66 , 286 , 308 Manafort, Paul, 284 Manhattan Project (1942–6), 223 Manley, Michael, 76 –7 , 83 Mao Zedong, 177 Maradona, Diego, 152 Marathon Petroleum, 53 Marc Rich + Co, 14 , 16 , 19 , 20 , 37 , 47 , 59 –61 , 86 –7 , 117 –27 , 143 aluminium trade, 77 –84 , 122 , 125 , 144 , 165 Angola, trade with, 282 , 300 bribery, use of, 310 Cobuco, 91 –4 coup (1993–4), 125 –7 , 184 , 190 Cuba, trade with, 157 –8 Dauphin resignation (1992), 122 foundation of (1974), 59 –61 Glasenberg joins (1984), 182 Granaria acquisition (1981), 245 Hall job offer (1982), 106 indictments (1983), 96 –7 , 130 , 155 Iran, trade with, 68 –9 , 94 –7 Jamaica, trade with, 72 –4 , 77 –84 , 86 , 98 , 142 Nigeria, trade with, 61 oil team resignation (1993), 125 Philipp Bros. collapse (1990), 113 profits, 69 Russia, trade with, 122 South Africa, trade with, 88 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 98 , 122 Soviet Union, trade with, 136 –7 Strothotte resignation (1992), 121 –2 Südelektra stake (1990), 189 Tajikistan, trade with, 162 volume of trade, 293 Weiss resignation (1992), 122 zinc play (1991–2), 122 –4 , 128 , 170 , 251 margin calls, 124 Marimpex, 64 , 89 Marquard & Bahls, 32 Marsa al-Brega, Libya, 5 –6 Marshall Islands, 308 Mashkevich, Alexander, 185 Maté, Daniel, 259 Mayfair, London, 84 , 147 , 199 , 281 , 297 Mayuf, Abdeljalil, 7 McCarthy, Joseph, 22 McIntosh, Ian, 248 Meier, Henri, 127 Menatep, 213 Mercuria, 206 , 207 –9 , 210 –12 , 216 , 261 , 262 , 318 , 324 mercury, 48 Merrill Lynch, 138 Metallgesellschaft, 25 , 114 , 123 , 172 , 195 metals, 9 , 14 , 25 , 26 , 57 aluminium, see aluminium cobalt, 9 , 223 , 224 , 226 , 273 , 314 , 318 , 319 copper, see copper futures, 102 iron ore, 175 –6 , 181 , 261 , 264 lead, 35 , 85 , 129 lithium, 319 mercury, 48 nickel, 137 , 176 , 181 , 265 , 319 zinc, see zinc Mexico, 129 , 130 , 157 , 167 , 180 , 234 , 240 , 273 , 312 MG, 172 , 195 Milosevic, Slobodan, 167 Minerals & Chemicals Corporation, 276 mining, 85 , 171 , 186 –94 , 326 in Australia, 175 –6 , 186 –7 in Congo, 218 –29 Mistakidis, Telis, 194 , 259 , 270 , 272 Mitterrand, François, 161 Mobil, 170 Mobutu Sese Seko, 223 Model T car, 253 Mohammad Reza Pahlavi, Shah of Iran, 46 , 50 , 67 , 88 , 67 Mombasa, Kenya, 93 Monaco, 63 Mongolia, 140 Monte Carlo, 144 Morgan Stanley, 13 , 102 , 111 , 155 Morocco, 33 , 47 Morrison, James, 68 Mosaic, 278 Mosul, Iraq, 283 Mount Holly, South Carolina, 81 Mount Isa, Queensland, 193 –4 Mountstar Metals, 138 Mozambique, 161 Murray, Simon, 269 Muscat, Oman, 153 Mutanda, Congo, 219 , 223 , 224 , 226 –9 Namibia, 232 , 233 do Nascimento, Leopoldino Fragoso, 229 Nasmyth, Jan, 55 Nasser, Gamal Abdel, 45 –6 National Iranian Oil Company, 52 , 68 –9 Nazarbayev, Nursultan, 297 –8 Nazi Germany (1933–45), 22 , 24 , 26 , 47 , 87 Nebuchadnezzar, King of Babylon, 284 Netherlands, 48 , 65 , 120 , 163 , 164 , 236 , 237 , 243 Neverland , 286 New Comfort , 323 New Mexico, United States, 323 New York, United States Aluminum for Defense, 75 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 Jesselson in, 24 , 28 Rich in, 37 , 47 , 58 Rotterdam market and, 63 telegraph in, 26 Weisser in, 35 New York Mercantile Exchange (Nymex), 104 Newfoundland, Canada, 170 Nicaragua, 77 , 85 , 87 , 161 nickel, 137 , 176 , 181 , 265 , 319 Nigeria, 85 , 181 , 220 , 232 , 325 Alison-Madueke corruption (2011–15), 221 Elf, trade with, 61 Glencore, trade with, 12 , 168 , 314 jihadis in, 294 Probo Koala affair (2006), 236 rice consumption, 232 Rotterdam market trade, 62 Trafigura, trade with, 130 Vitol, trade with, 166 Nixon, Richard, 51 , 254 Noble Group, 196 , 244 , 262 , 276 –7 Non-Aligned Movement, 92 North Dakota, United States, 261 , 323 North Korea, 138 , 162 North Sea oil, 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 204 , 316 NRC Handelsblatt, 65 O’Malley, Tom, 53 , 61 , 113 Obama, Barack, 311 , 320 Och-Ziff Capital Management, 228 October War (1973), 53 Ognev, Yury, 246 Ohio, United States, 285 oil Brent oilfield, 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 204 , 316 Chad trade, 294 –6 Chinese trade, 179 –80 , 201 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 15 , 321 –5 crisis, first (1973–4), 53 –7 , 62 , 67 , 69 , 88 , 104 , 105 , 163 crisis, second (1979), 18 , 67 –9 , 92 , 104 Cuban trade, 151 –3 , 156 –61 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 106 , 108 –10 Iraq trade, 197 –203 , 207 , 210 , 280 –91 Israel pipeline, 43 , 45 , 46 –7 , 49 –51 , 94 , 285 –6 Kazakhstan trade, 296 –9 Kurdistan trade, 280 –91 optionality, 205 –6 Romanian trade, 167 –9 Rotterdam market, 62 –6 Russian trade, 9 , 65 , 199 , 206 –17 , 287 , 300 –303 , 313 , 319 Seven Sisters, see Seven Sisters South African trade, 87 –91 , 94 , 98 Soviet trade, 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 66 , 156 –7 , 165 United States trade, 317 ‘Oil Crisis, The’ (Akins), 52 Oilflow SPV I DAC, 281 –2 , 287 –90 , 292 oilseeds, 9 , 39 Oiltanking, 64 Old Testament, 284 Olympic Games, 78 , 87 –8 , 182 Oman, 64 , 116 , 153 , 166 , 199 onions, 252 Onsan, South Korea, 324 Operation Desert Storm (1991), 110 optionality, 205 –6 options, 101 –2 , 103 , 110 , 116 , 123 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 106 , 275 Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), 44 –5 , 53 , 62 –3 , 67 , 114 Cobuco and, 92 , 93 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 322 Iraq surcharges and, 200 –201 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 53 –7 , 62 , 67 , 69 , 88 , 105 , 163 oil crisis, second (1979), 68 South Africa embargo (1973), 88 World OPEC project (1988), 116 Ortega, Daniel, 87 Otto, Nikolaus, 253 Oxfam, 250 Oxford University, 105 , 147 , 154 Page, Gregory, 278 Palm Jumeirah, Dubai, 288 Panama, 46 , 201 , 308 paper barrels, 102 , 103 Paribas, 60 –61 , 95 Parque Central hotel, Havana, 151 –3 , 160 –61 Pauli, Heinz, 127 Pax Americana, 24 , 180 Peakville Limited, 201 Pechiney, 171 Pelosi, Nancy, 249 Pemex, 234 –5 Pennsylvania, United States, 280 , 281 , 290 pension funds, 102 , 131 , 269 , 271 , 278 , 280 –82 , 288 , 290 , 295 PepsiCo, 137 perestroika , 135 Perkins, Ian, 187 Permian basin, 323 Peru, 85 , 130 , 226 , 264 Peshmerga, 283 Pestalozzi, 19 Pestalozzi, Peter, 19 Peterson, Tor, 259 Petra, 64 Petraco, 287 Petrobras, 313 petrodollars, 56 , 57 , 67 , 70 , 200 , 288 Phibro Energy, 100 –101 , 106 –10 , 111 , 113 , 194 Phibro-Salomon, 112 –13 Philipp, Julius, 25 , 26 , 37 Philipp Brothers, 14 , 24 , 25 , 26 , 28 –9 , 34 –5 , 56 , 57 , 61 , 98 , 186 apprenticeships, 37 copper trade, 195 East Germany, trade with, 29 Gulf War (1990–91), 100 –101 , 107 –10 Hall joins (1982), 106 Hong Kong office, 196 Iran oil deal (1973), 52 –3 , 55 Israel pipeline trade, 49 –51 , 94 , 285 metals trade, 28 –9 , 34 –5 , 49 , 57 , 76 , 113 Mineral & Chemicals merger (1960), 276 Phibro Energy, 100 –101 , 106 –10 , 111 , 113 Phibro-Salomon merger (1981), 112 , 316 profits, 38 , 69 , 163 Rich’s resignation (1974), 57 –9 , 121 secrecy, 276 Socar’s acquisition (2015), 319 Soviet Union, trade with, 29 , 135 , 137 Yugoslavia, trade with, 28 , 29 Philippines, 86 , 241 Piercy, George, 54 Pinochet, Augusto, 87 Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, 36 Pojdl, Pavel, 211 Poland, 208 pollution, 21 , 318 Posen, Danny, 48 , 120 , 128 , 162 Posen, Felix, 37 , 47 , 135 , 137 , 183 , 274 potatoes, 104 Probo Koala , 236 , 238 Public Employees’ Retirement Systems, 280 , 290 , 295 public relations (PR), 278 Puerto Rico, 91 Puma Energy, 230 put options, 188 Putin, Vladimir, 9 , 147 , 208 , 212 –15 , 299 –303 , 313 , 328 PVM, 65 Q book, 171 Qaboos bin Said, Sultan of Oman, 64 , 153 , 166 al-Qaeda, 294 Qatar, 2 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 272 –3 , 301 –2 Querub, Isaac, 123 , 126 Ramadi, Iraq, 283 Ramaphosa, Cyril, 185 Ras Lanuf, Libya, 5 –6 Raznoimport, 135 , 137 , 139 , 162 Reagan, Ronald, 77 Red Kite, 195 Red Scare (1947–57), 22 Reid, Trevor, 191 Republic of the Congo, 314 Reuben College, Oxford, 147 Reuben, David, 133 –5 , 137 –47 , 207 –8 Reuben, Simon, 147 Reynolds, 80 Rhodesia (1965–79), 309 rice, 102 , 177 , 232 Rice, Condoleezza, 224 Rich, Denise, 98 , 120 Rich, Marc, 14 , 20 , 45 , 46 –53 , 68 , 70 , 86 –7 , 117 –27 , 305 , 327 bribery, use of, 310 Cobuco, 91 –4 coup (1993–4), 125 –7 , 184 , 190 Dauphin resignation (1992), 122 death (2013), 325 divorce (1996), 120 early rising, 185 FBI Most Wanted status, 95 Glasenberg, relationship with, 183 indictment (1983), 96 –7 , 130 , 155 Iran, trade with, 52 –3 , 55 , 68 –9 , 94 –7 Israel pipeline trade, 49 –51 , 94 , 285 Jamaica, trade with, 72 –4 , 77 –84 , 86 , 98 knife analogy, 60 , 98 , 156 , 309 , 327 Marc Rich + Co, foundation of (1974), 59 –61 oil team resignation (1993), 125 pardoning (2001), 97 –8 politics, views on, 290 resignation from Philipp Bros. (1974), 57 –9 , 121 South Africa, trade with, 88 , 89 , 90 , 94 , 98 Strothotte resignation (1992), 121 –2 Weiss resignation (1992), 122 zinc play (1991–2), 122 –4 Rio Tinto, 273 , 274 Roche, 127 , 188 –92 , 267 Rockefeller, John, 32 Rolling Stones, The, 127 Roman Empire (27 BCE – CE 476), 252 Romania, 129 , 153 , 167 –9 Rommel, Erwin, 5 Rosenberg, David, 122 –4 Rosneft, 9 , 214 –16 , 287 , 300 –303 , 313 , 319 Rotterdam market, 62 –6 , 70 , 164 Rotterdam, Netherlands, 62 , 63 , 64 , 70 , 82 , 145 Roundhead, 201 Royal Dutch Shell, 13 , 32 , 54 , 64 , 115 , 154 , 165 , 171 –2 Rubin, Robert, 194 Rusal, 148 Russian Federation, 9 , 14 , 17 , 122 , 131 , 273 , 299 –302 aluminium trade, 133 –5 , 139 –50 animal feed trade, 261 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 322 Crimea annexation (2014), 300 food price crisis (2007–8), 239 emerging market status, 17 , 180 Iraq, trade with, 200 , 287 oil trade, 9 , 65 , 199 , 206 , 207 –17 , 287 , 299 –302 , 303 Rosneft, 9 , 214 –16 , 287 , 300 –303 , 313 , 319 sanctions on, 300 –303 , 312 sovereign debt default (1998), 169 wheat production, 245 –7 Salomon, 113 Salomon Brothers, 69 , 108 , 112 , 316 Salvador, El, 161 Samoa, 144 sanctions, 86 , 309 , 311 –13 , 320 BNP Paribas and, 304 –8 on Cuba, 9 , 152 , 305 –8 on Deripaska, 312 on Gertler, 225 , 312 –13 on Iran, 305 , 309 , 312 , 320 –21 on Iraq, 197 –203 , 207 , 210 , 310 on Russia, 300 –303 , 312 secondary sanctions, 311 –12 on South Africa, 64 , 87 –90 , 93 , 182 , 183 , 308 , 309 on Sudan, 305 on Venezuela, 312 on Yugoslavia, 167 on Zhuhai Zhenrong, 320 dos Santos, José Eduardo, 229 Sarir–Tobruk pipeline, 6 Saudi Arabia, 36 , 181 Aramco, 51 –2 , 319 barley consumption, 241 Gulf War (1990–91), 109 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 54 –5 oil crisis, second (1979), 68 OPEC established (1960), 44 Rotterdam market trade, 62 South Africa, trade with, 88 World OPEC project (1988), 116 Saunders, Walter ‘Barney’, 38 Sayanogorsk, Russia, 148 Schönenberg club, Switzerland, 184 Schwab, Muriel, 326 Scotland, 291 Seaga, Edward, 77 Sechin, Igor, 9 , 300 –302 secondary sanctions, 311 –12 Semlitz, Stephen, 111 Senegal, 33 , 222 , 240 September 11 attacks (2001), 190 –91 Serbia, 167 Seven Sisters, 17 , 32 –3 , 44 , 49 , 51 –2 , 66 , 70 , 101 , 105 , 170 , 319 oil crisis, first (1973–4), 56 , 61 –3 , 134 Shapiro, John, 111 Sharp, Graham, 125 , 128 , 129 , 170 Shear, Neal, 111 Sheffield, Scott, 323 Shell, see Royal Dutch Shell Shetland Islands, 114 Shipping Research Bureau, 89 Siberia, Russia, 79 , 131 , 140 , 141 , 208 , 210 , 214 Singapore, 19 , 91 , 154 , 322 Sirte, Libya, 6 Skilling, Jeffrey, 173 Small, Hugh, 83 Smith, Adam, 16 Smolokowski, Wiaczeslaw, 208 –9 , 210 –11 , 216 Socar, 319 Société Générale, 95 Somalia, 309 Soros, George, 262 South Africa, 14 , 48 , 181 –2 apartheid, 64 , 87 –90 , 93 , 182 , 183 , 308 , 309 coal trade, 186 , 187 , 191 , 192 ferrochrome trade, 190 gold trade, 232 oil trade, 64 , 87 –91 , 93 , 94 , 98 , 122 , 182 –3 , 220 , 308 South Carolina, United States, 281 South Korea, 183 , 321 , 324 South Sudan, 284 , 289 Soviet Union (1922–91), 9 , 133 –50 Cargill, trade with, 31 , 38 –42 , 135 collapse (1991–2), 17 , 133 –5 , 139 –50 , 151 –3 , 161 , 165 , 207 , 208 Cuba, trade with, 151 , 152 , 153 , 156 Deuss deal (1976), 66 Exportkhleb, 38 , 135 Great Grain Robbery (1972), 38 –42 , 57 , 69 , 135 , 310 Jamaica, relations with, 77 , 86 Mabanaft, trade with, 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 135 , 261 , 302 Marc Rich + Co, trade with, 136 –7 Marimpex, trade with, 64 nuclear weapons, 141 perestroika (1985–91), 135 Philipp Brothers, trade with, 29 , 135 , 137 Raznoimport, 135 , 137 , 139 , 162 Soyuznefteexport, 23 , 34 , 35 , 65 , 135 Vitol, trade with, 165 soybeans, 114 , 181 , 240 , 318 Soyuznefteexport, 23 , 34 , 35 , 65 , 135 Spain, 97 , 98 spot markets, 68 , 70 , 84 , 93 , 94 , 109 , 251 St Moritz Hotel, New York, 35 stagflation, 56 Staley, Warren, 231 , 253 Standard Oil, 32 steamships, 25 Strait of Malacca, 323 Strategic Fuel Fund, 89 Strothotte, Willy, 98 , 120 , 131 –2 , 274 IPO (2011), 258 Jamaica, trade with, 72 –4 , 78 , 80 , 83 , 142 jet, 184 Marc Rich coup (1993), 124 –7 , 184 Marc Rich resignation (1992), 121 –2 Mount Isa Mines deal (2002), 193 –4 Roche, relations with, 188 Russia, trade with, 146 step back (2002), 185 , 187 Xstrata and, 191 –2 Sucres et Denrées, 114 , 159 Sudan, 206 , 284 , 289 , 305 Südelektra, 189 –91 Suez Canal, 36 , 43 , 45 –6 , 53 , 168 sugar, 9 , 57 , 114 , 156 –60 sulphur, 104 , 168 , 232 , 234 , 235 Sumitomo, 250 Sun, 116 Sunday Times, The , 50 , 271 supercycle, 180 –81 , 185 , 196 , 216 Africa and, 219 , 232 China and, 193 , 240 , 245 food prices and, 240 , 248 optionality and, 206 Suriname, 154 Sweden, 209 Switzerland, 7 , 8 , 11 , 12 , 14 , 55 corruption in, 20 , 69 , 310 Glencore in, 170 , 185 , 257 Iran, trade with, 95 light-touch regulation, 19 Marc Rich in, 20 , 58 –60 , 63 , 73 , 95 , 96 , 117 , 124 Trans-Asiatic Company, 46 Vitol in, 160 , 163 , 164 syphilis, 48 Syria, 8 , 45 , 53 , 248 , 283 Tajikistan, 162 Tangier, Morocco, 33 tantalum, 223 Tanzania, 232 Tarasov, Artem, 136 –7 , 139 Tashkent, Uzbekistan, 140 –41 taxation, 21 avoidance, 149 , 201 , 213 –14 , 281 bribes and, 69 , 310 ethanol industry and, 253 , 254 spinning, 115 Rich and, 20 , 95 –7 Switzerland and, 117 Vitol and, 21 Taylor, Cristina, 154 Taylor, Ian, 10 , 14 , 153 –6 , 164 , 165 –6 , 291 , 293 , 321 Conservative Party donations, 290 Cuba, trade with, 151 –3 , 156 –61 death (2020), 325 Enron bid (2001), 173 Kurdistan, trade with, 291 Libya, trade with, 1 –8 , 166 Nigeria, trade with, 166 oil peak prediction, 318 Russia, trade with, 165 , 300 telegraph, 25 Templeton, Franklin, 282 , 290 Tendler, David, 28 , 112 , 113 , 277 , 316 Texaco, 170 Texas, United States, 36 , 104 , 261 , 323 , 325 Thailand, 232 Thomajan, Robert ‘Bob’, 120 –21 Tiku, Arvind, 298 –9 Timchenko, Gennady, 209 , 212 , 214 , 216 , 300 , 313 tin, 102 Titan Oil Trading, 299 Tito, Josip Broz, 29 Titusville, Pennsylvania, 32 TNK-BP, 300 , 301 Tobruk, Libya, 3 , 6 Törnqvist, Torbjörn, 20 , 209 , 212 , 214 –16 , 230 , 313 , 327 Total, 61 , 170 toxic waste, 233 –8 , 304 Tradax International, 30 , 41 , 242 Trafford, John, 60 , 61 Trafigura, 11 , 14 , 59 , 87 , 119 , 129 –30 , 170 , 174 , 318 Angola, trade with, 229 –30 BNP Paribas, relations with, 304 –8 , 312 bonds, 261 bribery, use of, 314 , 315 coronavirus pandemic (2019–), 324 Cuba, trade with, 159 , 306 –8 foundation (1993), 129 –30 IPO, views on, 277 Iraq, trade with, 201 , 203 , 285 –6 , 287 Jamaica, trade with, 310 Kurdistan, trade with, 285 –6 , 287 profits, 249 public relations (PR), 278 Texas terminal, 261 toxic waste scandal (2006), 233 –8 , 304 volume of trade, 293 women in, 15 Trans-Asiatic Company, 46 Trans-World Group, 134 , 137 –49 , 165 , 208 Transamine, 35 Transol, 63 Transworld Oil, 66 , 89 , 95 , 114 –16 Trump, Donald, 97 , 284 , 317 Tselentis Mining, 186 Tunisia, 247 de Turckheim, Eric, 87 , 125 , 128 , 129 , 306 Turkey, 66 , 180 , 285 Turkmenistan, 161 , 165 twelve apostles, 131 20th Century Fox, 96 Ukraine, 136 , 140 , 162 , 300 , 310 –11 Unipec, 320 United Arab Emirates (UAE), 46 , 116 , 199 , 262 , 281 , 288 , 319 United Kingdom Brent oilfield, 114 –16 , 122 , 123 , 204 , 316 Cargill in, 243 corruption in, 20 , 311 Financial Services Authority (FSA), 250 FTSE 100 index, 15 , 269 , 276 , 278 , 282 Glencore-Xstrata merger (2012), 271 –3 G7 summit (1979), 70 Libyan Civil War (2011), 1 –8 pension funds, 269 , 278 Scottish independence referendum (2014), 291 shareholder spring (2012), 271 Suez Crisis (1956), 36 Tarasov in, 136 –7 United Nations Convention against Corruption, 275 Iraq sanctions, 101 , 198 , 200 , 201 , 202 sanctions, use of, 309 South Africa sanctions, 88 , 183 , 309 World Food Programme, 240 Yugoslavia sanctions, 167 United States Afghanistan War (2001–14), 311 BNP Paribas prosecution (2014), 304 –8 , 312 , 314 Central Intelligence Agency (CIA), 43 , 76 , 316 China trade war (2017–), 317 –18 Cuba sanctions, 152 , 305 –8 dollar, 311 ethanol production, 254 –5 Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (1977), 310 gold standard abandonment (1971), 51 G7 summit (1979), 70 Helms–Burton Act (1996), 160 Iran hostage crisis (1979–81), 20 , 94 , 96 Iraq War (2003–11), 201 , 283 , 311 Manhattan Project (1942–6), 223 oil production, 317 , 323 Operation Desert Storm (1991), 110 Pax Americana, 24 , 180 pension funds, 131 , 280 –82 , 288 , 290 potato futures default (1976), 104 Red Scare (1947–57), 22 Rich indictment (1983), 96 –7 , 130 Russia sanctions, 300 –303 sanctions, use of see sanctions, secondary sanctions, 311 –12 September 11 attacks (2001), 190 –91 supercycles and, 180 Watergate scandal (1972–4), 254 , 309 Zhuhai Zhenrong sanctions, 320 University of Southern California, 182 University of Witwatersrand, 182 Urals, Russia, 168 uranium, 223 Uzbekistan, 140 –41 , 162 Vale, 264 –5 , 269 Valium, 127 value-at-risk, 195 Vanol, 63 Varsano, Serge, 159 Venezuela, 20 , 34 , 44 , 73 , 154 , 157 , 199 , 312 , 314 very large crude carriers (VLCCs), 107 –8 Vidal, Edmundo, 129 Vienna, Austria, 53 , 54 , 200 Vietnam, 43 , 241 , 261 Viëtor, Henk, 163 Vishnevskiy, Igor, 148 , 149 –50 , 162 Viterra, 273 –4 Vitol, 14 , 162 –6 , 174 , 262 , 318 African petrol stations investment (2011), 261 bribery, use of, 314 Cuba, trade with, 151 –3 , 156 –61 , 306 Enron bid (2001), 173 Euromin, 143 , 165 IPO, views on, 277 Iran, trade with, 166 , 309 Iraq, trade with, 201 , 203 , 285 , 286 –7 , 291 , 310 Jamaica, trade with, 154 Kazakhstan, trade with, 296 –9 Kurdistan, trade with, 285 , 286 –7 , 291 Libya, trade with, 1 –8 , 166 , 283 , 285 Newfoundland refinery loss (1997), 170 Nigeria, trade with, 166 profits, 163 , 248 , 249 Russia, trade with, 143 , 165 , 300 , 301 shareholders, 19 Singapore, trade with, 155 South Africa, trade with, 88 Soviet Union, trade with, 165 tax avoidance, 21 women in, 15 Viëtor split (1976), 163 –4 volume of trade, 293 Vonk’s retirement (1995), 166 Yugoslavia, trade with, 167 Vodafone, 278 Voest-Alpine, 114 Volcker, Paul, 201 Volga-Urals basin, 34 Vonk, Ton, 165 , 166 Wall Street, 13 , 15 , 24 , 47 , 84 , 119 , 130 , 274 financialisation, 102 oil trade, 111 –12 , 114 supercycles and, 196 Wall Street (1987 film), 65 Watergate scandal (1972–4), 254 , 309 Waxman, Henry, 98 Weinberg, Morris ‘Sandy’, 97 Weinstein, Harvey, 20 Weir, Jeremy, 277 , 301 , 315 Weiss, Manny, 77 , 80 –82 , 120 , 121 , 125 , 142 , 145 Weisser, Alberto, 241 Weisser, Theodor, 25 , 27 , 31 –2 , 33 , 37 , 41 , 42 , 63 , 261 Soviet deal (1954), 22 –4 , 32 , 33 –4 , 44 , 51 , 135 , 261 , 302 Wen Jiabao, 239 –41 West Germany (1949–90), 22 –4 , 70 West Virginia, United States, 281 , 295 West, Kanye, 152 Weyer, Christian, 60 –61 wheat, 30 , 31 , 39 –41 , 56 , 232 , 239 –41 , 245 –7 Williams, Edward Bennett, 97 Wimar, 299 Woertz, Patricia, 254 –5 women, 15 World Bank, 80 , 85 , 294 , 303 World Food Programme, 240 World Trade Organization (WTO), 178 , 196 , 317 World War II (1939–45), 5 , 16 , 17 , 22 , 27 , 28 , 31 –2 , 47 , 87 Wyatt, Oscar, 64 , 110 , 200 , 203 Wyler, Paul, 187 , 275 , 311 Xstrata, 175 –6 , 178 , 181 , 189 –94 , 263 –73 , 276 , 301 Glencore coal mines deal (2001–2), 191 –2 Glencore merger, 264 –5 , 267 , 269 –73 Vale bid (2007), 264 –5 , 269 Yamani, Ahmed Zaki, 36 , 54 –5 Yang Qinglong, 320 Yeltsin, Boris, 147 , 213 Yemen, 168 , 206 , 247 Yom Kippur War (1973), 53 Yugoslavia (1945–92), 28 , 29 , 167 , 309 Yukos, 213 –15 , 299 Zak, Zbynek, 117 –18 , 124 , 130 , 278 –9 Zambia, 85 , 226 , 232 Zhuhai Zhenrong, 320 , 327 Zimbabwe, 220 , 230 –32 zinc, 35 , 81 , 85 , 129 Asturiana de Zinc, 123 , 191 Glencore, 258 , 273 Marc Rich play (1991–2), 122 –4 , 128 , 170 , 251 Russian production, 135 , 165 Zug, Switzerland, 58 , 59 , 60 , 63 , 73 , 95 , 96 , 117 , 124 , 182 , 183 THIS IS JUST THE BEGINNING Find us online and join the conversation Follow us on Twitter twitter.com/penguinukbooks Like us on Facebook facebook.com/penguinbooks Share the love on Instagram 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Goliath: Life and Loathing in Greater Israel
by Max Blumenthal
Published 27 Nov 2012

It’s not a massacre. It’s not coming into Tel Aviv and planting a bomb in a bus.” On the Palestinian refugees: “They were leaving because they were promised that they would leave now, that they would come back in three months, and then they would be able to rape our daughters and our wives.” And on the 1973 Yom Kippur War, when Egypt and Syria attacked Israel to recover land Israel had occupied: “We didn’t have anything to do with Egypt or Syria, and were attacked again.” To Rotem, Israel was a perpetual victim with no responsibility for the cycles of violence and tragedy. Rotem met Lieberman while serving as a legal adviser to the Gush Emunim during their first foray into the West Bank in the late 1970s.

…

The next cycle of violence will be more, and there will be less Israelis saying anything against it, not because they don’t want to, but because they fear the laws and breaking with the Knesset.” 37 Bleeding Over the Party Soon after meeting Itamar Shapira, I became friendly with his older brother, Yonatan. Born to an Air Force squadron commander who fought in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Yonatan Shapira was reared to continue his family’s distinguished military legacy. During his adolescence and early adulthood, he was shaped to be the virile but sensitive scholar who wrote poetry and played guitar after landing his helicopter on a verdant hillside—the quintessential enlightened Israeli alpha male.

…

B., 6, 274 The Yellow Wind (Grossman), 272–273 Yesh Din, 218, 308, 321 Yishai, Eli, 18, 138, 166 calls for resignation, 183, 184 on deportation of Africans, 339, 346 Yisrael Ba’Aliyah Party, 19 Yisrael Beiteinu Party, 10, 16, 27, 328 Lieberman as founder of, 10, 22 Nakba Law, 58 popularity of, 59–60 positions on rights of Arabs, 224 Rotem, David, and, 69 Yitzar, 308, 309, 310 Yom Kippur War, 71 Yosef, Rabbi Ovadiah, 18–19, 184, 304 wife of, 315 Yosef, Yaakov, 302, 305 Young, Jewish, and Proud, 209, 210 Youth, 321–324 change from within, 269–271 Israeli, raised on racism, 176–178 Israeli, violence among, 15–16, 49–50, 51, 135, 323–324, 342 Palestinian, post-Oslo generation, 154–157 refusal of military service, 269, 278–280 YouTube, 253 Zahalon, Jacob, 43 Zayyad, Tawfiq, 78–79 Zayyad, Toufiq, 134 Ze’ei, Rehavam, 389 Zehalka, Jamal, 63, 129, 131 Zeiser, Shlomo, 175 Zion Square, beating in, 323–324 Zionists/Zionism, 351–352 Acceptance to Communities Law, 72, 77, 84, 85, 87, 88, 173, 226 art displayed in Knesset, 57 attack of Jaffa, 44–45 Christian Zionists, 177, 179–182 disillusionment with, 56–57, 64–68, 106, 170, 205, 237–238 Im Tirtzu and, 116–117, 224–226, 229–233 Institute for Zionist Strategies, 130, 229–230, 232 Jewish demographic majority, maintaining, 73–74, 87, 138–139, 173, 354, 355–356 neo-Zionism, 229–237 opposition to, 265–268 Second Zionist Revolution, 232, 234, 236 values of, 140–142 Zoabi, Hanin, 122–127, 223, 232 Anti-Incitement Act and, 131 cousins of, 132–133 death threats to, 131 end of democracy envisioned by, 139 on Gaza Freedom Flotilla, 103 heckling and reaction to Knesset flotilla speech, 123–127 Knesset sanctions and punishment, 130–131, 138 post-flotilla actions and attitude of, 131, 137–139 speech in Knesset on Gaza Freedom Flotilla, 122–124 Zochrot, 53 Zuabi, Abd El-Rahman, 132, 138

An Empire of Wealth: Rise of American Economy Power 1607-2000
by John Steele Gordon
Published 12 Oct 2009

But by the 1970s, as rich American fields were increasingly depleted and new ones became ever more expensive to exploit, cheaper foreign oil began to flow into the country in larger and larger amounts. Naturally, it wasn’t long before the oil-exporting countries sought to take advantage of this situation, forming a cartel called OPEC (Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries) to raise prices. As a result of the 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbors, many oil-exporting countries refused to export to the United States. Long lines formed at gas stations in what had always been the quintessential “land of plenty,” while prices for oil products rose steeply. It came as a profound shock to most Americans and to the American economy, as the cost of petroleum affects the price of nearly every other product.

…

So the United States and the Soviet Union, locked in a profound geopolitical struggle, had to find other ways in which to compete. But ICBMs also engendered a deep fear that events might spin out of control, as they had on the eve of the First World War, and lay the world waste in a nuclear holocaust. Twice, in the Cuban missile crisis of 1962 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973, that came perilously close to happening. One means for the United States and the Soviet Union to battle for supremacy was via proxy wars, such as those in Korea, Vietnam, and Afghanistan. Another was by using the technology of the rocket to explore outer space. The Soviet Union stunned the world on October 4, 1957, when it launched the world’s first earth-orbiting satellite, Sputnik.

