autism spectrum disorder

The Other Half of Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder): A Guide to Living in an Intimate Relationship With a Partner Who Is on the Autism Spectrum Second Edition

by Maxine Aston  · 21 Feb 2014  · 126pp  · 35,044 words

for that I’ll forever be grateful. Besides being a pioneer of Asperger awareness, Aston is a wonderful writer. The Other Half of Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a clear, easy to understand page-turner as well as an eye-opener. Since this book was first written, Maxine’s worked with

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Guide to Resolving Relationship Problems Ashley Stanford ISBN 978 1 84905 951 0 eISBN 978 0 85700 808 4 THE OTHER HALF OF ASPERGER SYNDROME (AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) A Guide to Living in an Intimate Relationship with a Partner who is on the Autism Spectrum 2nd edition MAXINE ASTON Foreword by Tony Attwood

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both a civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Aston, Maxine C. The other half of Asperger syndrome (autism spectrum disorder) : a guide to living in an intimate relationship with a partner who is on the autism spectrum / Maxine Aston ; foreword by Tony Attwood. -- 2nd

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920 3 For all who love a partner who has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) CONTENTS Foreword by Tony Attwood ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS PREFACE Introduction Part I 1Some Facts about Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) 2Is Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Predominantly a Male Condition? 3Suspected, Undiagnosed Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) 4Obsessive Behaviour or Special Interests? 5Socialising, Friends, Present and Past 6Trying

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to Communicate 7Seeking a Diagnosis 8After the Diagnosis, What Next? 9Initial Attraction 10Getting Help Part II 11Living and Coping with Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) 12Improving Communication

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13Getting the Message Across 14Anger 15Sex 16Parenting 17Money Matters 18Special Interests 19Routines 20Socialising Solutions 21Empathy and Reciprocity 22Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Cannot Be Blamed For Everything 23Staying Together USEFUL SOURCES OF HELP AND INFORMATION REFERENCES FURTHER

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I see many couples for advice on their relationship. They are often the parents of a child with an Autism Spectrum Disorder, recognising that one, or sometimes both, have the profile of abilities associated with Autism Spectrum Disorder, although expressed in a much more subtle way than in their child. I am now also seeing adults

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advice on how to maintain a successful relationship with their new partner. My clinic list also includes couples who have learnt about Asperger’s syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) from television programmes and films, and realised that the undiagnosed characteristics in one of the partners are affecting the relationship. Thus, there is an

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studies and the writing of the first and second edition of this book. PREFACE This book has been written as a guide to Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) for anyone who has a partner with this condition, regardless of whether they are male, female, lesbian, gay or transgendered. The information used to

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decided by them no longer to use the term Asperger syndrome and to refer to individuals who come under this bracket as simply having an Autism Spectrum Disorder. This book maintains the use of the term Asperger syndrome to describe those at the higher-functioning end of this spectrum but it also

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acknowledges that those with Asperger syndrome fall under the broader term of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Whether your partner refers to themselves as having Asperger syndrome or an Autism Spectrum Disorder, the information in this book will be for you. INTRODUCTION It is over 13 years since The National

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research and my work as a couples counsellor. Since 1998 I have specialised in counselling individuals, couples and families who are affected by Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and have worked with hundreds of clients. The one thing that has stayed consistent is the importance of acceptance, support and understanding which can make

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same, to offer hope. PART I The aim of the first part of this book is to provide some basic facts about Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) and help those without it to understand this complex condition. I also attempt to offer some insight into what brings couples together in the first

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and what may lead them to the realisation that Asperger syndrome may be present in one of the partners. 1 SOME FACTS ABOUT ASPERGER SYNDROME (AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) Hans Asperger and Asperger syndrome In 1944, Hans Asperger (Asperger 1944) observed a pattern of behavioural problems in a group of boys while working

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is an Autistic Spectrum Disorder. The autistic spectrum encompasses Asperger syndrome and autism, both of which may vary from severe to mild, or ‘high-functioning’. Autism Spectrum Disorders are also referred to as pervasive developmental disorders. There has been much debate as to whether or not there is a difference between high-functioning

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term ‘Asperger syndrome’ but to refer to individuals who come under this bracket as simply having an ‘Autism Spectrum Disorder’. Under the new diagnostic criteria those who were previously diagnosed with Asperger syndrome might fall under Autism Spectrum Disorder – Level 1. What is Wing’s triad of social and language impairments? The three main criteria

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that people with Autism Spectrum Disorder share were arrived at by Lorna Wing and are now often referred to as Wing

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(Baird et al. 2006; Brugha et al. 2009, 2011, 2012) have been inclined to look at numbers of children or adults diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder that includes autism as well as Asperger syndrome, and these indicate that 1 in 100 individuals are on the autism spectrum. 2 IS ASPERGER SYNDROME

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(AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) PREDOMINANTLY A MALE CONDITION? Statistics report more males than females Ehlers and Gillberg (1993) found that the male-to-female ratio was approximately 4:1

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Asperger syndrome for themselves and decide to explore the possibility that they may or may not be on the spectrum. 3 SUSPECTED, UNDIAGNOSED ASPERGER SYNDROME (AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) The first step In my original research I received almost three times as many replies from respondents who strongly suspected their partner had Asperger syndrome

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their partner would have difficulty coping with it. 4 OBSESSIVE BEHAVIOUR OR SPECIAL INTERESTS? Routines can be rigid and precise A person with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) may have many rigid daily routines, and it may have been these that first made their partner notice that this was not usual behaviour, not

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opinion. He also recommended that if she lost a few pounds the outfit would look better!! Friends The behaviour of a person with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) may at times appear rude, especially to those who are not aware of the syndrome. So it may not come as too much of

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a particular issue. 6 TRYING TO COMMUNICATE Taking things literally Problems with literal and double meanings can cause many misunderstandings for those with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder), many of whom complain that they wish people would just say what they mean. In a couple where one partner has not yet been diagnosed

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of whether or not they should seek out a diagnosis. If one partner does not want to accept or investigate the possibility of Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder), the other partner has to decide how important it is to them, and if they can live without having a formal diagnosis. Whatever they

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the diagnosis and not to make any assumptions for each other. 8 AFTER THE DIAGNOSIS, WHAT NEXT? Acceptance After receiving a diagnosis of Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder), give yourselves time to accept it. Although for some it may seem unfair or a hopeless situation on discovering for certain that their partner has

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the first place. 9 INITIAL ATTRACTION Kind, gentle men This chapter is written for women and men who have a male partner with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder), as I do not have sufficient data regarding what attracts men to women who have the syndrome. However, it appears likely from the information I

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and relationships have been solved within a counselling room. Unfortunately, this does not often appear to be the case when one partner has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder). For some, the result may be disastrous, leaving the partner who does not have Asperger syndrome feeling unheard, frustrated and very angry. The reason

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aim in the second part of this book is to look at some of the problems that living with a partner who has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) can present. In what follows are various strategies and ways of coping with difficulties that have worked for others. Most apply equally to women

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as what works for one couple will not necessarily work for another – each individual and relationship is unique. 11 LIVING AND COPING WITH ASPERGER SYNDROME (AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) Each of us is unique Every human being is unique, just as every couple’s relationship is unique. That said, when one partner has Asperger

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is not surprising considering that difficulties with both verbal and non-verbal forms of communication are strongly indicative, together with other criteria, of Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder). Communication problems arising when living with a partner who has Asperger syndrome can drive some adults into a state of despair and desperation. People have

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or ask (Attwood 1998). This idea has certainly proved successful in my own experience of counselling couples when one of the partners has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder), as it can offer great insight into what is really going on for both partners. One man with Asperger syndrome whom I interviewed for the

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medium that helps to improve communication. 14 ANGER Anger can be an issue Some men and women living with a partner who has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) have reported that their partners have a profound fear of confrontation and will do anything to avoid a display of anger directed at them. Those

