disintermediation

Our Dollar, Your Problem: An Insider’s View of Seven Turbulent Decades of Global Finance, and the Road Ahead

by Kenneth Rogoff  · 27 Feb 2025  · 330pp  · 127,791 words

the government-owned central bank, that collects the interest payments on the securities it holds. Third, if stablecoins became sufficiently pervasive and convenient, they could disintermediate banks in the sense of bidding away the ordinary depositors who provide a critical component of the capital that banks rely on to make loans

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Big Tech from pushing aside banks. Needless to say, this is a very active area of engagement. All the above concerns—cyber risk, system failure, disintermediation, and excessive government power—underscore why any new financial technology must be implemented gradually, and why, ideally, experimentation should take place first in much smaller

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would start pulling too much money out of banks, which could hurt small and medium-size borrowers and lead to the very same kind of disintermediation officials worry about with CBDCs. 4. FDIC, “FDIC Acts to Protect All Depositors of the Former Silicon Valley Bank, Santa Clara, California,” press release, March

The Digital Party: Political Organisation and Online Democracy

by Paolo Gerbaudo  · 19 Jul 2018  · 302pp  · 84,881 words

do away with the serious limits of representative democracy, and the distance it has created between citizens and their representatives. It bears the promise of disintermediating politics, making it more similar to immediacy, interactivity and instantaneity of social experience in the digital era, while doing away with a number of middlemen

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of digital advocacy groups such as MoveOn, which have very small central staff considering their scale of operation and large membership base. The process of disintermediation of the party decrees the death of the cadre, the old figure traditionally involved in the nitty-gritty work of organisation, propaganda and agitation on

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system and specialised marketing personnel. The key question is what happens to this third element in the context of digital parties, given their emphasis on disintermediation, which will be discussed in depth in the following chapters? Is this intermediary element eliminated in the name of directness and of that populist suspicion

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be involved in deliberations and ratifications. This transformation revolves around the attempt of updating the political party to leverage the power of digital technologies. The disintermediation achieved by FAANGs in several areas of information, culture, knowledge, commerce, entertainment, is being translated by digital parties in the promise of a more direct

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democracy that would disintermediate between voters and representatives. By tapping into the affordances of digital platforms, these parties aim at doing away with the bureaucratic ‘third element’, which – as

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in market size, have very limited salaried staff. These structural features can be better understood when approaching the functional logic of digital companies and the disintermediation process which lies at their core. Indeed, these companies’ justification narrative revolves around the promise to allow users to do directly things that before had

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wall instead of sending a letter to the local newspaper, or calling a taxi on the Uber app instead of using a mini-cab company. Disintermediation is thereby associated with customisation, convenience and ultimately personal freedom, with the promise of making everyday life easier and more creative. However, what this narrative

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are in and of themselves intermediaries of sorts. Counter to what libertarian techno-evangelists would want us to believe, disintermediation does not stop at the level of erasing existing structures and hierarchies. Disintermediation always implies an act of re-intermediation: while eliminating old brokers, digital companies are themselves brokers introducing new higher

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-level intermediations.150 The ideological function of the discourse of disintermediation is obfuscating this reality of re-intermediation and the power relations that are involved in it. The higher-level intermediation offered by platforms revolves around

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’, extending outreach by making political content visible to their own personal network of contacts. In their complex, these developments feed into a model of organisational disintermediation, which promises to do away with all sorts of middlemen and parasitical organisations and institutions. ‘Disinterme-diation’ has indeed become an oft-repeated keyword in

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providing a more direct and unmediated link between the base and the summit of the party.159 However, also in this case, the discourse of disintermediation belies a reality of re-intermediation in which doing away with previous forms of mediation is accompanied by the construction of higher-level mediations. Thus

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and the pedantry, uselessness, and corruption of functionaries. Hence the party’s central office becomes a symbol seen as clashing with the ‘participationist’ narrative of disintermediation and of a seamless and unmediated intervention of the citizenry in the political process. Instead of the physical site, the party identifies with a website