From Counterculture to Cyberculture: Stewart Brand, the Whole Earth Network, and the Rise of Digital Utopianism
by Fred Turner
Published 31 Aug 2006

The economy that had been so strong in the mid-1960s had turned sour: by 1970 unemployment was running at 6 percent, interest rates had reached new heights, and the economy as a whole found itself pinched between inflation and recession.34 The resulting “stagflation,” as it was called at the time, led the Nixon administration to institute wage and price controls. In early 1973 inflation picked up steam again, and in the fall of 1973 the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries established an oil embargo in response to America’s support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. By the time the embargo was lifted in the spring of 1974, oil prices had risen some 300 percent. [ 120 ] Chapter 4 In 1973 the Nixon administration removed the last of America’s combat troops from Vietnam. The war that had provoked a decade of demonstrations was ending, for Americans at least.

…

51 Whyte, William, 42 Wiener, Norbert, 5; anti-aircraft predictor, 107, 178; Cybernetics; or, Control and Communication in the Animal and the Machine, 22, 52, 83; fear of automation, 23; fear of the ways science could be used to undermine human goals, 265n41; “first generation” of cyberneticians, 122; The Human Use of Human Beings: Cybernetics and Society, 22, 53, 191; I Am a Mathematician, 20 –21; influence on Whole Earth community, 4, 43, 49; interdisciplinary entrepreneurial work, 24 –25; on mass media, 179; systems theories, 243; view of information systems as sources of moral good, 23 –24, 228; vision of the world as an information system seeking homeostasis, 225, 234; war-related research, 20 –22 Wiese, Elizabeth Reba, 152 –53 Wiesner, Jerome, 177 Wilkinson, Lawrence, 184, 212 Wired, 3, 6, 7, 91; Barlow’s work in, 167; on Brockman, 129; and Dyson, 222; editorial process, 216; features on Electronic Frontier Foundation, 218; features on Global Business Network, 218, 221; features on Media Lab, 218, 221; financial status, 288n61; founding of, 209 –12; and Gilder, 222; and Gingrich, 222; interview between [ 327 ] Dyson and Gingrich, 231; March 1993 inaugural issue, 207; profiles of the Global Business Network, the Media Lab, and the WELL, 221; public offering, 235 –36; relationship with Dyson, 222; target audience, 218; vision of the digital future carried with it a version of the countercultural past, 208 –9; and Whole Earth network, the computer industry, and the Republican right, 223; and Whole Earth world, 212 –22 Wired Women, 152 Wolfe, Tom, 63, 65, 66; The Electric Kool-Aid Acid Test, 62, 220 Wolff, Michael, 211 Women on the WELL, 152 –53 Women’s Liberation Movement, 98 Woodhead, Robert, 136 World Economic Forum, 7, 13 WorldView Meetings, 188 World War II, triggered a transformation in American science, 17 World Wide Web, 213, 214, 247 “worm,” 167 Wozniak, Steve, 133, 136, 138, 172 Wurman, Richard Saul, 177, 211 Xerox, 106, 193 Xerox Palo Alto Research Center (PARC), 106, 111; Brand and, 246 – 47; Catalog as a conceptual resource book, 111, 112 –13; ethos of information sharing, 116, 117; and Kelly, 176; minicomputers, 129; personal computing, 117; researchers saw themselves as explorers on the edge of a technological frontier, 113; and “Spacewar” article, 118 Yom Kippur War, 119 “young game hackers,” 134 youth movement of 1960s, 28, 33. See also antiwar protests; Free Speech Movement Zen Buddhism, 46 Zomeworks, 110 Zuboff, Shoshanna, 2, 278n23 

War and Gold: A Five-Hundred-Year History of Empires, Adventures, and Debt
by Kwasi Kwarteng
Published 12 May 2014

The Smithsonian Agreement had settled on a dollar standard, ‘Bretton Woods without the gold’.3 According to Paul Volcker, who served as Chairman of the Federal Reserve from 1979 to 1987, the two years during which the Agreement held were ‘the most economically turbulent of the postwar period up to that point’.4 Of course, events in the Middle East would soon alter the perception of what ‘economic turbulence’ really involved. The Yom Kippur War of October 1973 had been preceded by ‘near-panic buying [of oil] by US and European independents [oil companies] as well as the Japanese’. These purchases sent ‘oil prices sky-rocketing’.5 For years, the Arab world had spoken in hushed tones of the hazily defined ‘oil weapon’ that could be used to achieve their various objectives in the politics of their region.

…

G., 105 Wood, Charles, 57–8 wool, 55, 70 Woolf, Virginia, 98 World Bank, 156, 289 establishment of, 140, 145–6, 351 World Economic Conference, 131 Wriston, Walter, 230 Xinhua News Agency, 298–9 Yamani, Sheikh Ahmed Zaki, 229–30 yen, dollar exchange rate, 194–5, 197, 200, 254, 299 yield, see ‘search for yield’ Yom Kippur War, 223–4, 229 Young Plan, 123 yuan (renminbi), value of, 285–8, 291–2, 296–9, 319, 358 zaibatsu, 191 Zakaria, Fareed, 355–6 Zandi, Mark, 314 Zhu Rongji, 288–9, 291–6 Zhuo Lin, 282 A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR Kwasi Kwarteng was born in London to Ghanaian parents. He has a PhD in History from Cambridge University and was elected as the Member of Parliament for Spelthorne in Surrey.

Lemon Tree: An Arab, a Jew, and the Heart of the Middle East
by Sandy Tolan
Published 1 Jan 2006

At times, Dalia would consider entering into a new discussion with the family. But then she would remember the Supersol bombing. In the fifteen years Bashir spent inside Israeli jails, wars would be fought and lost and leaders would rise and be shot down. In 1973, Egypt launched a surprise attack in what came to be known in Israel as the Yom Kippur War. An American president, Richard Nixon, resigned in disgrace, to be replaced by Gerald Ford, and then Jimmy Carter, who spoke of human rights and peace in the Middle East. Civil war broke out in Lebanon, where the Israelis would launch two invasions. In 1974 Arafat addressed the United Nations in New York, to the fury of Israel and thousands of American demonstrators, but to a standing ovation in the General Assembly, where he offered his dream of the "Palestine of tomorrow," whereby Arab and Jew would live side by side in a secular, democratic state.

…

Two years later, after intense negotiations with U.S. president Jimmy Carter, Sadat and Israeli prime minister Menachem Begin signed the Camp David accords, which ended the state of war between Egypt and Israel. It had been twelve years since the Arab world suffered catastrophic losses in the Six Day War and six years since Egypt had regained a measure of military respect in the Yom Kippur War, or what the Palestinians knew as the October War, of 1973; now, following Camp David, Israel would begin its pullout from the Sinai Peninsula. For many in the West, in Israel, and in Egypt, Sadat was a hero, a statesman who risked his life to make peace across what Rabin would call the "wall of hate surrounding Israel"; it was, for supporters, a necessary first step toward a Middle East finally at peace.

More: The 10,000-Year Rise of the World Economy
by Philip Coggan
Published 6 Feb 2020

Serious production of oil in Iraq began in 1934; and the first successful well in Saudi Arabia started pumping in 1938 and eventually produced 32m barrels.32 Before the Second World War, the Middle East produced 5% of the world’s oil; by 1959, it was 25%;33 and by 1970 it was 30%.34 The Arab countries demonstrated their power in the wake of the Yom Kippur war of 1973 when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (Opec) cartel embargoed supplies to countries that supported Israel and pushed through a quadrupling in the price of crude (see also Chapter 12). But higher oil prices spurred a greater focus both on energy saving in the Western world and on the search for oil in more remote places.

…

These safety measures did reduce road fatalities, which peaked in absolute terms in the US at 55,000 per year in the late 1960s; in terms of fatalities per mile travelled, the rate has halved since that period.43 Big changes also came in the 1970s when the surge in oil prices that followed the Yom Kippur War (between Arab nations and Israel) encouraged fuel-efficient cars. The giant “gas guzzlers” produced by Ford and General Motors lost market share to smaller Japanese imports. Governments also encouraged manufacturers to improve fuel consumption. The small-car phase did not last that long. When oil prices were low again in the 1990s, consumers bought larger cars in the form of sports utility vehicles (SUVs) and minivans.

Capitalism in America: A History
by Adrian Wooldridge and Alan Greenspan
Published 15 Oct 2018

Domestic oil fields had started to run out, forcing America to turn to new fields that were much more difficult to exploit. In 1973, 36 percent of the oil that Americans consumed was imported from abroad, compared with 22 percent in 1970. OAPEC’s decision in October 1973 to impose an oil embargo on America as punishment for its support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War thus squeezed the U.S. economy. Motorists waited in line for hours for a chance to fill their tanks and supplies frequently ran out. Tempers flared. Fists flew. In one extreme case, a station attendant was shot dead. The government tried everything it could to deal with its energy problem. Washington urged Americans to turn down their thermostats, reduced the speed limit to fifty-five miles per hour, invested in new forms of energy, and established a Department of Energy.

…

See also minimum wage Wagner Act of 1935, 257, 260, 261, 271 Walden (Thoreau), 427 Wales, Jimmy, 354 Wallace, Henry, 259 Wall Street, 220–23, 381–82, 391 financial crisis of 2007–2008, 27, 373–85, 443 financial deregulation and, 338–43 Wall Street (movie), 338 Wall Street Crash of 1929, 27, 221–24, 222, 242 Wall Street Journal, 138 Walmart, 293, 356, 423 Walton, Sam, 293 war bonds, 82 Ward, Aaron Montgomery, 140–41 War Industries Board, 186, 187 Warner, Charles Dudley, 164–65, 439 War of 1812, 16, 59, 68, 266 Warsaw Pact, 279 Washington, George, 5, 33, 34, 38–39, 46, 58, 62, 65, 67, 157, 161, 420 Watson, Thomas, 9, 422 Wealth of Nations, The (Smith), 6–7, 36, 256 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 178 Weber, Max, 22 WebMD, 403 Welch, Jack, 335–36, 391–92 “welfare capitalism,” 208–9 Wellington, Arthur, 137 Wells, David, 97 West, the closing of the frontier, 179–81 rise of (westward expansion), 110–22 Western Union, 138, 147–48 Westinghouse, 280, 335, 359 Westinghouse, George, 110, 203 whaling, 36–37 wheat, 10, 15, 117–18, 120, 121, 122 White, Harry Dexter, 279 White, Richard, 112–13, 139 White, William Allen, 115 White Castle, 197 Whitman, Walt, 37, 94 Whitney, Amos, 72 Whitney, Eli, 15–16, 46, 72, 73–74, 146 Whitney, Willis, 149 Whole Foods, 345 Whyte, William H., 295 Wikipedia, 354 Wilder, Laura Ingalls, 111 Williamson, Oliver, 210 Wilson, Charles, 289 Wilson, Edmund, 224 Wilson, Henry, 167 Wilson, Kemmons, 293 Wilson, Woodrow, 25, 152–53, 156–57, 178, 179, 184–86, 199, 230, 232, 427 Wolfe, Tom, 338 women workers, 362–65, 434, 435, 437 Woodruff, Ernest, 215 Woodruff, Robert, 215 Woolf, Virginia, 428 Woolworth, Frank, 95, 140–41 Woolworth Building, 92 Wordsworth, William, 38 Work, Hubert, 217 worker displacement, 21–22 workforce, 359–65, 398 workforce growth rate, 403–4 work hours, 208–9 workweek, 430–31, 454 World Bank, 278 WorldCom, 337 World Trade Organization (WTO), 278, 346 World War I, 184, 185–86, 187–88, 227, 267 World War II, 4, 267, 268–70 casualties, 275–76 post-war economic expansion, 270–72, 273–98 World Wide Web (WWW), 348–49 Wozniak, Steve, 323–24 Wright, Orville and Wilbur, 107–9 Wrigley, Philip, 209 Wyeth, Nathaniel, 70 Xerox Corporation, 350 Xerox PARC, 283, 319 Xi Jinping, 371 Yablochkov, Pavel, 105 Yale University, 364 Yerkes, Charles Tyson, 94 Yom Kippur War, 309 Young, Brigham, 45, 111–12 Zero to One (Thiel), 423 Zhu Rongji, 371 ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ About the Authors Alan Greenspan was born in 1926 and reared in the Washington Heights neighborhood of New York City. After studying the clarinet at Juilliard and working as a professional musician, he earned his B.S., M.A., and Ph.D. in economics from New York University.

Come Fly With Us: NASA's Payload Specialist Program
by Melvin Croft , John Youskauskas and Don Thomas
Published 1 Feb 2019

As was customary for Israelis, Ilan would change his name to Hebrew as he began his military service, in honor of his home country. Taking a combination of the letters from his father’s name, he came up with Ramon, as he would be known for the rest of his life. Ilan Ramon was a naturally gifted pilot and was even sent into combat while still a trainee, during the Yom Kippur War of 1973. He would go on to fly the American-built A-4 attack jet, the French Mirage IIIC, and eventually the General Dynamics F-16. It was his expertise in the F-16 that would lead to his selection to participate in a daring top secret raid to destroy an Iraqi nuclear facility in Tuwaitha on 7 June 1981.

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See Ramon, Ilan women in spaceflight program, 19, 195, 278, 350 Wood, Munro, 281, 283, 302 Wood, Nigel, 370 Wood, Robert, 281–83, 282, 300, 302–3 World War II, 137 Wright, Keith C., 165, 175 Wright, Rebecca, 85, 91, 168, 201, 245, 340 X-20 Dyna-Soar, 166, 223 X-33 technology demonstration, 219 X-34 technology demonstration, 219 X-37 projects, 219–20 X-Prize flights, 387 x-ray astronomy research, 259, 370 XRT (x-ray telescope), 130–31 Yardley, John, 20–21, 35–36 Yeakel, Glenn Scott, 195, 202 Yom Kippur War (1973), 378 Young, Dick, 186 Young, John, 25, 29, 42, 56, 64, 66, 92, 129 Yurchikhin, Fyodor, 218 Yuri Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center, 260 zero gravity: adjusting to, 185, 231, 236, 285, 289, 291, 327; as fun, 121, 149, 211, 298; research and, 188, 301, 330, 345–46; risks caused by, 294 Zoo Crew, 226 About Melvin Croft Melvin Croft has over thirty years of experience as a geologist and is a member of the organization collectSpace, which is dedicated to educating the public about historical and current space exploration.

Snakes and Ladders: The Great British Social Mobility Myth
by Selina Todd
Published 11 Feb 2021

Bankers were now free to borrow and lend money with little regulation, leading to huge speculation by those willing to pay the exorbitant rates of interest that the bankers demanded. With too much money chasing too few goods and services, prices increased and unemployment rose. Workers found their living standards were insecure and their future uncertain. Tension increased, especially when an oil-supply crisis in 1973 (the result of the Yom-Kippur War) increased oil prices globally. This meant the price of petrol rocketed, and obliged governments to pay more for their energy supplies. Inflation rose. Hundreds of thousands of workers struck for higher wages to keep pace with rising prices. Meanwhile, employers demanded more controls on trade union activity.70 By the early 1970s, working-class student radicals were leaving higher education for the wider world.

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, 223 Sex Discrimination Act (1975), 243 Sex Disqualification (Removal) Act (1919), 82 Shaw, George Bernard, 281 Shawcross, Hartley, 139 Sheffield, Yorkshire, 36 Sillitoe, Alan, 145 Simon, Brian, 96, 204 single mothers, 317 skilled work, 2, 5 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 105, 110–11, 130, 158 pioneer generation (1880–99), 17, 27, 28, 46, 47, 54, 60 precarious generation (1900–19), 8, 71, 73, 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 90 Slade School of Fine Art, 146 Slate, Ruth, 17, 31–3 Slawson, Eva, 31–3 slum clearance, 145, 208 Smethwick, West Midlands, 183–5 Smiles, Samuel, 15, 16, 22, 41, 105 Smith, Bessie, 226 Smith, Dai, 147 Smith, Kenny, 301, 306, 308, 326–7, 344, 346 Smithies, Edward, 121 Smiths, The, 278 snobbery, 41, 43, 47, 61, 65, 98, 158, 195, 204, 221, 246, 337 Snow, Charles Percy, 113 Social Mobility and Child Poverty Commission, 323 Social Mobility Awards, 339 social networks, 74, 182, 211, 282–3 social work, 5 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 117, 135, 136, 152, 155 golden generation (1935–55), 217 pioneer generation (1880–99), 33, 36 precarious generation (1900–19), 98 socialism, 10, 37, 91, 219, 221, 225 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 134, 139, 146, 147 education and, 19, 21, 24–5 feminism and, 31 golden generation (1935–55), 217, 218, 219, 221, 225–6, 228, 229, 241, 251 gradualism, 27 pioneer generation (1880–99), 19, 21, 24–5, 27–8, 31, 37, 38, 53, 229 precarious generation (1900–19), 88, 91, 92, 98, 100, 101 revolution and, 27–8, 38 syndicalists, 27 Socialist Democratic Federation (SDF), 18, 20, 53 Socialist Sunday Schools, 19, 21 Somerville, Jason, 345–6 Somerville, Mary, 86–7 South Africa, 179, 232 Soviet Union (1922–91), 39–40, 91, 120, 178, 219, 232 Spanish Civil War (1936–9), 101 Speakers for Schools, 339 Spens Report (1938), 194 Spirit Level, The (Pickett and Wilkinson), 348 Stacey, Margaret, 118, 134, 153–4, 160, 167–8 Stafford, John, 130 Stanley, Jo, 225, 235 stock market, 249, 255 Storey, David, 145, 146 Stoye, Edward, 179 strikes, 17, 25, 115, 130, 185–6, 247, 251 1911 Liverpool General Transport strike, 28 1926 General Strike, 39, 76, 93 1974 miners’ strike, 241 1984–5 miners’ strike, 280 suffragettes, 4, 31 Sugar, Alan, 256, 291 Sunday Times, 224 sunken middle class, 197 Sure Start, 307, 323 surgeons, 82 Sussex University, 150 Sutton Trust, 338, 340, 355 Swansea University, 151 Switzerland, 222 syndicalists, 27 table manners, 122 taxation breakthrough generation (1920–34), 136, 140 golden generation (1935–55), 214, 241, 249, 250, 259 millennial generation (1986–99), 330 precarious generation (1900–19), 80, 91 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 326, 330 teaching breakthrough generation (1920–34), 116, 132–4, 155 golden generation (1935–55), 192, 209–10, 214, 217, 236, 242, 244, 245, 261 magpie generation (1956–71), 276–7, 282, 290 millennial generation (1986–99), 331 pioneer generation (1880–99), 29–30 precarious generation (1900–19), 81–3 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 331, 332, 334 technical schools, 192, 193, 195, 199, 292 technical work breakthrough generation (1920–34), 105, 109, 112–20, 127, 129, 135, 149 golden generation (1935–55), 191, 196, 107, 208, 212, 214, 217 pioneer generation (1880–99), 34 precarious generation (1900–19), 74, 91–102 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 321 technological innovation, 149 temporary contracts, 289, 323, 324, 332, 338, 359 Ten Pound Poms, 172–3, 178 Thane, Pat, 126 Thatcher, Margaret, 247–63, 273, 280, 291, 293, 301, 327, 335, 354 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 6, 299–309 downward mobility, 299, 312, 319, 329, 344, 348 education, 300, 302, 303–6, 309, 312–20, 323–5, 326, 328, 332, 333–4 housing, 335–8 mental health, 317–19 trade unions and, 301, 317, 322, 339, 349 unemployment, 300–301 welfare and, 307, 308, 312, 319 This Sporting Life (Storey), 145 Thomas, Gillian, 204 Thomas, Maureen, 203, 204, 261–2, 290 Thompson, Barry, 161, 162–3, 164, 165, 169 Thompson, Edward, 146, 147 Thorn, Tracey, 270, 272, 279, 283, 287 Thornton, Pamela, 260 three-day week, 241 Titmuss, Richard, 152–3, 154 Todd, Marjory, 39 Todd, Roy, 200 Torrington, Claire, 301–2, 308–9, 324, 332, 336, 346, 347 Tower Hamlets, London, 302 trade unions, 6, 355, 357, 361, 365, 367, 368 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 110, 111, 114, 115, 130, 159 golden generation (1935–55), 214, 227, 228, 231, 234, 240, 243, 246, 256 immigrants and, 184–6 millennial generation (1986–99), 322, 339, 349 pioneer generation and (1880–99), 16–18, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 31, 55, 57, 63, 64 precarious generation (1900–19), 73, 76, 78, 80–81, 86, 88, 100, 101 magpie generation (1956–71), 283 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 301, 317, 322, 339, 349 Trades Union Congress (TUC), 17, 24, 39, 57 Transport and General Workers’ Union (TGWU), 36, 109, 184–6, 349 travellers, 267, 268, 269, 273, 279, 280, 282, 285, 288, 289 Trevelyan, Charles, 42 Trinidad, 180 Trinity Mirror, 327 tripartite education system, 192–9 tuition fees, 313, 324, 326, 349 Turner, Alec, 106 typing, 23, 33, 72, 85, 165, 236, 270 Ukraine, 178 unemployment breakthrough generation (1920–34), 163, 180 golden generation (1935–55), 201, 235, 240, 241, 246, 250, 252–4 magpie generation (1956–71), 277–8, 284 precarious generation (1900–19), 70–71, 73, 74–80, 88, 89, 100, 132, 133 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 303, 321 Unemployment Act (1922), 75, 78 Unicorn Grocery, 361 Union of Shop, Distributive and Allied Workers, 31 United States, 10, 24, 39, 174 civil rights movement (1954–68), 222, 225, 232 McCurran Act (1952), 181 socialism in, 27–8 Vietnam War (1955–75), 216 Wall Street Crash (1929), 3, 39, 70, 78 University College School, Hampstead, 33 University Extension Movement, 22 Unleashing Aspiration (2009), 322 unskilled work, 2 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 110–11, 158 golden generation (1935–55), 196 pioneer generation (1880–99), 28, 47, 56 precarious generation (1900–19), 71–2, 76, 81 upward mobility, 6, 7–8 decline in, 10, 267, 299 guilt and, 9, 244, 254, 281 self-sufficiency and, 9 social anxiety, 55, 65, 98–9, 148, 221, 230 useful classes, 94 Uses of Literacy (Hoggart), 144 Victorian period (1837–1901), 15–19, 42 Vietnam War (1955–75), 216 Virgin Atlantic, 256 Voluntary Service Overseas, 227 Vrooman, Walter, 24 Walker, Tony, 186–7 Wall Street Crash (1929), 3, 39, 70, 78 Wapping dispute (1986), 255 Ward, Jenny, 348 Warren, Tony, 223 Warwick University, 150, 208, 226 Waste Land, The (Eliot), 58 Waterhouse, Keith, 145, 146, 251 Watkins, Alan, 252, 254 Way to Win, The (Mann), 27 Webb, Beatrice and Sidney, 24 welfare, 5, 6–7, 9, 10, 368 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 117, 125, 127, 129, 136, 140–42, 144, 154–5, 164 golden generation (1935–55), 191, 213, 217, 218, 247, 248–9, 256, 260, 262, 263 magpie generation (1956–71), 267, 268, 271, 273, 277–8, 283 pioneer generation (1880–99), 28, 36 precarious generation (1900–19), 74, 81, 85, 89, 92, 93, 99 Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 307, 308, 312, 319, 324, 345 West Germany (1949–90), 199, 234 Westminster School, London, 21, 22 What Life Should Mean to You (Adler), 100–101 Whitehouse, John, 34 Wilkinson, Ellen, 29–32, 35, 193, 194, 366 Wilkinson, Richard, 348, 354 Williams, Raymond, 134, 145, 147, 149 Williams, William Emrys, 124 Willmott, Peter, 144, 155 Willmott, Phyllis, 111–12, 123, 128, 136, 141, 154–5 Wilson, James Harold, 150, 213, 225, 234, 236, 241, 247 Woman’s Hour, 87 Woman’s Own, 112 women, 8–9, 15, 364–5 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 108, 110, 112, 114–19, 123, 135, 151–5, 165–71 clerking, 5, 8–9, 16, 44, 74 domestic servants, 50–51, 79 golden generation (1935–55), 201, 206, 209, 220, 222, 242, 246, 249, 253, 254, 260 immigrants, 174–5 magpie generation (1956–71), 269–70, 274–5, 290 marriage, see under marriage millennial generation (1986–99), 313–14, 317 nursing, see under nursing pay gap, 243 ‘pin money’, 74–5, 85 pioneer generation (1880–99), 29–33, 39, 50–51, 81 precarious generation (1900–19), 74–5, 82–8 suffragettes, 4, 31 teachers, see under teaching Thatcher’s children (1972–85), 313–14, 317 unpaid labour, 4, 9, 32, 165–6, 170, 208, 364 World War I (1914–18), 5 World War II (1939–45), 112, 114–19, 123 Women’s Auxiliary Air Force (WAAF), 108, 123, 128 Women’s Liberation Movement, 269 Women’s Royal Naval Service (WRNS), 108 Women’s Work in Modern England, 86 Woodbrooke Settlement, 33 Woodhead, Leslie, 223 Workers’ Educational Association (WEA), 353, 355 breakthrough generation (1920–34), 108, 118, 124, 153 golden generation (1935–55), 227 pioneer generation and (1880–99), 22–7, 32, 33, 34, 35, 36, 39, 64, 233 precarious generation (1900–19), 78, 84, 96, 100, 101 workhouses, 42 World War I (1914–18), 5, 34–5, 37, 63, 64, 69–70, 71, 82, 100 World War II (1939–45), 5, 7, 9, 69, 105–27, 177, 179 Yates, Douglas, 212, 291 Yom-Kippur War (1973), 235 York University, 208 Young Communist League, 225–6, 228 Young Socialists, 226 Young, Frank Naismith, 48 Young, Lucy, 258–9, 304–5, 347 Young, Michael, 126, 134, 144, 147 Younghusband, Eileen, 136 zero-hours contracts, 301, 334 Zweig, Ferdynand, 210–11, 316 VINTAGE –home to the world’s greatest authors and books.

Radical Uncertainty: Decision-Making for an Unknowable Future
by Mervyn King and John Kay
Published 5 Mar 2020

In the 1960s, he built a team at Shell which constructed alternative scenarios of the company’s future operating environment. Famously, in early 1973 he presented senior management with a scenario in which Middle East oil producers formed a cartel to exert monopoly power. In October of that year the Yom Kippur war broke out between Israel and its neighbours. Arab states imposed an oil embargo on the United States and other western countries which were perceived as supporters of Israel. Oil prices rose sharply and continued to rise even after the embargo was relaxed the following year. Wack and his team were credited with having helped Shell anticipate the ‘oil shock’.

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O., 158 Wolfe, Tom, The Bonfire of the Vanities , 192 , 229 Woodford, Michael, 117 , 118 , 120 word frequencies, 236–7 World Bank, 99 , 390 World Health Organization (WHO), 375–6 Wozniak, Steve, 29 Wrangham, Richard, 161–2 Wright brothers, 275 Xerox Parc, 28 , 29 , 31 Yap (in Caroline Islands), 96 Yom Kippur war, 223 YouGov, 242 Yucatán asteroid, 32 , 42 , 70 , 72 , 86 , 238 , 402 Zimbabwe, 426 , 428 Zipf, George, 236–7

The Prize: The Epic Quest for Oil, Money & Power
by Daniel Yergin
Published 23 Dec 2008

The canvas is enormous—from the drilling of the first well in Pennsylvania through two great world wars to the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait. The Prize reveals how and why oil has become the largest industry in the world, a game of huge risks and monumental rewards. Oil has played a critical role in world events, from Japan's attack on Pearl Harbor and Hitler's invasion of Russia to the Suez crisis and the Yom Kippur War. It has propelled the once poor nations of the Middle East into positions of unprecedented world power. And even now it is fueling the heated debate over energy needs versus environmental protection. With compelling narrative sweep, The Prize chronicles the dramatic and decisive events in the history of oil.

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(London: Coronet, 1988), esp. pp. 262-64 and 32-33. [8] Interviews with William Quandt and Harold Saunders ("fall maneuvers"); Sadat, In Search of Identity, pp. 241-42; Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, pp. 482, 459-67; Safran, Israel, pp. 285-86, 484; Avi Shlaim, "Failures in National Intelligence Estimates: The Case of the Yom Kippur War," World Politics 28 (1975), pp. 352-59 ("conception"); Moshe Ma'oz, Asad: The Sphinx of Damascus (New York: Grove Weidenfeld, 1988), pp. 91-92. [9] Safran, Israel, pp. 482-90 ("Third Temple" and Meir's letters); Kissinger, Years of Upheaval, pp. 493-96 ("conscious"), 536 ("stakes"); Multinational Hearings, part 7, pp. 546-47 (Aramco letter), 217; Interviews with William Quandt, James Schlesinger, and Fadhil al-Chalabi; Schneider, Oil Price Revolution, pp. 225-26 (Kuwaiti oil minister); MEES, October 19,1973, p. 6.

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The Oil Follies of 1970-1980: How the Petroleum Industry Stole the Show (and Much More Besides). Garden City, N.Y.: Anchor Press/Doubleday, 1983. Sherwood, Elizabeth D. Allies in Crises: Meeting Global Challenges to Western Security. New Haven: Yale University Press, 1990. Shlaim, Avi. "Failures in National Intelligence Estimates: The Case of the Yom Kippur War." World Politics 28 (April 1976): 348-80. Shuckburgh, Evelyn. Descent to Suez: Diaries, 1951-1956. Ed. John Charmley. London: Weidenfeld and Nicolson, 1986. Shwadran, Benjamin. The Middle East, Oil and the Great Powers. 3d rev. ed. New York: John Wiley, 1973. Sick, Gary. All Fall Down: America's Tragic Encounter with Iran.