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time that leaves them feeling very lonely. 15 SEX Loneliness in the bedroom Some women and men living with a partner who has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) reported a complete lack of sexual intimacy in their relationship. In some cases, sexual intercourse had only occurred once or twice and then ceased altogether

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it is unlikely that their partner will be able to forgive or learn to trust them again. 16 PARENTING When the parent with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is female In her interview with Professor Tony Attwood, Liane Holliday Willey discussed her difficulties understanding her non-Asperger children. Holliday Willey described the lengths

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any control of the finances at all, there were massive debts. Whether or not poor money management skills are a consequence of Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is impossible to say as I have also talked to men and women who say their Asperger partners are excellent at dealing with the finances

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special interests are likely to be solitary pursuits, for example, collecting certain objects, exploring old churches or running. Life with someone who has Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) may involve feeling similar to a ‘golf widow’ or a widower. The special interest may also be linked to the person’s field of work

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you will become an expert on something that you previously knew little or nothing about. 19 ROUTINES Never-ending routines Some adults with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) have some very rigid routines that they feel very strongly have to be followed through in the same order every time. It may be, for

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problems Many women told me about problems that had occurred in social situations that at times made life very difficult. Sometimes people with Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) will do anything to avoid such events. Having problems with knowing how to interact socially with others is one of the core traits of Asperger

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strategy and it really works. Remember, though, that there are many things your partner can make choices about, just like anyone else. 22 ASPERGER SYNDROME (AUTISM SPECTRUM DISORDER) CANNOT BE BLAMED FOR EVERYTHING Just because your partner has Asperger syndrome does not mean that they have no choice but to do what they

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causing the difficulties and an incentive to try to change things, the relationship can still improve. 23 STAYING TOGETHER The positive sides of Asperger syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Many of the men and women I have encountered attribute all the positive qualities their partner displays to their own individual personality. For some women

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Autism 1, 101–109. Brugha, T.S., McManus, S., Bankart, J., Scott, F., Purdon, S., Smith, J., Bebbington, P., Jenkins, R. and Meltzer, H. (2009) Autism Spectrum Disorders in Adults Living in Households throughout England: Report from the Adult Psychiatric Morbidity Survey, 2007. Leeds: NHS Information Centre for Health and Social Care. Brugha

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, T.S, McManus, S., Bankart, J., Scott, F., Purdon, S., Smith, J. et al. (2011) ‘Epidemiology of autism spectrum disorders in adults in the community in England.’ Archives of General Psychiatry 68, 5, May, 459–465. Brugha, T.S., McManus, S., Smith, J., Scott, F

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J., Meltzer, H., Purdon, S., Berney, T., Tantam, D., Robinson, J., Radley, J. and Bankart, J. (2012) ‘Validating two survey methods for identifying cases of autism spectrum disorder among adults in the community.’ Psychological Medicine 42, 3, March, 647–656. Burgoine, E. and Wing, L. (1983) ‘Identical triplets with Asperger’s syndrome.’ British

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101 uniqueness of 59–60 women undiagnosed 21–2, 24–6 Aspergirls (Simone) 22 assumptions in communication 71–2 Attwood, Tony 22, 23, 73, 91 Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) definition of 18 gender difference triad of social and language impairments 18–19 prevalence of 20 awareness before diagnosis 37–8 baby care 93

Spectrum Women: Walking to the Beat of Autism

by Barb Cook and Samantha Craft  · 20 Aug 2018  · 335pp  · 94,578 words

as being on the autism spectrum. • General identification. Person/woman/girl/those on the spectrum. “With autism” has been used in context academically and historically. • Autism spectrum disorder (ASD). ASD has been used instead of autism spectrum condition (ASC) for academic purposes. This is not a reflection of our personal choice in identification

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. We recognize that Asperger syndrome was removed from the current Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) and was brought together under the Autism Spectrum Disorder classification. At time of printing of this book, the International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) still formally recognizes Asperger syndrome as a diagnosis. We have

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dysphoria, obsessive-compulsive disorder, or anorexia nervosa—this is a common pathway for adolescent girls. • A common pathway for women is the diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder in one of their children or another family member. • Another common pathway for women is the internet—discovering female descriptions of having Asperger syndrome and

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additional difficulties such as language impairment, learning impairment, and often motor disorders. It still seems strange to me that I can run a clinic for autism spectrum disorders where I may, in the morning, see a child of nine years of age who cannot speak and twirls beautifully throughout the interview, and in

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I love that she has included each type of communication in her discussion. Social communication difficulty is at the core of the diagnostic definition of autism spectrum disorder, including deficits in social emotional reciprocity, non-verbal communicative behaviors, and persistent difficulties in developing and maintaining social relationships. However, social communication takes two, and

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task inertia difficulties. How can you help me? Dr. Michelle Garnett on executive functioning Research indicates that approximately 75% of people with a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder Level 1 also have a diagnosis of attention-deficit disorder, with or without hyperactivity (ADD/ADHD), meaning that they have a full range of executive

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NPO—nil per os/nil by mouth. CHAPTER 16 Autism and Co-Occurring Conditions Anita Lesko A number of medical conditions frequently occur with an autism spectrum disorder (ASD). These co-occurring conditions include anxiety, depression, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), gastrointestinal (GI) problems, sleep disturbances, epilepsy, autoimmune disorders, Ehlers-Danlos syndrome, mitochondrial

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Jersey, research has found that adults with epilepsy are more likely to show signs of autism and Asperger syndrome. Nearly one-third of people with autism spectrum disorder also have epilepsy. The connection between the two conditions was made in a study that showed that epileptic seizures short-circuit the neurological function that

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women. This gender bias has led some to refer to anorexia as “the female Asperger’s” (Arnold, 2016). Eating disorders frequently occur in conjunction with autism spectrum disorders. The comorbidity of anorexia nervosa and Asperger’s syndrome is a significant clinical complication (Dudova, Kocourkova, and Koutek, 2015). There are several types of eating

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) and autoimmune disorders are genetically linked to autism. We also know that there is under-connectivity in the neural networks of the frontal lobes in autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), and sensory processing disorder. Differently functioning frontal lobes are a likely explanation for these common co-occurring conditions. My own

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, T., Catchpole, C. et al. (2016) “Gender ratio in a clinical population sample, age of diagnosis and duration of assessment in children and adults with autism spectrum disorder.” Autism 20, 5, 628–634. Chapter 2 Ormond, S., Brownlow, C., Garnett, M.S., Rynkiewicz, A. and Attwood, T. (2018) “Profiling autism symptomatology: An exploration

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, E. (2014) “Health Communication: A pilot study comparing perceptions of women with and without high functioning autism spectrum disorder.” Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders 8, 1713–1721. Szakacs, G. and Davi, A. (2017) “Risk of Anesthesia Regression in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder and Mitochondrial Dysfunction.” Mitoaction.org. Retrieved 28 November 2017, from www.mitoaction.org/files/Risk%20of

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, TX: Future Horizons. Berg, K.L., Shiu, C.-S., Acharya, K., Stolbach, B.C. and Msall, M.E. (2016) “Disparities in adversity among children with autism spectrum disorder: A population-based study.” Developmental Medicine and Child Neurology 58, 11, 1124–1131. Burke, L. and Stoddart, K.P. (2014) “Medical and Health Problems in

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Adults with High-Functioning Autism and Asperger Syndrome.” In F.R. Volkmar, B. Reichow and J.C. McPartland (eds) Adolescents and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York, NY: Springer. Croen, L.A., Zerbo, O., Qian, Y., Massolo, M.L. et al. (2015) “The health status of adults on the autism

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the Autism Spectrum. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Hirvikoski, T. and Blomqvist, M. (2015) “High self-perceived stress and poor coping in intellectually able adults with autism spectrum disorder.” Autism 19, 6, 752–757. Hirvikoski, T., Mittendorfer-Rutz, E., Boman, M., Larsson, H., Lichtenstein, P. and Bölte, S. (2016) “Premature mortality in

