Zapatista

Pax Technica: How the Internet of Things May Set Us Free or Lock Us Up
by Philip N. Howard
Published 27 Apr 2015

Yet that was also the year that Tim Berners-Lee published the first text on a webpage and demonstrated how large amounts of content could be made widely available over digital networks. Within only a few years, idealistic new social movements like the Zapatistas were using the internet to advertise their struggle and build international audiences. Twenty-five years after the Zapatista Rebellion, many popular uprisings for democracy and homespun activist campaigns were marshaling social media for political change. Political elites were using digital media too, and the first bots went to war for their political masters. The Zapatistas had organized offline, found the internet, and used it effectively for propaganda. Movements like the Arab Spring were being born digitally.1 They were organized online, and projected power in the streets of Tunis and Cairo.

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What will the internet look like after young people in Tehran, Nairobi, and Guangzhou reshape its content? The Zapatistas Reboot History In the hushed morning after New Year’s Eve celebrations in 1994, hundreds of masked rebels moved through the empty streets of San Cristóbal, Chiapas. Cutting phone lines and immobilizing the local police, they wanted a new political order. Even though they hailed from the Lacandon Jungle at the southern tip of Mexico, their well-organized digital-outreach campaign put the Zapatistas into international headlines. If the collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the history-making battle between capitalism and state socialism, the Zapatista uprising helped restart history by kicking off the battle over device networks.

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If the collapse of the Soviet Union marked the end of the history-making battle between capitalism and state socialism, the Zapatista uprising helped restart history by kicking off the battle over device networks. In 1995 I traveled to Chiapas, Mexico, to meet with the Zapatista insurgents. I wanted to learn about their motivations and their struggle, and to understand why they were having such an unusual impact on international politics. By the time I landed in San Cristóbal, the Zapatista Liberation Army was beginning to retreat into the jungle. Their knowledge of the forest gave them an advantage over the Mexican army. San Cristóbal was tense but quiet, and it was easy to find people who were sympathetic with the Zapatista cause. I visited one supporter, an ecologist, at his research lab outside the city.

Twitter and Tear Gas: The Power and Fragility of Networked Protest
by Zeynep Tufekci
Published 14 May 2017

Censorship and Attention 1. I concluded that it was not the Zapatistas themselves but the solidarity networks in more developed countries, especially in North America, that were using the newly emergent digital tools to organize in support of the Zapatistas. The North American network consisted of many groups that had organized to stop NAFTA and had failed, and the Zapatistas had launched their own uprising the very day NAFTA had gone into effect. A group that had just lost had thus found a cause and sprung into action. The Zapatistas were significant because they were a movement in the internet era, not because they themselves were heavy (or even light!)

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Among these are anti–corporate globalization protests in between 1997 and 2002, antiwar movements in the United States around 2002 and 2003, and the Occupy movement in 2011 and 2012. All eras have continuities with the past and antecedents, and many dynamics that predate them, but the start of this book’s analysis with the Zapatista solidarity networks is not just an accident of my personal history. The Zapatista solidarity networks marked the beginning of a new phase, the emergence of networked movements as the internet and digital tools began to spread to activists, and general populations. Having lived in Turkey, Europe, and the United States for most of my life, both informs and limits my analyses, of course; I acknowledge my multi-cultural, multi-continent immigrant life-trajectory both as a strength and as a limit of my own experience.

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These movements shared an intense focus on participation and horizontalism—functioning without formal hierarchies or leaders and using a digitally supported, ad hoc approach to organizing infrastructure and tasks. The Zapatista Encuentro lasted a week, during which friendships formed around the self-organized functioning of the camp where it took place. Plurality, diversity, and tolerance were celebrated and were nicely expressed in the Zapatista slogan “Many yeses, one no.” There was a general reluctance to engage in traditional, institutional politics, which were believed to be ineffective and, worse, irredeemably corrupt. Digital technology was used to support organization in the absence of formal structures.

Multitude: War and Democracy in the Age of Empire
by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri
Published 1 Jan 2004

One can pose this contrast between autonomous, horizontal organization and centralized leadership as a tension between the organized struggles (of workers, students, and others) and the ANC, but it might be more illuminating to recognize it also as a tension within the ANC, a tension that has remained and developed in some senses since the ANC’s election to power in 1994.102 Like the Intifada, then, the anti-Apartheid struggles straddled two different organizational forms, marking in our genealogy a point of transition. The Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN), which first appeared in Chiapas in the 1990s, offers an even clearer example of this transformation: the Zapatistas are the hinge between the old guerrilla model and the new model of biopolitical network structures. The Zapatistas also demonstrate wonderfully how the economic transition of post-Fordism can function equally in urban and rural territories, linking local experiences with global struggles.103 The Zapatistas, which were born and primarily remain a peasant and indigenous movement, use the Internet and communications technologies not only as a means of distributing their communiqués to the outside world but also, at least to some extent, as a structural element inside their organization, especially as it extends beyond southern Mexico to the national and global levels.

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The Zapatistas also demonstrate wonderfully how the economic transition of post-Fordism can function equally in urban and rural territories, linking local experiences with global struggles.103 The Zapatistas, which were born and primarily remain a peasant and indigenous movement, use the Internet and communications technologies not only as a means of distributing their communiqués to the outside world but also, at least to some extent, as a structural element inside their organization, especially as it extends beyond southern Mexico to the national and global levels. Communication is central to the Zapatistas’ notion of revolution, and they continually emphasize the need to create horizontal network organizations rather than vertical centralized structures.104 One should point out, of course, that this decentered organizational model stands at odds with the traditional military nomenclature of the EZLN. The Zapatistas, after all, call themselves an army and are organized in an array of military titles and ranks. When one looks more closely, however, one can see that although the Zapatistas adopt a traditional version of the Latin American guerrilla model, including its tendencies toward centralized military hierarchy, they continually in practice undercut those hierarchies and decenter authority with the elegant inversions and irony typical of their rhetoric.

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(In fact, they make irony itself into a political strategy.105) The paradoxical Zapatista motto “command obeying,” for example, is aimed at inverting the traditional relationships of hierarchy within the organization. Leadership positions are rotated, and there seems to be a vacuum of authority at the center. Marcos, the primary spokesperson and quasi-mythical icon of the Zapatistas, has the rank of subcomandante to emphasize his relative subordination. Furthermore, their goal has never been to defeat the state and claim sovereign authority but rather to change the world without taking power.106 The Zapatistas, in other words, adopt all the elements of the traditional structure and transform them, demonstrating in the clearest possible terms the nature and direction of the postmodern transition of organizational forms.

A Paradise Built in Hell: Extraordinary Communities That Arise in Disaster
by Rebecca Solnit
Published 31 Aug 2010

They were the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, the Zapatista National Army of Liberation, taking their name from the revolutionary leader Emiliano Zapata (1879-1919). From the beginning the Zapatistas wore masks, mostly ski masks, though some appear in bandannas. They served the same purpose they always have for outlaws and rebels—and revelers—the protection of identity, but as the years wore on they became a costume of anonymity, making the Zapatistas everyone and no one, like Zorro and Super Barrio. All the comandantes, male and female, and nearly all the rest of the Zapatistas were indigenous, but one taller, paler figure stuck out, Subcomandante Marcos, whose manifestos, missives, and parables grew into a marvelous new literature combining political analysis, poetic language, anecdote, and humor.

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Laura Carlsen, who moved to Mexico after the 1985 earthquake to work with the unionizing seamstresses, says, “The Zapatista movement proved the power of language to weave global webs of resistance at the same time that it rejected the language of power. Unlike previous revolutionary movements, they did not announce plans to take power and install a new state. . . . The Zapatistas have deepened their commitment to building alternatives from the grassroots rather than controlling, competing for, or often even confronting the formal power of the state. Building autonomy is central to this process. Before the Zapatista uprising, the Mexican indigenous movement had already formulated a concept of autonomy that focused on recuperating traditional forms of self-government in the community.”

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Thus it is that one contemporary revolutionary has remarked, “The means are the end.” A Carnival of Revolution That aforementioned revolutionary was Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos of the Zapatistas. Perhaps the greatest melding of carnival, disaster, and revolution came with Mexico’s next round of masked heroes, indigenous revolutionaries from the southeastern mountains and jungles of Mexico, the Zapatistas. It is hard to say what the disaster was. It was the 501 years of colonialism, extermination, and discrimination against the indigenous people of the Americas. It was the long decades of impoverishment and repression under the PRI, which had turned the 1910 revolution’s hopes of libertad y tierra, “land and liberty,” into disappointment as the old tyrannies and deprivations continued.

Profit Over People: Neoliberalism and Global Order
by Noam Chomsky
Published 6 Sep 2011

Meanwhile private power demands and receives protection from market forces, as in the past. “The Zapatistas really struck a chord with a large segment of the Mexican populace,” Mexican political scientist Eduardo Gallardo commented shortly after the rebellion, predicting that the effects would be wide-ranging, including steps toward breaking down the long-standing electoral dictatorship. Polls in Mexico backed that conclusion, reporting majority support for the reasons given by the Zapatistas for their rebellion. A similar chord was struck worldwide, including the rich industrial societies, where many people recognized the concerns of the Zapatistas to be not unlike their own, despite very different circumstances.

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The New Year’s Day uprising of Indian peasants in Chiapas can readily be understood in this general context. The uprising coincided with the enactment of NAFTA, which the Zapatista army called a “death sentence” for Indians, a gift to the rich that will deepen the divide between narrowly concentrated wealth and mass misery, and destroy what remains of the indigenous society. The NAFTA connection is partly symbolic; the problems are far deeper. “We are the product of 500 years of struggle,” the Zapatistas’ declaration of war stated. The struggle today is “for work, land, housing, food health care, education, independence, freedom, democracy, justice, and peace.”

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HB95.C516 1998 330.12′2—dc21 98-35985 v3.1 Contents Cover Title Page Copyright Introduction by Robert W. McChesney I Neoliberalism and Global Order II Consent without Consent: Regimenting the Public Mind III The Passion for Free Markets IV Market Democracy in a Neoliberal Order: Doctrines and Reality V The Zapatista Uprising VI “The Ultimate Weapon” VII “Hordes of Vigilantes” Introduction by Robert W. McChesney Neoliberalism is the defining political economic paradigm of our time—it refers to the policies and processes whereby a relative handful of private interests are permitted to control as much as possible of social life in order to maximize their personal profit.

Fear Is Just a Word: A Missing Daughter, a Violent Cartel, and a Mother's Quest for Vengeance
by Azam Ahmed
Published 26 Sep 2023

Pablo González Casanova, Los Zapatistas del Siglo XXI (Siglo del Hombre Editores, CLACSO, 2009), 239; Hermann Bellinghausen, “Zapatistas, una transformación de 25 años,” Revista de la Universidad de México, April 2019, https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/​articles/​86c78d97-8a18-4088-bdde-0f20069ec0ef/​zapatistas-una-transformacion-de-25-anos; Proceso, “Identifica el EZLN a militares que asesinaron a zapatistas en el 94,” February 14, 2004, https://www.proceso.com.mx/​nacional/​2004/​2/14/​identifica-el-ezln-militares-que-asesinaron-zapatistas-en-el-94-56495.html. The Zapatistas, led by a charismatic commander, Sub Comandante Marcos, captured hearts and minds all the way to Europe, but not much else.

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Smith, The Dope, 366–367. GO TO NOTE REFERENCE IN TEXT an armed uprising The Zapatistas numbered some three thousand in all. They stormed town halls and government buildings in the southern state of Chiapas, igniting an insurrection that was far more effective as a media campaign than as a strategic effort. The government dispatched a group of Mexican Special Forces soldiers trained in counterinsurgency to hunt the insurgents down in the jungles of Chiapas. The soldiers killed thirty-four Zapatistas, in what the guerrilla leaders claimed was extrajudicial murder. The troops accused of the summary killings hailed from the same Mexican Special Forces that would eventually join the Gulf Cartel as part of their armed wing, the Zetas.

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. ———, “México: asesinan a alcalde en Tamaulipas,” August 30, 2010, https://www.bbc.com/​mundo/​america_latina/​2010/​08/​100830_0426_mexico_asesinato_alcalde_hidalgo_tamaulipas_jg. Bellinghausen, Hermann, “Zapatistas, una transformación de 25 años,” Revista de la Universidad de México, April 2019, https://www.revistadelauniversidad.mx/​articles/​86c78d97-8a18-4088-bdde-0f20069ec0ef/​zapatistas-una-transformacion-de-25-anos. Berger, Miriam, “Justice for Victims of Violent Crime in Mexico Is Rare. Can Deaths of Nine Mormons Change That?” Washington Post, November 12, 2019, https://www.washingtonpost.com/​world/​2019/​11/​08/​justice-victims-violent-crime-mexico-is-rare-can-deaths-nine-mormons-change-that/.

The Coke Machine: The Dirty Truth Behind the World's Favorite Soft Drink
by Michael Blanding
Published 14 Jun 2010

Instead, they supported autonomous village groups that could stand outside Mexico’s notoriously corrupt political structure. After clashes with the army in which several hundred people—mostly Zapatistas—were killed, the group renounced violence. Soon the tourists came back, and in greater numbers, as the Zapatistas became a cause célèbre among lefty activists. Peace was short­ lived, however, as the army raided several Zapatista bases, and paramilitary groups staged massacres in several villages known to sympathize with the rebels. When Coca-Cola Kid Vicente Fox won the presidential election in 2000, he tried to negotiate with the Zapatistas, compromising on a new law to protect indigenous rights and demilitarize Chiapas.

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Finally, their leader identified himself as Subcomandante Marcos. His comrades, he said, were Zapatistas, after the revolutionary peasant leader Emiliano Zapata, and here to de­ mand land and rights for the indigenous people. It was no accident that the revolutionaries appeared on the day the North American Free Trade Agreement was implemented in the United States and Mexico, since Za­ patistas saw the free-trade deal as a continuation of the policies that had allowed privatization and sale of their land to ranching, mining, and nat­ ural gas interests. While the Zapatistas stemmed from the Marxist revolutionaries once common in Latin America, they didn’t espouse the traditional communist ideology with a top-down command structure.

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Strangely enough, while the Zapatistas have fought exploitation by other foreign multinationals—most recently drug companies they accuse of driving them off their land in search of new medicinal plants—they’ve had no problem with Coke. Even as Marcos has barred drugs and alcohol from rebel-controlled areas, he has encouraged consumption of Coca-Cola, whose trucks have reportedly been the only traffic allowed through the front lines during skirmishes with the army. “We have a way to get rid of Coke,” he once joked. “We will drink every last bottle.” “¡TOMA LO BUENO!” 167 The revolutionary spirit the Zapatistas kicked off, however, has spurred others to take opposition against the Coca-Cola Company, especially in San Cristóbal, where Coke’s presence on Huitepec, the sacred mountain of the Maya, is too egregious for some to ignore.

Dreaming in Public: Building the Occupy Movement
by Amy Lang and Daniel Lang/levitsky
Published 11 Jun 2012

But, again, international sources abound: the non-hierarchical leadership structures the Zapatistas have developed in the years since their rebellion against the Mexican state began in 1994; the Popular Assemblies through which neighborhoods in Argentina organized themselves against austerity measures and international debt in 2001, ousting four presidents along the way; the subsequent, rather different, forms of assemblies developed in Oaxaca, Spain and Italy. These models share Occupy’s approach of building towards an unknown other world through continuous practice, perhaps best summarized in the words of Antonio Machado adopted as a motto by many Zapatista-inspired groups: se hace el camino al andar – ‘we make the road by walking’.

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A principal lesson of the 1960s is that maintenance and nurturing of that kind of trust becomes more difficult as a movement or organization grows larger. Here the Zapatistas have something to teach us. They do have a form of representative government in that delegates from different villages are elected to attend co-ordinating assemblies. But all governing is done within the cultural context of the ancient Mayan practice of ‘mandar obediciendo’, that is, governing in obedience to those who are represented. Thus, after the uprising of 1 January 1994, negotiations began with emissaries from the national government. If a question arose as to which the Zapatista delegates were not instructed, they informed their counterparts that they had to go back to the villages for direction.

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From a very different vantage-point, the American Library Association’s Occupy Wall Street Library Resolution expresses its members’ dismay at the destruction by the New York Police Department of the Occupy Wall Street Library, widely seen as one of the most important elements of the OWS encampment. The Occupy/Decolonize movement has, likewise, received many statements of support from outside the US. The three included here are chosen because they make visible specific relationships between the US context of Occupy and other locations: the Zapatista uprising that marked the beginning of the US-initiated North American Free Trade Agreement; the Egyptian revolution against the US-funded regime of Hosni Mubarak; and the two decades of US sanctions and military occupation of Iraq frame these statements. Declaration of the Occupation of New York City Occupy Wall Street 29 September 2011 As we gather together in solidarity to express a feeling of mass injustice, we must not lose sight of what brought us together.

Lonely Planet Mexico
by John Noble , Kate Armstrong , Greg Benchwick , Nate Cavalieri , Gregor Clark , John Hecht , Beth Kohn , Emily Matchar , Freda Moon and Ellee Thalheimer
Published 2 Jan 1992

* * * THE ZAPATISTAS On January 1, 1994, the day of Nafta’s initiation, a previously unknown leftist guerrilla army emerged from the forests to occupy San Cristóbal de Las Casas and other towns in Chiapas. The Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN, Zapatista National Liberation Army) linked antiglobalization rhetoric with Mexican revolutionary slogans, declaring that they aimed to overturn the oligarchy’s centuries-old hold on land, resources and power and to improve the wretched living standards of Mexico’s indigenous people. The Mexican army evicted the Zapatistas within days, and the rebels retreated to the fringes of the Lacandón Jungle to wage a propaganda war, mainly fought via the internet.

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The Mexican army evicted the Zapatistas within days, and the rebels retreated to the fringes of the Lacandón Jungle to wage a propaganda war, mainly fought via the internet. The Zapatistas’ balaclava-clad, pipe-puffing Subcomandante Marcos (a former university professor named Rafael Guillén) rapidly became a cult figure. High-profile conventions against neoliberalism were held, international supporters flocked to Zapatista headquarters at La Realidad, 80km southeast of Comitán, and Zapatista-aligned peasants took over hundreds of farms and ranches in Chiapas. In 1996 Zapatista and Mexican government negotiators agreed to a set of accords on indigenous rights and autonomy. However, the governing Institutional Revolutionary Party (PRI) never ratified these agreements, and tension and killings escalated in Chiapas through 1997 and 1998.

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Some interpreted this silence as a weakening of their forces, while others still predicted fireworks to come. The Zapatistas have denounced the expansion of ecotourism in Chiapas. They see the improvement and construction of roads in the Montes Azules reserve as being at odds with the government’s stated goal of preserving the rainforest. They view the expansion of government tourism infrastructure as a nonmilitary means to make inroads into autonomous EZLN communities. Check in on the Zapatistas at www.ezln.org.mx (in Spanish). Further background is available in The Zapatista Reader, an anthology of writers from Octavio Paz and Gabriel García Márquez to Marcos himself, and at SiPaz (www.sipaz.org) and CMI (www.chiapas.indymedia.org)

The Democracy Project: A History, a Crisis, a Movement
by David Graeber
Published 13 Aug 2012

• The San Andrés strategy: A very different approach was taken by the Zapatistas in the years immediately following their twelve-day insurrection in December 1994. As noted above, the uprising was quickly ended by a truce, and whatever its original aims, mainly served to open up a space for rebel communities to create their own autonomous institutions, and to engage in various forms of nonviolent direct action (the Zapatistas soon became famous for organizing events like “invasions” of Mexican army camps by thousands of unarmed indigenous women carrying babies). The Zapatistas made a decision not to enter the formal political process in Mexico, but to begin creating a different kind of political system entirely.

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I also wanted to plug back into the New York activist scene, but with some hesitation, since I had the distinct impression that the scene was in something of a shambles. I’d first gotten heavily involved in activism in New York between 2000 and 2003, the heyday of the Global Justice Movement. That movement, which began with the Zapatista revolt in Mexico’s Chiapas in 1994 and reached the United States with the mass actions that shut down the World Trade Organization meetings in Seattle in 1999, was the last time any of my friends had a sense that some sort of global revolutionary movement might be taking shape. Those were heady days.

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To adopt activist parlance, this wasn’t really a crowd of verticals—that is, the sort of people who actually like marching around with pre-issued signs and listening to spokesmen from somebody’s central committee. Most seemed to be horizontals: people more sympathetic with anarchist principles of organization, nonhierarchical forms of direct democracy. I spotted at least one Wobbly, a young man with dark glasses and a black Industrial Workers of the World (IWW) T-shirt, several college students wearing Zapatista paraphernalia, and a few other obvious anarchist types. I also noticed several old friends, including Sabu, there with another Japanese activist, who I’d known from street actions in Quebec City back in 2001. Finally, Georgia and I looked at each other and both realized we were thinking the same thing: “Why are we so complacent?

Lonely Planet Cancun, Cozumel & the Yucatan (Travel Guide)
by Lonely Planet , John Hecht and Sandra Bao
Published 31 Jul 2013

Periodic uprisings bore witness to bad government, but the world took little notice until January 1, 1994, when Zapatista rebels suddenly and briefly occupied San Cristóbal de las Casas and nearby towns by military force. (‘Zapatista’ comes from the Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, whose followers (during the Mexican Revolution in 1910) were known as Zapatistas.) The rebel movement, with a firm and committed support base among disenchanted indigenous settlers, used remote jungle bases to campaign for democratic change and indigenous rights. The Zapatistas have failed to win any significant concessions at the national level, although increased government funding resulted in improvements in the state’s infrastructure, the development of tourist facilities and a growing urban middle class.

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Traditionally treated as second-class citizens, indigenous groups mostly live on the least productive land in the state, with the least amount of government services or infrastructure. Many indigenous communities rely on subsistence farming and have no running water or electricity, and it was frustration over lack of political power and their historical mistreatment that fueled the Zapatista rebellion, putting a spotlight on the region’s distinct inequities. Today the Zapatista movement isn’t nearly as strong as it once was, but its original tenets of rejecting traditional leadership hierarchies remain, and it continues to raise the rights and profile of indigenous peoples – especially women. Despite all obstacles, the identities and self-respect of Chiapas’ indigenous peoples survive.

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Be sure to give yourself enough time to visit the site museum; from here you can easily flag a transport van back to the entrance, or to Palenque city. TRAVELING SAFELY IN CHIAPAS In general, Chiapas is a safe place to travel. Many people associate the state with the Zapatistas, but this revolutionary organization has become less influential in the last decade and their main significant uprising occurred in 1994. In any case, tourists are not targeted by the Zapatistas. Drug trafficking and illicit immigration are concerns along the border regions with Guatemala, and military checkpoints are frequent on the Carretera Fronteriza along the Guatemalan border from Palenque to the Lagos de Montebello.

Lonely Planet Cancun, Cozumel & the Yucatan (Travel Guide)
by Lonely Planet , John Hecht and Lucas Vidgen
Published 31 Jul 2016

Periodic uprisings bore witness to bad government, but the world took little notice until January 1, 1994, when Zapatista rebels suddenly and briefly occupied San Cristóbal de las Casas and nearby towns by military force. ('Zapatista' comes from the Mexican revolutionary Emiliano Zapata, whose followers during the Mexican Revolution in 1910 were known as Zapatistas.) The rebel movement, with a firm and committed support base among disenchanted indigenous settlers, used remote jungle bases to campaign for democratic change and indigenous rights. The Zapatistas have failed to win any significant concessions at the national level, although increased government funding has resulted in improvements in the state’s infrastructure, the development of tourist facilities and a growing urban middle class.

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Many indigenous communities rely on subsistence farming and have no running water or electricity, and it was frustration over lack of political power and their historical mistreatment that fueled the Zapatista rebellion, putting a spotlight on the region’s distinct inequities. Today, long-standing indigenous ways of life are challenged both by evangelical Christianity – opposed to many traditional animist-Catholic practices and the abuse of alcohol in religious rituals – and by the Zapatista movement, which rejects traditional leadership hierarchies and is raising the rights and profile of women. Many highland indigenous people have emigrated to the Lacandón Jungle to clear new land, or to Mexican and US cities in search of work.

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Palenque enjoyed a resurgence between 722 and 736, however, under Ahkal Mo’ Nahb’ III (Turtle Macaw Lake), who added many substantial buildings. After AD 900, Palenque was largely abandoned. TRAVELING SAFELY IN CHIAPAS In general, Chiapas is a safe place to travel. Many people associate the state with the Zapatistas, but this revolutionary organization has become less influential in the last decade and their main significant uprising occurred in 1994. In any case, tourists are not targeted by the Zapatistas. Drug trafficking and illicit immigration are concerns along the border regions with Guatemala, and military checkpoints are frequent on the Carretera Fronteriza along the Guatemalan border from Palenque to the Lagos de Montebello.

Rogue State: A Guide to the World's Only Superpower
by William Blum
Published 31 Mar 2002

On New Year's Day 1994, peasants in Mexico's state of Chiapas staged a bloodless takeover of nearby communities under the banner of the Zapatista National Liberation Army. It was the same day that the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) took effect, as the Zapatistas were careful to point out. The Mexican military responded brutally. As the conflict dragged on, to the NAFTA-powers-that-be in Washington the situation threatened to be an embarrassing impediment to the peaceful implementation of the trade agreement. Whether by coincidence or not, as the Zapatista rebellion has continued to the present day, the Mexican enrollment at SOA has proceeded accordingly.

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NAFTA's plans call for the "subsistence" agriculture long practiced by the indigenous people to be "modernized"; i.e., to produce "high-profit" export crops, such as rubber and lumber.70 In the name of fighting drugs, the United States has poured hundreds of millions of dollars of military aid and training into Mexico, bringing in the usual complement of American police agents, Army advisers, CIA operatives and Special Forces.71 And all in support of a remarkably corrupt government, military, "paramilitary" and police, many of whom are involved in drug trafficking themselves, carry out massacres and regularly engage in torture and other viola-tions of human rights.72 The Zapatistas claim that US and Argentine advisers have been providing training to the paramilitaries, the main force behind this newest "dirty war", so terribly familiar to Latin America.73 The American military aid has included sophisticated surveillance technology to track the Zapatistas in forests and hills, and hundreds of helicopters, which have been used to attack communities with machine guns, rockets and bombs. Such US aid and training is, still, commonplace in the Third World.

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Amongst others, the Guatemalan foreign minister in 1954, Cheddi Jagan of British Guiana in 1961 and Maurice Bishop of Grenada in 1983 all made their appeals.3 All were crushed. As recently as 1994, we have the case of the leader of the Zapatista rebels in Mexico, Subcommander Marcos. "Marcos said," it was reported, "he expects the United States to support the Zapatistas once US intelligence agencies are convinced the movement is not influenced by Cubans or Russians." "Finally," Marcos said, "they are going to conclude that this is a Mexican problem, with just and true causes..."4 With all due respect to the considerable courage of Senor Marcos, one must seriously question his degree of contact with history, reality and gringos.

A Brief History of Neoliberalism
by David Harvey
Published 2 Jan 1995

Close to starvation, many peasants were forced off the land, only to augment the pool of unemployed in already overcrowded cities, where the so-called informal economy (for example street vendors) grew by leaps and bounds. Resistance to the ejido reform was, however, widespread, and several peasant groups supported the Zapatista rebellion that broke out in Chiapas in 1994.19 Figure 4.3 Employment in the major maquila sectors in Mexico in 2000 Source: Dicken, Global Shift. Having signed on to what became known as the Brady Plan for partial debt forgiveness in 1989, Mexico had to swallow, mainly voluntarily as it turned out, the IMF’s poison pill of deeper neoliberalization.

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The structural adjustment programme administered by the Wall Street–Treasury–IMF complex takes care of the first while it is the job of the comprador state apparatus (backed by military assistance from the imperial powers) in the country that has been raided to ensure that the second does not occur. But the signs of popular revolt are everywhere, as illustrated by the Zapatista uprising in Mexico, innumerable anti-IMF riots, and the so-called ‘anti-globalization’ movement that cut its teeth in the revolts at Seattle, Genoa, and elsewhere. 4. State redistributions. The state, once neoliberalized, becomes a prime agent of redistributive policies, reversing the flow from upper to lower classes that had occurred during the era of embedded liberalism.