Jerusalem: The Biography
by Simon Sebag-Montefiore
Published 27 Jan 2011

N., Paul: The Mind of the Apostle, London 1998 Wrba, Marion, Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Tel Aviv 1996 INDEX Aachen, 379n Aaron, 86n Abbas (uncle of the Prophet), 186-7 Abbas, Mahmoud, 507-9, 518n Abbasid dynasty, 188-90, 194-5, 403 Abcarius Bey, 400n Abd al-Malik, Caliph, 27n, 172n, 181-4, 188, 190 Abdi-Hepa, King, 14-15 Abdul-Aziz al-Saud, see Saud Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan, 362, 364, 377, 384, 402, 424 Abdullah, King of Jordan, 402-3, 406, 432-3, 441, 448, 468, 470, 513 assassination, 484-5 and Israeli war, 474-83 Abdullah II, King of Jordan, 492, 513 Abdullah, Saud, K, see Saud Abdullah Pasha, 323 Abdulmecid, Sultan, 330, 348 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of, 334 Abibaal, King of Tyre, 25 Abishag, 25 Aboukir Bay, Battle of, 312 Abraham, 16, 27n, 39n, 45n, 86, 152n and Islam, 170, 182, 185 Abraham's Vineyard, 335 Absalom, 23-4 Absalom's Pillar, 24n, 195 Abu al-Abbas, Caliph, see al-Saffah Abu Bakr, 171-2 Abu Dis, 507 Abu Ghosh, 308-9, 346, 363 Abu Muslim, 187-8 Abu Saad, 200n Abu Sulayman Dawud, 243 Abu Ubayda, 172, 404 Abyssinia, 453n Achcar, Gilbert, 435, 455n Acra fortress, 62, 65-7 Acre, 310-11, 315, 322, 456 Crusader siege, 255-8 and Crusaders, 209, 213n, 216-17, 227, 233, 236, 239, 243, 249, 255-8, 263, 265n, 267, 269-70 and Mamluk conquest, 277-8, 279 Napoleonic siege, 316-17 see also Ptolemais Actian Games, 83 Actium, Battle of, 81, 88 Adam, 17, 27n, 152n, 170, 182, 185 Adams, John, President, 337, 374 Adelaide, Queen of Jerusalem, 217-18 Adhemar of Le Puy, Bishop, 210-11 Adiabene, Helena, Queen of, see Helena Adonijah, 25 Adonizedek, King, 18 Aegean Sea, 15, 18 Aelia Capitolina, 134-5, 137-8, 140, 145-7 Afdal, Sultan, 247-8, 264, 437, 502 Afdaliyya Madrassa, 264 Afghanistan, 54, 161, 187, 406 Agnes, Queen Mother, 237, 243-4 Agrippina, Empress, 116, 120 Ahab, King, 31-2 Ahaz, King, 33-4 al-Ahd, 403 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 48n Ahmed Duzhdar Aga, 351 Ahmet Jazzar Pasha, the Butcher, see Jazzar, Pasha, Ahmet Aibeg, Sultan, 272n Aisha, 171 Akeldama, 109, 227, 389 Akhenaten, pharaoh, 14, 15n Akhmon, Arik, 494 Akiba, Rabbi, 135-6 Alami family, 360, 446 Musa al-Alami, 447 Sheikh al-Alami, 255n Alamut, 203n Alapaesk, 444n Alaska, 382n Alchelai, Rabbi Yehuda Hai, 374 Aleppo, 220, 234, 254, 264, 271n, 276, 291, 303, 405, 416n Alexander the Great, 52-5, 57, 72, 82n, 106n, 133 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 340 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 347, 350n, 353, 368 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 368-9 Alexander Jannaeus, King, 69-70, 71n, 106n, 233n Alexander, Prince, 88-9, 93n Alexander, Michael Solomon, 334 St Alexander Nevsky Church, 135n, 147n, 369, 386 Alexandra, 79-81, 83 Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 369, 386n, 387n, 444n Alexandria, 54-6, 60, 62, 74, 76-7, 81-2, 122, 124, 126, 144-5, 164, 239, 281, 333 Alexandrium fortress, 81, 89 Alexei, Tsarevich, 385 Alexios, Emperor, 209 Ali (Caliph), 178, 180, 187-8, 194 Ali, King, 432n Ali Bey, 310 Aliyah, 369-70, 375, 383 Allenby, General Sir Edmund, 1st Viscount, 355n, 408-9, 414-21, 425-6, 486n, 496 Allenby Barracks, 463 Almohads, 240 al-Qaeda, 447 Alter family, 486n Alypius, 150 Amaury, King of Jerusalem, 237-43, 249, 256n, 265 Amaury of Lusignan, King of Cyprus, 165n Amel-Marduk, King of Babylon, 45-6 al-Amer, Field Marshal Abdel-Hakim, 492-5, 492, 495 American Colony, 365-6, 408n, 417-18, 473, 488, 496, 506 American evangelists, 336-9 Amman, 475, 478, 485, 487, 493 Ammunition Hill, 496 Amnon, 23-4, 56n Amr ibn al-As, 173, 177, 179n Amra, 185 Amsterdam, 302 Anabaptists, 297 Ananias, 70n Ananus, 119, 123-5 Anatolia, 55, 209, 234, 277, 284, 396, 405n Andrew, Princess, of Greece, 454n Andrews, Lewis, 449 Andronikos Komnenos, Emperor, 238 Anglo-American Commission, 464 Angola, 382n Anilaeus, 101n Ankara, 459n Annas (high priest), 103-4, 119, 124 St Anne's church and monastery, 217, 228, 255n, 286, 348, 397 Ansari family, 519 Sheikh Abd al-Salam al-Ansari, 213 Adeb al-Ansari, 519 Sheikh Khalil al-Ansari, 391 Antebi, Albert, 384 Antigonos, 'One-Eyed', King, 54 Antigonos, King, 75-8, 88n Antinopolis, 135 Antinous, 134-5 Antipater, 71-2, 74-5, 88-90, 92-3 Antioch, 60-1, 63, 65, 67, 118, 123-4, 144, 161, 277 and Crusaders, 204, 209-10, 215, 217, 219, 223-4, 234, 236, 238, 256 Antiochus III the Great, King, 57-8, 60 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King, 60-5, 72, 91n, 106n, 135 Antiochus VII Sidetes, King, 68 anti-Semitism (the word), 368n Antonia, 111, 114 Antonia fortress, 1, 4, 6, 78, 82-4, 86, 90, 101, 106n, 118, 120, 122, 134, 179, 344n Antoninus Pius, Emperor, 138, 184n Antonius Felix, see Felix Antonius, George, 443, 445, 447, 464 Antonius, Katy, 443, 464-7, 469-70, 488 Apocalypse, xix, 4, 44, 62, 86n, 132, 165, 170, 187, 197 Jesus Christ and, 97-8, 102-3, 106 Appian, 133, 136 Aqaba, 407-8, 419, 425 Aquileia, 89 al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade al-Aqsa Mosque, 184-5, 187-8, 200, 395, 485 and Arab Revolt, 448 and Buraq Uprising, 437-8 and Crusaders (Temple of Solomon), 212-13, 217, 219, 221, 227, 229, 235, 269-70 daily rituals, 519-20 fire, 502 and Israeli war, 477 and King Abdullah's assassination, 481-2 and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280, 287 and Marwan Mosque, 506 negotiations and access, 502-3, 506-7, 510, 513, 516 Nur al-Din's minbar, 237, 254, 269, 502 and Ottoman sultanate, 291-2, 299n, 304-5 and Six Day War, 495 Arab Club, 422 Arab Higher Committee, 467-8, 473 Arab Investigation Centres, 450 Arab League, 469, 471, 477, 481, 504 Arab Legion, 279n, 454, 472, 477-9, 484-6 Arab Liberation Army, 469, 478 Arab Revolt, 402-9, 415, 443n, 478, 482 under Grand Mufti, 448-54, 459, 463 Arabic learning and science, 190n, 203n Arafat, Yasser, 469, 477, 491, 503-10, 515, 517, 518n Aram-Damascus, 33 Araq e-Emir, 62n Araunah the Jebusite, 24, 27n archaeology, 354-6, 390, 393, 502, 504, 509, 511n Arculf, Bishop, 179 Arda, Queen of Jerusalem, 217 Aref, Abdel-Rahman, President, 494 Aretas, King of Nabataea, 71 Aretas IV, King of Nabataea, 95, 98 Argentina, 376, 382, 485 Argyll, John Campbell, 9th Duke of, 354 Aristobulos, King, 69 Aristobulos II, King, 70-2, 76n Aristobulos, Prince, 88, 95-6, 111 Aristotle, 190n Arius, 144-5, 148 Ark of the Covenant, 7, 17-18, 22, 24, 27, 44, 157n, 376 and Parker fiasco, 389-93 Armageddon, 41 Armenia, 81, 96n, 131n, 156n, 163-4, 405n Armenian Chapel of St Helena, 140n Armenian Monastery, 287n, 324, 352n, 496 Armenian Quarter, 103n, 119n, 132, 285, 497, 510 Armenians, 255, 285, 287n, 296, 352n, 359, 415, 518-19 genocide, 398, 400, 408, 416n and religious conflict, 298-9, 320, 348, 488 Arnold, Bishop of Bamberg, 201 Arnulf, Patriarch, 214 Arp Arslan, Sultan, 201-3 Arsuf, 259 Artas, 399 Artaxerxes I, King of Persia, 51, 337n Arthur, King, 65n Ashdod, 65 Asherah, 38 Ashkelon, 18, 56, 67, 214, 220, 236, 238, 243, 249, 255, 260 Ashkenaz, 298 Ashkenazi Jews, 20, 191n, 298, 308, 330, 443 Ashraf, 180n Ashrafiyya madrassa, 287 Asinaeus, 101n Asmahan, 457-9 Asquith, Herbert, 1st Earl of Asquith and Oxford 411, 413 Assassins, 203n, 260n Assyrians, 31, 33-9, 48 Astyges, King of Media, 47 Athaliah, Queen of Jerusalem, 31-2, 233n Athens, 60, 150 Atlas mountains, 57n al-Atrash, Amal, see 'Asmahan' Atsiz ibn Awak al-Khwarazmi, 202-3 Attila the Hun, 157 Attlee, Clement, 1st Earl, 462, 464, 467 Augusta Victoria fortress, 379n, 390, 395, 408, 417, 431, 433, 479, 484n, 496 Augustus, Emperor (Octavian), 75, 77, 81-4, 88-90, 92-3, 113, 133, 160 Auschwitz, 408n, 487 Austin, Willie, 322 Australians, 421, 456-7 Austrian Hospice, 356, 429, 485 Avars, 164 Avigad, Nahman, 106n, 159n Azekah, 42n Azerbaijan, 163 Aziz, Caliph, 194, 197 Aziz, Sultan, 264 Azizus, King of Emesa, 116 Azmey Pasha, 390 Azouri, Najib, 385 Baal, 31-3, 38, 39n Baal Shem Tov, 359n Bab al-Qattanin, see Gate of the Cotton Merchants Bab al-Silsila, see Gate of the Chain Bab el-Ghawanmeh, 519 Babylon, 14, 22, 27n, 35-6, 39, 41-3, 44n, 45-7, 49, 54, 57n, 60, 101n, 370, 501 Babylonian Chronicles, 39 Babylonians, 1, 34n, 39, 41-6, 48 Baedeker, Karl, 358, 360, 385 Baghdad, 172n, 188, 193-5, 202, 203n, 207n, 215, 272, 282, 449 Jewish population, 48n, 240n, 352n and Ottoman sultanate, 291-2 Bahat, Dan, 506n Baibars, Sultan, 271-2, 275-7, 292n, 361 Bairam Pasha, 297 Bakaa, 443 al-Baladhuri, 172n Balak, 220 Balaklava Railway, 348 Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 210, 215-18 Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 218-21, 224, 229n Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 221, 233, 235-8 Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 242-5 Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem, 245-6, 320n Balfour, Arthur, 1st Earl of, xxv, 381, 409-10, 412-15, 428, 431, 440-1 Balfour Declaration, 414-15, 422-4, 427-9, 431, 437-9, 453, 456 Balian of Ibelin, 245, 247, 249-50, 253-4 Balkans, 291, 341, 361, 395 Ballin, Albert, 376 Ballobar, Count Antonio de, 396-8, 400, 416-17 Balsam of Gilead, 79n bar Kochba, Simon, 135-7, 163, 383 Barabbas, 102, 105 Barak, Ehud, 506-7, 512-13 Barcelona, 279 Barclay's Gate, 354n Bardawil lagoons, 218 Baris fortress, 54, 69n, 78 Barka Khan, 271, 361n Barkat, Nir, 511 Barker, General Evelyn 'Bubbles', 462, 464, 466-7 Barsbay, Sultan, 286 Barsoma of Nisibis, 153-5 Bartholomew, Peter, 209 Barton, General, 422 Basle, 375, 380n Basra, 196 Bathsheba, 23, 25 Bathsheba's Pool, 363 Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 143 Battle of the Pyramids, 312 Bay of Issus, 163 bayah, 178 Bayley, Lieutenant-Colonel, 418 Bayt Nuba, 260 Beautiful Gate, 101-2n, 109, 165n, 264 Becket, Thomas, 228n Beersheba, 414 Begin, Menachem, 458-62, 465-7, 472, 480, 493, 496, 504-5, 508 Behustan mountains, 161 Beilin, Yossi, 504-5 Beirut, 9, 89, 216, 225, 238, 338, 347, 405, 458, 505 and Parker fiasco, 391-2 Russian assault, 310, 316n and Three Pashas, 397-8, 416n Beit Jala, 197n Belisarius, General, 130n, 159 Bell, Gertrude, 404 Belshazzar, 45-7 Belzers, 484n ben Sira, Jesus, 58, 199n ben Zakkai, Rabbi Yohanan, 132 ben Zakkai Synagogue, 330 Ben-Gurion, David (David Grun), 398, 415, 430-1, 439, 443n, 484, 490, 503n and Deir Yassin massacre, 469 and Israeli state, 445-6, 450, 453, 458-62, 465, 467-70, 474-7, 479-80, 502 origins, 381-3 and premiership, 481, 492 and Suez crisis, 490 Benjamin, 164 Benjamin of Tudela, 24n, 240n Berekhah, Rabbi, 153 Berenice, Queen of Chalcis, 5-6, 9, 116, 119, 121-3, 126, 129, 131 Berlin, 398, 414, 416n, 443, 454-5, 461, 486 Bernadotte, Count Folke, 480-3 Betar, 137 Betar youth organization, 430, 437-8, 461 Bethany, 227-8 Bethel, 17n, 30 Bethesda Pool, 37, 72, 100, 228 Bethlehem, 91, 94, 155, 399 Church of the Nativity, 216, 342 and Crusades, 208, 210, 268 Beth-Zacharia, 65 Beth-Zur, 67 Bevin, Ernest, 462 Bible, xviii, xx, xxiv, 10, 13, 21-3, 25-6, 28-9, 31-2n, 35, 40, 45, 477 Aleppo Codex, 100n, 213 and archaeology, 354-5 Authorized Version, 300 the Gospels, 10, 91, 97, 99, 102, 105, 108, 144 inconsistencies in, 16n Latin translation, 152 Masoretic, 100n New Testament, 117, 121 Old Testament, 19, 55n, 69, 100n Orde Wingate and, 451-2 Pentateuch, 15-16, 45n and Protestantism, 297, 300-1, 331 St Petersburg Codex, 100n Septuagint, 55, 100n and Zionism, 412 Bible, books of Acts of the Apostles, 109n, 114-15 Chronicles, 30, 152n Daniel, 44, 45n, 63n, 97 Deuteronomy, 40, 82, 114 Ezekiel, 388 Exodus, 17, 39n Genesis, 16, 39n, 298 Isaiah, 33, 97, 100 Jeremiah, 41n Judges, 17n, 18 Kings, 22, 30, 32, 37n Lamentations, 43 Numbers, 40n, 86n, 135 Psalms, 19, 43-5, 102, 107, 156n, 426 Revelation, 121, 133, 213n, 366 St John, 91-2n, 98, 103, 109n St Luke, 91, 93, 96, 99n, 102, 105, 108, 109n St Mark, 96n, 99n, 102, 105, 109n St Matthew, 91, 96n, 99, 105, 109 Samuel, 22 Thessalonians, 118 Biblical Zoo, 483 Bird, Eugene, 488-9 Bird, Kai, 489 Birobidzhan, 440n, 463 Bishop Gobat's School, 449 Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 362, 377 Black Hand cell, 447 Black Hundreds, 383 Black Letter, 439 Black Obelisk, 32n Black Sabbath, 465 Black Sea, 163, 191n Black September, 502 Black Sunday, 450 Blake, William, 45, 321n, 462 Bliss, Frederick, 390 blood libel, 333, 336, 351, 374 Boer War, 355n Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, 210, 215, 244 Bokharan Quarter, 375, 444 Bologna, 238 Bols, Major-General Sir Louis J., 431 Bombay, 444n Book of the Glory of Kings, 157n Book of Zerubabbel, 163 Book of Zohar, 298 Bordeaux pilgrim, 147-9, 152n Bosnia, 315n, 318 Bosphorus, 144 Bosra, 169 Boston, 337 Boston Herald, 441 Bradford, William, 301 Brandeis, Louis, 428 Breslavers, 486n Brest-Litovsk, 461 Bridges, Robert, 321n Brindisi, 266, 269 Britain British Jews, 257, 277n, 301-2, 350 and conversion of Jews, 330-5 Roman, 124, 136, 150 and state of Israel, 467 and Suez crisis, 490 and Zionism, xxv, 380-1, 409-15, 423-4, 431, 443, 466 Britannicus, Tiberius Claudius, 116n British Military Cemetery, 434 Bronner, Ethan, 510 Bronze Age, 13 Brooke, Rupert, 419 Brothers, Richard, 322-3 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 75 Bubastis, 31 Buchan, John, 404 Bulgaria, 361 bullae, 32, 41n, 43 Burma, 453n 'Burma Road', 480 Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 37 Byzantium, 144 Caecina, 131 Caesar, Gaius Julius, 72-5, 131, 134n Caesarea, 82, 93, 99n, 100, 115, 119, 121, 140, 164, 209, 216 Caesarea Maritima, 9 Caesarea Philippi, 9, 116 Caesarion, 74, 81, 82n Cafe Jawhariyyeh, 444 Caiaphas (high priest), 99n, 100, 103-4, 108, 110 Cairo, 207n, 271, 272n, 302-3, 305, 316n, 436, 438, 469, 480, 491n, 493 Albanian conquest, 326 and British rule, 402-4, 408 and caliphs, 192, 194-6, 198-200, 215 and Fatimid Egypt, 239-40 and Mamluk sultanate, 278, 283-5, 287 Oriental Stores, 423 and Saladin, 243, 251 and Sultan Baibars, 275, 277 Cairo Geniza, 199n Cairo University, 449 Calcutta, 450 Calhoun, John, 336 Caligula, Emperor, 60, 82n, 111-14, 116 caliphs, 172n, 184, 433 Callirhoe, 90 Calvary, 106n, 285 Cambrai, 239n Cambyses II, King, 49 camels, 16n, 344, 407 Camp David, 506 du Camp, Maxime, 345, 347 Canaanites, 14, 16, 18, 39n Canada, 466n Cappadocia, 88n Capri, 98, 111-12 Caracalla, Emperor, 138 Carchemish, 41 Cardo, 135n, 147, 160, 226, 501 Carnegie, Mrs Andrew, 423 Caroline of Brunswick, Princess, 321-3 Carrhae, Battle of, 76n Carter, Jimmy, President, 503 Carthage, 60, 130n, 159 Carthaginians, 39n, 106n Cartwright, Ebenezer, 301 Cassius Longinus, Gaius, 74 Cassius Dio, 135n, 136-7 Castile, 298 de Castro, Abraham, 294 Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 310, 311n, 315n, 317, 340 Cathisma Church, 176, 201 Catholic Church, 157, 189, 208 and religious conflict, 201, 296, 299-300, 331, 339, 341, 343, 424, 485, 517 Cave of Hira, 169 Cecil, Lord Robert, 414 Celebi, Evliya, see Evliya Cervantes, Miguel de, 446 Chabon, Michael, 382n Chamberlain, Joseph, 380 Chamberlain, Neville, 452-3 Chancellor, Sir John, 437-8, 443 Chapel of the Apparition, 520-3 Chapel of the Hill of Calvary, 236 Chapman, Thomas, 404 chariots, 26, 28 Charlemagne, Emperor, 65n, 189, 229n, 267, 343, 355, 379n Charles V, Emperor, 294n, 295 Charles I, King, 300-1 Charles of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, 278n Charles, Prince of Wales, 505 chastity, 144-5 Chateaubriand, Francois-Rene, Vicomte de, xxiv, 319-21 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 285 child sacrifice, 39 China, 185, 284, 365 Chindits, 453n Christ Church, 334 Christian Quarter, 189, 201, 364, 507 Christianity, 10, 34, 48n, 55, 63n, 109, 117, 139 Great Schism, 201 hierarchy and divisions in, 144 and Judaism, 110, 118, 140 Roman adoption of, 143-5, 150-1 and suppression of Jews, 148-50 Christians, early, 114-19, 121, 132-4, 136, 138-40 Christology, 144, 156-7 Chronicon Paschale, 135n church bells, 196, 214, 255, 330 Church of Holy Archangels, 103n Church of Mary Magdalene, 368, 386, 444n, 455n, 489 Church of Our Lady of Jehoshaphat, 228 Church of the Dormition, 379n, 492 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, xxi, 106n, 108, 149, 197, 303, 400, 420, 456, 485, 510 and Arab conquests, 173, 175-6, 178, 182-3, 189-92, 194 construction by Empress Helena, 147 and Crusaders, 208, 212-15, 217, 221, 225, 227-8, 233, 235, 243, 250, 260, 269 daily rituals, 518-20 and Descent of the Holy Fire, 198, 228, 230, 300, 305, 328, 348, 361, 367, 388, 518 destruction by fire, 320 Fatimid destruction, 199-200 the Holy Sepulchre, 134, 152, 165, 175, 177n, 178, 185, 189-92, 194 and international visitors, 320, 328, 341, 345-6, 348, 353, 367-8, 378 and Islamic sultanate, 254-5, 260, 263 last Crusader grave, 422n latrines, 310 and Mamluk sultanate, 281, 285-7 model of, 160 and Mongol raids, 277 and Napoleonic invasion, 316, 318 and Ottoman sultanate, 299-300 Persian destruction, 162-3 and pilgrims' accommodation, 201 and religious conflict, 320, 339, 343, 348, 424, 520-1 and Tartar conquest, 271 and Turkish conquests, 203 Church of the Pinnacle, 160n Church of the Redeemer, 378 Church of the Resurrection, 153 Churchill, Clementine, 433 Churchill, Lord Randolph, 433n Churchill, Sir Winston, xxv, 382n, 423n, 429n, 431-4, 441, 453n, 466, 477, 484n, 485 and Zionism, 410-14, 432, 461 CIA, 489 Cilicia, 26, 88n, 117, 131n circumcision, 45, 61-3, 118, 130, 360 ban on, 134, 137 and Islam, 171 Citadel, xxi, 8-9, 84, 88, 123, 132, 136, 185, 202, 348 and Crusaders, 207, 215, 217 Clarence, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of, 362 Claudius, Emperor, 5, 114-16, 146n Clausewitz, Carl von, 446 Clemenceau, Georges, 427-8 Cleopatra II, Queen of Egypt, 67n Cleopatra III, Queen of Egypt, 70n Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt, 73-5, 77-82, 131 Cleopatra Selene, 82n Cleopatra Thea, 67n Clermont, 208-9 Clifford, Clark, 464 Clinton, Bill, President, 506, 508-9, 514 Cobb, Miss, 399 Cohen, Amnon, 509n Cohen, 'Red Rosa', 430 Cold War, 489 Columbus, Christopher, 294n Conder, Lieutenant Charles, 355n, 363n Congress of Berlin, 362, 409 Congreve, General Sir Walter 'Squib', 445 Conrad III, King of Germany, 234-5 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, 249, 256n Conrad II, King of Jerusalem, 270n Conradin, King of Jerusalem, 270n Constantine the Great, Emperor, 140, 143-5, 148-9, 163, 182, 184, 217, 369, 409 Constantine IX Monamachus, Emperor, 200 Constantine X Doukas, Emperor, 201 Constantinople, 130n, 144, 147, 153-6, 158-9, 165, 189, 192, 207n, 209, 217, 416, 442 and Arab conquest, 180, 183, 185-6, 190 Hagia Sofia, 159, 181-2, 201 Nika riots, 158 Ottoman conquest, 288 and Persian threat, 161, 163-4 Russian conquest, 311n see also Istanbul Constantius Chlorus, Emperor, 140 Constantius II, Emperor, 148n, 149-50 Cook, John Mason, 379 Cook, Thomas, 363 Cook, Miss, 335 Coptic Church, 157n, 310, 519 Cordoba, 200n, 499 Council of Chalcedon, 157 Council of Nicaea, 145, 148 Court of Women, 8, 86 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 72-3, 76n, 106n Creasy, Mathilda, 345 Cremieux, Adolphe, 333 Cresson, Warder, 336-8 Crete, 14, 79, 101, 327 Crewe, Margaret, Marchioness of, 414 Crimea, 191n, 304, 382n, 440n Crimean War, 343-4, 345n, 347-8, 352 Crispus Caesar, 145 Croesus, King of Lydia, 47 Cromwell, Oliver, 301-2, 303, 331 Crossman, Richard, 461 crucifixion, 1-2, 62, 105-7 Crusader architecture, 254 Crusades, 189, 355, 420, 428 Count Thibault's, 270 Eighth, 277n Fifth, 265-6 First, 208-10 and holy war theory, 208 and reconquest of Spain, 285, 293-4 Second, 234, 333 Seventh, 271 Third, 255-62 Ctesiphon, 161-2 Cunningham, General Sir Alan, 467, 474-5 Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess, 414, 415n, 426, 432-3 Curzon, Robert, 328-9 Cyprus, 35, 55, 84n, 133, 179, 257, 260n, 325, 362, 380-1, 436 Cyrenaica, 55 Cyrene, 81 Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, 47-50, 53 Czechoslovakia, 452-4 Dacia, 134 Daimbert, Patriarch, 215-16 Dajani family, 296, 308n, 360-1, 439, 469, 488 Damas, General, 312, 316 Damascus, 22, 29, 32n, 71, 194, 316n, 318, 323, 350, 380, 383, 417n, 469, 492 and Albanian conquest, 327 and Arab conquests, 172, 176, 178, 181, 185-6, 310 and Crusaders, 217, 223-4, 235, 243, 246, 249 and division of Middle East, 403, 405, 421, 426, 428, 469 and Islamic sultanate, 251-3, 262-4, 268 Jewish population and blood libel, 333, 336, 374 and Mongol conquest, 272, 279 and St Paul's conversion, 117, 143 and Tamurlane's conquest, 282-4 and Three Pashas, 397-8, 416 Umayyad Mosque, 96n, 185 Damascus Gate, 110, 134, 135n, 138, 152n, 157, 208, 211, 226, 270, 304, 364-5, 379, 395, 397, 467, 479, 518 Damasus, Bishop, 151 Damietta, 265 Dan, 30 Daniel, prophet, 45-6, 97, 100n, 150 Daniel the stylite, 154 Danube, river, 343 Danzig, 513 Darius I 'the Great', King of Persia, 49-50, 52, 106n Darius III, King of Persia, 53 d'Aubeny, Philip, 422n House of David, 22, 32n David, King, xix, xxiv, 7, 10, 13, 19-25, 32n, 40, 46, 67n, 86, 133, 140, 304-5, 374, 491 and Bathsheba, 23, 25, 363 and Charlemagne, 189 and Islam, 170, 175, 182, 185 his palace, 23n, 501n relics of, 152 David el-Rey, 240n David's Tomb, see Mount Zion, Cenacle Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), 171, 302, 436-7, 459, 502 see also Yom Kippur War Dayan, Moshe, 400n, 456, 481, 487, 504 and Orde Wingate, 451-2 and Six Day War, 493-8 Dayan, Ruth, 452, 494 D-Day, 459 Dead Sea, 90, 96, 123 Dead Sea Scrolls, 100n, 495 Debussy, Claude, 423 Deir Yassin massacre, 471-2, 473 Delhi, 283 Demetrius II, King of Syria, 67n Deraa, 419 Dervishes, 303-4, 360-1 Descent of the Holy Fire, 198, 228, 230, 300, 305, 328, 348, 361, 367, 388, 519 desert monasteries, 154 Deuteronomists, 45n Dickie, Archibald, 390 Digness, Mendel, 335 Diocletian, Emperor, 140, 145 Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, 240n, 324-5, 352, 362, 409, 411, 424 Dome of Solomon, 265n Dome of the Ascension, 165n Dome of the Chain, 179, 212, 219 Dome of the Rock, 27n, 148, 181-5, 188, 190, 197, 250, 304-5, 400, 408, 424, 480 and Crusaders (Temple of the Lord), 212-13, 217, 219, 227-9, 241, 270 daily rituals, 519-21 and Islamic sultanate, 254, 261, 263, 268-9 Israeli shootings, 503 and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280-1, 284 negotiations and access, 510, 519 and Ottoman sultanate, 291-2, 305 and Parker fiasco, 391 regilding of, 491 and Six Day War, 495, 497 Domitian, Emperor, 121n, 130n, 131, 133 Donmeh sect, 303n Donner, Fred M., 174n Doris, 85, 88-9 Dorr, David, 347 Double Gates, 138n, 184 Dreyfus Affair, 373 Drusilla, Queen, 116, 119 Drusus, 111 Druze, 199, 356, 519 Duff, Captain Robin, 389n, 390-1 Dung Gate, 329, 497 East Prussia, 382n, 461 Easter, 148n, 159, 276, 298, 305, 339, 360, 388 Eban, Abba, 493-4 Ebenezer, Battle of, 18 Ebionites, 140n Ecclesiasticus, 58, 199n Edessa, 210, 213n, 215, 217-18, 224, 264 fall of, 233-4 Edict of Milan, 144 Edom, 65, 77 Edomites, 19, 29, 43, 69 Edward I, King, 65n, 277n, 354 Edward VII, King, 353-4, 363n Edwiga, Abbess, 201 Egeria, 152 Egypt, 13, 19n, 22, 26, 44n, 109n, 133, 135, 138, 422, 468-70 and Albanian conquest, 326-7, 334 and Arab conquests, 191, 193-4 and British rule, 362, 380, 396-7, 403, 405, 407, 423, 449 and Crusaders, 216, 218 and desert monks, 154 and Greek conquest, 53-6, 57n, 61-2 and Islamic sultanate, 243-4, 251, 253, 260-1, 264-6 and Israeli war, 477-8, 480 Israelites in, 16-17 Jewish community, 194-5 killing of dogs and cats, 198 Napoleonic invasion, 311-12, 317-18 and Nur al-Din's conquest, 238-41, 251 and Ottoman conquest, 291, 294 and peace deal, 502-3 and Persian conquests, 49-50, 162-4 and Roman occupation, 73-7, 81-2 and Six Day War, 489, 494-5, 517 and Suez Canal, 355, 490 and Turkoman conquest, 202 and UAR, 490-1 and Yom Kippur War, 505 Egyptians, ancient, 14-15, 18, 28-30, 35-6, 38, 41-2, 85n Eichmann, Adolf, 487 Eilat, 493 Ein Kerem, 95, 365, 449 Ekron, 20 El Alamein, Battle of, 460 El-Arish, 218, 380-2 Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen, 234-5, 257 Eleazar the Galilean, 130 elephants, 57, 63, 67 Elgar, Sir Edward, 321n Eliahu, Jacob, 37n, 365 Elijah, prophet, 197n Elisabeth, Empress of Austria, 378 Elizabeth I, Queen, 299 Elizabeth II, Queen, 454n Ella, Grand Duchess, 368-9, 386n, 444n, 454n Elyashar, Menache, 418 Emesa, 88n Emmaus, 163 English Hotel, 344 Enlightenment, 331, 374 Enver Pasha, Ismail, 394-5, 400-2, 408, 416 Ephraim, 24 Epic of Gilgamesh, 36, 45n Eshkol, Levi, 489-90, 493 Essenes, 100n Ethiopia, 157n, 517 Ethiopian Church, 157n, 310, 517 Euclid, 190n Eudocia, Empress, 153-7 Eudocia's Wall, 69n Eugenie, Empress, 355 Eugenius II, Pope, 234 Euphemius, 156n Euphrates, river, 35, 42, 81, 210 Eusebius of Caesarea, 136, 145-8 Eustace of Grenier, 221 Eustochium, 151 Eutropia, 146n Evliya Celebi, xxv, 290, 303-5, 309 Execration texts, 14n executions, 356, 397, 403 see also crucifixion; stoning Exodus, 460 Ezekiah, 74 Ezion-Geber, 26 Fabri, Felix, 286 Faisal, King of Iraq, 406-7, 420-1, 424-9, 431-3 Faisal II, King of Iraq, 490 Falashas, 157n Falkenhayn, Field Marshal Erich von, 408-9, 416-17 Faraj, Sultan, 283-4 Farhi, Haim, 315, 322, 323n Farouk, King of Egypt, 334n, 466, 482 Farran, Major Roy, 465-7 Farrukh, 297 Fast Hotel, 390, 401, 408, 417, 424, 451 Fatah, 488, 501-2, 505n, 507 al-Fatat, 403 Fatima (daughter of the Prophet), 172, 178, 187n, 194, 403n Fatimid dynasty, 193-5, 197, 201-2, 203n Fausta, Empress, 145, 146n Felix, Antonius, 116, 119 Fellowes, Cornelius, 347n Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 293-4 Field of Blood, 108, 160 Filastin, 394 Final Solution, 294, 436, 454-5, 457 Finn, James, 335, 341, 343-6, 348-9, 352-3, 444 First Wall, 69, 106n Firyal, Princess, 488, 491 Fiscus Judaicus, 130, 133 Fisk, Pliny, 337 flagellation, 106-7 Flaubert, Gustave, xix, 344-5, 346 Fleming, James, 228n Florence, 207n Flourishing Edifice, 293 Foley, Major, 389n, 391 Ford, Henry, 423n Forster, E.

