biofilm Concepts

Fix Your Gut: The Definitive Guide to Digestive Disorders

by John Brisson · 12 Apr 2014

). H. pylori are able to avoid easily immune system detection by modulating inflammatory pathways, avoiding immune pattern recognition receptors by using endotoxins and flagellin, produce biofilms, reduce phagocyte potential, reduce endogenous nitric oxide production (increases blood pressure and promotes vasoconstriction), and by reducing T cell response. H. pylori also cause many

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antimicrobial properties. Manuka honey has antimicrobial properties. Olive oil has polyphenols that boost the immune system and have antimicrobial properties. Part 2: Supplements That Reduce Biofilm Formation Symbiotics lactoferrin – one to two grams daily, in divided doses with food. Interphase plus – one to two capsules, on an empty stomach, twice daily

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. NAC – (Should only be used in systemic overgrowth of H. pylori), 600 mg, twice daily with food. Biofilm agents break down biofilm and weaken the H. pylori so that the antibacterial agents can eliminate it. Part 3: Supplements That Boost Immune Function Liposomial Colostrum – one tbsp

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ulcers, gastritis, or hypoglycemia. Allicin-C – follow supplement bottle recommendations. Neem – take two capsules two times daily with meals. Atrantil – follow supplement bottle recommendations. Anti-BioFilm Protocol: PREFERRED: Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). OR CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FROM ANTI

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Hellas Oil of Oregano – follow supplement recommendations. Oil of oregano is a broad spectrum, systemic antimicrobial agent, do not use first in a protocol. Anti-BioFilm Protocol: PREFERRED: Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). AND CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL ANTIBIOFILM

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pull it away from pathogenic bacteria. The NAC or lactoferrin will do the same thing as the EDTA by chelating the iron out of the biofilm. Coconut oil is used to reduce or inhibit yeast overgrowth in the colon and reduce archea overgrowth. Oil of oregano reduces archaea overgrowth. Severe

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Hellas Oil of Oregano – follow supplement recommendations. Oil of oregano is a broad spectrum, systemic antimicrobial agent, do not use first in a protocol. Anti-BioFilm Protocol: PREFERRED: Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). AND CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING ADDITIONAL ANTIBIOFILM

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pull it away from pathogenic bacteria. The NAC or lactoferrin will do the same thing as the EDTA by chelating the iron out of the biofilm. Coconut oil is used to reduce or inhibit yeast overgrowth in the colon and reduce archea overgrowth. Oil of oregano reduces archaea overgrowth. Mild

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one drop in one tsp. of extra virgin coconut oil or extra virgin olive oil, twice daily. Use with caution if you have hypoglycemia. Anti-BioFilm Protocol: PREFERRED: Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). OR CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FROM

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one drop in one tsp. of extra virgin coconut oil or extra virgin olive oil, twice daily. Use with caution if you have hypoglycemia. Anti-BioFilm Protocol: PREFERRED: Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). AND CHOOSE ONE OF THE FOLLOWING FROM

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general supplement bottle recommendations. Taken for one month only: Nature’s Way enteric coated peppermint oil - thirty to sixty minutes before meals, twice daily. Anti-BioFilm Protocol: PREFERRED: Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). If diarrhea does not stop after a week

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other mammals have an appendix, rabbits being one such mammal. Lymphatic tissue (GALT) has been found in both the rabbit and human appendix. Finally, probiotic biofilm and colonization are found heavily concentrated in the appendix. Our microbiome consists of probiotic microorganisms and opportunistic microorganisms that most of the time work together

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always shedding in our intestinal system, and our immune system reacts to it either positively or negatively depending on the strain. The shedding of probiotic biofilm may help to inoculate probiotic bacteria from our immune system further down the colon. The location of the appendix, branching out from the end of

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some possible positives about B. coagulans if it colonizes the gut: Lower inflammatory responses. Produces bacteriocins (hopefully, it reduces opportunistic, not probiotic growth). Reduces opportunistic biofilm. Produces the SCFA butyric acid from carbohydrate fermentation. Lowers intestinal pH by producing L-lactate (instead of the problem causing D-lactate). May reduce Klebsiella

