data is not the new oil

Four Battlegrounds
by Paul Scharre
Published 18 Jan 2023

sh=10eefed73045; Adeola Adesina, “Data Is the New Oil,” Medium, November 13, 2018, https://medium.com/@adeolaadesina/data-is-the-new-oil-2947ed8804f6; Will Murphy, “Data Is the New Oil,” Towards Data Science, May 7, 2017, https://towardsdatascience.com/data-is-the-new-oil-f11440e80dd0; Giuliano Giacaglia, “Data Is the New Oil,” Hackernoon, February 9, 2019, https://hackernoon.com/data-is-the-new-oil-1227197762b2. 20data-is-not-the-new-oil articles: Antonio Garcia Martinez, “No, Data Is Not the New Oil,” Wired, February 26, 2019, https://www.wired.com/story/no-data-is-not-the-new-oil/; Bernard Marr, “Here’s Why Data Is Not the New Oil,” Forbes, March 5, 2018, https://www.forbes.com/sites/bernardmarr/2018/03/05/heres-why-data-is-not-the-new-oil/?sh=4b277fa13aa9; Samuel Flender, “Data Is Not the New Oil,” Towards Data Science, February 10, 2019, https://towardsdatascience.com/data-is-not-the-new-oil-bdb31f61bc2d; John Thuma, “Data Is Not the New Oil!” fisglobal.com, July 13, 2020, https://www.fisglobal.com/en/insights/what-we-think/2020/july/data-is-not-the-new-oil; Justin Sherman and Samm Sacks, “The Myth of China’s Big A.I.

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The search for historical analogies to understand the geostrategic significance of digital power, such as data, is understandable, even if such analogies are bound to be imperfect. “Data is the new oil” became a common refrain for a brief period, spawning articles and op-eds in outlets such as Wired, Forbes, and the New York Times. (Not long after came a counter-wave of data-is-not-the-new-oil articles, including in many of the same outlets.) Data, of course, is not oil. But it can be a useful metaphor in certain ways. Not only are data and oil both valuable, they are both critical inputs into the technological revolutions of their age. Oil is used to fuel engines that can be used for mechanical work.

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fisglobal.com, July 13, 2020, https://www.fisglobal.com/en/insights/what-we-think/2020/july/data-is-not-the-new-oil; Justin Sherman and Samm Sacks, “The Myth of China’s Big A.I. Advantage,” Slate, June 13, 2019, https://slate.com/technology/2019/06/data-not-new-oil-kai-fu-lee-china-artificial-intelligence.html. 20China is “the Saudi Arabia of data”: “China May Match or Beat America in AI,” The Economist, July 15, 2017, https://www.economist.com/business/2017/07/15/china-may-match-or-beat-america-in-ai; Kai-Fu Lee, AI Superpowers: China, Silicon Valley, and the New World Order (Boston: Mariner Books, September 1, 2018), 55, https://www.amazon.com/AI-Superpowers-China-Silicon-Valley/dp/132854639X. 20data is not a fungible resource: Husanjot Chahal, Ryan Fedasiuk, and Carrick Flynn, Messier Than Oil: Assessing Data Advantage in Military AI (Center for Security and Emerging Technology, July 2020), https://cset.georgetown.edu/publication/messier-than-oil-assessing-data-advantage-in-military-ai/. 21surveillance capitalism: Shoshana Zuboff, The Age of Surveillance Capitalism: The Fight for a Human Future at the New Frontier of Power (New York: PublicAffairs, January 15, 2019), https://www.amazon.com/Age-Surveillance-Capitalism-Future-Frontier/dp/1610395697. 22900 million internet users as of 2020: “Number of Internet Users in China from 2008 to 2020,” Statista, 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/265140/number-of-internet-users-in-china/. 22750 million internet users in 2020: The Indian Telecom Services Performance Indicators: April–June, 2020 (Telecom Regulatory Authority of India, November 9, 2020), https://trai.gov.in/sites/default/files/Report_09112020_0.pdf. 22400 million users: “Internet access,” in “Digital economy and society statistics—households and individuals,” Eurostat, September 2020, https://ec.europa.eu/eurostat/statistics-explained/index.php/Digital_economy_and_society_statistics_-_households_and_individuals#Internet_usage. 22290 million internet users: “Digital Population in the United States as of January 2021,” Statista, February 2021, https://www.statista.com/statistics/1044012/usa-digital-platform-audience/. 22Facebook has 2.7 billion users: Facebook, “Facebook Reports Third Quarter 2020 Results,” news release, October 29, 2020, https://investor.fb.com/investor-news/press-release-details/2020/Facebook-Reports-Third-Quarter-2020-Results/default.aspx. 22YouTube over 2 billion: “YouTube for Press,” YouTube Official Blog, n.d., https://blog.youtube/press/. 22WeChat’s 1.2 billion: Monthly active users as of 30 September 2020.