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N., Paul: The Mind of the Apostle, London 1998 Wrba, Marion, Austrian Presence in the Holy Land in the Nineteenth and Twentieth Centuries, Tel Aviv 1996 INDEX Aachen, 379n Aaron, 86n Abbas (uncle of the Prophet), 186-7 Abbas, Mahmoud, 507-9, 518n Abbasid dynasty, 188-90, 194-5, 403 Abcarius Bey, 400n Abd al-Malik, Caliph, 27n, 172n, 181-4, 188, 190 Abdi-Hepa, King, 14-15 Abdul-Aziz al-Saud, see Saud Abdul-Hamid II, Sultan, 362, 364, 377, 384, 402, 424 Abdullah, King of Jordan, 402-3, 406, 432-3, 441, 448, 468, 470, 513 assassination, 484-5 and Israeli war, 474-83 Abdullah II, King of Jordan, 492, 513 Abdullah, Saud, K, see Saud Abdullah Pasha, 323 Abdulmecid, Sultan, 330, 348 Aberdeen, George Hamilton Gordon, Earl of, 334 Abibaal, King of Tyre, 25 Abishag, 25 Aboukir Bay, Battle of, 312 Abraham, 16, 27n, 39n, 45n, 86, 152n and Islam, 170, 182, 185 Abraham's Vineyard, 335 Absalom, 23-4 Absalom's Pillar, 24n, 195 Abu al-Abbas, Caliph, see al-Saffah Abu Bakr, 171-2 Abu Dis, 507 Abu Ghosh, 308-9, 346, 363 Abu Muslim, 187-8 Abu Saad, 200n Abu Sulayman Dawud, 243 Abu Ubayda, 172, 404 Abyssinia, 453n Achcar, Gilbert, 435, 455n Acra fortress, 62, 65-7 Acre, 310-11, 315, 322, 456 Crusader siege, 255-8 and Crusaders, 209, 213n, 216-17, 227, 233, 236, 239, 243, 249, 255-8, 263, 265n, 267, 269-70 and Mamluk conquest, 277-8, 279 Napoleonic siege, 316-17 see also Ptolemais Actian Games, 83 Actium, Battle of, 81, 88 Adam, 17, 27n, 152n, 170, 182, 185 Adams, John, President, 337, 374 Adelaide, Queen of Jerusalem, 217-18 Adhemar of Le Puy, Bishop, 210-11 Adiabene, Helena, Queen of, see Helena Adonijah, 25 Adonizedek, King, 18 Aegean Sea, 15, 18 Aelia Capitolina, 134-5, 137-8, 140, 145-7 Afdal, Sultan, 247-8, 264, 437, 502 Afdaliyya Madrassa, 264 Afghanistan, 54, 161, 187, 406 Agnes, Queen Mother, 237, 243-4 Agrippina, Empress, 116, 120 Ahab, King, 31-2 Ahaz, King, 33-4 al-Ahd, 403 Ahmadinejad, Mahmoud, 48n Ahmed Duzhdar Aga, 351 Ahmet Jazzar Pasha, the Butcher, see Jazzar, Pasha, Ahmet Aibeg, Sultan, 272n Aisha, 171 Akeldama, 109, 227, 389 Akhenaten, pharaoh, 14, 15n Akhmon, Arik, 494 Akiba, Rabbi, 135-6 Alami family, 360, 446 Musa al-Alami, 447 Sheikh al-Alami, 255n Alamut, 203n Alapaesk, 444n Alaska, 382n Alchelai, Rabbi Yehuda Hai, 374 Aleppo, 220, 234, 254, 264, 271n, 276, 291, 303, 405, 416n Alexander the Great, 52-5, 57, 72, 82n, 106n, 133 Alexander I, Emperor of Russia, 340 Alexander II, Emperor of Russia, 347, 350n, 353, 368 Alexander III, Emperor of Russia, 368-9 Alexander Jannaeus, King, 69-70, 71n, 106n, 233n Alexander, Prince, 88-9, 93n Alexander, Michael Solomon, 334 St Alexander Nevsky Church, 135n, 147n, 369, 386 Alexandra, 79-81, 83 Alexandra, Empress of Russia, 369, 386n, 387n, 444n Alexandria, 54-6, 60, 62, 74, 76-7, 81-2, 122, 124, 126, 144-5, 164, 239, 281, 333 Alexandrium fortress, 81, 89 Alexei, Tsarevich, 385 Alexios, Emperor, 209 Ali (Caliph), 178, 180, 187-8, 194 Ali, King, 432n Ali Bey, 310 Aliyah, 369-70, 375, 383 Allenby, General Sir Edmund, 1st Viscount, 355n, 408-9, 414-21, 425-6, 486n, 496 Allenby Barracks, 463 Almohads, 240 al-Qaeda, 447 Alter family, 486n Alypius, 150 Amaury, King of Jerusalem, 237-43, 249, 256n, 265 Amaury of Lusignan, King of Cyprus, 165n Amel-Marduk, King of Babylon, 45-6 al-Amer, Field Marshal Abdel-Hakim, 492-5, 492, 495 American Colony, 365-6, 408n, 417-18, 473, 488, 496, 506 American evangelists, 336-9 Amman, 475, 478, 485, 487, 493 Ammunition Hill, 496 Amnon, 23-4, 56n Amr ibn al-As, 173, 177, 179n Amra, 185 Amsterdam, 302 Anabaptists, 297 Ananias, 70n Ananus, 119, 123-5 Anatolia, 55, 209, 234, 277, 284, 396, 405n Andrew, Princess, of Greece, 454n Andrews, Lewis, 449 Andronikos Komnenos, Emperor, 238 Anglo-American Commission, 464 Angola, 382n Anilaeus, 101n Ankara, 459n Annas (high priest), 103-4, 119, 124 St Anne's church and monastery, 217, 228, 255n, 286, 348, 397 Ansari family, 519 Sheikh Abd al-Salam al-Ansari, 213 Adeb al-Ansari, 519 Sheikh Khalil al-Ansari, 391 Antebi, Albert, 384 Antigonos, 'One-Eyed', King, 54 Antigonos, King, 75-8, 88n Antinopolis, 135 Antinous, 134-5 Antipater, 71-2, 74-5, 88-90, 92-3 Antioch, 60-1, 63, 65, 67, 118, 123-4, 144, 161, 277 and Crusaders, 204, 209-10, 215, 217, 219, 223-4, 234, 236, 238, 256 Antiochus III the Great, King, 57-8, 60 Antiochus IV Epiphanes, King, 60-5, 72, 91n, 106n, 135 Antiochus VII Sidetes, King, 68 anti-Semitism (the word), 368n Antonia, 111, 114 Antonia fortress, 1, 4, 6, 78, 82-4, 86, 90, 101, 106n, 118, 120, 122, 134, 179, 344n Antoninus Pius, Emperor, 138, 184n Antonius Felix, see Felix Antonius, George, 443, 445, 447, 464 Antonius, Katy, 443, 464-7, 469-70, 488 Apocalypse, xix, 4, 44, 62, 86n, 132, 165, 170, 187, 197 Jesus Christ and, 97-8, 102-3, 106 Appian, 133, 136 Aqaba, 407-8, 419, 425 Aquileia, 89 al-Aqsa Martyrs Brigade al-Aqsa Mosque, 184-5, 187-8, 200, 395, 485 and Arab Revolt, 448 and Buraq Uprising, 437-8 and Crusaders (Temple of Solomon), 212-13, 217, 219, 221, 227, 229, 235, 269-70 daily rituals, 519-20 fire, 502 and Israeli war, 477 and King Abdullah's assassination, 481-2 and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280, 287 and Marwan Mosque, 506 negotiations and access, 502-3, 506-7, 510, 513, 516 Nur al-Din's minbar, 237, 254, 269, 502 and Ottoman sultanate, 291-2, 299n, 304-5 and Six Day War, 495 Arab Club, 422 Arab Higher Committee, 467-8, 473 Arab Investigation Centres, 450 Arab League, 469, 471, 477, 481, 504 Arab Legion, 279n, 454, 472, 477-9, 484-6 Arab Liberation Army, 469, 478 Arab Revolt, 402-9, 415, 443n, 478, 482 under Grand Mufti, 448-54, 459, 463 Arabic learning and science, 190n, 203n Arafat, Yasser, 469, 477, 491, 503-10, 515, 517, 518n Aram-Damascus, 33 Araq e-Emir, 62n Araunah the Jebusite, 24, 27n archaeology, 354-6, 390, 393, 502, 504, 509, 511n Arculf, Bishop, 179 Arda, Queen of Jerusalem, 217 Aref, Abdel-Rahman, President, 494 Aretas, King of Nabataea, 71 Aretas IV, King of Nabataea, 95, 98 Argentina, 376, 382, 485 Argyll, John Campbell, 9th Duke of, 354 Aristobulos, King, 69 Aristobulos II, King, 70-2, 76n Aristobulos, Prince, 88, 95-6, 111 Aristotle, 190n Arius, 144-5, 148 Ark of the Covenant, 7, 17-18, 22, 24, 27, 44, 157n, 376 and Parker fiasco, 389-93 Armageddon, 41 Armenia, 81, 96n, 131n, 156n, 163-4, 405n Armenian Chapel of St Helena, 140n Armenian Monastery, 287n, 324, 352n, 496 Armenian Quarter, 103n, 119n, 132, 285, 497, 510 Armenians, 255, 285, 287n, 296, 352n, 359, 415, 518-19 genocide, 398, 400, 408, 416n and religious conflict, 298-9, 320, 348, 488 Arnold, Bishop of Bamberg, 201 Arnulf, Patriarch, 214 Arp Arslan, Sultan, 201-3 Arsuf, 259 Artas, 399 Artaxerxes I, King of Persia, 51, 337n Arthur, King, 65n Ashdod, 65 Asherah, 38 Ashkelon, 18, 56, 67, 214, 220, 236, 238, 243, 249, 255, 260 Ashkenaz, 298 Ashkenazi Jews, 20, 191n, 298, 308, 330, 443 Ashraf, 180n Ashrafiyya madrassa, 287 Asinaeus, 101n Asmahan, 457-9 Asquith, Herbert, 1st Earl of Asquith and Oxford 411, 413 Assassins, 203n, 260n Assyrians, 31, 33-9, 48 Astyges, King of Media, 47 Athaliah, Queen of Jerusalem, 31-2, 233n Athens, 60, 150 Atlas mountains, 57n al-Atrash, Amal, see 'Asmahan' Atsiz ibn Awak al-Khwarazmi, 202-3 Attila the Hun, 157 Attlee, Clement, 1st Earl, 462, 464, 467 Augusta Victoria fortress, 379n, 390, 395, 408, 417, 431, 433, 479, 484n, 496 Augustus, Emperor (Octavian), 75, 77, 81-4, 88-90, 92-3, 113, 133, 160 Auschwitz, 408n, 487 Austin, Willie, 322 Australians, 421, 456-7 Austrian Hospice, 356, 429, 485 Avars, 164 Avigad, Nahman, 106n, 159n Azekah, 42n Azerbaijan, 163 Aziz, Caliph, 194, 197 Aziz, Sultan, 264 Azizus, King of Emesa, 116 Azmey Pasha, 390 Azouri, Najib, 385 Baal, 31-3, 38, 39n Baal Shem Tov, 359n Bab al-Qattanin, see Gate of the Cotton Merchants Bab al-Silsila, see Gate of the Chain Bab el-Ghawanmeh, 519 Babylon, 14, 22, 27n, 35-6, 39, 41-3, 44n, 45-7, 49, 54, 57n, 60, 101n, 370, 501 Babylonian Chronicles, 39 Babylonians, 1, 34n, 39, 41-6, 48 Baedeker, Karl, 358, 360, 385 Baghdad, 172n, 188, 193-5, 202, 203n, 207n, 215, 272, 282, 449 Jewish population, 48n, 240n, 352n and Ottoman sultanate, 291-2 Bahat, Dan, 506n Baibars, Sultan, 271-2, 275-7, 292n, 361 Bairam Pasha, 297 Bakaa, 443 al-Baladhuri, 172n Balak, 220 Balaklava Railway, 348 Baldwin I, King of Jerusalem, 210, 215-18 Baldwin II, King of Jerusalem, 218-21, 224, 229n Baldwin III, King of Jerusalem, 221, 233, 235-8 Baldwin IV, King of Jerusalem, 242-5 Baldwin V, King of Jerusalem, 245-6, 320n Balfour, Arthur, 1st Earl of, xxv, 381, 409-10, 412-15, 428, 431, 440-1 Balfour Declaration, 414-15, 422-4, 427-9, 431, 437-9, 453, 456 Balian of Ibelin, 245, 247, 249-50, 253-4 Balkans, 291, 341, 361, 395 Ballin, Albert, 376 Ballobar, Count Antonio de, 396-8, 400, 416-17 Balsam of Gilead, 79n bar Kochba, Simon, 135-7, 163, 383 Barabbas, 102, 105 Barak, Ehud, 506-7, 512-13 Barcelona, 279 Barclay's Gate, 354n Bardawil lagoons, 218 Baris fortress, 54, 69n, 78 Barka Khan, 271, 361n Barkat, Nir, 511 Barker, General Evelyn 'Bubbles', 462, 464, 466-7 Barsbay, Sultan, 286 Barsoma of Nisibis, 153-5 Bartholomew, Peter, 209 Barton, General, 422 Basle, 375, 380n Basra, 196 Bathsheba, 23, 25 Bathsheba's Pool, 363 Battle of the Milvian Bridge, 143 Battle of the Pyramids, 312 Bay of Issus, 163 bayah, 178 Bayley, Lieutenant-Colonel, 418 Bayt Nuba, 260 Beautiful Gate, 101-2n, 109, 165n, 264 Becket, Thomas, 228n Beersheba, 414 Begin, Menachem, 458-62, 465-7, 472, 480, 493, 496, 504-5, 508 Behustan mountains, 161 Beilin, Yossi, 504-5 Beirut, 9, 89, 216, 225, 238, 338, 347, 405, 458, 505 and Parker fiasco, 391-2 Russian assault, 310, 316n and Three Pashas, 397-8, 416n Beit Jala, 197n Belisarius, General, 130n, 159 Bell, Gertrude, 404 Belshazzar, 45-7 Belzers, 484n ben Sira, Jesus, 58, 199n ben Zakkai, Rabbi Yohanan, 132 ben Zakkai Synagogue, 330 Ben-Gurion, David (David Grun), 398, 415, 430-1, 439, 443n, 484, 490, 503n and Deir Yassin massacre, 469 and Israeli state, 445-6, 450, 453, 458-62, 465, 467-70, 474-7, 479-80, 502 origins, 381-3 and premiership, 481, 492 and Suez crisis, 490 Benjamin, 164 Benjamin of Tudela, 24n, 240n Berekhah, Rabbi, 153 Berenice, Queen of Chalcis, 5-6, 9, 116, 119, 121-3, 126, 129, 131 Berlin, 398, 414, 416n, 443, 454-5, 461, 486 Bernadotte, Count Folke, 480-3 Betar, 137 Betar youth organization, 430, 437-8, 461 Bethany, 227-8 Bethel, 17n, 30 Bethesda Pool, 37, 72, 100, 228 Bethlehem, 91, 94, 155, 399 Church of the Nativity, 216, 342 and Crusades, 208, 210, 268 Beth-Zacharia, 65 Beth-Zur, 67 Bevin, Ernest, 462 Bible, xviii, xx, xxiv, 10, 13, 21-3, 25-6, 28-9, 31-2n, 35, 40, 45, 477 Aleppo Codex, 100n, 213 and archaeology, 354-5 Authorized Version, 300 the Gospels, 10, 91, 97, 99, 102, 105, 108, 144 inconsistencies in, 16n Latin translation, 152 Masoretic, 100n New Testament, 117, 121 Old Testament, 19, 55n, 69, 100n Orde Wingate and, 451-2 Pentateuch, 15-16, 45n and Protestantism, 297, 300-1, 331 St Petersburg Codex, 100n Septuagint, 55, 100n and Zionism, 412 Bible, books of Acts of the Apostles, 109n, 114-15 Chronicles, 30, 152n Daniel, 44, 45n, 63n, 97 Deuteronomy, 40, 82, 114 Ezekiel, 388 Exodus, 17, 39n Genesis, 16, 39n, 298 Isaiah, 33, 97, 100 Jeremiah, 41n Judges, 17n, 18 Kings, 22, 30, 32, 37n Lamentations, 43 Numbers, 40n, 86n, 135 Psalms, 19, 43-5, 102, 107, 156n, 426 Revelation, 121, 133, 213n, 366 St John, 91-2n, 98, 103, 109n St Luke, 91, 93, 96, 99n, 102, 105, 108, 109n St Mark, 96n, 99n, 102, 105, 109n St Matthew, 91, 96n, 99, 105, 109 Samuel, 22 Thessalonians, 118 Biblical Zoo, 483 Bird, Eugene, 488-9 Bird, Kai, 489 Birobidzhan, 440n, 463 Bishop Gobat's School, 449 Bismarck, Prince Otto von, 362, 377 Black Hand cell, 447 Black Hundreds, 383 Black Letter, 439 Black Obelisk, 32n Black Sabbath, 465 Black Sea, 163, 191n Black September, 502 Black Sunday, 450 Blake, William, 45, 321n, 462 Bliss, Frederick, 390 blood libel, 333, 336, 351, 374 Boer War, 355n Bohemond, Prince of Antioch, 210, 215, 244 Bokharan Quarter, 375, 444 Bologna, 238 Bols, Major-General Sir Louis J., 431 Bombay, 444n Book of the Glory of Kings, 157n Book of Zerubabbel, 163 Book of Zohar, 298 Bordeaux pilgrim, 147-9, 152n Bosnia, 315n, 318 Bosphorus, 144 Bosra, 169 Boston, 337 Boston Herald, 441 Bradford, William, 301 Brandeis, Louis, 428 Breslavers, 486n Brest-Litovsk, 461 Bridges, Robert, 321n Brindisi, 266, 269 Britain British Jews, 257, 277n, 301-2, 350 and conversion of Jews, 330-5 Roman, 124, 136, 150 and state of Israel, 467 and Suez crisis, 490 and Zionism, xxv, 380-1, 409-15, 423-4, 431, 443, 466 Britannicus, Tiberius Claudius, 116n British Military Cemetery, 434 Bronner, Ethan, 510 Bronze Age, 13 Brooke, Rupert, 419 Brothers, Richard, 322-3 Brutus, Marcus Junius, 75 Bubastis, 31 Buchan, John, 404 Bulgaria, 361 bullae, 32, 41n, 43 Burma, 453n 'Burma Road', 480 Byron, George Gordon, 6th Baron, 37 Byzantium, 144 Caecina, 131 Caesar, Gaius Julius, 72-5, 131, 134n Caesarea, 82, 93, 99n, 100, 115, 119, 121, 140, 164, 209, 216 Caesarea Maritima, 9 Caesarea Philippi, 9, 116 Caesarion, 74, 81, 82n Cafe Jawhariyyeh, 444 Caiaphas (high priest), 99n, 100, 103-4, 108, 110 Cairo, 207n, 271, 272n, 302-3, 305, 316n, 436, 438, 469, 480, 491n, 493 Albanian conquest, 326 and British rule, 402-4, 408 and caliphs, 192, 194-6, 198-200, 215 and Fatimid Egypt, 239-40 and Mamluk sultanate, 278, 283-5, 287 Oriental Stores, 423 and Saladin, 243, 251 and Sultan Baibars, 275, 277 Cairo Geniza, 199n Cairo University, 449 Calcutta, 450 Calhoun, John, 336 Caligula, Emperor, 60, 82n, 111-14, 116 caliphs, 172n, 184, 433 Callirhoe, 90 Calvary, 106n, 285 Cambrai, 239n Cambyses II, King, 49 camels, 16n, 344, 407 Camp David, 506 du Camp, Maxime, 345, 347 Canaanites, 14, 16, 18, 39n Canada, 466n Cappadocia, 88n Capri, 98, 111-12 Caracalla, Emperor, 138 Carchemish, 41 Cardo, 135n, 147, 160, 226, 501 Carnegie, Mrs Andrew, 423 Caroline of Brunswick, Princess, 321-3 Carrhae, Battle of, 76n Carter, Jimmy, President, 503 Carthage, 60, 130n, 159 Carthaginians, 39n, 106n Cartwright, Ebenezer, 301 Cassius Longinus, Gaius, 74 Cassius Dio, 135n, 136-7 Castile, 298 de Castro, Abraham, 294 Catherine the Great, Empress of Russia, 310, 311n, 315n, 317, 340 Cathisma Church, 176, 201 Catholic Church, 157, 189, 208 and religious conflict, 201, 296, 299-300, 331, 339, 341, 343, 424, 485, 517 Cave of Hira, 169 Cecil, Lord Robert, 414 Celebi, Evliya, see Evliya Cervantes, Miguel de, 446 Chabon, Michael, 382n Chamberlain, Joseph, 380 Chamberlain, Neville, 452-3 Chancellor, Sir John, 437-8, 443 Chapel of the Apparition, 520-3 Chapel of the Hill of Calvary, 236 Chapman, Thomas, 404 chariots, 26, 28 Charlemagne, Emperor, 65n, 189, 229n, 267, 343, 355, 379n Charles V, Emperor, 294n, 295 Charles I, King, 300-1 Charles of Anjou, King of Jerusalem, 278n Charles, Prince of Wales, 505 chastity, 144-5 Chateaubriand, Francois-Rene, Vicomte de, xxiv, 319-21 Chaucer, Geoffrey, 285 child sacrifice, 39 China, 185, 284, 365 Chindits, 453n Christ Church, 334 Christian Quarter, 189, 201, 364, 507 Christianity, 10, 34, 48n, 55, 63n, 109, 117, 139 Great Schism, 201 hierarchy and divisions in, 144 and Judaism, 110, 118, 140 Roman adoption of, 143-5, 150-1 and suppression of Jews, 148-50 Christians, early, 114-19, 121, 132-4, 136, 138-40 Christology, 144, 156-7 Chronicon Paschale, 135n church bells, 196, 214, 255, 330 Church of Holy Archangels, 103n Church of Mary Magdalene, 368, 386, 444n, 455n, 489 Church of Our Lady of Jehoshaphat, 228 Church of the Dormition, 379n, 492 Church of the Holy Sepulchre, xxi, 106n, 108, 149, 197, 303, 400, 420, 456, 485, 510 and Arab conquests, 173, 175-6, 178, 182-3, 189-92, 194 construction by Empress Helena, 147 and Crusaders, 208, 212-15, 217, 221, 225, 227-8, 233, 235, 243, 250, 260, 269 daily rituals, 518-20 and Descent of the Holy Fire, 198, 228, 230, 300, 305, 328, 348, 361, 367, 388, 518 destruction by fire, 320 Fatimid destruction, 199-200 the Holy Sepulchre, 134, 152, 165, 175, 177n, 178, 185, 189-92, 194 and international visitors, 320, 328, 341, 345-6, 348, 353, 367-8, 378 and Islamic sultanate, 254-5, 260, 263 last Crusader grave, 422n latrines, 310 and Mamluk sultanate, 281, 285-7 model of, 160 and Mongol raids, 277 and Napoleonic invasion, 316, 318 and Ottoman sultanate, 299-300 Persian destruction, 162-3 and pilgrims' accommodation, 201 and religious conflict, 320, 339, 343, 348, 424, 520-1 and Tartar conquest, 271 and Turkish conquests, 203 Church of the Pinnacle, 160n Church of the Redeemer, 378 Church of the Resurrection, 153 Churchill, Clementine, 433 Churchill, Lord Randolph, 433n Churchill, Sir Winston, xxv, 382n, 423n, 429n, 431-4, 441, 453n, 466, 477, 484n, 485 and Zionism, 410-14, 432, 461 CIA, 489 Cilicia, 26, 88n, 117, 131n circumcision, 45, 61-3, 118, 130, 360 ban on, 134, 137 and Islam, 171 Citadel, xxi, 8-9, 84, 88, 123, 132, 136, 185, 202, 348 and Crusaders, 207, 215, 217 Clarence, Prince Albert Victor, Duke of, 362 Claudius, Emperor, 5, 114-16, 146n Clausewitz, Carl von, 446 Clemenceau, Georges, 427-8 Cleopatra II, Queen of Egypt, 67n Cleopatra III, Queen of Egypt, 70n Cleopatra VII, Queen of Egypt, 73-5, 77-82, 131 Cleopatra Selene, 82n Cleopatra Thea, 67n Clermont, 208-9 Clifford, Clark, 464 Clinton, Bill, President, 506, 508-9, 514 Cobb, Miss, 399 Cohen, Amnon, 509n Cohen, 'Red Rosa', 430 Cold War, 489 Columbus, Christopher, 294n Conder, Lieutenant Charles, 355n, 363n Congress of Berlin, 362, 409 Congreve, General Sir Walter 'Squib', 445 Conrad III, King of Germany, 234-5 Conrad of Montferrat, King of Jerusalem, 249, 256n Conrad II, King of Jerusalem, 270n Conradin, King of Jerusalem, 270n Constantine the Great, Emperor, 140, 143-5, 148-9, 163, 182, 184, 217, 369, 409 Constantine IX Monamachus, Emperor, 200 Constantine X Doukas, Emperor, 201 Constantinople, 130n, 144, 147, 153-6, 158-9, 165, 189, 192, 207n, 209, 217, 416, 442 and Arab conquest, 180, 183, 185-6, 190 Hagia Sofia, 159, 181-2, 201 Nika riots, 158 Ottoman conquest, 288 and Persian threat, 161, 163-4 Russian conquest, 311n see also Istanbul Constantius Chlorus, Emperor, 140 Constantius II, Emperor, 148n, 149-50 Cook, John Mason, 379 Cook, Thomas, 363 Cook, Miss, 335 Coptic Church, 157n, 310, 519 Cordoba, 200n, 499 Council of Chalcedon, 157 Council of Nicaea, 145, 148 Court of Women, 8, 86 Crassus, Marcus Licinius, 72-3, 76n, 106n Creasy, Mathilda, 345 Cremieux, Adolphe, 333 Cresson, Warder, 336-8 Crete, 14, 79, 101, 327 Crewe, Margaret, Marchioness of, 414 Crimea, 191n, 304, 382n, 440n Crimean War, 343-4, 345n, 347-8, 352 Crispus Caesar, 145 Croesus, King of Lydia, 47 Cromwell, Oliver, 301-2, 303, 331 Crossman, Richard, 461 crucifixion, 1-2, 62, 105-7 Crusader architecture, 254 Crusades, 189, 355, 420, 428 Count Thibault's, 270 Eighth, 277n Fifth, 265-6 First, 208-10 and holy war theory, 208 and reconquest of Spain, 285, 293-4 Second, 234, 333 Seventh, 271 Third, 255-62 Ctesiphon, 161-2 Cunningham, General Sir Alan, 467, 474-5 Curzon, George Nathaniel, Marquess, 414, 415n, 426, 432-3 Curzon, Robert, 328-9 Cyprus, 35, 55, 84n, 133, 179, 257, 260n, 325, 362, 380-1, 436 Cyrenaica, 55 Cyrene, 81 Cyrus the Great, King of Persia, 47-50, 53 Czechoslovakia, 452-4 Dacia, 134 Daimbert, Patriarch, 215-16 Dajani family, 296, 308n, 360-1, 439, 469, 488 Damas, General, 312, 316 Damascus, 22, 29, 32n, 71, 194, 316n, 318, 323, 350, 380, 383, 417n, 469, 492 and Albanian conquest, 327 and Arab conquests, 172, 176, 178, 181, 185-6, 310 and Crusaders, 217, 223-4, 235, 243, 246, 249 and division of Middle East, 403, 405, 421, 426, 428, 469 and Islamic sultanate, 251-3, 262-4, 268 Jewish population and blood libel, 333, 336, 374 and Mongol conquest, 272, 279 and St Paul's conversion, 117, 143 and Tamurlane's conquest, 282-4 and Three Pashas, 397-8, 416 Umayyad Mosque, 96n, 185 Damascus Gate, 110, 134, 135n, 138, 152n, 157, 208, 211, 226, 270, 304, 364-5, 379, 395, 397, 467, 479, 518 Damasus, Bishop, 151 Damietta, 265 Dan, 30 Daniel, prophet, 45-6, 97, 100n, 150 Daniel the stylite, 154 Danube, river, 343 Danzig, 513 Darius I 'the Great', King of Persia, 49-50, 52, 106n Darius III, King of Persia, 53 d'Aubeny, Philip, 422n House of David, 22, 32n David, King, xix, xxiv, 7, 10, 13, 19-25, 32n, 40, 46, 67n, 86, 133, 140, 304-5, 374, 491 and Bathsheba, 23, 25, 363 and Charlemagne, 189 and Islam, 170, 175, 182, 185 his palace, 23n, 501n relics of, 152 David el-Rey, 240n David's Tomb, see Mount Zion, Cenacle Day of Atonement (Yom Kippur), 171, 302, 436-7, 459, 502 see also Yom Kippur War Dayan, Moshe, 400n, 456, 481, 487, 504 and Orde Wingate, 451-2 and Six Day War, 493-8 Dayan, Ruth, 452, 494 D-Day, 459 Dead Sea, 90, 96, 123 Dead Sea Scrolls, 100n, 495 Debussy, Claude, 423 Deir Yassin massacre, 471-2, 473 Delhi, 283 Demetrius II, King of Syria, 67n Deraa, 419 Dervishes, 303-4, 360-1 Descent of the Holy Fire, 198, 228, 230, 300, 305, 328, 348, 361, 367, 388, 519 desert monasteries, 154 Deuteronomists, 45n Dickie, Archibald, 390 Digness, Mendel, 335 Diocletian, Emperor, 140, 145 Disraeli, Benjamin, 1st Earl of Beaconsfield, 240n, 324-5, 352, 362, 409, 411, 424 Dome of Solomon, 265n Dome of the Ascension, 165n Dome of the Chain, 179, 212, 219 Dome of the Rock, 27n, 148, 181-5, 188, 190, 197, 250, 304-5, 400, 408, 424, 480 and Crusaders (Temple of the Lord), 212-13, 217, 219, 227-9, 241, 270 daily rituals, 519-21 and Islamic sultanate, 254, 261, 263, 268-9 Israeli shootings, 503 and Mamluk sultanate, 276, 280-1, 284 negotiations and access, 510, 519 and Ottoman sultanate, 291-2, 305 and Parker fiasco, 391 regilding of, 491 and Six Day War, 495, 497 Domitian, Emperor, 121n, 130n, 131, 133 Donmeh sect, 303n Donner, Fred M., 174n Doris, 85, 88-9 Dorr, David, 347 Double Gates, 138n, 184 Dreyfus Affair, 373 Drusilla, Queen, 116, 119 Drusus, 111 Druze, 199, 356, 519 Duff, Captain Robin, 389n, 390-1 Dung Gate, 329, 497 East Prussia, 382n, 461 Easter, 148n, 159, 276, 298, 305, 339, 360, 388 Eban, Abba, 493-4 Ebenezer, Battle of, 18 Ebionites, 140n Ecclesiasticus, 58, 199n Edessa, 210, 213n, 215, 217-18, 224, 264 fall of, 233-4 Edict of Milan, 144 Edom, 65, 77 Edomites, 19, 29, 43, 69 Edward I, King, 65n, 277n, 354 Edward VII, King, 353-4, 363n Edwiga, Abbess, 201 Egeria, 152 Egypt, 13, 19n, 22, 26, 44n, 109n, 133, 135, 138, 422, 468-70 and Albanian conquest, 326-7, 334 and Arab conquests, 191, 193-4 and British rule, 362, 380, 396-7, 403, 405, 407, 423, 449 and Crusaders, 216, 218 and desert monks, 154 and Greek conquest, 53-6, 57n, 61-2 and Islamic sultanate, 243-4, 251, 253, 260-1, 264-6 and Israeli war, 477-8, 480 Israelites in, 16-17 Jewish community, 194-5 killing of dogs and cats, 198 Napoleonic invasion, 311-12, 317-18 and Nur al-Din's conquest, 238-41, 251 and Ottoman conquest, 291, 294 and peace deal, 502-3 and Persian conquests, 49-50, 162-4 and Roman occupation, 73-7, 81-2 and Six Day War, 489, 494-5, 517 and Suez Canal, 355, 490 and Turkoman conquest, 202 and UAR, 490-1 and Yom Kippur War, 505 Egyptians, ancient, 14-15, 18, 28-30, 35-6, 38, 41-2, 85n Eichmann, Adolf, 487 Eilat, 493 Ein Kerem, 95, 365, 449 Ekron, 20 El Alamein, Battle of, 460 El-Arish, 218, 380-2 Eleanor of Aquitaine, Queen, 234-5, 257 Eleazar the Galilean, 130 elephants, 57, 63, 67 Elgar, Sir Edward, 321n Eliahu, Jacob, 37n, 365 Elijah, prophet, 197n Elisabeth, Empress of Austria, 378 Elizabeth I, Queen, 299 Elizabeth II, Queen, 454n Ella, Grand Duchess, 368-9, 386n, 444n, 454n Elyashar, Menache, 418 Emesa, 88n Emmaus, 163 English Hotel, 344 Enlightenment, 331, 374 Enver Pasha, Ismail, 394-5, 400-2, 408, 416 Ephraim, 24 Epic of Gilgamesh, 36, 45n Eshkol, Levi, 489-90, 493 Essenes, 100n Ethiopia, 157n, 517 Ethiopian Church, 157n, 310, 517 Euclid, 190n Eudocia, Empress, 153-7 Eudocia's Wall, 69n Eugenie, Empress, 355 Eugenius II, Pope, 234 Euphemius, 156n Euphrates, river, 35, 42, 81, 210 Eusebius of Caesarea, 136, 145-8 Eustace of Grenier, 221 Eustochium, 151 Eutropia, 146n Evliya Celebi, xxv, 290, 303-5, 309 Execration texts, 14n executions, 356, 397, 403 see also crucifixion; stoning Exodus, 460 Ezekiah, 74 Ezion-Geber, 26 Fabri, Felix, 286 Faisal, King of Iraq, 406-7, 420-1, 424-9, 431-3 Faisal II, King of Iraq, 490 Falashas, 157n Falkenhayn, Field Marshal Erich von, 408-9, 416-17 Faraj, Sultan, 283-4 Farhi, Haim, 315, 322, 323n Farouk, King of Egypt, 334n, 466, 482 Farran, Major Roy, 465-7 Farrukh, 297 Fast Hotel, 390, 401, 408, 417, 424, 451 Fatah, 488, 501-2, 505n, 507 al-Fatat, 403 Fatima (daughter of the Prophet), 172, 178, 187n, 194, 403n Fatimid dynasty, 193-5, 197, 201-2, 203n Fausta, Empress, 145, 146n Felix, Antonius, 116, 119 Fellowes, Cornelius, 347n Ferdinand, King of Aragon, 293-4 Field of Blood, 108, 160 Filastin, 394 Final Solution, 294, 436, 454-5, 457 Finn, James, 335, 341, 343-6, 348-9, 352-3, 444 First Wall, 69, 106n Firyal, Princess, 488, 491 Fiscus Judaicus, 130, 133 Fisk, Pliny, 337 flagellation, 106-7 Flaubert, Gustave, xix, 344-5, 346 Fleming, James, 228n Florence, 207n Flourishing Edifice, 293 Foley, Major, 389n, 391 Ford, Henry, 423n Forster, E.