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notion of a delegation, of a transfer of sovereignty and authority from the people to their elected representatives, may eventually be reversed. This promise of disintermediation and immediacy chimes well with the nature of digital culture, its anti-bureaucratic and anti-organisational spirit and its belief in individual autonomy and spontaneity

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liberal democracy beyond the current dissatisfaction with this political form; a change that is expressed by a number of buzzwords found in participationist discourse: openness, disintermediation, directness, transparency, responsiveness, choice, change, connection and community. Political formations such as the Five Star Movement, Podemos and the Pirate Parties propose a solution to

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from the process-oriented character of the platformisation of digital parties and the risk that it may lead to opportunism, or at least excessive eclecticism. Disintermediation and distributed centralisation The most fundamental problem of the digital party lies in the contradiction between the participationist narrative of radical

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disintermediation, sometimes bordering on proclamations of leaderlessness, and a reality in which leadership and hierarchy are very far from being dissolved into the ether or the

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one’, to refer to the Five Stars’ famous slogan, striving for a collapse of all party hierarchies. That the digital party is an agent of disintermediation is not altogether false. Similarly, to what happens with the digital economy and the way in which it claims to offer a ‘leaner’ and more

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or her charisma, as Machiavelli’s condottiere did by establishing a new state.293 The persistence of leadership and invisible mediations behind the façade of disintermediation leads to forms of bias or outright manipulation that raise serious questions about the democratic quality of consultations. This also stems from the fact that

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of rights (UK): 58 Marco Civil da Internet (Brazil): 58 Direct Connect (file-sharing hub): 8 Direttorio (M5S Directorate): 135 Discorsi all’umanità: 150, 154 Disintermediation: 66, 70, 71, 75–6, 109 Distributed centralisation: 17, 72, 76, 145, 183 Distributed organising: 14, 75, 182 Dryzek, John S.: 109 Dunbar number: 98

Blockchain Basics: A Non-Technical Introduction in 25 Steps

by Daniel Drescher  · 16 Mar 2017  · 430pp  · 68,225 words

in centralized systems run by institutions that are nothing other than a middleman between natural suppliers and customers. ■ Note Replacing the middleman is also called disintermediation. It is considered a serious threat to many business and companies that mainly act as intermediaries between different groups of people, such as buyers and

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is: Purely distributed peer-to-peer systems have a huge com- mercial potential as they can replace centralized systems and change whole industries due to disintermediation. Since purely distributed peer-to-peer systems may use the blockchain for achieving and maintaining integrity, the blockchain becomes important as well. However, the major

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fact that excites people is the disintermediation. The blockchain is only a means to an end that helps to achieve that. ■ Note The excitement about the blockchain is based on its ability

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as a tool for achieving and maintaining integrity in purely distributed peer-to-peer systems that have the potential to change whole industries due to disintermediation. Outlook This step explained what peer-to-peer systems are and highlighted their potential to change whole industries due to

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disintermediation. Additionally, this step pointed out that the excitement about the blockchain is due to its ability to serve purely distributed peer-to-peer systems to

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as a tool for achieving and maintaining integrity in purely distributed peer-to-peer systems that have the potential to change whole industries due to disintermediation. S T A G E II Why the Blockchain Is Needed This stage explains the problem that the blockchain is supposed to solve and why

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estimating long-term effects of technical innovations is hard. However, the following aspects are promising candidates for becoming the long-term accomplishments of the blockchain: • Disintermediation • Automation • Standardization • Streamlining processes • Increased processing speed • Cost reduction • Shift toward trust in protocols and technology • Making trust a commodity • Increased technology awareness

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Disintermediation The blockchain does not destroy the role of the middleman but instead it establishes itself as a digital and strictly rule-following middleman. Replacing one

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, replacing a cascade of middlemen with one system that orchestrates the direct interactions of peers in a secure way is indeed a huge achievement. Hence, disintermediation is an accomplishment of the blockchain whose impact could remain. 18Lewenberg, Yoad, Yonatan Sompolinsky, and Aviv Zohar. Inclusive block chain protocols. In International Conference on

