The Dream of Europe: Travels in the Twenty-First Century
by Geert Mak · 27 Oct 2021 · 722pp · 223,701 words
birds relied on never came. Was it the insecticides? Or was mass insect death one of the many effects of climate change? 5 Not many climate change deniers lived in rural Friesland in 2019. In the city you can perhaps still permit yourself head-in-the-sand politics, but in the countryside the
How to Talk to a Science Denier: Conversations With Flat Earthers, Climate Deniers, and Others Who Defy Reason
by Lee McIntyre · 14 Sep 2021 · 407pp · 108,030 words
the reasoning strategies for all science deniers might be the same, and that whatever argumentative tricks I used on the Flat Earthers might work on climate change deniers too. Little did I know what lay in store for me … Notes 1. Lee McIntyre, Post-Truth (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 2018). 2. This story
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our plates were cleared—now past the second hour—we had returned to the topic of science denial. He said he didn’t like how climate-change deniers and anti-vaxxers looked down on Flat Earthers. He was also upset about the “moral superiority” of scientists and made a case that if they
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others out there just like him. The argument he’d made over dinner had the same form as virtually every other denialist belief. Even if climate-change deniers and anti-vaxxers seem less extreme than Flat Earthers, they are using the same playbook. Even its own adherents would admit that Flat Earth is
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two things from my time at FEIC 2018. First, I was right that the underlying reasoning of Flat Earthers was the same as that of climate-change deniers, anti-evolutionists, anti-vaxxers, and others. It wasn’t just the content of their beliefs, but the reasoning process that had gotten them there that
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forms of science denial, but for the Flat Earthers this was not true. While many were anti-vaxxers, virtually everyone I met was not a climate change denier. Since they believed that we were living in a domed enclosure (something like a terrarium), they were convinced that global warming was an urgent matter
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-earth-conference-conspiracy-theories-scli-intl/index.html 2 What Is Science Denial? After spending enough time around Flat Earthers, anti-vaxxers, intelligent designers, and climate change deniers, one begins to sense a pattern. Their strategies are all the same.1 Although the content of their belief systems differs, all science denial seems
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are motivated to find facts that are consistent with what we prefer to believe, and all too ready to ignore any facts that don’t. Climate change deniers, for instance, sometimes insist that the global temperature did not go up during the seventeen years between 1998 and 2015, only because they cherry-picked
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Earth … could there be a bigger conspiracy theory? Indeed, most Flat Earthers would admit that themselves. A similar chain of reasoning is often used in climate change denial. President Trump has long held that global warming is a “Chinese hoax” meant to undermine the competitiveness of American manufacturing.19 Others have contended that
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have no training at all in understanding the above fallacies or even know their names. Yet they are experts in their practical use. When the climate change denier says that “carbon dioxide is not the only driver of climate change,” that is a perfect example of the straw-man fallacy, where one imagines
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is not the point. Right now human-caused carbon dioxide emissions are by far the largest and fastest-growing cause of global warming. But the climate change denier doesn’t want to talk about this.30 So instead they invent a straw man, even though nobody said that human activity was the only
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. If one desires more material to show that these and other logical fallacies are at the heart of Flat Earth, anti-vaxxer, anti-evolution, or climate change denier reasoning, there are a host of excellent resources.32 In later chapters, I will also provide more examples. Insistence That Science Must Be Perfect The
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reached the “gold standard” of confidence, at the “five-sigma” level. This means that there is only a one-in-a-million chance that the climate change deniers could be right. Granted, this is not the same as certainty. But it is the same level of confidence that was reached in 2012 to
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post-truth vortex. Is this to say that science denial is now simply political? In part, this may be true. The obvious example here is climate change denial, which suffers from a 96 to 53 percent partisan split.56 In his work on science denial, cognitive scientist Stephan Lewandowsky argues that these days
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any instance of science denial can be remedied by giving the science denier more information. How often have we seen scientists try this! When the climate change denier says that there has been no global warming since 1998, we give them more temperature data. When they doubt this, we might move on to