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autism spectrum disorder.” The British Journal of Psychiatry 208, 3, 232–238. Holliday Willey, L. (1999) Pretending to be Normal: Living with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder). London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Jones, L., Goddard, L., Hill, E.L., Henry, L.A

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. and Crane, L. (2014) “Experiences of receiving a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder: A survey of adults in the United Kingdom.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44, 12, 3033–3044. Kerns, C.M., Newschaffer, C.J. and

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Berkowitz, S.J. (2015) “Traumatic childhood events and autism spectrum disorder.” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 45, 11, 3475–3486. Kristensen, Z.E. and Broome, M.R. (2015) “Autistic traits in an internet sample of

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research.” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 54, 1, 11–24. Lawson, W. (1998) Life behind Glass: A Personal Account of Autism Spectrum Disorder. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Lawson, W.B. and Lawson, B.M. (2017) Transitioning Together: One Couple’s Journey of Gender and Identity Discovery. London: Jessica

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Kingsley Publishers. Maddox, B.B., Trubanova, A. and White, S.W. (2016) “Untended wounds: Non-suicidal self-injury in adults with autism spectrum disorder.” Autism: The International Journal of Research and Practice 21, 4, 412–422. McGraw, P.C. (2001) Life Strategies: Doing What Works, Doing What Matters. New

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Books. Prince-Hughes, D. (2004) Songs of the Gorilla Nation: My Journey through Autism. New York, NY: Harmony Books. Rastam, M. (2008) “Eating disturbances in autism spectrum disorders with focus on adolescent and adult years.” Clinical Neuropsychiatry 5, 1, 31–42. Roux, A. and Kerns, C. (2016) “Awareness, Education, and Counseling: Supporting Mental

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. and Grandin, T. (2018) Temple Grandin: The Stories I Tell My Friends. Arlington, TX: Future Horizons. Chapter 18 Aitken, K.J. (2012) Sleep Difficulties and Autism Spectrum Disorders. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Holliday Willey, L. (1999) Pretending to be Normal. London: Jessica Kingsley Publishers. Chapter 19 Association of Nature and Forest Therapy Guides

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(Mary Ann Liebert Inc. Publishers, 2018) Autism in Heels: The Untold Story of a Female Life on the Spectrum, Jennifer O’Toole (Skyhorse Publishing, 2018) Autism Spectrum Disorder in Mid and Later Life, edited by Scott D. Wright, PhD (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2016) Been There. Done That. Try This! An Aspie’s Guide

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Here to Maternity: Pregnancy and Motherhood on the Autism Spectrum, Lana Grant (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2015) I Think I Might Be Autistic: A Guide to Autism Spectrum Disorder Diagnosis and Self-Discovery for Adults, Cynthia Kim (Narrow Gauge Press, 2013) Life on the Autism Spectrum: A Guide for Girls and Women, Karen McKibbin

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Andrew Hore (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2014) Uniquely Human: A Different Way of Seeing Autism, Barry M. Prizant, PhD (Simon & Schuster, 2016) Women and Girls with Autism Spectrum Disorder: Understanding Life Experiences from Early Childhood to Old Age, Sarah Hendrickx (Jessica Kingsley Publishers, 2015) Websites Asexual Visibility and Education Network (AVEN): www.asexuality.org

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) 54 Attwood, Tony 50, 89, 92, 176, 217, 252, 282 Australian Public Service 135 Autism Key 228 Autism Research Institute 227 Autism Spectrum Australia 227 autism spectrum disorder (ASD) as preferred term 13 Autistic Pride 11 autoimmune disorder 225 Baker, Jed 246 Beautiful Mind, A 111 Blomqvist, M. 239 Bogdashina, Olga 158 Bolte

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Illustrated by Colin Thompson ISBN 978 1 84905 502 4 eISBN 978 0 85700 907 4 CBT to Help Young People with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) to Understand and Express Affection A Manual for Professionals Tony Attwood and Michelle Garnett ISBN 978 1 84905 412 6 eISBN 978 0 85700 801

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5 From Like to Love for Young People with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) Learning How to Express and Enjoy Affection with Family and Friends Tony Attwood and Michelle Garnett ISBN 978 1 84905 436 2 eISBN 978 0

Thinking in Pictures: And Other Reports From My Life With Autism

by Temple Grandin  · 10 Jan 2006  · 291pp  · 92,406 words

and Developmental Disorders, 33: 631–642. O. Sacks 1993 To see and not to see. New Yorker, 59–73. May 10, C. Sicile-Kira 2004 Autism Spectrum Disorders. New York., Perigree Books J. Sinclair 1992 Bridging the gaps on inside view of autism. In. (eds.), E. Schopler Mesibov G. B.. High-functioning individuals

Brain Energy: A Revolutionary Breakthrough in Understanding Mental Health--And Improving Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, OCD, PTSD, and More

by Christopher M. Palmer Md  · 15 Nov 2022  · 402pp  · 107,908 words

people diagnosed with OCD are still able to work and function normally in life, while others are completely disabled by their symptoms. People diagnosed with autism-spectrum disorder can be wildly different from each other. There are high-functioning billionaire businesspeople with this diagnosis, while others live in group homes unable to care

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easier to dismiss when we are talking about anxiety disorders, perhaps because anxiety is a mental state we all experience. So let’s look at autism spectrum disorder. Most people don’t think of autism as a purely “mental” illness, but more as a developmental or neurological disorder that starts early in life

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one other mental disorder and almost 50 percent have two or more.17 It’s also interesting to note that embedded in the criteria of autism spectrum disorder are many of the symptoms of obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD). And what happens to people with autism over longer terms? Are they at higher risk

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it stands to reason that a diagnosis of social anxiety disorder could follow if interactions caused anxiety. In such a case, many would assume the autism spectrum disorder came first, and that the social anxiety was an understandable consequence of the autism. However, it’s now well documented that autism itself puts people

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is undoubtedly stressful. But as you will learn, the explanation is much more complex than that. This phenomenon isn’t limited to anxiety disorders or autism spectrum disorder, either. Looking at eating disorders, bulimia nervosa occurs in about 1 percent of the population, anorexia nervosa in about 0.6 percent, and binge eating

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Health and Human Services. https://www.samhsa.gov/data/sites/default/files/cbhsq-reports/NSDUHsaeTrendTabs2017/NSDUHsaeLongTermCHG2017.pdf. Retrieved 2/18/22. 8CDC. “Data & Statistics on Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, US Department of Health and Human Services. https://www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html. Retrieved 5/27/19

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(5) (2017): 336–343. doi: 10.1111/bdi.12505. 6L. Mische Lawson and L. Foster. “Sensory Patterns, Obesity, and Physical Activity Participation of Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder.” Am J Occup Ther 70(5) (2016): 7005180070pl-7005180070p8. doi: 10.5014/ajot.2016.021535. 7M. Afzal, N. Siddiqi, B. Ahmad, N. Afsheen, F. Aslam

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in Epilepsy: Seizure and Psychosis Variables.” Neurology 43(6) (1993): 1073-7. doi: 10.1212/wnl.43.6.1073. 28S. S. Jeste and R. Tuchman. “Autism Spectrum Disorder and Epilepsy: Two Sides of the Same Coin?” J Child Neurol 30(14) (2015): 1963–1971. doi: 10.1177/0883073815601501. 29E. H. Lee, Y. S

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/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and brain functions contributing causes of examples of treatment for increase in obesity and medications for and other disorders risk for autism/autism spectrum disorder and brain functions contributing causes of and other disorders rates of treatments for autoimmune disorders brain affected by contributing causes of hypothyroidism due to and

We're Not Broken: Changing the Autism Conversation

by Eric Garcia  · 2 Aug 2021  · 398pp  · 96,909 words

also showed that the U.S. government spent only 6 percent of its budget on “research to improve services and supports for people with [autism spectrum disorder].” This contrast in spending reflects this country’s backward values; rather than learning how to best assist autistic people as they navigate the world,

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health care; and, finally, to be free to pursue fulfilling personal lives. An estimated one in fifty-four children in the United States has autism spectrum disorder, according to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. It is much more difficult to determine how many autistic adults there are because most testing

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, autism diagnoses exist under the fifth edition of the American Psychiatric Association’s Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) prescribed term of autism spectrum disorders (ASD). But autism previously existed under various terms, including infantile autism, Asperger’s syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS). As

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2013, the American Psychiatric Association placed autistic disorder, Asperger’s syndrome, childhood disintegrative disorder, and PDD-NOS in the DSM-5 under the umbrella term autism spectrum disorder. This new label for the condition is characterized by “persistent impairment in reciprocal social communication and social interaction” and “restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior.”