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. Hence, the review of existing business processes and redesigning and streamlining them could be another accomplishment of the blockchain that may persist. Increased Processing Speed Disintermediation, standardization, streamlined processes, and automation lead to a significant speed up of processes. Hence, one can expect that the more the blockchain is used, the

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processes that once involved time-consuming manually performed tasks could be another long-term contribution of the blockchain. Cost Reduction The economic consequence of automation, disintermediation, and standardization is often a reduction of costs. History has shown that cost- reducing effects of automation have driven and reshaped many industries and as

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engines and social media platforms may lose user acceptance and market share. Loss of Responsibility Loss of personal responsibility is often considered a consequence of disintermediation. Intermediaries not only bring different parties of a contract together but may also provide guarantees. They offer reconciliation in cases when transactions do not work

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complexity and its open legal status may discourage individual people as well as organizations from using the blockchain, which can cause an effect that counteracts disintermediation. Instead of using the blockchain in order to interact with contracting parties directly, people may decide to utilize services offered by intermediaries, which in turn

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based on the idea of finding a compromise that allows the participants to utilize the advantages of the blockchain without making themselves dispensable due to disintermediation. It could be possible that each major sector such as banking, financial exchanges, insurance, health care, payments, and retail will develop and offer their own

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consensus are major areas of conceptual advancement of the blockchain. • Besides it technical merits, the blockchain may be honored for the following long-term accomplishments: • Disintermediation • Automation • Standardization • Streamlining processes • Increased processing speed • Cost reduction • Shift toward trust in protocols and technology • Making trust a commodity • Increased technology awareness • Possible disadvantages

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resistant, 73 Collision resistant, 73 combined hashing, 76–77 Combination lock, 89 deterministic, 72 Index 251 hierarchical hashing, 78 Dishonest nodes, 137 independent hashing, 75 Disintermediation, 22, 242 one-way function, 73 pseudorandom, 73 Distributed consensus, 167, 191 repeated hashing, 76 Distributed peer-to-peer system, 185, 230 sequential hashing, 77

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, 170–173 defined, 137 Long-term accomplishments elements, 137 automation, 243 Index 253 commodity, 244 Ordering catalog, 118–120 cost reduction, 243 Orphan blocks, 174 disintermediation, 242 processing speed, 243 Ownership security protocols, 244 challenge, 64 standardization, 243 concepts, 42 streamlining process, 243 describe, 59 technology awareness, 244 foundations, 41–42

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and Alternatives Minor Technical Improvements and Variations Improving Scalability Conceptual Evolutions Access Rights Privacy Consensus Transactions Inventory Data Data Structure Major Accomplishments of the Blockchain Disintermediation Automation Standardization Streamlining Processes Increased Processing Speed Cost Reduction Shift Toward Trust in Protocols and Technology Making Trust a Commodity Increased Technology Awareness Possible Disadvantages

The Future of the Professions: How Technology Will Transform the Work of Human Experts

by Richard Susskind and Daniel Susskind  · 24 Aug 2015  · 742pp  · 137,937 words

-religion-and-tech> (accessed 27 March 2015). 101 We are grateful to Rabbi Gideon Sylvester for this point. Thus, the orthodox rabbi can never be ‘disintermediated’ (see Ch. 3). 102 Heidi Campbell (ed.), Digital Religion: Understanding Religious Practice in New Media Worlds (2013). 103 Heidi Campbell, ‘Considering the Performance of Religious

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Transformation by technology • automation • innovation Emerging skills and competences • different ways of communicating • mastery of data • new relationships with technology • diversification Professional work reconfigured • routinization • disintermediation and reintermediation • decomposition New labour models • labour arbitrage • para-professionalization and delegation • flexible self-employment • new specialists • users • machines More options for recipients • online selection

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, and that much of what professionals do can indeed be expressed as standard process. Three core trends reflect this move from handcrafting to process: routinization; disintermediation and reintermediation; and decomposition. Routinization Traditionally, professional work was handcrafted and bespoke, as we note at the start of this chapter. However, as we see

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approach, the recipients rather than the providers are the main beneficiaries of the recycling. We see both of these possibilities in operation in Chapter 2. Disintermediation and reintermediation Across society we find many intermediaries, variously referred to as agents, brokers, and middlemen. Frequently these intermediaries serve the interests of lay people