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F., 418 Wauchope, Sir Arthur, 439-40, 450 Wavell, Sir Archibald, 1st Earl, 451 Wazzah, 421 Weidenfeld, George, Baron, 482, 487 Weizmann, Chaim, President, xxv, 351n, 374, 409-12, 414-15, 421, 423-31, 435, 444-6, 450, 453, 458, 478 and Buraq Uprising, 438-9 and El Alamein, 457 and Israeli presidency, 476, 480 and Nabi Musa riots, 429-30 and Orde Wingate, 450-1 Weizmann Institute of Science, 481 Well of Souls, 27n West Bank, 478, 481-2, 488, 491, 502 and Intifada, 505-6, 509 Western Wall, 9, 24n, 71, 120n, 135n, 151n, 175, 264, 286, 300, 355, 357, 379, 408, 452, 504 and Buraq Uprising, 436-8 daily rituals, 518-19, 523 as ha-Kotel, 295, 437, 497, 516 and Jewish access, 480, 482, 502, 513, 516 purchase attempts, 357, 374, 398n, 421, 437 and shofar ban, 437, 459 and Six Day War, 497-8 tunnel constructions, 509 Westminster, Jerusalem Chamber, 285 White Russians, 444 Wiesel, Elie, 512 Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 355-6, 375-80, 389, 395, 408, 417 William III, King, 331 William, Patriarch, 223 William of Tyre, xxv, 208, 222, 233-4, 237-9, 242, 244, 245n William the Conqueror, King, 201, 208 William the Troubadour, 234-5 Wilson, Captain Charles, 354, 363n, 390 Wilson, Captain Clarence, 389n, 390-1 Wilson, Woodrow, President, 427-8 Wilson's Arch, 354 Wingate, Lorna, 452 Wingate, General Orde, 450-2, 453n, 456, 494 Winthrop, John, 301 Wittenberg, 296 Wolff, Heinrich, 439 Woodhead Commission, 442n Workers of Zion, 383 World Islamic Conference, 439 Worms Cathedral, 379n Wrangel, Count Herman, 389n Xenophon, 49 Xerxes, King of Persia, 50n, 52 Yaacovy, Yitzhak, 487 Yachin and Boaz pillars, 26 Yad Vashem memorial, 455n, 487n, 504 Yalta conference, 462n, 463 al-Yaqubi, 172n Yarmuk, Battle of, 172-3, 177n Yathrib, 170 Yaush, 42n Yavneh (Jamnia), 132 Yazid, ibn Abi Sufyan, 180 Yemen, 158n, 174, 194, 243, 251, 255 Yishuv, 445, 459, 467, 470 Yohanan ben Zakkai, 10 Yolande, Queen of Jerusalem, 265n, 266-7, 270n Yom Kippur War, 502 York, 257 Young, William Turner, 330, 332, 334-5 Young Turk movement, 384, 394, 402 Yvette, Princess, 228 Zachariah, prophet, 101 Zacharias, 95 Zacharias, Patriarch, 161 Zadok the priest, 25, 52, 54-5, 67 Zaharoff, Sir Basil, 423 Zahir, Caliph, 199-200 Zahir, Sultan, 251, 262-4 Zahir al-Umar al-Zaydani, Sheikh, 310-11 Zalatimo, Muhammad, 135n Zangi, Atabeg, 223-4, 231, 233-4, 251 Zangwill, Israel, 332n, 382 Zealots, 123, 125 Zedekiah, King, 42-3 Zeinab, Madame, 457 Zenobia, 140 Zenon, 56n Zerubbabel, Prince, 49-50, 85 Zikhron Zion, 444 Ziklag, 20 zinnor, 22 Zion Gate, 207, 307, 417, 479-80, 497 Zionism, xx, 191n, 279, 373-82, 394, 409-15, 421-5, 430-1, 433, 435-7, 445-6, 478, 513 America and, 412-14, 428, 460-1 Britain and, xxv, 380-1, 409-15, 423-4, 431, 443, 467 Christian, 301, 374 Churchill and, 410-14, 432, 459 Germany and, 413-14 Herzland, 373-82 military, 458, 501 Zionist Commission, 421 Zionist Congresses, 375, 380n, 382, 438 Zoroaster, 48n, 50n The Temple Mount - Har haBayit in Hebrew, Haram al-Sharif in Arabic, known in the Bible as Mount Moriah - is the centrepiece of Jerusalem.

A History of Modern Britain
by Andrew Marr
Published 2 Jul 2009

Heath always argued that he was forced to try consensus politics because in the seventies the alternative policy, the squeeze of mass unemployment which arrived in the Thatcher years, would simply not have been accepted by the country. And given the very rocky ride Mrs Thatcher had a full ten years later, after industrial and some social breakdown had softened the way for her radicalism, he was surely right. What finally finished off the Heath government was the short war between Israel and Egypt in October 1973, the Yom Kippur War. Israel’s swift and decisive victory was a humiliation for the Arab world and it struck back, using oil. OPEC, the organization of the oil-producing countries dominated by the Saudis, had seen the price of oil rising on world markets for some time. They decided to cut supplies to the West each month until Israel handed back its territorial gains and allowed the Palestinians their own state.

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P. ref1, ref2 technology ref1 military ref1 Teddy boys ref1 television ref1, ref2 Templer, Gerald ref1 Temple, William ref1, ref2 Temporary Housing Programme ref1 Terrence Higgins Trust ref1, ref2 Tesco ref1 Thalidomide ref1 Thames Today ref1 Thames Water ref1 Thatcher, Denis ref1, ref2 Thatcher, Margaret ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 and Blair ref1 downfall ref1 and the economy ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4 and education ref1, ref2 on the Eurodollar ref1 and Europe ref1, ref2, ref3 and the Falklands War ref1 health ref1 and Major ref1 on majority verdicts ref1 and the miners ref1 and North Sea oil ref1, ref2 policy ref1 and the press ref1 and privatization ref1, ref2 and the Westland Helicopter crisis ref1 Thatcherism ref1, ref2 That Was the Week That Was ref1 theatre ref1 Theatre of Action see Theatre Workshop Theatres Act ref1 Theatre Workshop ref1 This Morning ref1, ref2 Thomas, Richard ref1 Thompson, Harry ref1 Thompson Scottish Petroleum ref1 Thornycroft, Peter ref1 Thorpe, Jeremy ref1, ref2 three-day working week ref1 Tickell, Crispin ref1 Times, The ref1, ref2, ref3 Todd, Garfield ref1, ref2 tower blocks ref1 Toxteth ref1 trade unions ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7 transport ref1 travel ref1 Treasury, the ref1 Treaty of Rome ref1 Trimble, David ref1 Tryweryn reservoir ref1 ‘tripartism’ ref1 Truman, Harry S. ref1, ref2 Tull, Jethro ref1 TURNSTILE ref1 TVam ref1 Twiggy ref1 Tynan, Kenneth ref1, ref2 Tyndall, John ref1 UB40 ref1 UBS ref1 UDI (Unilateral Declaration of Independence) see Rhodesia Uganda, immigrants from ref1, ref2 unemployment ref1 Unilateral Declaration of Independence (UDI) see Rhodesia unilateral nuclear disarmament ref1 see also CND (Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament United Nations ref1 United States of America economy ref1 and the Falklands War ref1, ref2, ref3 and Great Britain ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6 and Iraq ref1, ref2 music ref1, ref2 and North Sea oil ref1, ref2 nuclear weapons ref1 and Serbia ref1 and Suez ref1 terrorist attacks on ref1, ref2 and the Westland Helicopter crisis ref1 university system ref1 Uranium 235 ref1 Ure, Midge ref1 utilities ref1, ref2 Vaneigem, Raoul ref1 Varela, Marquesa de ref1 Varley assurances ref1 Vassall, John ref1 V-bombers ref1 Verwoerd, Hendrik ref1 Vicious, Sid ref1 Vietnam ref1 Vietnam Solidarity Committee ref1 Vinson, Fred ref1 Waiting for Godot (Beckett) ref1 Walden, Brian ref1 Wales devolution ref1, ref2, ref3 miners in ref1 Walters, Alan ref1, ref2 Wanless, Derek ref1 war ref1 and Churchill ref1 and Major ref1 on terror ref1, ref2, ref3 see also Falklands War; Gulf War; Korean War; World War II; Yom Kippur War Ward, Stephen ref1 Watton, Harry ref1 Waugh, Evelyn ref1 Wavell, Archibald Percival ref1 wealth, redistribution of ref1 weapons of mass destruction ref1, ref2, ref3 Webster, Martin ref1 Welensky, Roy ref1, ref2 Welfare State ref1, ref2 West Indies, immigrants from ref1 Westland Helicopter crisis ref1 Westwood, Vivienne ref1, ref2 Whelan, Charlie ref1, ref2 Whisky Galore!

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E. ref1 Wilson, Harold ref1, ref2, ref3, ref4, ref5, ref6, ref7, ref8 and Cecil King ref1 domestic policy ref1 and Europe ref1, ref2 foreign policy ref1 and Northern Ireland ref1 nuclear weapons ref1 and Rhodesia ref1 style of government ref1 and Vietnam ref1 Winchester Castle ref1 Windscale ref1 Winston, Robert ref1 winter, 1947 ref1 winter of discontent ref1 Wolfe, Billy ref1 Wolfenden, John Frederick ref1, ref2 Wolmer, Christian ref1 women ref1 Wood, Kingsley ref1 World Health Organization ref1 World War II ref1 Yarwood, Mike ref1 Yom Kippur War ref1 Young, Hugo ref1 Young, Michael ref1, ref2 Ziegler, Philip ref1 Zimbabwe see Rhodesia Zuckerman, Solly ref1 Acknowledgements I would particularly like to thank three people who gave me an early and lasting love of history, and of good writing: my mother, Valerie Marr, and two of my teachers at Loretto School, David Stock and Peter Lapping.

Strange Rebels: 1979 and the Birth of the 21st Century
by Christian Caryl
Published 30 Oct 2012

It was in the seventies that this “Age of Compression”—so named for the steady increase in income equality that was one of its features—finally ground to a halt.2 There was one particular event that contributed to this revision of economic expectations. In 1973 the Arab-dominated Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) responded to Washington’s decision to supply the Israeli forces in the Yom Kippur war by cutting off oil exports to the United States and other Western countries viewed as supporters of the Jewish state; the resulting surge in prices affected even the countries that were not directly targeted by the embargo. The result was the deepest economic slump since the Great Depression.

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See also John Paul II Wolf, Markus, 199 Women, 39, 46, 54, 64, 159, 193, 246, 287, 359 in Afghanistan, 12, 36, 99, 101, 102, 100, 212, 356–357, 360 in Egypt, 220, 222 in Iran, 8, 41, 43, 48, 92, 153, 229, 230, 294, 348 women’s right to vote, 43, 48, 88, 153, 294 See also Prostitution Workers, 2, 7, 8, 15, 16, 18, 26, 51, 63, 69, 70, 76, 124, 141, 150, 156, 158, 172, 174, 181, 182, 192, 197, 200, 204, 259, 275–276, 278–279, 283, 319, 331, 340 See also Employment; Strikes; Unions World Bank, 44 World War II, 59, 69, 70, 350 Wyszyński, Stefan Cardinal, 16, 77, 281 Yazdi, Ebrahim, 107, 108, 142, 152, 232, 233, 300 Ye Jianying (Army Marshal), 118, 120, 127, 131 Yemen, 10, 46 Yom Kippur war, 2 Young, Hugo, 191 Young people, 16, 35, 40, 41, 45, 46, 64, 92, 113, 221, 222, 274, 287, 295, 348, 355. See also Students Yugoslavia, 72, 249, 287 Yu Guangyuan, 129, 131–132, 256 Zahir Shah (King of Iran), 11, 37–38, 96, 97 Zawahiri, Ayman al-, 308, 347 Zhao Ziyang, 128, 251–252, 252–253, 332, 333, 334 Zhou Enlai, 22–23, 26, 119, 126, 127, 130, 332 Zhu De (Marshal), 24 Zhuo Lin, 29–30 Zia ul-Haq, Muhammad, 215, 220, 271 Zierer, Edith, 71

The World's Banker: A Story of Failed States, Financial Crises, and the Wealth and Poverty of Nations
by Sebastian Mallaby
Published 24 Apr 2006

Without pressure from outside, McNamara might have soldiered on, preaching the cause of development at the Bank’s annual meetings each autumn, and driving his staff to come up with new ways of advancing it. But outside pressure did arrive—in the form of two successive oil shocks. McNamara’s speech in Nairobi in 1973 had been followed almost immediately by the Yom Kippur War and the Arab oil embargo; oil prices shot up, and the Bank’s oil-importing clients suddenly found their trade balance deteriorating. For a while, the pain could be postponed. The Arabs parked their windfall in Western banks, so credit became cheap; countries simply borrowed to finance imports.

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Treasury hostility towards, 4, 122, 164, 207, 210, 288–91, 293–95, 305 Wolfensohn’s appointment as president of, 81–83 Wolfensohn’s candidacy for president of, 74–81 Wolfensohn’s clash with board of, 85–87 Wolfensohn’s first press conference at, 88–89 Wolfensohn’s reforms at, 151–55, 157–70, 339–40, 377–93 World Development Report of, 71, 268, 317, 322 Zhang’s criticism of, 359–60 see also Comprehensive Development Framework; International Development Association (IDA); Wolfensohn, Jim; specific countries World Bank Group, 148 World Commission on Dams, 357–58 World Development Report on Poverty, 268, 280–81 World Health Organization (WHO), 314, 318–19, 324 World Trade Center, attack on, 11, 301–3 World Trade Organization, 260–62, 265 World Vision, 215, 286 World War I, 17 World War II, 15, 17, 56 World Wildlife Fund, 262 Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, 127, 128 Yeltsin, Boris, 71, 162 Yom Kippur War, 36 Zaire, 46, 96 see also Congo Zambia, 46, 96, 111, 253 malaria in, 158 Zedillo, Ernesto, 306 Zedler, Kris, 47–48, 88 Zewdie, Debrework, 321 AIDS report of, 327–28 AIDS strategy of, 323–25, 328–30, 332–33 AIDS workshop of, 321–22 Bank’s AIDS report and, 326–27 at Geneva AIDS conference, 322–23 Multi-Country HIV/AIDS Program of, 329 Zhang, Shengman, 285, 359, 360, 371 Zhu Rongji, 179 Zimbabwe, 387 AIDS in, 316–17, 319, 324 author in, 368 Zukerman, Pinchas, 376 What’s next on your reading list?

There Is Nothing for You Here: Finding Opportunity in the Twenty-First Century
by Fiona Hill
Published 4 Oct 2021

Our nations began the descent into what became known as the postindustrial era in the 1960s, and especially after the 1970s, when they were hit by successive oil shocks. Major oil producers in the Middle East, members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), imposed an embargo on countries such as the UK and the U.S. for supporting Israel in its Yom Kippur War with Arab states. Both the United Kingdom and the United States had their own sources of oil and gas, but they remained dependent on Middle East imports. Domestic coal—no matter how much you had (and both the UK and the U.S. had a lot)—could not substitute for everything, especially in transportation.

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./1965), 105 W Wagon Works, Shildon, 31, 347 “Waiting for the Great Leap Forwards” (song), 85 Walmart, 343 Wang, Joe, 208, 229 Washington Consensus, 118 Washington Post, 2, 204 Watson, Marjorie, 88–89 Wear Valley, County Durham, 344, 345 Weber, Alfred, 52 Wellington, Duke of, 57 We’re Still Here (Silva), 155–56 Westerhout, Madeleine, 202 Westover, Tara, 354, 355 “White British,” 163–64, 317 white supremacists, 219, 307, 309 “White teenagers” (UK), 164 Wikipedia page, Hill, 245 Wilkerson, Isabel, 307 Williamson, Gavin, 299 wind power, 216 Winter of Discontent (1978–1979), 39 Witton Castle, 42, 208 Witton Park ironworks, 52–53 Wolosky, Lee, 1, 259, 261 Women’s March (January 2017), 206 Women Who Work (Ivanka Trump), 255 Woodward, Bob/Trump tapes, 219, 226 World Bank, 118, 123, 338, 340, 341 World War II Blitz, 191–92 X Xi Jinping, 220, 221 Y Yeltsin, Boris descriptions, 287 political violence and, 278, 287 presidency/administration, 127, 172, 221, 224, 228 reform programs/ “shock therapy,” 117–20 Yom Kippur War, 20 Yovanovitch, Marie (Masha) background, 240 calls/conspiracy theories about, 239 demonization of public service and, 193 as “Obama holdover,” 239 Parnas/Fruman attacks on, 240–41 Trump firing/threats, 238, 241, 251 as Ukraine ambassador, 238 Yudaeva, Ksenia, 132 Z Zakharova, Maria, 132 Zelensky, Volodymyr, 3, 241, 274, 297 Zinberg, Dorothy academic background, 125–26 appearances/Hill, 126 background, 138 gender wage gap and, 138, 142 Zorkin, Valery, 279 Zurbarán, Francisco de, 348 About the Author © Andrew Harnik / AP Photo Fiona Hill is the Robert Bosch Senior Fellow at the Center on the United States and Europe in the Foreign Policy program at the Brookings Institution.

Disrupt and Deny: Spies, Special Forces, and the Secret Pursuit of British Foreign Policy
by Rory Cormac
Published 14 Jun 2018

He had experience of the secret world as secretary of the Joint Intelligence Committee (JIC) in the early 1960s and maintained the role as accounting officer for the Secret Vote, but he was rather dovish on international relations.10 Meanwhile, and indicative of the age, Julian Amery, although promoted from the wilderness of minster for public works to a junior minister in the Foreign Office and operating as the main ministerial liaison with SIS, was banned from receiving information from Patrick Wright, the head of its Middle East Department. Alec Douglas-Home, foreign secretary under Edward Heath, personally insisted that Amery was not allowed to go ‘off-piste’ on Arabia. Consequently, he did not resurrect his covert role from Suez when the Yom Kippur War broke out between Israel and the Arab states in October 1973.11 Much intelligence focus at this time was on domestic affairs. As the economy faltered, subversion and industrial militancy at home dominated the agenda and policymakers established new groups, such as Subversion in Public Life, to develop methods to counter subversive activity, including through covert operations.12 Despite this changing climate, Britain still turned to covert action overseas in the late 1960s and into the 1970s, albeit not to as great an extent as the heyday a decade earlier.

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UK/US working groups 135–8 undermining Soviet Union 63–70, 80–8 use of special forces 4, see also special forces Whitehall infighting 68 and Yugoslavia 34 see also Foreign Office; GCHQ; ISC; JIC; propaganda; PWE; SIS; SOE; special forces; Suez Ukraine SIS airdrop into 76, 79 SIS and resistance 34, 35 UN post-war membership 3 Security Council, UK membership 1 Soviets in 24 United Arab Republic 129, 137 Urban, George 219, 222 Urban, Mark 213 Uruguay, disinformation campaign in 186 US Anglo-American relationship 29 anti-communist propaganda 27 CIA see CIA covert action in Cold War 2, 27 criticism of UK 78 and Cuba 149–50 Iranian oil deals 103 resource-for-expertise deal 35 State Department see State Department UK concerns over 27 UK/US cooperation 42–6, 51–6, 74, 77–80, 83, 92, 96–108, 149–54 UK/US working groups 135–8 USS Cole 264 UVF (Ulster Volunteer Force) 211 Vance, Cyrus 224 Vatican 228, 229 Vietnam, SIS and 162–3 Vietnam News Agency 71 Vietnam War 162–3 Voice of Britain radio 116 Waldegrave, William 243 Walker, David 235, 237, 238 Walker, Patrick Gordon 189, 213 Walker, Walter 159 Wallace, Colin 200 war criminals, SAS snatches of 246–7 Warner, Christopher 20–1, 28, 29, 62 Warner, Gerry 232, 242 Watson, Adam 121, 122 West, Nigel 248 White, Dick 84, 123, 124, 126, 127–8, 130, 140, 144, 164–5, 169, 170–1, 173, 181, 203, 278 Whitelaw, William 206 Whitney, Ray 195 Wilber, Donald 100, 101, 107 Williams, Clive 206 Williams, Richard 255 Wilson, Harold 149, 167, 169, 171, 173, 181, 182, 183–4, 185, 207, 208, 268 Wilson, Richard 250 Wisner, Frank 43, 51, 79, 84, 130–1 Woodfield, Philip 203 Woodhouse, John 172 Woodhouse, Monty 93, 94, 98–9, 100, 101, 103, 106 Wright, Patrick 157, 183, 232 Yemen and Aden 114, 137, 155–6, 269 covert action in 113, 114, 128, 137, 157, 258, 263, 264, 269 paramilitary training 265 secret war in 161–77, 176–7 and SIS 137 Yom Kippur War (1973) 183 Young, George Kennedy 70, 84, 111, 113, 115, 116, 117, 118–19, 121, 122, 123, 128, 145, 271, 285 Younger, Alex 265, 266, 272, 285 Yugoslavia 34, 41, 51, 53–4 Zaehner, Robin 31, 93–5, 98–9 Zahedi, Fazlullah 101–2, 103, 104, 105, 106 Zaid, Sheikh 188–9 Zambia, covert action in 147 Zanzibar, covert action/revolution in 157–8 Zia, Muhammed 226, 234–5 Zia, Sayyid 93, 94, 95 Zog, King 45–6, 121, 274 

Mr Five Per Cent: The Many Lives of Calouste Gulbenkian, the World's Richest Man
by Jonathan Conlin
Published 3 Jan 2019

In 1960 he invited leaders of other oil-producing nations to a conference in Baghdad, where they formed OPEC. Although the Iraqis stripped it of all its undeveloped lands, IPC continued operations until 1972, when it was nationalised. Its subsidiary, Basrah Petroleum, was nationalised a year later. While the Yom Kippur War and other external events played their part, IPC was as much a victim of its own internal dissensions as anything else.59 Pandi’s Portuguese identity afforded little protection. In stripping it of its 5 per cent in Basrah Petroleum, Iraq Law 101 of 20 December 1973 characterised Portugal as ‘a racist state which perpetrates violent acts of terrorism and annihilation against the peoples of Africa fighting for their liberty and independence’.60 There were other IPC subsidiaries, however, operating in other parts of the red-line area.

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(art dealers) 230 Wilhelm II, German Kaiser 72, 83, 233 Wilson, Sir Arnold 118, 119 Wilson, Woodrow 108, 109, 133–4 Wittrock, Otto 235–6 Wood, James 239–40, 251, 255 wool trade 9, 41, 48, 63 Wooster (chauffeur) 219 Wrangel, Pyotr 113 Wright, Whitaker 53, 55, 56–8, 59, 61, 82 X Xanthaky, Theodore 274 Xenophon 30 Y Yavûz Sultân Selîm (battleship) 104 Yemen 271 Yerevan 133, 197 Nubarashen 197, 199 Yergin, Daniel, The Prize 2 Yom Kippur War (1973) 318 York, Susannah 316 Young, David 145, 150, 212, 304–5 Young Turk movement 81–90, 97 Youssoupoff, Prince Andrei 249 Z Zaharoff, Sir Basil 89, 133, 205 Zatouroff (oil company) 32 Zeytoun 20 Zoroaster (oil tanker) 33 Zovianoff, Hovhannes 32

Elsewhere, U.S.A: How We Got From the Company Man, Family Dinners, and the Affluent Society to the Home Office, BlackBerry Moms,and Economic Anxiety
by Dalton Conley
Published 27 Dec 2008

The auto industry, if anything, has been spared the worst of it since there is somehow symbolic importance to “buying American” (whatever that means) to many U.S. citizens, especially veterans and politicians. The point is: Don’t blame the Asians; our midcentury system of wage growth and relative equality was going to collapse one way or another. The oil shock of 1973—when the members of OPEC took the position that they would no longer ship oil to nations that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War, curtailing production and thereby raising prices—makes as good a marker as any for the beginning of the end. Urban manufacturing declined just as our borders were opening up. Thanks to the Hart-Cellar Act of 1965, which abolished national quotas in favor of a more flexible family reunification approach to admission, new immigrants began pouring into U.S. cities and suburbs.

The Oil Factor: Protect Yourself-and Profit-from the Coming Energy Crisis
by Stephen Leeb and Donna Leeb
Published 12 Feb 2004

During that conference OPEC imposed restrictions on oil exports. In so doing, it engineered a 70 percent increase in oil prices, which rose to the then unheard-of level of more than $5 a barrel. In December the cartel met again, this time in Tehran, and took even more drastic action. Protesting U.S. support for Israel in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, it temporarily embargoed oil exports altogether. By early 1974 oil prices had jumped to more than $7 a barrel, more than 130 percent above levels that had prevailed just a few months earlier, in mid-1973, and, indeed, for the entire preceding decade. OPEC had done what the Soviet Union, throughout the Cold War, had failed to do—demonstrated not by threats but by action our vulnerability to forces over which we had no control.

The End of Traffic and the Future of Transport: Second Edition
by David Levinson and Kevin Krizek
Published 17 Aug 2015

November 7, 2013 http://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/363381/david-levinsons-vision-future-reihan-salamhttp://www.nationalreview.com/agenda/363381/david-levinsons-vision-future-reihan-salam 16 These brief slow downs in the inexorable rise in vehicle travel are usually attributed to the oil supply and price shocks in 1973-4 (Yom Kippur War), 1979-1981 (Iranian Revolution), early 1990s (Gulf War), and early 2000s (9/11). 17 The population of prime working age peaked around 2000. 18 In 1924, a Chevrolet cost $525⁠1. Today a Malibu is about $20,000. Similarly the wage in 1924 was $0.56/hour⁠2 for a manufacturing worker, and today is $19.70⁠3/hour.

The Rare Metals War
by Guillaume Pitron
Published 15 Feb 2020

One such example takes us back to the 1930s, when the United States imposed a helium embargo (of which it was the sole producer) on Germany for fear that the Nazis, already using the gas for their Zeppelin airships, would eventually put it towards aggressive ends. Then, in 1973, OPEC declared an oil embargo against Israel and its allies in response to the Yom Kippur war, sparking the first oil crisis in history. In 1979, US president Jimmy Carter halted the export of 17 million tonnes of grain to the Soviet Union in response to its invasion of Afghanistan.16 And, more recently, Russia cut off its gas exports to Poland and Ukraine due to diplomatic tensions — a dispute covered extensively by the international press.17 After gas, oil and then grain were wielded as weapons, it was inevitable that China would weaponise its metals.

Thinking, Fast and Slow
by Daniel Kahneman
Published 24 Oct 2011

A careful statistical analysis revealed that the distribution of hits was typical of a random process—and typical as well in evoking a strong impression that it was not random. “To the untrained eye,” Feller remarks, “randomness appears as regularity or tendency to cluster.” I soon had an occasion to apply what I had learned frpeaрrainom Feller. The Yom Kippur War broke out in 1973, and my only significant contribution to the war effort was to advise high officers in the Israeli Air Force to stop an investigation. The air war initially went quite badly for Israel, because of the unexpectedly good performance of Egyptian ground-to-air missiles. Losses were high, and they appeared to be unevenly distributed.

…

Petersburg paradox Strack, Fritz strangers, assessment of Strangers to Ourselves (Wilson) Streep, Meryl strength, assessments of structured settlements Stumbling to Happiness (Gilbert) substitution; and mood heuristic for happiness; and 3-D heuristic success, uot sum-like variables sunk-cost fallacy Sunstein, Cass Super Bowl supply and demand surgeons Surowiecki, James surprise survey and gift experiments survival-mortality experiment symbols System 1; characteristics of; conflict between System 2 and System 2; conflict between System 1 and; laziness of Taleb, Nassim talent task sets task switching Tate, Geoffrey taxes; child exemptions and temperament temptation Tenet, George terrorism Tetlock, Philip Thaler, Richard theory-induced blindness therapists thinking like a trader Thomas, Lewis threats; possibility effect and 3-D heuristic tickets; buying and selling of; sunk cost in time; use of time pressure Todorov, Alex token experiment Tom W problem “Trading Is Hazardous to Your Wealth” (Barber and Odean) transactions and trades Traviata, La (Verdi) Truman, Harry trustworthiness, assessments of truth, illusions of Tversky, Amos understanding, illusion of unique cases University College London University of California at Berkeley University of Chicago University of Michigan University of Minnesota University of Oregon unlikely events, see rare events unknown unknowns utility; decision; experienced; indifference map and; injection puzzle and; meanings of utility theory; certainty effect and; decision weights and probabilities in vacations vaccines validity: of clinical vs. statistical predictions; evaluating; illusion of Vallone, Robert value; see also utility Vancouver Island Venn diagrams venture capitalists victim compensation vividness; of outcomes; of probabilities vocabulary: of girls vs. boys; simple vs. pretentious Vohs, Kathleen vomit, effect of word Von Neumann, John voting Wainer, Howard walking wars Washington Post, The wealth, see money and wealth weather Weber, Ernste> weight and piano playing, measuring Weiner, Howard well-being; climate and; defining; disposition for; duration weighting and; see also happiness West, Richard what you see is all there is (WYSIATI); confidence and; curriculum team and; Julie problem and; optimistic bias and; premortem and; professorial candidate problem and; soldiers’ performance and; Tom W problem and wheel of fortune “wicked” environments Wilson, Timothy Wimbledon tournament wine Winter Olympics Wisdom of Crowds, The (Surowiecki) witnesses’ evidence Woods, Tiger words: complex vs. simple; emotionally-loaded World Cup World War II worry WYSIATI, see what you see is all there is X-rays Xu, Jing Yale exam problem Yom Kippur War Zajonc, Robert Zamir, Eyal Zeller, Kathryn Zweig, Jason Zwerling, Harris Farrar, Straus and Giroux 18 West 18th Street, New York 10011 Copyright © 2011 by Daniel Kahneman All rights reserved Grateful acknowledgment is made for permission to reprint the following previously published material: “Judgment Under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases” from Science, New Series, Vol. 185, No. 4157, copyright © 1974 by Amos Tversky and Dan"0%" te>X-rays Science.

The Generals: American Military Command From World War II to Today
by Thomas E. Ricks
Published 14 Oct 2012

It was a newly created headquarters, designed by him to bring together, for the first time, the Army’s efforts on training, research, and doctrine—the last of these being essentially how the service thinks about how to fight. The Army was out of Vietnam, and DePuy was focused on its future, which he saw as conventional, tank-heavy battles in Europe. When the fourth Arab-Israeli conflict (also known as the Yom Kippur War, the Ramadan War, or the October War) broke out that fall, he made the lessons and implications of the Israeli counterattack the centerpiece of his efforts to modernize and refocus the Army. The Arab forces, Soviet-trained and equipped, were a reasonable facsimile of what the U.S. Army would face on the plains of Central Europe if the superpowers ever went to war.

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Harry, 483n Willkie, Wendell, 103 Willoughby, Charles, 139, 149, 196, 198–99, 270, 484n, 488n, 497n, 498n fascism of, 140–41 Wilmot, Chester, 82, 480n, 481n Wilson, Charles, 203 Wilson, Erik, 454 Wilson, Hack, 147 Wilson, William, 302–3, 514n Winn, Aidan Kirby, 532n Winton, Harold R., 356, 495n Winton, Walter, 182, 495n, 496n Woerner, Frederick, 362, 462 Wolfowitz, Paul, 375–76 Wong, Leonard, 468n Woodring, Harry, 30 Woods, Kevin, 524n, 525n, 526n Woodward, Bob, 531n Woolley, John, 516n Worden, William, 486n World War I, 32, 58, 73, 96, 107, 114, 151, 410, 444, 454 commanders in, 26–27 Gallipoli battle in, 69 Marshall in, 19–20, 23 Meuse-Argonne offensive in, 23 relief policy in, 21–23, 185 Saint-Mihiel offensive in, 23 World War II, 7, 11, 12, 107, 114, 119, 126, 151, 153, 171, 178, 197, 217, 237, 309, 420, 444 Bradley in, 116–17 DePuy’s experience in, 2, 5–6, 244 draft in, 113 Eisenhower’s proposed strategy for, 45–47 Eisenhower’s war aims in, 48–49 end of, 111–12 Falaise pocket in, 362–63 firepower in, 245 growth of U.S. armed forces in, 15, 35–36 high-command mistakes in, 50–51 Japanese surrender in, 384 military drawdown after, 389–90 Phony War in, 29 promotion from the ranks in, 113 relief policy in, 11–12, 17–19, 38–39, 69–71, 110, 112, 185, 187, 188, 251, 381 World War I commanders and, 26–27 see also Sicily campaign Wunderlin, Clarence E., Jr., 469 X Corps, U.S., 132, 154–56, 170 XVIII Airborne Corps, U.S., 357 Yeosock, John, 381 Yingling, Paul, 8, 349, 441–44, 460, 468n, 531n, 532n Yom Kippur War, 337–38 Young, Brigham, 19 Young, Stephen, 509n Zelikow, Philip, 410, 418, 437, 448 PHOTOGRAPH CREDITS 1 (left): Courtesy National Archives, Army Signal Corps photo #16150-41-4788 2 (right): Frank Scherschel / Time & Life Pictures / Getty Images 3 (left): Courtesy of the George C.

The Long Twentieth Century: Money, Power, and the Origins of Our Times
by Giovanni Arrighi
Published 15 Mar 2010

But the reversal was all the more depressing because of its association with an equally sudden escalation of inter-capitalist competition that reduced real returns to capital to “unreasonable” levels. The association was not accidental. The price of crude oil had already begun to rise prior to the “shock” of 1973. But it was the virtual acknowledgement of defeat by the US government in Vietnam, followed immediately by the shattering of the myth of Israeli invincibility during the Yom Kippur War, that energized OPEC into effectively protecting its members from the depreciation of the dollar and in imposing on the First World a substantial oil rent. Combined with the preceding pay explosion, the explosion of oil prices forced First World enterprises to compete even more intensely than they already were for the Third World’s supplies of labor and energy, as well as for the purchasing power that was trickling down to some Third World countries in the form of higher real prices for crude oil and other raw materials.

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See cloth industry World Bank, 69 world capitalism, 306-7, 375f, 379 world economy: Britain and, 289; capital accumulation and, 239; capitalist, 219, 225, 230-31, 340-41, 350, 367; division of, 238; financial expansions and, 238-40; first form, 231; material expansions of, 226, 227, 230-31, 324, 350; US and, 289, 351 world government, 76-77 world liquidity, 73, 280-81, 284, 288, 318, 367 world market economy, 1 1, 68 world markets, 260, 262, 265, 296-99, 304, 339, 377 world monetary system, 280-81, 283, 287 world money, 59, 72, 279, 287-88, 309, 318, 328-29 World War I, 65, 179, 276, 277-79 World War II, 66, 164, 283-84, 337-38 yen, 354, 358, 365 Yom Kippur War, 333 Yoshio, Suzuki, 364, 366 Ypres, 100, 102

Frommer's Israel
by Robert Ullian
Published 31 Mar 1998

In the absence of a peace settlement that would trade most land captured in 1967 for peace, the occupation of the West Bank and the Gaza Strip began to seem less temporary. The small political movement for Jewish settlement of the Occupied Territories began to grow, although initially opposed by the Israeli government. Resentment among the Palestinians under occupation quietly rose. The country experienced a sharp change in fortune in October 1973. The Yom Kippur War, a completely unexpected 1914 Jews from Russia and Allied countries expelled by Ottoman Turks. ■ 1917 Balfour Declaration supporting Jewish national home in Palestine. British free Jerusalem from Turks. ■ 1920 Official start of British Mandate. ■ 1922 British create TransJordan (now Jordan) from Palestinian lands east of the Jordan River. ■ 1925 Hebrew University founded in Jerusalem. ■ 1929 Arab-Jewish riots.