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/articles/PMC5180221/. 51. John Ridgway, “The Neurobiology of Climate Denial,” The Global Warming Policy Forum, August 6, 2018, https://www.thegwpf.com/the-neurobiology-of-climate-change-denial/. 52. Anna Merlan, “Everything I Learned While Getting Kicked Out of America’s Biggest Anti-Vaccine Conference,” Jezebel, June 20, 2019, https://jezebel.com/everything
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actual science deniers are converted bear too close a resemblance to one another to be dismissed. In virtually every account I’ve read, anti-vaxxers, climate change deniers, or other ideologues who have changed their minds have done so on the basis of face-to-face encounters, where evidence was presented by someone
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11, 2020, https://www.reuters.com/article/us-health-coronavirus-antivax/could-the-new-coronavirus-weaken-anti-vaxxers-idUSKCN21T089. 4 Close Encounters with Climate Change Climate change denial represents the biggest, most important case of science denial in our time. The reason for this is not only that climate deniers are so dug
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be my goal here to present the scientific evidence for climate change. What does need looking into, though, are the motivations and strategies pursued by climate change deniers. Why do I call them “deniers” rather than “skeptics”? Because the evidence is so clear, and there is such great consensus among scientists, that it
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plans to explore new oil fields in the Arctic once the polar ice cap had melted, even while it was ramping up efforts to foment climate change denial.39 It may be hard to remember, but it wasn’t always like this. When global warming first came to public attention in the late
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, 2018, https://www.nytimes.com/2018/11/18/world/europe/finland-california-wildfires-trump-raking.html. 21. Jennifer Rubin, “Trump Shows the Rank Dishonesty of Climate-Change Deniers,” Washington Post, October 15, 2018, https://www.washingtonpost.com/news/opinions/wp/2018/10/15/trump-shows-the-rank-dishonesty-of
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-climate-change-deniers/. 22. Josh Dawsey et al, “Trump on Climate Change: ‘People Like Myself, We Have Very High Levels of Intelligence but We’re Not Necessarily Such
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of the Radical Right (New York: Doubleday, 2016). 44. Mayer, Dark Money, 204. 45. Jane Mayer, “‘Kochland’ Examines the Koch Brothers’ Early, Crucial Role in Climate-Change Denial,” New Yorker, August 13, 2019, https://www.newyorker.com/news/daily-comment/kochland-examines-how-the-koch-brothers-made-their-fortune-and-the-influence-it
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News, December 10, 2015, https://www.eenews.net/stories/1060029290. 50. Brendan Montague, “I Crashed a Climate Change Denial Conference in Las Vegas,” Vice, July 22, 2014, https://www.vice.com/da/article/7bap4x/las-vegas-climate-change-denial-brendan-montague-101; Brian Palmer, “What It’s Like to Attend a Climate Denial Conference,” Pacific Standard
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-held-a-conference-and-no-real-scientists-came/comment-page-8/; Brendan Montague, “I Crashed a Climate Change Denial Conference in Last Vegas,” Vice, July 22, 2014, https://www.vice.com/en/article/7bap4x/las-vegas-climate-change-denial-brendan-montague-101; https://climateconference.heartland.org/. See my discussion of climate change in Respecting Truth (72
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proportion of climate deniers than the US. Oliver Milman and Fiona Harvey, “US Is Hotbed of Climate Change Denial, Major Global Survey Finds,” Guardian, May 8, 2019, https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2019/may/07/us-hotbed-climate-change-denial-international-poll. 10. Chris Mooney, “The Strange Relationship between Global Warming Denial and … Speaking English,” Guardian
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only that more of their adherents are found on the left but that they are motivated by some liberal orthodoxy, in the same way that climate change denial not only bends right but is motivated by conservative views, such as skepticism about government control or an unshakable commitment to free market solutions.18
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to make other GMO foods … it’s a trap!”89 Insistence That Science Must Be Perfect Here the problem is obvious. From Flat Earthers to climate change deniers, we are always hearing that “the crucial experiment hasn’t been done yet” or “we need more evidence.” The insistence on “proof” for something that
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copy of Lynas. After a few minutes on other matters, Ted came back to my point about the similarity between his position and that of climate change deniers. “That was a good one,” he said. “I’m going to have to think about that one a little bit more.” That sounded good to
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that a plurality, or even a majority, of deniers on any given topic (such as GMOs) were liberals, in just the same way that most climate change deniers are conservatives. But there is a worse problem. Hamilton uses the question “Do you trust scientists for information on GMOs?” as a proxy for denialist
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about both epistemic and social change. And that is a good thing, not just for trying to convince anti-vaxxers, anti-evolutionists, Flat Earthers, and climate change deniers that there is room for them on the team that celebrates science, but finally to conclude that—if we want to make the world a