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also be very deadly to eliminate. Theoretical Endospore Bacteria Elimination Protocol I would strongly recommend you use a combination of the safest possible antibiotics and biofilm chelators to eliminate this serious infection. The following protocol, however, is a great natural protocol to follow for some relief, hopefully. Antibacterials Nature's Way

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peppermint oil – three times daily, taken thirty minutes before each meal. MesoSilver - follow supplement bottle recommendations. Zane Hellas Oil of Oregano - follow supplement bottle recommendations. Biofilm Chelators Symbiotics lactoferrin - take two - six capsules daily in divided doses with meals daily. Jarrow Formulas NAC Sustain – one tablet twice daily. NAC is a

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systemic biofilm chelator; I do not recommend it as a first-line antibiofilm agent in a protocol. Do not supplement more than 1,200 mg daily; doses

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Acinetobacter is also part of normal human flora. Many Acinetobacter bacteria are opportunistic bacteria and have been known to cause many different opportunistic infections. Their biofilms play an active role in periodontal infections, sepsis, and urinary tract infections. Acinetobacter bacteria are also highly resistant to most antibiotic treatments. I do not

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Gram-positive bacteria that are commonly found in soil. Unlike the soil organism Bacillus subtilis, this bacteria does not form endospores; they do however form biofilm. I would consider most bacteria from the Arthrobacter genus to be safer than some of the other soil-based organisms. Arthrobacter bacteria are known to

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, sepsis, root canal infections, and meningitis. Enterococcus faecalis are also known to be highly antibiotic resistant, suppress immune function by suppressing lymphocytes, and they form biofilms as well. Since Enterococcus faecalis has been shown in multiple clinical studies as being opportunistic bacteria and has multiple resistances to eradication, I cannot recommend

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it does up-regulate the immune system to keep opportunistic Gram-negative bacteria like Klebsiella in check. Arabinogalactan ingestion might also reduce bacterial adherence and biofilm formation. The benefits on the microbiome of ingesting arabinogalactans seem to be comparable to my recommended prebiotic, GOS. Arabinogalactans have been shown to increase immune

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system is so overwhelmed that they cannot eliminate the microbes that are trapped in mucus. The goblet cells eventually exhaust themselves, leading to bacteria producing biofilms, which replace beneficial mucus, causing small intestine ulceration. Bacteria move freely from the large intestine into the small intestine further causing issues because of a

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every thirty minutes until vomiting and diarrhea stop. No more than twelve capsules per day. Sodium ascorbate - 4,000 mg, daily. Follow SIBO antibacterial and biofilm elimination protocols (Ch. 9). If the diarrhea does not stop in a few days, or if diarrhea is very serious: Rainforest Pharmacy sangre de drago

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. Sangre de drago has been shown clinically to stop diarrhea. The vitamin C is to help detoxify the body. Probiotics, natural antibacterial agents, and anti-biofilm agents may help eliminate opportunistic bacteria causing the food poisoning. Food Poisoning Protocol Upgraded™ Activated Charcoal – two capsules every thirty minutes until vomiting and diarrhea

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infections may cause bloody diarrhea and high fevers and may be needed to be treated with hospitalization and antibiotic therapy. Campylobacter jejuni also forms biofilms, so anti-biofilm protocols (Ch. 9) combined with antibiotic therapy may help speed up recovery rates from infection. As long as you are not suffering from a

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opportunistic; but, when gut flora is severely disrupted, Clostridium difficile becomes opportunistic leading to a Clostridium difficile infection. Clostridium difficile is mostly antibiotic resistant, creates biofilms in the colon, and causes a reconstruction of the colon itself, a medical condition called pseudomembranous colitis. This form of colitis is an extreme inflammation

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Vancomycin if at all possible. My recommendation is that Vancomycin should be used as a last resort, but always check with a doctor first. Anti-BioFilm Protocol Symbiotics lactoferrin - follow supplement bottle recommendations (can increase up to two grams daily if needed). EDTA – follow supplement bottle recommendations. Jarrow Formulas NAC

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Sustain – one tablet twice daily. NAC is a systemic biofilm chelator; I do not recommend it as a first-line antibiofilm agent in a protocol. Do not supplement more than 1,200 mg daily; doses