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In the developing countries, where opposition to accumulation by dispossession can be stronger, the role of the neoliberal state quickly assumes that of active repression even to the point of low-level warfare against oppositional movements (many of which can now conveniently be designated as ‘drug trafficking’ or ‘terrorist’ so as to garner US military assistance and support, as in Colombia). Other movements, such as the Zapatistas in Mexico or the landless peasant movement in Brazil, are contained by state power through a mix of co-optation and marginalization.16 The Commodification of Everything To presume that markets and market signals can best determine all allocative decisions is to presume that everything can in principle be treated as a commodity.

Inventing the Future: Postcapitalism and a World Without Work
by Nick Srnicek and Alex Williams
Published 1 Oct 2015

As a result, any process of constructing a universal politics is rejected from the outset. Understood in these ways, we can detect traces of folk politics in organisations and movements like Occupy, Spain’s 15M, student occupations, left communist insurrectionists like Tiqqun and the Invisible Committee, most forms of horizontalism, the Zapatistas, and contemporary anarchist-tinged politics, as well as a variety of other trends like political localism, the slow-food movement, and ethical consumerism, among many others. But no single position embodies all of these dispositions, which leads us to a first qualification: as an uncritical and often unconscious common sense, folk politics comes to be instantiated to varying degrees in concrete political positions.

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It was against this backdrop that folk-political intuitions increasingly sedimented as a new common sense and came to be expressed in the alter-globalisation movements.53 These movements emerged in two phases. The first, appearing from the mid 1990s through to the early 2000s, consisted of groups such as the Zapatistas, anti-capitalists, alter-globalisers, and participants in the World Social Forum and global anti-war protests. A second phase began immediately after the 2007–09 financial crisis and featured various groups united by their similar organisational forms and ideological positions, including the Occupy movement, Spain’s 15M and various national-level student movements.

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We begin by examining one of the most popular political tendencies of the past fifteen years – horizontalism – before turning to widespread ideas centred on localism, and the general reactive thrust of most mainstream and radical leftist politics. HORIZONTALISM Crystallising in 1970s US social movements and thrust into prominence by the Zapatistas, alter-globalisation activists and the movement of the squares, horizontalism has become the dominant strand of today’s radical left.2 Responding to the twentieth-century failures of state-led political change, horizontalist movements instead advocate changing the world by changing social relations from below.3 They draw upon a long tradition of theory and practice in anarchism, council communism, libertarian communism and autonomism, in order to – in the words of one proponent – ‘change the world without taking power’.4 At the heart of these movements lies a rejection of the state and other formal institutions, and a privileging of society as the space from which radical change will emerge.

How the World Works
by Noam Chomsky , Arthur Naiman and David Barsamian
Published 13 Sep 2011

But for most of the Mexican people, it’s been a complete disaster. What do you hear from the Zapatistas? Negotiations have been stalled for a couple of years, but I think it’s clear what the government’s strategy is: continue negotiations which won’t get anywhere and ultimately, when the Zapatistas lose their capacity to arouse international interest, when people get tired of signing petitions—then the government will move in with force and wipe the Zapatistas out. That’s my suspicion, anyway. I think the only reason they didn’t wipe them out right away is because the Zapatistas had so much popular support throughout Mexico and the world (which they managed to garner with a good deal of imagination).

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The editor who commissioned it called me, apparently after the deadline, to say that it looked OK to him but that it had simply been cancelled at some higher level. I don’t know any more about it than that. But I can guess. The article was about Chiapas, but it was also about NAFTA, and I think the Washington Post has been even more extreme than the Times in refusing to allow any discussion of that topic. What happened in Chiapas [the Zapatista rebellion] doesn’t come as very much of a surprise. At first, the government thought they’d just destroy the rebellion with tremendous violence, but then they backed off and decided to do it by more subtle violence, when nobody was looking. Part of the reason they backed off is surely their fear that there was just too much sympathy all over Mexico; if they were too up front about suppression, they’d cause themselves a lot of problems, all the way up to the US border.

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According to him, it’s not hawks and doves any more—there’s a new dichotomy in the ideological system, between integrationists, who want to accelerate globalization, and anti-integrationists, who want to slow it down or modulate it. Within each group, there are those who believe in a safety net and those who believe people should be out on their own. That creates four categories. He uses the Zapatistas as an example of the anti-integrationist pro-safety-net position, and Ross Perot as an example of the anti-integrationist anti-safety-net position, and dismisses them both as crazy. That leaves the two “sensible” positions, which are illustrated by Clinton (integrationist pro-safety-net) and Gingrich (integrationist anti-safety-net).

Rebel Cities: From the Right to the City to the Urban Revolution
by David Harvey
Published 3 Apr 2012

Even the venerable social anarchist and anti-statist Murray Bookchin, with his theory of confederalism, vigorously advocates the need for some territorial governance, without which the Zapatistas, just to take one recent example, would also cer­ tainly have met with death and defeat: though often falsely represented as being totally non-hierachical and "horizontalist" in their organizational structure, the Zapatistas do make decisions through democratically selected delegates and officers.10 Other groups focus their efforts on the recuperation of ancient and indigenous notions of the rights of nature, or insist that issues of gender, racism, anti-colonialism, or indigeneity must be prioritized above, if not preclude, the pursuit of an anti-capitalist politics.

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They more usually arose out of the basic intuition, arrived at in many different places and times by workers themselves, that it would be much fairer, less repressive, and more in accord with their own sense of self-worth and personal dignity to regulate their own social relations and production activities, rather than to submit to the oppressive dic­ tates of an often despotic boss demanding that they give unstintingly of their capacity for alienated labor. But attempts to change the world by worker control and analogous movements-such as community-owned projects, so-called "moral" or "solidarity" economies, local economic trading systems and barter, the creation of autonomous spaces (the most famous of which today would be that of the Zapatistas)-have not so far proved viable as templates for more global anti-capitalist solutions, in spite of the noble efforts and sacrifices that have often kept these efforts going in the face of fierce hostilities and active repressions.; The main reason for the long-run failure of such initiatives to aggregate into some global alternative to capitalism is simple enough.

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53; Capital, passim, 57, 1 3 1 , 1 5 1 ; antiwar protest (2003) , 1 1 6; artists in, x, xiii, xv, 35-39 passim, 46, 89; Columbia University and, 47, 76-80 passim, 1 22, 1 7 l n24; 23-24; construction, 32, 46; "decency committee" in, 105; gent rification, 1 8 , 78; the High Class Struggles in France, 37; The Communist Manifesto, 53; f The Eigh teenth Brumaire o Louis Line, 75; imported beer in, 95; Napoleon, 37; Grundrisse, 35, M ichael Bloomberg and, 1 2, 23; 36, 38 Occupy Wall Street movement, 1 1 6- 1 7; Robert Moses and, 9, Meier, Richard, 1 04 Melbourne, I l l , 1 1 6 Mesa, Carlos, 14 1 10, 1 7, 20; symbolic capital and, Mexico, 1 5. See also Oa.x aca; Zapatistas also Harlem, New York City; Mexico City, 1 2, 22, 23, 1 1 5, 1 1 6 Milan, 1 03, I l l , 1 1 6 Milwaukee, 1 36 1 04; Zuccotti Park, xviii. See Manhattan, New York City New York City Central Labor Council , 151 1 85 INDEX New York State, 84 Quebec City, 1 1 6 Nixon, Richard, 5 1 , 63 Northumbria, U K, 1 32-33 Nottingham, UK, 1 32, 1 39 Ramallah, 1 1 7 Reagan, Ronald, 6, 53, 1 60 Oaxaca, 1 1 6, 148 La Revolution Urbaine ( Lefebvre).

The Elusive Quest for Growth: Economists' Adventures and Misadventures in the Tropics
by William R. Easterly
Published 1 Aug 2002

Polarized Peoples 275 Polarized by Both Class and Race The worst case for good policymaking and political freedom is to have both high inequality and high ethnic diversity. In the Mexican state of Chiapas, the Zapatista rebellion broke outon January1,1994. The rebels, most of them indigenous inhabitants of the area, took seven municipalities, including the famous indigenous city of San Cristobal de las Casas. The Mexican(nonindigenous) army responded in force, with 25,000 troops, and the Zapatistas retreated on January 2. The army executed some of the rebels it captured andbombed the mountains south of San Cristobal. In February 1995, the Mexican government ordered a newmilitary offensive against the Zapatistas. There were widespread reports of rape and murder committed byMexican troops.

…

There were widespread reports of rape and murder committed byMexican troops. The government finally halted the offensive in response to the outcry within Mexico. In the years since the rebellion, there has been a low-level “dirty war” between the Zapatistas, on one side, and the Mexican military and paramilitary bands,on the other. On December 22,1997, in Acteal, Chiapas, paramilitarybands allied with the whitelandowners attacked and massacred a band of forty-five unarmed indigenous people, including many women and children. The national police were nearby but did not intervene. There have been numerous unsuccessful peace attempts in Chiapas.

…

There have been numerous unsuccessful peace attempts in Chiapas. In January2000, in response to peace efforts, the Mexican government initiated deportation proceedings against forty-three international human rights observers in C h i a p a ~ . ~ ~ The Zapatista rebellion was only the latest installment in a longrunning conflict between (generally white) landowners and (generally Indian) peasants in Chiapas. Chiapas governor Absalon Castellanos Dominguez noted in 1982 that “we have no middle class; there are the rich, who are very rich, and the poor, who are very poor.” This statement was all the morepoignant since Castellanos himself belonged to an old and wealthy landowning family and, as a military man, was involved in an army massacre of Indians in 1980.26 Many observers have noted the ”sordid association” among landowners and their pistoleros, party bosses, the army, and the police, all of whom agree on the use of force to repress Indian peasant rights (for example, depriving Indians of land to which they are legally entitled).

We Are All Fast-Food Workers Now: The Global Uprising Against Poverty Wages
by Annelise Orleck
Published 27 Feb 2018

Historian Iain Boal compared the breakup of Mexico’s ejido common lands and the displacement of millions of Mexican peasants in the 1980s and 1990s to the industrialization of England four centuries earlier, when enclosures of “the commons” sparked decades of rebellions, land occupations, and the rise of early labor unions.9 The Zapatistas weren’t quite the machine-smashing Luddites, but they offered indigenous community and traditional knowledge as resistance and solution. Boal wrote of their rebellion: “The longing for a better world will need to arise at the imagined meeting place of many movements of resistance, as many as there are sites of closure and exclusion. The resistance will be as transnational as capital. Because enclosure takes myriad forms, so shall resistance to it.” Indigenous resistance has continued unbroken worldwide. The Zapatistas did not disappear. They built autonomous communities in Chiapas that remain vibrant in the twenty-first century.

…

They built autonomous communities in Chiapas that remain vibrant in the twenty-first century. And chants of “Berta Cáceres Vive!” (Berta Cáceres Lives!) animate indigenous land rights protests from Chiapas to Chile. A decade after the Zapatista uprising, seventy thousand Oaxacan teachers from indigenous Mixteco, Zapoteco, and Triqui communities struck for a living wage and for basic supplies for their students: books, pencils, toilets, and potable water. The state government deployed police helicopters, bullets, and tear gas. Teachers and journalists alike were shot. After the brutal police assault, the strike mushroomed into a movement that ultimately involved over a million people.

…

In New York State alone, sixty-one dairy workers died in workplace accidents between 2006 and 2014. Vermont dairy workers were not strangers to protest and they were angry at having to risk life and limb. Many come from small towns in Chiapas, the southern Mexico region that gave birth to, and has long sustained, the Zapatista rebellion. By 2014, they were ready to rise. Milk with Dignity was Vermont dairy workers’ bid for a brighter future, and Balcazar thought that Ben & Jerry’s should be more than willing to give it to them. “Ben & Jerry’s has stood up for cows (no RGBH), for chickens (cage-free agreement with Humane Society), and for international farmers (fair trade),” Balcazar argued.

The Enigma of Capital: And the Crises of Capitalism
by David Harvey
Published 1 Jan 2010

The uneven geographical development that results is as infinitely varied as it is volatile: a deindustrialised city in northern China; a shrinking city in what was once East Germany; the booming industrial cities in the Pearl River delta; an IT concentration in Bangalore; a Special Economic Zone in India where dispossessed peasants revolt; indigenous populations under pressure in Amazonia or New Guinea; the affluent neighbourhoods in Greenwich, Connecticut (until recently, at least, hedge fund capital of the world); the conflict-ridden oil fields in the Ogoni region of Nigeria; the autonomous zones carved out by a militant movement such as the Zapatistas in Chiapas, Mexico; the vast soy bean production zones in Brazil, Paraguay and Argentina; the rural regions of Darfur or the Congo where civil wars relentlessly rage; the staid middle-class suburbs of London, Los Angeles or Munich; the shanty towns of South Africa; the garment factories of Sri Lanka or the call centres of Barbados and Bangalore ‘manned’ entirely by women; the new megacities in the Gulf States with their star-architect-designed buildings – all of this (and of course much more) when taken together constitutes a world of geographical difference that has been made by human action.

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This does not mean, as some now argue, that the power of the state is irrelevant and that the prime locus for transformative politics has to shift exclusively to civil society and daily life. While much of contemporary anti-capitalist thinking is either sceptical of or downright hostile to any turn to the state as an adequate form of counter-power to that of capital, some sort of territorial organisation (such as that devised by the Zapatista revolutionary movement in Chiapas, Mexico) is unavoidable in designing a new social order. The question is not, therefore, whether the state is a valid form of social organisation in human affairs, but what kind of territorial organisation of power might be appropriate in the transition to some other form of production.

…

Revolutionary and resolutely anti-capitalist movements, though not all are of a progressive sort, are also to be found in many of the marginal zones of capitalism. Spaces have been opened up within which something radically different in terms of dominant social relations, ways of life, productive capacities and mental conceptions of the world can flourish. This applies as much to the Taliban and to communist rule in Nepal as to the Zapatistas in Chiapas and indigenous movements in Bolivia or the Maoist movements in rural India, even as they are worlds apart in objectives, strategies and tactics. The central problem is that in aggregate there is no resolute and sufficiently unified anti-capitalist movement that can adequately challenge the reproduction of the capitalist class and the perpetuation of its power on the world stage.

Demanding the Impossible: A History of Anarchism
by Peter Marshall
Published 2 Jan 1992

The popular slogan Que se vayan todos (’All of them should go’) reflected not only frustration with corrupt politicians but with the principle of government itself. Walking and Questioning It is however the theory and tactics of the Zapatista movement in southern Mexico which have most caught the attention of anarchists. Named after the revolutionary Emiliano Zapata and partly inspired by the anarchist Ricardo Flores Magón, the Zapatista Army of National Liberation rose up in 1994 in the poor Chiapas province and demanded the right of the indigenous people in southern Mexico to be different and self-governing. While holding off the armed forces of the Mexican State, they have organized their lives in autonomous municipalities.

…

Although they do not call themselves anarchists, they are democratic in many ways. The Zapatista movement has no fixed leadership, no executive body and no headquarters. Their charismatic spokesman known as Subcomandante Insurgente Marcos –probably the missing professor of philosophy Rafael Sebastián Guillén Vicente — playfully expresses Left-libertarian views. He likes to criticize himself and says he wears his mask as a ‘vaccine against caudillismo’, against the danger of becoming a boss.69 Nevertheless, his self-promotion and courtship of the media seem close to creating a personality cult. The example of the Zapatistas has inspired anti-globalization activists.

…

At the International Encounter for Humanity and against Neoliberalism held in Chiapas in 1996, the participants issued the anarchistic declaration, read by Marcos, that it was ‘not an organizing structure; it has no central head or decision maker; it has no central command or hierarchies. We are the network, all of us who resist.’70 It is a far cry from the approach of the ‘Supreme Chief Castro or President Chávez. Ya Basta! groups supporting the Zapatistas have emerged around the world and been involved in setting up the People’s Global Action. The Zapatista struggle for self-determination and resistance against economic dictatorship has been an inspiration throughout the world. Dancing in the New Millennium The anarchist sensibility, as I have argued, is much older than biblical or classical times and has existed ever since humans first evolved in Africa and spread across the world.

Protocol: how control exists after decentralization
by Alexander R. Galloway
Published 1 Apr 2004

For, in essence, they recognize that the “negotiatedness” of protocol, the fact that it is a universalism only achieved through prior negotiation and subsequent agreement, means that protocol can and will be different.59 It matters little if gender disappears completely, or if it reemerges as a moniker of militancy. The political question is simply choosing how and when to inject change into protocol so that it aligns more closely with one’s real desires about social life and how it ought better to be lived. This is the essence of tactical media. Conflicting Diagrams Netwar is about the Zapatistas more than the Fidelistas, Hamas more than the Palestine Liberation Organization (PLO), the American Christian Patriot movement more than the Ku Klux Klan, and the Asian Triads more than the Costa Nostra. —john arquilla and david ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars Arquilla and Ronfeldt coined the term netwar, which they define as “an emerging mode of conflict (and crime) at societal levels, short of traditional military warfare, in which the protagonists use network forms of organization and related doctrines, strategies, and technologies attuned to the information age.”60 Throughout the years new diagrams (also called graphs or organizational designs) have appeared as solutions or threats to existing ones.

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Hierarchy is one too, as is peer-to-peer. Designs come and go, 59. As Ben Braddock (Dustin Hoffman) says in the beginning of The Graduate about his future: “I want it to be . . . different.” 60. Arquilla and Ronfeldt, Networks and Netwars, p. 6. A similar litany from 1996 reads: “netwar is about Hamas more than the PLO, Mexico’s Zapatistas more than Cuba’s Fidelistas, the Christian Identity Movement more than the Ku Klux Klan, the Asian Triads more than the Sicilian Mafia, and Chicago’s Gangsta Disciples more than the Al Capone Gang.” See John Arquilla and David Ronfeldt, The Advent of Netwar (Santa Monica: Rand, 1996), p. 5. Chapter 6 196 serving as useful asset managers at one historical moment, then disappearing, or perhaps fading only to reemerge later as useful again.

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The dispute was sparked by a piece of software used by the EDT. The software, called Floodnet, uses a technique called a Distributed Denial of Service (DDoS) attack to stage political protests on the Internet. (The EDT has used Floodnet to stage dozens of these so-called virtual sit-ins in solidarity with the Mexican Zapatista movement.) In the same way that a real-world protest helps bring a certain political cause into the public eye, Floodnet is primarily a visualization tool, but for abstract networks rather than real world situations. It makes the Internet and the people in it more visible—and their political cause with them—by creating what EDT founder Ricardo Dominguez calls “disturbances” within protocol.

Days of Destruction, Days of Revolt
by Chris Hedges and Joe Sacco
Published 7 Apr 2014

He was involved in the tree-sit protest and took part in the occupations of university buildings and the demonstration outside the Berkeley chancellor’s campus residence to protest fee hikes and budget cuts, activities that saw him arrested and jailed. He spent time with the Navajos on Black Mesa in Arizona and two months with the Zapatista Army of Liberation in Mexico. John Friesen in Liberty Square. “What I saw in the Zapatistas was a people pushed to the brink of extinction and forgetting,” he says. “Their phrases ring true: ‘Liberty! Dignity! Democracy!’ ‘Everything for Everyone! Nothing for Ourselves!’ The masks the Zapatistas wear check egos. People should be united in their facelessness. This prevents cults of personality. “I have no interest in participating in the traditional political process,” he says: It’s bureaucratic.

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Whitman, Walt, 112 quote of, 59 Wikipedia, 252 Williams, Ronald A., 18, 51 Williams Mountain, 125 Wilson, August, 64 Wilson, Dick, 16, 46, 50 Wobblies, 160 Wolin, Sheldon: inverted totalitarianism and, 238 Work groups, 253, 255 Worker Health and Safety Committee, 222 Workers, 199, 206 undocumented, 62, 78, 205 Working class, disenfranchised, 252, 253 World Trade Center, 120 Wounded Knee, 13, 22, 47 occupation of, 40, 46, 50, 56 Wright, Richard: quote of, 60 Wright, Ronald, 150 Xerox, 52 Yablonski, Jock: murder of, 171 Yellow Thunder, Raymond, 46 Young Bear, Steven, 56 Zapatista Army of Liberation, 250 Zeese, Kevin, 234, 235, 236, 237 Zinn, Howard, 94, 245 Zuccotti Park, 226, 231, 245, 247, 248, 266 Chris Hedges is a senior fellow at The Nation Institute and a columnist for Truthdig. He spent nearly two decades as a foreign correspondent in Central America, the Middle East, Africa, and the Balkans, with fifteen years at the New York Times.

A Game as Old as Empire: The Secret World of Economic Hit Men and the Web of Global Corruption
by Steven Hiatt; John Perkins
Published 1 Jan 2006

The birth of the North American Free Trade Agreement was marked by one of the most important indigenous and farmer movements in history: the Zapatistas of Mexico. Farmers, peasants, workers, and citizens of Chiapas, Mexico, who formed the Zapatista Army of National Liberation, specifically chose January 1, 1994, the day NAFTA came into effect, to issue the First Declaration of the Lacadon Jungle and seize six municipal seats in Chiapas, Mexico. According to a Zapatista spokesman, “To us, the free-trade treaty is the death certificate for the ethnic people of Mexico.”7 Back in Cancún, these farmers were joined by other workers and citizens from around the world who united in the streets.