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Bardon, Adrian, 207n35 Behind the Curve (Clark, dir.), 10, 13 Belief conversion. See also Strategies for changing minds anti-vaxxers and, 74–75, 77–78 climate change denial and, 75–76, 78–79, 106–115, 118–119 conspiracy theories and, 207n39 COVID-19 and, 169–174 Flat Earthers and, 3–4, 16–18
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follow through, 78–80 pre-bunking vs. debunking, xiii, 71, 206n30, 207n31 social media amplification and, 77–78 spectrum of persudability, 77 Cherry-picking evidence climate change deniers and, 35, 91 confirmation bias and, 35–36 COVID-19 and, 163–164 Flat Earthers and, 35, 36, 199n28 GMO resistance and, 132–133 reliance
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, 36, 40, 43, 46, 90, 179, 232n75 Circle of concern, 118, 119, 120, 180, 185–186 “Climate Change Conspiracy Theories” (Uscinski, Douglas, and Lewandowsky), 228n34 Climate change denial. See also Global warming belief conversion and, 75–76, 78–79, 106–115, 118–119 cherry-picking evidence and, 35, 91 China and, 105–106
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, 204n7, 206n27 “Conservative and Liberal Views of Science” (Hamilton), 154–156, 235n15, 236n20 Conspiracy theories belief conversion and, 207n39 cafeteria skepticism and, 38, 44, 50 climate change denial and, 38–39, 91 COVID-19 and, 163–164 disinformation and, 77 Flat Earthers and, 38, 194n31 GMO resistance and, 128–131, 133, 228n34 great
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, 46, 90, 216n42 Cook, John, 33, 78, 85, 172, 207n39 Corporate influence cigarette companies and, 36, 40, 43, 46, 54, 86, 90, 179, 232n75 on climate change denial, 54, 86–88, 118 Flat Earthers and, 130 GMOs and, 126, 128, 132, 133–134, 143–144, 159, 228n34 Corrective information, 63–67 COVID-19
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denial anti-maskers, 167–168, 175–176 anti-vaxxers and, 166–167 belief conversion and, 169–174 cherry-picking evidence and, 163–164 climate change denial and, 116–117, 169–171 conspiracy theories and, 163–164 disinformation campaigns, 116, 165–169, 174 economic self-interest and, 170 face-to-face engagement
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, dir.), 45 “Earth Is Round, The” (McIntyre), 30 Economic self-interest. See also Corporate influence cigarette companies and, 36, 40, 43, 46, 90, 179, 232n75 climate change denial and, 86–88, 103–106 COVID-19 and, 170 “Effective Strategies for Rebutting Science Denialism in Public Discussions” (Schmid and Betsch), xii–xiii, xv, 67
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, 235n7 skepticism and, 136–138, 153–154 Whole Foods Market and, 123, 139–140, 143–144, 147 Gignac, Giles, 157-160 Global warming. See also Climate change denial; Maldives, The belief conversion and, 75–76 carbon dioxide emissions and, 42, 82, 117, 119, 220n6 coal dependence, 103–106 coral death, 96–100 government
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, 79, 179 social factors and, 204n9 “Ideologues without Issues” (Mason), 53 Ideology vs. identity, 51–53, 66, 121. See also Lynas, Mark; Partisanship Illogical reasoning climate change denial and, 91 COVID-19 and, 165 Flat Earthers and, 42 GMO resistance and, 133–134, 135–136 science denial and, 33, 42–43 use of
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, 64, 71, 73–74, 78, 79, 179. See also Science comprehension thesis (SCT) Insistence that science must be perfect cafeteria skepticism and, 38, 44, 50 climate change denial and, 44–45, 92 COVID-19 and, 165 Flat Earthers and, 11–12, 44 GMO resistance and, 134 science denial, 33, 43–45 theory of
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, 87–88, 90, 111, 118 Mbeki, Thabo, 163, 233n82 McKee, Martin, 33 Mead, Alex, 96–101 Merchants of Doubt (Oreskes and Conway), 46, 216n42 Misinformation climate change denial and, 90–91, 116 Facebook and, 168, 169, 173, 242n33 misinformation research, 59–62, 63 research on challenging science denial, 59–64 social media amplification
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–128, 132, 133, 133–134, 143–144, 149, 228n34 Mooney, Chris, 90, 105, 123–124, 225n18 Morano, Marc, 217n55 National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) climate change denial and, xv, 75, 83 , 86 Flat Earthers and, 3, 5–6, 18, 25 International Space Station and, 195n37 Nero (emperor), 37 Nichols, Tom, 40–41
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effect and, xii, 62–64, 67–68 challenging science denial and, 62–64 changing minds of partisans, 59–60, 62, 67, 70, 77, 204n3, 204n4 climate change denial and, 49, 118–119, 123, 157 conspiracy theories and, 49 conversion discourse and, 76, 209n50 COVID-19 denial and, 165–166, 167–169, 172–173
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Regalado, Tomas, 79, 118–119 Reifler, Jason, 62–63, 64–66, 67 Reliance on fake experts bias and, 40–41 cherry-picking evidence and, 41 climate change denial and, 91 conspiracy theories and, 41–42 COVID-19 and, 164–165 partisanship and, 40 trust and, 41–42 use of term, 33, 40–42
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, Michael, xiv, 66–67, 122–123, 139–140, 205n21, 223n5, 224n14 Skepticism anti-vaxxers and, 74, 124–125, 138 cafeteria skepticism and, 38, 44, 50 climate change denial and, 50–51, 92, 129 conspiracy theories and, 38, 44, 50 Flat Earthers and, 4, 18 GMOs and, 135–138, 153–154 partisanship and, 122
Arguing With Zombies: Economics, Politics, and the Fight for a Better Future
by Paul Krugman · 28 Jan 2020 · 446pp · 117,660 words
Something Not Rotten in Denmark Trump versus the Socialist Menace 15. CLIMATE Essay: The Most Important Thing Donald and the Deadly Deniers The Depravity of Climate-Change Denial Climate Denial Was the Crucible for Trumpism Hope for a Green New Year 16. TRUMP Essay: Why Not the Worst? The Paranoid Style in G
