air gap
description: security measure to isolate computer or network from unsecured networks
92 results
Engineering Security
by Peter Gutmann
of too-critical-to-revoke certificates, making them tempting targets for theft. Unlike CA root certificates, which are rarely used and can be subject to airgap security, timestamping certificates have to be kept online at all times because they’re used for automated counter-signing of binaries that run on hundreds
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cases even the use of unroutable network protocols or a complete air gap doesn’t necessarily protect SCADA systems, as the Stuxnet malware that was discussed in “Digitally Signed Malware” on page 50 showed. This took advantage of the fact that airgapped computers have to be configured and updated in some manner, and
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using USB keys or similar removable media. By targeting vulnerabilities in the handling of removable media, Stuxnet ensured that it would be propagated even to airgapped machines. A few times a year there are scare stories in the media about how vulnerable assorted SCADA infrastructures are, but in practice very little
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all of these cases is cryptographically tied to both the transaction and the account and serves as the TAN. This process not only provides an air gap between the trusted and untrusted components but makes the TAN-entry process an explicit user-initiated and –controlled action rather than something that a trojan
Nuts and Bolts: Seven Small Inventions That Changed the World (In a Big Way)
by Roma Agrawal · 2 Mar 2023 · 290pp · 80,461 words
acoustics perfect, is built inside the main structure with an airgap in between. This sort of construction means that when a guitarist is strumming away, the sound coming from the instrument can hit any surface, but gets disrupted by the air gap because of the change of density between concrete and air. The
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challenge with box-in-box systems is that the air gaps have to be perforated with some form of fixing to hold the walls, ceilings, and
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Hus are an ingenious piece of technology. It is not straightforward to try and form a second concrete slab above an existing one with an airgap (imagine trying to pour wet batter for a sponge on top of a cooked layer with a gap in between; even with cake dowels, it
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it. Carefully and in small increments, every jack-up bearing was adjusted to exactly the height needed to create a flat floating floor with an air gap and flexible pieces of rubber that behave like springs, creating the perfect environment for immersive sound. This might seem like a very modern piece of
This Is How They Tell Me the World Ends: The Cyberweapons Arms Race
by Nicole Perlroth · 9 Feb 2021 · 651pp · 186,130 words
up the digital chain of command in search of its final destination: Iran’s Natanz nuclear plant, where it burrowed deep into the offline, or “air-gapped,” computers that controlled the rotors that spun Iran’s uranium centrifuges. And then, by remote command, Stuxnet silently spun some of Iran’s centrifuges out
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be declassified. For now, all we know is that it had to have been a human with an infected thumb drive. Natanz’s computers were “air-gapped,” specifically to keep the Americans and Israelis out. Years earlier, the Americans allegedly tried to sabotage the centrifuges with a far more rudimentary attack. U