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is more valuable than can be delivered, crudely, by some online service. If it is not more valuable, then intermediaries will, in due course, be disintermediated, which means they will be removed from the supply chain in which they work. Just as it is now commonplace for travel arrangements to be

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secure a more affordable, higher-quality, or more convenient service online, then professionals will face the prospect of being disintermediated. For example, to some extent at least, tax advisers are already being disintermediated by online tax preparation software, lawyers by document assembly systems, doctors by diagnostic apps, teachers by MOOCs, architects by

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is not, in other words, that these systems directly automate traditional professional service. Instead, the professionals or para-professionals, who might otherwise be involved, are disintermediated—they are removed from the chain and no longer directly involved in the delivery of the service. Three broad forms of labour are required to

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yet, because much of the experience will be described in detail, they will often have the feel of customized content. Here again, traditional advisers are disintermediated. Although the format of this special form of practical expertise will often have its roots in one-to-one service, when it is made available

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out by professions will be undertaken in different ways. It is also true that, in some circumstances, these tasks will be computerized, professionals will be disintermediated, and certain crafts will fade. But it is also possible that new tasks will emerge, and so new crafts will need to be mastered—for

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mobility—the use of video links, from Skype to telepresence, provides a real-time, ‘face-to-face’ interaction of a sort. Where new technologies do disintermediate traditional professionals, such that face-to-face time with traditional doctors and teachers and accountants does decline, this does not necessarily lead to the end

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itself can be characterized in many ways: as the industrialization and digitization of the professions; as the routinization and commoditization of professional work; as the disintermediation and demystification of professionals. Whatever terminology is preferred, we foresee that, in the end, the traditional professions will be dismantled, leaving most (but not all

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, cumulative, and digitizable) which mean that practical expertise can be reproduced and distributed at negligible cost using increasingly capable machines. Their view is that, by disintermediating the professions, and by spreading practical expertise more widely, we have the capacity to improve the lives of a great many people—to provide better

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, 159–60, 168, 201, 255–6, 278 diagnoses 48, 163–4, 166, 190, 228, 254 diagnostic systems 113, 269, 295, 298 digitization 130, 202, 303 disintermediation 102, 119, 121–2, 303 disruption 78, 110 distribution 5, 28, 188, 206, 212, 215, 217–18, 252 of knowledge 188–9, 191, 193, 195

Social Life of Information

by John Seely Brown and Paul Duguid  · 2 Feb 2000  · 791pp  · 85,159 words

expect to pick up the phone and get Boris Yeltsin on the other end of the line. But it requires a profoundly naïve belief in "disintermediation" (see chapter 1) to assume that all the links that fall between Yeltsin and the news are somehow interference in the information channel. Rather, it

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. Page 22 The D in our 6 D notion stands for the de -or dis -in such futurist-favored words as demassification decentralization denationalization despacialization disintermediation disaggregation 21 These are said to represent forces that, unleashed by information technology, will break society down into its fundamental constituents, principally individuals and information

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of organizational change is especially hard to discern. The 6-Ds present it as a foregone conclusion. Page 28 More Dimensions Similarly, despite talk of disintermediation and decentralization, the forces involved are less predictable and unidirectional than a quick glance might suggest. 32 First, the evidence for

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far from clear. Organizations, as we shall see, are not necessarily becoming flatter. And second, where it does occur, disintermediation doesn't necessarily do away with intermediaries. Often it merely puts intermediation into fewer hands with a larger grasp. The struggle to be one of

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but to the continuing importance of mediation on the 'Net (as does the new term infomediary, another case of infoprefixation). Moreover this kind of limited disintermediation often leads to a centralization of control. These two Ds, then, are often pulling not together, but against one another. Not Flatter. Francis Fukuyama and

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Abram Shulsky conducted a RAND study in 1997 into the relationship between disintermediation, flat organizations, and centralization on behalf of the army. They began by studying the private sector. Here they give little hope for any direct link