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The Intifada, a grass-roots program of daily commercial strikes and demonstrations (both violent and nonviolent) against the military authorities, began. The Intifada continued through the early 1990s. 1967 Egypt expels peacekeeping force. Israel wins SixDay War, occupies Sinai, Golan, West Bank, and Gaza. ■ 1972 Palestinian terrorists massacre Israeli athletes at Munich Olympics. ■ 1973 Egypt and Syria attack during Yom Kippur War. ■ 1976 Israelis rescue Jewish hostages at Entebbe Airport. ■ 1977 Likud wins elections. Sadat of Egypt comes to Jerusalem. ■ 33 1979 Israel and Egypt sign peace treaty negotiated at Camp David. ■ 1982 Israel invades Lebanon. ■ 1984 Labor-Likud Coalition. Withdrawal from most of Lebanon. Aliyah of Ethiopian Jews. ■ 1987 First Palestinian Intifada begins. ■ 1989 Great Soviet aliyah begins. ■ continues 06_289693-ch02.qxp 34 10/28/08 9:32 AM CHAPTER 2 .

…

Deeply committed to the land, a visionary who believed Israel’s future lay in the development of the desert, he retired to the Negev kibbutz of Sde Boker after his final term in office. In the euphoria after the 1967 war, Ben-Gurion urged magnanimous terms for a peace settlement, including the return of most conquered lands. He lived just long enough to see his country survive the onslaught of the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Abba Eban (1915–2002) South African– born, Cambridge-educated author, diplomat, and former foreign minister, Eban was noted for an eloquence and wit unrivaled among Western leaders since Winston Churchill. When asked by reporters about divisions between hawks and doves in the Israel cabinet during the tense days before the Six-Day War, he quipped, “The government of Israel is hardly an aviary.”

Blindside: How to Anticipate Forcing Events and Wild Cards in Global Politics
by Francis Fukuyama
Published 27 Aug 2007

In thinking about strategic surprise from this perspective, it is important not to focus simply on events themselves, but rather on the contexts within which they are developing. For instance, the game-changing potential of the 2990-7 ch09 schwarz 102 7/23/07 12:12 PM Page 102 peter schwartz and doug randall Yom Kippur War in 1973 would have been radically different without the larger context of the cold war. Understanding these contexts then becomes part of the analytical process of anticipating surprise. The next step is to take an inside-out approach. Here, the question is less about what is going on outside in the world, but rather: What are the risks to the organization?

The Secret World of Oil
by Ken Silverstein
Published 30 Apr 2014

The system broke up because producer companies got tired of bring ripped off by the multinationals and their home governments. One way they fought back was through the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), which was founded in 1965 but only closely coordinated members’ output to determine production after the Yom Kippur War. The conflict prompted OPEC to launch its embargo against the West, leading to an explosion in the price of oil. While the West viewed this as unfair collusion and political manipulation of oil prices, OPEC producers understandably saw it as a means of gaining a fairer share of the profits from the global energy business.

The Return of Marco Polo's World: War, Strategy, and American Interests in the Twenty-First Century
by Robert D. Kaplan
Published 6 Mar 2018

Vilified by the media, assailed in Congress, and ridiculed by the protest movement, they had sustained America’s idealistic tradition, risking their lives and expending their youth on a struggle that American leadership groups had initiated, then abandoned, and finally disdained. Kissinger’s diplomatic achievements reached far beyond Southeast Asia. Between 1973 and 1975, Kissinger, serving Nixon and then Gerald Ford, steered the Yom Kippur War toward a stalemate that was convenient for American interests, and then brokered agreements between Israel and its Arab adversaries for a separation of forces. Those deals allowed Washington to reestablish diplomatic relations with Egypt and Syria for the first time since their rupture following the Six-Day War in 1967.

Age of Greed: The Triumph of Finance and the Decline of America, 1970 to the Present
by Jeff Madrick
Published 11 Jun 2012

.: John Wiley, 2006), pp. 82–85. 16 “LUCKY ELIOT SPITZER”: Ibid., p. 85. 17 “WE HAD A GENTLEMAN’S AGREEMENT”: Anonymous author interview, May 2009. 18 IN ONE OF THE PREDICTIONS: These successful predictions also included timely investments in Japanese and European energy companies and food stocks, and selling short the overly popular growth stocks, known as the Nifty Fifty, such as Xerox. They also invested in defense company stocks when few were interested after the Vietnam War, anticipating there would again be an arms race with Russia, and that Israel would step up its armaments purchases after the Yom Kippur War. Slater, Soros, pp. 76–77. 19 SOROS SOLD BRITISH GILTS: Ibid., p. 84. 20 THE SOROS FUND ROSE: George Soros, The Alchemy of Finance, p. 146; Slater, Soros, pp. 80–84. 21 BONDS COLLAPSED IN VALUE: Slater, Soros, pp. 90–92. 22 HE POSITIONED THE QUANTUM FUND: He documented the ensuing trades between 1985 and 1986 in The Alchemy of Finance, in which he published a real-time diary of his strategy. 23 AND HE DID ALL THIS AGGRESSIVELY: Ibid., Chapters 12–14, pp. 196–296. 24 HE EARNED HIMSELF NEARLY $95 MILLION: Slater, Soros, p. 143. 25 “MARKETS ARE ALWAYS BIASED”: Soros, The Alchemy of Finance, p. 49. 26 SOROS, FOR EXAMPLE, WAS ACCUSED: Slater, Soros, p. 83. 27 BUT HE WAS FOUND GUILTY: John Tagliabue, “Soros Is Found Guilty in France on Charges of Insider Trading,” New York Times, December 21, 2002, http://search.aol.com/aol/search?

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(Reagan), 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 Whyte, William Wigmore, Barrie Williams, Harrison Williams Act (1968), 4.1, 13.1 William Volker Charitable Fund, 2.1, 2.2 Wills, Garry, 3.1, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3 Winnick, Gary, 17.1, 17.2 Witness (Chambers), 7.1 Wojnilower, Albert, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 9.1, 11.1 working class, 7.1, 7.2, 7.3, 7.4, 7.5, 9.1, 10.1, 16.1 working conditions, itr.1, prl.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 12.4 World Bank, 6.1, 6.2 WorldCom, 16.1, 17.1, 17.2, 17.3, 17.4, 17.5, 17.6, 17.7, 17.8, 19.1, 19.2 World War I, 2.1, 11.1 World War II, itr.1, prl.1, prl.2, 1.1, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 7.1, 7.2, 8.1, 15.1 Wright, Robert, 12.1, 12.2 Wriston, Henry, 1.1, 1.2 Wriston, Walter, 1.1, 1.2, 6.1, 6.2; background of, 1.3, 1.4; as banker, 1.5, 4.1, 5.1, 6.3, 6.4, 11.1, 12.1, 12.2, 12.3, 16.1, 16.2, 16.3; as Citibank and Citicorp CEO, itr.1, 1.6, 6.5, 11.2, 16.4, 19.1; economic views of, itr.1, 1.7, 1.8, 6.6, 6.7, 6.8; as First National City CEO, 1.9, 1.10, 15.1, 16.5; Friedman’s influence on, 1.11, 1.12, 6.9; government regulation opposed by, itr.1, 1.13, 6.10, 6.11, 6.12, 6.13, 9.1; LCD debts approved by, 6.14; New Deal as viewed by, itr.1, 1.14; Regulation Q opposed by, 6.15, 6.16, 9.2; reputation of, 1.15, 6.17, 6.18; Weill compared with, 16.6 Wyman, Jane, 7.1, 7.2 Wynn, Steve, 13.1, 13.2 Xerox Corp., 1.1, 14.1, 19.1, 19.2 Yellen, Janet, 14.1, 14.2, 14.3 Yom Kippur War, 3.1, 19.1 Young Americans for Freedom, prl.1 Zandi, Mark, 14.1, 19.1, 19.2 Zarb, Frank, 16.1, 16.2 Zweig, Phillip ILLUSTRATION CREDITS prl.1 LEWIS UHLER: Terry Ashe / TIME LIFE Pictures / Getty Images 1.1 WALTER WRISTON: Ralph Morse / TIME LIFE Pictures / Getty Images 2.1 MILTON FRIEDMAN: AP Photo 3.1 RICHARD NIXON: Bettmann / CORBIS 4.1 JOE FLOM: Rob Rich / Getty Images 5.1 IVAN BOESKY: Misha Erwitt / NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images 6.1 WALTER WRISTON: Bettmann / CORBIS 7.1 RONALD REAGAN: Courtesy Ronald Reagan Library 8.1 TED TURNER: Cynthia Johnson / Liaison / Getty Images 8.2 SAM WALTON: Eli Reichman / TIME LIFE Pictures / Getty Images 8.3 STEVE ROSS: Richard Corkery / NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images 9.1 JIMMY CARTER: AP Photo / Harvey Georges 10.1 HOWARD JARVIS: AP Photo / Lennox McLendon 11.1 PAUL VOLCKER: AP Photo / Stf 12.1 TOM PETERS: Roger Ressmeyer / CORBIS 12.2 JACK WELCH: Reuters / Landov 13.1 MICHAEL MILKEN: Ed Molinari / NY Daily News Archive via Getty Images 14.1 ALAN GREENSPAN: Paul J.

Fiasco: The American Military Adventure in Iraq
by Thomas E. Ricks
Published 30 Jul 2007

Shinseki or Colin Powell, they could be stubborn, even dogged and single-minded, in defending the institution they had spent their lives rebuilding. But the most significant post-Vietnam fix may have been doctrinal—that is, in how the Army thinks about how itfights.Arguably, the rebuilding began on the Golan Heights in 1973, as the Army's leaders, trying tofigureout the path beyond Vietnam, watched the Arab-Israeli Ramadan War, or Yom Kippur War, with astonishment. Shocked by surprise attacks from Syria and Egypt, the Israelis quickly rallied and launched a counteroffensive, losing only 250 tanks and 772 troops as they destroyed 1,150 tanks and killed 3,500 of the enemy. Among those tracking this was Gen. William DePuy, the first chief of the U.S.

…

The 1976 version of this capstone doctrinal statement warned that the Army must aim to "win the first battle of the next war." That ultimately led the Army's thinkers to focus too much only on that first fight. During World War II, tanks had opened fire at an average range of 750 yards, but in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, Israeli tanks engaged at two thousand yards and more. This changed the shape of the battlefield and meant fighting in-depth, rather than just on a front, observed retired Army Maj. Gen. Robert Scales, a former commandant of the Army War College and later coauthor of an account of the spring 2003 invasion.

The Tragedy of Great Power Politics
by John J. Mearsheimer
Published 1 Jan 2001

American bombers, for example, conducted large-scale raids against the German cities of Regensburg and Schweinfurt in August and October 1943 without commanding the skies over that part of Germany. The attacking bombers suffered prohibitive losses as a result, forcing the United States to halt the attacks until long-range fighter escorts became available in early 1944.34 During the first days of the Yom Kippur War in October 1973, the Israeli Air Force (IAF) attempted to provide much-needed support to the beleaguered Israeli ground forces along the Suez Canal and on the Golan Heights. But withering fire from Egyptian and Syrian surface-to-air missiles and air-defense guns forced the IAF to curtail that mission.35 Once an air force controls the skies, it can pursue three power-projection missions in support of army units fighting on the ground.

…

Coffey, Decision over Schweinfurt: The U.S. 8th Air Force Battle for Daylight Bombing (New York: David McKay, 1977); and John Sweetman, Schweinfurt: Disaster in the Skies (New York: Ballantine, 1971). 35. See Trevor N. Dupuy, Elusive Victory: The Arab-Israeli Wars, 1947–1974 (New York: Harper and Row, 1978), pp. 550–53, 555–56; Insight Team of the London Sunday Times, The Yom Kippur War (Garden City, NY: Doubleday, 1974), pp. 184–89; Chaim Herzog, The War of Atonement, October 1973 (Boston: Little, Brown, 1975), pp. 256–61; Edward Luttwak and Dan Horowitz, The Israeli Army (London: Allen Lane, 1975), pp. 347–52, 374; and Eliezer Cohen, Israel’s Best Defense: The First Full Story of the Israeli Air Force, trans.

A World in Disarray: American Foreign Policy and the Crisis of the Old Order
by Richard Haass
Published 10 Jan 2017

The Middle East was in many ways the most violent of regions in terms of number of conflicts. One fault line associated with recurring conflicts was that between Israel and its Arab neighbors. There was the 1948 war at the time of Israel’s independence, the 1956 Suez Crisis, the 1967 Six-Day War, the 1973 October or Yom Kippur War, and the intifadas that brought Palestinians and Israelis into direct conflict. Elsewhere in the region numerous other conflicts took place, from the civil war that began in Lebanon in the mid-1970s to the eight-year war between Iran and Iraq that ended only in 1988. Latin America and Africa also experienced conflict, almost all of it within states (civil wars of one sort or another) or fought by armed groups that were based in one country and intervened in another.

The End of Growth
by Jeff Rubin
Published 2 Sep 2013

The problems may take different guises, such as stagflation in the 1970s or the financial market meltdown in 2008. Regardless of what story made the most headlines at the time, oil prices were lurking at the root of the problem. Consider the first oil shock, created by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) following the Yom Kippur War in 1973. Set off by this Arab-Israeli conflict, OPEC’s Arab members turned off the taps on roughly 8 percent of the world’s oil supply by cutting shipments to the United States and other Israeli allies. Crude prices spiked, and by 1974 real GDP in the United States had shrunk by 2.5 percent. The second OPEC oil shock happened during Iran’s revolution and the subsequent war with Iraq.

The New Rules of War: Victory in the Age of Durable Disorder
by Sean McFate
Published 22 Jan 2019

Frederick William on mercenaries during the Thirty Years’ War: Sidney B. Fay, “The Beginnings of the Standing Army in Prussia,” American Historical Review 22, no. 4 (1917): 767. 22. WWIII close calls: Superpower tensions during the Cold War that could have escalated into nuclear war include the Korean War (1950–1953); the Cuban Missile Crisis (1962); the Yom Kippur War (October 1973); NORAD’s computer error (1979); the “Petrov save” incident (1983); and the Able Archer NATO exercise (1983). Rule 9: Shadow Wars Will Dominate 1. Putin admits Russian troops in Ukraine: Shaun Walker, “Putin Admits Russian Military Presence in Ukraine for First Time,” The Guardian, 17 December 2015, https://www.theguardian.com/world/2015/dec/17/vladimir-putin-admits-russian-military-presence-ukraine. 2.

A Brief History of Motion: From the Wheel, to the Car, to What Comes Next
by Tom Standage
Published 16 Aug 2021

An increasing proportion of that fuel came from imported oil. Imports, mostly from the Middle East, accounted for 27 percent of America’s supply by 1973. In December that year the Middle Eastern members of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut off oil exports to the United States in protest at its support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War. The price of oil surged, and the sudden reduction in supply resulted in higher gasoline prices, the introduction of rationing, and long lines at gas stations. (To complicate matters, in America at the time gasoline was subject to price controls, and refiners were reluctant to sell fuel for less than it cost to produce, further constraining supply.)

Liberalism at Large: The World According to the Economist
by Alex Zevin
Published 12 Nov 2019

Nixon’s devaluation in 1973 was a defensive strike, meant to wind up a long, losing battle to maintain confidence in the gold convertibility of the dollar, and restore competitive capacity against German and Japanese exporters. As a means of reviving the world economy, it came to grief immediately. The oil price quadrupled after the Yom Kippur War, and a new word was coined to describe the effects this had down the decade: stagflation. Perhaps most alarming of all, these very developments seemed to strengthen the Soviet Union, which gained hard currency from surging oil prices and a freer hand abroad after America’s geopolitical setback in Southeast Asia.63 At this moment of apparent crisis for the American-led liberal world order, Andrew Knight became editor of the Economist.

…

‘Teach Them a Lesson’, 10 June 1967, and passim. 26.‘Israel Fearless’, 13 October 1973; ‘No Good Result’, 13 October 1973; ‘No More Doves’, 27 October 1973. After the Six-Day War, US aid increased from $63 million to $102 million annually, reaching $634.5 million in 1971, quintupling after the Yom Kippur War in 1973 to make Israel the largest recipient of US foreign aid since 1976. John J. Mearsheimer and Stephen M. Walt, The Israel Lobby and US Foreign Policy, New York 2007, pp. 2–3. 27.‘Worth spending /not concerned risks involved /no involvement of embassy /$10,000,000 available, more if necessary/ best men we have/ game plan/ make the economy scream/ 48 hours for plan of action’: CIA director Richard Helms took these notes during a meeting with Nixon, Kissinger and others on 15 September 1970.

The Oil Kings: How the U.S., Iran, and Saudi Arabia Changed the Balance of Power in the Middle East
by Andrew Scott Cooper
Published 8 Aug 2011

Kissinger blamed Israel and American Jewish groups for sabotaging his shuttle mission, conveniently forgetting that the Shah’s abandonment of the Kurds had destroyed Israeli faith in promises of oil and security. “I have to tell you as a friend—the failure of this negotiation is the worst disaster since the Yom Kippur War [October War], not because of what we will do but because of what will develop,” he told Fisher. “We have lost control.” “American foreign policy has not since the early days of the cold war had at the edges so many actual or threatened losses, so many intractable and unresolved problems, and so much reason for anxiety about some of these problems as today,” wrote Joseph Harsch in a lucid analysis published by The Christian Science Monitor.

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Johannes, 315, 332 Wolfowitz, Paul, 248 Woodward, Bob, 365, 454n–55n World Bank, 189, 263 Manila meeting of, 331–34 World War II, 45, 471n Xerox, 392 Yamani, Ahmed Zaki al-, 7, 122, 123, 128, 132, 145, 148, 158, 208, 224, 246, 268, 275, 276–77, 348, 366, 367, 382 Kissinger’s dislike of, 171 later career of, 391 oil auction initiative of, 177–78, 181, 204 on oil policy, 80 at OPEC’s Bali meeting, 311 at OPEC’s Doha meeting, 358–63 Simon and, 172–73, 175 Yamani (Robinson), 435n Years of Upheaval (Kissinger), 81, 393 Yeganeh, Mohammad, 254 Yeo, Ed, 348–49 Yergin, Daniel, 80, 90, 159 Yom Kippur War see Arab-Israeli War of 1973 Yugoslavia, 180 Zahedi, Ardeshir, 10, 27, 30, 42, 53, 74, 116, 136, 157, 167, 209, 216, 228, 241, 300, 302, 306, 340, 347, 350, 352, 374, 388, 410n, 495n diplomatic style of, 28–29 Ford’s meetings with, 202–3, 354–56 later career of, 391 in 1973 Washington visit, 101–4 1976 U.S. election and, 323–24 SAVAK scandal and, 342–43 Shah’s cancer secret and, 381–82 Simon’s “nuts” remark and, 176–77 Zahedi, Fazlollah, 27 Zaire, 316 Zarb, Frank, 10, 152, 171, 172, 233, 270, 272, 273, 290, 296, 322–23, 330–31 bilateral oil deal and, 238–39, 240, 267–69, 274, 295, 298–99, 302, 349 Ziegler, Ron, 64 Zonis, Marvin, 25, 402n Zumwalt, Elmo, 71

The Great Divergence: America's Growing Inequality Crisis and What We Can Do About It
by Timothy Noah
Published 23 Apr 2012

Never mind that at 7.2 percent, unemployment in November 1984 was only slightly lower than in November 1980, when it was 7.5 percent. The economy was in recovery. But the Golden Age was over. The first sign of trouble had been stagnation of the median income. In October 1973 the Arab members of the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries retaliated against U.S. support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War by imposing an embargo that quadrupled the price of oil. The immediate result was a sixteen-month recession and a simultaneous upsurge in inflation, an unusually hideous combination dubbed “stagflation.” After the recession ended, in March 1975, the median income was expected to resume a brisk upward climb.

Sun in a Bottle: The Strange History of Fusion and the Science of Wishful Thinking
by Charles Seife
Published 27 Oct 2009

He was sure, he said, that he could turn lasers into “efficient fusion power” within “the next few years.” After false starts and two decades of struggle with magnetic bottles, the era of fusion finally seemed at hand. The timing could scarcely have been better. The United States was just getting through its first oil crisis. Because of American support for Israel during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, the Arab members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) cut off oil supplies to the U.S. Gas prices skyrocketed. It was becoming painfully clear that the country had to find another source of energy—anything other than petroleum—if it was to avoid being held hostage to OPEC’s interests.

The Powerhouse: Inside the Invention of a Battery to Save the World
by Steve Levine
Published 5 Feb 2015

Few knew it, he would say, but for a short time almost four decades before, South Africa was one of the great centers of battery thinking. In Pretoria in the late 1970s, Thackeray, in shaggy, blondish hair and long sideburns, did his Ph.D. under a crystallographer named Johan Coetzer. One day, Coetzer walked into the lab and announced a new project. They were going to “do some stuff in the energy field.” The Yom Kippur War between Israel and its Arab neighbors had triggered an energy crisis and the Western world was seeking a way around Middle East oil. Coetzer thought one answer was the advancement of batteries and he told Thackeray that that was where they would focus their work. The effort was challenged from the beginning because of South Africa’s system of apartheid, to which the world had responded with economic sanctions.

The Age of Stagnation: Why Perpetual Growth Is Unattainable and the Global Economy Is in Peril
by Satyajit Das
Published 9 Feb 2016

The seventies was the decade of oil shocks, which occurred in 1973 and 1979 and ended a period of low prices. In the US this was compounded by oil production peaking. In October 1973, Arab members of the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) proclaimed an oil embargo, in response to US backing for Israel during the Yom Kippur War and in support of the Palestinians. The price of oil rose from US$3 per barrel to nearly US$12. In 1979, in the wake of the Iranian revolution, oil output fell and the price rose to nearly US$40 per barrel. This resulted in higher inflation and a sharp global economic slowdown. This decade saw the collapse of the Bretton Woods international monetary system.

Noam Chomsky: A Life of Dissent
by Robert F. Barsky
Published 2 Feb 1997

file:///D|/export3/www.netlibrary.com/nlreader/nlreader.dll@bookid=9296&filename=page_169.html [4/16/2007 3:21:13 PM] Document Page 170 Provoking Ire Chomsky's political talks during this time stirred up considerable controversy in different sectors. In some instances, this was exacerbated by "experts" who seemed to be suffering from amnesia. Alan Dershowitz, for example, claims in his best-selling book Chutzpah (1991) that he had had a public discussion with Chomsky immediately following the Yom Kippur War in 1973, during which Chomsky had proposed a "hare-brained scheme" that involved abolishing the state of Israel and replacing it with "a secular, binational state." Calling Chomsky a "false prophet of the left," ''who would willingly sacrifice Jewish values and the Jewish state to some Marxist view of the world," Dershowitz declared that neither his "children, friends, [n]or students" could accept such a vision (199).

A History of the World in Seven Cheap Things: A Guide to Capitalism, Nature, and the Future of the Planet
by Raj Patel and Jason W. Moore
Published 16 Oct 2017

By 1945, two of every three barrels of oil were produced in the United States.77 Only in the 1970s did the Soviet Union and then Saudi Arabia displace America as the world’s leading oil producer.78 Global oil production grew prodigiously after World War II, outstripping the era’s extraordinary economic growth by almost 60 percent.79 When the United States abandoned the gold standard in August 1971,80 international capital sought refuge from this “Nixon shock” in commodity purchases. At the same time, the Soviet Union—following poor harvests—traded its oil for wheat, driving up the price of bread. Fourteen months later, the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), nominally responding to the Yom Kippur War between Israel and Egypt, announced a 70 percent rise in the oil production tax.81 World oil prices leaped from three to twelve dollars per barrel. The OPEC countries were responding to the US export of dollar-denominated inflation. As the shah of Iran put it, the United States had “increased the price of wheat you sell us by 300 percent, and the same for sugar and cement.”82 The world paid the higher oil price, and the OPEC countries found themselves sitting on substantial income, reserves of what became known as petrodollars.

Carmageddon: How Cars Make Life Worse and What to Do About It
by Daniel Knowles
Published 27 Mar 2023

The reason bikes are so common in Amsterdam or Copenhagen “is not a question of genetics, or the fact that they are flat cities,” Najdovski told me. “It is that at a time in the 1970s and 1980s, these cities gave priority to active mobility instead of giving space to motorized traffic.” In Copenhagen, as in Paris with the coronavirus pandemic, it took a crisis. In 1973, in the wake of the Yom Kippur War, the Arab oil-producing states introduced an embargo on oil shipments in protest of American and European support for Israel. The price of a barrel of oil quadrupled from $2.90 to more than $11. With it, the price of gasoline shot up, and the world plunged into an economic crisis. The embargo was lifted a year later, but by then, the oil-producing states had realized their market power, and the Organization of the Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC), a cartel formed in 1960, began to exercise its might to keep oil prices high.

Pity the Nation: Lebanon at War
by Robert Fisk
Published 1 Jan 1990

‘Sometimes in war, you kill people,’ Specter said. ‘This is what war is all about. Yes, human awareness is there. We relied on intelligence very, very much. This was not an article of faith. But our country relies on intelligence even in peacetime. In the one case where it failed, we paid for it – in the Yom Kippur war.’ But surely the intelligence was wrong? Thousands of civilians died in Lebanon. Whole apartment blocks were destroyed by the Israeli planes. Israeli intelligence had to have been wrong, surely? Specter was still reluctant to talk about the intelligence briefings at his Galilee airbase. But he also recognised that the issues were not being addressed.

…

‘The Sabra and Chatila massacre was the cornerstone of everything, that what we were doing was not just a mistake but was wrong. The strain, the tension of some of our people was real. Pilots came again and again and asked: “Can we be sure about the targets? Are they alright?”’ Specter could not stop talking now. The reticence was gone. ‘Look, there is a problem. The Yom Kippur war was a war of life and death for our state. But some of our pilots turned out to be pacifists at the wrong time … In the middle of the war, they found they were pacifists. Now to be a pacifist is probably a nice thing to be most of the year – but not when you are at war. In other words, we told our pilots: “If you want to refuse orders, deal with your ideology before you begin your flying course.”