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Index Abacha, Sani 44, 125 Abedi, Agha Hasan 69, 70, 75, 77, 86, 87 Abu Dhabi 69, 73, 75, 76 Adham, Kamal 75, 86, 87, 88 Afghanistan 26 drug trade in 70 civil war in 70–71 African Development Bank 251 Africa Oil Policy Initiative Group 119 Akbayan 192–93 Alamieyeseigha, Diepreye 121, 123 Algeria 15, 200, 266 Allende, Salvador 27 al-Qaeda 77, 89 and offshore banks 24 al-Taqwa Bank 71, 89 Altman, Robert A. 78, 79, 86, 88 American Express Co. 268 American Mineral Fields 99 Amin, Idi 27 Annan, Kofi 126 AngloGold 244 Anglo-Iranian Oil Company 14 Angola 27, 95 foreign debt 243, 244 Aquino, Benigno 26 Aquino, Corazon 190 Arbusto Energy, Inc. 76 Argentina 236 defiance of IMF 273 foreign debt 228, 230, 233, 241, 244, 273 popular movements in 276 World Bank lending in 169–73 Asari, Alhaji 121, 123, 128–29 Asian “tiger” economies 21, 229, 257n16, 258n27 Azerbaijan 200 Bahamas, as offshore banking haven 45, 89 Baker, Howard 100 Baker, James 239, 256n12 Baker Plan 228, 239–40 Balfour Beatty 211 Banca del Gottardo 71 Banca Nazionale del Lavoro 72 Banco Ambrosiano 71 Bank of America 69–70, 74, 77 Bank of England 84 Bank of Credit and Commerce International 24 accountants and 83–84, 86 arms trade and 72–73, 90 CIA and 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 76 drug trade and 70, 80, 87, 90 indictments 86–88 Iran-Contra 72 money laundering 69, 79–81, 90 operations 73–75, 86 owners 69–70, 75, 76 as Ponzi scheme 75 terrorism and 70, 72, 73, 88–90 U.S. operations 77–79 Bank of New York-Inter-Maritime Bank 83, 88–89 Barrick Gold Corp. 99, 244 Bath, James R. 76 Bechtel Corp. 3, 99, 138, 278 Belgium 101, 104 Bello, Walden 186–87, 273 Ben Barka, Medhi 26 Benin, foreign debt of 249 Berlusconi, Silvio 54 Bernabe, Riza 191 “big-box” stores, campaigns against 278 bin Faisal al-Saud, Prince Turki 75, 78 bin Laden family enterprises 71–72, 89 bin Laden, Haydar Mohamed 89 bin Laden, Osama 26, 77, 88, 89, 42 and BCCI 71 Binladen, Yeslam 89 bin Mahfouz, Khalid 76, 77, 78, 86, 87, 88, 89 bin Sultan al-Nahyan, Sheikh Zayed 69, 75 Blair, Tony 219, 250 Blandón, José 80 Blum, Jack 79–81, 85–86 Bolivia 236, 273 foreign debt 230, 246, 247, 249 gas industry 154, 208 water privatization in 277 Boro, Isaac 122 Brady, Nicholas 80, 256n12 Brady Plan 221, 227, 228, 240–41, 259n35 Brazil 18, 27, 130, 208, 216, 236 foreign debt 227, 228, 230, 241, 244 Bretton Woods agreements 63 Bretton Woods institutions see World Bank, International Monetary Fund British Gas 139 British Petroleum 139, 144, 153 British Virgin Islands, as offshore banking haven 54 Brown & Root 99 Brown, Gordon 126, 127, 219, 250 Burkina Faso, foreign debt of 246, 249 Burundi 95, 247, 249 Bush, George H.W., and administration 27–28, 69, 72, 77, 80, 87, 88, 91n10, 100, 138, 206, 271, 272 Bush, George W., and administration 66, 271, 278 and Iraq War 13, 28 Bush Agenda, The (Juhasz) 4, 275 Cabot Corporation 104, 112n32 Cameroon, foreign debt of 249 Canada 99, 101, 201, 268, 271 Canadian Export Development Corp. 201, 202, 203, 204, 206 capital flight 24, 43–44, 231–36, 253, 258n27 Carter, Jimmy 76, 140 Casey, William 70, 82, 90 Cavallo, Domingo Felipe 238 Cayman Islands, as offshore banking haven 65, 72, 73, 74, 75, 86 Center for Global Energy Studies 145 Center for Strategic and International Studies 119, 120 Central African Republic 231 Central Intelligence Agency 3, 5, 15 Afghan rebels and 70–71 BCCI and 69, 70, 71–72, 73, 76, 78, 79–82, 85 Saudi intelligence services and 75 Chad, foreign debt of 249 Chavez, Hugo 3, 25, 273 Cheney, Dick 28, 133 Chevron Oil 135, 138, 139, 144, 153 in Nigeria 123–24 Chile 236 1973 coup in 27 China 4, 229, 236 foreign debt 222–23 Third World resources and 5, 117–18, 120–21, 124, 126–27, 130 Chomsky, Noam Hegemony or Survival 4 Christian Peacemaker Team 96, 106–8 Citibank, Citigroup 75, 100, 130, 138, 226, 238, 268 Clifford, Clark 78–79, 85, 86, 88 Clinton, Bill, and administration 119, 120, 126, 212, 271 Coalition of Immokalee Workers 272, 280 COFACE 201, 205, 212 Cogecom 100 cold war 4 and decolonization 16–17 Colombia, human rights in 107 colonialism, decline of formal 13–14 coltan: efforts to control 5, 26, 95 shortages of 95 uses for 94 Commission for Africa 251 Communism: appeal of 14 fall of 4, 13, 27, 137–38, 238 Confessions of an Economic Hit Man (Perkins) 1–4, 6, 17 Congo, Democratic Republic of (Zaire): civil war in 26, 94–96, 108n3 corruption in 24, 254 foreign debt 220, 230, 247, 249 human rights in 107–8 rape as a weapon of war in 93, 96–98 Western role in 98–105, 109n4, 111n29 World Bank and 158 Congo Republic 230, 247, 249 cooperatives 276–77 corporations, as legal persons 277 CorpWatch 278 corruption: culture of 51–54 IMF/World Bank and 24–25, 157–74 offshore banking and 44–45, 52- power and 24 privatization and 24–25, 256n12 COSEC 209–10 Council on Foreign Relations 119–20 dam projects, 209–12 Dar al-Mal al-Islami 89 Daukoru, Edmund 125–27, 128 Davos see World Economic Forum DeBeers Group 101, 103 decolonization 13, 16–17 debt/flight cycle 231–36, 253, 258n27 debt relief, campaigns for 246, 252–55, 268 in U.S. 235 debt, Third World 32, 35 amount of relief 224–29 banks and 226–27, 229, 232–34 business loans 35–37, 227 cold war strategy and 17 corruption and 230, 231, 232, 253, 254, 257n23 1982 crisis 39, 55 disunity among debtor nations 237–39 dubious debts and 230, 235, 247, 253, 257n23, 261n68 growth of 18–19, 181, 229–36 as means of control 17, 23, 183–84 payments on 19, 190–91, 223, 228, 231, 247–48, 275 relief plans 220–22, 225–29, 239–52, 274 size of 221–24, 259n37, 260n46 social/economic impacts of 190–91, 231–36, 247–48 democracy: debt crisis and 236 economic reform and 276–79 global justice and 279–81 in Iraq 151–54 Deutsche Bank 226 drug trade 70, 80, 87 Dubai 73 Dulles, Alan 15 Eagle Wings Resources International 104 East Timor 205 economic development strategies: “big projects” and 16–17 debt-led 18–19 state-led 16–17, 19 economic forecasting 3 economic hit men 5 definition 1, 3, 18 John Perkins and 1–4, 17 types of 5, 18 Ecuador 236, 266 foreign debt 244 Egypt 14 Suez Crisis 15–16 Eisenhower, Dwight, and administration 15 elites, wealthy 4, 18, 57, 176, 183, 228, 232, 253 use of tax havens 43–44, 54–56, 65–66, 226, 232–34 El Salvador 26 empire see imperialism Eni SpA 144, 153 Enron 53, 54, 208–9 Ethiopia 230, 249 European Union 51 agricultural subsidies 22 environment degradation: development projects and 199, 200–211, 257n23 oil production and 115–16 export credit agencies: arms exports and 204–5 campaigns against 209–16 corruption and 200, 202–3, 205, 207–8 debt and 200 environmental effects 199, 200–211 nuclear power and 202, 205–6 operation of 197–201 secrecy of 205, 210–12 size of 201 World Bank and 199, 201, 202, 204 Export Credit Group 210, 215 Export Credits Guarantee Department 201, 205, 211 Export Finance and Investment Corp. 203, 204 export processing zones 178 Export Risk Guarantee 203, 211, 213 ExxonMobil 144 fair trade movement 280 Faisal, Mohammad al-89 Faux, Jeff Global Class War, The 4 Federal Bureau of Investigation 71 Federal Reserve Bank of New York 87 Federal Reserve System 78, 82, 88 Ferguson, Niall 13 First American Bankshares 78, 79, 82, 83, 85, 88 First Quantum Materials 101 First, Ruth 26 Focus on the Global South 187, 273 foreign aid 19 in Congo civil war 99–100 France 236, 244 empire 13 Suez Crisis and 15 free trade 4, 19, 21–23, 268, 271 British development and 21 U.S. development and 21 Free Trade Area of the Americas 271 Friends of the Earth 104, 269 G8 summits 212, 213, 219–20, 221, 246, 250, 271, 275 Gambia 243, 249 García, Alan 74 Gates, Robert 85 Gécamines 100, 104 General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade agricultural trade 186–87 establishment of 267 TRIPS 23 Uruguay Round 23, 267 General Union of Oil Employees 135–36, 141–44 Georgia 207 Germany 212, 213, 216, 236 export credit agency 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209–11, 212, 215–16 Green Party 206, 215 Ghana 16 development projects in 16, 207 foreign debt 230, 247, 249 impact of IMF SAP 5, 22 Giuliani, Carlo 271 Global Awareness Collective 278 Global Class War, The (Faux) 4 Global Exchange 278 globalization 3 alternatives to corporate 275–79 economic 176–79, 230, 236 impacts of 185–90, 234, 236, 263–65 of the financial system 55, 63–66 Globalization and Its Discontents (Stiglitz) 3, 4 Global justice movement: achievements of 276–79 campaigns 269–72, 274–75 in Global North 268–69, 271–72, 274 in Global South 271–74 origins of 268–69 proposals of 275–79 protests by 265–66, 270–71 Global South see Third World Gonzalez, Henry 72, 90 Gorbachev, Mikhail 137 Goulart, João 27 Groupement pour le Traitment des Scories du Terril de Lubumbashi 104 Guatemala 14, 236 Arbenz government 26 Guinea, foreign debt of 249 Guinea-Bassau 26, 247, 249 Guyana: export credit agencies and 203 environmental problems 203 foreign debt 241, 243, 244, 246, 247, 249 Haiti 236, 249 World Bank and 158 Halliburton 3, 133, 278 Hankey, Sir Maurice 145 Harken Energy Corp. 77, 78 Heavily Indebted Poor Countries initiative 221, 225, 226, 230, 242–48, 275 conditions of 243–45 results of 248–50 Hegemony or Survival (Chomsky) 4 Hekmatyar, Gulbuddin 70 Helms, Richard 82 Henwood, Doug 23, 177–79 Heritage Foundation 121 Heritage Oil and Gas 100 Hermes Guarantee 201, 202, 203, 205, 206, 207, 209, 211, 212, 215–16 Honduras, foreign debt of 249 Hope in the Dark (Solnit) 281 Hungary, Soviet intervention in 16 Hussein, Saddam 28, 90, 141–42 and BCCI 72 Hutu people 94–96 Hypovereinsbank 209 Ijaw people 116, 121–23, 128 Illaje people 123 immigrant rights movement 281 imperialism 13–14 coups d’état and 27 divide-and-rule tactics 25, 26, 265 post-cold war changes 4–5 pressure on uncooperative countries 25, 142 resistance to 28, 115–17, 121–30, 143–44, 151–54, 176, 191–92, 265–66 resources and 98–106, 118–21, 133–34, 136, 139–40, 145 as system of control 17–28, 176 use of force 5, 25–28, 111n22, 113–14, 115–17, 123, 111n22 India 16, 119, 229, 236, 266 foreign debt 222, 223 export credit agencies and 206, 208 Maheshwar Dam 209–10 Indonesia 236 corruption in 202–3 export credit agencies and 200, 202–3, 205, 207, 216 foreign debt 228, 230, 244 inequality 44 Institute for Policy Studies 278 International Bank for Reconstruction and Development 157 International Development Association 157, 242 International Forum on Globalization 266 International Monetary Fund 3, 4, 19, 135, 275 conflicts of interest 244 debt relief and 221–22, 224, 226, 237, 240, 243–46, 250–51, 252 Iraq and 151–53 Malaysia and 273 neoliberalism and 176–79, 222 offshore banking and 43, 234 protests against 266 structural adjustment programs 22, 23, 245, 265–66 Rwanda and 100 Uganda and 100 International Tax and Investment Center 134–35, 138–39, 144–54 International Trade Organization 267 Iran 14, 90, 145, 200 coup against Mossadegh 14–15 nationalization of oil industry 14 Iran-Contra affair 71–72 Iraq: BCCI and 72 foreign debt 152 Gulf War and 28, 72, 140, 141, 146 human rights in 105–6 oil production and reserves 135–36, 139–54 production sharing agreements in 147–54 sanctions against 72, 142 social conditions in 135, 142, 143 U.S. occupation of 28, 140, 141–42, 146, 250, 275, 278 Israel: and Suez Crisis 15 Yom Kippur War and 17 Ivory Coast 230 foreign debt 244, 249 “jackals” 25–26 James, Deborah 273 Japan 216, 236 Japan Bank for International Cooperation 201, 202, 203, 241 Jersey 88 banking boom in 46–47 impact on island 46, 51–52, 56–62 as offshore banking haven 43, 45, 56–61 Johnson, Chalmers Sorrows of Empire 4 Jordan 241, 266 Jordan, Vernon 100 JPMorganChase 226, 238 Jubilee South 190 Jubilee 2000 268 Juhasz, Antonia Bush Agenda, The 4, 275 Juma’a, Hassan 135–36, 140, 142–44, 154 Kabila, Joseph 96 Kabila, Laurent 94, 96, 99 Kagame, Paul 94, 98–99 ties to U.S. 99 Kazakhstan 138, 139, 144, 150 Keating, Charles 83 Kenya 236 foreign debt 243, 244 Kerry, John 76 investigation of BCCI 79–83, 87, 89 Kirchner, Nestor 273 Korea, Republic of 229, 272 Korten, David When Corporations Rule the World 4 KPMG 52 Krauthammer, Charles 13 Krushchev, Nikita 16 Kurdistan 211–12, 214 Kuwait 133, 141, 146, 152, 154 labor exports 235–36 Lake, Anthony 119–20 Lance, Bert 77 Lawson, Nigel 242 Lawson Plan 221, 242 Lee Kyung Hae 272 Liberia, World Bank lending to 159–67 Liberty Tree Foundation 276 Li Zhaoxing 117–18, 124 Lu Guozeng 117 Lumumba, Patrice 26 Luxembourg, as offshore banking haven 72, 73, 74 Madagascar, foreign debt of 249 Mahathir, Mohamad 273 Malawi 254 foreign debt 243, 249 Malaysia 41–43, 229 defiance of IMF 273 Mali, foreign debt of 246, 249 Marcos, Ferdinand 31, 48, 175, 176, 181–85 markets, corporate domination of 16 Martin, Paul 54 mass media, manipulation of 25 Mauritania, foreign debt of 247, 249 McKinney, Cynthia; hearing on Congo 98–99, 110n11 McLure, Charles 137–39 mercenaries: in Congo 111n22 in Nigeria 5, 25–26, 113–14, 115–17 Mexico 207, 256n14, 273 foreign debt 55, 227, 228, 230, 233, 240–41, 244 labor exports 236 Zapatista uprising 272 Middle East, and struggle for oil 27–28 military-industrial complex 99 military interventions 27–28 Mizban, Faraj Rabat 141 Mitterand Plan 221 Mobutu Sese Seko 24, overthrow of 94 Mondlane, Eduardo 26 Mongolia 207 Morales, Evo 277 Morganthau, Robert 69, 84–87 Moscow, John 58, 87 Mossadegh, Mohammad 3, 14–15, 27 Movement for the Emancipation of the Niger Delta 122–24, 129 Movimento dos Trabalhadores Rurais Sem Terra (Landless Workers’ Movement) 272 Mozambique 26, 27, 230 foreign debt 241, 246, 249 Mueller, Robert 87 mujahadeen (Afghanistan): and BCCI 70 and drug trade 70 Mulroney, Brian 100 Multilateral Agreement on Investment 269–70, 281 Multilateral Debt Relief Initiative 222, 225, 230, 250–52 Multilateral Investment Agreement 269 multinational corporations: export credit agencies and 209–11 export processing zones and 178 globalization, pressure for 138, 268, 275 mercenaries, use of 25–26, 111n22, 113–14, 115–17, 123 resources and 101–6, 111n29, 112n31, 112n32 scandals 5 transfer mispricing by 49–51 offshore banks, use of 24, 49–51 patents, control of 23 Museveni, Yoweri 95 Myanmar, foreign debt of 230 Nada, Youssef Mustafa 71–72 Namibia 95 export credit agencies and 207 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 15–16 National Commercial Bank of Saudi Arabia 88–89 National Family Farm Coalition 272 nationalism: pan-Arab 15 Iranian 14 Nehru, Jawaharlal 16 neocolonialism see imperialism neoliberalism 4, 19 critique of 176–79, 190–92, 234, 236 defined 176–77 economic development and 176–79, 232 economic strategies 178–81, 222, 230, 231, 236 Netherlands, overseas empire of 13 Newmont Mining Corp. 244 New World Order 27–28 Nicaragua 207 foreign debt 225, 230, 247, 249 U.S. proxy war against 26, 27, 79 Nicpil, Liddy 190–91, 192 Nidal, Adu 73 Niger, foreign debt of 241, 249 Niger Delta People’s Volunteer Force 121, 123 Niger Delta Volunteer Service 122 Niger Delta region: attack on oil platforms 116–17 as “Next Gulf” 118–21 pollution from oil production 115–16 struggle against Shell 115–16, 121–24 Nigeria 200, 266 China and 117–18 colonial rule 115 corruption in 44–45, 230 foreign debt 223, 230, 233, 243, 244 oil production 115–16, 125–27 World Bank lending in 158, 167–69 Nkrumah, Kwame 16 nongovernmental organizations 239, 250 Noriega, Manuel 80 and BCCI 72, 79 North American Free Trade Agreement 4, 268, 272 nuclear power 205–6, 210 Obasanjo, Olusegun 125, 127 Obiang, Teodoro 48 O’Connor, Brian 144–45 OECD Watch 105 offshore banking havens: arms trade and 71–73 campaign against 62–64 central role in world trade 44, 47–48, 64–65 corruption and 24, 44–45, 52–56, 64, 231–33, 253 drug trade and 70 extraction of wealth 43, 54–56, 64–65, 226, 231–33, 253, 258n58 financial centers and 234, ignored by academia 44, 234 secrecy and 47–48, 53, 66 tax evasion and 43, 48, 49–51, 54, 57–59, 64–65, 226, 232 terrorism and 71, 88 Ogoni people 122–23, 125 Okadigbo, Chuba 116 Okonjo-Iweala, Ngozi 118 Okuntimo, Paul 123 Oil Change International 278 oil price spikes 236 oil production and reserves: future shortages of 28, 140 Indonesia 207 Iraqi 135–36, 144–54 Nigerian 113–14, 128–29 strategies to control 25–26, 27–28, 139–40 OM Group, Inc. 104, 112n31 OPEC 125–26, 128 1973 oil embargo by 17 dollar deposits in First World 17–18 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development 135, 269 “Action Statement on Bribery” 216 export credit agencies and 210, 215 Guidelines for Multinational Enterprises 101, 102, 105–6, 112n31 “OECD Arrangement” 215 Overseas Private Investment Corp. 204, 206–9 Oxfam 43, 62–63, 250 Pakistan 90 Afghan mujahadeen and 70–71 BCCI and 70 export credit agencies and 207 foreign debt 244 Panama 3, 26, 72 as offshore banking haven 73, 74 Papua New Guinea: export credit agencies and 204 mining and environmental problems 204 Paris Club of creditors 220, 225–26, 227, 228, 242, 252 Peru 74 foreign debt 241 impact of IMF SAP 22 petrodollars, recycling of 17–18 Perkins, John 19 Confessions of an Economic Hit Man 1–2, 17 Pharaon, Ghaith 76, 77, 86, 87, 88 Philippines, the 31–34, 35–36 corruption in 181–82 democratic movements in 182–85, 236 economic decline in 187–89 emigration from 189, 236 foreign debt 181, 190–91, 230, 241, 244 Marcos regime 31, 34, 175, 176, 180–85, 261n61 martial law in 180–85 social conditions in 179–80, 185–86, 189–91 U.S. rule 175–76 World Bank and 158, 178–81 Pinochet, General Augusto 27, 45–46, 48 PLATFORM 140, 156n28 Portugal 209–10 Posada Carriles, Luis 26 poverty reduction strategy programs see structural adjustment programs Price Waterhouse 83–84 privatization 191 production sharing agreements 147–54 protectionism 21, 181, 186–87 proxy wars 27, 70–71 Public Citizen 269, 273 public utilities, privatization of 191, 261n61, 277 Rahman, Masihur 85 Reagan, Ronald, and administration 19, 79, 87, 136–37, 239 Iran-Contra affair 72 Rich, Marc 90 Rights and Accountability in Development 101, 104, 105 Rio Tinto Zinc 204 Ritch, Lee 79–80 Robson, John 138 Roldós, Jaime 3, 26 Roosevelt, Kermit 15 Rumsfeld, Donald 138 rural economic development 183, 186–87 Russia: debt relief and 225 oil industry 154 transition to capitalism 137–39, 258n28 Rutledge, Ian 149 Rwanda 94–96, 98, 249 massacre in 94, 99 SACE 201 Sachs Plan 221 Saleh, Salim 95 Saõ Tomé, foreign debt of 247, 249 Saud al-Fulaij, Faisal 86, 87 Saudi Arabia 3, 88 and BCCI 70, 75 Saro-Wiwa, Ken 125–26 Scholz, Wesley S. 104 Scowcroft, Brent 72 Senegal 16, 249 Senghor, Léopold 16 September 11, 2001, terrorist attacks 71 Shell Oil 144 Nigeria and 113–15, 122, 123, 125–29 at World Economic Forum 127 Shinawatra, Thaksin 54 Sierra Club 269 Sierra Leone 247 SmartMeme 276 Solnit, Rebecca Hope in the Dark 281 Somalia 251 Sorrows of Empire (Johnson) 4 South Africa 236 military interventions 27 Truth and Reconciliation Commission 26 Soviet Union 13, 14 de-Stalinization 16 Hungary, intervention in 16 influence in Third World 14 U.S. and 137 Stephens, Jackson 76, 77 Stiglitz, Joseph 24 Globalization and Its Discontents 3, 4 structural adjustment programs (SAPs) 19, 229–30 in Ghana 5, 22 in Peru 22 in the Philippines 176–79, 183–85, 190–92 in Zambia 22 Sudan 230, 251 Suharto 200, 202–3 Syria 211 Switzerland, as offshore banking haven 45, 65, 72 Taco Bell, boycott of 280 Tanzania, foreign debt of 247, 249 tax evasion 43, 48, 49–51, 54, 57–59, 64–65 Tax Foundation 137–38 tax havens see offshore banking havens Tax Justice Network 63 Tax Reform Act of 1986 138 Tenke Mining 99 terrorism: as EHM strategy 26, 72 financing of 42, 88–89 inequality and 44 Islamist 71–72, 89 Palestinian 73 Thatcher, Margaret 19, 138 Third World: as commodity producers 17, 23 conditions in 5, 96–97, 106–8, 116, 179–80, 185–90, 234, 236 development strategies 176–79 divisions among countries 265–68 elites in 25, 28, 43–44, 176, 226, 232–34 emergence of 14 lack of development in 232, 237 terms of trade and 22, 178–79 Third World Network 269 Tidewater Inc. 113 Torrijos, Omar 3, 26 Total S.A. 144, 153 trade unions 135–36, 141–44, 180, 186, 269, 274 transfer mispricing 49–51 cost to Third World 50 Transparency International 45 Turkey: export credit agencies and 206 Ilisu Dam 211–14 Turkmenistan 200 Uganda 94–96 foreign debt 241, 246, 249 Union Bank of Switzerland 57, 58, 77, 226, 250 United Arab Emirates 69, 73 United Fruit Company 15 United Kingdom 213 NCP for Congo 102–3 empire 13–14, 115, 129, 145 Iran and 14–15 Iraq occupation and 146, 151, 152 offshore banking and; Suez Crisis and 15 United Nations: trade issues and 265, 276 Panel of Experts, Congo 100–106, 112n32 United Nations Conference on Trade and Development 220, 265, 267 United States: agricultural subsidies 22 aid 98 as empire 13, 28 cold war strategy of 16, 17, 24, 26 in Congo 99, 104, 105 debt-led development strategy of 176–79 Iran coup and 14–15 Iraqi oil and 133–34, 136, 139–40 Iraq wars 72, 133, 141–42 Islamists and 26 Nigerian oil and 118–21 Philippines and 175–76, 180 strategic doctrines 27–28, 118–19 support of Contras 72 trade deficit 23 trade policies 267 U.S.

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Treasury Department 88, 240, 252 Uzbekistan 200 VA Tech 23–14 Venezuela: Chavez government 273 coup attempt in 3, 25 foreign debt 230, 233 oil industry 154 Vietnam 229 foreign debt 225, 243 Volcker, Paul 78, 82 Wälde, Thomas 147 Walker, Peter Lord 138 Wallach, Lori 273 Watson-Clark, Nigel 113–14, 115–17, 121–22, 124, 127–30 When Corporations Rule the World (Korten) 4 Williamson, Craig 26 Witt, Dan 134–35, 136–39, 144–45 Washington consensus see neoliberalism Wolfowitz, Paul 27, 126 World Bank 19, 23, 135, 253, 275 Argentina and 169–73 Congo and 100 conflicts of interest 243–44 culture of lending 157, 158, 173–74 debt relief and 221–22, 224, 226, 237, 240–41, 242–46, 250–51 dictators and 158, 159 export credit agencies and 199, 201, 202, 204, 212, 213, 214 investigations of fraud 158, 162–73 Iraq and 151–52 Liberia and 159–67 Nigeria and 167–69 offshore banking and 43, 234 Philippines and 175–84 privatization and 100, 191, 277 protests against 266 structural adjustment programs 191–91, 265–66 World Economic Forum 126–27 World Forum on Globalization and Global Trade 271 World Gold Council 244 World Social Forum 271 World Trade Organization 4, 188, 189, 275 Agreement on Agriculture 271–72 agricultural trade and 186–87, 271–72 Doha Round 272–73 establishment of 267–68 export credit agencies and 200, 215 foreign sales corporations and 51 protests against 266, 270–73 Uruguay Round 215 Yamani, Sheikh Ahmad Zaki 145 Yemen, foreign debt 225, 243 Yergin, Daniel 139 Zaire see Congo Zambia: foreign debt 230, 247, 249 impact of IMF SAP 22 Zapatista Army of Liberation 272 Zedillo, Ernesto 238 Zeng Peiyan 126–27 Table of Contents Cover Page Title Page Copyright Page Contents Introduction: New Confessions and Revelations from the World of Economic Hit Men 1 Global Empire: The Web of Control 2 Selling Money—and Dependency: Setting the Debt Trap 3 Dirty Money: Inside the Secret World of Offshore Banking 4 BCCI’s Double Game: Banking on America, Banking on Jihad 5 The Human Cost of Cheap Cell Phones 6 Mercenaries on the Front Lines in the New Scramble for Africa 7 Hijacking Iraq’s Oil Reserves: Economic Hit Men at Work 8 The World Bank and the $100 Billion Question 9 The Philippines, the World Bank, and the Race to the Bottom 10 Exporting Destruction 11 The Mirage of Debt Relief 12 Global Uprising: The Web of Resistance About the Authors Acknowledgments Appendix Index

Central America
by Carolyn McCarthy , Greg Benchwick , Joshua Samuel Brown , Alex Egerton , Matthew Firestone , Kevin Raub , Tom Spurling and Lucas Vidgen
Published 2 Jan 2001

* * * DEPARTURE TAX A departure tax equivalent to about US$48 is levied on international flights from Mexico. It’s usually included in the price of your ticket, but if it isn’t, you must pay in cash during airport check-in. Ask your travel agent in advance. * * * THE ZAPATISTAS To learn more about the Zapatistas, check out www.ezln.org.mx (in Spanish). Further background is available in The Zapatista Reader, an anthology of writers from Octavio Paz and Gabriel García Márquez to the Zapatista leader Marcos himself, as well as at SiPaz (www.sipaz.org) and CMI (www.chiapas.indymedia.org) websites. The national carriers for domestic and international flights include the following: Aeroméxico (airline code AM; 800-021-4010; www.aeromexico.com; hub Mexico City); Campeche ( 981-823-4044); CANCÚN ( 998-287-1860); Mérida ( 999-920-1293) Mexicana de Aviación (airline code MX; 800-801-2010; www.mexicana.com; hub Mexico City); CANCÚN ( 998-881-9090) Boat Ferries connect CANCÚN with Isla Mujeres and Playa del Carmen with Isla Cozumel.

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Indigenous villages are often extremely close-knit, and their people can be suspicious of outsiders and particularly sensitive about having their photos taken. In some villages cameras are, at best, tolerated – and sometimes not even that. You may put yourself in physical danger by taking photos without permission. If in any doubt, ask first. Occasional flare-ups occur between Zapatista communities and the army or anti-Zapatista paramilitaries. If you plan to travel off the main roads in the Chiapas highlands, the Ocosingo area or far-eastern Chiapas, take local advice about where to avoid going. Unknown outsiders might also be at risk in these areas because of local political or religious conflicts