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suffering as a result. The rest of the book is mainly about what the title says: arguing with zombies, from the tax-cut zombie to climate-change denial, and also about the movement conservatism that keeps those zombies shambling along. Yes, there’s also quite a lot about Donald Trump, but I see
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personal gain. When it comes to climate, however, they aren’t just selling out America; they’re selling out the whole world. THE DEPRAVITY OF CLIMATE-CHANGE DENIAL November 26, 2018 The Trump administration is, it goes without saying, deeply anti-science. In fact, it’s anti-objective reality. But its control of
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supported by overwhelming scientific consensus? Yes, they are—as long as their arguments are made in good faith. But there are almost no good-faith climate-change deniers. And denying science for profit, political advantage, or ego satisfaction is not O.K.; when failure to act on the science may have terrible consequences
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: PBS viewers weren’t even given a hint that the professional consensus exists. It’s as if you had a program on climate and only climate-change deniers were represented. And maybe we should put this in the context of another debate, the big one over austerity. Here too there has been a
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U.S. Politics Capitalism, Socialism, and Unfreedom Something Not Rotten in Denmark Trump versus the Socialist Menace Donald and the Deadly Deniers The Depravity of Climate-Change Denial Climate Denial Was the Crucible for Trumpism Hope for a Green New Year The Paranoid Style in G.O.P. Politics Trump and the Aristocracy
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of, 332 as anti-worker, 351–53 appointments to, 352 bad faith of, 151, 332, 365 charlatans and cranks in, 149, 151, 329, 331, 333 climate change deniers in, 329–31, 332–34, 335–37 and collapse of freedom, 187 compared to that of G. W. Bush, 9, 13 and conspiracy theories, 150
Climate Change
by Joseph Romm · 3 Dec 2015 · 358pp · 93,969 words
“a prominent skeptic of climate change.” They note that in the same week, National Public Radio’s Morning Edition called Inhofe “one of the leading climate change deniers in Congress.” The signatories note, “These are not equivalent statements” and the two terms should not be conflated. “Proper skepticism promotes scientific inquiry, critical investigation
The God Species: Saving the Planet in the Age of Humans
by Mark Lynas · 3 Oct 2011 · 369pp · 98,776 words
our potential. Even most Greens—ever hopeful that vanished wild nature can one day be restored—still recoil from the real truth about our role. Climate change deniers are successful not just because of the moneyed vested interests they serve, but because they tap into a powerful cultural undercurrent that insists we are
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inconvenient burden of responsibility. What you don’t know can’t hurt you, right? This see-no-evil approach is particularly convenient for politically motivated climate-change deniers. Take Newt Gingrich, the U.S. Republican firebrand who almost single-handedly destroyed the Clinton Presidency and is now taking aim at Obama too. He
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15°C today on average—perfect for abundant life—while keeping enough carbon locked up underground to avoid a Venusian-style runaway greenhouse. Ideologically motivated climate-change deniers may rant and obfuscate, but geology (not to mention physics) leaves no room for doubt: Greenhouse gases, principally carbon dioxide (with water vapor as a
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, aimed primarily at producing plutonium during the Cold War, was inherently dangerous and that none were built outside the Communist bloc. Using similar tactics to climate-change deniers, Greenpeace in 2006 handpicked a group of supportive scientists in order to publish its own “scientific” report challenging the expert consensus around Chernobyl, insisting that
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newspaper,56 Ridley draws an analogy with acid rain, which he asserts was also the “scare” of its day. Utilizing all the classic tactics of climate-change deniers, he uses this false analogy (it is false because acid rain was real) to back a charge of grant-funding “vested interests” by marine scientists
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more extreme right represented by the Tea Party movement, climate denialism is an article of faith (and I mean that literally). In the U.K., climate-change deniers I know (most of whom I have great respect for on a personal level) all seem to hail from the political right, Matt Ridley included
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right-wingers, as some on the Green left assert, simply “antiscience”? Part of the explanation I think lies with deeply held political and social values. Climate-change deniers tend to be suspicious of what they see as big government and potentially intrusive state regulation over the private affairs of citizens and businesses. At
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(UNSCEAR) United States: solar power; agricultural fertilizer, dependence on; meat consumption; ethanol production; freshwater species extinction; freshwater ecological restoration; seasonality of runoff; nuclear power in; climate change deniers in; CFC regulation and; Kyoto Protocol and; Copenhagen summit, role in; clean energy and urbanization U.S. Army Corps of Engineers Uzbekistan valueing natural assets