Leadership by Algorithm: Who Leads and Who Follows in the AI Era?
by David de Cremer
Published 25 May 2020

As Kevin Kelly in his book, The Inevitable, notes: “This is not a race against the machines … This is a race with the machines.”¹⁰⁵ * * * 89 Tarnoff, B. (2017). ‘Silicon Valley siphons our data like oil. But the deepest drilling has just begun.’ The Guardian. Retrieved from: https://www.theguardian.com/world/2017/aug/23/silicon-valley-big-data-extraction-amazon-whole-foods-facebook 90 Thorp, J. (2012). ‘Big data is not the new oil.’ Harvard Business Review. November 30. Retrieved from: https://hbr.org/2012/11/data-humans-and-the-new-oil 91 Lapuschkin, S., Wäldchen, S., Binder, A., Montavon, G., Samek, W., & Mueller, K.-R. (2019). ‘Unmasking clever Hans predictors and assessing what machines really learn.’ Nature Communications, 10, 1096. 92 Editorial (2017).

The Capitalist Manifesto
by Johan Norberg
Published 14 Jun 2023

Between different spheres of society, there must be a certain healthy antagonism so that they balance each other in an open, decentralized system. When big government and big business team up, the small players will lose out. Data is the new sand One reason why lots of people think the big platforms are unbeatable is the misconception that data itself is what is valuable. However, data is not ‘the new oil’ but the new sand. Sand is not very valuable in itself. But if you refine it properly (to silicon), you can create the most powerful productive power we have (the data chip). So it is with data. Since the breakthrough of the web and digitization, we have been living with a surplus of information, just about everywhere.

The Master Algorithm: How the Quest for the Ultimate Learning Machine Will Remake Our World
by Pedro Domingos
Published 21 Sep 2015

The most determined resistance comes from machine learning’s perennial foe: knowledge engineering. According to its proponents, knowledge can’t be learned automatically; it must be programmed into the computer by human experts. Sure, learners can extract some things from data, but nothing you’d confuse with real knowledge. To knowledge engineers, big data is not the new oil; it’s the new snake oil. In the early days of AI, machine learning seemed like the obvious path to computers with humanlike intelligence; Turing and others thought it was the only plausible path. But then the knowledge engineers struck back, and by 1970 machine learning was firmly on the back burner.

Greater: Britain After the Storm
by Penny Mordaunt and Chris Lewis
Published 19 May 2021

v=GTG2VvvIs1o 23 https://www.newscientist.com/article/2110280-what-can-we-3d-print-everything-here-are-8-awesome-examples/ 24 https://all3dp.com/1/3d-printing-materials-guide-3d-printer-material/ 25 https://www.bbc.com/news/business-40189959 26 https://www.theguardian.com/business/2013/sep/10/banknotes-history 27 https://www.economist.com/leaders/2017/05/06/the-worlds-most-valuable-resource-is-no-longer-oil-but-data 28 https://www.wired.com/story/no-data-is-not-the-new-oil/ 29 https://datareportal.com/reports/digital-2019-global-digital-overview 30 https://www.oecd.org/internet/ascendancy-digital-trade-new-world-order.htm 31 https://e-estonia.com/solutions/e-governance/i-voting/ 32 https://www.cnbc.com/2020/11/19/Covid-drives-global-debt-to-a-new-record-high.html 33 https://money.cnn.com/2017/01/12/pf/americans-lack-of-savings/index.html 34 https://www.theguardian.com/money/2018/jan/25/uk-workers-chronically-broke-study-economic-insecurity 35 https://www.forbes.com/2009/11/03/capitalism-greed-recession-forbes-opinions-markets.html?

Rentier Capitalism: Who Owns the Economy, and Who Pays for It?
by Brett Christophers
Published 17 Nov 2020

‘Datafication’ is the term used by Jathan Sadowski in his ‘When Data Is Capital: Datafication, Accumulation, and Extraction’, Big Data & Society, doi: 10.1177/2053951718820549. 19. Economist, ‘Data Is Giving Rise to a New Economy’, 6 May 2017. 20. K. Granville, ‘Facebook and Cambridge Analytica: What You Need to Know as Fallout Widens’, New York Times, 19 March 2018. 21. Economist, ‘Data Is Giving Rise to a New Economy’. See also T. Hale, ‘Data Is Not the New Oil’, 8 May 2019, at ftalphaville.ft.com. 22. We Are Social, ‘Digital in 2018’, January 2018, pp. 126, 128 – pdf available at digitalreport.wearesocial.com. 23. B. Fabo, M. Beblavy, Z. Kilhoffer and K. Lenearts, ‘An Overview of European Platforms: Scope and Business Models’, 2017, pp. 10–11 – pdf available at publications.jrc.ec.europa.eu. 24.