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aguardiente – clear, potent liquor made from sugarcane; also referred to as caña aguas de frutas – fruit-flavored water drink alcaldía – mayor’s office almuerzo – lunch; sometimes used to mean an inexpensive set lunch apartado – post-office box artesanía – handicraft Av – abbreviation for avenida (avenue) ayuntamiento – municipal government bahía – bay bajareque – traditional wall construction, where a core of stones is held in place by poles of bamboo or other wood then covered with stucco or mud balboa – national currency of Panama balneario – public beach or swimming area barrio – district; neighborhood bistec – grilled or fried beef steak Black Caribs – see Garífuna bocas – appetizers, often served with drinks in a bar caballeros – literally ‘horsemen,’ but corresponds to the English ‘gentlemen’; look for the term on bathroom doors cabaña – cabin or bungalow cabina – see cabaña; also a loose term for cheap lodging in Costa Rica (in some cases it refers to cabins or bungalows, in others it refers merely to an economical hotel room) cafetería – literally ‘coffee shop’; any informal restaurant with waiter service (not a self-service establishment as implied by the English ‘cafeteria’) cafetín – small cafetería cajero automático – automated teller machine (ATM) calle – street callejón – alley; small, narrow or very short street calzada – causeway camión – truck; bus camioneta – pickup truck campesino – farmer caña – see aguardiente Carretera Interamericana – Interamerican Hwy, or Interamericana (also referred to as the Pan-American Hwy, or Panamericana); the nearly continuous highway running from Alaska to Chile (it breaks at the Darién Gap in Panama) casa de cambio – currency exchange office casa de huéspedes – guesthouse casado – cheap set meal, usually served at lunchtime cascada – waterfall caseta teléfonica – telephone call station catedral – cathedral cay – small island of sand or coral fragments caye – see cay cayo – see cay cayuco – dugout canoe cenote – large, natural limestone cave used for water storage or ceremonial purposes cerro – hill cerveza – beer ceviche – seafood marinated in lemon or lime juice, garlic and seasonings Chac – Maya rain god; his likeness appears on many ruins chacmool – Maya sacrificial stone sculpture chamarra – thick, heavy woolen blanket (Guatemala) chapín – citizen of Guatemala; Guatemalan chicha – fruit juice mixed with sugar and water (Panama) chicken bus – former US school bus used for public transportation cine – movie theater ciudad – city cocina – literally ‘kitchen’; small, basic restaurant, or cookshop, usually found in or near municipal markets cofradía – religious brotherhood, particularly in highland Guatemala colectivo – shared taxi or minibus that picks up and drops off passengers along its route colón – national currency of Costa Rica comedor – basic and cheap eatery, usually with a limited menu comida a la vista – meal served buffet- or cafeteria-style comida corrida – meal of the day; set meal of several courses, usually offered at lunchtime comida corriente – mixed plate of different foods typical of the local region comida típica – typical local-style meal or food conquistador – any of the Spanish explorer-conquerors of Latin America Contras – counterrevolutionary military groups fighting against the Sandinista government in Nicaragua throughout the 1980s cordillera – mountain range córdoba – national currency of Nicaragua correo aéreo – airmail corte – piece of material 7m to 10m long that is used as a wraparound skirt costa – coast criollo – Creole; born in Latin America of Spanish parentage; on the Caribbean coast it refers to someone of mixed African and European descent; see also mestizo and ladino cuadra – city block cueva – cave damas – ladies; the usual sign on bathroom doors edificio – building empanada – Chilean-style turnover stuffed with meat or cheese and raisins entrada – entrance expreso – express bus faja – waist sash that binds garments and holds what would otherwise be put in pockets finca – farm; plantation; ranch fritanga – sidewalk barbecue, widely seen in Nicaragua fuerte – fort gallo pinto – common meal of blended rice and beans Garífuna – descendants of West African slaves and Carib Indians, brought to the Caribbean coast of Central America in the late 18th century from the island of St Vincent; also referred to as Black Caribs Garinagu – see Garífuna gaseosa – soft drink gibnut – small, brown-spotted rodent similar to a guinea pig; also called paca golfo – gulf gringo/a – mildly pejorative term used in Latin America to describe male/female foreigners, particularly those from North America; often applied to any visitor of European heritage gruta – cave guacamole – a salad of mashed or chopped avocados, onions and tomatoes guaro – local firewater made with sugarcane (Costa Rica) hacienda – agricultural estate or plantation; treasury, as in Departamento de Hacienda (Treasury Department) hospedaje – guesthouse huipil – long, woven, white sleeveless tunic with intricate, colorful embroidery (Maya regions) iglesia – church indígena – indigenous Interamericana – see Carretera Interamericana internacionalistas – volunteers from all over the world who contributed to rebuilding Nicaragua when the Sandinistas assumed power invierno – winter; Central America’s wet season, which extends roughly from April through mid-December isla – island IVA – impuesto al valor agregado; value-added tax junco – type of basket weaving ladino – person of mixed indigenous and European parentage, often used to describe a mestizo who speaks Spanish; see also mestizo and criollo lago – lake laguna – lagoon; lake lancha – small motorboat lempira – national currency of Honduras leng – colloquial Maya term for coins (Guatemalan highlands) licuado – fresh fruit drink, blended with milk or water lista de correos – poste restante (general delivery) mail malecón – waterfront promenade mar – sea marimba – xylophone-like instrument menú del día – fixed-price meal of several courses mercado – market Mesoamerica – a geographical region extending from central Mexico to northwestern Costa Rica mestizo – person of mixed ancestry, usually Spanish and indigenous; see also criollo and ladino metate – flat stone on which corn is ground migración – immigration; immigration office milpa – cornfield mirador – lookout mola – colorful hand-stitched appliqué textile made by Kuna women muelle – pier municipalidad – town hall museo – museum Navidad – Christmas oficina de correos – post office ordinario – slow bus paca – see gibnut PADI – Professional Association of Diving Instructors palacio de gobierno – building housing the executive offices of a state or regional government palacio municipal – city hall; seat of the corporation or municipal government palapa – thatched, palm-leaf-roofed shelter with open sides pan de coco – coconut bread panadería – bakery Panamericana – see Carretera Interamericana panga – small motorboat parada – bus stop parque – park; sometimes also used to describe a plaza parque nacional – national park peña – folkloric club; evening of music, song and dance pensión – guesthouse petén – island plato del día – plate (or meal) of the day plato típico – mixed plate of various foods typical or characteristic of a place or region playa – beach pollera – Spanish-influenced ‘national dress’ of Panamanian women, worn for festive occasions pozo – spring propina – tip; gratuity pueblo – small town or village puente – bridge puerta – gate; door puerto – port; harbor pulpería – corner store; minimart punta – point; traditional Garífuna dance involving much hip movement pupusa – cornmeal mass stuffed with cheese or refried beans, or a mixture of both (El Salvador) quebrada – ravine; brook quetzal – national currency of Guatemala, named for the tropical bird rancho – thatched-roof restaurant refresco – soda, or soft drink; drink made with local fruits (Costa Rica) río – river ropa vieja – literally ‘old clothes’; spicy shredded beef and rice dish (Panama) rotisería – restaurant selling roast meats Ruta Maya – Maya Route, describing travels to the Maya sites of Mexico, Guatemala and Belize (chiefly), but also El Salvador and Honduras sacbé – ceremonial limestone avenue or path between Maya cities salida – exit sancocho – spicy meat-and-vegetable stew, the ‘national dish’ of Panama santo – saint Semana Santa – Holy Week, the week preceding Easter sendero – path or trail sierra – mountain range; saw soda – place that serves a counter lunch; soda or soft drink (Panama) sorbetería – ice-cream parlor stela, stelae – standing stone monument of the ancient Maya, usually carved supermercado – supermarket, from a corner store to a large, Western-style supermarket taller – shop; workshop tamale – boiled or steamed cornmeal filled with chicken or pork, usually wrapped in a banana leaf tapado – rich Garífuna stew made from fish, shrimp, shellfish, coconut milk and plantain, spiced with coriander templo – temple; church terminal de autobus – bus terminal Tico/a – male/female inhabitant of Costa Rica tienda – small shop típica – see típico típico – typical or characteristic of a region, particularly used to describe food; also a form of Panamanian folkloric music traje – traditional handmade clothing turicentro – literally ‘tourist center’; outdoor recreation center with swimming facilities, restaurants and camping (El Salvador) vegetariano/a – male/female vegetarian venado – deer; venison verano – summer; Central America’s dry season, roughly from mid-December to April viajero/a – male/female traveler volcán – volcano Zapatistas – members of the left-wing group Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional (EZLN), fighting for indigenous rights in Chiapas, Mexico Return to beginning of chapter Behind the Scenes * * * THIS BOOK THANKS OUR READERS ACKNOWLEDGMENTS * * * THIS BOOK The 7th edition of Central America on a Shoestring was coordinated by Carolyn McCarthy, who also wrote the Panama chapter and the front and back sections of this book.

The Government of No One: The Theory and Practice of Anarchism
by Ruth Kinna
Published 31 Jul 2019

Anarchists argue about the ideological soundness of the newest social movements, but there’s little dispute that there has been a change in grass-roots activism, particularly since the destruction of the Berlin Wall and the collapse of the Soviet bloc. Significant movements of the left – from Antifa to the Zapatista uprising – are routinely discussed with reference to anarchism. In 1968, contrary to Marxist orthodoxy, Daniel Cohn-Bendit suggested that anarchism deserved recognition as an important current within leftism. Yet even with this fillip, anarchism remained largely under the radar. In the 1970s Carol Ehrlich commented on its invisibility: coverage ‘veered between a bad press and none at all’.

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Louise Michel, ‘The Kanaks were seeking the same liberty we had sought in the Commune’, in Nic Maclellan (ed.), Louise Michel (Melbourne and New York: Ocean Books, 2004), p. 96. 23. Peter Kropotkin, ‘Chicago Martyrs Commemoration’, Freedom, December 1896. 24. Staughton Lynd and Andrej Grubacic, Wobblies and Zapatistas: Conversations on Anarchism, Marxism and Radical History (Oakland: PM Press, 2008), pp. 12–15. 25. Muñoz, Anarchists, ch. 17, p. 9. 26. Le Procès des Anarchistes de Chicago (Paris: La Révolte, 1892), pp. 30–31. 27. Telegrams received for the Chicago Martyrs Meeting, 11 November 1892, Holborn Town Hall, Presburg Papers, IISH. 28.

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Vsevolod Mikhailovich Eichenbaum], The Unknown Revolution (Montreal: Black Rose, 1975 [1947]), p. 630. 82 Voline, The Unknown Revolution, p. 197. 83 Emma Goldman, ‘Intellectual Proletarians’, in Alix Kates Shulman (ed.), Red Emma Speaks (London: Wildwood House, 1979 [1914]), p. 176 [176–85]. 84 Krebs, Shifu, Soul of Chinese Anarchism, p. 194. 85 Dirlik, Anarchism in the Chinese Revolution, p. 162. 86 Goodman, The Moral Ambiguity of America, p. 45. 87 John Zerzan, ‘Running on Emptiness: The Failure of Symbolic Thought’, in Running on Emptiness: The Pathology of Civilization (Los Angeles: Feral House, 2002), pp. 1–16. 88 Nadine Willems, ‘Transnational Anarchism, Japanese Revolutionary Connections, and the Personal Politics of Exile’, Historical Journal, 61 (3), 2017 pp. 719–41. 89 Sho Konishi, Anarchist Modernity: Cooperatism and Japanese-Russian Intellectual Relations in Modern Japan (Cambridge, Mass. and London: Harvard University Press, 2013), p. 98. 90 Kropotkin, ‘Finland: A Rising Nationality’, in The Nineteenth Century, March 1885, p. 14, online at https://archive.org/details/al_Petr_Kropotkin_Finland_A_Rising_Nationality_a4/page/n13 [last access 23 February 2019]. 91 Simon Springer, The Anarchist Roots of Geography: Toward Spatial Emancipation (Minneapolis: University of Minnesota Press, 2016), p. 129. 92 Kropotkin, An Appeal to the Young [1880], available online at https://theanarchistlibrary.org/library/petr-kropotkin-an-appeal-to-the-young. 93 Staughton Lynd and Andrej Grubacic, Wobblies and Zapatistas: Conversations on Anarchism, Marxism and Radical History (Oakland: PM Press, 2008), pp. 51, 138, 174. 94 A. J. Withers for the Ontario Coalition Against Poverty (OCAP), ‘Fighting to Win: Radical Anti-Poverty Organising’, in Uri Gordon and Ruth Kinna (eds), Routledge Handbook of Radical Politics, forthcoming.

Undoing Border Imperialism
by Harsha Walia
Published 12 Nov 2013

October 2007: National day of action against the introduction of reformed security certificate legislation. This action is endorsed by over a hundred groups, including labor unions, international human rights organizations, and student associations. October 2007: The Commission of the Sixth Declaration of the Zapatista National Liberation Army and the Organizing Commission of the Gathering of the Indigenous Peoples of the Americas invite NOII-Vancouver to attend the Indigenous Peoples Gathering in Mexico. March 2008: NOII-Vancouver organizes its first antiracism march. This becomes an annual event during which racialized communities come together to oppose systemic racism, institutional discrimination, colonization of Indigenous lands, imperialist occupation, structural poverty, anti-immigrant measures, and law enforcement violence.

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While there are some alliances we would never make because they violate our basic ethical principles, alliances are generally necessary with those we may not agree with, and during the course of mutual exchange, we foster healthy debate and conversation with growing numbers of people. A lack of absolute clarity on these types of questions is to be expected. As the Zapatista saying goes, “Walking, we ask questions.” In the next chapter’s roundtable, participants offer their own insights based on their organizing experiences. Movement building also requires grassroots outreach in order to accrue a base of supporters. Too often outreach is reduced to posting an event on Facebook or postering a few neighborhoods.

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This is articulated within the principles of internal collective structuring of NOII-Vancouver (Indigenous Coast Salish territories): We recognize that we all participate in the collective differently—those of us who are more active and/or more experienced have gained the position of trust and leadership within the collective. In different moments, different collective members will “take the lead” based on their prior experience or existing relationships of trust. . . . If you find yourself being a more active member, follow the Zapatista spirit of mandar obedeciendo (leading by obeying) by holding yourself accountable, in an open, humble manner, to the collective.(23) One of the ways of ensuring accountability and transparency among those in leadership positions is through active consensus. One of the most potent manifestations of horizontality that stands in contrast to centralized decision making, consensus is an inclusive method of decision making based on the active participation and consent of all group members.

Likewar: The Weaponization of Social Media
by Peter Warren Singer and Emerson T. Brooking
Published 15 Mar 2018

For these new digital arrivals, the internet wasn’t simply a curiosity or even a business opportunity. It was the difference between life and death. In early 1994, a ragtag force of 4,000 disenfranchised workers and farmers rose up in Mexico’s poor southern state of Chiapas. They called themselves the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN). The revolutionaries occupied a few towns and vowed to march on Mexico City. The government wasn’t impressed. Twelve thousand soldiers were deployed, backed by tanks and air strikes, in a swift and merciless offensive. The EZLN quickly retreated to the jungle. The rebellion teetered on the brink of destruction.

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For most national militaries and governments, a few online bulletin boards connected by unreliable dial-up modems hardly looked like the future of warfare. Instead, their attention turned to robots, drones, and precision-guided munitions. By the late 1990s, the “weaponization” of online information was essentially a dead topic. Instead, early netwar became the province of far-left activists and democratic protesters, beginning with the 1994 Zapatista uprising in Mexico and culminating in the 2011 Arab Spring. In time, terrorists and far-right extremists also began to gravitate toward netwar tactics. Observing these developments with interest, Arquilla and Ronfeldt, still at work tracking conflict trends, began to liken what had happened to the Roman deity Janus, the two-faced god of beginnings and endings (as well as war and peace).

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No. 102–194, 105 Stat. 1594 (1991). 39 NSFNET formally closed: Ryan, A History of the Internet, loc. 2367. 39 reached 360 million: “Internet Users,” Internet Live Stats, accessed March 16, 2018, http://www.internetlivestats.com/internet-users/. 39 worth $3 billion: Adam Lashinsky, “Netscape IPO 20-Year Anniversary: Read Fortune’s 2005 Oral History of the Birth of the Web,” Fortune, http://fortune.com/2015/08/09/remembering-netscape/. 40 “Google” symbolized: “Our Story: From the Garage to the Googleplex,” Google, https://www.google.com/about/our-story/. 40 Twelve thousand soldiers: David Ronfeldt et al., The Zapatista Social Netwar in Mexico (monograph, RAND, 1998), 2, https://www.rand.org/content/dam/rand/pubs/monograph_reports/1998/MR994.pdf. 41 more than 130 countries: Ibid., 117. 41 “a war on the internet”: Ibid., 4. 41 “rumor first reported”: “Scandalous Scoop Breaks Online,” BBC News, January 25, 1998, http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/special_report/1998/clinton_scandal/50031.stm. 41 “comparable to”: Manuel Castells, The Information Age: Economy, Society and Culture, vol. 1, The Rise of the Networked Society, quoted in Paul DiMaggio et al., “Social Implications of the Internet,” Annual Review of Sociology 27 (2001): 309. 41 Bowie waxed philosophical: Matt Novak, “Watching David Bowie Argue with an Interviewer About the Future of the Internet Is Beautiful,” Paleofuture, January 10, 2017, https://paleofuture.gizmodo.com/watching-david-bowie-argue-with-an-interviewer-about-th-1791017656. 42 “The goal wasn’t”: Mark Zuckerberg, “Facebook Interview,” YouTube video, 04:49, uploaded by Derek Franzese, March 26, 2013, https://www.youtube.com/watch?

Black Code: Inside the Battle for Cyberspace
by Ronald J. Deibert
Published 13 May 2013

I first heard about politically motivated DDOS attacks in 1998, with reference to those organized by the New York-based hacker and artist collective, the Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT). Led by the charismatic Ricardo Dominguez (now a professor of media studies), the EDT organized DDOS attacks against Mexican government servers in support of the Zapatista movement for autonomy in the Mexican province of Chiapas. Dominguez and his group openly advocated widespread participation in the DDOS attacks not only against Mexico but also against the U.S. Defense Department and other targets seen as sympathetic to Mexico. The attacks combined art and digital activism, loading up their DDOS tool with requests for non-existent content and sending these requests to Mexican government servers.

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When network administrators looked over their logs after the DDOS attacks, they saw results like “Ana Hernandez: Not Found,” she being one of many Chiapan dead. The computers used by Dominguez and his group became the object of a counterattack by American law enforcement, one of the first active defence initiatives that are now so prevalent. (At the time of the Zapatista cyber resistance, I was still formulating ideas for the collaborative research effort that would later become the Citizen Lab. Also living in Toronto at the time was Oxblood Ruffin, the self-appointed “foreign affairs minister” of one of the world’s oldest, most respected, and principled hacker collectives, The Cult of the Dead Cow, or cDc.

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I assigned it as the standard text to my graduate seminar on the Politics of Planetary Surveillance, taught at the University of Toronto from 1997 to 2004. 2 Ryan Cleary, a nineteen-year-old member: Details of Cleary’s arrest appear in Graham Cluley, “Ryan Cleary has Asperger’s Syndrome, Court Hears,” Sophos Naked Security, June 26, 2011, http:​//nake​dsecuri​ty.soph​os.com/​2011​/06​/26/​ryan-cl​eary-aspe​rgers-synd​rome. 3 Anonymous’s breaches are typically followed by the exfiltration of data: For details on the Stratfor breach, see Richard Norton-Taylor and Ed Pilkington, “Hackers Expose Defence and Intelligence Officials in US and UK,” Guardian, January 8, 2010, http​://ww​w.guard​ian.co.u​k/techn​ology/2​012/j​an/0​8/hacke​rs-expose-def​ence-int​ellige​nce-offic​ials. 4 Neustar … surveyed IT professionals: Neustar reports on the impacts of DDOS attacks in Neustar Insights, “DDOS Survey: Q1 2012 When Businesses Go Dark,” http​://hel​lo.neust​ar.bi​z/rs/​neustar​inc/im​ages/neu​star-ins​ights-dd​os-att​ack-sur​vey-q1​–20​12.pdf 5 The New York-based hacker and artist collective: Details of Electronic Disturbance Theatre’s use of DDOS attacks in support of the Zapatista movement are available in Coco Fusoco, “Performance Art in a Digital Age: A Conversation with Ricardo Dominguez,” The Hacktivist Magazine (2001), http​://www.iw​ar.or​g.uk/hac​kers/resou​rces/the-hack​tivist/iss​ue-1/vo​l1.html. 6 has likened them to picket lines: Evgeny Morozov argues that “under certain conditions … DDOS attacks can be seen as a legitimate expression of dissent, very much similar to civil disobedience” in “In Defense of DDOS,” Slate, December 13, 2010, htt​p://www.s​late.co​m/art​icles/t​echnolo​gy/te​chnology​/2010​/12/​in_de​fens​e​_​of_​ddo​s.html.

Bad Samaritans: The Myth of Free Trade and the Secret History of Capitalism
by Ha-Joon Chang
Published 26 Dec 2007

The US economy suffered withdrawal symptoms from the massive flight of Chinese capital from its Treasury bill market. The ensuing deep recession in the US economy triggered an even deeper one in Mexico, leading to an armed uprising by the Nuevos Zapatistas, the left-wing guerrillas claiming to be the legitimate heirs of the legendary early-20th century revolutionary Emiliano Zapata. The Nuevos Zapatistas swore to take Mexico out of the IAIA (Inter-American Integration Agreement) – the high-octane version of NAFTA that was formed by the US, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile and Colombia in 2020. The guerrillas were narrowly defeated after a brutal military operation, aided by the US air force and the Colombian army.

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The chances of upheaval in such circumstances would be strongly influenced by the gravity of its inequality problem which, while not yet at the Brazilian level, as in my story, could reach that in another generation, if no counteraction is taken. As for a civil war in Mexico, this may sound like a fantasy, but, in today’s Mexico, we already have one state, Chiapas, which has been, in effect, ruled by an armed guerrilla group, the Zapatistas under Subcomandante Marcos, since 1994. It would not be impossible for the conflict to escalate if the country were thrown into a major economic crisis, especially if it had continued for another two decades with the neo-liberal policies that have so ill-served it in the past two decades. My US patent scenario is certainly exaggerated, but US pharmaceutical patents can already be de facto extended up to 28 years through data protection and in consideration of the time needed for FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) approval.

Bad Samaritans: The Guilty Secrets of Rich Nations and the Threat to Global Prosperity
by Ha-Joon Chang
Published 4 Jul 2007

The US economy suffered withdrawal symptoms from the massive flight of Chinese capital from its Treasury bill market. The ensuing deep recession in the US economy triggered an even deeper one in Mexico, leading to an armed uprising by the Nuevos Zapatistas, the left-wing guerrillas claiming to be the legitimate heirs of the legendary early-20th century revolutionary Emiliano Zapata. The Nuevos Zapatistas swore to take Mexico out of the IAIA (Inter-American Integration Agreement) – the high-octane version of NAFTA that was formed by the US, Canada, Mexico, Guatemala, Chile and Colombia in 2020. The guerrillas were narrowly defeated after a brutal military operation, aided by the US air force and the Colombian army.

…

The chances of upheaval in such circumstances would be strongly influenced by the gravity of its inequality problem which, while not yet at the Brazilian level, as in my story, could reach that in another generation, if no counteraction is taken. As for a civil war in Mexico, this may sound like a fantasy, but, in today’s Mexico, we already have one state, Chiapas, which has been, in effect, ruled by an armed guerrilla group, the Zapatistas under Subcomandante Marcos, since 1994. It would not be impossible for the conflict to escalate if the country were thrown into a major economic crisis, especially if it had continued for another two decades with the neo-liberal policies that have so ill-served it in the past two decades. My US patent scenario is certainly exaggerated, but US pharmaceutical patents can already be de facto extended up to 28 years through data protection and in consideration of the time needed for FDA (Food and Drugs Administration) approval.

Rethinking Islamism: The Ideology of the New Terror
by Meghnad Desai
Published 25 Apr 2008

฀Countries฀that฀had฀a฀more฀or฀less฀wellfunctioning฀ economy฀ found฀ that฀ with฀ the฀ increased฀ availability฀ of฀ private฀ capital฀ old฀ policies฀ did฀ not฀ work฀ any฀ longer.฀ Mexico฀ had฀followed฀the฀advice฀of฀the฀IMF฀and฀won฀praise฀for฀its฀policy.฀ When฀the฀peso฀collapsed฀in฀December฀,฀there฀was฀widespread฀ misery.฀The฀Zapatistas฀chose฀this฀moment฀to฀show฀their฀rejection฀ of฀ the฀ Mexican฀ political฀ system,฀ since฀ they฀ had฀ been฀ left฀ out฀ of฀ any฀ benefits฀ while฀ bearing฀ all฀ the฀ costs.฀ Asian฀ banks฀ received฀ a฀ large฀ inflow฀ of฀ portfolio฀ capital฀ during฀ the฀ mid-s,฀ but฀ could฀ not฀ handle฀ such฀ flows.฀ Money฀ flowed฀ out฀ more฀ rapidly฀ than฀ it฀ had฀ flowed฀ in.฀ The฀ Asian฀ crisis฀ of฀ ฀ hit฀ Malaysia,฀ Indonesia,฀ Thailand฀and฀South฀Korea.

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฀Dr฀Ian฀ Pakistan and฀Afghanistan฀ and฀Bangladesh฀,฀– education฀ establishment฀– and฀Kashmir฀,฀– Partition฀from฀India฀–,฀ political฀system฀ Palestine Bin฀Laden฀on฀,฀–,฀,฀ –,฀– democratic฀elections฀()฀,฀  dismemberment฀by฀Israel฀and฀ Jordan฀ first฀nomination฀as฀site฀for฀Jewish฀ homeland฀– Hamas฀,฀,฀,฀ Israel–Palestine฀issue฀– Jewish฀nationalist฀movement฀in฀ refugees฀ Palestine฀Liberation฀Organisation฀ (PLO)฀,฀ Pan-African฀Movement฀ The฀Passion฀(film)฀ Peace฀Corps฀ People’s฀Will฀see฀Narodnaya฀Volya Peres,฀Shimon฀ Picasso,฀Pablo฀ Picot,฀Georges฀ PLO฀see฀Palestine฀Liberation฀ Organisation Pol฀Pot฀ Popper,฀Karl฀ Portugal฀ Prague฀Spring฀()฀ Princip,฀Gavrilo฀,฀ Proudhon,฀Pierre-Joseph฀,฀ Puritanism฀,฀ Qana฀–,฀ Qur’an need฀for฀further฀study฀ need฀for฀poetic฀translation฀ place฀in฀Muslim฀education฀ status฀among฀Muslims฀–,฀ Rabin,฀Yitzak฀ racism,฀and฀immigration฀ Rasmussen,฀Anders฀Fogh฀– Reagan,฀Ronald฀ Red฀Army฀(anarchist฀group)฀ Red฀Brigades฀   religion growth฀of฀Western฀tolerance฀ –,฀– and฀ideology฀– and฀politics฀ and฀war฀– see฀also฀Buddhism;฀Christianity;฀ Islam ‘Road฀Map’฀ Robeson,฀Paul฀ Rooker,฀Lord฀ Rose,฀Flemming฀ Rushdie,฀Salman฀– Russia s฀economy฀ anarchism฀in฀ and฀Chechnya฀,฀,฀ see฀also฀Soviet฀Union Russian฀Revolution฀()฀– Rwanda฀ Sadat,฀Anwar฀ Saddam฀Hussein฀,฀ Sartre,฀Jean-Paul฀ Saudi฀Arabia and฀Bin฀Laden฀–,฀– siting฀of฀US฀troops฀in฀,฀– and฀Wahhabism฀–,฀– Savonarola,฀Girolamo฀ Second฀World฀War฀(–)฀–,฀  Sen,฀Amartya฀,฀ /,฀events฀of฀– Sharon,฀Ariel฀,฀,฀ Shi’a in฀Iraq฀ origins฀and฀beliefs฀,฀,฀ Shihan฀(weekly)฀ Shlaim,฀Avi฀,฀ Siddhartha฀ Sidique฀Khan,฀Mohammad฀–,฀ Sikhs฀,฀ Silone,฀Ignazio฀ Sinn฀Fein฀ Smith,฀Adam฀–,฀,฀– Socialist฀International฀ Somalia฀,฀ South฀Africa฀,฀ South฀Korea฀,฀ Soviet฀Union and฀Afghanistan฀–,฀,฀ – under฀Communism฀– effects฀of฀collapse฀– establishment฀and฀collapse฀– Muslim฀republics฀within฀–,฀ – Stalin’s฀regime฀,฀,฀–,฀ see฀also฀Russia Spain฀,฀,฀ Spender,฀Stephen฀ Sri฀Lanka฀ Stalin,฀Josef฀,฀,฀–,฀ Stern฀Gang฀ Strauss,฀David฀Friedrich฀– Suez฀crisis฀()฀ Sunnis in฀Iraq฀ Shi’a฀split฀from฀,฀ Sykes,฀Sir฀Mark฀ Sykes–Picot฀Agreement฀()฀,฀  syndicalism฀ Syria฀,฀,฀ Taiwan฀ Taliban฀ taliban:฀origin฀of฀word฀ Tamil฀Tigers฀ Tanwir,฀Shehzad฀– terrorism and฀anarchism฀– anti-capitalist฀–,฀– and฀Communism฀–  ฀  and฀Islam฀,฀– modern฀prevalence฀ and฀nationalism฀,฀– nature฀of฀modern฀– state฀terrorism฀ Thailand฀ Thatcher,฀Margaret฀,฀ Thoreau,฀Henry฀David฀ Tito,฀Marshal฀,฀ Puritan฀contribution฀ reasons฀for฀Muslim฀hostility฀– religious฀tolerance฀ Vietnam฀War฀(–)฀,฀,฀฀  war฀against฀terror฀–,฀ Usman,฀Caliph฀ usury฀ Vietnam฀War฀(–)฀,฀,฀ Turkey฀,฀,฀ Ummayad฀caliphate฀ Umar,฀Caliph฀– umma,฀nature฀of฀,฀– United฀Nations Bin฀Laden฀on฀– Human฀Development฀Index฀ and฀invasion฀of฀Iraq฀()฀ and฀Israel–Palestine฀issue฀,฀ ,฀,฀ political฀inequality฀ and฀Rwanda฀ and฀USA฀,฀ USA and฀Afghanistan฀– anarchism฀in฀– and฀anti-capitalist฀terrorism฀– anti-war฀movement฀ Bin฀Laden฀on฀,฀–,฀–,฀ –,฀ Bin฀Laden’s฀links฀with฀ civil฀rights฀movement฀,฀ and฀Communism฀ function฀for฀Global฀Islamism฀ and฀globalisation฀– and฀Israel–Palestine฀issue฀ Jews฀in฀ and฀Northern฀Ireland฀–,฀ – Wahhabism฀–,฀–,฀ war฀against฀terror฀–,฀ Warren,฀Justice฀Earl฀ Weathermen฀ Die฀Welt฀(newspaper)฀ West฀Bank฀,฀ women,฀treatment฀of฀,฀,฀– World฀Bank฀ World฀Trade฀Center first฀bombing฀()฀ Twin฀Towers฀attack฀()฀see฀ / World฀War฀I฀see฀First฀World฀War World฀War฀II฀see฀Second฀World฀War Wye฀River฀Agreement฀()฀ Yom฀Kippur฀War฀()฀ Yousef,฀Ramzi฀ Yugoslavia฀,฀,฀,฀ Zapatistas฀ Zawahiri,฀Ayman฀al-฀,฀ Zia฀ul-Haq฀,฀ Zimbabwe฀ Zionism modern฀nature฀ origins฀and฀development฀–,฀ – see฀also฀Israel;฀Jews REVELATION 

Frommer's Mexico 2008
by David Baird , Juan Cristiano , Lynne Bairstow and Emily Hughey Quinn
Published 21 Sep 2007

Hours are Monday to Saturday from 7am to 11pm, Sunday from 9am to 5pm. The Zapatista Movement & Chiapas In January 1994, Indians from this area rebelled against the Mexican government over health care, education, land distribution, and representative government. Their organization, the Zapatista Liberation Army, known as EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional), and its leader, Subcomandante Marcos, have become emblematic of the problems Mexico has with social justice. In the last couple of years, the rhetoric of armed revolt has ended, and the Zapatistas are talking about building a broad leftist coalition—but not a political party.