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the severe gut rebuilding protocol (Ch. 9) after Clostridium difficile infection is cleared. Add Florastor probiotic to protocol. EDTA or NAC is used to destroy biofilm made by Clostridium difficile. Vitamin D is to bolster the immune system, and the vitamin C is to help detoxification and reduce inflammation. Fish oil

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have any of the above symptoms during your bout of food poisoning, immediately go to your nearest emergency room for treatment. Escherichia coli produce biofilms so combine anti-biofilm protocols (Ch. 9) with antibiotic therapy for maximum effectiveness. Antibiotic treatment with certain Escherichia coli infections (O157:H7), have been linked to

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from two – six weeks depending on the severity of the disease and if it spread to the brain and spinal cord. Listeria monocytogenes produces biofilms; therefore, anti-biofilm protocols (Ch. 9) combined with antibiotic therapy may improve recovery outcomes. Helicobacter pylori Helicobacter pylori are Gram-negative bacteria that can be found residing

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necessary. Most people infected with cholera are hospitalized and are treated with antibiotics and rehydration therapy for a few days. I would recommend adding anti-biofilm protocols (Ch. 9) to help speed up recovery. Yersinia enterocolitica Yersinia enterocolitica is a Gram-negative bacterium that is the cause of the disease

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an adult is mainly self-limiting. Antibiotic therapy and hospitalization may be required in severe cases of the disease. I would also recommend adding anti-biofilm protocols (Ch. 9) to help speed up recovery. Chapter 15 Diets For the diet section of this book, I am going to list specific

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medical industry for chelation therapy or the removal of heavy metals from the body. In alternative medicine, taking EDTA bonds with the iron that fortifies biofilm. Like kicking an ant hill, EDTA destroys the structures that microorganisms dwell within so that they can be exposed to antimicrobial agents and killed. Without

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first destroying the biofilms, many bacteria are impervious to even the strongest antibiotics. Lactoferrin Uses: SIBO, bacterial and viral infections, yeast overgrowth, hepatitis C Brand: Symbiotics Side effects: RARE

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help increase tear production in people afflicted with Sjogren's syndrome. Lactoferrin has strong antibacterial properties; it can destroy both opportunistic bacteria itself and the biofilm that some bacteria love to use as armor from antibacterials. Lactoferrin scavenges extra free iron in the body and binds to lipopolysaccharides in the bacterial

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of seizures. Carnitine can make the symptoms of hypothyroid worse and may increase the frequency of seizures in people with seizure disorders. NAC Uses: Destroys biofilm, increases glutathione in the body, and thins mucus secretions Brands: Jarrow Bi-Layer NAC Side effects: RARE: systemic allergic reaction NAC is a supplement

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and become fungal (a process known as morphogenesis). Undecylenic acid disrupts the pH of yeast cell cytoplasm, interfering with its ability to form hyphae (fungal biofilm) and become more virulent. Zeaxanthin Uses: Helps increase eye function, helps protect eyes from damage Brand: Life Extension Super Zeaxanthin Side effects: RARE: systemic

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(there is one study that casts doubt on its iron deprivation ability, but the study mentions it still hinders H. pylori), reducing its ability for biofilm formation and cellular metabolism. Bismuth also has been found to bind with the endotoxins and enterotoxins that bacteria produce to help eliminate them from the

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Rev. 1990;3(1):46-65. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC358140/ Nallapareddy SR, Singh KV, Sillanpää J, et al. Endocarditis and biofilm-associated pili of Enterococcus faecalis. J Clin Invest. 2006;116(10):2799-807. http://www.jci.org/articles/view/29021 http://www.ijaaonline.com/article

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/, Accessed April 28, 2014. http://chriskresser.com/treating-sibo-cold-thermogenisis-and-whento-take-probiotics, Accessed April 28, 2014. http://www.advancedhealing.com/dr-ettingers-biofilm-protocol-for- lyme-and-gut-pathogens/, Accessed April 28, 2014. Barrett JS, Canale KE, Gearry RB, Irving PM, Gibson PR. Probiotic effects on intestinal

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content/42/7/3073.full.pdf Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, Kobayashi T, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Yoshie H. Inhibitory effects of lactoferrin on growth and biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(8):3308-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715627/ SIYO