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might replace them, and organizations will be flatter. If, on the other hand, there is more to management than information processing, then linear predictions about disintermediation within firms are too simple. Empirical evidence suggests such predictions are indeed over-simplified. Despite the talk of increasingly flatter and leaner organizations, Paul Attewell

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risen steadily as the workplace has been infomated. Nor More Egalitarian. Fukuyama and Shulsky also argue that in instances where information technology has led to disintermediation, this has not necessarily produced decentralization. "Despite talk about modern computer technology being necessarily democratizing," they argue, "a number of important productivity-enhancing applications of

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tendencies of infoenthusiasts that we have encountered at various points in the book. First, there's the 6-D focus on disaggregated institutions, demassified consumption, disintermediation, and so forth. Second, there's redefinition. Books and libraries appear as Page 211 little more than containers, education as little more than infodelivery, learning

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resources. A Sense of Place The geographical reach of technology presents learners with another problem, too. As we said in chapter 1, certain kinds of disintermediation concentrate control in fewer hands and shift decision making from the periphery of institutions to the center. There are signs of this centralizing tendency in

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hands of publishers in the Stationer's Register and place it in the hands of individual authors. Now, despite the talk of the 'Net's disintermediation, it may be swinging back toward publishers and corporate ownership. For us this debate, unresolved and ever-changing as it is, principally serves to highlight

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will recognize the first three terms here, particularly the first, demassification, to which Toffler adds three subtypes: demassification of media, production, and society. Notions of disintermediation and decentralization are features, for example, in the work of George Gilder or Kevin Kelly's (1997) writing on the "new economy." There are more

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for any intermediaries. Kelly (1997), for example, envisages music going from musicians to listeners and then leaps to gourmet coffee from producers to drinkers. Undoubtedly disintermediation along these lines is happening; however, there's a good deal of wishful endism here, too. Specific examples always seem to include unpopular professions that

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Desktop publishing, 79 80 Dibbell, Julian, 190 Dickens, Charles, 135, 195 196 DigiCash, 60 Digitized libraries, 179 181 Disaggregation, 23 information revolution and, 65 66 Disintermediation, 6 effects of, 28 31 Displacement, 81, 105 Distance combating, 167 170, 226 227 and education, 211 212, 223 227, 229 241 geographic, 224 recomputing

The Measure of Progress: Counting What Really Matters

by Diane Coyle  · 15 Apr 2025  · 321pp  · 112,477 words

economic policy and business decisions. Chapters 3 to 5 then look in detail at ­measurement challenges due to digitalisation: the dematerialisation of economic value, the disintermediation of activities and business model changes, and the provision of ­free products. Chapter 6 follows up with a focus on globalisation (itself pos­si­ble

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input: the shopper’s unpaid l­abor. The “true” productivity gain w ­ ill be lower. The focus of this chapter is on pro­cesses of disintermediation by digital platforms and their implications for interpreting economic statistics and assessing the pace of pro­gress. Digitisation has been shifting a range of activities

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activity—­this is becoming a familiar refrain when it comes to digitisation—­but I ­will pre­sent some evidence about the growing scale of digital disintermediation of marketed activities and discuss some of the ­measurement and conceptual implications of taking ­house­hold production seriously. This includes h­ ouse­hold capital goods

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the price of a near-­market alternative. This is a complex issue when the production boundary becomes fluid, as discussed ­later in this chapter. Digitally Disintermediated Activities House­hold satellite accounts are a starting point for the phenomenon of production boundary crossing, but they are of l­ imited use. They are

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such that the m ­ easured productivity of affected sectors is lower than in the counterfactual non-­digital world. Of course, ­there has not been complete disintermediation. Online ­services have generally become just another channel for many high-­ street intermediaries such as banks, travel agencies, or recruitment agencies. Market transactions ­will be

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to the overall productivity puzzle in the United Kingdom, although the United States has seen a smaller slowdown in its productivity growth. Perhaps unmea­sured disintermediation is part of the story? Just as with Becker’s shaving example, if the output of banking included home as well as market production, perhaps