…

In 1985, a devastating earthquake in Mexico City brought down many of the government’s new, supposedly earthquake-proof buildings, exposing shoddy construction and the widespread government corruption that fostered it. The government’s handling of the relief efforts also drew heavy criticism. In 1994, a political and military uprising in Chiapas focused world attention on Mexico’s great social problems. A new political force, the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, or EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Army), skillfully publicized the plight of the peasant. In the years that followed, opposition political parties grew in power and legitimacy. Facing pressure and scrutiny from national and international organizations, and widespread public discontent, the PRI began to concede defeat in state and congressional elections throughout the ’90s.

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . .116 Exploring Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . .117 Organized Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .136 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .137 Mexico City After Dark . . . . . . . . . .140 A Side Trip to the Pyramids of San Juan Teotihuacán . . . . . . . . .144 Silver, Spas & Spiritual Centers: From Taxco to Tepoztlán 149 by Juan Cristiano 1 Taxco: Cobblestones & Silver . . . . .149 Spanish & Art Classes in Taxco . . . .154 2 Ixtapan de la Sal: A Thermal Spa Town . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .160 3 Valle de Bravo & Avándaro: Mexico’s Switzerland . . . . . . . . . . .162 6 4 Cuernavaca: Land of Eternal Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . .164 Fast Facts: Cuernavaca . . . . . . . . . .167 5 Tepoztlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .174 San Miguel de Allende & the Colonial Silver Cities 179 by David Baird 1 San Miguel de Allende . . . . . . . . .180 Fast Facts: San Miguel de Allende . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .184 Learning at the Source: Going to School in San Miguel . . . . . . . . .186 2 Guanajuato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .196 Fast Facts: Guanajuato . . . . . . . . . .199 The Redolent Mexican Cantina . . . .210 3 Santiago de Querétaro . . . . . . . . .211 Fast Facts: Querétaro . . . . . . . . . . .213 All Things Querétaro . . . . . . . . . . .215 Shopping for Opals . . . . . . . . . . . . .217 4 Zacatecas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .221 Fast Facts: Zacatecas . . . . . . . . . . .222 5 San Luis Potosí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .230 Fast Facts: San Luis Potosí . . . . . . .232 CONTENTS 7 Michoacán by David Baird 1 Morelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .238 Fast Facts: Morelia . . . . . . . . . . . . .240 Free-Market Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . .242 A Brief Pause for the Food Cause . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .243 Michoacán’s Monarch Migration . . .248 8 v 237 2 Pátzcuaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Fast Facts: Pátzcuaro . . . . . . . . . . .251 3 Uruapan: Handicrafts & Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .259 Guadalajara 262 by David Baird 1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .262 The Neighborhoods in Brief . . . . . .263 2 Getting Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .264 Fast Facts: Guadalajara . . . . . . . . .265 3 Where to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .266 4 Where to Dine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 9 5 Exploring Guadalajara . . . . . . . . . .274 Guadalajara Bus Tours . . . . . . . . . .274 6 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .279 Tequila: The Name Says It All . . . . .280 7 Guadalajara After Dark . . . . . . . . . .282 Puerto Vallarta & the Central Pacific Coast 283 by Lynne Bairstow 1 Puerto Vallarta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .283 Fast Facts: Puerto Vallarta . . . . . . .289 A Huichol Art Primer: Shopping Tips . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .303 2 Mazatlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .332 Fast Facts: Mazatlán . . . . . . . . . . . .336 Mazatlán’s Carnaval: A Weeklong Party . . . . . . . . . . . . .340 3 Costa Alegre: Puerto Vallarta to Barra de Navidad . . . . . . . . . . .349 4 Manzanillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .359 Fast Facts: Manzanillo . . . . . . . . . .362 10 Acapulco & the Southern Pacific Coast 370 by Juan Cristiano 1 Acapulco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .371 Fast Facts: Acapulco . . . . . . . . . . . .376 2 Northward to Zihuatanejo & Ixtapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .394 Fast Facts: Zihuatanejo & Ixtapa . . .397 3 Puerto Escondido . . . . . . . . . . . . .410 Fast Facts: Puerto Escondido . . . . .414 Ecotours & Other Adventurous Explorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .416 4 Bahías de Huatulco . . . . . . . . . . . .425 Fast Facts: Bahías de Huatulco . . . .427 vi CONTENTS 11 The Southernmost States: Oaxaca & Chiapas 433 by David Baird 1 Oaxaca City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .434 Social Unrest in Oaxaca . . . . . . . . .436 Fast Facts: Oaxaca . . . . . . . . . . . . .440 Oaxacan Street Food . . . . . . . . . . .450 2 Villahermosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .460 3 Palenque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .463 4 San Cristóbal de las Casas . . . . . . .471 The Zapatista Movement & Chiapas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .472 Fast Facts: San Cristóbal de las Casas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .475 12 Veracruz & Puebla: On the Heels of Cortez 486 by David Baird 1 Veracruz City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .486 Fast Facts: Veracruz . . . . . . . . . . . .488 2 Exploring North of Veracruz: Ruins, More Ruins & a Great Museum . . .495 3 Colonial Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .502 Fast Facts: Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . .504 Cinco de Mayo & the Battle of Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .505 13 Cancún 516 by Juan Cristiano 1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .517 The Best Websites for Cancún . . . .518 Fast Facts: Cancún . . . . . . . . . . . . .521 2 Where to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .523 3 Where to Dine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .531 4 Beaches, Watersports & Boat Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .536 5 Outdoor Activities & Attractions . . .540 6 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .541 7 Cancún after Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 14 Isla Mujeres & Cozumel 545 by Juan Cristiano & David Baird 1 Isla Mujeres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .545 The Best Websites for Isla Mujeres & Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . .546 Fast Facts: Isla Mujeres . . . . . . . . .549 15 2 Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .560 An All-Inclusive Vacation in Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .562 Fast Facts: Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . .564 The Caribbean Coast: The Riviera Maya, Including Playa del Carmen & the Costa Maya 578 by David Baird 1 Playa del Carmen . . . . . . . . . . . . .580 Fast Facts: Playa del Carmen . . . . .582 Choosing an All-Inclusive in the Riviera Maya . . . . . . . . . . . .590 CONTENTS 2 North of Playa del Carmen . . . . . . .592 3 South of Playa del Carmen . . . . . . .597 4 Tulum, Punta Allen & Sian Ka’an . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .603 The Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .607 5 Cobá Ruins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .608 vii 6 Majahual, Xcalak & the Chinchorro Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .611 7 Lago Bacalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .613 8 Chetumal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615 9 Side Trips to Maya Ruins from Chetumal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .617 16 Mérida, Chichén Itzá & the Maya Interior 619 by David Baird The Best Websites for Mérida, Chichén Itzá & the Maya Interior . . .621 1 Mérida: Gateway to the Maya Heartland . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621 Festivals & Special Events in Mérida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .624 Fast Facts: Mérida . . . . . . . . . . . . .625 17 The Copper Canyon 2 3 4 5 Of Haciendas & Hotels . . . . . . . . . .636 The Ruins of Uxmal . . . . . . . . . . . .647 Campeche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .654 Fast Facts: Campeche . . . . . . . . . . .656 The Ruins of Chichén Itzá . . . . . . .660 Valladolid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .666 672 by David Baird 1 The Copper Canyon Train & Stops along the Way . . . . . . . . . . . .674 Choosing a Package or Tour Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .675 18 Los Cabos & Baja California 2 Los Mochis: The Western Terminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .683 3 Chihuahua: The Eastern Terminus . . .686 Fast Facts: Chihuahua . . . . . . . . . .688 692 by Lynne Bairstow & Emily Hughey Quinn 1 Los Cabos: Resorts, Watersports & Golf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .695 Fast Facts: San José del Cabo . . . . .698 Fast Facts: Cabo San Lucas . . . . . . .712 Surf & Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .718 2 Todos Santos: A Creative Oasis . . .724 3 La Paz: Peaceful Port Town . . . . . .727 Fast Facts: La Paz . . . . . . . . . . . . . .729 4 Mid Baja: Loreto, Mulegé & Santa Rosalía . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .736 Whale-Watching in Baja . . . . . . . . .743 5 Tijuana & Rosarito Beach . . . . . . . .744 First Crush: The Annual Harvest Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .747 A Northern Baja Spa Sanctuary . . . .749 Surfing, Northern Baja Style . . . . . .752 6 Ensenada: Port of Call . . . . . . . . . .753 viii CONTENTS Appendix A: Mexico in Depth 756 by David Baird 1 The Land & Its People . . . . . . . . . . .756 2 A Look at the Past . . . . . . . . . . . . .757 3 Recommended Books . . . . . . . . . . .763 Appendix B: Useful Terms & Phrases 764 Index 767 List of Maps Mexico 8 Central Mexico’s Pre-Columbian Treasures 79 The Best of Western Mexico 81 Los Cabos to Copper Canyon 82 La Ruta Maya 83 Mexico City & Environs 87 Downtown Mexico City 96 Polanco/Chapultepec Area 105 Historic Downtown (Centro Histórico) 119 Chapultepec Park 121 Coyoacán 123 San Angel 125 Alameda Park Area 127 Teotihuacán 145 Side Trips from Mexico City 150 Taxco 153 Ixtapan de la Sal 161 Valle de Bravo & Avándaro 163 Cuernavaca 165 The Colonial Silver Cities 181 Where to Stay in San Miguel de Allende 183 Guanajuato 197 Santiago de Querétaro 212 Zacatecas 223 San Luis Potosí 231 Morelia 239 Pátzcuaro 251 Uruapan 261 Downtown Guadalajara 275 Puerto Vallarta: Hotel Zone & Beaches 285 Downtown Puerto Vallarta 301 Mazatlán Area 333 Costa Alegre & Central Pacific Coast 351 Barra de Navidad Bay Area 355 Manzanillo Area 361 Acapulco Bay Area 372 Zihuatanejo & Ixtapa Area 395 Downtown Zihuatanejo 403 Puerto Escondido 411 Oaxaca Area 435 Downtown Oaxaca 437 Monte Albán 455 Palenque Archaeological Site 465 Where to Stay & Dine in Palenque 467 San Cristóbal de las Casas 473 Downtown Veracruz 487 Xalapa Orientation 497 Puebla 503 Tlaxcala 513 Downtown Cancún 519 Isla Cancún (Zona Hotelera) 525 Isla Mujeres 547 Cozumel 561 San Miguel de Cozumel 567 Playa del Carmen 581 The Yucatán’s Upper Caribbean Coast 593 The Yucatán’s Lower Caribbean Coast 612 Where to Stay & Dine in Mérida 633 The Copper Canyon 673 Chihuahua 687 The Baja Peninsula 693 San José del Cabo 697 The Two Cabos & the Corridor 708 Cabo San Lucas 713 The Lower Baja Peninsula 737 Tijuana 745 The Upper Baja Peninsula 751 An Invitation to the Reader In researching this book, we discovered many wonderful places—hotels, restaurants, shops, and more.

Frommer's Mexico 2009
by David Baird , Lynne Bairstow , Joy Hepp and Juan Christiano
Published 2 Sep 2008

T H E S O U T H E R N M O S T S TA T E S : O A X A C A & C H I A PA S The Zapatista Movement & Chiapas In January 1994, Indians from this area rebelled against the Mexican government over health care, education, land distribution, and representative government. Their organization, the Zapatista Liberation Army, known as EZLN (Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional), and its leader, Subcomandante Marcos, have become emblematic of the problems Mexico has with social justice. In the last couple of years, the rhetoric of armed revolt has ended, and the Zapatistas are talking about building a broad leftist coalition—but not a political party.

…

The most important advice I can offer travelers is this: Offer a proper greeting when addressing Mexicans. Don’t try to abbreviate social intercourse. Mexican culture places a higher value on proper social form than on saving time. San Cristobal de las Casas focused world attention on Mexico’s great social problems. A new political force, the Ejército Zapatista de Liberación Nacional, or EZLN (Zapatista National Liberation Army), skillfully publicized the plight of the peasant. In the years that followed, opposition political parties grew in power and legitimacy. Facing pressure and scrutiny from national and international organizations, and widespread public discontent, the PRI began to concede defeat in state and congressional elections throughout the ’90s.

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. . . . . . . . . . . . . .126 Exploring Mexico City . . . . . . . . . . .126 Organized Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .146 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .147 Mexico City After Dark . . . . . . . . . .149 A Side Trip to the Pyramids of San Juan Teotihuacán . . . . . . . .154 159 4 Cuernavaca: Land of Eternal Spring . . . . . . . . . . . . . .175 Fast Facts: Cuernavaca . . . . . . . . . .178 5 Tepoztlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .185 02 285619-ftoc.qxp 7/22/08 10:50 AM Page v CONTENTS 7 San Miguel de Allende & the Colonial Silver Cities by David Baird 1 San Miguel de Allende . . . . . . . . .192 Fast Facts: San Miguel de Allende . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .195 Learning at the Source: Going to School in San Miguel . . . . . . . . .197 2 Guanajuato . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .206 Fast Facts: Guanajuato . . . . . . . . . .209 Ranch Museum . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .214 The Redolent Mexican Cantina . . . .220 8 9 Fast Facts: San Luis Potosí . . . . . . .242 248 2 Pátzcuaro . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .260 Fast Facts: Pátzcuaro . . . . . . . . . . .262 3 Uruapan: Handicrafts & Volcanoes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .270 Guadalajara by David Baird 1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .273 The Neighborhoods in Brief . . . . . .274 2 Getting Around . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .275 Fast Facts: Guadalajara . . . . . . . . .276 3 Where to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .277 4 Where to Dine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .281 273 5 Exploring Guadalajara . . . . . . . . . .284 Guadalajara Bus Tours . . . . . . . . . .286 6 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .289 7 Guadalajara After Dark . . . . . . . . . .292 Tequila: The Name Says It All . . . . .293 10 Puerto Vallarta & the Central Pacific Coast by Lynne Bairstow 1 Puerto Vallarta . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .294 Fast Facts: Puerto Vallarta . . . . . . .300 A Huichol Art Primer . . . . . . . . . . .314 190 3 Santiago de Querétaro . . . . . . . . . .221 Fast Facts: Querétaro . . . . . . . . . . .224 All Things Querétaro . . . . . . . . . . .225 Shopping for Opals . . . . . . . . . . . . .227 Hot Tamales . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .229 4 Zacatecas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .231 Fast Facts: Zacatecas . . . . . . . . . . .234 5 San Luis Potosí . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .241 Michoacán by David Baird 1 Morelia . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .249 Fast Facts: Morelia . . . . . . . . . . . . .250 Free-Market Forces . . . . . . . . . . . . .253 A Brief Pause for the Food Cause . . .254 Michoacán’s Monarch Migration . . .259 v 294 2 Mazatlán . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .343 Fast Facts: Mazatlán . . . . . . . . . . . .347 Mazatlán’s Carnaval: A Weeklong Party . . . . . . . . . . . . .351 02 285619-ftoc.qxp vi 7/22/08 10:50 AM Page vi CONTENTS 3 Costa Alegre: Puerto Vallarta to Barra de Navidad . . . . . . . . . . .359 4 Manzanillo . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .369 Fast Facts: Manzanillo . . . . . . . . . .372 11 Acapulco & the Southern Pacific Coast by Juan Cristiano 1 Acapulco . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .380 Fast Facts: Acapulco . . . . . . . . . . . .385 2 Northward to Zihuatanejo & Ixtapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .403 Fast Facts: Zihuatanejo & Ixtapa . . .407 3 Puerto Escondido . . . . . . . . . . . . . .420 Fast Facts: Puerto Escondido . . . . .424 Ecotours & Other Adventurous Explorations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .426 4 Bahías de Huatulco . . . . . . . . . . . .434 Fast Facts: Bahías de Huatulco . . . .437 12 The Southernmost States: Oaxaca & Chiapas by David Baird 1 Oaxaca City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .444 Peace & Poverty in Oaxaca . . . . . . .446 Fast Facts: Oaxaca . . . . . . . . . . . . .449 Oaxacan Street Food . . . . . . . . . . .460 2 Villahermosa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .470 3 Palenque . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .473 14 Cancún by Juan Cristiano 1 Orientation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .528 The Best Websites for Cancún . . . .530 Fast Facts: Cancún . . . . . . . . . . . . .532 2 Where to Stay . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .534 3 Where to Dine . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .542 443 4 San Cristóbal de las Casas . . . . . . .481 The Zapatista Movement & Chiapas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .484 Fast Facts: San Cristóbal de las Casas . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .485 13 Eastward from Mexico City: Puebla & Veracruz by David Baird 1 Puebla & Cholula . . . . . . . . . . . . . .496 Fast Facts: Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . .499 Cinco de Mayo & the Battle of Puebla . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .500 2 Tlaxcala . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .508 379 496 3 Xalapa . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .511 4 Veracruz City . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .515 Fast Facts: Veracruz . . . . . . . . . . . .517 5 El Tajín & the Town of Papantla . . .523 527 4 Beaches, Watersports & Boat Tours . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .547 5 Outdoor Activities & Attractions . . .551 6 Shopping . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .552 7 Cancún After Dark . . . . . . . . . . . . .554 02 285619-ftoc.qxp 7/22/08 10:50 AM Page vii CONTENTS 15 Isla Mujeres & Cozumel by David Baird 1 Isla Mujeres . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .556 The Best Websites for Isla Mujeres & Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .558 Fast Facts: Isla Mujeres . . . . . . . . .560 556 2 Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .569 An All-Inclusive Vacation in Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .572 Fast Facts: Cozumel . . . . . . . . . . . .574 The Caribbean Coast: The Riviera Maya, Including 16 Playa del Carmen & the Costa Maya by David Baird 1 Puerto Morelos & Vicinity . . . . . . . .590 2 Playa del Carmen . . . . . . . . . . . . . .595 Fast Facts: Playa del Carmen . . . . .598 Choosing an All-Inclusive in the Riviera Maya . . . . . . . . . . . .602 3 South of Playa del Carmen . . . . . . .604 4 Tulum, Punta Allen & Sian Ka’an . . .611 The Sian Ka’an Biosphere Reserve . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615 18 The Copper Canyon by David Baird 1 The Copper Canyon Train & Stops Along the Way . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .678 Choosing a Package or Tour Operator . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .681 2 Los Mochis: The Western Terminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .689 587 5 Cobá Ruins . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .615 6 Majahual, Xcalak & the Chinchorro Reef . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .618 7 Lago Bacalar . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .620 8 Chetumal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .621 9 Side Trips to Maya Ruins from Chetumal . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .623 17 Mérida, Chichén Itzá & the Maya Interior by David Baird The Best Websites for Mérida, Chichén Itzá & the Maya Interior . . .626 1 Mérida: Gateway to the Maya Heartland . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .627 Daily Festivals & Special Events in Mérida . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .630 Fast Facts: Mérida . . . . . . . . . . . . .631 vii 625 Of Haciendas & Hotels . . . . . . . . . .642 2 The Ruins of Uxmal . . . . . . . . . . . .653 3 Campeche . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .659 Fast Facts: Campeche . . . . . . . . . . .661 4 The Ruins of Chichén Itzá . . . . . . . .665 5 Valladolid . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .672 677 3 Chihuahua: The Eastern Terminus . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .691 Fast Facts: Chihuahua . . . . . . . . . .692 02 285619-ftoc.qxp viii 7/22/08 10:50 AM Page viii CONTENTS 19 Los Cabos & Baja California 698 by Joy Hepp 1 Los Cabos: Resorts, Watersports & Golf . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .701 Fast Facts: San José del Cabo . . . . .704 Fast Facts: Cabo San Lucas . . . . . . .718 Surf & Sleep . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .723 2 Todos Santos: A Creative Oasis . . . .730 3 La Paz: Peaceful Port Town . . . . . . .732 Fast Facts: La Paz . . . . . . . . . . . . . .735 4 Mid Baja: Loreto, Mulegé & Santa Rosalía . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .742 Whale-Watching in Baja . . . . . . . . .748 5 Tijuana & Rosarito Beach . . . . . . . .749 First Crush: The Annual Harvest Festival . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .753 A Northern Baja Spa Sanctuary . . . .755 Surfing, Northern Baja Style . . . . . .758 6 Ensenada: Port of Call . . . . . . . . . .759 Appendix A: Mexico Fast Facts 761 Appendix B: Survival Spanish 766 Index 771 List of Maps Mexico 8 Central Mexico’s Pre-Columbian Treasures 88 The Best of Western Mexico 90 Los Cabos to Copper Canyon 91 La Ruta Maya 92 Mexico City & Environs 95 Downtown Mexico City 106 Polanco/Chapultepec Area 115 Historic Downtown (Centro Histórico) 127 Chapultepec Park 129 Coyoacán 131 San Angel 133 02 285619-ftoc.qxp 7/22/08 10:50 AM Alameda Park Area 135 Teotihuacán 155 Side Trips from Mexico City 160 Taxco 163 Ixtapan de la Sal 171 Valle de Bravo & Avándaro 173 Cuernavaca 177 The Colonial Silver Cities 191 Where to Stay in San Miguel de Allende 193 Guanajuato 207 Santiago de Querétaro 223 Zacatecas 233 San Luis Potosí 243 Morelia 251 Pátzcuaro 261 Uruapan 271 Downtown Guadalajara 285 Puerto Vallarta: Hotel Zone & Beaches 295 Downtown Puerto Vallarta 311 Mazatlán Area 345 Costa Alegre & Central Pacific Coast 361 Barra de Navidad Bay Area 365 Manzanillo Area 371 Acapulco Bay Area 382 Zihuatanejo & Ixtapa Area 405 Downtown Zihuatanejo 411 Puerto Escondido 421 Oaxaca Area 445 Page ix Downtown Oaxaca 447 Monte Albán 465 Palenque Archaeological Site 475 Where to Stay & Dine in Palenque 477 San Cristóbal de las Casas 483 Puebla 497 Tlaxcala 509 Xalapa Orientation 513 Downtown Veracruz 516 Downtown Cancún 529 Isla Cancún (Zona Hotelera) 535 Isla Mujeres 557 Cozumel 571 San Miguel de Cozumel 575 The Yucatán’s Upper Caribbean Coast 591 Playa del Carmen 597 The Yucatán’s Lower Caribbean Coast 619 Where to Stay & Dine in Mérida 639 The Copper Canyon 679 Chihuahua 693 The Baja Peninsula 699 San José del Cabo 703 The Two Cabos & the Corridor 714 Cabo San Lucas 717 The Lower Baja Peninsula 743 Tijuana 751 The Upper Baja Peninsula 757 03 285619-flast.qxp 7/22/08 10:50 AM Page x An Invitation to the Reader In researching this book, we discovered many wonderful places—hotels, restaurants, shops, and more.

Practical Anarchism: A Guide for Daily Life
by Scott. Branson
Published 14 Jun 2022

But that sanctioned aspect of who we are doesn’t exhaust our (embodied and desiring) experience, which is much more grounded in our connection to others around us. In fact, we live mostly there, in the no place that provides some refuge from the surveilling eyes of power. For the end of these forms of oppression to come, there have to remain spaces of resistance, like, for example, the Zapatista-controlled areas in Chiapas, or the defended spaces of Rojava amid the Syrian war, and ongoing lifeways of Indigenous groups all over the world that have not been destroyed by the joined forces of state and capital. It’s not that “nature abhors a vacuum”; rather, the world can only persist with wastelands that evade productive use.

…

Fine-tuning our tactics against state retrenchment, watching the way power imbalances create the splintering that dissolves resistant cultures—this is necessary work. And liberation can’t be achieved while the state form continues to exist. But an untimely sense of anarchism can help us draw from reservoirs of insurrectional energy that has created, as the Zapatistas say, a world in which many worlds are possible. In other words, we don’t seek to replace a bad world with a good one but to allow for a multifarious way of living for all creatures around the planet. In their history of southern US rebellion, Dixie Be Damned, Saralee Stafford and Neal Shirley propose a discontinuous time of “insurrectionary rupture,” building on other anarchist readings of Walter Benjamin’s “Theses on the Philosophy of History” and his idea of messianic time.

What's Next?: Unconventional Wisdom on the Future of the World Economy
by David Hale and Lyric Hughes Hale
Published 23 May 2011

Mexico became a member of the OECD and was held up as an example of successful sequencing of economic and political reforms (in contrast to Russia), with perestroika (economic restructuring) coming before glasnost (political opening). As if to reaffirm Mexico’s international prominence, for the first time, a Mexican man, Octavio Paz, won the Nobel Prize for Literature (1990) and a Mexican woman, Lupita Jones, became Miss Universe (1991). The prestige of the Salinas presidency evaporated with the Zapatista uprising in January 1994, two major political assassinations, the “Tequila Crisis” of December 1994, the first month of Ernesto Zedillo’s sexenio (1994–2000), and the incarceration of Salinas’s brother Raúl in 1995. But Mexico recovered rapidly with the help of a massive US-assisted bailout and continued to consolidate economically and politically under Zedillo.

…

Once in office, Fox turned out to be more a Walesa—historically important for having overturned a regime, but unable to consolidate a new one—than a Mandela, who was able to do both. To his supporters’ dismay, he wasted little time in showing that campaigning and governing skills are not necessarily the same. Shortly after assuming the presidency in December 2000, he frittered away his political capital with an untimely attempt to “solve” the Zapatista problem, even though it was no longer a problem. His attempts to introduce ambitious reforms foundered as he mismanaged relations with an ever more combative Congress. His relationship with George W. Bush, who was elected in the same year, began splendidly as they flaunted their shared interest in horses, ranches, and cowboy hats.

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See Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP) tar sands industry, xviii tax cuts, xvii; in Canada, xviii; in US, 5 taxes: Canada, 20; consumption-based taxes, 261–263; corporate taxes, 260; energy taxes, 260; excise taxes, 262; income taxes, 6, 260–262; payroll taxes, 261–262; sales taxes, 262; Tobin tax, xxvii, 250–255; turnover tax, 253–255; value-added tax (VAT), xxviii, 6, 43, 262 tax policy, xxvii–xxviii; Canada, 20, 26; Mexico, xix, 42–43; public debt and, 259–260; South Africa, 136; US, 6, 60, 260–261 technology: climate change and, 227; hydrocarbons and, 181–183 telecoms, 26 television, 298 Term Asset-Backed Securities Loan Facility (TALF), 277 testosterone, 290 Thailand, 7 Thaler, Richard, 291 Tobin, James, 250 Tobin tax, xxvii, 250–255 “too-big-too-fail” bailouts, 266, 267, 268 total factor productivity (TFP), 87 toxic securities, 238–239 transparency, 280–282 Trichet, Jean-Claude, 237–238 Triffin Dilemma, 252–253 Troubled Asset Relief Program (TARP), 3, 277 turnover tax, 253–255 Tversky, Amos, 289 Uganda, xxii, xxv, 126 unemployment rate, xvi, 4 United Kingdom: climate change policy of, xxvi; domestic demand in, 140; as financial capital, 244–245; fiscal deficit in, 257; fiscal policy of, 59, 71; government debt in, 160–161; Tobin tax and, 251–252 United Nations Development Programme (UNDP), 184 United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), 220–222 United States: banking sector in, xxvii, 235–241; Canada and, 13–14, 24; climate change and, xxvi, 224–225; corporate sector in, xvi, 4, 8; economic recovery in, xvi–xvii, 3–11, 13–14, 65–66; as engine of world demand, 96, 140; environmental policies, 5, 27; financial system of, 157; fiscal deficit in, 10–11, 70, 257; fiscal policy of, xvii, 6, 10–11; fiscal stimulus program in, 4; government debt, 160; growth rate in, 5, 13–14; household sector in, 8; housing sector in, 9; industrial production in, 65; monetary policy of, 7–10; partisan politics in, 5–6; politics in, 269–270; productivity gains in, xvi, 4; public policy of, xvi–xvii; stimulus measures in, 4, 13; tax policy of, 6, 63, 260–261 Uribe, Alvaro, 33 Uruguay, 48, 49–50 US consumers, xv US dollar: alternatives to, 158; devaluation of, xvii, 7, 25; gold prices and, 173–174; as reserve currency, xxiv, 153–165; weakening, and commodity prices, 53 US government securities, 160 value-added tax (VAT), xxviii, 6, 43, 262 Van Alstyne, Marshal, 296 Venezuela, 48–49, 50, 51, 183 Volcker Rule, 267, 268 web-based communities, 296 Weber, Alex, 285 welfare expenditures, South Africa, 137–138 Wellink, Nout, 248 West Africa, xxii, 126–127 Westphalian system, 251 World Bank, 119, 154 world economy, 12–14; in 2010–2011, 94–95; recovery of, xv; trends underpinning, 78–80 yen, xxiv, 9, 97, 98, 167 yield curves, 82–83 Yoshida, Shigeru, 105 Zambia, 118, 125 ZANU-PF, 125 Zapatistas, 35 Zedillo, Ernesto, 35 Zimbabwe, xxii, 125 Zoellick, Robert, 169 “zombie” firms, 112 Zuma, Jacob, 125, 128, 134–137

Brave New World of Work
by Ulrich Beck
Published 15 Jan 2000

Netwar Political movements are discovering completely new ways of creating worldwide echo effects – including solidarity effects – as the central element in their local provocations. The violent local actions of the Zapatista guerrillas in Mexico during the 1990s, for example, cannot be understood simply in terms of what they physically did on the spot, but only if that is decoded as a means of gaining world attention and mobilizing national power. Mexico's Zapatistas, writes Castells, are ‘the first informational guerrillas’ to have made systematic use of the Internet and the new media as means towards their own political ends.112 Rondfeldt, for his part, speaks of ‘transnational netwar’, as a new prototype of social movements in the global information age which has been tried out in Mexico.113 The novelty in Mexico's political history was the turning of the question of who controls information against the political rulers, and this on the basis of alternative communications.