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nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2742929/ Wakabayashi H, Yamauchi K, Kobayashi T, Yaeshima T, Iwatsuki K, Yoshie H. Inhibitory effects of lactoferrin on growth and biofilm formation of Porphyromonas gingivalis and Prevotella intermedia. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 2009;53(8):3308-16. http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2715627/ SIYO

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://chriskresser.com/treating-sibo-cold-thermogenisis-and-whento-take-probiotics, Accessed April 28, 2014 https://selfhacked.com/2016/03/01/44-science-backed-ways-toinhibit-biofilms-naturally-with-references/, Accessed April 28, 2014 http://www.planetherbs.com/specific-herbs/the-wonders-oftriphala.html, Accessed April 28, 2014 https://californiaearthminerals.com/media

The Terraformers

by Annalee Newitz · 404pp · 118,036 words

hard to tell how the city of Angst would look when it was ready for the owners. Maybe the trellises would grow cellulose exoskeletons or biofilms threaded with neurons and metal. The architecture might look like furry skyscrapers; or it might be partially subterranean, connecting to the mesa’s ancient sinkholes

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to build a house—boxes of trellis seeds, jugs of precursor, hardened crates full of vials whose contents would grow into decorative paint, water-filtration biofilms, and who knows what else. Though one edge of the pallet was crushed, the containers were intact. Everything was stamped with the bronze V that

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paused. I’ve asked my friend to create some experimental medical devices for us. Sulfur grinned. Do you mind stopping by the biofilm printers? Why do you need a biofilm? Misha was confused. Sulfur pushed him gently against the wall of the dusky tunnel, cupping his face in their hands and tasting

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his plump, pretty lips as they continued to send. Biofilms aren’t just for building semipermeable membranes anymore. You can use them for all kinds of situations. Like blocking signals. His eyes widened. Wordlessly, he

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that afternoon in the lake. The bot wasn’t wrong, but they weren’t completely right either. Sulfur was tingly and nervous, wondering whether the biofilms were a terrible idea—or would even work. Setting down the paper-wrapped package, they fiddled with the atmosphere controls to bring in more fresh

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he were slightly undeveloped, decanted before his time. Kneeling next to him on the mattress, Sulfur slowly unwrapped the parcel, which contained three rolls of biofilm, helpfully labeled SAMPLE 1, SAMPLE 2, AND SAMPLE 3. In Sulfur’s experience, having sex didn’t involve a lot of elaborate preparation; one simply

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pale torso muscled and broad, with six dark purple nipples, three on either side of their rib cage. “Let’s try some sample strips of biofilm right here.” Misha pointed to his chest. “That’s one of my main sensor arrays.” “Alright.” Sulfur picked up the first roll. “Are you ready

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.” He relaxed. “That was too easy.” “You don’t want to try … Sample Two?” Sulfur raised an eyebrow and held up the next roll of biofilm. It had a slightly pearlescent sheen. Before he had a chance to reply, they ripped off another square and smoothed it on his other nipple

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, gently teasing it until he gasped. The biofilm was so thin that it didn’t feel like a barrier—more like he’d rubbed a moisturizer onto his skin—except once in a

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breath skipped as their eyes met. Again, he made a visible effort to bring himself under control. “I’m very impressed with Spider City’s biofilms. Two for two.” Then his eyes narrowed. “I wonder if I’ll be able to take some back to La Ronge. I could get off

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Ronnie’s radar sometimes.” This was definitely not what Sulfur wanted to be thinking about. “I’m going to secure your entire body with the biofilm now.” They grabbed Sample 2 and tore off a big sheet. “Take off your pants and stand up.” Misha’s face relaxed again and he

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unnerving to see his aroused stamen without plush petals swollen around it, but Sulfur had always been drawn to unknown landscapes. They gradually unrolled the biofilm against his body, pressing it gently against his skin, making sure to linger anywhere it made him sigh. He helped them tuck it around his

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stood in the dwindling sunset light from the window, embracing and sensing each other’s heightening pleasure. Sulfur’s friend had thought of everything: the biofilm allowed the natural salty-musk flavor of skin to come through, and was pleasant to the tongue. Eventually the ache was too much, and they

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an H. sapiens, but simply a body against Sulfur’s body. As the two underground creatures gave in to their shared sensations, Sulfur felt the biofilm slide under their fingers and was filled with elation that this feeling stopped at the edges of their bodies. No one had recorded it; no