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student at the University of North Carolina when the DSM-5 changed its criteria to put all variations of autism under the umbrella diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Much of my schooling from fifth grade onward was at private parochial Christian schools, but in my early years in public school,

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to serve families of autistic people throughout the state. In 2002, it began offering services for autistic students through its College Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder. The program office is located on the third floor of Marshall’s Old Main Suite building, the oldest building on the university’s campus.

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medical service providers and doctors. “We’ve published a lot on that area about, not just the medical problems that can bring individuals with autism spectrum disorder to the emergency department, but also the special needs of these patients in dealing with what, by definition, is a crisis situation and can

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acute than neurotypical people’s needs. One 2018 meta-analysis of sixty-six studies in the Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology found that people with autism spectrum disorder “are 4-times more likely to experience depression in their lifetime.” Suicidal ideation is something I am all too familiar with. I’ve lived

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criteria for ASD around thirteen sites funded by the CDC. The study found that when an autistic girl presents as having an intellectual disability, “an [autism spectrum disorder] diagnosis may not be considered the primary problem and [intellectual disability] may be diagnosed, instead” and that girls, “especially those without a cognitive impairment

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Silberman’s book came out just two years after the most recent version of the DSM placed all autistic people under the larger diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and helped increase the public’s understanding about autism. Steve’s book was not the only book about autism at the time to focus

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grew up with guilty parents who believed their children were autistic because of vaccines. The generation after ours grew up with clearer diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder and were born after crucial legislation like the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act was passed. Now, there are more spaces for autistic people, whether

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(2016): 14–35, www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4710161/,10.1097/hrp.0000000000000087. autism and violent behavior: Santhana Gunasekaran and Eddie Chaplin, “Autism Spectrum Disorders and Offending,” Advances in Mental Health and Intellectual Disabilities 6, no. 6 (November 2012): 308–13, https://www.emerald.com/insight/content/doi/10.1108

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of all research: Office of Autism Research Coordination, National Institute of Mental Health, Autistica, Canadian Institutes of Health Research, and Macquarie University, “2016 International Autism Spectrum Disorder Research Portfolio Analysis Report,” October 2019, 42, https://iacc.hhs.gov/publications/international-portfolio-analysis/2016/portfolio_analysis_2016.pdf. But autism likely can’t

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.html. CDC study estimated that 2.2 percent of the adult population: Maggie Fox, “First US Study of Autism in Adults Estimates 2.2% Have Autism Spectrum Disorder,” CNN.com, May 11, 2020, www.cnn.com/2020/05/11/health/autism-adults-cdc-health/index.html. “overcoming”: Mike Suriani, “Penny Hardaway

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term: Rebecca Cokley, “Reflections from an ADA Generation, Rebecca Cokley, TEDx University of Rochester,” YouTube, July 25, 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?v=nmDk6ZE3npY. autism spectrum disorders (ASD): Susan L. Hyman, “New DSM-5 Includes Changes to Autism Criteria,” AAP News, June 2013, https://www.aappublications.org/content/early/2013/06/04

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no. 1 (February 1981): 115–29, https://doi.org/10.1017/s0033291700053332. restrictive and repetitive behaviors: Herman, “‘DSM-IV’ (1994) and ‘DSM-IVR’ (2000).” autism spectrum disorder: Hyman, “New DSM-5 Includes Changes to Autism Criteria.” “restricted, repetitive patterns of behavior”: Herman, “Autism in the DSM, 1952–2013.” a surge in autism

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Psychological Science (April 1, 2005), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25404790/. people who went undetected in the past: Judith S. Miller et al., “Autism Spectrum Disorder Reclassified: A Second Look at the 1980s Utah/UCLA Autism Epidemiologic Study,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, no. 1 (June 13, 2012): 200

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it began offering services for autistic students: Rebecca Hansen, interview with the author, 2018. Old Main Suite building: “Front Page,” College Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder, Marshall University, https://www.marshall.edu/collegeprogram/. Richie Combs, who was in his final year of college: Richie Combs, interview with the author, 2018.

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percent of college students with ASD: Xin Wei et al., “Postsecondary Pathways and Persistence for STEM Versus Non-STEM Majors: Among College Students with an Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 44, no. 5 (2014): 1159–67, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-013-1978-5. because it implies

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Marshall: Rebecca Hansen, interview with the author, 2018. Marshall teaches “adaptive living skills”: “The WV Autism Training Center’s College Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder at Marshall University,” Marshall University, https://www.marshall.edu/collegeprogram/files/College-Program-Summary-and-Overview.pdf. Richie Combs told me: Richie Combs, interview with

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the author, 2018. Developing a Social Radar: “The WV Autism Training Center’s College Program for Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder at Marshall University,” Marshall University, https://www.marshall.edu/collegeprogram/files/College-Program-Summary-and-Overview.pdf. said many students receive assistance: Rebecca Hansen, interview

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problem wasn’t: Scott L. J. Jackson et al., “Brief Report: Self-Reported Academic, Social, and Mental Health Experiences of Post-Secondary Students with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 48, no. 3 (2017): 643–50, https://doi.org/10.1007/s10803-017-3315-x. Savicki argued it was

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. found that HCBS waivers: Douglas L. Leslie et al., “The Effects of Medicaid Home- and Community-Based Services Waivers on Unmet Needs Among Children With Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Medical Care 55, no. 1, (January 2017): 57–63), https://doi.org/10.1097/mlr.0000000000000621, 159–71. for someone in an institution was

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2007). Rimland warned against gluten and casein: Silberman, Neurotribes, 334. sixty-six autistic children: Anna Piwowarczyk et al., “Gluten-Free Diet in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized, Controlled, Single-Blinded Trial,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 50 (October 2019): 482–90, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10803

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-story.html. chelation therapy: Jay L. Hoecker, “Autism Treatment: Can Chelation Therapy Help?” Mayo Clinic, November 23, 2016, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/expert-answers/autism-treatment/faq-20057933. meant to help people improve basic skills: “Applied Behavior Analysis,” Psychology Today, 2020, https://www.psychologytoday.com/us/therapy

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coordinating-committee/. some autistic people have more impairments: Bailin, “Clearing Up Some Misconceptions.” gastrointestinal issues: Katherine Zeratsky, “Autism Spectrum Disorder and Digestive Symptoms,” Mayo Clinic, May 21, 2019, https://www.mayoclinic.org/diseases-conditions/autism-spectrum-disorder/expert-answers/autism-and-digestive-symptoms/faq-20322778. “considered worthy individuals in and of themselves”: Nancy Bagatell, “From

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, https://www.epilepsy.com/learn/early-death-and-sudep/sudep. surveyed more than 27,000 autistic adults: Tatja Hirvikoski et al., “Premature Mortality in Autism Spectrum Disorder,” British Journal of Psychiatry 208, no. 3 (March 2016), https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/the-british-journal-of-psychiatry/article/premature-mortality-in

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pmc/articles/PMC3663938/. “more likely to experience depression”: Chloe C. Hudson, Layla Hall, and Kate L. Harkness, “Prevalence of Depressive Disorders in Individuals with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Meta-Analysis,” Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology 47, no. 1 (March 1, 2018), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10802-018-0402-1

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“tend to be a bit naive and trusting”: Matthew Roth and Jennifer Gillis, “‘Convenience with the Click of a Mouse’: A Survey of Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorder on Online Dating,” Sexuality and Disability 33, no. 1 (December 31, 2014), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11195-014-9392-2. when