Revolution at Point Zero: Housework, Reproduction, and Feminist Struggle
by Silvia Federici
Published 4 Oct 2012

This has been a great loss, if only because this amnesia has created a world where the most basic questions about our existence—where our food comes from, whether it nourishes us or instead, poisons our bodies—remain unanswered and often unasked. This indifference to land among urban dwellers is coming to an end, however. Concern for the genetic engineering of agricultural crops and the ecological impact of the destruction of the tropical forests, together with the example offered by the struggles of indigenous people, such as the Zapatistas who have risen up in arms to oppose land privatization, have created a new awareness in Europe and North America about the importance of the “land question,” not long ago still identified as a “Third World” issue. As a result of this conceptual shift it is now recognized that land is not a largely irrelevant “factor of production” in modern capitalism.

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In a way, women are treated like commons and commons are treated like women. —Maria Mies and Veronica Benholdt-Thomsen, “Defending, Reclaiming, Reinventing the Commons” (1999) Reproduction precedes social production. Touch the women, touch the rock. —Peter Linebaugh, The Magna Carta Manifesto (2008) Introduction: Why Commons? At least since the Zapatistas, on December 31, 1993, took over the zócalo of San Cristóbal to protest legislation dissolving the ejidal lands of Mexico, the concept of the “commons” has gained popularity among the radical Left, internationally and in the United States, appearing as a ground of convergence among anarchists, Marxists/socialists, ecologists, and ecofeminists.1 There are important reasons why this apparently archaic idea has come to the center of political discussion in contemporary social movements.

The Rise of the Network Society
by Manuel Castells
Published 31 Aug 1996

Ultimately ARPANET, the network set up by the US Defense Department, became the foundation of a global, horizontal communication network of thousands of computer networks (comprising over 300 million users in 2000, up from less than 20 million in 1996, and growing fast) that has been appropriated for all kinds of purposes, quite removed from the concerns of an extinct Cold War, by individuals and groups around the world. Indeed, it was via the Internet that Subcomandante Marcos, the leader of Chiapas’ Zapatistas, communicated with the world, and with the media, from the depths of Lacandon forest. And the Internet played an instrumental role in the development of Falun Gong, the Chinese cult that challenged the Chinese Communist party in 1999, and in the organization and diffusion of the protest against the World Trade Organization in Seattle in December 1999.

…

Politics is also a growing area of utilization of CMC.108 On the one hand, e-mail is being used for mass diffusion of targeted political propaganda with the possibility of interaction. Electoral compaigns in all countries start their work by setting up their web sites. Politicians display their promises on their Internet home pages. Christian fundamentalist groups, the American militia in the US, and the Zapatistas in Mexico pioneered this political technology.109 On the other hand, local democracy is being enhanced through experiments in electronic citizen participation, such as the PEN program organized by the City of Santa Monica, California,110 through which citizens debate public issues and make their feelings known to the city government: a raging debate on homelessness (with electronic participation by the homeless themselves!)

…

España en el contexto mundial, Madrid: Fundesco. ——, Goh, Lee and Kwok, R.W.Y. (1990) The Shek Kip Mei Syndrome: Economic Development and Public Housing in Hong Kong and Singapore, London: Pion. ——, Yazawa, Shujiro and Kiselyova, Emma (1996) “Insurgents against the global order: a comparative analysis of Chiapas Zapatistas, American militia movement, and Aum Shinrikyo”, Berkeley Journal of Sociology. Castillo, Gregory (1994) “Henry Ford, Lenin, and the scientific organization of work in capitalist and soviet industrialization”, Berkeley, CA: University of California, Department of City and Regional Planning, seminar paper for CP 275, unpublished.

Who Are We—And Should It Matter in the 21st Century?
by Gary Younge
Published 27 Jun 2011

(In Hungary, the economic downturn coincided with a huge spike in attacks on the Roma and support for fascism.) These people seek not to redirect change but to halt it; not to reshape a meaningful future but to revert to a mythical past. This is by no means inevitable. There are groups, such as the Zapatistas (which organizes the Mexican Indian poor in the state of Chiapas, Mexico) or the Narmada Bachao Andolan (which has mobilized environmentalists, ethnic groups and farmers against the Sardar Sarovar dam in India), who locate their particular struggles within the broader context of anti-globalization and seek to create common cause across continents and ethnicities.

…

Socialism Song, David Sotomayor, Sonia South Africa apartheid (see Apartheid) South African Colored People’s Organization Soviet Jews Soviet Union Spain Stanton, Elizabeth Cady Steele, Michael Steinem, Gloria Steinitz, Yuval Stevenage Stevens, Sir John Stone, Judith Straw, Jack Streeck, Wolfgang Sudan Suffrage and Local Government Association Suffragettes Sullivan, Andrew Swaziland Taylor, Stuart Terrorism – Thatcher, Margaret Thiéry, Damien Thiran, Yves Thomas, Clarence Thomas, Ned Thurman, Judith Thurmond, Strom Tinney, Gary Tory Party (UK) Tralee Trotsky, Leon Truth, Sojourner Tutsi tribe Tutu, Desmond Twomey, Liam Ultra Beauty salon (Charleston, NC) United States 2008 presidential election black Americans , (see also African-Americans) black women Democratic Party judiciary in Latinos/Latinas (see Latinos/Latinas) mixed-race issues(see also Racial identity) Republican Party Voting Rights Act (1965) Veils Vercauteren, Pierre Victimhood Vonnegut, Kurt Voting Rights Act (US, 1965) Wallonia Weeder, Michael Wetherbee, Michael White, Walter Wilders, Geert Williams, Brian Williams, Fannie Barrier Williams, Raymond Winfrey, Oprah Wolcott, Harry Women’s Prisoners’ Dependents’ League Women’s Social and Progressive League Woods, Tiger Workers Revolutionary Party (WRP) Wright, Sue Yael (Danish woman) Yaqoob, Salma Young, Andrew Young Socialist Younge, Osceola Yugoslavia Zapatero, José Zapatistas Zieler, Christoffer Zimbabwe Zionism– Zoeller, Fuzzy Zovar, Zvi Gary Younge is a Guardian columnist and feature writer based in the US. In 2009 he was awarded the James Cameron prize for journalism for his reporting of the 2008 US presidential election. His books include Stranger in a Strange Land: Encounters in the Disunited States and No Place Like Home, shortlisted for the Guardian First Book Award.

Everything for Everyone: The Radical Tradition That Is Shaping the Next Economy
by Nathan Schneider
Published 10 Sep 2018

He turned his attention to larger injustices in his early twenties, when he read Erich Fromm’s diagnosis of materialist society and Henry David Thoreau’s call to disobedience. This was the late 1990s, high times for what is alternately called the global-justice or anti-globalization movement. The Zapatistas had set up autonomous zones in southern Mexico, and just weeks before Y2K, activists with limbs locked together and faces in masks shut down the World Trade Organization meeting in Seattle. According to Northeastern University anthropologist Jeffrey Juris, in Barcelona “Enric was at the center of organizing everything.”12 People called him el hombre conectado.

…

In the fatigue and frustration of it all, one could be forgiven for failing to appreciate the miracle that this many people, in an organization this size, were making detailed and consequential decisions by consensus. Assembly at Aurea Social. Over the minutiae, too, hung the looming prospect that whatever local decisions they made were part of a model for something bigger. During an argument about whether Zapatista coffee constituted a basic need, I noticed that a web developer in the assembly was quietly writing an encrypted email to Duran about changes to the FairCoin website, the public face of the CIC’s new, global stepchild. Most people there at least knew about it, but only a few were ready at this point to let it distract them from their particular projects.

Why It's Still Kicking Off Everywhere: The New Global Revolutions
by Paul Mason
Published 30 Sep 2013

They had a vague idea. I watched their eyes widen—sixty of them, cross-legged on the Jane Austen–era floorboards—as I explained the debates between Proudhon, Blanqui, Marx and Garibaldi in the years before 1871, scarcely needing to draw out the parallels with Climate Camp, the Black Bloc, Naomi Klein and the Zapatistas. Afterwards, a few of us wedged ourselves into the nearby Museum Tavern, where Marx had been a regular. There was @spitzenprodukte and @benvickers_, both art activists; @dougald—the inventor of the term ‘collapsonomics’; @digitalmaverick, a schoolteacher and ‘moodle evangelist’; and Tim, who’d dedicated his life to fighting for human rights in the Niger Delta.

…

I. 46 Len-len 193–96, 209 Liberal Democrats 43–44, 46 liberalizers 31 Libya 25, 31, 119; National Transitional Council 178 Life and Fate (Grossman) 129 Lilico, Andrew 121 link-shorteners 75 Linux 139–40 @littlemisswilde 41–42, 44, 45, 135–36, 138 living conditions, urban slums 196–99 London: anti-capitalist demonstrations 33; arrests 61–62; Day X, 24 November 2010 41–42, 46–48; the Dubstep Rebellion 48–52; Fortnum & Mason 60–61; HM Revenue and Customs building 51; Hyde Park 60; Millbank riot 42–44; Millbank Tower 43; Museum Tavern 1; National Gallery teach-in 53, 53–54; Oxford Circus 60; Palladium Theatre 51; Parliament Square 49, 51, 52–53; Piccadilly Circus 58; police–student confrontation 50–51; Regent Street 58; Ritz Hotel 60; Tate Modern 53; trade-union demonstration, March 2011 57–61; Trafalgar Square 47; Victoria Street 50; Victorinox 59 London School of Oriental and African Studies, occupation of 44–46 López, Fernando 166–67, 170 Lopez, Gina 200–2 Lopez Inc. 200–2 Loubere, Leo 174 Loukanikos (riot dog) 94, 96 L’Ouverture, Toussaint 149 LulzSec 151 McIntyre, Jody 51 McPherson, James 182 Madison, Wisconsin revolt 184–87 Madrid 33 Mahalla uprising, 2008 10, 71 Maher, Ahmed 83 Mahfouz, Asmaa, @AsmaaMahfouz 11, 177 Mahmoud (Zamalek Sporting Club ultra) 16–17 Makati, Manila 204–6 malnutrition 9 Mandelson, Peter 17, 26, 114 Manila 33; Estero de Paco 200–2; Estero de San Miguel 196–99; Makati 204–6; waterways 200–2 manipulated consciousness 29–30 Manufacturing Consent (Chomsky and Herman) 28–29 Mao Tse Tung 46 Marxism 141–45 Marx, Karl 46, 141–45, 174, 187, 188–89, 190, 192 Masai with a mobile, the 133–34 Masoud, Tarek 27 Masry Shebin El-Kom textile factory 22–23 mass culture 29–30 Matrix, The (film) 29 Meadows, Alfie 51 media, the 28–29 @mehri912 34 Meltdown (Mason) 31–32 memes 75, 150–52, 152 Merkel, Angela 96, 98, 99, 112 Michas, Takis 103 Middle East: balance of power 178; Facebook usage 135; failure of specialist to understand 25–27 Milburn, Alan 114 Miliband, Ed 58, 60, 188 Millbank riot 42–44 Millennium Challenge 2002 82–83 Miller, Henry 128 misery 209 mobile telephony 75–76, 133–34 modernism 28 mortgage-backed securities 106–8 Moses, Jonathan 48 Mousavi, Mir-Hossein 33–34 movement without a name 66 Mubarak, Alaa 17–18 Mubarak, Gamal 8, 10, 17–18, 26 Mubarak, Hosni 9, 10, 14, 15, 18–19, 19–20, 26, 31 Murdoch, Rupert 31, 106, 148–49 Muslim Brotherhood 21, 177 NAFTA 166–67 Napoleon III 172, 191 Nasser, Gamal Abdel 19 National Gallery teach-in 53, 53–54 nationalism 124 Native Americans 162, 163 Negri, Toni 42 Netanyahu, Binyamin 180 network animals 147 networked individualism 130, 130–33, 141 networked protests 81–82, 85 networked revolution, the 79–85; erosion of power relations 80–81; informal hierarchies 83; networked protests 81–82; network relationships 81; swarm tactics 82–83 network effect, the 2, 74–75, 77; erosion of power relations 80–81; strength 83; usefulness 84 network relationships 81 Nevins, Allan 182 New Journalism 3 News Corporation 148—49 News of the World 49; phone hacking scandal 61, 148–49 New Unrest, social roots of 65–66, 85; demographics of revolt 66–73; information tools 75–76; the networked revolution 79–85; organizational format 77–78; technology and 74–79; the urban poor 70–72 New York Times 170 1984 (Orwell) 30, 129 Nomadic Hive Manifesto, The 53–54 @norashalaby 13 North Africa: demographics of revolt 66; students and the urban poor 71 Obama, Barack 72, 116–18, 120, 122, 162, 167, 170, 180, 183, 187 OccupiedLondon blog 88–89 Occupy Wall Street movement, the 139, 144, 187, 210 Office for National Statistics 115 Ogden-Nussbaum, Anna, @eponymousthing 184 Oklahoma 153, 153–56 Oldouz84 36, 37 Olives, Monchet 202–4 online popularity 75 On the Jewish Question (Marx) 143 Open Source software 139–40 Operation Cast Lead 33 organizational format, changing forms of 77–78 Organisation of Labour, The (Blanc) 187 organized labour 71–72, 143 Ortiz, Roseangel 161 Orwell, George 30, 129, 208, 210 Owen, Robert 142 Palafox, Felino 204–5 Palamiotou, Anna 97 Palestine 25, 121, 179, 180 Palin, Sarah 181, 182 PAME (Greek trade union) 90 Papaconstantinou, George 91, 97 Papandreou, George 88, 96 Papayiannidis, Antonis 103 Paris 39; 1968 riots 46; revolution of 1848 171, 172 Paris Commune, the 1, 72–73, 84, 132 PASOK 89, 91, 98, 99 Paulson, Hank 110 Petrache, Ruben 203–4 Philippines: Calauan, Laguna Province 202–4; Estero de Paco, Manila 200–2; Estero de San Miguel, Manila 196–99, 205–6, 206–9; Gapan City 193–96; Makati, Manila 204–6; New People’s Army 203 Philippines Housing Development Corporation 198 philosophy 29 phone hacking scandal 61, 148–49 Picasso, Pablo 127, 128, 132 Pimco 170 Poland 172 police car protester (USA) 4 Policy Exchange think tank 55 political mainstream, youth disengagement from 89–90 popular culture 65, 176 Porter, Brett 154, 155, 156 Port Huron Statement, the 129–30, 145 Portugal 92, 112, 188 postmodernism 28 poverty 121–22, 210, 211 Powell, Walter 77 power, refusal to engage with 3 power relations, erosion of 80–81 Procter & Gamble 23 propaganda of the deed 62 property 48 property bubble collapse 106–8 protectionism 124 protest, changing forms of 54–57 pro-Western dictators, support for 31 Prussia 191 Puente 165 Putnam, Robert 134 Quantitative Easing II 120–23 radicalization 33, 37, 47–48 radical journalists 149 Ramírez, Leticia 165 Real Estate Tax Authority Workers (Egypt) 19 Really Free School, the 1–2 @rebeldog_ath 96 reciprocity 77 Reed Elsevier 146 Reider, Dimi 179 Research and Destroy group 38–39 revolt, demographics of 66, 66–73 revolutionary wave 65 revolution, definition 79–80 revolutions: 1848 171–73, 173–75, 191, 192; 1917 173; 1968 173; 1989 173 Reynalds, Jeremy 159–60, 162–63 rice crops 195 Riches, Jessica, @littlemisswilde 41–42, 44, 45, 135–36, 138 Rimbaud, Arthur 132 River Warriors 201 Roads to Freedom (Sartre) 129 Road to Wigan Pier, The (Orwell) 208 Romer, Christina 117 Roosevelt, Franklin D. 169–70 Rove, Karl 30–31, 32 Rowan, Rory 54 Said, Edward 26–27 Said, Khaled 11, 148 @Sandmonkey 13 Sandra (Joy Junction resident) 160 Santa Cruz, University of California 37–39 Sarkozy, Nicolas 91–92, 98 @sarrahsworld 11–12, 14, 135 Sartre, Jean-Paul 129 Saudi Arabia 121 savings, and investment 107 Savio, Mario 4 SB1070 (USA) 164, 165–66, 166–67 self-esteem, and consumption 80–81 self-interest 111 self-reliance 68 self, the, social networks impact on 136–38 Sennett, Richard 68, 80–81, 131 Sentimental Education (Flaubert) 171 el-Shaar, Mahmoud 22 Shafiq, Mohammed 20–22 Shalit, Gilad 179 shared community 84 Sharp, Gene 83 Sharpton, Al 184 Shirky, Clay 138, 139, 140, 146 Sinclair, Cameron 199, 208 Sioras, Dr Ilias 90–91 Situationist movement 46–47 Situationist Taliban 1 slum-dwellers 68; numbers 198 social capital 134 social democracy 145 social housing 199 Socialist International 19–20 social justice 177, 191, 192, 209, 210 social media 7, 74–75, 77; collective mental arena 137; lack of control 37; power of 34–35; role of 56; and the spread of ideas 151 social micro-history 173 social networks 77, 82; impact of 147; impact on activism 138–41; and the self 136–38 social-republicanism 187 solidaristic slum, the 207 Solidarity 42 ‘Solidarity Forever’ (song) 42 Soviet Union 28 Spain 66, 104, 105, 188 Spanish Civil War 209–10 species-being 143 @spitzenprodukte (art activist) 1 spontaneous horizontalists 44–46 spontaneous replication 55 Starbucks Kids 79 Steinbeck, John 153, 155, 159, 163, 164, 169 Stephenson, Paul 52 Stiglitz, Joseph 118 Strategy Guide (Sharp) 83 Strauss-Kahn, Dominique 188 strongman threat, the 177–78 student occupations 37–39, 44–46, 53, 53–54 students: economic attack on 38; expectations 67–68; population 70 Sudan 25 Suez Canal Port Authority 19 Supreme Council of the Armed Forces (SCAF) (Egypt) 18, 20 surveillance 148 swarm tactics 82–83 swine flu epidemic 9 Switzerland 123 syndicalism 175–76 synthesis, lack of 57 Syria 25 tactics 54–57 Tahrir Square, Cairo 6, 69, 89, 139; chants 191, 211; Day of Rage, 28 May 15–17; demonstration, 25 January 10–14; numbers 13; Twitter feeds 13; volunteer medics 20–22 Taine, Hippolyte 73 Tantawi, General 19 Tarnac Nine, the 189 Tea Party, the 117–18, 124–25, 180–81 tear gas 93–94, 100–1 technology 65, 66, 74–79, 85, 133–36, 138–39; and the 1848 revolutions 173–74 Tehran, Twitter Revolution 34–37 teleology 131, 152 Tent City jail, Arizona 164–67 Territorial Support Group 50 Thatcher, Margaret 106 @3arabawy 10, 22, 71 Third Way, the 31 Time magazine 36 Tim (human rights activist) 1–2 Tim (Joy Junction resident) 160 Tocqueville, Alexis de 192 totalitarianism 147–48 toxic debt 110–11 trade wars 122, 124–25 transnational culture 69 Transparency International 119 Trichet, Jean-Claude 112 Truman Show, The (film) 29 trust 57 Tunisia: Army 178; economic growth 119; inflation 121; organized workforce 72; revolution 10, 11, 25–26; unemployment 119 Turkle, Sherry 136 Twitpic 75 Twitter and tweets 3, 74, 137–38; #wiunion 184, 185; @Ghonim 13; @mehri912 34; @norashalaby 13; @rebeldog_ath 96; @Sandmonkey 13; Egyptian revolution 13, 14; importance of 135–36; Iranian revolution and 33–37; Madison, Wisconsin revolt 184; news dissemination 75; real-time organization 75; reciprocity 77; user numbers 135; virtual meetings 45 Twitter Revolution, Iran 33–37, 78, 178 Ukraine 177–78 UK Uncut 54–57, 58, 61 ultra-social relations 138 unemployment: America 159–63; Egypt 119; Spain 105; Tunisia 119; youth 66, 105, 119–20 UN-Habitat 199 Unison 57 United Nations, The Challenge of Slums 198–99 United States of America: agriculture 154–56; Albuquerque 159, 159–63; Arizona 164–67, 183; armed struggle 181–83; Bakersfield, California 168–70; budget cuts 156, 161, 167, 170; California 168–70; campus revolts, 1964 4; Canadian River 159; cattle prices 156; collapse of bipartisan politics 116–19; culture wars 179, 180–84; current-account deficit 107; debt 118; deportations 166; devaluation 123; Dodd–Frank Act 167; the Dust Bowl 154–55; economic decline 183–84; economic growth 170; Federal budget 156, 161; fiscal management 183; fiscal stimulus 117–18; fruit pickers 169; hamburger trade 156; healthcare bill 180, 183; homeless children 160; homelessness 159–63; Indiana 116–17, 125; Interstate 40 157, 170; job market 161; Joy Junction, Albuquerque 159–63; Madison, Wisconsin revolt 184–87; minimum wage workers 158; the Mogollon Rim 163; motels 157–58, 162–63; the New Deal 169–70; Oklahoma 153, 153–56; Phoenix, Arizona 164–67; police car protester 4; political breakdown, 1850s 182–83; property bubble 106–8; Quantitative Easing II 120–23; radical blogosphere 184; the religious right 118; repossessions 168; Route 66 157–59; San Joaquin valley 169; SB1070 164, 165–66, 166–67; State Department 178; states’ rights 183; student occupation movement 37–39; the Tea Party 117–18, 124–25, 180–81, 186; Tent City jail, Arizona 164–67; Tucson, Arizona 182; undocumented migrants 164–67; unemployment 159–63; wages 108; war spending 162; welfare benefits 162, 170 Unite Union 55 university fees 44, 47, 50, 54 urban poor 70–72 urban slums 191; Calauan, Laguna Province 202–4; clearance policies 198–99; education levels 207; Estero de Paco, Manila 200–2; Estero de San Miguel, Manila 196–99, 205–6, 206–9; Gapan City, Philippines 193–96; improvement policies 199, 205–6; internet access 207; labour force 208; living conditions 196–99; Moqattam, Cairo 6–10; population numbers 198 Vail, Theodore 74 Vanderboegh, Mike 181 Van Riper, Lieutenant General Paul 82 Venizelos, Evangelos 97–98 Vietnam War 129 virtual meetings 45 virtual societies 134 Vodafone 54–55 Vradis, Antonis 87–89 wages 108, 112 Walker, Scott 184 Walorski, Jackie 116–17 Walt, Stephen M. 26 war, threat of 178 Warwick University, Economics Conference 67–68 Washington Times 35 Wasim (Masry Shebin El-Kom delegate) 23 water supplies 194 wave creation 78 wealth, monopolization of 108 We Are Social 148 Weeks, Lin, @weeks89 184 Wellman, Barry 130 Wertheim, Margaret 136 White House, the 92 ‘Why the Tunisian revolution won’t spread’ (Walt) 26 WikiLeaks 140 Wikipedia 46, 140 wikis 140–41 #wiunion 184, 185 Wobblies 176 Women’s liberation 132 Woods, Alan 33 Woollard, Edward 43 working class 68, 71–72, 79–80, 145; culture 72; revolutions, 1848 172–73 World of Yesterday, The (Zweig) 128 World Trade Organization 122 Yemen 25, 119, 121 youth 68; alienation 62; British 41–42, 44, 53–54; culture 70; disconnected 190; disengagement from political mainstream 89–90; radicalization 33, 37, 47–48; unemployment 66, 119–20 YouTube 75; Egyptian revolution on 11, 14, 15; Iranian revolution on 34, 35 Zamalek Sporting Club, ultras 16–17 Zapatistas 1 Zekry, Musa 5–6, 7, 23–24 Zola, Emil 191 Zweig, Stefan 128, 132–33, 152, 176 Copyright This revised and updated second edition first published by Verso 2013 First published by Verso 2012 © Paul Mason 2012, 2013 All rights reserved The moral rights of the author have been asserted Verso UK: 6 Meard Street, London W1F 0EG US: 20 Jay Street, Suite 1010, Brooklyn, NY 11201 www.versobooks.com Verso is the imprint of New Left Books ISBN: 978-1-781-68245-6 (e-book) British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress Typeset in Fournier by MJ Gavan, Truro, Cornwall Printed by ScandBook AB, Sweden

Coding Freedom: The Ethics and Aesthetics of Hacking
by E. Gabriella Coleman
Published 25 Nov 2012

Alternatives to Capitalism: IMCs Also bearing a three-letter acronym, the IMC once represented the vibrant epicenter of a grassroots, people-based digital media journalism, whose mission and spirit could not be more antithetical to the goals of a corporate mammoth like IBM.11 A worldwide volunteer collective of loosely affiliated grassroots media Web sites and centers, IMC activists make and disseminate locally generated media using various Web applications and tools. Indymedia emerged out of historic struggles against corporate neoliberal globalism policies. In the mid- to late 1990s, opposition against corporate globalization began to take shape among various groups across the globe. Ya Basta!, the Direct Action Network, and the Zapatista National Liberation Army were notable players, while the World Trade Organization protests in the streets of Seattle on November 30, 1999, registered a potent, distilled version of this dissent in an area of the world where spectacular street demonstrations had been in extended hibernation. Aware that the mainstream media would rarely report on these denunciations by diverse constituents (or would distort and sensationalize the protests), local activists decided to self-disseminate the news and thus established the first IMC (Anderson 2012; Pickard 2006) Politically minded geeks who were bred during the era of cheaper personal computers, homeschooled programming, and virtual interactions chose to use or write free software for the technical components of the IMCs.