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of those days, Sulfur wouldn’t speak to Misha. They found him a guest room in Rattlesnake Mound, put his pack inside, and threw the biofilms on top just for good measure. His nastiness at the meeting had curdled their growing affection for him, souring the memory of their night together

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knew not to ask. Sulfur appreciated that, even if they were still repulsed by him. It was midafternoon on the seventh day after the bedroom biofilm experiment when Sulfur managed to get a few hours to take a walk outside. Clipping on a breather, they took the nearest exit and found

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GAMES AND BETA TEST WITH THE BEST. The club’s outer walls were a crazy quilt of materials: clay brick, foam jacks, diamond scraps, and biofilms. All the windows were blacked out with dense algae, to enhance the artificial lights scampering over every surface inside. The cover charge was much lower

Life's Edge: The Search for What It Means to Be Alive

by Carl Zimmer · 9 Mar 2021 · 392pp · 109,945 words

protein fragments passing by. When it grows and divides, its daughter cells release their own goo, spreading their collective slime. Every species of Pseudomonas builds biofilms as a way to colonize surfaces—a leaf, a grain of soil, the gut of a grasshopper, the lung of a person with cystic fibrosis

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produced many millions of mutants. And by moving beads from one tube to the next, I was favoring the mutants that were better at forming biofilms on the beads. Any bacteria still left floating in the broth were doomed to destruction when Ott and I sterilized the old tubes. A week

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mutants. After I had transferred slimy beads from tube to tube for a week, I put the final tube on a shaker to pull the biofilm off its bead. I spread the bacteria across a fresh petri dish and let it grow into colonies. Ott spied some weird-looking ones, and

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the color of tangerines, others of blood. These colors and shapes are probably just side effects of mutations that make the bacteria grow better in biofilms. The diversity of the colors and shapes Cooper’s team has created may reflect the jungle-like complexity of life in a

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biofilm, a place in which evolution can fill many different niches with many different mutants. Over the week I had spent in the lab, Ott was

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. When mutations arise, some of them help the bacteria fare better in the human lung, and they grow faster. Mutation after mutation accumulates. They make biofilms well suited to the airways. If doctors douse them with antibiotics, new mutations can arise that help them shut out the poison. For the bacteria

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:5. Flynn, Kenneth M., Gabrielle Dowell, Thomas M. Johnson, Benjamin J. Koestler, Christopher M. Waters, and Vaughn S. Cooper. 2016. “Evolution of Ecological Diversity in Biofilms of Pseudomonas aeruginosa by Altered Cyclic Diguanylate Signaling.” Journal of Bacteriology 198:2608–18. Föller, Michael, Stephan M. Huber, and Florian Lang. 2008. “Erythrocyte Programmed

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National Academy of Sciences 115. doi:10.1073/pnas.1711089115. Poltak, Steffen R., and Vaughn S. Cooper. 2011. “Ecological Succession in Long-Term Experimentally Evolved Biofilms Produces Synergistic Communities.” ISME Journal 5:369–78. Popa, Radu. 2004. Between Necessity and Probability: Searching for the Definition and Origin of Life. Berlin: Springer

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theology and religious beliefs Bich, Leonardo, 272 Bichat, Xavier, 42, 49, 148 Biemann, Klaus, 254 Biochemical Journal, 175 bioethics, 14–15, 53–55, 123–24 biofilms, 119–21 bioluminescence, 152–53 Blackstone, William, 22 blood transfusions, 50 “blueberries,” 260 Blumenbach, Johann Friedrich, 145–46 body temperature maintenance, 96–98, 100. See

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Proceedings of the Royal Society of London, 166–67 progenitor cells, 6, 8, 12 proteins and assembly theory, 289–90 and beer brewing, 169 and biofilms, 119 and DNA, 193, 196 and genetic disorders, 248 and membranes, 225 and metabolic function, 72, 75, 76 and origins of life theories, 232–33

Home Comforts: The Art and Science of Keeping House

by Cheryl Mendelson · 4 Nov 1999 · 1,631pp · 468,342 words

have been found to create an invisible, strongly adhering, slimy layer or film of cells, called a biofilm, on even hard and smooth surfaces such as stainless steel. Some research indicates that a biofilm is not easily removed with chemical means alone—for example, detergent or sanitizer—because the film prevents penetration