This Changes Everything: Capitalism vs. The Climate
by Naomi Klein · 15 Sep 2014 · 829pp · 229,566 words
wrong with the shiny card in my wallet attesting to my “elite” frequent flyer status. A great many of us engage in this kind of climate change denial. We look for a split second and then we look away. Or we look but then turn it into a joke (“more signs of the
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’s better if he never sees a starfish at all—certainly not like this . . . When fear like that used to creep through my armor of climate change denial, I would do my utmost to stuff it away, change the channel, click past it. Now I try to feel it. It seems to me
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House, in which they pledged to join forces and fight climate change together. And in 2007, Rupert Murdoch—whose Fox News channel relentlessly amplifies the climate change denial movement—launched an incentive program at Fox to encourage employees to buy hybrid cars (Murdoch announced he had purchased one himself). Those days of bipartisanship
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worldview to be shattered, a fact that was as true of die-hard Stalinists at the height of the purges as it is of libertarian climate change deniers today. Furthermore, leftists are equally capable of denying inconvenient scientific evidence. If conservatives are inherent system justifiers, and therefore bridle before facts that call the
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terribly hard to see what’s going on. The Heritage Foundation is hawking reports, as are the Cato Institute and the Ayn Rand Institute. The climate change denial movement—far from an organic convergence of “skeptical” scientists—is entirely a creature of the ideological network on display here, the very one that deserves
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for naught. With stakes like these, clearly greed is not so very good after all. And that is what is behind the abrupt rise in climate change denial among hardcore conservatives: they have come to understand that as soon as they admit that climate change is real, they will lose the central ideological
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license to intrude, to interfere and to regulate.” It must, he concludes, be a conspiracy—the classic teleological reversal of cause and effect.29 The climate change denial movement is littered with characters who are twisting themselves in similar intellectual knots. There are the old-timer physicists like S. Fred Singer, who used
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recent studies on climate perceptions is the clear connection between a refusal to accept the science of climate change and social and economic privilege. Overwhelmingly, climate change deniers are not only conservative but also white and male, a group with higher than average incomes. And they are more likely than other adults to
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to push more aggressive climate policy—on the contrary, many companies and trade groups have provided substantial funding to the think tanks that created the climate change denial movement.44 For some time, this seemingly contradictory dynamic played out within different divisions of the Heartland Institute itself. The world’s premier climate denial
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global economy based on the rules of free market fundamentalism, the very rules incubated in the right-wing think tanks now at the forefront of climate change denial. There is a certain irony at work: it is the success of their own revolution that makes revolutionary levels of transformation to the market system
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to modern energy for the first time, those who are consuming far more energy than they need would have to consume less. How much less? Climate change deniers like to claim that environmentalists want to return us to the Stone Age. The truth is that if we want to live within ecological limits
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this is a great deal more redistribution, so that more of us can live comfortably within the planet’s capacity. Which is precisely why, when climate change deniers claim that global warming is a plot to redistribute wealth, it’s not (only) because they are paranoid. It’s also because they are paying
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of the Environment Agency had stated plainly during the most recent round of cuts that “Flood risk maintenance will be impacted.”34 Cameron is no climate change denier, which is what made it all the more incredible that he had hobbled the agency responsible for protecting the public from rising waters and more
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happen until the corporate liberation project that has shaped our political culture for three and a half decades is buried for good. Just as the climate change deniers I met at the Heartland Institute fear, there is a direct relationship between breaking fossilized free market rules and making swift progress on climate change
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fuel companies fight furiously to block every piece of legislation that would point us in the right emissions direction, and why some directly fund the climate change denier movement.58 It also helps that these companies are so profitable that they have money not just to burn, but to bribe—especially when that