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with the author, 2020. did not know that their children had masturbated: J. Dewinter et al., “Parental Awareness of Sexual Experience in Adolescent Boys with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 46, no. 2 (October 25, 2019), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4724358/. “you’re thinking

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the consent to do it: Dave Hamrick, interview with the author, 2016. 309 autistic individuals: R. George and M. A. Stokes, “Sexual Orientation in Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Autism Research 11, no. 1 (2018), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29159906/. “That’s a whole other kind of barrier”: Amy Gravino, interview with

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Historicizing Jim Sinclair’s ‘Don’t Mourn for Us.’” compared to just 6.6 per every 1,000 girls: Jon Baio et al., “Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014,” Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, April 27, 2018

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re definitely not extreme males”: Lucie Kanfiszer, Fran Davies, and Suzanne Collins, “‘I Was Just So Different’: The Experiences of Women Diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder in Adulthood in Relation to Gender and Social Relationships,” Autism, March 22, 2017, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/abs/10.1177/1362361316687987. extreme male brain

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2019, https://www.refinery29.com/en-gb/autism-young-women. than boys with ASD: Spencer C. Evans et al., “Sex/Gender Differences in Screening for Autism Spectrum Disorder: Implications for Evidence-Based Assessment,” Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology 48, no. 6 (March 30, 2018), https://doi.org/10.1080/15374416.

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2018.1437734. “over the diagnostic threshold”: Katharina Dworzynski et al., “How Different Are Girls and Boys Above and Below the Diagnostic Threshold for Autism Spectrum Disorders?,” Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry 51, no. 8 (August 2012), doi: 10.1016/j.jaac.2012.05.018. “because

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gov/pmc/articles/PMC3935179/. surveyed 2,275 autistic people: Sander Begeer et al., “Sex Differences in the Timing of Identification Among Children and Adults with Autism Spectrum Disorders,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 43, no. 5 (September 22, 2012), https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10803-012-1656-z. surveyed

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2,568 children born in 1994: Ellen Giarelli et al., “Sex Differences in the Evaluation and Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorders Among Children,” Disability and Health Journal 3, no. 2 (2010), 107–16, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/21122776/. women had higher camouflaging scores

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Garcia-Spiegel, interview with the author, 2018. “gender variance was 7.59 times more common”: John F. Strang et al., “Increased Gender Variance in Autism Spectrum Disorders and Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder,” Archives of Sexual Behavior 43, no. 8 (2014): 1525–33, https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs10508-014-0285

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, https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/24972420/. four times more likely to experience gender dysphoria: Elizabeth Hisle-Gorman et al., “Gender Dysphoria in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder,” LGBT Health 6, no. 3 (April 1, 2019), https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30920347/. “When we’re forcibly distanced from social rules”:

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“had 2.6 times the odds of receiving some other diagnosis”: David S. Mandell et al., “Disparities in Diagnoses Received Prior to a Diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders 37, no. 9 (December 8, 2006), https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2861330/. said that the

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Luterman, interview with the author, 2019. Black parents reported fewer concerns: Meghan Rose Donohue et al., “Race Influences Parent Report of Concerns About Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Autism 23, no. 1 (November 3, 2017): 106, https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/pdf/10.1177/1362361317722030. “cultural norms surrounding discussion of ASD”:

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interview with the author, 2018. 30.4 percent offered general developmental screenings: Katharine E. Zuckerman et al., “Pediatrician Identification of Latino Children at Risk for Autism Spectrum Disorder,” Pediatrics 132, no. 3 (August 8, 2013): 448, https://pediatrics.aappublications.org/content/pediatrics/132/3/445.full.pdf. “it’s such a confusing

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Robison and, 24 Sesame Street/autistic character, 171 vaccine myth and, 18 Wright, Bob, 10, 18, 23, 114 Wright, Suzanne, 10, 18, 24, 114 autism spectrum disorders (ASD) Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, xvii, 5, 6, 200 DSM and, xvii, 5, 6, 200 surge in diagnoses/surge reasons, 5, 9

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Act, 12 Developmental Disabilities Council for the National Association of State Directors of Developmental Disabilities Services, Arizona, 91 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders autism spectrum disorder, xvii, 5, 6, 200 autism term/diagnosis changes, xvii, 3–5, 6, 55 diets as autism treatment, 12, 14, 115–16 Dio, Ronnie James

Autistic Community and the Neurodiversity Movement: Stories From the Frontline

by Steven K. Kapp  · 19 Nov 2019

, L., Dawson, G., Stahmer, A. C., Landa, R., Rogers, S. J., McGee, G. G., & et al. (2015). Naturalistic developmental behavioral interventions: Empirically validated treatments for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 45 (8), 2411–2428. 23. den Houting, J. (2019). Neurodiversity: An insider’s perspective. Autism, 23(2), 271–273

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Press. 42. Sweileh, W. M., Al-Jabi, S. W., Sawalha, A. F., & Sa’ed, H. Z. (2016). Bibliometric profile of the global scientific research on autism spectrum disorders. SpringerPlus, 5 (1), 1480. 43. Kras, J. F. (2010). The “ransom notes” affair: When the neurodiversity movement came of age. Disability Studies Quarterly, 30 (1

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anecdotal evidence says that autistic people often have atypical reactions including super sensitivity to drugs. As Defilippis and Wagner [14] suggest, “Children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorder appear to be more susceptible to adverse effects with medications; therefore, initiation with low doses and titrating [adjusting the dosage] very slowly is recommended.” Also

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–329. 6. Tranter, R., & Healy, D. (1998). Neuroleptic discontinuation syndromes. Journal of Psychopharmacology, 12(4), 401–406. 7. Wing, L., & Shah, A. (2000). Catatonia in autism spectrum disorders. British Journal of Psychiatry, 176, 357–362. 8. Murray, D. (1999). ‘Potions, pills and human rights’ in opening volume of Good Autism Practice (long version

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. FR/ID/09). Retrieved from The Royal College of Psychiatry website: https://www. rcpsych.ac.uk. 14. DeFilippis, M., & Wagner, K. D. (2016). Treatment of autism spectrum disorder in children and adolescents. Psychopharmacology Bulletin, 46 (2), 18–41. Open Access This chapter is licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4

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treatments by debt-ridden multilevel marketers and new-age entrepreneurs [75]. A misleading telephone solicitation provoked me to dig into the public filings of the Autism Spectrum Disorder Foundation, which claimed to help autistic people, but showed little evidence of useful activity [76]. My local paper published an op-ed in which I

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America, a parent-led group that we had an uneasy détente with, urging the “DSM-5 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Working Group to interpret the definition of autism spectrum disorder broadly, so as to ensure that all of those who can benefit from an ASD diagnosis have the ability to do so” [20]. This was

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a well-established DSM-IV diagnosis of autistic disorder, Asperger’s disorder, or pervasive developmental disorder not otherwise specified should be given the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder” (p. 51) [1]. Emerging evidence on the implementation of DSM-5 confirms our concern about the severity scale. It is our experience that when categories

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Psychiatric Association. (2013). Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of mental disorders (DSM-5®). Washington, DC: Author. 2. Kaufmann, W. E. (2012). The new diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Autism Consortium. Retrieved from https://www.youtube. com/watch?v=in23jSkL1eA&fbclid=IwAR1ngCRHryNMOgzOeOVtK_ FewIHwF6Tvntbi0EXbcY3xL7KmfCne7TMGiMc. 3. Lord, C. (2012). Rethinking autism diagnoses. WCARP Autism Symposium. Retrieved

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., Lu, F., Martin, D. M., & et al. (2012). A multisite study of the clinical diagnosis of different autism spectrum disorders. Archives of General Psychiatry, 69 (3), 306–313. 11. American Psychiatric Association. (2011). Proposed revision: Autism Spectrum Disorder. Retrieved January 25, 2011 from http://www.dsm5.org/ ProposedRevision/Pages/proposedrevision.aspx?rid=94#. Retrieved from http