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fine-tuning the conditions under which it deployed the payload, Olympic Games’ architects had never contemplated what would happen if it ever seeped through the air gap. Obama asked Panetta, Morell, and Cartwright the question they all feared: “Should we shut this down?” From the first time Bush had briefed him on
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he’d once hacked a satellite. In another corner was his work in progress: a Rube Goldberg–esque X-ray-emitting device that could cross air gaps and break into offline systems, like Natanz. I asked how he’d figured out how to hack the world’s most protected networks. “It’s
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old, unsupported software; that they conduct regular penetration tests; that they don’t reuse manufacturers’ passwords; that they turn on multifactor authentication; and that they airgap the most critical systems. For years, lobbyists at the U.S. Chamber of Commerce have argued that even voluntary standards are too onerous on the
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for government agencies, critical infrastructure providers, private companies, universities, and individuals. It was the only national cybersecurity plan, researchers discovered in their study, to address “airgapping” critical systems. In the years following its implementation, researchers found that Japanese devices were better protected than other countries with similar GDPs. We will never
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programs.” The same, he feared, would be true for him if word ever got out that he sold exploits—particularly those that could cross nuclear air gaps, hack satellites, or subvert the global supply chain. More about Argentina’s nuclear reactors are documented in Charles Newbery, “Argentina Nuclear Industry Sees Big Promise
The Snowden Files: The Inside Story of the World's Most Wanted Man
by Luke Harding · 7 Feb 2014 · 266pp · 80,018 words
that he or she was repairing a corrupted user profile, and needed a backup. The thumb drive could then be carried away to bridge the ‘airgap’ that existed between the NSA system and the regular internet. Why did nobody raise the alarm? Was the NSA asleep? Sitting in Hawaii, Snowden could
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were new. None had ever been connected to the internet or any other network – a precaution against hacking or phishing attacks. They were to remain ‘air-gapped’ throughout. Multiple passwords were needed to log in; no staff member knew more than one password. Work was written and saved on USB sticks; nothing
Dark Mirror: Edward Snowden and the Surveillance State
by Barton Gellman · 20 May 2020 · 562pp · 153,825 words
window scrolled up a line and displayed a response. 51662 I sat back down. Whoa. Well, I sure messed up that command. This was my “air-gapped” computer, disconnected permanently from the internet, so I switched to another laptop and browsed for a more accurate counting method. I tried five variations, adding
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that the NSA’s security is about 15 years out of date,” Snowden wrote to me. “Their defense is the airgap, a fenceline and some cops.” The ramparts all faced outward. An air gap, meaning physical separation, ensured that sensitive systems did not connect electronically to the wider world. Fences and guards kept
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–63 Academi, 186 ACLU, 321 ACLU v. Clapper, 321 Addington, David, 70, 71, 123 address books, electronic, NSA collection of, 315–18 Aftergood, Steven, 264 air gaps, 72 Albright, Madeleine, 15 Alexander, Keith, 180, 182, 185, 193, 336, 377 bulk collection defended by, 316 Google cloud story mischaracterized by, 301–2 in