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but simply had better plans for distributing the spoils. Far from seeing climate change as an opportunity to argue for their socialist utopia, as conservative climate change deniers fear, Syriza had simply stopped talking about global warming altogether. This is something that the party’s leader, Alexis Tsipras, admitted to me quite openly
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of questions that get asked in the first place. And since it is generally accepted that fossil fuel money and conservative foundations have shaped the climate change denial movement, it seems fair to ask whether fossil fuel money and the values of centrist foundations have shaped parts of the movement that are in
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several influential think tanks that are generously funded with fossil fuel dollars. For instance, over a period of years, as it stoked the flames of climate change denial, the American Enterprise Institute (AEI) took millions of dollars in donations from ExxonMobil. It continues to be the top recipient of money from conservative foundations
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in faraway labs playing god. IV. Ironically, the most reproduced of the earth-from-space photos was likely taken by Harrison Schmitt, a card-carrying climate change denier, former U.S. senator and a regular speaker at Heartland conferences. He was rather blasé about the experience: “You seen one Earth, you’ve seen
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It is this powerfully seductive illusion of total control that a great many boosters of extractive energy are so reluctant to relinquish. Indeed at the climate change denial conference hosted by the Heartland Institute, renewables were derided as “sunbeams and friendly breezes”—the subtext was clear: real men burn coal.10 And there
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that leadership vacuum and find ways to change the power equation. The right, as usual, understands this better than the left, which is why the climate change denial crowd consistently claims that global warming is a socialist conspiracy to redistribute wealth (the Competitive Enterprise Institute’s Chris Horner likes to say rich countries
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book. Admittedly, much of it is painful. From the young climate activist breaking down and weeping on my shoulder at the Copenhagen summit, to the climate change deniers at the Heartland Institute literally laughing at the prospect of extinction. From the country manor in England where mad scientists plotted to blot out the
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Betasamosake Simpson helped me to understand the underlying logic of extractivism, and Renee Lertzman, Kari Marie Norgaard, Sally Weintrobe, and Rosemary Randall made me see climate change denial in a whole new light. The political economy of the climate crisis is an incredibly dense field, and there is no way I could possibly
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,” Agence France-Presse, February 11, 2014. 8. “Exponential Growth in Weather Risk Management Contracts,” Weather Risk Management Association, press release, June 2006; Eric Reguly, “No Climate-Change Deniers to Be Found in the Reinsurance Business,” Globe and Mail, November 28, 2013. 9. “Investor CDP 2012 Information Request: Raytheon Company,” Carbon Disclosure Project, 2012
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,” East Bay Tea Party, May 7, 2011, http://www.theeastbayteaparty.com. 23. For more on the conservative movement’s role in climate change denial, see: Riley E. Dunlap and Aaron M. McCright, “Organized Climate Change Denial,” in The Oxford Handbook of Climate Change and Society, ed. John S. Dryzek, Richard B. Norgaard, and David Schlosberg (Oxford
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Success in Undermining Climate Science and Policy,” Theory, Culture, and Society 27 (2010): 100–133. DENIAL BOOKS STUDY: Riley E. Dunlap and Peter J. Jacques, “Climate Change Denial Books and Conservative Think Tanks: Exploring the Connection,” American Behavioral Scientist 57 (2013): 705–706. 24. Bast interview, June 30, 2011. 25. Robert Manne, “How
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Can Climate Change Denialism Be Explained?” The Monthly, December 8, 2011. 26. GORE: “Al Gore Increases His Carbon Footprint, Buys House in Ritzy Santa Barbara Neighborhood,” Hate the Media
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” is truly distinct from political ideology and possesses unique explanatory power, social scientists have criticized cultural cognition theory for neglecting the structural drivers of the climate change denial movement. For key examples of scholarship focusing on the social, political, and economic dynamics of that movement, see Dunlap and McCright, “Organized
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Climate Change Denial,” and McCright and Dunlap, “Anti-Reflexivity.” On the Heartland Institute’s funding: according to Greenpeace USA’s ExxonSecrets project, the organization “has received $676,500
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Klein’s and My View of Climate Change and Economic Growth,” KevinAnderson.info, September 24, 2013. 55. Clive Hamilton, “What History Can Teach Us About Climate Change Denial,” in Engaging with Climate Change: Psychoanalytic and Interdisciplinary Perspectives, ed. Sally Weintrobe (East Sussex: Routledge, 2013), 18. 56. For the foundational scenario modeling work on
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. Mark Dowie, Losing Ground: American Environmentalism at the Close of the Twentieth Century (Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, 1996), 25. 65. Yotam Marom, “Confessions of a Climate Change Denier,” Waging Nonviolence, July 30, 2013. 66. “Paxman vs. Brand—Full Interview” (video), BBC Newsnight, October 23, 2013. 67. “System Change—Not Climate Change,” A People