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Inclusive Education, 12(5–6), 459–476. 15. Mattila, M. L., Kielinen, M., Linna, S. L., Jussila, K., Ebeling, H., Bloigu, R., et al. (2011). Autism spectrum disorders according to DSM-IV-TR and comparison with DSM-5 draft criteria: An epidemiological study. Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry

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provision. Washington, DC: Autism Self Advocacy Network. 23. Mahjouri, S., & Lord, C. E. (2012). What the DSM-5 portends for research, diagnosis, and treatment of autism spectrum disorders. Current Psychiatry Reports, 14 (6), 739–747. 192 S. K. Kapp and A. Ne’eman 24. Wilson, C. E., Gillan, N., Spain, D., Robertson, D

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., Roberts, G., Murphy, C. M., et al. (2013). Comparison of ICD-10R, DSM-IV-TR and DSM-5 in an adult autism spectrum disorder diagnostic clinic. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 43(11), 2515–2525. 25. Swedo (S. E.) (and members of the DSM-5 Neurodevelopmental Disorders Workgroup

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). (2012, May 18). An update on the DSM-5 recommendations for autism spectrum disorder and other neurodevelopmental disorders. International Meeting for Autism Research, Toronto, Canada. 26. King, B. (2012). Keynote presentation. Annual meeting of the Autism Society of America

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Disorders, 43(5), 1236–1242. 29. Baio, J., Wiggins, L., Christensen, D. L., Maenner, M. J., Daniels, J., Warren, Z., et al. (2018). Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged 8 years—Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014. MMWR Surveillance Summaries, 67 (6), 1–23. 30. Mazurek

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, E., Bing, N. M., Hundley, R. J., & et al. (2017). A prospective study of the concordance of DSM-IV and DSM-5 diagnostic criteria for autism spectrum disorder. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 47 (9), 2783–2794. 31. Mazurek, M. O., Lu, F., Macklin, E. A., & Handen, B. L. (2018). Factors associated

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with DSM-5 severity level ratings for autism spectrum disorder. Autism. https://doi.org/10.1177/1362361318755318. 32. Mehling, M. H., & Tassé, M. J. (2016). Severity of autism spectrum disorders: Current conceptualization, and transition to DSM-5. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46 (6), 2000–2016

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. 33. Gardner, L. M., Campbell, J. M., Keisling, B., & Murphy, L. (2018). Correlates of DSM-5 autism spectrum disorder levels of support ratings in a clinical sample. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 48(10), 3513–3523. 13 Lobbying Autism’s Diagnostic Revision in

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/no-one-needs-diagnosis-social-communicationdisorder/. 35. Huerta, M., Bishop, S. L., Duncan, A., Hus, V., & Lord, C. (2012). Application of DSM-5 criteria for autism spectrum disorder to three samples of children with DSM-IV diagnoses of pervasive developmental disorders. American Journal of Psychiatry, 169 (10), 1056–1064. 36. Donnellan, A. M

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discourse. Buckingham: Open University Press. 4. Arnold, L., Milton, D., Beardon, L., & Chown, N. (2018). England and autism. In F. R. Volkmar (Ed.), Encyclopedia of autism spectrum disorders. New York: Springer. 5. APA. (2000). Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders, edition four (various ed.). Washington, DC: American Psychiatric Association. 6. Ellis, S

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peddle harmful narratives. On April 2, 2017, Trump’s presidential proclamation for World Autism Day read “My Administration is committed to promoting greater knowledge of [autism spectrum disorders] and encouraging innovation that will lead to new treatments and cures for autism” [14]. Similarly, Trump lit the White House blue, which is emblematic of

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” individuals were welcome. Additionally, Autistic PoC from any part of the spectrum were included, regardless of whether a person had a “PDD-NOS” diagnosis, an “Autism Spectrum Disorder” diagnosis, whether the person had self-diagnosed, etc. We did not require any of our contributors to have to conjure up “proof ” that they were

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model, whilst espousing broad opposition to the medical model of autism. The whole volume illustrates how a medicalized understanding of autism as a diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder differs from the understanding of autism in the accounts of neurodiversity activists. Contributors describe the medical framework as tending to pathologize people: We were so

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of mindless neuroscience. New York: Basic Civitas Books. 31. Farrugia, D. (2009). Exploring stigma: Medical knowledge and the stigmatisation of parents of children diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder. Sociology of Health & Illness, 31(7), 1011–1027. 32. Singh, I. (2013). Brain talk: Power and negotiation in children’s discourse about self, brain and

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), 12. Grondhuis, S. N., & Mulick, J. A. (2013). Comparison of the Leiter International Performance Scale-Revised and the Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, in children with autism spectrum disorders. American Journal on Intellectual and Developmental Disabilities, 118(1), 44–54. Krueger, K. K. (2013). Minimally verbal school-aged children with autism: Communication, academic engagement

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: Author. 21. Jones, C. R., Happé, F., Golden, H., Marsden, A. J., Tregay, J., Simonoff, E., et al. (2009). Reading and arithmetic in adolescents with autism spectrum disorders: Peaks and dips in attainment. Neuropsychology, 23(6), 718. 22. Geurts, H. M., Grasman, R. P., Verté, S., Oosterlaan, J., Roeyers, H., van Kammen, S

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. M., et al. (2008). Intra-individual variability in ADHD, autism spectrum disorders and Tourette’s syndrome. Neuropsychologia, 46 (13), 3030–3041. 23. Haigh, S. M. (2018). Variable sensory perception in autism. European Journal of Neuroscience, 47 (6

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and meta-analysis. Molecular Autism, 10 (1), 9. 31. Stedman, A., Taylor, B., Erard, M., Peura, C., & Siegel, M. (2018). Are children severely affected by autism spectrum disorder underrepresented in 22 Conclusion 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 37. 38. 39. 40. 41. 317 treatment studies? An analysis of the literature. Journal of Autism

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, A. G., Guffey, D., Minard, C. G., & Goin-Kochel, R. P. (2016). Brief report: Further examination of self-injurious behaviors in children and adolescents with autism spectrum disorders. Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 46 (5), 1872–1879. 318 S. K. Kapp 42. White, S. W., Lerner, M. D., McLeod, B. D., Wood

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, J. J., Ginsburg, G. S., Kerns, C., et al. (2015). Anxiety in youth with and without autism spectrum disorder: Examination of factorial equivalence. Behavior Therapy, 46 (1), 40–53. 43. Ballou, E. P. (chavisory). (2014, May 11). A checklist for identifying sources of aggression

Autism: A Very Short Introduction

by Uta Frith  · 22 Oct 2008  · 127pp  · 36,853 words

we shall look at three cases closely based on real cases from different parts of the autism spectrum. David has classic autism. Gary has an autism spectrum disorder (ASD) with a diffuse and atypical picture, but such complex cases are actually quite common. Edward has classic Asperger syndrome. David David was 3 when

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to date comes from a British study of 57,000 children aged 9 to 10 years. In this group the total prevalence of cases of autism spectrum disorder was just over 1 per cent. If you only looked at autism cases, then the estimate was 0.4 per cent, with 0.2 per

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a population of about 60 million, there are at least half a million. Assuming that about 1 per cent of the general population have an autism spectrum disorder, you are almost certain to know someone who is affected. This makes autism as common a mental disorder as schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. But unlike

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recently. Nevertheless, it would be wrong to feel complacent. Parents want to know all the reasons for the fast and recent rise in cases of autism spectrum disorders. After all, one other reason could be a new and as yet unknown toxin or virus that is affecting brain development even before birth. If

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end of her tether and finally went to a clinic specializing in autistic disorders. Diane was not surprised when Moira announced that Ben had an autism spectrum disorder. The diagnosis brought considerable relief to Moira. Ben was not simply a naughty child, who misbehaved all the time. Instead he just couldn’t help