…

F., 17 Stumborg, Lieutenant Jack, 508 Subai, Ahmed, 540 Suez crisis (1956), 70 Sultan Yacoub, 209 Summerland Hotel, west Beirut, 642, 646 Sunday Times, The, 179n, 437, 439, 441n Sunni Muslims, 67, 70, 93, 139, 146, 347, 470, 613, 640 militia headquarters, 54 commercial power of, 56–7 preserve of, 57 nationalist revolt, 62 and Beirut’s wealth, 68 and National Liberal Party, 71 of Hama, 181, 182 and Israelis, 237 in Corniche Mazraa, 277 as parliament members, 339n militia allies with Arafat, 529 in Sidon, 539, 573 and Shia as ‘theological heretics’, 555 Sunni Nasserite militia forms nucleus of resistance in Sidon, 571 control of Tripoli, 598 Super-Etendards, 509, 525 Sûreté Generale, west Beirut, 632 Sursock museum, east Beirut, 538n Sutherland, Thomas, 603, 628, 645, 651, 654, 660, 664 Suwaida, 64 Swaid, Wadad, 527–8 Sweden, 137 Swedish radio, 366, 615 Swiss Red Cross, 460, 608 Switzerland, 25, 307, 502 Syria, 26, 44, 53, 57, 70, 161, 180, 298n, 319, 320, 332, 502, 518, 628, 630, 631, 632, 633, 635, 639, 642, 643, 646, 652, 657, 658 peoples of, 56 deaths in First World War, 58–9 and France, 61–4 cut off from finest ports, 62 and Greek orthodox, 63 Palestinian guerrilla movements in, 75 military involvement in 1975–6 war, 81–3, 85, 86 mandate from Arab League to enter Beirut, 86 and Israeli ‘red line’, 103–4 presence in Nabatieh, 104–5 breaks up fighting between rival militia groups, 118 denies involvement in Jumblatt’s death, 118 and airport at Hamat, 121 and hashish production, 122, 123 allies with PLO’s cause in southern Lebanon, 139 Phalangists order Syrians out of east Beirut, 140 withdrawal from east Beirut, 144 xenophobia of, 178 torture in, 178–9 and Brunner, 179, 180, 181 reaction to revolt in Hama, 182, 390 Soviet military supplies, 292–3, 431, 467–8 and siege of Zahle, 187–93 Treaty of Friendship with Soviet Union, 203–4 Israelis start shooting at, 206 Syrians fire first shot at Israelis (1982), 208 ‘red line’ of, 215 retreat, 219–20, 272–3 ‘ceasefire’ with Israelis (1982), 228–9, 230 evacuation of, 344–7, 349 butchery of prisoners, 417 encouragement of Iranian involvement in Lebanon, 448 brings Iranian revolutionary guards into Lebanon, 485 and bombing attacks on US Marine and French targets, 516, 517 and siege of Tripoli, 529 and PFLP-GC, 569 holds most of Bekaa, 587 and search for Anderson, 589–90, 593 and Hobeika’s appointment to leadership of Christian militia, 601 protects Berri, 604 and TWA hijack, 606, 608 and Tawheed militia, 613 and murder of René Moawad, 640 and Gulf War, 646–7 and attack on Aoun’s enclave, 647–50 treaty of friendship with Lebanon, 651 Syrian Social Nationalist Party, 611 Syrian Special Forces units, 448 Szderzhanny (destroyer), 484 T-34 tanks, 196, 279, 286 T-54 tanks, 51, 104, 122, 213, 219, 267, 273, 307, 349, 623 T-62 tanks, 82, 86, 87, 184, 267, 642, 646 Tabatabai, Sadeq, 580 Taha, Riad, 165, 166, 168 Taibe, 111, 112 Taif, Saudi Arabia, 638, 640 Talabani, Jalal, 650 Taleb, Ali Ghaleb, 611 Tanner, Henry, 409 Tannous, General Ibrahim, 476–7 Tarawa, USS (amphibious assault ship), 506 Tarnowski, Andrew, 587 Tartous, 341, 350n, 437 Tashnag militia, 59 Task Force 60, 467 Tass, 439, 618 Tatro, Earleen, 197, 199, 200, 202, 210, 218, 255, 268, 269, 275, 295, 305, 336, 408, 478, 494 Tatro, Nicolas, 200, 201, 202, 204, 217, 269, 275, 277, 295, 296, 306, 307, 317, 321, 336, 353, 371, 410, 419–20, 446, 447, 454n, 470, 473, 476, 478, 485, 486, 494, 548, 601 Tawheed militia, 613 Taylor, Robert, 145 Tehran, 163, 580, 609, 617, 619, 651, 652 Tel al-Za’atar camp, east Beirut, 51, 74, 324, 397 massacre (1976), 78, 79, 85–6, 98, 99, 100, 102, 387 Tel Aviv, 19, 24, 25, 26, 28, 39, 123, 200, 201, 221, 225, 230, 269, 280, 287, 311, 316, 375, 381, 389, 390, 436, 458, 597, 631 television journalism, 430 Temple of Bacchus, 72 Temple of Jupiter, 72 Terbol, 483 Territorial Brigade, 550 ‘terrorism’/’terrorists’; Anderson on, xii, 435 US use of word, 84, 174, 440–1, 515, 586, 607 use of word by Israeli radio, 127 Israeli obsession with word, 129, 131–2, 176, 225, 280, 281, 299, 354, 369–70, 383, 384, 386, 387–9, 486 Israeli claims of, 133, 225, 248, 366, 384, 388, 558–9 use of word by The Times (1980), 155 Palestinian use of word, 174, 441 Syrian accusations of, 183, 388 and Kahan commission, 383 journalists’ use of word, 435–41, 515, 607 MNF use of word, 452, 453 Thames Television, 620n Thatcher, Margaret, 471–2 This Way for the Gas, Ladies and Gentlemen (Borowski), 7 This Week with David Brinkley, 429n Tibiyat, 527, 528 Tibnin, 54, 157, 200, 542, 605n Tibnin River, 567 ‘Tigers’ (Nimr militia), 76, 86, 120, 167 Time magazine, 510, 659 Times, The (main references), xi, xii, xiii, 46, 47, 50, 58, 97, 98, 132, 143, 154, 155, 162, 181n, 187, 199, 200, 203, 212n, 218, 268n, 278, 291, 353, 354, 371, 403, 410, 411, 416, 418, 419, 420, 423, 426, 427, 431–2, 435–6, 470, 494, 499, 566, 567, 618, 626, 635 Titanic, 59, 462 Todd, Anne, 497 Todd, Clark, 490, 495–6, 599 Toolan, Sean, 408, 409, 411, 422 torture, 403, 602 Lebanese militias, 85, 540, 608 of journalists, 165 Syria, 178–9, 182 of prisoners by Israel, 178–9n, 403 in Khiam prison, 403, 435, 620 Tosetti, Lieutenant-Colonel Bruno, 344n Tow anti-tank missiles, 137 Tower Commission report, 614 Tracy, Edward, 617–18 Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers, The (Randal), x, xin, 86n, 350n Transjordan, Kingdom of, 18, 44, 61 Treasured Writings of Khalil Gibran, The, 59n, 627n Treblinka, 16, 367, 395 Treik Jdeide, Beirut, 256 Trelford, Donald, 415 Tripoli, Lebanon, 54, 57, 62, 63, 64, 68, 71, 73, 76, 116, 121, 318, 350n, 413, 448, 509, 529–30, 598, 613, 625 Tripoli, Libya, 616 Tsvi, Rabbi, 548, 549 Tuchman, Barbara, 395 Tunis, 270, 332, 441, 530 Tunisia, x, 320, 331, 332, 350n Turkes, Alparslan, 181 Turkey/Turks, 33, 66, 453 and First World War, 14, 15, 48 and partitioning of Lebanon (1842), 57 and slaughter of Armenians (1915), 59–60 invasion of Caucasus, 60 and Cyprus, 67 Grey Wolves militia demand government adoption of Islamic laws, 181 Tveit, Karsten, 207, 209, 210, 212, 218, 219, 321, 357, 360, 362, 363, 364, 368, 374, 378–81, 385, 396, 465, 628 TWA airliner hijack, Beirut (1985), 441, 605–8, 609, 619 Twain, Mark, 21–2 Tyre, xii, 12, 27, 36, 38, 39, 55, 68, 83, 110, 123, 129, 133, 240, 247, 248, 251, 438n, 552, 556, 577, 579, 620, 621, 642, 660, 662 conditions under shellfire, 13 incorporated within new state, 62 conditions under Lebanese/Palestinian rule, 115–18 Israelis approach, 126, 200 under Israeli shellfire, 131, 132, 159 French army return to, 134 cut off by Israelis, 205, 206, 207, 211 PLO resistance in, 216, 222 Israeli version of casualties, 254 death toll, 255 bomb attacks on Israeli headquarters, 440, 458–61, 524, 555, 614, 617 Israeli-backed militia in, 550, 551, 553 Shin Bet in, 563 Hezbollah/Shia rivalry, 571 Israelis begin retreat, 572, 581, 596, 599 visited by Iranian leaders, 580 curfew imposed, 582 public executions in, 608 Ukrainians, 396 Urn Al-Farajh, northern Galilee, 36–42, 44, 47, 61 see also Ben Ami Umayyad mosque, 179 Umayyads, 556 Under the Israeli Thumb (ABC TV documentary), 411 Underground to Palestine, and Reflections Thirty Years Later (Stone), 17n UNICEF, 324 United Arab Emirates, 86, 298n United Arab Republic, 70, 180 United Nations, 32, 33, 475, 640, 651, 657, 663 and partition of Palestine, 16, 25, 33 camps in Lebanon, 68, 102 relations with PLO, 136, 138 crippled mission to Lebanon, 150 encroachment of Haddad’s militia, 156 and Naqqoura, 137, 138, 158, 159 and South Lebanon Army militia, 431 and Lebanese suicide bombing attacks, 436 ‘protection’ in UN area, 542, 546, 547, 551 and Shin Bet, 563–4 and Mustapha Saad, 575 and deportation north of Shia families, 599 and Gulf War, 646 UN General Assembly, 446 UNIFIL (United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon), 132, 134–5, 137, 138, 150, 151, 154, 155, 194, 435, 539, 542n UNRWA (United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees), 27, 33, 455 UN Security Council Resolution 425, 134–5 United Nations Truce Supervisory Organisation, 374 United Press International bureau, 314, 438 United Southern Assembly, 553 United States/Americans, 53, 168, 631, 632, 633, 642, 651, 652, 655, 658 arranges ceasefire (1978), x and Eisenhower Doctrine, 71 evacuation of Lebanon (1976), 84 Lebanese appeal for military assistance, 112 supplies Israel with arms, 139, 277 and Khomeini, 163 becomes involved in Lebanon, 193 and Saudi Arabia, 269 television network crews, 287, 379 and PLO, 328 and Bashir Gemayel, 341 Palestinians and Israelis blame US for Chatila massacre, 372–3, 396 drop in public support for Israel, 401 and communism, 404 campaign against US press coverage of Israeli invasion of Lebanon, 421–2 opposes UN participation in Lebanon, 448 suffers first casualty, 46In troops drive through Phalangist checkpoints in east Beirut, 462 fleet in Beirut bay, 466–7 and increase in Soviet military presence in Syria, 468 faith in technology, 469 Gemayel’s government purchases guns and tanks from, 471 and attacks against multinational force, 476 seeks conclusion of a Lebanese-Israeli troop withdrawal agreement, 480 and Israeli retreat from the Chouf, 491–2 US warships shell Muslim areas of Beirut, 505–9 growing military alliance with Israel, 525–6 air raid against Syrian batteries in Bekaa, 526 use of New Jersey, 527, 528 collapse of US policy in Levant, 533 MNF evacuation of Beirut (1984), 534 last US military personnel evacuated from Beirut, 565, 566 and TWA hijack, 606, 607, 608 and bombing of Libya, 615–16 and Daniloff s release, 625 and Gulf War, 643–4 US Defence Department, 350 US Embassy, Beirut, 328, 486, 643, 657 second suicide attack on, xiii, 567, 614 evacuation, 84 and Vance’s visit, 147 first suicide bombing of, 478–80, 512, 519, 595, 601, 613, 614, 666 in British Embassy, 506, 534, 565 and entry of Marines into Chouf, 507 housing of security staff, 522 and Anderson, 586, 593 evacuates journalists and diplomats, 587 US Embassy, Kuwait, 595 US Embassy, Tehran, 478 US hospital, Wiesbaden, 657, 659–60, 663 US Marines, 84, 256, 334, 341–2, 343, 348, 350, 351, 352, 372, 442, 444–7, 450, 451, 452, 456, 457, 461, 462, 464, 470, 590 and Khalde, 56 protect Beirut’s southern perimeter, 57 and civil war (1958), 70 Chamoun calls in, 71 and MNF, 448 confrontation with Israelis, 474–6 and Druze bombardment of Beirut, 487–8 and Israeli withdrawal from Chouf, 491, 492 military headquarters razed by suicide bombers (1983), 493, 511–22, 653, 657, 665 shelling of, 494–5, 497, 502, 510, 511, 526, 529, 531 and US navy’s shelling of Muslim areas of Beirut, 505, 506 enter Chouf, 507 fire towards Chouf, 524 cut off, 532, 533 and MNF evacuation of Beirut (1984), 534–5, 538n last Marines leave Beirut, 565, 566 US News and World Report, 432n, 625, 659 US State Department, 393n, 440, 441, 507, 523, 608 Uris, Leon, 405 Ustinov, Peter, 406n Uyun Al-Siman, 80 Uzi submachine-guns, 252, 366 Vance, Cyrus, 147, 148 Vanunu, Mordechai, 437, 438 Vartan, Zavem, ix, 124, 125, 126, 129, 130, 201 Vatican, 154, 168 Versailles, treaty of (1919), 151, 392 Vertikal (intelligence gathering vessel), 467 Vichy French, 66 Vienna, 180, 654 Vienna airport massacre, 441 Vietcong, 634 Vietnam War, 395, 467, 495, 515, 660 Viets, Richard, 478 Villa Mansour, 329 Vincennes, USS, 640 Virginia, USS (missile cruiser), 506, 507, 508 Visnews, 381 ‘Voice of Arab Lebanon’, 145, 146 ‘Voice of Free Lebanon’, 145, 146 ‘Voice of Hope’, 149 ‘Voice of Lebanese Sidon’, 542 ‘Voice of Lebanon’, 93, 170, 209, 458, 497 ‘Voice of the Mountain’, 145 ‘Voice of Unified Lebanon’, 145 Voyage to the Orient (Lamartine), 14, 34 Vulcan guns, 370, 377 Wadi Abu Jamil, Beirut, 315, 323, 324, 325, 489, 584, 585 Wadi al Gharbi, 34 Wadih, 189, 190 WAFA (Palestinian news agency), 332n Waite, Terry, 614–15, 618, 624, 645, 651, 654, 661–2 Wajda, Andrzej, 48 Waldheim, Kurt, 174 Walker, Christopher, 223, 227n, 260, 261, 306, 321, 322, 410, 425, 428, 497 Walker, Christopher J., 60n Walker, Julian, 147 Wall Street Journal, The, 393n, 402, 403 Wallace, Charles, 587 Walters, Barbara, 409 Waring, Robert, 83, 84 Warsaw, 6, 8, 48, 169, 394, 438 Warsaw Pact, 192 Washington Journalism Review, 422n Washington Post, The, x, 137, 200, 244, 357, 421, 581 Washington Times, 568n Wavell barracks, 68 Wazzan, Chafiq, 260, 264, 270, 279, 320n, 322, 348, 532 Wazzir, Khalil see Abu Jihad Weinberger, Caspar, 350, 351, 445, 451, 475, 477 Weinraub, Major Yehuda, 412 Weir, Benjamin, 595, 612 Weizmann, Chaim, 142 Weizman, Ezer, 123, 124 West Bank, 83, 196, 231, 254, 260, 331, 347, 351, 399n, 403, 411, 422, 423, 438, 444, 477, 479, 551, 630, 631, 646 Palestinian uprising in, xi Palestinians exiled in, 18 and Arab–Israeli war, 19 Arab settlement on, 43 Arab inhabitants of, 61 Israel’s conquest of (1967), 73, 541 Palestinian attacks on Israelis, 194 West Berlin bombing (1986), 615–16 West German Embassy, Beirut, 170, 171 Wiesel, Elie, 394–5 William II, Kaiser, 666 Wilson, Charles, xiii, 567, 618 Wilson, Edmund, 406 Wojciech, Stetkiewicz, 1, 6, 9, 10, 11 Wooten, James, 429n Worldwide Television, 616 Wright, Jonathan, 582 Ya’ari, Ehud, xi, 189n, 340n, 350n, 569n Yad Vashem Holocaust memorial, 7, 16, 392, 404–5 Yaghobzadeh, Alfred, 608 Yanbu, 646 Yarze military headquarters, 473, 491 Yassin, Amal, 656 Yater, 551–2 Yazour, 27 Yediot Ahronot, 395n Yehoshua, A.B., 395 Yemen, x, 44, 45, 200, 269 Yermiya, Lieutenant-Colonel Dov, 251n Yohmor, 256n Yom Kippur war (1973), 310, 311, 396 ‘Younis’ (Shin Bet code name), 572 Yugoslavia, 307, 389 Zaaboub, Adel, 180–1, 355 Zabedani, 487 Zahle, 82–3, 107, 122, 187–90, 499, 501, 590, 601, 635 Zahran, General Mohamed, 346–7 Zahrani, near Sidon, 104, 458, 575 Zahrani River, 211 zaim (zuama), 75, 76, 118, 120, 122, 339, 432, 524 Zamzam, Fatima, 36–47, 61, 68 Zamzam, Hassan, 37, 47 Zamzam, Mohamed, 38 Zamzam, Mustafa, 36, 37 Zarab, Lieutenant-Colonel Basagh, 341, 342, 343, 347, 357 Zeidan, Habib, 248 Zghorta, 76, 639, 641 Ziegler, Lieutenant Conway, 135 Zionism/Zionists, 14, 15, 20, 85, 93, 151, 170, 541 Zionist Federation, 46, 47n Zippori, Mordechai, 381 Zrariyeh, 417, 581 ZSU anti-aircraft guns, 646 * The Tragedy of Lebanon: Christian Warlords, Israeli Adventurers and American Bunglers by Jonathan Randal (London, Chatto and Windus, 1983); Israel’s Lebanon War by Ze’ev Schiff and Ehud Ya’ari (London, George Allen and Unwin, 1985)

Servant Economy: Where America's Elite Is Sending the Middle Class
by Jeff Faux
Published 16 May 2012

The Arab rulers suddenly felt that the United States was reneging on its deal. “What is the point of producing more oil and selling it for an unguaranteed paper currency?” asked the Kuwaiti oil minister, urging his Middle Eastern counterparts to cut back production in order to raise prices.11 After the United States sold weapons to Israel during the October 1973 Yom Kippur War between Israel and the Arab states, the Arabs placed an oil embargo on the United States. The U.S. government brokered a cease-fire in the same month, but the embargo continued for six months. When it finally ended, the oil producers had demonstrated their ability to control the flow of the essential ingredient of modern commerce and military might, and they would not go back to the old subservient relationship.

The Price of Everything: And the Hidden Logic of Value
by Eduardo Porter
Published 4 Jan 2011

Seemingly modest actions can reverberate throughout society by altering, if only slightly, people’s evaluations of costs and benefits. Such is the case of the 55 mph speed limit imposed across the United States in 1974 as a way to conserve gasoline in the wake of the first oil crisis, when Arab countries proclaimed an oil embargo in response to the United States’ decision to resupply the Israeli military after the Yom Kippur War. Conserving gas was a reasonable objective at the time. The strategy, however, was fatally flawed because it ignored the value of drivers’ time. At the new legal limit, a seventy-mile trip would take about one hour and sixteen minutes—sixteen minutes more than at 70 mph. Considering that the wages of production workers in 1974 averaged around $4.30 an hour, those sixteen minutes to commute to and from work would cost a typical worker about $1.15.

Earth Wars: The Battle for Global Resources
by Geoff Hiscock
Published 23 Apr 2012

That brief embargo was followed by the much more severe “oil shock” of 1973–1974, when Arab producers within the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) declared sharp price rises, production cuts, and an oil embargo targeting the United States and some other Western nations over their support for Israel in its October 1973 Yom Kippur War with Syria and Egypt. This second oil shock encouraged Japan and other advanced economies to further embrace the nuclear option. A third oil shock came in 1979, when the Iranian Revolution disrupted production there, sending global oil prices higher. That spurred increased oil production from a variety of new, non-OPEC sources in the 1980s, which, combined with energy conservation and slower economic growth, meant oil prices declined sharply from the mid-1980s.

Skygods: The Fall of Pan Am
by Robert Gandt
Published 1 Mar 1995

It sounded like a fairy tale when the story broke in the May 13 Wall Street Journal: NEW YORK—Pan American World Airways is saved. Its existence now seems assured for many years, and it may even turn a profit this year—thanks to some special circumstances. And the circumstances were pretty special. In Pan Am’s darkest hour, a fairy godfather had come to the rescue. It happened like this. In 1974, following the Yom Kippur War and the resultant oil price hikes by the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries, the cost of jet fuel went through the ceiling. Only about 6 percent of Pan American’s total jet fuel was purchased from domestic sources. The rest was bought overseas, at OPEC-controlled prices. Pan Am’s fuel bill abruptly doubled.

The Intelligence Trap: Revolutionise Your Thinking and Make Wiser Decisions
by David Robson
Published 7 Mar 2019

It would be foolish to read too much into post-hoc analyses – after all, people would naturally become more closed-minded during times of heightened tension.35 But lab experiments have found that people scoring lower on these measures are more likely to resort to aggressive tactics. And the idea does find further support in an examination of the US’s most important political crises in the last 100 years, including John F. Kennedy’s handling of the Cuban missile crisis, and Robert Nixon’s dealings with the Cambodian invasion of 1970 and the Yom Kippur War of 1973. Textual analyses of the speeches, letters and official statements made by presidents and their Secretaries of State show that the level of open-minded thinking consistently predicted the later outcome of the negotiations, with JFK scoring highly for his successful handling of the Cuban missile crisis, and Dwight Eisenhower for the way he dealt with the two Taiwan Strait conflicts between Mainland China and Taiwan in the 1950s.36 In more recent politics, the German Chancellor Angela Merkel is famous for her ‘analytical detachment’, as she famously listens to all perspectives before making a decision; one senior government official describes her as ‘the best analyst of any given situation that I could imagine’.

Sleepyhead: Narcolepsy, Neuroscience and the Search for a Good Night
by Henry Nicholls
Published 1 Mar 2018

As the weeks turned to months, he began to entertain the idea of driving all the way from Stanford to Saskatchewan and back, a round-trip of over 3,000 miles. ‘Under normal circumstances it would probably have been worth it,’ Dement reflects, rocking back and forth in his squeaky chair. But president Richard Nixon had just weighed in on the Yom Kippur War on the side of Israel, causing the Arab members of OPEC to impose an oil embargo on the United States. ‘There was a huge gasoline crisis’ and ‘a good chance of getting stranded,’ he says. On my flight from London to Stanford, I had passed directly over Saskatchewan and I shivered at the thought of running out of petrol in this empty, icy wilderness.

Spaceman: An Astronaut's Unlikely Journey to Unlock the Secrets of the Universe
by Mike Massimino
Published 3 Oct 2016

Willie would organize huge ultimate Frisbee games in the park, fifty people out on the field, parents and kids, playing together. It was a blast. Ilan was an exceptional person. He was an F-16 pilot in the Israeli Air Force, a colonel. He graduated at the top of his class in flight school and was a decorated veteran of the Yom Kippur War. He also took part in one of the most important military operations in Israel’s history, Operation Opera, a preemptive strike to destroy a nuclear reactor that Saddam Hussein was building in southern Iraq in 1981. A flight of F-16s armed with heavy explosives flew out in an early dawn raid to wipe out the target.

The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics
by William R. Easterly
Published 1 Aug 2002

After 1985, it had one of the most successful 218 Chapter 11 treatments of high inflation in the world.To macroeconomists, Israel is a great laboratory for studyingwhathappens to a country’s growth rate whenit gets the high inflation disease. The story begins in late 1973, when OPEC’s oil price increase hit Israel as well as many other countries. Unlike most other countries, Israel was in a war atthe same time: the Yom Kippur war of October 1973. Throughout much of history, inflation has been an expedient that governments use in wartime. When governments have to spend a lot of money in a hurry and with no extra tax revenue lying around, they resort to printing money.Both sides of both world wars printed money. The U.S.government printed moneylike never before during the Civil War, but not as fast as the even more revenue-starved Confederate States government.

Zucked: Waking Up to the Facebook Catastrophe
by Roger McNamee
Published 1 Jan 2019

Collective action enabled the country to build the best public education system in the world, as well as the interstate highway system, and to send men to the moon. The average American enjoyed an exceptionally high standard of living. Then came the 1973 oil crisis, when the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries initiated a boycott of countries that supported Israel in the Yom Kippur War. The oil embargo exposed a flaw in the US economy: it was built on cheap oil. The country had lived beyond its means for most of the sixties, borrowing aggressively to pay for the war in Vietnam and the Great Society social programs, which made it vulnerable. When rising oil prices triggered inflation and economic stagnation, the country transitioned into a new philosophical regime.

Empire of the Sum: The Rise and Reign of the Pocket Calculator
by Keith Houston
Published 22 Aug 2023

In 1971, to resuscitate the flagging U.S. economy and avoid a looming run on gold, Richard Nixon had untethered the U.S. dollar from the gold standard. Then, in 1972, cereal harvests failed in several major grain-exporting nations. And in 1973, the oil exporters of the Arab world announced an oil embargo in retaliation for U.S. support for Israel during the Yom Kippur War. For the United States, the result was a deep recession that troughed in 1975.50 A news bulletin in the industry journal Electronics wrote glumly of “slumping calculator sales.”51 And amid weakening demand for its products, Rockwell, a giant of the chipmaking industry, began to wean itself off the calculator chips that made up half of its electronics business—and this from a company that made more than 30 percent of the world’s calculator chips.52 The slowdown prompted calculator makers to change direction.

The Great Sea: A Human History of the Mediterranean
by David Abulafia
Published 4 May 2011

By early summer 1967 he was promising a maritime blockade of Israel, though in the Red Sea, not in the Mediterranean.13 A pre-emptive strike by Israel on 5 June culminated after only six days in the occupation of Gaza, Sinai, the Golan Heights and (after King Hussein of Jordan made the mistake of taking part) the Jordanian parts of Palestine. As a result the Suez Canal was blocked for ten years, becoming the front line of the opposing Israeli and Egyptian armies, which then fought a war of attrition across its banks until the Egyptians launched a surprise attack in October 1973 – the Yom Kippur War – whose aim was not, this time, to ‘throw Israel into the sea’ but, more realistically, to recover Sinai. Despite early successes, the Egyptians were finally pushed back across the canal, and it took four years for serious peace negotiations to begin, following President Sadat’s brave decision to enter the lion’s den and address the Israeli parliament, for which, before long, he paid with his life.

…

But a second result of the Six-Day War was the hardening of Soviet attitudes towards Israel; during the war the Soviet bloc, apart from unpredictable Romania, finally broke off diplomatic relations with Israel, a move designed to win approval within the Arab world and to emphasize that Israel’s friends were the bourgeois capitalist powers of Great Britain, France and, above all, the United States. The Yom Kippur War had, indeed, something of the character of a proxy war between the Soviet Union and the United States: the Soviets supplied large quantities of arms to the Egyptians and Syrians, while the Americans ferried in armaments by way of US bases in the Azores. Further Soviet mischief was created by support for violent Palestinian radicals, some of whom, like the Popular Front for the Liberation of Palestine, were comfortably ensconced in Damascus, where they proclaimed a version of Marxist doctrines.

Poisoned Wells: The Dirty Politics of African Oil
by Nicholas Shaxson
Published 20 Mar 2007

Nigeria’s oil production was soaring, too, having risen from 150,000 barrels per day in 1968 to one and a half million by 1971, then exceeding two million in 1973: more than twice as much as the United States was then importing from the Persian Gulf. 14 The stream of petrodollars became a river. Then, with the Yom Kippur war and the OPEC oil embargo of 1973, it became a tide as world oil prices quadrupled from $3 to $12 per barrel in just three months. (Later, with the fall of the Shah of Iran in 1979 and the Iran-Iraq war, prices rose to nearly $40,15 worth nearly $100 in today’s prices.16) The effect on Nigeria was staggering: by 1975 oil made up 95 percent of exports, and between 1970 and 1980 its annual export earnings rose from 1 billion dollars to 26 billion.17 It changed everything.

The Idea of Israel: A History of Power and Knowledge
by Ilan Pappe
Published 30 Apr 2012

The Pioneering Academics In the wake of the groundbreaking work by these pioneering activists, there appeared the first voices from within the Israeli academy expressing profound doubts about the nature of the state, its ideology and policies. Until the war of October 1973 – sometimes called the Yom Kippur War – academia was obedient, highly patriotic and overwhelmingly Zionist. Dissenting teachers paid less of a price than did activists in terms of imprisonment or public condemnation, but being a lonely voice in the wilderness made such academics feel quite marginalised and out of place in the Israeli universities.

Little Failure: A Memoir
by Gary Shteyngart
Published 7 Jan 2014

.: The Extra-Terrestrial and discussing the TV special Something About Amelia, in which Ted Danson has sex with his own daughter. Mrs. A is a born conversationalist, and Pilot Program gives her a chance to free-associate while making baked goods. When someone mentions the Steven Spielberg movie Jaws, Mrs. A tells a fascinating story about an Israeli soldier caught in an explosion during the Yom Kippur War, who was left with nothing but three holes where his face should have been. We cautiously eat our E.T. caramels. There are five boys who are marginalized at SSSQ. There is Jerry Himmelstein, whose victimization deserves its own after-school special and who will transfer out of our moronic inferno by grade 6.

Black Box Thinking: Why Most People Never Learn From Their Mistakes--But Some Do
by Matthew Syed
Published 3 Nov 2015

Part V THE BLAME GAME Chapter 11 Libyan Arab Airlines Flight 114 I It is February 1973. The atmosphere in the Middle East is like a tinderbox. More than five years earlier in the Six-Day War between Israel and forces from Egypt, Jordan, and Syria there were more than 20,000 fatalities, mostly on the Arab side. In just eight months’ time, the Yom Kippur War will take place, leading to another 15,000 deaths. Tensions are on a hair-trigger. Just weeks earlier, Israel has received intelligence that Arab terrorists are planning to hijack a commercial airliner in order to crash it into a densely populated area, probably Tel Aviv, or into the nuclear installation at Dimona.

Mbs: The Rise to Power of Mohammed Bin Salman
by Ben Hubbard
Published 10 Mar 2020

It is the ‘Christian’ Germans who stole their homes and lives. Let the Germans pay.” After the founding of Israel in 1948, the Saudis consistently stood with the Palestinians and against Israel, doling out aid to Palestinian groups and joining the OPEC oil embargo in 1973 to pressure Israel’s allies during the Yom Kippur War. That sent fuel prices in the United States soaring and caused a crisis in the relationship with Saudi Arabia. In 1967, King Faisal created a committee to raise money for Palestinians fighting against Israel. Its budget grew over the years, from $5 million dollars in 1968 to $45 million in 1982.

Cities Are Good for You: The Genius of the Metropolis
by Leo Hollis
Published 31 Mar 2013

Later, I return to Google Earth and move from Giza and the historic site of the Pyramids, to go in search of Tahrir Square; and because it does not appear in the search facility, I try to work out from the city plan where it might be. Cairo is so vast and chaotic, even from the air, that it is difficult to tell where the city centre might be. The map is studded with miniature tags that link to Wikipedia, and so I can find information on Boulaq, the Coptic Museum, the 6th October Bridge built in memory of the Yom Kippur War of 1993; I can also find where the metro stations are. From the east side of the bridge I find the Egyptian Museum and then the square. There is little evidence of the crowds from February 2011. I also look at other cities that have been in the news recently: the Fukushima nuclear plant that was damaged by the earthquake in March 2011; or I peer over Kabira, the slums outside Nairobi, where the shacks are so closely packed together that it is impossible to see where the streets and alleys wind through the neighbourhoods; finally, I click to the High Line in New York, and watch in wonder at how a channel of verdant green snakes through the city.

On Her Majesty's Nuclear Service
by Eric Thompson
Published 18 Apr 2018

The prospect of an Islamic Bomb was a nightmare scenario, considering that Islamic extremists show no respect for human life and are vehemently in favour of destroying Israel. Small wonder then that Israel ensured that it too had nuclear weapons. Israel had just been attacked by an alliance of Egypt and Syria in the fourth Arab-Israeli war, the Yom Kippur war. It had won that war emphatically and probably always would when defending its own turf, but an Islamic nuclear bomb dropping out of the sky on Tel Aviv was a different argument. Israel is surrounded by Islamic nations so inter-continental ballistic missiles would not be required, nor even intermediate-range ones.

The Great Displacement: Climate Change and the Next American Migration
by Jake Bittle
Published 21 Feb 2023

elsewhere in Terrebonne Parish: Interview with Alton Verdin, August 2021. as a French language magnet school: Kezia Setyawan, “French immersion school in Pointe-aux-Chenes to open in 2023 after unanimous bill approval,” WWNO, June 14, 2022. CHAPTER 5: FRANKENSTEIN CITY embargo on exports to the US: “The Yom Kippur War: 40 Years of Survival,” Richard Nixon Foundation, October 11, 2016. prices stateside to skyrocket: “Oil Embargo, 1973–1974,” US State Department Office of the Historian, accessed October 2021, https://history.state.gov/milestones/1969-1976/oil-embargo. supply gap created by the embargo: Michael Corbett, “Oil Shock of 1973–74,” Federal Reserve History, November 22, 2013.

For Profit: A History of Corporations
by William Magnuson
Published 8 Nov 2022

In all, the Middle East accounted for nearly half of Exxon’s global production of 6.2 million barrels a day. So Exxon was at the epicenter of the oil crisis. From the very beginning, it used this position to blunt the effects of the embargo on world markets. On October 8, 1973, two days after the commencement of the Yom Kippur War and before the announcement of the production cuts, Exxon had sent its director for the Middle East to Vienna to negotiate lower oil prices with delegates from the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries. When the negotiations failed, Exxon realized that, if Western economies were to survive the oil embargo, a supreme effort of coordination by private oil corporations would be required.

Gusher of Lies: The Dangerous Delusions of Energy Independence
by Robert Bryce
Published 16 Mar 2011

And just six months after that, America was hit by the biggest energy crisis in its history, the Arab oil embargo. 6 1973 The Embargo, Militarism, and Rhetoric It’s common wisdom in the United States that the Arab oil embargo of 1973 was responsible for the long gas lines and tremendous upheaval that hit American society in the months after the Yom Kippur War. That wisdom is wrong. The embargo—which began on October 17, 1973, just 19 months after the Railroad Commission went to 100 percent allowable, and lasted until March 1974—changed the global balance of power and put America on the defensive.1 But the embargo did not cause a shortage of motor fuel or the gas lines that hit the U.S. during that time period.

The Theory That Would Not Die: How Bayes' Rule Cracked the Enigma Code, Hunted Down Russian Submarines, and Emerged Triumphant From Two Centuries of Controversy
by Sharon Bertsch McGrayne
Published 16 May 2011

Cheaper and more powerful computers were transforming Bayesian searches from mathematical and analytical problems to algorithms for software programs. Stone’s book became a classic, important for the military, the Coast Guard, fishermen, police, oil explorers, and others. While Stone was writing his book, the United States agreed to help Egypt clear the Suez Canal of unexploded ammunition from the Yom Kippur war with Israel in 1973. The explosives made dredging dangerous. Using the SEPs developed in Palomares, it was possible to measure the search effectiveness to get the probability that, if a bomb had been there, it would have been spotted. But how could anyone estimate the number of bombs remaining in the canal when no one knew how many were there to begin with?

Panderer to Power
by Frederick Sheehan
Published 21 Oct 2009

The Federal Reserve’s Inflation Calculations Arthur Burns followed the most expeditious route to tame inflation: changing how the measure was calculated. Stephen Roach was a young economist at the Federal Reserve.7 After oil prices quadrupled, Arthur Burns instructed his staff to calculate a CPI stripped of energy costs. Burns’s rationale was the blazing Yom Kippur War, over which the Fed had no control.8 Why the Federal Reserve’s influence should matter in how the rate of consumer price inflation is calculated could be better understood by reading memoirs of the Nixon administration than by studying Arthur Burns’s seminal textbook, Measuring Business Cycles.

The End of Alchemy: Money, Banking and the Future of the Global Economy
by Mervyn King
Published 3 Mar 2016

British £20 banknotes issued after 2007 have on one side a picture of the pin factory. 5 Maddison (2004). 6 A history of UK exchange controls can be found in the Bank of England archives on http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/archive/Documents/historicpubs/qb/1967/qb67q3245260.pdf 7 In October 1973, in response to western help to Israel during the Yom Kippur War, the Arab members of the Organisation of Petroleum Exporting Countries (OPEC) plus Egypt, Syria and Tunisia proclaimed an oil embargo. By the end of the embargo in March 1974, the price of oil had risen from $3 per barrel to nearly $12. In 1979 decreased oil output in the wake of the Iranian Revolution caused oil prices to rise from around $16 to almost $40. 8 King (2007). 9 Federal Reserve Bank of St Louis and Bank of England, http://www.bankofengland.co.uk/publications/Documents/quarterlybulletin/2013/qb130406.pdf. 10 The Big Bang on 27 October had started as an anti-trust case by the Office of Fair Trading against the London Stock Exchange under the Restrictive Practices Act of 1956.

Water: A Biography
by Giulio Boccaletti
Published 13 Sep 2021

This created an incentive for cartel behavior: producers would have welcomed nothing more than an artificial contraction in supply, to push up prices and restore their profits. That is exactly what they triggered during the second act of the Arab-Israeli conflict. Anwar Sadat, who had come to power when Nasser died in 1970, waged war on Israel along with Arab allies in 1973, the Yom Kippur War. To try and isolate their opponent, the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), decided to enact an oil embargo on countries that supported Israel. The coordinated oil embargo only lasted a few months, but it sent the price of oil skyrocketing to four times what it had been in dollar terms.

The Dying Citizen: How Progressive Elites, Tribalism, and Globalization Are Destroying the Idea of America
by Victor Davis Hanson
Published 15 Nov 2021

And they can do so with the veneer of bipartisanship or disinterested government service, without a great deal of immediate oversight or repercussions when they err. Periodically, the elected government pushes back. Sometimes furor arises over the incompetence of the military-intelligence complex. For example, it had little inkling of the Yom Kippur War, the Iranian Revolution of 1979, the Pakistani detonation of a nuclear bomb, the sudden collapse of the Soviet Union, the planned attacks on 9/11, the status of Saddam Hussein’s weapons of mass destruction arsenal, the threat of the postwar insurrection in Iraq, the turmoil in Libya, or the rise of the ISIS caliphate.

Protest and Power: The Battle for the Labour Party
by David Kogan
Published 17 Apr 2019

Edward Heath’s government existed for four years in a state of perpetual crisis. It faced two crippling strikes by the National Union of Mineworkers, first in 1972 and then again in late 1973, when a combination of the miners striking for a 40 per cent wage increase and a quadrupling of the price of oil after the Arab-Israel Yom Kippur War led to power cuts, a three-day working week and the declaration of a state of emergency. Heath called a general election in February 1974 in which he was defeated and Harold Wilson was returned as leader of a minority government and then re-elected in October with a tiny parliamentary majority of three seats over all other parties.

Seven Crashes: The Economic Crises That Shaped Globalization
by Harold James
Published 15 Jan 2023

He was seriously interested in the truth and in understanding. He differed very much in this way from Mises.”68 There was a basic commonality between Friedman and Hayek in viewing the problems of the 1970s as arising fundamentally from misguided intervention by governments. In November 1973, in the immediate aftermath of the Yom Kippur War and the first oil shock, Friedman explicitly used Hayek’s language of the “road to serfdom” in defense of the idea that markets respond to price signals, and that interference with those signals is self-defeating because of the perverse effects it generates: The oil problem offers a particularly clear illustration of how the price system promotes both freedom and efficiency, how it enables millions of us to cooperate voluntarily with one another in our common interest.

Vulture Capitalism: Corporate Crimes, Backdoor Bailouts, and the Death of Freedom
by Grace Blakeley
Published 11 Mar 2024

The US was keen to remind both France and the UK that they were no longer empires and threatened economic retribution against the British government if it did not back down. In an event still remembered as a national humiliation, the British complied, and the concession to run the canal was granted to the Egyptian state-owned Suez Canal Authority. In the wake of the Suez Crisis, tensions mounted between Egypt and Israel. During the Yom Kippur War, Egyptian forces crossed the canal into the Sinai Peninsula—then occupied by Israel. The Israeli army launched a counterattack, with the aid of the United States, which sought both to support its ally and ensure the ongoing operation of the Suez. In response to US-sponsored aggression, the OPEC-producing countries hiked oil prices and imposed an embargo on the US, leading to the first oil price spike, which sent inflation soaring all around the world.