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from Klimaforum09, December 2009. 68. Miya Yoshitani, “Confessions of a Climate Denier in Tunisia,” Asian Pacific Environment Network, May 8, 2013. 69. Nick Cohen, “The Climate Change Deniers Have Won,” The Observer, March 22, 2014. 70. Philip Radford, “The Environmental Case for a Path to Citizenship,” Huffington Post, March 14, 2013; Anna Palmer
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tipping points for, 14, 412 2 degrees Celsius boundary in, 87–88, 89, 150, 354, 456 wealth creation and, 46–52 weather patterns and, 269 climate change denial, 2–5, 26, 43, 91, 119, 282–83, 394, 407, 451 economics as factor in, 3, 45–46, 59–60 extractive industries’ funding of, 44
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vs., 7 free trade agreements as threat to, 358–60 Democratic party, 35, 83, 141, 153, 234 climate change accepted by majority in, 35–36 climate change deniers in, 46 Demos, 216 Denmark, renewable energy in, 70, 131–32, 138, 179, 398 deregulation, 8, 19, 20, 72, 142, 154, 210 Derham, William, 171
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: extractive industries and, 316, 386 minimizing of, 12 economic geologists, 46 economic growth, 21, 129–30, 186 atmospheric limits vs., 86–89 in capitalism, 89 climate change denial and, 3, 45–46, 59–60 corporate deregulation and, 19 dirty model of, 82 limits on, 185–86 orthodoxy of, 81, 94, 178 economic justice
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, 14 extractive industries, 79, 121, 133, 141, 181, 213 alienation of onetime friends by, 313 Big Green and, 191–201 billionaires’ investments in, 235–37 climate change deniers funded by, 44–45, 149 depletion of conventional reserves in, 310 divestment movement and, 206, 353–58, 365, 401, 402–3 donations to environmental groups
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, 60 Matsés people, 220–21 Maules Creek mining project, 300–301 Maxmin, Chloe, 354 May, Brendan, 249n Means, Landon, 395 meat, demand for, 14 media: climate change denial and, 34 elite control over, 18, 369–70 Meeting Environmental Challenges (Kasser and Crompton), 60 Melbourne, Australia, 446 Melbourne, University of, Energy Institute of, 102
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, 413–18 WTO’s slowing of, 71–72 reparations, 414–15 see also climate debt REPOWERBalcombe, 403–4 Republican party, 35, 118, 125, 141, 204 climate change denial and, 34, 36, 46, 407 Republic Windows and Doors, 123n resilience, 419, 442 Resisting Environmental Destruction on Indigenous Lands (REDOIL), 375–76 resources, depletion of
Don't Even Think About It: Why Our Brains Are Wired to Ignore Climate Change
by George Marshall · 18 Aug 2014 · 298pp · 85,386 words
climate change, which led both sides to believe that their opinion was more common than it actually was. However, because the loud and very vocal climate change deniers were also heard far into the mainstream media, both sides tended to hugely overestimate their numbers, guessing them to make up a quarter of the
…
increases their in-group identification with the view they already hold. When scientists post a research paper on the Internet about climate change deniers, the angry responses generate even more data about climate change deniers—like a fast breeder reactor. The psychologist Stephan Lewandowsky received enough aggressive responses to his first research paper on climate denial
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order to maintain their cultural identity as responsible citizens. “‘Knowing’ or ‘not knowing,’” she says, “is itself a political act.” Like other academics who challenge climate change denial, Norgaard discovered for herself the mechanisms by which these politicized norms are policed and transgressors are punished. In 2012 a University of Oregon press release
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loudly because the neighbors can listen through the wall.” In this context, it is not surprising that there are multiple similarities between the mechanisms of climate change denial and the socially constructed silence found around human rights abuses. The late Stanley Cohen, a sociologist at the London School of Economics, drew strongly on
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the meteorite industry) and that is so distant, so uncertain, and to many people so unlikely, that very few people take it seriously. Except, strangely, climate change deniers. One of the center’s strongest supporters is Benny Peiser, the director of leading British denial think tank the Global Warming Policy Foundation. Ten years
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on the fourth floor, I am intrigued to know why the Smithsonian, America’s most respected scientific body, took funding from America’s most notorious climate change denier to host a permanent display—one that now carries his name—portraying climate change as a natural cycle and positive challenge that we will mutate
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have this structure: Governments (perpetrators) justify carbon taxes (effect) in order to extend their control over our lives (motive). Right-wing oil billionaires (perpetrators) fund climate change denial (effect) to increase their wealth (motive). This is why it is extremely hard for a deeply unengaging narrative based in fact to compete with a
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up with “a final opening out into life, with everything at last resolved.” It is maybe no coincidence that Booker is also Britain’s leading climate change denier. He was forced to pay a large libel settlement and publish a full retraction after telling an entirely fabricated story that the head of the