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as “containers” by, 5–6, 364–65 Poitras regularly detained by, 5 cyber attacks, Chinese, 34–35, 57–58, 83 cyber security tradecraft, 350–52 air gap in, 72 BG’s acquisition of, xvi–xvii, 6 in communication among ES, Poitras, and BG, 2–4 cypherpunks in development of, 7–8 cypherpunks
The Logician and the Engineer: How George Boole and Claude Shannon Created the Information Age
by Paul J. Nahin · 27 Oct 2012 · 229pp · 67,599 words
some holes in the n-stuff and they do move across the junction in a reverse-biased diode. 7. A spark is formed across an air gap when the electric field strength (see the previous note) exceeds something like 75,000 volts/inch. You might wonder how such a strong field can
Docker in Action
by Jeff Nickoloff and Stephen Kuenzli · 10 Dec 2019 · 629pp · 109,663 words
methods provide the ultimate in flexibility, enabling varied use cases such as distributing images to many people at an event simultaneously or to a secure air-gapped network. When you work with images as files, you use Docker only to manage local images and create files. All other concerns are left for
Snowden's Box: Trust in the Age of Surveillance
by Jessica Bruder and Dale Maharidge · 29 Mar 2020 · 159pp · 42,401 words
their second meeting, Remnick asked for proof that the source was legitimate and for her to explain the story clearly and fully. She opened her air-gapped laptop and showed him a slide from the leaked archive. This, she later recalled, was the black budget. Remnick’s interest was piqued, but the
This Is for Everyone: The Captivating Memoir From the Inventor of the World Wide Web
by Tim Berners-Lee · 8 Sep 2025 · 347pp · 100,038 words
PDP-8 minicomputer allowed me to test it, on the condition that I built an ‘optical isolator’ (a gadget with LEDs and photocells and an air gap) so he could be sure my nasty terminal could not harm his precious computer. Fair! It was neat in a way that throughout this whole
The Truth About Lies: The Illusion of Honesty and the Evolution of Deceit
by Aja Raden · 10 May 2021 · 291pp · 85,822 words
has convinced them) that it’s safer to keep it in his cold storage. He’s holding billions of dollars’ worth of Bitcoin, physically, on air-gapped, encrypted, unconnected private servers—to which only he and (sometimes) the Bitcoin owners have keys—inside the Fort Knox–like facilities he’s built around
Bottoms Up and the Devil Laughs
by Kerry Howley · 21 Mar 2023
Drone Warfare: Killing by Remote Control
by Medea Benjamin · 8 Apr 2013 · 188pp · 54,942 words
The Panama Papers: Breaking the Story of How the Rich and Powerful Hide Their Money
by Frederik Obermaier · 17 Jun 2016 · 372pp · 109,536 words
Our Final Invention: Artificial Intelligence and the End of the Human Era
by James Barrat · 30 Sep 2013 · 294pp · 81,292 words
Whiplash: How to Survive Our Faster Future
by Joi Ito and Jeff Howe · 6 Dec 2016 · 254pp · 76,064 words
Black Code: Inside the Battle for Cyberspace
by Ronald J. Deibert · 13 May 2013 · 317pp · 98,745 words
No Place to Hide: Edward Snowden, the NSA, and the U.S. Surveillance State
by Glenn Greenwald · 12 May 2014 · 253pp · 75,772 words
Build: An Unorthodox Guide to Making Things Worth Making
by Tony Fadell · 2 May 2022 · 411pp · 119,022 words
Broad Band: The Untold Story of the Women Who Made the Internet
by Claire L. Evans · 6 Mar 2018 · 371pp · 93,570 words
Building Secure and Reliable Systems: Best Practices for Designing, Implementing, and Maintaining Systems
by Heather Adkins, Betsy Beyer, Paul Blankinship, Ana Oprea, Piotr Lewandowski and Adam Stubblefield · 29 Mar 2020 · 1,380pp · 190,710 words
Radicalized
by Cory Doctorow · 19 Mar 2019 · 444pp · 84,486 words
Tools and Weapons: The Promise and the Peril of the Digital Age
by Brad Smith and Carol Ann Browne · 9 Sep 2019 · 482pp · 121,173 words
Cool: How Air Conditioning Changed Everything