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a number of different disorders: dyspraxia, mild learning disability, attention deficit disorder, PDD-NOS, or Asperger syndrome. Which of these labels is the most appropriate? Autism spectrum disorder tends to be the category that trumps others. This is partly because the social and communication impairments have the most serious consequences and partly because

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developing children (TD) Adapted from Senju A., Maeda M., Kikuchi Y., Hasegawa T., Tojo and Osanai H. (2007) Absence of contagious yawning in children with autism spectrum disorder. Biological Letters, 22, 706–8 Problems with the third idea The broken mirror theory is still new. It needs to be refined to explain which

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brought a blanket to cover her when she was resting on a sofa. Examples of kindness that transcend the typically strong egocentrism of people with autism spectrum disorders are not common, but they exist. Likewise, examples of empathy exist, even though a lack of empathy is frequently seen as typical of autism. In

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to focus on detail. A focused interest in detail can appear narrow to others and narrow interests are a key feature for the diagnosis of autism spectrum disorder and particularly Asperger syndrome. 16. When the boy looks at the toy car he sees details that would normally escape us. It is as if

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we have seen with the other big ideas, this criticism is not necessarily fatal: none of them are likely to apply to all cases of autism spectrum disorder. There are bound to be subgroups. Trouble at the top It is time to turn to the last of the five big ideas, the idea

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. The anecdotes about what it feels like to be autistic all come from high-functioning adults. There is a danger therefore that the view of autism spectrum disorders is heavily weighted towards this part of the spectrum. It is not necessarily correct to call it the mild part, because these people have disabilities

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is no longer able to live at home, he will depend on social services for housing and support. What does it cost to have an autism spectrum disorder? Health economists make it their business to find out just how much it costs to take care of a person with an autism spectrum condition

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. Ellman, D., and Bedford, H. (2007) MMR: where are we now? Archives of Disease in Childhood, 92: 1055–7. Geschwind, D., and Levitt, P. (2007) Autism spectrum disorders: developmental disconnection syndromes. Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 17(1): 103–11. Gillberg, C. and Coleman, M. (2000) The Biology of the autistic syndromes 3rd ed

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. S., Pfeifer, J. J., Scott, A. A., Sigman, M., Bookheimer, S. Y. et al. (2006) Understanding emotions in others: mirror neuron dysfunction in children with autism spectrum disorders. Nature Neuroscience, 9(1): 28–30. Dawson, G., Meltzoff, A. N., Osterling, J., Rinaldi, J., and Brown, E. (1998) Children with autism fail to orient

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. On non-social features Bird, G., Catmur, C., Silani, G., Frith, C., Frith, U. (2006) Attention does not modulate neural responses to social stimuli in autism spectrum disorders. Neuroimage, 31(4): 1614–24. Gilbert S. J., Bird G., Brindley R., Frith C. D. and Burgess P. W. (2008) Atypical recruitment of medial prefrontal

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cortex in autism spectrum disorders: An fMRI study of two executive function tasks, Neuropsychologia, 46(9): 2281–91. Happé, F., and Frith, U. (2006) The weak central coherence account: detail

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) Understanding Developmental Disorders: A Cognitive Modelling Approach. Oxford: Blackwell. Edited volumes presenting research Charman, T., and Stone, W., eds. (2006) Social and Communication Development in Autism Spectrum Disorders: Early Identification, Diagnosis, and Intervention. New York: Guilford Press. Frith, U., and Hill, E., eds. (2003) Autism: Brain and Mind, Oxford: Oxford University Press. McGregor

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Books. Grandin, T. (1996) Thinking in Pictures: My Life with Autism. New York: Vintage Books. Lawson, W. (2000) Life behind Glass: A Personal Account of Autism Spectrum Disorder. London: Jessica Kingsley. Moore, C. (2004) George and Sam. London: Penguin. Sacks, O. (1995) An Anthropologist on Mars. New York: Vintage Books. Guide books Attwood

Marriage and Lasting Relationships With Asperger's Syndrome: Successful Strategies for Couples or Counselors

by Eva A. Mendes  · 1 Sep 2015  · 291pp  · 75,110 words

“Wow! Marriage and Lasting Relationships with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) is a thorough, finely written, insightful, real-world analysis of neurodiverse interpersonal relationships. Author Eva Mendes knows, really knows, what ASD is all about, how

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, Asperger Syndrome, and One Man’s Quest to Be a Better Husband Marriage and Lasting Relationships with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) of related interest The Other Half of Asperger Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) A Guide to Living in an Intimate Relationship with a Partner who is on the Autism Spectrum 2nd Edition Maxine Aston

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R. Evans and Anita Lesko ISBN 978 1 84905 964 0 eISBN 978 0 85700 871 8 MARRIAGE AND LASTING RELATIONSHIPS with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) SUCCESSFUL STRATEGIES FOR COUPLES OR COUNSELORS Eva A. Mendes Foreword by Stephen M. Shore Jessica Kingsley Publishers London and Philadelphia First published in 2015 by

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civil claim for damages and criminal prosecution. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data Mendes, Eva A. Marriage and lasting relationships with Asperger’s syndrome (autism spectrum disorder) : successful strategies for couples or counselors / Eva A. Mendes ; foreword by Stephen M. Shore. pages cm Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-84905

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appreciation and gratitude. CONTENTS Foreword by Stephen M. Shore Acknowledgments Preface Terminology, Case Studies, and Strategies Introduction: Marriage and Lasting Relationships with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) 1Pursuing a Diagnosis—or Not 2Accepting the Diagnosis 3Learning About and Understanding ASD 4Managing Anxiety, Depression, Anger, OCD, and ADHD 5Self-Exploration, Awareness, and Advocacy

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Disorder. Individuals who used to receive one of these diagnoses now receive a singular diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder, Level 1, 2 or 3, based on their level of functioning. Asperger’s Syndrome is now considered to be Autism Spectrum Disorder Level 1. Although the use of Asperger’s Syndrome may be waning in the clinical

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setting, my hope is that its use as a neurodiversity term will continue. Autism Spectrum Disorder or Difference (ASD) For the purpose of the book, I have

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used the letters “ASD” to indicate Autism Spectrum Disorder Level 1, as mentioned in the DSM-5. However, I am replacing the word “Disorder,” with

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and there is no need to rush. Building a happier relationship is a life-long process. INTRODUCTION Marriage and Lasting Relationships with Asperger’s Syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder) The only journey is the one within. RAINER MARIA RILKE ♥ BEN AND JACKIE’S STORY ♥ Jackie was a recently divorced social worker in her late

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Prevention (CDC) estimated that 1 in 68 children (or 14.7 per 1000 eight-year-olds) in the United States has been diagnosed with an Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD). This new estimate is roughly 30 percent higher than the one reported in 2012 (CDC, 2014). The prevalence of ASD is on the rise

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that needs to be cured. ASD is characterized by a collection of traits, or a behavioral profile with certain core features. The criteria for an Autism Spectrum Disorder (see the Terminology section) diagnosis include: •Social-interaction and social-communication issues, namely impairments in social-emotional reciprocity, struggles in keeping a conversation flow, very

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, he will receive an ASD diagnosis. If he fits a profile similar to Asperger’s Syndrome in DSM-IV (APA, 2000), he will receive an Autism Spectrum Disorder Level 1 diagnosis according to DSM-5. The second and third levels include those who are visibly impaired, disabled, and require considerable assistance for all

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an affective dimension of alexithymia in six languages and seven populations.” Cognition and Emotion, 21, 1125–1136. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC] (2014) Autism Spectrum Disorder: Data and Statistics. Available at www.cdc.gov/ncbddd/autism/data.html, accessed 25 February 2015. Cell Press (2014) “Low doses of antianxiety drugs rebalance

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for the Human Sciences. Available at www.kon.org/urc/v4/knerr.html, accessed September 10, 2014. Marc, D. and Olson, K. (2009) “Neuroimmunology of Autism Spectrum Disorder.” NeuroScience, Inc. Available at https://neurorelief.com/index.php?p=cms&cid=409&pid=149, accessed January 27, 2014. Marshack, K. (n.d.) Asperger and