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to these, forming layers twenty to thirty microbes thick. Embedded in these layers of microorganisms may be bacteria, yeasts, molds, algae, and food particles. The biofilm sticks tenaciously to even the slickest, hardest, least-porous surfaces, including glass and stainless steel. Worse, microorganisms embedded in

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more resistant to sanitizers, and the longer they remain, the harder it is to kill them. Scrubbing—muscle power—helps remove a biofilm. When and Where. Sanitizers and disinfectants are useful outside the kitchen in the following ordinary household circumstances: • Regularly, on the toilet, inside and out, and

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, 405, 416 benzopyrene, 415 benzoyl peroxide, 372 Bettelheim, Bruno, 595-97 Better Business Bureau, 771, 794 beverages, 70-87 alcoholic, 82-87 bidets, 531-32 biofilm, 174, 427 bird’s eye fabric, 199 birth certificates, 828, 836 blankets: acrylic, 680-81 cotton, 680 electric, 681, 725 folding of, 356 functional qualities

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food safety food buying, see marketing Food Code (1999), 174, 176 food dating, 123-24 food safety, 161-90 bacteria and, 160-63, 179-84 biofilm and, 174, 427 botulism and, 162, 163, 164, 180-81 Campylobacter and, see Campylobacter jejuni chicken, see also poultry chopping boards and, 169, 170, 175

The Diet Myth: The Real Science Behind What We Eat

by Tim Spector · 13 May 2015 · 382pp · 115,172 words

familiar to us is in fact a colony of six hundred species of harmless bacteria stuck together to form a sticky mucous commune (called a biofilm). Ingeniously they produce a glue-like substance from the sugar they metabolise, which allows them to keep feeding safely while they hang on. Ironically, people

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some fluid, a smelly oasis in the desert. Microbes can lie low, too, in the tiny crevices of the intestinal wall, clinging on by forming biofilms with each other – although no one quite knows how they resist so well the tidal waves rushing through the bowel. The three-day prebiotic diet

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Mediterranean diet: a randomized controlled trial. 12 Lanter, B.B., MBio (2014); 5(3): e01206–14. Bacteria present in carotid arterial plaques are found as biofilm deposits which may contribute to enhanced risk of plaque rupture. 13 Vallverdú-Queralt, A., Food Chem (15 Dec 2013); 141(4): 3365–72. Bioactive compounds

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and cohort analyses. 11 Masadeh, M., J Clin Med Res (2013); 5.5: 389–94. Antimicrobial activity of common mouthwash solutions on multidrug-resistance bacterial biofilms. 12 Kapil, V., Free Radic Biol Med (Feb 2013); 55: 93–100. Physiological role for nitrate-reducing oral bacteria in blood pressure control. 13 Fine

Critical: Science and Stories From the Brink of Human Life

by Matt Morgan · 29 May 2019 · 218pp · 70,323 words

lungs become impaired. The patient does not cough, their mucus is not swept out from the windpipe, and gel-like material produced by bacteria (a biofilm) forms around the plastic of breathing tubes. This creates a perfect environment for bacteria. It can be difficult to distinguish lung infection from other causes

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. J. et al. Decompressive Craniectomy in Diffuse Traumatic Brain Injury. N Engl J Med 364, 1493–1502 (2011). ‘. . . gel-like material produced by bacteria (a biofilm) forms around the plastic of breathing tubes.’ Sands, K. M. et al. Respiratory pathogen colonization of dental plaque, the lower airways, and endotracheal tube

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biofilms during mechanical ventilation. J Crit Care 37, 30–37 (2017). 7: THE GUTS ‘Along with tobacco, alcohol is by far the most dangerous recreational drug

Genesis: The Deep Origin of Societies

by Edward O. Wilson · 19 Mar 2019

impact on the host in which it lives. In some incidents bacteria choose to form stable groups shielded by protective membranes and crusts, structures called biofilms. Bacteria have thus been found to be social to a degree almost unimaginable to scientists a generation ago. But of course the microbes are also