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for h­ ouse­holds rather than t­ hose provided to companies as described in the previous chapter. Gig Work ­ here is another aspect to digital disintermediation: as the digital T ­platform business model has become more widespread, so have non-­ standard modes of work, often collected ­under the (disparaging) heading of

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as no surprise to learn that ­there are no entirely adequate statistics providing a definitive picture of t­ hese l­abour market dimensions of digital disintermediation, although again this is starting to change as updated surveys are rolled out by statistical agencies, specifically asking about ­these modes of work. For now

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, to what extent? Time as an Input and Output This brings the discussion back to time as a metric. One of the consequences of digital disintermediation of the offline world is time saving, such as the avoidance of queues in shops and bank branches. Time ­saving is also an impor­tant

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­sent to say anything definitive about shifts in how ­people are spending their time, or the scale and consequences of the broader phenomenon of digital disintermediation of the physical. We do know how pervasive the changes have been just from the everyday experience of being always on, and we do appreciate

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–88 Democracy in Amer­i­ca (Toqueville), 221 i n de x demo­cratic institutions, living standards and increasing, 221 diamond-­water paradox, 126 digital disintermediation, 104–5; gig employment and, 116–20; time saving and, 121 digital intermediation, 101–2; ­house­hold capital and, 113–16 digitally

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disintermediated activities, 108–12 digitally enabled ­services, 22, 162–65, 164. See also “­free” digital ­services digitally intermediated ­services, production boundary and, 104–5 digital nomad

Mastering Blockchain, Second Edition

by Imran Bashir  · 28 Mar 2018

blockchains Tokenless blockchains Consensus Consensus mechanism Types of consensus mechanisms Consensus in blockchain CAP theorem and blockchain Summary Decentralization Decentralization using blockchain Methods of decentralization Disintermediation Contest-driven decentralization Routes to decentralization How to decentralize The decentralization framework example Blockchain and full ecosystem decentralization Storage Communication Computing power and decentralization Smart

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an arbitrator between two trading parties. This concept is compelling, and once you absorb it, you will realize the enormous potential of blockchain technology. This disintermediation allows blockchain to be a decentralized consensus mechanism where no single authority is in charge of the database. Immediately, you'll see a significant benefit

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, intermediary, or service provider. Methods of decentralization Two methods can be used to achieve decentralization: disintermediation and competition (Contest-driven decentralization). These methods will be discussed in detail in the sections that follow. Disintermediation The concept of disintermediation can be explained with the aid of an example. Imagine that you want to send

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friend on the blockchain. This way, the intermediary; that is, the bank, is no longer required, and decentralization is achieved by disintermediation. It is debatable, however, how practical decentralization through disintermediation is in the financial sector due to massive regulatory and compliance requirements. Nevertheless, this model can be used not only in

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are shown. On the left-hand side, the conventional approach is shown where a central system is in control; on the right-hand side, complete disintermediation is achieved as intermediaries are entirely removed. Competing intermediaries or service providers are shown in the center. At that level, intermediaries or service providers are

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second question asks you to specify the level of decentralization required by examining the scale of decentralization as discussed earlier. It can be full disintermediation or partial disintermediation. The third question asks developers to determine which blockchain is suitable for a particular application. It can be Bitcoin blockchain, Ethereum blockchain, or any

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four questions discussed previously are used to evaluate the decentralization requirements of this application. The answers to these questions are as follows: Money transfer system Disintermediation Bitcoin Atomicity The responses indicate that the money transfer system can be decentralized by removing the intermediary, implemented on the Bitcoin blockchain, and that a

Nerds on Wall Street: Math, Machines and Wired Markets

by David J. Leinweber  · 31 Dec 2008  · 402pp  · 110,972 words

Label Chapter 9: The Text Frontier: AI, IA, and the New Research 203 Ten Pounds of News in a Five-Pound Bag; Pre-News and Disintermediation; More Pre-News on the Internet Contents ix Chapter 10: Collective Intelligence, Social Media, and Web Market Monitors 227 Investing with Crowds; Never Met a

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market data. Anyone using more than one data service notices lags from one service to another, and they all lag the actual event. There is disintermediation, removing the intermediary, going on in these businesses as well as in brokerages. Companies like Wombat Financial Software11 will sell you the docking adapter to