by Salvatore Basile · 1 Sep 2014 · 335pp · 95,387 words
The Big Nine: How the Tech Titans and Their Thinking Machines Could Warp Humanity
by Amy Webb · 5 Mar 2019 · 340pp · 97,723 words
Industry 4.0: The Industrial Internet of Things
by Alasdair Gilchrist · 27 Jun 2016
Reset
by Ronald J. Deibert · 14 Aug 2020
The Mysterious Mr. Nakamoto: A Fifteen-Year Quest to Unmask the Secret Genius Behind Crypto
by Benjamin Wallace · 18 Mar 2025 · 431pp · 116,274 words
The Coming Wave: Technology, Power, and the Twenty-First Century's Greatest Dilemma
by Mustafa Suleyman · 4 Sep 2023 · 444pp · 117,770 words
A New History of the Future in 100 Objects: A Fiction
by Adrian Hon · 5 Oct 2020 · 340pp · 101,675 words
Our Robots, Ourselves: Robotics and the Myths of Autonomy
by David A. Mindell · 12 Oct 2015 · 265pp · 74,807 words
The End of Secrecy: The Rise and Fall of WikiLeaks
by The "Guardian", David Leigh and Luke Harding · 1 Feb 2011 · 322pp · 99,066 words
Matter
by Iain M. Banks · 14 Jan 2011 · 348pp · 185,704 words
Mindf*ck: Cambridge Analytica and the Plot to Break America
by Christopher Wylie · 8 Oct 2019
Money Men: A Hot Startup, a Billion Dollar Fraud, a Fight for the Truth
by Dan McCrum · 15 Jun 2022 · 361pp · 117,566 words
Hacking Capitalism
by Söderberg, Johan; Söderberg, Johan;
Cooking for Geeks
by Jeff Potter · 2 Aug 2010 · 728pp · 182,850 words
Industrial Internet
by Jon Bruner · 27 Mar 2013 · 49pp · 12,968 words
The Kamado Smoker and Grill Cookbook
by Chris Grove
Mastering Ethereum: Building Smart Contracts and DApps
by Andreas M. Antonopoulos and Gavin Wood Ph. D. · 23 Dec 2018 · 960pp · 125,049 words
Fancy Bear Goes Phishing: The Dark History of the Information Age, in Five Extraordinary Hacks
by Scott J. Shapiro · 523pp · 154,042 words
The Cobweb
by Neal Stephenson and J. Frederick George · 31 May 2005 · 514pp · 153,274 words
Coders: The Making of a New Tribe and the Remaking of the World
by Clive Thompson · 26 Mar 2019 · 499pp · 144,278 words
Empire of AI: Dreams and Nightmares in Sam Altman's OpenAI
by Karen Hao · 19 May 2025 · 660pp · 179,531 words
We Are Electric: Inside the 200-Year Hunt for Our Body's Bioelectric Code, and What the Future Holds
by Sally Adee · 27 Feb 2023 · 329pp · 101,233 words
Sandworm: A New Era of Cyberwar and the Hunt for the Kremlin's Most Dangerous Hackers
by Andy Greenberg · 5 Nov 2019 · 363pp · 105,039 words
The Domestic Revolution
by Ruth Goodman · 15 Apr 2020
If Anyone Builds It, Everyone Dies: Why Superhuman AI Would Kill Us All
by Eliezer Yudkowsky and Nate Soares · 15 Sep 2025 · 215pp · 64,699 words
The Long History of the Future: Why Tomorrow's Technology Still Isn't Here
by Nicole Kobie · 3 Jul 2024 · 348pp · 119,358 words
Inviting Disaster
by James R. Chiles · 7 Jul 2008 · 415pp · 123,373 words
When Computers Can Think: The Artificial Intelligence Singularity
by Anthony Berglas, William Black, Samantha Thalind, Max Scratchmann and Michelle Estes · 28 Feb 2015
The River Cottage Fish Book: The Definitive Guide to Sourcing and Cooking Sustainable Fish and Shellfish
by Hugh Fearnley-Whittingstall · 19 Nov 2007
The Seventh Sense: Power, Fortune, and Survival in the Age of Networks
by Joshua Cooper Ramo · 16 May 2016 · 326pp · 103,170 words
The Hacker and the State: Cyber Attacks and the New Normal of Geopolitics
by Ben Buchanan · 25 Feb 2020 · 443pp · 116,832 words
Genius Makers: The Mavericks Who Brought A. I. To Google, Facebook, and the World
by Cade Metz · 15 Mar 2021 · 414pp · 109,622 words
The Perfect Weapon: War, Sabotage, and Fear in the Cyber Age
by David E. Sanger · 18 Jun 2018 · 394pp · 117,982 words
Spies, Lies, and Algorithms: The History and Future of American Intelligence
by Amy B. Zegart · 6 Nov 2021
Machine: A White Space Novel
by Elizabeth Bear · 5 Oct 2020 · 537pp · 146,610 words