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See also face-to-face interaction Wall, Larry, 97 warez, 26, 30, 213n2 War Games, 30 Warner, Michael, 44, 59, 60, 179, 190, 204 Web 2.0, 20, 207–9, 212n9 Welsh, Matt, 13 Wikipedia, 83, 207, 208, 209 Windows, 36, 80, 170 Wired, 77, 78, 80, 204 World Social Forum, 188 World Trade Organization, 21, 72, 193 xkcd, 11, 12, 58 Ya Basta!, 193 Young, Bob, 131 Zapatista National Liberation Army, 193 Zatko, Peiter, 103 Zawinski, Jaime, 101

Smart Mobs: The Next Social Revolution
by Howard Rheingold
Published 24 Dec 2011

Individual members of each group remained dispersed until mobile communications drew them to converge on a specific location from all directions simultaneously, in coordination with other groups. Manila, Seattle, San Francisco, Senegal, and Britain were sites of nonviolent political swarming. Arquilla and Ron-feldt cited the nongovernmental organizations associated with the Zapatista movement in Mexico, which mobilized world opinion in support of Indian peasants, and the Nobel Prizewinning effort to enact an anti-landmine treaty as examples of nonviolent netwar actions. Armed and violent swarms are another matter. The Chechen rebels in Russia, soccer hooligans in Britain, and the FARC guerrillas in Colombia also have used netwar strategy and swarming tactics.20 The U.S. military is in the forefront of smart mob technology development.

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(Winner) Wheeler, William Morton When Things Start to Think (Gershenfeld) Whiteboard Whole Earth Review "Why Gossip Is Good For You" (Dunbar) Wiener, Norbert WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) standard and Bluetooth and open-spectrum advocates Wilkinson, Gerald Williams, George Wilson, David Sloan Winamp Windows CE (Microsoft) Winner, Langdon Wired, Wired News, Wireless networks and Bluetooth and frequency hopping interference problems with new electronic frontiers for and open-spectrum advocates regulation of WiFi (IEEE 802.11b) standard for and wireless quilts and wireless freenets WirelessAnarchy WISnet Woodland, Norman WorldBoard infrastructure World Trade Center attack (2001) See also Terrorism World War II World Wide Web: advent of browsers and reputation systems See also Internet Web sites (listed by name) Worms Wright, Robert Wrist watches Writing, invention of WTO (World Trade Organization) Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center) Huberman at and threshold models Xinhua News Agency Xybernaut Yahoo! Web site Yale Law School Yale University Yttri, Birgette Zapatista movement Zeckenhauser, Richard Zero-sum games See also Non- zero-sum games Zillas Zimmerman, Tom

Border and Rule: Global Migration, Capitalism, and the Rise of Racist Nationalism
by Harsha Walia
Published 9 Feb 2021

By the year 2000, more than 1.6 million workers toiled in four thousand maquiladoras, 90 percent of which were US-owned, and set the de facto wage floor for manufacturing across the continent.58 Seven hundred thousand jobs, particularly unionized manufacturing ones, were lost in the US, with Black workers in Detroit hit especially hard.59 Kate Bronfenbrenner has found that 10 percent of employers in the US threatened to move operations to Mexico in response to union drives.60 As William Robinson notes, “National trade statistics conceal the transnational essence of the new global economy, and with it, the transnational class relations behind much contemporary international political dynamics.”61 The day that NAFTA passed, the Zapatistas declared the agreement “a death sentence to the Indigenous ethnicities of Mexico,” rising up in armed rebellion and spurring the rise of the global justice movement of the late 1990s. Indeed, since NAFTA’s implementation, tens of thousands of migrants from Mexico are Indigenous Maya, Mixtec, and Zapotec.62 Before NAFTA, Indigenous people made up 7 percent of migrants from Mexico, but a decade later, they constituted 29 percent.63 Overall, there were 4.5 million Mexican migrants in the US in 1990, a figure that nearly tripled by 2008 to 12.67 million, including 7 million undocumented migrants.64 This displacement crisis was a foreseen, rather than an unintended, consequence.

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See also Customs and Border Protection arrests by, 39, 68 Department of Homeland Security and, 55 Department of Labor and, 35 formation of, 33 US Border Patrol Tactical Unit, 3 US–Canada Safe Third Country Agreement, 88–89 US-Canadian border, 34, 57, 89 US Green Berets, 39 US Marine Corps, 180 US Marshals Service, 81 US-Mexico border, 3, 46 asylum and, 20 Black movement over, 29 detention at, 19, 33, 44, 52, 90–91 drones and, 55, 77 formation of, 19, 21–23, 36 maquiladoras and, 63 Tohono O’odham land and, 77–78 US Strategy for Engagement in Central America, 89 US Sugar Company, 135 US Supreme Court, 24, 28, 32 Utah, 23 V Valeria, Angie, 2, 19 Valletta Summit, 109, 121 Vancouver, 1 Verma, Gita Dewan, 67 Vial refugee camp, 114 Victorian Act, 96 Viennese Citizen’s Initiatives, 185 Viet Cong, 47 Vietnam, 119, 136 Vietnam War, 37, 39–41, 44, 47 Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act, 53 Vishwa Hindu Parishad, 175 Vogl, Anthea, 98 Vox, 183 Vucjak refugee camp, 116 W Wackenhut, 55 Waiãapi, Emyra, 181 Walcott, Rinaldo, 28, 159 Walmart, 61 Wang, Jackie, 82 Warsaw, 185 Washington, 135 Washington Consensus, 64 West Bank, 57, 69, 172, 177 Western Hemisphere Institute for Security Cooperation, 45 West Sahel Project, 112 Wet’suwet’en movement, 210 White Australia, 4, 92, 95, 96, 98, 100, 102, 104 White, Ralston, 156 Whole Foods, 201, 214 Wilders, Geert, 187 Wilderson, Frank, 30 Wilson, Woodrow, 33 Wolfe, Patrick, 25 Women in Migration Network, 145 Woods, Clyde, 45 Woods, Tryon P., 126 Woomera detention center, 102–103 Workingmen’s Party of California, 204 World Anti-Communist League, 41 World Bank, 49, 62–65, 70, 143–144 World Cup, 152 World Health Organization, 10 World War I, 132 World War II, 21, 35, 132, 134, 164 Wyoming, 23 Y Yapu, David, 94 Yaqui people, 25 Yemen, 55, 60, 121, 149, 151 Yugoslavia, 133 Z Zaghawa people, 94 Zambia, 71 Zapatistas, 51 Zapotec people, 51 Zara, 61 Zelaya, José Manuel, 45 Zimbabwe, 214 Zionism, 171–178, 175, 201, 209 Zuboff, Shoshana, 80 About the Author Harsha Walia is the award-winning author of Undoing Border Imperialism (2013). Trained in the law, she has been a community organizer in migrant justice, anticapitalist, feminist, abolitionist and anti-imperialist movements, including No One Is Illegal, for two decades.

American Foundations: An Investigative History
by Mark Dowie
Published 3 Oct 2009

Most, led by landless peasants against wealthy landowners, concerned wages, tenure, crop share, and land distribution .2 "One bad agricultural season could lead to an explosive situation in the rural areas," warned the home ministry in 1969.28 That happened in the Punjab, where by the late 1980s fifteen thousand people had lost their lives in a much larger, protracted insurrection. More recent Zapatista uprisings in Chiapas, Mexico, appear to have had similar roots, as they were instigated by subsistence farmers unable to compete with large-scale corporate agriculture. A 1995 retrospective review of more than three hundred research studies of the Green Revolution published over thirty years found that 80 percent of the researchers who had investigated the matter found increased economic inequity.29 Even researchers favorable to the revolution, including many whose work was funded by the Rockefeller and Ford foundations, found economic imbalance to be a problem, although they tended to downplay its significance.

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(Gates's contributions would eventually surpass even those of the Wellcome Trust of England to create the largest foundation endowment in the world.) Finn illustrates his argument with a random sampling of four- and fivefigure grants from the Ford and Rockefeller foundations for projects that "provide an ongoing discussion of gender sexuality and the justice system," fund "a web site about the Zapatista uprising in Chiapas, Mexico," support "a community conference on environmental racism," underwrite "a documentary about women's' sexual awareness and self-esteem," and assemble "an interactive installation based on an Iroquois prayer." Finn does not point out that the combined grants for all these projects barely equal the travel budget of Finn's employer, the Hudson Institute; nor do they represent the central mission of either Ford or Rockefeller.

Paint Your Town Red
by Matthew Brown
Published 14 Jun 2021

Plausible proposals for worker-ownership underpinned the 1976 Lucas Plan, developed by British workers facing redundancy in order to save jobs by converting their company from arms manufacture to making sustainable and socially useful products. 2019 saw a more recent iteration of this by the workers of Belfast’s Harland & Wolff shipyard. In the 1990s, Tower Colliery in South Wales was successfully bought out and run by its workers.7 In Chiapas, Mexico, over almost three decades, the Zapatista movement has developed autonomous government and collective social arrangements, including schools and clinics, funded through earnings from cooperatives and land collectives. More recently, in Rojava in northern Syria, the Kurdish people have implemented a project of autonomous collective government which, like Chiapas, integrates localised democracy with attention to environmental sustainability and women’s rights.

Vertical: The City From Satellites to Bunkers
by Stephen Graham
Published 8 Nov 2016

They therefore work to shape political and social thought before any deliberate logical reasoning comes into play.50 Vertical metaphors are also widely invoked in leftist strategies to build more egalitarian and less elitist societies. Challenging conservative and elitist ideologies which naturalise deepening ‘vertical’ hierarchies, social movements from the 1994 efforts of the Zapatistas in Mexico, the post-collapse mobilisations in Argentina in 2001 and the 2011 Occupy protests commonly invoke concepts of political and social horizontalism. Such ideas reject the violent verticalisation inherent in neoliberalisation and the rampant commodification of all means of life. They insist, instead, on ‘horizontal’, collaborative and autonomous social organisation of services, care, education, land development, production and infrastructure through locally organised democratic organisations.51 In Spanish, such movements are captured by the concept of horizontalidad (‘horizontalism’).

…

, 95–6 Wood, Anthony, 239, 241 Woolworth Building, 134, 158 World Cup, xiii, 124, 126, 270 World Health Organization (WHO), 252–3, 256 World Trade Center, 60n24, 143, 155–6, 156–7n22, 168–70, 172–3, 211, 241, 293, 310–2, 311 World War II, 57, 62, 65, 66n40, 222, 273, 304, 340, 355, 357 Wyly, Elvin, 193 Yamasaki, Minoru, 155, 172–3 Yeang, Ken, 238n51 Yemen, 73 Yongsan, 240–1 York, England, 284 Young, Liam, 375–6 Yousef, Ramzi, 170 Zambia, 381n44 Zapatistas, 21 Zimbabwe, 46 Zinn, Howard, 62–3 Zionist colonisers, 294 Zionist Israel, 295 Zokwana, Senzeni, 386 Zoran Island, 301 Zurita, Raúl, 50

On Anarchism
by Noam Chomsky
Published 4 Nov 2013

All of this, along with stories of past trauma, made their way out into the light over the course of our ten-day trip. “I think I would call myself an anarchist,” one admitted. Then another jumped into the space this created: “Yeah, totally.” Basic agreement about various ideologies and idioms ensued—ableism, gender queerness, Zapatistas, black blocs, borders. The students took their near unison as an almost incalculable coincidence, though it was no such thing. This was the fall of 2012, just after the one-year anniversary of Occupy Wall Street. A new generation of radicals had experienced a moment in the limelight and a sense of possibility—and had little clear idea about what to do next.

Cities Under Siege: The New Military Urbanism
by Stephen Graham
Published 30 Oct 2009

In this sense, all are imagined as combatants and all terrain the site of battle.’87 In the case of the United States, for example, this process allows the nation’s military to overcome traditional legal obstacles to deployment within the nation itself.88 As a consequence, the US military’s PowerPoint presentations talk of urban operations in Mogadishu, Fallujah or Jenin in the same breath as those during the Los Angeles riots, the anti-globalization confrontations in Seattle or Genoa, or the devastation of New Orleans by Hurricane Katrina. Such a paradigm permits a host of transnational campaigns and movements – for social justice or ecological sustainability, against state oppression or the devastating effects of market fundamentalism – to be rendered as forms of ‘netwar’, in effect turning the ideas of the Zapatistas into the equivalent of the radical and murderous Islamism of al-Qaeda.89 Finally, this blurring means that the militarization and walling of national borders, such as that between the US and Mexico, not only involve the same techniques and technologies as the walling-off of neighbourhoods in Baghdad or Gaza, but sometimes actually involve lucrative contracts being awarded to the same military and technology corporations.

…

R., 186 n.10 Winer, Sam, 224 n.136 Winnefeled, James, 201 n.55 Winner, Langdon, 299 Wired, 190–91, 215 The Wire (TV), 43 WMDs, 232 Wolf, Naomi, 149 Wolfowitz, Paul, 335 Woltering, Robbert, 41 n.28 Wood, David Murakami, 21 n.85, 121 n.118, 147, 295 n.125, 296 n.128 Woodward, Rachel, 60 n.2 World Bank, 5–6, 121, 341–42 World City Network, 133 World Cup, 125, 148 World Economic Forum, 121, 122 World Health Organization (WHO), 290 World Trade Center, 41, 82, 105, 232, 267, 344 Wright, Andrew, 271 n.24 Wright, Ann, 338 Wright, Bruce, 291 Wright, Chris, 4 n.8 Wright, Michael Ian, 372, 373 Wright, Stephen, 374 n.66, 394 n.97 WTO, 374 xenophobia, 24, 205, 348 Xiangsui, Wang, 295 Yodaville. See urban warfare, training cities Young, Jock, 94n.28, 95n.35, 102, 107n.68 YouTube, xiv, 189, 221, 324 Zaat, Kristen, 289 n.98 Zais, Mitchell M., 129 n.142 Zapatistas, 22 Zeitoun, Mark, 285 Zelikow, Philip, 232 zero tolerance, 23, 102 Ziegler, Jean, 344 Zimmerman, Patricia, 350–51, 364, 365 n.43 Zionism, 227 Zulaika, Joseba, 39 n.17, 40 Zureik, Elia, 99 n.45 Zussman. See urban warfare, training cities

Yucatan: Cancun & Cozumel
by Bruce Conord and June Conord
Published 31 Aug 2000

It is still possible, however, to venture into villages where not a word of Spanish is spoken by many adults, even though Spanish language is now required in school. Although found in every corner of Mundo Maya, the majority of Mexico’s indigenous population is concentrated in the Yucatán Peninsula, Chiapas and the Guatemalan highlands. On New Year’s Day, 1994, Maya in the highlands of Chiapas (calling themselves, Zapatistas, after the revolutionary hero, Emiliano Zapata) led an effective and deadly series of armed attacks against the Mexican government. Although their grievances are long founded, the revolt was ignited by the prospect of further economic hardships as a result of the NAFTA Treaty, a free trade agreement signed among Mexico, the US and Canada.

…

. ~ Jonathan Raban, British scholar and author T he ride into Tabasco and Chiapas from Escárcega is a long (216 km/135 miles) but straight foray past what’s left of the jungle, cleared for cattle ranching by slash-and-burn technique. As you come into Tabasco the vegetation becomes more lush and verdant; it is still hot and humid here. The troubles of Chiapas, namely the Zapatista upheaval, have not affected the area around Palenque and the road from Escárcega is secure. The underlying problems, however, remain – abject poverty as well as a justifiable distrust of the military and judicial system – along with its associated tension. In spite of that, Chiapas’ natural beauty attracted nearly a half-million foreign visitors (including us) in 1999.

Second World: Empires and Influence in the New Global Order
by Parag Khanna
Published 4 Mar 2008

* * * CHAPTER 15 MEXICO: THE UMBILICAL CORD THE NORTH AMERICAN Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA) was supposed to propel Mexico into the first world, but on the day it went into effect, January 1, 1994, the Zapatista National Liberation Army (EZLN) began an all-out insurgency to draw attention to the plight of marginalized farmers, seizing four southern municipalities and assassinating two top leaders of the governing PRI Party. President Carlos Salinas responded by unleashing a brutal crackdown against the Zapatistas and thousands of their peasant supporters. “Mexico was revealed as more third-world than first,” remarked one journalist. Both Mexico and America will continue to suffer until they find better ways to pull Mexico out of the second world.

City Squares: Eighteen Writers on the Spirit and Significance of Squares Around the World
by Catie Marron
Published 11 Apr 2016

It’s a wonderful monument, and every time I pass the group, I marvel that the lifelike figures do not have eyes that see; that they have not been watching us, their descendants, as the years and decades float by, open-eyed and openmouthed in wonder now at the insane city where we live out our riotous lives, and at the great public square where we all still sometimes dance together, their battered ghosts and us. THOMAS HOEKPER Magnum Photos, Zapatista protest, Zócalo, Mexico City, 1995 CHRISTOPHER CHURCHILL HARVARD SQUARE, BOSTON: A CITY CHANGES, ITS HEART ENDURES Ann Beattie ONE THING YOU WILL NOTICE EVENTUALLY, IF NOT IMMEDIATELY, is Harvard Square’s flatness—whereas Boston is a city of hills. There seems no inherently representative angle from which to take a definitive photograph, as the square actually isn’t square at all.

The Coffee Book: Anatomy of an Industry From Crop to the Last Drop
by Gregory Dicum and Nina Luttinger
Published 1 Jan 1999

This economic body blow combined with political instability and World Bank structural adjustment demands (which included an end to the Equalization Fund with which the government bought coffee from growers, an end to agricultural supports, and currency devaluation) helped push the country over the brink into the bloody meltdown of 1994. Half a million people were slaughtered and a quarter of the population became refugees. Value of World Green Coffee Exports Source: FAO Similarly, the 1994 Zapatista rebellion in Mexico included many coffee farmers, for whom low prices were the final indignity in decades of neglect enlivened by periodic exploitation. Indigenous farmers in the poorest parts of the country produced 60 percent of Mexico’s coffee. In 2002, at the height of the Coffee Crisis, these farmers were only able to earn back about a third of the dollar it cost them to produce a pound of high-quality green arabica.

Bureaucracy
by David Graeber
Published 3 Feb 2015

But I don’t think that left-wing ideas always and necessarily create bureaucracy in the same way. Indeed, insurrectionary moments usually begin by eliminating existing bureaucratic structures entirely, and while these structures often creep back, they only do when the revolutionaries begin to operate through government: when they manage to maintain autonomous enclaves like, say, the Zapatistas, this does not take place. 70. I use the word “ontology” with some hesitation because as a philosophical term, it has recently undergone a great deal of abuse. Technically, ontology is theory about the nature of reality, as opposed to epistemology, which is theory about what we can know about reality.

The Twittering Machine
by Richard Seymour
Published 20 Aug 2019

They attempted new model communes, prefiguring a more democratic and egalitarian social order – although with little agreement as to what that might actually mean. Indeed, the absence of agreement was regarded as a virtue. They emphasized consensus over ideology, in the spirit of 1990s anti-capitalism and the Zapatista ethos: ‘Many Yeses, One No’. Organizationally, these protests looked very little like Tahrir Square. In some cases, the #Occupy brand and repertoire was worked into an existing social movement with its own tactics and traditions, as in Spain and Greece. But most of the time, #Occupy involved small groups of experienced activists setting up camp and relying on digital connections to attract otherwise scattered, disconnected participants.

Cape Town After Apartheid: Crime and Governance in the Divided City
by Tony Roshan Samara
Published 12 Jun 2011

It was only in the 1990s that these and other issues not traditionally viewed as security issues were successfully pushed onto the international security agenda, primarily by intellectuals and activists from the Third World, feminists, and development-oriented nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) associated with the human security movement.13 In 1994 the United Nations Human Development Report provided the first detailed and systemic approach to human security, and although change was occurring in more traditional venues as well, it was here that the challenge to the so-called realist school of geopolitics emerged onto the world stage.14 In addition to challenging prevailing conceptions of security at the highest levels of international politics, the UN report pushed the critique Introduction╇ ·â•‡ 9 further by contradicting the received wisdom from realist circles that security is both separate from and must precede development, while the Zapatistas and the antiglobalization movements propelled the debate forward from below. Since September 2001, however, the United States has led the charge to reassert a more traditional approach to security; development remains on the global agenda to an extent that was absent during the Cold War but tightly bound to—and to some extent defined by—this older approach.

This Is Your Country on Drugs: The Secret History of Getting High in America
by Ryan Grim
Published 7 Jul 2009

“We were prohibited from discussing the effects of NAFTA as it related to narcotics trafficking, yes,” Phil Jordan, who had been one of the Drug Enforcement Administration’s leading authorities on Mexican drug organizations, told ABC News reporter Brian Ross four years after the deal had gone through. “For the godfathers of the drug trade in Columbia and Mexico, this was a deal made in narco heaven.” The agreement squeaked through Congress in late 1993 and went into effect January 1, 1994, the same day that the Zapatistas rose up in southeast Mexico. With its passage, more than two million trucks began flowing northward across the border annually. Only a small fraction of them were inspected for cocaine, heroin, or meth. In a 1999 report, the White House estimated that commercial vehicles brought roughly 100 tons of cocaine into the country across the Mexican border in 1993.

This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein
Published 15 Sep 2014

What is needed, writes Bolivian environmentalist Patricia Molina, is a new definition of development, “so that the goal is the elimination of poverty, and not of the poor.”47 This critique represents more than just the push and pull of politics; it is a fundamental shift in the way an increasingly large and vocal political constituency views the goal of economic activity and the meaning of development. Space is opening up for a growing influence of Indigenous thought on new generations of activists, beginning, most significantly, with Mexico’s Zapatista uprising in 1994, and continuing, as we will see, with the important leadership role that Indigenous land-rights movements are playing in pivotal anti-extraction struggles in North America, Latin America, Australia, and New Zealand. In part through these struggles, non-Indigenous progressive movements are being exposed to worldviews based on relationships of reciprocity and interconnection with the natural world that are the antithesis of extractivism.