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there are often trading opportunities in countries that will be learning the news, via translation, later on in the news cycle. We have seen how disintermediation (eliminating the middlemen) cut the ranks of sell-side traders as their clients turned to direct market access and algorithmic trading. The same effect can

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was formed in 1972. NYSE Group acquired the part it didn’t already own in 2006. 13. From the skepticism displayed by the spell-checker, disintermediate is not universally regarded as a word in English. It should be; it is a key idea in many aspects of Internet commerce. 14. Dimitris

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democratization of information brought about by the Web. The Internet is a threat to people who make their living as intermediaries. Direct market access has disintermediated brokers, many of whom are now in other lines of work. Direct access to primary sources of financially relevant information is

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disintermediating reporters, who now have to provide more than just a conduit to earn their keep. We would be hard-pressed to find more innovation than

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Text Frontier,” using IA, natural language processing, and Web technologies to extract and make sense of qualitative written information from news and a variety of disintermediated sources. In Chapter 6, “Stupid Data Miner Tricks,” we saw how you could fool yourself with data. When you collect data that people have put

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come by, so we were far more dependent on reporters and established news organizations to find it for us. Today, in yet another instance of disintermediation by the Internet, many information middlemen have been eliminated. 3. Rumors. Here is content with a slightly to dramatically lower pedigree than reputable, signed news

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systems are seeing something of a revival now, and those evaluating them can perhaps extract some ideas from this work. Pre-News and Disintermediation The democratization and disintermediation of information is a key part of the explanation of why news is largely reflected in prices before it appears in the newspapers and

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electronic outlets. People can do for themselves much of what reporters have traditionally done. News organizations feel the same kind of pressure as brokers from disintermediated customers. People can eliminate the middlemen, and go directly to primary sources. These are the same sources used by reporters to write the “just the

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engineering and market solutions to electric energy problems. Recall that electronic market access (first seen in the NYSE’s DOT) was the enabling technology for disintermediation, and later, the use of information technology for algorithmic trading. Similarly, these smart meters will allow utilities, small producers, and consumers to bring the benefits

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, 167–168 Designated Order Turnaround, 33, 333 introduction by NYSE, 66 with QuantEx, 169, 175–176 Difference engine, 12 direct market access, 67, 85, 105 disintermediation, 87 and pre-news, 215 of data vendors, 72 of reporters, 85, 205 DOT. See Designated Order Turnaround Dow Jones Industrial Average, 138, 240, 310

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CAPM POSIT, 175, 177 Power Systems Engineering Research Center, 332 market mechanisms research, 336–337 pre-news, 78, 204, 215–224 agents providing, 84–86 disintermediation, 215–216 on the Internet, 216–224 SEC, 216–218 SEC Form 10-Ks, 218–219 sources, 216–224 President’s Working Group on Financial

Television disrupted: the transition from network to networked TV

by Shelly Palmer  · 14 Apr 2006  · 406pp  · 88,820 words

will need new Their sales relationships are with distributors.In a networked television world, the technology allows skills and new infrastructure to for a significant disintermediation of the master take advantage of networked tele- distributors. vision’s new business rules and In a non-linear universe, the broadcast network interactive technology

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it could be progressively downloaded, the public Internet would go “tilt.” That being said, networked television has the opportunity and the available technology to substantially disintermediate entire distribution verticals. Copyright © 2006, Shelly Palmer. All rights reserved. 161 12-Television.Chap Twelve v3.qxd 3/20/06 7:28 AM Page 162

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create the equivalent of personal television networks for each individual viewer. It would combine VOD, DVR, search, P2P and high-speed Internet access to significantly disintermediate the existing cable, telephone and satellite infrastructure. Controlling Access by Limiting Bandwidth To combat this probable future, systems operators who offer Internet access may try

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or using one. Game Consoles vs. Cable, Satellite & Telco Before third-generation game consoles reach critical mass, the concept of system operator-bypass or the disintermediation of the traditional television infrastructure is going to take center stage. If a few percent influx of DVRs caused a panic amongst networks and advertisers