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.” AANE Journal, 11, 5−7. Merriam-Webster (n.d.) Available at www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/self-exploration, accessed May 26, 2015. Miller, J. (2012) Autism Spectrum Disorders and Comorbid Conditions. Available from Cigna’s Autism Awareness Series site: www.cigna.com/assets/docs/behavioral-health-series/autism/2012>/autismSpectrumDisordersAndComorbidConditions.pdf, accessed April

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32 Aspie Quiz 36 assessment, neuropsychological testing 36–8 Aston, M. 103–4, 216 attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 69–72 Attwood, T. 29, 188 Autism Spectrum Disorder / Difference (ASD) causes 30–1 core features 31–2 behavioral characteristics 27–9 neurological differences 63–4 spectrum of traits 32–3 definitions 17–18

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by Catherine Shanahan M. D.  · 2 Jan 2017  · 659pp  · 190,874 words

I need to add about vegetable-oil-derived toxic breakdown products, particularly given the long list of toxins now being investigated as potential causes of autism spectrum disorders. Not only do they directly mutate DNA, they also make DNA more susceptible to mutations induced by other environmental pollutants.429, 430 This means that

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of children with autism, Courchesne E, Mouton PR, Calhoun ME, et al, JAMA, 2011, 306(18):2001-2010. 385. Local brain connectivity across development in autism spectrum disorder: a cross-sectional investigation, Autism Res, January 2016, 9(1):43-54, doi 10.1002/aur.1494, epub June 2015. 386. Dr. Anthony Bailey of

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the University of British Columbia presents Neurobiology of autism spectrum disorders, a care-ID web presentation, from Care ID YouTube Channel, accessed online on April 11, 2106, at www.youtube.com/watch?v=0IudE9OrIOE; minute 27

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:00 shows novel columns in the brainstem. 387. Using human pluripotent stem cells to model autism spectrum disorders, Carol Marchetto, YouTube video presentation online from the Salk Institute YouTube Channel, accessed online on April 11, 2016 at www.youtube.com/watch?v=eB9JonYy1xo

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system: parental concerns about vaccine ‘overload’ and ‘immune-vulnerability, Hilton S, Petticrew M, Hunt K, Vaccine. 2006;24(20):4321–7. 395. Maternal smoking and autism spectrum disorder: a meta-analysis, Rosen BN, Lee BK, Lee NL, Yang Y, Burstyn I. 396. In utero exposure to selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors and risk for

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autism spectrum disorder, Gidaya NB, Lee BK, Burstyn I, Yudell M, Mortensen EL, Newschaffer CJ J, Autism Dev Disord, October 2014, 44(10):2558-67. 397. Reduced prefrontal

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(4 suppl):1023–9. 404. Sleep spindles, mobile phones, lucid dreaming and sleep in Parkinson’s disease and autism spectrum disorders, Dijk DJ, J Sleep Res, December 2012, 21(6):601-2. 405. Risk of autism spectrum disorders in children born after assisted conception: a population-based follow-up study, Hvidtjørn D, Grove J, Schendel D

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Behav, June 1,2010, 100(3):245-9, doi 10.1016/j.physbeh.2010.01.011, epub January 2010. 409. Antenatal ultrasound and risk of autism spectrum disorders. Grether JK, Li SX, Yoshida CK, Croen LA. J Autism Dev Discord. Feb 2010;40(2):238-45. 410. Autism and attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder

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2000, vol. 71, no. 1, 179S-188, 2014 data from tables at www.ers.usda.gov/data-products/oil-crops-yearbook.aspx 418. Costs of autism spectrum disorders in the United Kingdom and the United States, Buescher AS, Cidav Z, Knapp M, Mandell DS, JAMA Pediatr, 2014, 168(8):721-728, doi10.1001

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and rare copy number load associated with autism, Hum Mol Genet, July 15, 2013, 22(14): 2870–2880. 436. The association between congenital anomalies and autism spectrum disorders in a Finnish national birth cohort, Dev Med Child Neurol, January 2015, 57(1): 75–80. 437. Minor malformations and physical measurements in autism: data

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is the most recent report, apparently the CDC didn’t find these statistics disturbing enough to see if the trend was continuing.) 439. Prevalence of autism spectrum disorder among children aged eight years—autism and developmental disabilities monitoring network, eleven sites, United States, 2010, Surveillance Summaries, March 28, 2014/63(SS02);1-21

Living Well on the Spectrum

by Valerie L. Gaus  · 4 Feb 2011

shape your surroundings. The Changing Face of Autism Never before has the topic of autism received as much attention as it does today. Discussions about “autism spectrum disorders” are widespread through every medium in public, scientific, and clinical forums. Once considered a rare disorder of which the average person would never be aware

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continue for many years to come. One thing that can be stated without much argument, however, is that the number of people being diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) has risen dramatically over the past 20 years. In a December 2009 report, the Centers for Disease Control estimated that approximately 1% (1 in

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problems. Regardless of when or how you were diagnosed, you can read and benefit from this book if you have the characteristics associated with ASDs. Autism spectrum disorders are a group of syndromes that have been documented by scientists and mental health professionals since the 1940s. Over the past 60 years, there have

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, in bold print, with the equivalent terms that you may read or hear next to them. „„ Asperger syndrome (AS): Asperger’s disorder as defined above „„ Autism spectrum disorders (ASDs): the collection of syndromes sometimes called pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs) that includes autistic disorder, asperger syndrome, and pervasive developmental disorder—not otherwise specified (PDD

…

may change the labels used for people on the spectrum. Specifically, the five currently distinct disorders may end up as a single disorder called simply autism spectrum disorder and described as a phenomenon that can vary greatly in severity along a continuum rather than split into categories. Obviously, if that happens, you will

…

. H. (2001). Asperger syndrome in the family: Redefining normal. London: Jessica Kingsley. Wiley, L. H. (2014). Pretending to be normal: Living with Asperger’s syndrome (Autism Spectrum Disorder). London: Jessica Kingsley. Zaks, Z. (2006). Life and love: Positive strategies for autistic adults. Shawnee Mission, KS: Autism Asperger. Social Cognition and Social Understanding Baron

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for adult Asperger syndrome. New York: Guilford Press. Scarpa, A., White, S. W., & Attwood, T. (Eds.). (2013). CBT for children and adolescents with high-functioning autism spectrum disorders. New York: Guilford Press. Cognitive-­Behavioral Therapy (CBT)—For Co-­Occurring Anxiety Attwood, T. (2004a). Exploring feelings: Cognitive behaviour therapy to manage anxiety. Arlington, TX

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around the United States. National Association for Dual Diagnosis: www.thenadd.org „„Provides information and resources regarding co-­ occurring mental illness and intellectual, learning, or autism spectrum disorders. Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration: www.samhsa.gov „„Referrals to wide range of mental health treatment providers and facilities including those offering sliding

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and, 150–153 worksheets regarding, 134 Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) diagnosis, 111 Authenticity overview, 74, 76 work life and, 211 Autism overview, 3–6 Autism spectrum disorders differences and, 39–40 overview, 4, 5 Balance, 101–102, 108f. See also Sensory and movement differences Bedtime. See Day in your life Biases, 50

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life and, 211 Personalization, 53, 55. See also Cognitive distortions; Thinking differences Pervasive developmental disorders (PDDs), 5. See also Autism spectrum disorders Pervasive developmental disorders—not otherwise specified (PDD-NOS), 5. See also Autism spectrum disorders Pet ownership, 142 Pleasant activities, 142 Pleasure, capacity for, 113–114 Positive psychology, 2–3, 33 Problem identification and definition

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, New York, where she lives with her husband and two children. With more than 15 years of experience providing mental health services to people with autism spectrum disorders, Dr. Gaus serves on the advisory board of the Asperger Syndrome and High Functioning Autism Association and has lectured internationally on Asperger syndrome and related

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