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(Werner), 449–50 Ishpingo oil field, 410 island states, low-lying, 12 Istanbul, 23, 157 Italy, 65, 154, 225 Ithaca, N.Y., 316–17 Ithaca College, 317 Jackson, Tim, 93 Jackson, Wes, 438, 439–40, 446 Jacobin, 94 Jacobson, Mark Z., 101, 102, 137, 214–15 Jacques, Peter, 38 Jakarta, 223 James, Jewell Praying Wolf, 323 Japan, 68, 69 Jawaharlal Nehru National Solar Mission, 65 Jevons, William Stanley, 29 job creation, 70, 93, 118, 121, 126–28, 141, 154, 237–38 Johnson, Lyndon B., 73, 261 Jonah Field, 215 Jones, Mary Harris “Mother,” 367 Jones, Van, 156 Jordan, John, 405 Jost, John T., 57 Journal of Geophysical Research, 270 JP Morgan, 215 Juhasz, Antonia, 111–12 Kaczynski, Ted, 41–42 Kahan, Dan, 36–37, 56–57 Kaiama, Nigeria, 307 Kaiama Declaration, 307–8 Kakarapalli, India, 350 Kalamazoo River, 331, 338 Karoo, South Africa, 347 Kartha, Sivan, 388, 465 Kasser, Tim, 60 Katmai eruption (1912), 273–74 Katrina, Hurricane, 4, 9, 47n, 105, 407, 465 Kearl open-pit mine, 145, 147 Keeter, Scott, 35 Keith, David, 247, 254, 263, 268, 269, 275, 280, 281 Kennedy, Robert, Jr., 356n Kenya, 109, 202 Kernza, 440 Kerry, John, 34, 225 Keynes, John Maynard, 178 Keynesianism, 38, 75, 125 growth and, 178 Keystone XL pipeline, 139–41, 149, 197, 205, 237, 245, 302–3, 312 campaign against, 301–3, 304, 318, 323–24, 359, 403 eminent domain laws and, 361 Indigenous land rights violated by, 375 landowner suits against, 313, 361 Ogallala Aquifer route of, 346 Khor, Martin, 77 Kibale National Park, 222 Kilimanjaro Energy, 247 killifish, BP oil spill and, 432 Kinder Morgan, 217 King, Jeff, 395, 396 King, Lucas, 397 King, Martin Luther, Jr., 449, 453 Kintisch, Eli, 263 Kitimat, Canada, 302 Kivalina, 112 Klare, Michael T., 320 Klaus, Václav, 42–43 Klein, Naomi (author): ecological despair of, 419–20 fertility crisis of, 420–25, 427, 436–37, 441–42 pregnancy and childbirth of, 419, 440, 448 Kliegerman, Stephen G., 51 Knight, Alan, 246, 252–53 Koch, Charles and David, 44, 45, 227 Koch Industries, 44 Koenig, Kevin, 411 Koonin, Steven, 282 Krupp, Fred, 191, 207–8, 226–29, 356n Kyoto Protocol, 69, 76, 77, 79, 150, 165, 218–19 labor, 176, 177 cheap, 81–83 cooperative, 122–23 in Industrial Revolution, 171 public sector, 157 labor movement, see trade unions Laboucan-Massimo, Melina, 322 Labrador, 348 Lac-Mégantic, Canada, oil train disaster at, 311–12, 332, 333 LaDuke, Winona, 443 laissez-faire economics, see free-market ideology Laki eruption (1783), 273 Lakota Nation, 375 Lame Deer, Mont., 390, 395 Lameman, Al, 378–79 Lameman, Crystal, 379 Lamkin, John, 426 Lander, Edgardo, 363 land ethic, 184 Land Institute, 438, 439–40 land management, 91 land rights, of Indigenous peoples, see Indigenous peoples, land rights of Lane, Lee, 282–83 Lang, Chris, 223 Lasch, Christopher, 117 Latin America: colonial land grabs in, 414 overdependence on resource extraction in, 179–82 Latour, Bruno, 278–79 Laval, Canada, 313 La Via Campesina, 134 Lawson, Nigel, 42 Lawyers’ Committee for Civil Rights Under Law, 314 Leadership in Energy and Environmental Design (LEED) standards, 406 lead particulates, 203 Leard State Forest (Australia), 301 Lee, Marc, 112 left wing: climate change and, 63 extractivism and, 178–82 political potential of climate change ignored by, 157 traditional institutions of, 158 legislation, environmental, 141, 150–51 Lehrer, Eli, 50–51, 234 Leidreiter, Anna, 97 Leopold, Aldo, 184–85 Levitt, Steven D., 262–63, 271–72 Lewis, Wayne, 64 Liberal Party (Canadian), 36 liberals, climate change and, 61–62, 156 Li Bo, 351, 352 Liepert, Ron, 312 lifestyle changes, 4, 17–18, 91 Lifton, Robert Jay, 57 Limits to Growth (Club of Rome), 185–86, 207 Lipow, Gar, 113 liquid nature, 223–24 Little Red, 242 Liverpool, 172 Living in Denial (Norgaard), 462 LNG (liquefied natural gas), 376 local hiring, 92 local power, 96 local production, 7, 68–70, 71, 76, 85–86 of food, 90, 134–35, 222, 404–5 London, 13, 148, 172 Lone Pine Resources, 358–59 long-haul transportation, 83, 84, 85 long-range planning, 95, 124–26 and jobs, 126–28 for power, 128–36 Longueuil, Canada, 313 Los Angeles, Calif., 13 Los Angeles Times, 272, 300 Losing Ground (Dowie), 84, 203 Louisiana, 330, 431 Love Canal Homeowners Association, 206 Lovell, Evan, 239, 240 Lovelock, James, 231 love of place, in Blockadia movement, 337–66 low-carbon economy, 16, 21, 91, 93 for developing world, 76 infrastructure in, 72, 124 low-consumption activities, 93–94 Lower Elwah Klallam, 374–75 Lubicon Lake First Nation, 322 Lukacs, Martin, 383 Lula da Silva, Luiz Inácio, 179 Lummi Nation, 322–23, 370, 374, 389 Lynas, Mark, 279 Lynchburg, Va., 333 Maccario, Paolo, 65–66, 68–69 McClendon, Aubrey, 312, 356 McCright, Aaron, 46–47 MacDonald, Christine, 189 McDonald’s, 196, 208 McIntosh, Alastair, 210 McKibben, Bill, 139–40, 148, 353–54, 404 Madagascar, 220, 221–22 Madrid, 157 Maegaard, Preben, 132 Magna, 68 Maher, Bill, 137 Maine, 435 malaria, 109 Malawi, agroecology in, 135 Maldives, 13 Mali, 270 Maliseet First Nation, 371–72 Malm, Andreas, 80–81, 172, 394 Manchester, England, 172, 300 Manhattan Project, 278 Manne, Robert, 41 Mann, Michael, 55–56, 107 Manuel, Arthur, 367–69, 383 Mao Zedong, 178 Marcellus Shale, 312, 328 marine life: climate change and, 433–35 food chain in, 259 impact of Deepwater Horizon spill on, 425–26, 431–34, 451 impact of Exxon Valdez oil spill on, 337–39 oceanic acidification and, 259, 434 Marine Stewardship Council, 209 markets: carbon, 211 cyclical nature of, 225 expansion of, 171 limits of, 136–39, 142 see also free-market ideology Marom, Yotam, 153 Mars, terraforming of, 288 Marshall, Donald, Jr., 372 Marshall, George, 213 Marshall decision, 371–72, 374 Marshall Plan for the Earth, 5–7, 40 Martínez, Esperanza, 176, 304, 408–9 Marx, Karl, 177 materialism, 25, 60 Matsés people, 220–21 Maules Creek mining project, 300–301 Maxmin, Chloe, 354 May, Brendan, 249n Means, Landon, 395 meat, demand for, 14 media: climate change denial and, 34 elite control over, 18, 369–70 Meeting Environmental Challenges (Kasser and Crompton), 60 Melbourne, Australia, 446 Melbourne, University of, Energy Institute of, 102 Men’s Health, 429 Merchant, Carolyn, 395 Merchants of Doubt (film), 42 mercury, 176, 203 Merkel, Angela, 136, 141, 218 Mesoamerica, 439 methane, 15, 143–44, 214, 217, 222, 304 in water supply, 328–29, 332 Métis, 371 Mexico, 19, 68, 81, 82, 84, 202 Zapatista uprising in, 182 Mexico, Gulf of, 147, 330 see also BP, Deepwater Horizon disaster of Meyer, Alden, 200–201 Miami University, 401 Michaels, Patrick, 32, 33, 45, 47, 48, 142 Michigan, Enbridge pipeline rupture in, 331–32, 338 Microsoft, 237 migrants, 154, 166–67 climate refugees, 7 Mi’kmaq, 299, 303, 371–74, 381 Mi’kmaq Warrior Society, 373 military budgets, 114 military, U.S., petroleum consumed by, 113 Mill, John Stuart, 178 Millennium Pipeline, 317 Miller, Colin, 157 Mills, Christina, 313 Minerals Management Service, 333–34 mining, 91n, 173, 176 mountaintop removal, 303, 309, 310, 329, 353 open-pit, 180, 296, 325, 329, 348, 445 see also specific projects Minisink, N.Y., 317 Minnesota, 27 Minnesota, University of, Institute on the Environment at, 58 miscarriages, environmental toxins linked to, 424–25, 429, 439 Mississippi, 431 Mississippi River: drought of 2012 in, 2–3 flooding of 2011 in, 3 Mississippi River Delta, ecological damage in, 425–26 Mitchell, Stacy, 209 Mobil, 192 Mohave Generating Station, 398 Mohit, Nastaran, 103–5 Molina, Patricia, 182 Monbiot, George, 363–64 Monsanto, 9, 80, 135, 196 monsoons, 268, 269, 270, 273–74, 287 Montana, 53n, 318, 370, 381 coal mining in, 320, 342–43, 346, 370, 388–93, 395, 397, 445 Environmental Quality Department of, 397 State Land Board of, 389 Monterey Shale, 347 Montreal, Canada, 313 Montreal, Maine & Atlantic railroad, 333 Montreal Protocol on ozone depletion, 220 moose, disappearance of, 26–27 Morales, Evo, 180–81 moral hazard, geoengineering and, 261 moral imperative: in abolition movement, 462–63 in climate movement, 336, 386–87, 464 divestment movement and, 354–55 in social movements, 462, 463–64 Morano, Marc, 32, 34, 45 Morton, Oliver, 259 Mosaddegh, Mohammad, 454 Moses, Marlene, 64, 449 Mossville, La., 429–30 Mother Earth, see Earth Mother/Mother Earth concept Mount Elgon National Park, 222 Movement Generation, 448 Movement for the Survival of the Ogoni People (MOSOP), 306 Mueller, Tadzio, 138 Muir, John, 183–84, 211 Mukherji, Joydeep, 368–69 multinational corporations: cheapest labor force and, 81–82 export-led development and, 82, 412 Mumbai, 13 Munich, Germany, 97 Murdoch, Rupert, 35 Myhrvold, Nathan, 262, 264, 269, 277, 280, 281 Nagasaki, atomic bombing of, 277–78 Narain, Sunita, 96, 414 NASA, 14, 152 earth-from-space photographs by, 286 Goddard Institute for Space Studies at, 22, 73 NatCen Social Research, 117 Nation, 420 National Academy of Sciences, U.S., 152, 282 National Association of Manufacturers, 227 National Audubon Society, 84 National Center for Atmospheric Research, 272 National Energy Board, Canada, 362 National Environment Appellate Authority, India, 350 National Guard, 103 National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), U.S., 102, 426, 432–33, 434, 436 national security, 49 National Toxics Campaign, 206 National Union of Rail, Maritime and Transport Workers, 253 National Wildlife Federation, 84, 185, 191, 226, 390, 393 Native American cosmologies, 184 natural gas, 67, 102, 219 Big Green’s advocacy of, 199–201, 235n, 236 as bridge fuel, 128–30, 211, 213–14, 252, 257, 287 climate benefits of, 144n conventional, 215 flaring of, 305–6 fracking and, see fracking renewables displaced by, 44n, 128–30, 214–16, 252 for vehicles, 237 Willett’s support for, 235–36 natural gas industry: Sierra Club and, 197 strategic miscalculations by, 316–17 Natural Resource Partners, 349 Natural Resources Defense Council, 84, 115, 198, 205, 213, 226, 325, 357 Move America Beyond Oil campaign, 231 Nature, 37, 259 nature: delayed response of, 175 fertility cycle of, 438–39, 446–48 legal rights of, 443–45 steam power and freedom from, 172–74 Nature Climate Change, 290 Nature Conservancy, 191–95, 196, 206, 208n, 210, 212n, 226, 233n, 355 Business Council of, 196 fracking supported by, 215 oil and gas drilling by, 192–95, 196, 206, 215, 451 Paraná offset and, 221, 222 Nauru, 64, 161–69, 175, 187, 221n, 311 Australian offshore refugee detention center on, 166–67 independence of, 162 phosphate of lime in, 162–63 Navajo, 398–99 Navarro Llanos, Angélica, 5–7, 40, 409 Navigable Waters Protection Act, gutting of, 381–82 Nebraska, 403 Nelson, Gaylord, 153 neoliberalism, 39, 43, 72–73, 80, 131, 132, 154, 158, 466 Netherlands, 99 anti-fracking movement in, 348 divestment movement in, 354 neuropathy, 436, 438 “New Abolitionism, The” (Hayes), 455 New America Foundation, 263 New Atlantis (Bacon), 266 New Brunswick: anti-fracking campaign in, 299, 303, 370, 373–74, 381 Indigenous rights conflict in, 371–74 oil train explosion in, 333 New Deal, 10, 453, 454 New Democratic Party (Canadian), 36 New England, 441 New Era Colorado, 98 New Era Windows Cooperative, 123n Newfoundland, anti-fracking movement in, 348 New Green Revolution, 135 New Jersey, Superstorm Sandy in, 53 New New Deal (Grunwald), 124 New Orleans, La., 4, 9, 53, 105, 407 New South Wales, anti-coal movement in, 300–301, 376 New York, N.Y., 13, 63, 103–6, 157 Bloomberg as mayor of, 235 disaster infrastructure in, 51 New Yorkers Against Fracking, 214 New York State: anti-fracking ordinances in, 361, 365 fracking in, 316–17 fracking moratorium in, 348 renewable power plan for, 102 Superstorm Sandy in, 53, 405 New York Times, 333, 411 New York Times Magazine, 286 New Zealand, 163, 182, 290 Nexen, 246 Nez Perce, 319, 370 Nicaragua, 348n Niger, 270 Niger Delta, 197, 219 government repression of anti-oil movements in, 306–7, 308, 370 oil extraction in, 305–9, 358 Nigeria, 219, 305 carbon emissions of, 305 colonial heritage of, 370 political unrest in, 308–9, 358 Nile River, volcanic eruptions and, 273 Nilsson, David, 220–21 9/11, 6, 63 Nixon, Richard, 125 Nixon, Rob, 276 Nompraseurt, Torm, 321 nonbinding agreements, at Copenhagen, 12, 13–14, 150 nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), 362 geoengineering and, 264, 280 Norgaard, Kari, 462 Norse Energy Corporation USA, 365 North Africa, 274 North America, 182 emissions from, 40 program cuts in, 110 wealth in, 114 World War II rationing in, 115–16 North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA), 19, 71, 76, 78, 83–85, 358–59 North Dakota, Bakken formation in, 71 Northern Cheyenne, 322–23, 346, 370, 386, 389–93, 399 traditional values of, 391–92 unemployment among, 391 Northern Cheyenne Reservation, 322, 389, 390, 397, 408 fire on, 396 solar heaters for, 393–96 Northern Gateway pipeline, 312, 362, 381 campaign against, 302, 337–42, 344–45, 365–66, 367, 380 cost of, 400 Joint Review Panel for, 337–42, 363, 365 North Texas, University of, 312 North Vancouver, Canada, 323 Norway, 99, 130, 179, 198 Nova Scotia, 371 npower, 149 nuclear holocaust, 15 nuclear power, 57, 58, 97, 118, 131, 199, 202, 205 Germany’s phasing out of, 97, 136–38 “next generation” technologies for, 137n, 236 in the wake of Fukushima, 136 Obama, Barack, 12, 227, 392, 412 “all of the above” energy policy of, 22, 302, 304–5 environmental agenda of, 45, 118, 120–21, 141–42 and fossil fuel industry, 141 health care law of, 105, 125, 151, 227 and Keystone XL, 140–41, 403 responses to financial crisis by, 120–26 support for biofuels by, 32 Occupy Sandy, 103–5, 406 Occupy Wall Street, 103, 153, 206, 464 Oceana, 330–31 oceans, 175 acidification of, 165, 259, 434 dead zones in, 439 iron “fertilization” in, 257, 258, 268, 279 see also marine life O’Connor, John, 327 Office of Price Administration, 115 offshore drilling, 22, 80, 144 deepwater, 2, 142, 300, 310, 324 lifting of limits on, 145 see also Arctic drilling; BP, Deepwater Horizon disaster of Ogallala Aquifer, 346 Ogoni, Ogoniland, 306, 309, 370 oil, 102, 128, 215 Oil Change International, 115 oil industry, 197 political and economic power of, 316 public ownership of, 130 and drop in conventional production, 147 see also extractive industries Oil Sands Leadership Initiative (OSLI), 246 Ojo, Godwin Uyi, 306, 309 Okanagan, land claims of, 368 O’Neill, Gerard, 288 One Million Climate Jobs, 127 Ontario, 56, 382 feed-in tariffs in, 67, 133 local content provision challenged in, 68–70, 71, 99, 126 renewable energy sector in, 66–69 Oomittuk, Steve, 375 Operation Climate Change, 307–8 opposition movements, 9–10 see also Blockadia; climate movement Oregon, 319, 320, 349 Oreskes, Naomi, 42 Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), 114–15 Orwell, George, 96 Osuoka, Isaac, 307–8 Otter Creek, Mont., 322–23, 389, 397 Our Hamburg—Our Grid coalition, 96–97 oysters, 431–32, 434 ozone depletion, 16 Pacala, Stephen, 113 Pacific Northwest: ecological values of, 319–20 proposed coal export terminals in, 320, 322, 346, 349, 370, 374 Pacific Ocean, acidification of, 434 Paine, Tom, 314 Palin, Sarah, 1 palm oil plantations, 222 Papanikolaou, Marilyn, 361 Papua New Guinea, 200, 220 Paradise Built in Hell (Solnit), 62–63 Paraná, Brazil, 221, 222 Parenti, Christian, 49, 186 Parfitt, Ben, 129 Paris, public transit in, 109 Parkin, Scott, 296 Parr, Michael, 227 particulate pollution, 176 Passamaquoddy First Nation, 371–72 Patel, Raj, 136 Patles, Suzanne, 381 Paulson, Henry, 49 Peabody Energy, 391 Pearl River Delta, 82 Pelosi, Nancy, 35 Pendleton, Oreg., 319 Peninsula Hospital Center, 104 Penn State Earth System Science Center, 55 Pennsylvania: fracking in, 357n Homeland Security Office of, 362 water pollution in, 328–29 Pensacola, Fla., 431 permafrost, 176 Peru, 78, 220–21 pest outbreaks, 14 Petrobras, 130 PetroChina, 130 Pew Center on Global Climate Change, 226 Pew Research Center for People & the Press, 35 Philippines, 107, 109 Phillips, Wendell, 463 phosphate of lime, 163–64, 166 photovoltaic manufacturing, 66 Pickens, T.

You Are Here: Why We Can Find Our Way to the Moon, but Get Lost in the Mall
by Colin Ellard
Published 6 Jul 2009

Place-based political movements have become an increasingly important force on the world scene. One of the most prominent modern instances of political reactions to the homogenization of space occurred in Chiapas, Mexico, when poor sustenance farmers reacted violently to economic threats to their existence caused by the passage of the North American Free Trade Agreement. The so-called Zapatista Revolution galvanized growing levels of dissent in the face of sweeping forces of globalization that were themselves being generated by our ability to communicate across global distances in an instant and move goods anywhere cheaply using abundant and inexpensive sources of energy. What is most often at the root of such place-based protests is an objection to the manner in which transnational corporations are able to submerge local economies and produce very real human suffering, but these uprisings can also be seen as expressions of unhappiness with a world that is shrinking, dropping its borders, and pushing where issues into irrelevance.4 Other, more gentle place-based initiatives involve renewed understanding of the connections between our lives and the places we inhabit.

Extreme Rambling: Walking Israel's Separation Barrier. For Fun.
by Mark Thomas
Published 13 Apr 2011

‘They said Hezbollah. I laughed so hard when they said this, and said, “What would I be doing with them; I am an atheist! How do you make this connection? Check my file, you know I started in politics as a communist.” Then they named everyone! I was seeing Hezbollah. I was seeing ETA. I was even seeing the Zapatistas in Mexico! I said, “Wow! I am really an international terrorist!”’ ‘Did they charge you with anything else?’ ‘They charged me with incitement, of travelling abroad and threatening the reputation of Israel.’ ‘But Israel already has a terrible reputation: how can you threaten it? What could you have done?

Utopias: A Brief History From Ancient Writings to Virtual Communities
by Howard P. Segal
Published 20 May 2012

See Jean-Francois Lejeune, ed., Cruelty and Utopia: Cities and Landscapes of Latin America (New York: Princeton Architectural Press, 2005). See Juan Forero, Washington Post, “As Chavez’s First ‘Socialist City’ Rises, A Utopian Vision Takes Shape,” Boston Sunday Globe, December 2, 2007, A4. Shannon L. Mattiace, “Mayan Utopias: Rethinking the State,” in Mayan Lives, Mayan Utopias: The Indigenous Peoples of Chiapas and the Zapatista Rebellion, eds. Jan Rus, Rosalva Aıda Hern anez Castillo, and Mattiace (Lanham, MD: Rowman and Littlefield, 2003), 185–186. See also 185–190. See Juan Carlos Grijalva, “Looking for the Remains of America: Exoticism, Utopia, and Latin American Identity in the 20th Century,” unpublished Ph.D. dissertation, University of Pittsburgh, 2004.

The Dawn of Everything: A New History of Humanity
by David Graeber and David Wengrow
Published 18 Oct 2021

The resulting ‘Caste War’, as it was called, continued for generations. There were still rebels holding out in parts of Quintana Roo at the time of the Mexican Revolution in the second decade of the twentieth century; indeed, you could argue that the same rebellion continues, in another form, with the Zapatista movement that controls large parts of Chiapas today. As the Zapatistas also show, it was in these territories, where no major state or empire had existed for centuries, that women came most prominently to the fore in anti-colonial struggles, both as organizers of armed resistance and as defenders of indigenous tradition. Now, this anti-authoritarian streak might come as something of a surprise to those who know the Maya as one of a triumvirate of New World civilizations – Aztecs, Maya, Inca – familiar from books on art history.

An Optimist's Tour of the Future
by Mark Stevenson
Published 4 Dec 2010

He became the country’s youngest budget director ever, and then returned to Harvard before being offered ‘a dream job’ back in Mexico as head of the Urban Development Corporation. So far, so impressive (especially when you consider that during his time in Mexico, Juan was also part of the team that negotiated peace with the Zapatista rebels). And then Juan discovered something more important, a revolution that would not only affect Mexico but the entire world, and all because of some lonely-looking geeky guy at a New Year’s Eve party. He recalls, ‘There was this guy sitting over on a corner table by himself and I think “Poor bastard, it’s New Year’s.”

Diverse Bodies, Diverse Practices: Toward an Inclusive Somatics
by Don Hanlon Johnson
Published 10 Sep 2018

It needs two sides that, being different, distinct and distant become one in the bridge without ceasing to be different and distinct, but ceasing already to be distant. Dignity demands that we are us. But dignity is not that we are only us. In order for dignity to exist, the other is necessary. Because we are always us in relation to the other.… Dignity should be a world, a world in which many worlds fit.” —Zapatista speech during the March for Indigenous Dignity, February/March, 2001.26 26 Hank Johnston and Paul Almeida, eds., Latin American Social Movements: Globalization, Democratization, and Transnational Networks (Lanham: Rowman & Littlefield, 2006), Bibliography Afuape, Taiwo. Power, Resistance and Liberation in Counseling and Psychotherapy: To Have Our Hearts Broken.

Raising Cubby: A Father and Son's Adventures With Asperger's, Trains, Tractors, and High Explosives
by John Elder Robison
Published 12 Mar 2013

Cubby finally managed to circumvent my caution when he turned ten and his mom once again took him to Mexico. She was finishing her doctorate in modern-day Mayan culture, and she and Cubby spent most of that summer in the mountains of Chiapas. Chiapas is no fancy tourist resort. It’s beautiful and wild high country, full of drugs, lawlessness, Zapatista rebels, and the Mexican army. You are on the border of Central America, but the country is so high that you need a sweater at night. A hundred miles away, on the coast, people bask in hundred-degree heat, but the mornings up there are fifty degrees and foggy. The countryside is broken up into little plots of land that are cultivated by innumerable subsistence farmers.

The Costs of Connection: How Data Is Colonizing Human Life and Appropriating It for Capitalism
by Nick Couldry and Ulises A. Mejias
Published 19 Aug 2019

They accuse postcolonialism of being too aligned with the antihumanist thought of postmodernism: in their broad distrust of narratives, rationality, universalism, and constructs such as freedom and human rights—or, rather, in their association of all of these things exclusively with Western values—postcolonial theorists (the critique goes) become complicit in the continued dominance of Eurocentrism.44 Instead, decolonial thinkers are inspired by and engaged with grassroots movements such as the Sem Terra (Landless) movement in Brazil or the Zapatistas in Chiapas, gender-equality movements such as Chicana and Muslima feminism, projects such as the Caribbean Philosophical Association’s efforts to shift the geography of reason, and the creation of institutions such as the World Social Forum. Decoloniality thus seeks to provide not just strategies for surviving in a neo- or postcolonial context but also models for articulating an alternative worldview emanating mostly from the Global South, a worldview that challenges and rejects notions of a Eurocentric modernity.45 Ramón Grosfoguel identifies three central features of a decolonial theory.

Hacker, Hoaxer, Whistleblower, Spy: The Story of Anonymous
by Gabriella Coleman
Published 4 Nov 2014

In the 1990s and early 2000s, the Electronic Disturbance Theater (EDT), for instance, staged DDoS campaigns that they labeled “virtual sit-ins.” These actions combined technical interventions with poeticism and performance art. EDT targeted Mexican government websites to publicize the plight of the Zapatistas fighting for autonomy in Chiapas, Mexico.22 They distributed press releases before the events and, while drawing less than a few hundred participants and causing no downtime to the sites, they succeeded (somewhat) in the goal of gaining media attention. Regardless, the action hardly qualifies, as Molly Sauter has perceptively argued, as “disruptive,”23 and it never reached a saturation point in the mainstream press.

The Way We Eat: Why Our Food Choices Matter
by Peter Singer and Jim Mason
Published 1 May 2006

"When you work with people you know and you're there on their farms and you trust them, the certification is not so important." Coffee, obviously, can't be grown locally, but Judy does have a personal relationship with her Mexican coffee growers. She often travels to Chiapas, where the indigenous Zapatistas have been involved in a long struggling for land and basic rights. She has provided financing to help them grow coffee organically and sell it to the United States. Although it is not fair trade certified, she says she knows firsthand that she is paying a fair price. The tea she serves is organic and fair trade certified, and she is currently involved in ensuring that all of the chocolate used in their desserts is also fair trade.

Vultures' Picnic: In Pursuit of Petroleum Pigs, Power Pirates, and High-Finance Carnivores
by Greg Palast
Published 14 Nov 2011

He listened. He looked. And he found that other people’s stories were more important than his own. Along the way, he picked up a small camera that listened and looked with him. He found more stories in Argentina inside the IMF riots, then six months in the Yucatan jungle, learning Spanish with the Zapatista guerillas, who named him Ricardo, then somewhere along the way a stretch at Princeton University, then several stints in Iraq, in Afghanistan, and in Lebanon, with Hezbollah. He held the little thing, that digital camera, weirdly, cradled like an infant. The first time he filmed for BBC News, at my insistence, Jones said, “What’s that?

San Francisco
by Lonely Planet

This commandment is easy to follow upstairs in the sunny Poetry Room , with its piles of freshly published verse, a designated Poet’s Chair and literary views of laundry strung across Jack Kerouac Alley. Poetic justice has been served here since 1957, when City Lights won a landmark free speech ruling over Allen Ginsberg’s incendiary epic poem Howl, and went on to publish Lenny Bruce, William S Burroughs, Angela Davis and Zapatista Subcomandante Marcos, among others. When you abandon despair, you make more room for books. Aria Antiques, Collectibles Offline map Google map ( 415-433-0219; 1522 Grant Ave; 11am-6pm Mon-Sat, noon-5pm Sun; Columbus Ave) Find inspiration for your own North Beach epic poem under Nelson lamps on Aria’s battered shelves, piled with anatomical drawings of starfish, love-potion bottles, castle keys lost in gutters a century ago, and even a bucket of paint-spattered brushes (not for sale).

Solitary
by Albert Woodfox
Published 12 Mar 2019

If denied, it would go to the state appeals court; if it was denied there, it would go before the Louisiana Supreme Court. Upon denial of my PCRA at the state supreme court level I would be able to go to federal court. 2000–2010 They tried to bury us. They didn’t know we were seeds. —Mexican proverb used by the Zapatista movement Chapter 40 We Stand Together January 1, 2000. Another century. In order to leave Camp J a prisoner needed to go 90 consecutive days at Level 3 without a write-up. King and Herman were 30 days ahead of me in the program, but when they were eligible to leave they refused to leave me behind.

San Francisco
by Lonely Planet

This commandment is easy to follow upstairs in the sunny Poetry Room , with its piles of freshly published verse, a designated Poet’s Chair and literary views of laundry strung across Jack Kerouac Alley. Poetic justice has been served here since 1957, when City Lights won a landmark free speech ruling over Allen Ginsberg’s incendiary epic poem Howl, and went on to publish Lenny Bruce, William S Burroughs, Angela Davis and Zapatista Subcomandante Marcos, among others. When you abandon despair, you make more room for books. Aria Antiques, Collectibles Offline map Google map ( 415-433-0219; 1522 Grant Ave; 11am-6pm Mon-Sat, noon-5pm Sun; Columbus Ave) Find inspiration for your own North Beach epic poem under Nelson lamps on Aria’s battered shelves, piled with anatomical drawings of starfish, love-potion bottles, castle keys lost in gutters a century ago, and even a bucket of paint-spattered brushes (not for sale).

Empire
by Michael Hardt and Antonio Negri
Published 9 Mar 2000

The looting ofcommodi- ties and burning ofproperty were not just metaphors but the real global condition ofthe mobility and volatility ofpost-Fordist social mediations.14 In Chiapas, too, the insurrection focused primarily on local concerns: problems ofexclusion and lack ofrepresentation specific to Mexican society and the Mexican state, which have also to a limited degree long been common to the racial hierarchies throughout much ofLatin American. The Zapatista rebellion, how- ever, was also immediately a struggle against the social regime imposed by NAFTA and more generally the systematic exclusion and subordination in the regional construction ofthe world mar- ket.15 Finally, like those in Seoul, the massive strikes in Paris and throughout France in late 1995 were aimed at specific local and national labor issues (such as pensions, wages, and unemployment), but the struggle was also immediately recognized as a clear contesta- tion ofthe new social and economic construction ofEurope.

1491
by Charles C. Mann
Published 8 Aug 2005

The French were barely able to sustain trading posts in the St. Lawrence and didn’t even try to plant their flag in pre-epidemic New England. European microorganisms were slow to penetrate the Yucatán Peninsula, where most of the Maya polities were too small to readily play off against each other. In consequence, Spain never fully subdued the Maya. The Zapatista rebellion that convulsed southern Mexico in the 1990s was merely the most recent battle in an episodic colonial war that began in the sixteenth century. All of this was important, the stuff of historians’ arguments and doctoral dissertations, but Dobyns was thinking of something else. If Pizarro had been amazed by the size of Tawantinsuyu after the terrible epidemic and war, how many people had been living there to begin with?

The Making of Global Capitalism
by Leo Panitch and Sam Gindin
Published 8 Oct 2012

But its timing coincided with the questions being raised in financial markets about whether the Mexican government would relax its monetary and fiscal discipline as the concession to democracy required to elect the governing PRI party’s candidate when the “sexenio”—the six-year presidential term—came to an end in the fall. The Zapatista uprising in Chiapas (which began the day of NAFTA’s introduction on January 1, 1994) was followed just a few months later by the assassination of the leading PRI presidential candidate. The hopes of the Treasury and Fed that capital inflows to Mexico would resume soon after the presidential election in the autumn were shattered after an attempt at a managed devaluation of the peso failed to reassure international financial markets, and instead induced a massive outflow of capital.

Understanding Power
by Noam Chomsky
Published 26 Jul 2010

It’s hard to imagine a better way to demoralize people than to have them watch T.V. for seven hours a day—but that’s pretty much what people have been reduced to by now. In fact, all of these things really illustrate the difference between completely demoralized societies like ours and societies that are still kind of hanging together, like in a lot of the Third World. I mean, in absolute terms the Mayan Indians in Chiapas, Mexico [who organized the Zapatista rebellion in 1994], are much poorer than the people in South Central Los Angeles, or in Michigan or Montana—much poorer. But they have a civil society that hasn’t been totally eliminated the way the working-class culture we used to have in the United States was. Chiapas is one of the most impoverished areas of the Hemisphere, but because there’s still a lively, vibrant society there, with a cultural tradition of freedom and social organization, the Mayan Indian peasants were able to respond in a highly constructive way—they organized the Chiapas rebellion, they have programs and positions, they have public support, it’s been going somewhere.

Greece Travel Guide
by Lonely Planet

LivingroomBAR ( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; www.livingroom.gr; Eleftheriou Venizelou 5; h9am-3am; W) Kick back on stylish, waterfront sofas during the day or head inside in the evening to join Rethymno’s young and restless amid big mirrors, velvet chairs and stylish lamps. The Livingroom has been a permanent fixture on the scene for over a decade. ChalikoutiBAR ( MAP GOOGLE MAP ; %28310 42632; Katehaki 3; h9am-1am; W) In the artsy quarter below the Fortezza, this cafe collective draws talkative locals who appreciate the coffee from Mexican Zapatistas, sugar from landless workers in Brazil, and raki from a Cretan women’s cooperative.The tiny interior is overflowing with books and chess boards, while tables spill onto the cobbled street. 7Shopping Rethymno’s old quarter is fodder to any would-be shopper. The narrow, cobbled pedestrian streets are tightly packed with mainly tourist-geared stores.