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., R. Martinez-Corral, A. Prindle, D.-Y. D. Lee, J. Larkin, M. Gabalda-Sagarra, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, and G. M. Süel. 2017. Coupling between distant biofilms and emergence of nutrient time-sharing. Science 356(6338): 638–642. Michener, C. D. 1958. The evolution of social life in bees. Proceedings of the

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., R. Martinez-Corral, A. Prindle, D.-Y. D. Lee, J. Larkin, M. Gabalda-Sagarra, J. Garcia-Ojalvo, and G. M. Süel. 2017. Coupling between distant biofilms and emergence of nutrient time-sharing. Science 356(6338): 638–642. Macfarlan, S. J., R. S. Walker, M. V. Flinn, and N. A. Chagnon

Life in the Universe: A Beginner's Guide

by Lewis Dartnell · 1 Mar 2007 · 223pp · 62,564 words

an ironclad proof of biological processes. At different scales, all ecosystems show such tiers: across metres in lake water, centimetres in sediments and micrometres in biofilms (such as on the surface of stromatolites). This gives astrobiologists the ability to detect alien ecosystems without making any assumptions about the appearance, genetics or

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drifting sediment and binds it into a covering layer. The bacteria recolonise the new top surface open to the sun, and so over time these biofilms build into large structures of layered sedimentary rock, as seen in Figure 8. Similar-looking structures have been found in 3.5 billion-year-old

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principle aquifers artificial life asteroids astrobiology definition astrometry atmosphere of Earth of Mars of Titan ATP ATP synthase autocatalysis autotrophs bacteria barophiles Betelgeuse Big Bang biofilms biosignature/biosign biosphere black smoker see hydrothermal vents blue shift bombardment Callisto (moon of Jupiter) Cambrian Explosion 55 Cancri A carbohydrate carbon isotopes carbonaceous chondrites

The Strange Order of Things: The Biological Roots of Culture

by Antonio Damasio · 6 Feb 2018 · 289pp · 87,292 words

of a corpus of simple social responses in existence since bacterial life began—competition, cooperation, simple emotivity, collective production of instruments of defense such as biofilms—the many species in the lineage that preceded us evolved and genetically transmitted a class of intermediate mechanisms capable of producing complex, pro-homeostatic emotive

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): 411–14; Lucas R. Hoffman, David A. D’Argenio, Michael J. MacCoss, Zhaoying Zhang, Roger A. Jones, and Samuel I. Miller, “Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Induce Bacterial Biofilm Formation,” Nature 436, no. 7054 (2005): 1171–75; Ivan Erill, Susana Campoy, and Jordi Barbé, “Aeons of Distress: An Evolutionary Perspective on the Bacterial SOS

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Reviews Neuroscience 16, no. 7 (2015): 389–402. 3. Brunet and Arendt, “From Damage Response to Action Potentials”; Hoffman et al., “Aminoglycoside Antibiotics Induce Bacterial Biofilm Formation”; Naviaux, “Metabolic Features of the Cell Danger Response”; Icard-Arcizet et al., “Cell Stiffening in Response to External Stress Is Correlated to Actin Recruitment

Miracle Cure

by William Rosen · 14 Apr 2017 · 515pp · 117,501 words

of them are actually positive. Many antibiotics are what biologists call “hormetic”: beneficial in low doses, even promoting the creation of what are known as biofilms, matrices that hold bacterial cells together with a polymer “glue” and make them far more durable in the presence of both the animal immune system

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31 showed resistance: (North, 1945) May 1940, milk cows: (Bud, Penicillin, 2007) milked before the penicillin: (Bud, Penicillin, 2007) dosages were very small: (Graham, 2007) biofilms, matrices that hold: (Davies, 2009) EIGHT: “The Little Stranger” “the only House in the West” . . . and Wormseed: (Kahn, 1976) “profit on blood which has been

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, 14 Bertheim, Alfred, 53–54 Best, Charles, 239 beta-lactam ring, 3, 175, 220–21, 304 Bi-Con, 233 Bigelow, Jacob, 73–74 bile, 7 biofilms, 236 biological warfare, 202–3 Biot, Jean-Baptiste, 16 Bismarck, Otto von, 29, 44 bismuth, 159 Blair, John, 276, 277 blistering, 10 blood, 7 blood