The House of Morgan: An American Banking Dynasty and the Rise of Modern Finance
by Ron Chernow
Published 1 Jan 1990

In the last analysis, the dull, solid stuff would be its salvation. Aside from Saudi Arabia, most Arab states before 1973 were too impoverished to be considered good credit risks. The sudden, almost overnight, revolution in their financial status was revealed in a controversial loan that Sir John Stevens secretly negotiated during the Yom Kippur War, in the fall of 1973. On October 6, Egypt, Syria, and Iraq attacked Israel. On October 20, during a fierce, bloody phase of fighting, news leaked out of a Morgan-led loan to Abu Dhabi. Israeli tanks had just advanced fifteen miles beyond the Suez Canal, knocking out Egypt’s surface-to-air missile batteries.

…

B., 103 Wiggin, Albert, 315, 356, 362, 371, 480 Wilhelm, Kaiser, 102, 400 Willer, Arthur, 200–201 Willis Faber, 715 Willkie, Wendell, 390, 447–49, 463, 467, 498 Wilson, Charles E., 497–98 Wilson, Harold, 577 Wilson, Woodrow, 128, 130, 137, 156, 180, 307, 338 postwar period and, 206–209, 230 trustbusting and, 147, 149, 177, 181, 183 World War I and, 186, 188, 197–98, 202–203, 441, 442 Wilson Sporting Goods, 543 Winchell, Walter, 381 Winchester Repeating Arms, 189 Winsor, Robert, 305 Wiseman, Sir William, 196 Witte, Count, 87 Wood, Kingsley, 452, 460 Woodin, William H., 371, 372, 373 Wood Mackenzie, 675 Woodside Petroleum, 673 Woolf, Virginia, 271 World Bank, 452, 489, 517–18, 519, 557, 570, 585, 587, 644, 646 creation of, 485 Japan and, 552–53 loan policy of, 486–87, 638 World War I, 80, 183–204 aftermath of, 205–10 attempt to forestall, 183 credits to Allies, 186 debts resulting from, 226–29, 282, 310–12, 327–29, 349–50, 392–99 Export Department and, 187–92, 197, 202, 203 $500-million Anglo-French loan, 197–201 Jewish bankers and, 195–200 Liberty Loans and, 201–203 opposition to involvement in, 185–86, 192, 202 panic of 1914 and, 183–84 profiteering from, 186–87, 188, 191–92, 399–401 U.S. entry into, 201–204, 399–401 World War II, 440–68, 470, 475 Battle of Britain, 459–61 cash and carry exports and, 442 events leading to, 437–40 government resources and, 442 Lend-Lease and, 461–64 Lindbergh and, 444–47 Morgan et Compagnie and, 450–54 Wright, J. Hood, 70, 87 Wriston, Walter, 538, 619, 620–21, 638, 646, 655, 660 Wynn, Bob, 552, 557–58 X Xerox, 561, 617 Y Yale University, 290, 319, 580, 597, 607, 690 Yellow Cab Company, 307 Yerkes, Charles Tyson, 100 Yokohama Specie Bank, 233, 234, 342, 466 Yom Kippur War, 613, 614 York, Edward H., 387 Young, John, 554, 557 Young, Owen, 249, 251, 310–12, 371, 420 Jack and, 411–12 Young, Robert, 415–17, 502, 506–11, 625 Alleghany rehabilitation and, 415–16 revolt against Morgan hegemony, 416–17, 428 Young, Roy A., 319 Young Plan, 311–12, 392–99, 478 Yugoslavia, 490 Yule and Company, Andrew, 461 Y Zeckendorf, William, 531, 532, 534 Zodiac Club, 254

One Less Car: Bicycling and the Politics of Automobility
by Zack Furness and Zachary Mooradian Furness
Published 28 Mar 2010

in an interview with Ms. magazine in 1974, rivvy Berkman (now rivvy neshama) said of bike advocacy, “it’s a fight for space.” See “Ecology, a Family affair,” Ms. (november 1974). in 1973, OpEC initiated an oil embargo against the United States in retaliation for its financial, military, and political support of israel in the arab-israeli War (also known as the yom Kippur War). OpEC previously initiated an oil embargo against the United States and its allies during the Six-Day War in 1967, though its effects were negligible. For more on the embargo, see M. S. Daoudi and M. S. Dajani, Economic Diplomacy: Embargo Leverage and World Politics, Westview Special Studies in international relations (Boulder, CO: Westview press, 1985).

Why We Can't Afford the Rich
by Andrew Sayer
Published 6 Nov 2014

It strengthened the whip hand of the financial sector and weakened the power of governments to control interest rates and credit creation, including their power to encourage real investment and full employment. As hosts to the dominant centres of financialisation, the US and British governments backed this shift to a rentier capitalism.20 In 1973 the oil-producing countries restricted oil supply in retaliation for US support for Israel in the Yom Kippur War. This resulted in a rise in energy costs that led to a major crisis, with soaring inflation and declining profits. Inflation reduced the real rate of interest, favouring debtors; debt payments become less onerous if the currency you have to pay them in is losing value fast. For a while, with a still-strong labour movement, many workers could continue to win wage rises to keep up with inflation but, as unemployment rose in the old industrialised countries, the post-war balance of power between capital and organised labour crumbled as deindustrialisation hit union membership.

Dictatorland: The Men Who Stole Africa
by Paul Kenyon
Published 1 Jan 2018

World oil prices rose in dramatic leaps through the 1970s, empowering Gaddafi to continue his ambitious and violent foreign policy objectives, while simultaneously funding his extravagant socialist reforms at home. In 1973 the Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries (OAPEC), which included Libya, proclaimed an oil embargo to punish America for its support of Israel during the Yom Kippur War. US allies were included in the ban: the UK, Canada, Japan and the Netherlands. Queues soon began forming outside petrol stations in the designated countries as prices shot up overnight, ultimately rising by 400 per cent in just six months. For Gaddafi and other OAPEC members it was a triumphant display of defiance.

The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism
by Joyce Appleby
Published 22 Dec 2009

The hostility of the Arab countries to the presence of Israel in their neck of the globe led to the shock that made 1973 a year for capitalist countries to remember. It started on an October afternoon, when 250 Egyptian jets took off for the eastern bank of the Suez Canal to bomb Israeli positions in the Sinai Peninsula. The day was the holiest of the Jewish calendar. The Yom Kippur War might have remained a regional conflict had not other Muslim countries decided to use the “oil weapon.” They raised the price of oil 70 percent and cut production 5 percent for several months running. The price of gas at pumps in Europe and the United States rose twelvefold. In the next two decades the gross national product of the advanced capitalist countries fell from an average of 4.6 to 2.6 percent.

The Alchemists: Three Central Bankers and a World on Fire
by Neil Irwin
Published 4 Apr 2013

See also Palmstruch, Johan Wolfensohn, James, 118 Wolin, Neal, 172–73 Woodford, Michael, 378–79, 386, 390 Woodstock, Vermont conference (1999), 84–85, 91–92 Woodward, Bob, 94 World War I financing by Germany, 48–50 German hyperinflation after, 50–53 German reparations after, 49–50 World War II economic unity, postwar, 74–75 and European economic crisis, 11 Nazi rise, reasons for, 11, 50–53 Wu Jinglian, 368 Wu Xiaoling, 366 Xi Jinping, 363 Yellen, Janet, 96, 257, 264, 269, 275, 385 Yom Kippur War (1973), 66 Young, Roy, 56 Zaitech, 85–86 Zapatero, José Luis, 320, 342 Zero-interest rate, Japan (1990s), 87–88, 90–92 Zhou Xiaochuan, 361–76 background information, 367–69, 372–73 on Chinese versus Western economic policy, 361–62 PBOC reforms/programs, 369–73, 375–76 role/expectations of, 363, 374 Zhu Guangyao, 257

A Generation of Sociopaths: How the Baby Boomers Betrayed America
by Bruce Cannon Gibney
Published 7 Mar 2017

Compounding the problem were new “supply shocks” in the form of sudden rises in the price of essential commodities, especially oil and food. Oil was denominated in dollars, so a weakening dollar after the collapse of Bretton Woods lowered the incomes of the oil-producing nations. OPEC subsequently repriced oil in gold terms, which effectively raised the dollar price of oil. OPEC raised prices again in response to the Yom Kippur War. Following the peace of 1974, price growth decelerated until the Iranian Revolution of 1979, which sent prices even higher than the shocks of 1973. Prices abated over time, but the legacy remains in America’s enduring commitment to protecting Gulf oil supplies. It also lingers in the financialized economy the oil spikes helped produce.

Inside British Intelligence
by Gordon Thomas

A muscular man with a firm handshake and a face that radiated authority, Dagan was now in his fifth year as memune and had agreed to stay on a further eighteen months to deal with the growing threat Iran’s nuclear program posed to Israel. Like Scarlett, he worked a long day, often seven days a week. His routine was one he had developed fighting battles in the Yom Kippur War and in Lebanon, leading his men from the front with distinction. Like Scarlett, he didn’t suffer fools and stood on his record. Both men shared a passion for history and the lessons to be learned from wars won and lost. At their first meeting, Dagan reminded Scarlett that the first known intelligence operation was when Moses sent Caleb and his men into Canaan to find out if its people possessed a plentiful supply of poisons and disease-spreading germs, which could be used with devastating effect on the Jews, who had already endured much in their flight from Egypt.

Manias, Panics and Crashes: A History of Financial Crises, Sixth Edition
by Kindleberger, Charles P. and Robert Z., Aliber
Published 9 Aug 2011

The rapid increases in money supply growth in the United States and other industrial countries in the early 1970s contributed to sharp increases in demand for primary products, and in the prices of oil, wheat, and other commodities. The rates of growth of GDP in the countries that produced these primary products increased. The Saudi Arabian embargo on oil shipments to the United States and the Netherlands following the Yom Kippur War of October 1973 triggered a sharp increase in the demand for petroleum and the oil price surged. The decline in oil supplies following the Iraqi invasion of Iran in 1979 had a much larger impact on the price of oil and global inflation. Investors increased their purchases of gold and other precious metals, collectibles, real estate, and other ‘hard assets’ as inflation hedges.

The Third Pillar: How Markets and the State Leave the Community Behind
by Raghuram Rajan
Published 26 Feb 2019

There were plenty of proximate causes: rising inflation in the United States as spending on the Vietnam quagmire added to the new social spending promised in the War on Poverty; the subsequent breakdown of the Bretton Woods system of fixed exchange rates as the United States abandoned the international convertibility of the dollar into gold; the tripling of oil prices as OPEC tested its powers after the Yom Kippur war broke out . . . But perhaps the most obvious reason was that the gains from the Second Industrial Revolution had largely played out. This would not have mattered earlier in Europe and Japan when they were in catch-up mode. As Europe and Japan got closer to the known frontier of innovation and productive efficiency in the early 1970s, though, they had to shift from imitating ideas and best practices elsewhere to innovating on their own.

The Musical Human: A History of Life on Earth
by Michael Spitzer
Published 31 Mar 2021

In the annals of ethnomusicology, there is no more fearsome bogeyman than the Armchair Anthropologist, someone who sits and thinks rather than getting their hands dirty in fieldwork. Well, here’s to my armchair. A NOTE ON THE AUTHOR Michael Spitzer is Professor of Music at the University of Liverpool. He was born in Nigeria of Hungarian parents, brought up in Israel, and emigrated to the UK during the Yom Kippur war in 1973. He was educated at Merton College, Oxford and Southampton, and taught for twenty years at Durham University. An accomplished pianist, Spitzer is a world-leading authority on Beethoven, but he also writes widely on the philosophy and psychology of music. He lives just off Penny Lane with his wife and two daughters.

The Man Behind the Microchip: Robert Noyce and the Invention of Silicon Valley
by Leslie Berlin
Published 9 Jun 2005

By the end of 1973, Intel was worth more than $160 million, and Moore was saying that the only thing that might limit its growth in the future was its ability to hire enough engineers and scientists.9 Noyce, always the “receiver of messages from the outside,” had another concern—not a nagging, panic-inducing worry, but a bit of unpleasant noise that registered on the periphery of his radar screen. In October, OPEC had embargoed exports of oil in the wake of the Yom Kippur War in Israel. Within weeks, the state of California had declared the need to ration electricity and announced plans to ask industrial customers to cut their power consumption to levels 10 percent below those of the corresponding month a year earlier. If the voluntary 10-percent plan did not work, then the utilities companies might resort to rolling blackouts to conserve power.

The Looming Tower: Al-Qaeda and the Road to 9/11
by Lawrence Wright
Published 26 Sep 2006

New York: Norton, 2003. Bernstein, Richard. Out of the Blue: The Story of September 11, 2001, from Jihad to Ground Zero. New York: Times Books, 2002. Bin Ladin, Carmen. Inside the Kingdom: My Life in Saudi Arabia. New York: Warner Books, 2004. Blum, Howard. The Eve of Destruction: The Untold Story of the Yom Kippur War. New York: HarperCollins, 2003. Borovik, Artyom. The Hidden War: A Russian Journalist’s Account of the Soviet War in Afghanistan. New York: Grove Press, 1990. Brogan, Daniel. “Al-Qaeda’s Greeley Roots.” 5280 (June/July 2003): 158-65. Burke, Jason. Al-Qaeda: Casting a Shadow of Terror. London: I.

The Big Score
by Michael S. Malone
Published 20 Jul 2021

Perhaps the most interesting of the little chip houses was Monolithic Memories (MMI), founded in 1969 by a flamboyant Israeli from IBM named Zeev Drori. Drori was a loud, passionate character with a fancy for expensive cars. He was not a great manager, but he had style. One morning in the early seventies he called into the office to say he wouldn’t be in for a few days, then left to join his unit in the Israeli Army for the Yom Kippur War. Drori exhibited another trait that to date has been lacking in some of the other Valley leaders: He knew when to give up. In the late seventies he turned over the reins of MMI to Irwin Federman, a likable, enthusiastic man who became the first non-technical person to take over a Silicon Valley semiconductor firm.

Fodor's Essential Israel
by Fodor's Travel Guides
Published 2 Aug 2023

Mount Bental MOUNTAIN | From the top of this volcanic cone, at an open-air lookout that was once a military outpost, you can see Mount Hermon rising majestically to the north and the Syrian side of the Golan stretching eastward. Opposite is the ruined town of Kuneitra, captured by Israel in 1967, lost and regained in the 1973 Yom Kippur War, and returned to Syria in the subsequent disengagement agreement—it is now a demilitarized zone. Modern Kuneitra is in the distance. The cluster of white buildings south of old Kuneitra houses the United Nations Disengagement Observer Force. A pine-cabin shop serving coffees, herbal teas, and a nice selection of snacks is the perfect place to get out of the wind that often sweeps this peak.

NeuroTribes: The Legacy of Autism and the Future of Neurodiversity
by Steve Silberman
Published 24 Aug 2015

A burly, handsome young man who looked like a rabbi in training, Ne’eman had come a long way from the days when he was forced to ride in a van for an hour and a half in both directions every day to attend classes at a segregated school for special-needs children rather than being able to walk to the school located five minutes from his family’s house in New Jersey. The first word Ne’eman said as a baby was Abba, the Hebrew word for “Father.” His mother moved to Israel when she was a teenager to become a paratrooper in the army. There, she met her husband-to-be, a designer of smart-card technology who fought in the Yom Kippur War. When Ne’eman was two and a half years old, he fell in love with dinosaurs, like many children; but, unlike most kids at that age, he could correctly identify an enormous winged skeleton to a guard at the American Museum of Natural History as a pterodactyl. When he and his friend Aryeh (the similarity of their names was pleasing to both of them) were still in grade school, they decided they would become the world’s youngest defense contractors.

Frommer's Egypt
by Matthew Carrington
Published 8 Sep 2008

The high point of his presidency, in the eyes of many Egyptians, came in October 1973, when Egyptian forces launched an imaginative and boldly executed attack on the well-fortified Israeli defensives on the east bank of the Suez Canal. The attack, which coincided with a massed Syrian attack on the Golan Heights, opened what came to be known as the Yom Kippur War, or the October War. It is said that the plan for the war was the brainchild of then-president of Syria, Hafez al Assad (an extraordinarily competent politician who had been given refuge early in his career in Egypt by Nasser) and Sadat. The idea apparently was to press home a surprise attack from two sides, with Syria entering Israel from the Golan and Egyptian Forces crossing the Sinai Peninsula to retake the Negev Desert, from which they had been so ignominiously driven in 1949.

Free Speech: Ten Principles for a Connected World
by Timothy Garton Ash
Published 23 May 2016

Second, and to make things more complicated, even journalists dedicated to the mission of truth-telling in the public interest often pride themselves on being, well, not entirely respectable: chancers, ornery stirrers-up, no vicars we. A useful corrective to the high-flown rhetoric comes in a well-known piece by a British journalist called Nicholas Tomalin, who was subsequently killed by a Syrian missile while reporting from the Golan Heights during the Yom Kippur war. ‘The only qualities essential for real success in journalism’, Tomalin writes, ‘are ratlike cunning, a plausible manner, and a little literary ability’. He goes on to say that the ‘ratlike cunning’—a phrase that became proverbial among British journalists—is needed ‘to ferret out and publish things that people don’t want to be known (which is—and always will be—the best definition of News)’.

Energy and Civilization: A History
by Vaclav Smil
Published 11 May 2017

But later in this chapter I will argue, agreeing with Lesser (1991), that resource-related objectives, seemingly so paramount in the Middle Eastern conflicts, have historically been determined by broader strategic aims, not vice versa. And the failure of the Arab OPEC nations to turn oil into a political weapon (enacting an oil embargo against the United States and the Netherlands in the wake of the October 1973 Arab-Israeli Yom Kippur War) was not the first instance of using the energy supply to carry an ideological message. The symbolic power of electric light was exploited by such diverse actors as large U.S. companies and Germany’s Nazi party. American industrialists displayed the power of light for the first time during the 1894 Columbian Exposition in Chicago, and then by flooding the downtowns of large cities with “White Ways” (Nye 1992).

Thinking Without a Banister: Essays in Understanding, 1953-1975
by Hannah Arendt
Published 6 Mar 2018

William Fulbright laid out in his 1966 book The Arrogance of Power, in which he took the U.S. government to task for its justifications of the Vietnam War. —Ed. *10 Hans Morgenthau, an influential scholar of international relations and foreign policy, author of Politics Among Nations, and Arendt’s close friend. —Ed. *11 This should be read against the background of the events of the day, i.e., the Yom Kippur War. —Ed. *12 Georges Friedmann, Fin du peuple juif? (Paris: Gallimard, 1965). —Ed. *13 “The womb he crawled from is still fertile.” —Ed. PUBLIC RIGHTS AND PRIVATE INTERESTS A Response to Charles Frankel The area of agreement between Charles Frankel*1 and myself is large, and so the questions I shall raise will be of a general nature concerning matters on which there exists an almost universal consensus.

Reaganland: America's Right Turn 1976-1980
by Rick Perlstein
Published 17 Aug 2020

They asked the shah to be America’s “protector” in the Persian Gulf. The shah asked for access to the most advanced American weaponry in return. His wish was granted—and he received even greater access after Iran refused the Soviets permission to use its airspace to resupply Egypt during the 1973 Yom Kippur War, then refused to join the OPEC oil boycott. The shah began spending money on U.S. armaments like a kid in a candy store. One effect was to make him seem even more the American puppet to his simmering critics. Ayatollah Khomeini, sitting serenely on his prayer rug in Iraq, began issuing taped denunciations of the shah that Iranians around the world inhaled—responding, Oriana Fallaci wrote, “as if they had taken a kilo of drugs.”

…

Yoder, 481 Witcover, Jules, 19, 129, 135, 171, 326, 367, 503, 509, 510, 617, 705, 877 Witness (Chambers), 607 Wolcott, James, 282 Wolfe, Tom, 732 Wolff, Edward, 629 Wolfowitz, Paul, 43 women, 151–162 anti-feminists, 74–79 consciousness raising sessions, 152 domestic violence, 176–177 evangelicals on, 152, 153–155 International Women’s Year, 99, 156–162, 163–164 literature teaching wifely subservience, 73–74 national women’s conference (Houston, 1977), 99, 120, 150, 156–157, 162, 163, 172–187, 265, 302, 484, 495 National Women’s Political Caucus, 163–164 rights for lesbians, 184–185 Schlafly on, 74–78 sexual assault laws, 175 sexuality of, 152 Social Security and, 153, 174 wifely subservience, 73–74, 75 Women’s Rights March, 353 working outside the home, 153 See also abortion; feminists; women’s rights Women Who Want to Be Women (organization), 78, 179 Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom, 160 Women’s Lib movement, 187 women’s rights Carter on, 99, 296 Equal Rights Amendment (ERA), 72–83 Hyde Amendment, 122, 127, 183, 230, 721–723, 769, 821 March for Life, 47–48, 180, 244, 488 national women’s conference (Houston, 1977), 99, 120, 150, 156–157, 162, 163, 172–187, 265, 302, 484, 495 Time magazine on, 80 Women’s Rights March, 353 See also abortion; feminists Women’s Rights March, 353 The Women’s Room (French), 152, 153 Woodruff, Judy, 713 Wool Products Labeling Act, 190–191 World of Our Fathers (Howe), 165 Worldwide Challenge (magazine), 25 Wright, Jim, 61, 525, 783 Wriston, Walter, 261–262, 510, 763 Wurf, Jerry, 744 Wynette, Tammy, 156 Wyoming, 365, 384 Xinhua (China news agency), 837 Yankelovich, Daniel, 200, 421, 674 Yarrow, Peter, 840 Yazdi, Ebrahim, 438, 642, 643, 646, 649 Yom Kippur War, 435 “You Light Up My Life” (song), 155, 398 Young, Andrew, 65, 380, 441, 592, 833, 852, 865, 890 Young Americans for Freedom, 34, 35, 144, 235, 387 Young Republicans, 96, 109 Young Republicans National Federation, 387 Younger, Evelle, 126, 333 Youngstown Sheet and Tube, 166, 235 Zeoli, Billy, 26, 89 Zimbalist, Efrem, Jr., 316 Zone, Richard, 486 Zorinsky, Edward, 329 Zschau, Edward, 261 Zumwalt, Elmo, 683 Photo Credits Alamy Stock Photo: 59, 61, 62 Alain MINGAM/Gamma-Rapho via Getty Images: 77 Arty Pomerantz/New York Post via Getty Images: 30 Associated Press: 7, 26, 28, 36, 53, 54, 64, 69, 78, 90 Author’s personal collection: 5, 20, 21, 22, 23 Barry Thumma/AP: 68 Bettmann Archives/Getty Images: 14, 17, 33, 37, 72, 84 Bill Frakes/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images/Getty Images: 63 Bill Snead/The Washington Post via Getty Images: 42 Bill Varie/Los Angeles Times: 49 Bob Engelhart: 10 Bud Skinner/Atlanta Journal-Constitution/AP: 38 Courtesy of CBS News: 75, 81 Corbis via Getty Images: 12, 32, 58, 65, 85 Diana Walker/The LIFE Images Collection via Getty Images: 91 David Hume Kennerly/Getty Images: 55 Ernie Leyba/Denver Post via Getty Images: 40 Esquire magazine, illustration by Nicholas Gaetano: 86 Everett Collection Historical/Alamy Stock Photo: 18 Flashbak.com: 13 Frank Johnston/The Washington Post via Getty Images: 67 Gary Bishop/Texas Monthly, 1975: 24 Gerald R.

A History of Judaism
by Martin Goodman
Published 25 Oct 2017

It was from former members of its youth movement, Bnei Akiva, that in 1974 emerged the most extreme form of redemptive Zionist orthodoxy, Gush Emunim (‘The Bloc of the Faithful’). This group, comprised primarily of young middle-class religious Zionists who felt that the Zionist project had lost its way after the Yom Kippur War in 1973, interpreted the messianic significance of the return of Jews to the land as a prohibition on relinquishing any of the territory overrun by Israeli troops in the Six Day War of 1967 if it lay within ‘Judaea and Samaria’, the borders of the land which, according to the Bible, had been settled by the children of Israel under the leadership of Joshua in fulfilment of God’s promise.14 The spiritual leader of Gush Emunim, until his death at the age of ninety-one in 1982, was Zvi Yehudah Kook, the son of Abraham Kook and his successor as head of the influential yeshivah, Merkaz haRav Kook, which his father had established in Jerusalem.

The Cold War: A World History
by Odd Arne Westad
Published 4 Sep 2017

Minutes of a National Security Council Meeting, 25 April 1969, FRUS 1969–1976, 23:92. 21. Record of conversation, Kissinger, Schlesinger, Colby, 13 October 1973, FRUS 1969–1976, 25:483. 22. Memorandum for the record, 24/25 October 1973, FRUS 1969–1976, 25:741. 23. Quoted in Victor Israelyan, Inside the Kremlin During the Yom Kippur War (Philadelphia, PA: Penn State Press, 2010), 180. 24. The President’s news conference of 26 October 1973, Public Papers of the Presidents: Richard Nixon 1973, 902–3. 25. Memorandum of conversation, 9 October 1973, FRUS 1969–1976, 25:413. 26. Memorandum of conversation, 12 August 1974, FRUS 1969–1976, 26:406. 27.

1967: Israel, the War, and the Year That Transformed the Middle East
by Tom Segev
Published 2 Jan 2007

An elderly hajji with a distant look seems to come from ancient pictures of the Palestine that died long ago.”53 The initial intent was to allow twenty thousand people to return, but by the time the operation was over only fourteen thousand had managed to do so.54 And so Israel missed the great opportunity offered by the victory in the Six-Day War to heal the malignant wound, as Ezer Weizman called it, left by the War of Independence. This was the “refugee blunder,” Weizman argued many years later, “a painful and damaging blunder, perhaps no less so than the intelligence and military blunders committed prior to the Yom Kippur War.”55 It is hard to explain. In the course of less than two decades, the 600,000 Jews living in Israel at its inception took in more than a million new immigrants. They built hundreds of new communities, including cities, all within the confines of the Green Line. The refugees could have been rehabilitated as well.

The Quest: Energy, Security, and the Remaking of the Modern World
by Daniel Yergin
Published 14 May 2011

windfall profits tax bill, Section 29 of wind farms windmills winds deepwater production and in Sahara wind turbines Wirth, Tim Wolfowitz, Paul women Muslim wood Woods Hole Oceanographic Institution Woodwell, George World Bank World Conference on a Changing Atmosphere (1988) World Economic Forum World Meteorological Organization World Trade Center World Trade Organization (WTO) World War I, Anglo-German naval race and end of gasoline shortage in innovations in LNG and nation and empire change and World War II, atomic bomb in axis in denazification after Doriot in Eisenhower in end of jungle rot in LNG and natural gas and Normandy invasion in oil and Pearl Harbor in Revelle in Rickover in submarines in weather and Xcel Energy Yanukovych, Viktor Yeltsin, Boris Tengiz oil field and Yemen Yom Kippur War, see October War Yucca Mountains Yudan! (Ikeguchi) Yukos Yuschenko, Viktor Zawahiri, Ayman al- Zetsche, Dieter ZEVs (zero-emissions vehicles) Zhou En Lai Zhou Jiping Zhou Qingzu Ziegler, Hans Zoellick, Robert Zond Zuckerman Lecture Zuma, Jacob Zwentendorf ALSO BY DANIEL YERGIN The Prize Shattered Peace Coauthored by Daniel Yergin The Commanding Heights Russia 2010 Global Insecurity Energy Future

God's Bankers: A History of Money and Power at the Vatican
by Gerald Posner
Published 3 Feb 2015

Mariano Rumor became Premier for the fourth time.9 A right-wing faction called the Mussolini Action Squad greeted the new regime with two bombs at Milan’s Mondadori publishing headquarters.10 International tensions did not help. That September, Colonel Muammar Gaddafi’s air force attacked an Italian warship that veered too close to the Libyan coast.11 Only a few weeks later, Egypt and Syria launched a surprise attack on Israel, the start of the Yom Kippur War. When Nixon refused the Saudi King’s request not to resupply Israel with American fighter jets in the middle of the conflict, Arab states announced their first-ever oil boycott of the United States, Japan, and most of Western Europe including Italy.12 Oil prices doubled within a week, on their way to what would become a tenfold increase over several years.13 The oil shortage caused serious problems for all the countries on the boycott list.

Days of Fire: Bush and Cheney in the White House
by Peter Baker
Published 21 Oct 2013

And it’s my understanding they’ve already taken a couple of aircraft out.” “We can’t confirm that,” Rumsfeld said. “We’re told that one aircraft is down but we do not have a pilot report that did it.” Rumsfeld ordered the nation’s defense readiness condition elevated to DefCon 3, the highest since the Yom Kippur War of 1973. But several members of the Bush team realized they should make sure the heightened alert status did not alarm the Russians. Rumsfeld, Rice, and Richard Armitage, the deputy secretary of state, all talked with Russian officials, who, as it happened, were conducting military exercises.

Shantaram: A Novel
by Gregory David Roberts
Published 12 Oct 2004

I was with that girl, making love to her, on the night my father died in an Israeli prison.’ ‘You can’t blame yourself for being in love, Khaled. And you can’t blame yourself for what other people did to your father.’ ‘Oh, sure I can,’ he said, offering me that small, sad smile. ‘Anyway, I went back home, and I was just in time for the October War—the one the Israelis call the Yom Kippur War. We got smashed. I made it to Tunis, and got some training. I started fighting, and I kept on fighting, all the way to Beirut. When the Israelis invaded, we made a stand at Shatila. My whole family was there, and a lot of my neighbours from the old days. All of them, all of us, we were all refugees, with nowhere else to go.’

The Great War for Civilisation: The Conquest of the Middle East
by Robert Fisk
Published 2 Jan 2005

Chronology 570 Birth of Prophet Mohammed 790 Islam will become the dominant religion in the Middle East 1095 First Crusade to “liberate” the Holy Land; there will be seven more over the next 186 years 1187 Salahedin’s victory over the Crusaders at the Battle of Hittin; fall of Jerusalem to Muslim forces; henceforth the Middle East will be ruled by caliphates, including the Fatimids, Mamelukes and Ottomans 1798–1801 Napoleon’s Egyptian expedition 1914 4 August, outbreak of the First World War 1915 British and Commonwealth troops land at Gallipoli Start of the Armenian Holocaust; murder of 1.5 million Armenians by Ottoman Turks British forces besieged at Kut al-Amara, Mesopotamia by the Ottoman Turkish army Turks begin hanging Arabs in Beirut for demanding independence 1916 Sykes–Picot Agreement between France and Britain to share Syria, Jordan, Iraq and most of the Arabian peninsula 1917 Balfour Declaration giving British support for “establishment in Palestine of a national home for the Jewish people” General Sir Stanley Maude enters Baghdad after British invasion of Mesopotamia (Iraq); a subsequent Iraqi insurgency against British rule costs thousands of lives General Sir Edmund Allenby enters Jerusalem, routing Ottoman Turkish forces 1918 President Woodrow Wilson’s Fourteen Points Damascus falls to the Allies; King Faisal in Damascus 11 November armistice ends the First World War 1919 Treaty of Versailles Britain awarded Mandates for Palestine and Iraq; France awarded Syria 1920 French General Henri Gouraud creates Lebanon from Syrian territory Treaty of Sèvres negotiated between the Ottoman empire and the Allies (with the exception of Russia and the United States) agreed to the autonomy of Kurdistan, but was neither ratified nor implemented Ottoman empire collapses French eject Faisal from Damascus 1921 Hashemites become kings in Transjordan and Iraq 1936 Arab revolt in Palestine 1939 3 September, outbreak of the Second World War 1941 Overthrow of Rashid Ali’s pro-German regime in Baghdad Grand Mufti of Jerusalem Haj Amin al-Husseini travels to Berlin 1942 Arab and Jews fight together in Palestine Brigade at el-Alamein 1945 8 May, end of the Second World War in Europe and Nazi Holocaust of six million Jews 1948 Creation of State of Israel; 750,000 Palestinian Arabs ejected from their land 1954 Start of Algerian war of independence against France 1956 Suez crisis; Britain, France and Israel invade Egypt after Nasser nationalises the Suez Canal 1962 Monarchy overthrown in Iraq Algeria wins independence from France 1967 Six Day War; Israel occupies Gaza, West Bank, Golan and Sinai 1968 UN Security Council Resolution 242 demands withdrawal of Israeli forces from occupied territory in return for security of all states in the region 1973 Yom Kippur War; Israel defeats Egyptian–Syrian forces 1975 Start of Lebanese civil war 1977 President Sadat of Egypt makes peace with Israel 1978 First Israeli invasion of Lebanon Saddam Hussein takes over Baath Party in Iraq 1979 Shah of Iran overthrown by Ayatollah Khomeini’s Islamic Revolution Soviet Union invades Afghanistan; the start of a ten-year occupation by Russian troops Assassination of Egyptian President Anwar Sadat 1980 Osama bin Laden raises an Arab legion to fight the Soviet Army With America’s tacit support, Iraq invades Iran at the start of an eight-year war in which gas will be used in mass attacks for the first time since the First World War 1982 Second Israeli invasion of Lebanon 16 to 18 September, massacre of up to 1,700 Palestinian civilians after Israeli defence minister Ariel Sharon sends Israel’s Lebanese militia allies into the refugee camps of Sabra and Shatila to destroy “terrorists” 1983 23 October, suicide bombing of U.S.