The Wires of War: Technology and the Global Struggle for Power
by Jacob Helberg · 11 Oct 2021 · 521pp · 118,183 words
Ghost Fleet: A Novel of the Next World War
by P. W. Singer and August Cole · 28 Jun 2015 · 537pp · 149,628 words
Dawn of the New Everything: Encounters With Reality and Virtual Reality
by Jaron Lanier · 21 Nov 2017 · 480pp · 123,979 words
The Ringworld engineers
by Larry Niven · 12 Nov 1985 · 388pp · 102,994 words
Click Here to Kill Everybody: Security and Survival in a Hyper-Connected World
by Bruce Schneier · 3 Sep 2018 · 448pp · 117,325 words
Built: The Hidden Stories Behind Our Structures
by Roma Agrawal · 8 Feb 2018 · 277pp · 72,603 words
Countdown to Zero Day: Stuxnet and the Launch of the World's First Digital Weapon
by Kim Zetter · 11 Nov 2014 · 492pp · 153,565 words
The Crux
by Richard Rumelt · 27 Apr 2022 · 363pp · 109,834 words
Lonely Planet Turkey
by Lonely Planet · 1,236pp · 320,184 words
Concorde: The Thrilling Account of History’s Most Extraordinary Airliner
by Mike Bannister · 29 Sep 2022 · 436pp · 127,696 words
The Raging 2020s: Companies, Countries, People - and the Fight for Our Future
by Alec Ross · 13 Sep 2021 · 363pp · 109,077 words
398 DIY Tips, Tricks & Techniques: Practical Advice for New Home Improvement Enthusiasts
by Ian Anderson · 31 Mar 2019
Norman Foster: A Life in Architecture
by Deyan Sudjic · 1 Sep 2010
Wireless
by Charles Stross · 7 Jul 2009
@War: The Rise of the Military-Internet Complex
by Shane Harris · 14 Sep 2014 · 340pp · 96,149 words
Cyber War: The Next Threat to National Security and What to Do About It
by Richard A. Clarke and Robert Knake · 15 Dec 2010 · 282pp · 92,998 words
Smart Cities: Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a New Utopia
by Anthony M. Townsend · 29 Sep 2013 · 464pp · 127,283 words
The Fifth Domain: Defending Our Country, Our Companies, and Ourselves in the Age of Cyber Threats
by Richard A. Clarke and Robert K. Knake · 15 Jul 2019 · 409pp · 112,055 words
Finding the Mother Tree: Discovering the Wisdom of the Forest
by Suzanne Simard · 3 May 2021 · 392pp · 124,069 words
Dark Territory: The Secret History of Cyber War
by Fred Kaplan · 1 Mar 2016 · 383pp · 105,021 words
Dawn of the Code War: America's Battle Against Russia, China, and the Rising Global Cyber Threat
by John P. Carlin and Garrett M. Graff · 15 Oct 2018 · 568pp · 164,014 words
Visual Thinking: The Hidden Gifts of People Who Think in Pictures, Patterns, and Abstractions
by Temple Grandin, Ph.d. · 11 Oct 2022
Home Maintenance Checklist: Complete DIY Guide for Homeowners: 101 Ways to Save Money and Look After Your Home
by Ian Anderson · 6 Mar 2019
The Clockwork Rocket
by Greg Egan · 30 Jun 2011 · 439pp · 124,548 words
Startide rising
by David Brin · 1 Mar 1984 · 549pp · 139,625 words
The Taste of War: World War Two and the Battle for Food
by Lizzie Collingham · 1 Jan 2011 · 927pp · 236,812 words
Cybersecurity: What Everyone Needs to Know
by P. W. Singer and Allan Friedman · 3 Jan 2014 · 587pp · 117,894 words
Army of None: Autonomous Weapons and the Future of War
by Paul Scharre · 23 Apr 2018 · 590pp · 152,595 words
Tesla: Inventor of the Electrical Age
by W. Bernard Carlson · 11 May 2013 · 733pp · 184,118 words
Mastering Blockchain: Unlocking the Power of Cryptocurrencies and Smart Contracts
by Lorne Lantz and Daniel Cawrey · 8 Dec 2020 · 434pp · 77,974 words
Permanent Record
by Edward Snowden · 16 Sep 2019 · 324pp · 106,699 words
This Machine Kills Secrets: Julian Assange, the Cypherpunks, and Their Fight to Empower Whistleblowers
by Andy Greenberg · 12 Sep 2012 · 461pp · 125,845 words
Glasshouse
by Charles Stross · 14 Jun 2006 · 443pp · 123,526 words
Meat: A Benign Extravagance
by Simon Fairlie · 14 Jun 2010 · 614pp · 176,458 words
The Children of the Sky
by Vernor Vinge · 11 Oct 2011 · 746pp · 221,583 words