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read it, a universal frame for decline, decay, and death is being promoted on a vast scale all around the world as a symbol for climate change. Deniers understood this immediately. The blogger Alan Caruba posted an aerial photograph of an entirely dark North Korea at night with the caption “It’s Always
Fool Me Twice: Fighting the Assault on Science in America
by Shawn Lawrence Otto · 10 Oct 2011 · 692pp · 127,032 words
to seek innovative private sector solutions to public policy problems.”15 Legates was listed as a senior fellow16 and was also working for numerous other climate change denial outfits, many funded by Exxon-Mobil and the Koch family foundations.17 The paper offered a rhetorical argument couched as science. The same day, a
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“but faith, or opinion.” The paper cited 101 sources and so appeared to be scientific. Willie Soon had authored other scientifically discredited, energy-industry-funded climate change denial papers in the past, including with Legates.28 He is not a climate scientist or a polar bear expert. He is an astrophysicist. He is
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“vulgar Induction,” or pseudoscience, and that he is using the credibility of his position at Harvard to fool people. Soon is a frequent speaker at climate change denial conferences, such as those sponsored by the Heartland Institute. Ecological Complexity has ethical rules about disclosure of conflicts of interest.29 Because of this, Soon
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Exchange Commission and charitable organizations’ reports to the IRS show that between 2005 and 2008, Exxon-Mobil gave about $9 million to groups linked to climate change denial, while foundations associated with the private oil giant Koch Industries gave nearly $25 million.43 The third major funder was the American Petroleum Institute (API
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more on anti-clean-energy ads from January through October 2010,46 and Koch family foundations gave an overall $48 million to groups engaged in climate change denial between 1997 and 2008.47 It was an assault that climate scientists were wholly unprepared for, even though it had been building for some time
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lapped up the prepackaged “controversy” and called it “Climategate.” “Too many lazy journalists simply uncritically parroted what they had read from dubious sources, such as climate change denial outfits and blogs,” said Mann.62 The story highlights the problem that arises when most of the journalists in a democratic society whose major policy
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. In response, climate change deniers renewed their criticism of the hockey stick graph, which they argued was an inaccurate depiction based on faulty science (prong one). The graph had a self-evident power of the sort scientists often dream of but rarely achieve. Invalidating it was the holy grail of climate change denial, the mortal blow
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the bill. In February 2010, Senator James Inhofe of Oklahoma, the ranking Republican on the Senate Committee on Environment and Public Works and a longtime climate change denier, attacked under prong four. Following Rush Limbaugh’s on-air suggestion of November 24, 2009, Inhofe went after Mann personally in a Senate minority report
Everything Under the Sun: Toward a Brighter Future on a Small Blue Planet
by Ian Hanington · 13 May 2012 · 258pp · 77,601 words
delay or prevent action by sowing confusion. Science is clear about the threat of climate change WHY DOES THE public often pay more attention to climate-change deniers than climate scientists? Why do denial arguments that have been thoroughly debunked still show up regularly in the media? Some researchers from New York’s
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THEIR DESPERATION to find even a tiny shred of peer-reviewed science to challenge the volumes of research from around the world about human-caused climate change, deniers have often held up Willie Soon’s work. Soon, an astrophysicist at the Harvard-Smithsonian Centre for Astrophysics, is known for studies that purportedly show
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repeat the same discredited points about “Climategate” and medieval warm periods and CO2 as plant food, and they’ll continue to take the advice of climate-change denial PR people like Tom Harris to bombard the media with opinion articles, letters to editors, and comments under online articles. Some people rightly point out
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to resolve the serious problems we have created. Science delivers repeated blows to deniers IT MUST BE difficult, if not downright embarrassing, to be a climate-change denier these days. The scientists they’ve attacked have been exonerated, and more and more denier “experts” are being exposed as shills for industry or just
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by Roger Scruton · 30 Apr 2014 · 426pp · 118,913 words
, even getting himself arrested during a recent protest against a coal-mining operation in West Virginia, while his intemperate dismissal of those whom he calls ‘climate change deniers’ has not earned him universal respect in the scientific community.44 One of Hansen’s more dogged critics has been Richard Lindzen, professor of meteorology
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Reset
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