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it — it’s happening right now … everywhere. Game console statistics are compelling Let’s take a quick look at some statistics that portend another serious disintermediating force: Sony® PS2® deployment. According to well sourced estimates on www.broadq.com, there are over 28 million PS2® consoles installed in the US. That

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view) is cautioned that it could take as long as three to five years before you will see them. He was wrong! LG how incredibly disintermediating a introduced a full line of flat screen television sets television monitor with a built-in at CES 2006 (less than six months later) that

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devices that have the power to seamlessly interact with one another. The scary thing (from the system operator’s point of view) is how incredibly disintermediating a television monitor with a built-in or manufacturer-provided GUI might be. The EPG is the core of the system operators offering. It is

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see fierce legal fights between all of the companies that have existing infrastructure and all of the companies and municipalities that want to obviate or disintermediate these old distribution platforms in favor of the new, cheaper, more efficient, inherently two-way wireless systems. The consumer benefits of the new wireless world

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tracking packages or terrestrial positioning systems. Others, however, will try to change the world by creating vast two-way wireless networks that are built to disintermediate the existing telephone company and cable company infrastructures. This will take billions of dollars, but it can be built in far less time than anyone

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) An organization that provides access to the Internet. IP Address An identifier for a computer or device on a TCP/IP network. IP Bypass the disintermediation of the traditional systems operators (cable, satellite, broadcast, telco) infrastructure. Copyright © 2006, Shelly Palmer. All rights reserved. 13-Television.Glossary v2.qxd 3/20/06

The Truth Machine: The Blockchain and the Future of Everything

by Paul Vigna and Michael J. Casey  · 27 Feb 2018  · 348pp  · 97,277 words

, if we bypass those intermediaries, we will not only save money but also open up previously impossible business models. The Internet put us on this disintermediating path some time ago, well before the blockchain came along. But it’s worth noting that at the heart of each new Internet application that

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hope is that we will greatly expand the pool of open-source innovation from which all sorts of powerful ideas will emerge. Think of how disintermediation has already transformed the global economy in the earlier Internet era and you get a sense of how sweeping this next phase could be. Consider

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reach, completely decimated the classified ads business and, ultimately, shuttered hundreds of local newspapers. If blockchain technology lives up to its promise to decentralize and disintermediate so much of our economy, these prior disruptions may seem minuscule by comparison. As we’ll discuss in the pages ahead, there’s still much

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or misplaced—for blockchains as a solution to, well, just about anything. As people across a diverse range of fields start exploring its potential to disintermediate their industries and create new ways to unlock value, they are seeing in blockchain technology the potential for more than just a cash machine. If

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with democratizing transportation, and with allowing drivers and passengers to come together and “ride-share,” Uber is really a centralization play. It’s not about disintermediation at all. This for-profit company is the gatekeeper for every deal that gets struck between every driver and every passenger, and for that it

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were demonstrated across the network. These private, closed, permissioned blockchains didn’t attract the same enthusiasm among developers as all those wild Ethereum ideas to disintermediate the world or as the token issuers whose ICOs were drawing in eight- or nine-figure fund-raisers. Helping a bank save money on its

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that, we would contend that, whatever software system wins out, the common social goal of managing our trust relations should be significantly more decentralized and disintermediated. Given all the imagination and frenetic, open-source innovation that these ideas have unleashed, we don’t believe it is unreasonable or overly utopian to

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, accountable electoral system that can be independently audited and which engenders the public’s trust. What about the function of government itself? Should it be disintermediated? Well, in some cases, yes. We’ve already talked about how property titles could be registered in a blockchain-based immutable ledger. Some crypto-libertarians

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undoubtedly true that some elements of nation-states’ powers have waned in the era of the globalized, digital economy, we would say that the formal disintermediation of national governments is a long way off. In any case, we have big enough challenges to tackle before we go after that one! Re

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life on this planet. A great deal of high-powered thought and development is going toward these goals. There are blockchain-based offerings looking to disintermediate the business of outsourced storage and computing, for example, to break the expensive, wasteful, and environmentally harmful dominance of corporate-owned data centers. With names

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